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Background: Hemophilia is an inherited condition, requiring lifelong, expensive treatment driven primarily by the cost of medications. Initiating prophylaxis treatment with factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B) at an early age has been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency of bleeding episodes and preventing hemophilic arthropathy. Consequently, in 2007 the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council MASAC) of the National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF) recommended prophylaxis treatment as the optimal therapy for these patients. Although several studies have calculated the cost of caring for a hemophilia patient based on the population as a whole, no studies to date have explored changes in costs over a patient's lifespan or quantified how the evolution of clinical guidelines have affected these costs.

Aims: (1) To explore differences in the economic burden of treating hemophilia A/B over the patient's lifespan; (2) To quantify changes in factor utilization and related costs over the past decade.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of US health insurance claim database ( Truven Health Analytics) collected between January 2004 and December 2012 was conducted. Males with ≥2 pharmacy claims for a hemophilia drug (identified by National Drug Codes) within 3 months, and continuous enrollment for ≥180 days were included. Patients utilizing inhibitor treatments were excluded. Annual payer cost and patient out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses were calculated by service category (inpatient, outpatient, medications), and were further stratified by patient's age and calendar year of service. All costs were adjusted to 2012 USD$ values. To understand trends in factor utilization, pharmacy claims data were used to calculate annual supply days per patient (prescribed total day's supply per patient divided by the patient's total enrollment days multiplied by 365). First vs. last year supply days were compared using a t-test.

Results: A total of 626 hemophilia A patients and 136 hemophilia B patients met the inclusion criteria. A steady increase in payers' costs was observed during the first 3 decades of life, with peak annual cost at age 36 for hemophilia A patients ($363,948) and at age 29 for hemophilia B patients ($453,179), followed by a decrease in costs during the 4th and 5th decade of life ([Figure 1][2]). Annual per patient OOP expenses showed little variation by age, with the mean per patient OOP cost averaging $2,672/year for hemophilia A, and $1,838/year for hemophilia B. As shown in [Figure 2][3], between 2007 and 2012, annual days supply of factor replacement per patient increased significantly (p<0.05) for both factor VIII (e.g., Advate ® : from 156.5 days in 2007 to 251 days in 2012, p=0.0006) and factor IX products (e.g., BeneFIX ® : from 86 days in 2007 to 215 days in 2012, p<0.0001), suggesting increased annual factor utilization over the analysis period. A trend towards increasing payer cost for drugs dispensed to both hemophilia A patients (2007: $155,239 to 2012:$206,027) and hemophilia B patients (2007: $129,002 to 2012: $179,747) was observed. Additionally, a trend towards decreased outpatient cost over time for hemophilia A patients (2007: $66,710 to 2012: $34,571) and increased inpatient cost (2007: $41,981 to 2012: $57,028) was observed. No specific trends were observed for hemophilia B patients across outpatient (2007:$32,762 to 2012: $34,702) or inpatient costs (2007:$82,072 to $109,401).

Summary/Conclusion: Over the past decade, factor utilization has increased substantially among hemophilia A and B patients, with payers assuming most of the additional costs. These changes in utilization may indicate that the hemophilia population is increasingly receiving prophylactic therapy in line with the 2007 NHF MASAC recommendations. Surprisingly, costs associated with increased drug consumption were not consistently offset by decreases in inpatient or outpatient services. The overall per patient OOP expenses per year have remained steady and predictable over time and over the patient's lifespan possibly due to imposed annual limits on OOP by insurance policies. As newer treatments for Hemophilia A and B become available in the market, additional evaluation will be necessary to understand any implications of these agents on the downstream medical utilization and costs.

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Disclosures Eldar-Lissai: Biogen Idec: Employment, Equity Ownership. Hou: Biogen Idec: Employment, Equity Ownership. Krishnan: Biogen Idec: Employment, Equity Ownership.

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AbstractIn this paper we find sufficient conditions for every solutionof the neutral delay difference equation∆(r n ∆(y n − p n y n−m )) +q n G(y n−k ) = 0to oscillate or to tend to zero or ±∞ as n → ∞, where ∆ is the for-ward difference operator given by ∆x n = x n+1 −x n ,p n ,q n , and r n are infinite sequences of real numbers with q n ≥ 0,r n > 0. Differ-ent ranges of {p n } are considered. This paper improves,generalizesand corrects some recent results of [1, 9, 12, 13, 14]. 1. IntroductionIn this paper sufficient conditions are found so that every solution of∆(r n ∆(y n −p n y n−m )) +q n G(y n−k ) = 0 (E)oscillates or tends to zero or ±∞ as n → ∞, where ∆ is the forward differenceoperator given by ∆x n = x n+1 −x n ,{p n },{q n }, and {r n } are assumed to beinfinite sequences of real numbers with q n ≥ 0, r n > 0. We assume m,k,are non negative integers, and G ∈ C(R,R). Various ranges of {p n } are Received April 16, 2005 and in revised form August 11, 2007.AMS Subject Classification: 39A10, 39A12.Key words and phrases: Oscillatory solution, nonoscillatory solution, asymptotic be-haviour, difference equation.


The paper's aim was to present the state of research in the field of Byzantine fortifications of Early Middle Ages in Crete.


We present results on the realization of a dual wavelength micro-spherical glass laser source fabricated from the Erbium doped fluoride glass ZBLALiP. The pump wavelength (1480 nm) is close to that of the laser field (∼1550 nm) and we use a half taper to couple both fields in and out the micro-spherical laser. The coupling by two half tapers on the same micro-spherical resonator allows two single mode laser emissions to be obtained simultaneously. The spectral interval between the two lasing wavelengths is function of the two coupling devices. By measuring the linewidth evolution versus pump power for both emissions we show their independence. We also study the lasers characteristics (i.e. emitted power and linewidth evolution) of this dual-wavelength emitter just above the threshold.


Carbonate formation from methanol at active palladium electrodes was confirmed in alkaline solution by measuring current‐voltage curves for methanol and other related compounds and by determining the oxidation products formed at the test electrode. The current efficiency in the anodic oxidation was observed to be over 80% in the current density range from 20 to 400 mamp/cm2. A probable mechanism was proposed for the oxidation reaction by determining the electrochemical reaction order (z). The z values obtained for methanol and hydroxide ion were 1/3 and 2/3, respectively. The activation process of the transfer reaction was considered to be the oxidation of methoxy radical by hydroxide ion.


Efficiently discovering relevant Web services with respect to a specific user query has become a growing challenge owing to the incredible growth in the field of web technologies. In previous works, different clustering models have been used to address these issues. But, most of the traditional clustering techniques are computationally intensive and fail to address all the problems involved. Also, the current standards fail to incorporate the semantic relatedness of Web services during clustering and retrieval resulting in decreased performance. In this paper, we propose a framework for web services retrieval that uses a bottom-up, decentralized and self organising approach to cluster available services. It also provides online, dynamic computation of clusters thus overcoming the drawbacks of traditional clustering methods. We also use the semantic similarity between Web services for the clustering process to enhance the precision and lower the recall.


The diatom frustule provides partial protection against copepod grazing. Whether the defense is due to the cells being de‐selected or handled for so long that the grazers lose time for foraging is unknown. The mechanism has implications for the population dynamics of both defended and co‐occurring, undefended nutrient competitors. We use video‐observations to demonstrate that thick‐shelled diatoms captured by the copepod Temora longicornis were rejected more frequently than thin‐shelled diatoms, irrespective of cell size. The thick‐shelled cells of the larger diatoms were handled for much longer, and the time spent handling these limits the consumption of phytoplankton. This may be why many diatoms, even in the presence of dense grazer populations, reach bloom concentrations, and thus, facilitate aggregation and mass sedimentation. This has implications for both carbon sequestration and for securing a large population of cells at depth ready to colonize the pelagic, when growth conditions again become favorable.


We have produced nanocrystalline titanium dioxide films with different structures (anatase or rutile) by depositing mass selected clusters from the gas phase. Nanoparticles are produced by a pulsed microplasma cluster source and are selected by aerodynamic separation effects. We have characterized nanocrystalline films by Raman spectromicroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, showing that the films assembled with very small clusters have a predominant rutile phase, whereas larger clusters form films with anatase structure. Our observations suggest that phonon confinement effects are responsible for a significant shift and broadening observed for the Raman peaks.


This is the first of a series of articles by Professor Henderson containing his estimate of the progress of Christianity in India, Burmah, China, and Japan. Professor Henderson has just returned from a visit of several months in Asia whither he went as lecturer upon the Barrows Foundation of the University of Chicago. Professor Henderson, in addition to being an active Christian worker, has won highest recognition as a sociologist. He is the American member of the International Prison Commission, President of the United Charities of Chicago, and has served as president or secretary of many commissions and national conferences on social matters. His opinions are therefore those of a trained observer, and are of special value for all those interested in the progress of foreign missions.


Transnational migration scholarship has discussed parents' economic and emotional sacrifice for their children as a justification for separation. However, the researchers have overlooked addressing how the parents' sacrifice is culturally ingrained, and fathers in the homeland construct their identity embedded in local culture. This article fills the gap by analyzing the experiences of Korean transnational fathers, "wild-geese fathers", who live in South Korea. Using online data and narrative analysis, this article argues that wild-geese fathers identify themselves as tragic figures faced with emotional difficulties and successful heroes overcoming those difficulties. It shows that the mixed narrative of heroism is tied to Confucianism, which imbues fathers with the ideology of strong father controlling their emotions and intermediary roles producing children that are capable of maintaining the lineage honor. The analysis of wild-geese fathers shows that Confucianism proves to be a durable cultural resource for the contemporary Korean transnational family in a rapidly changing global era.


Students' difficulties in quantum mechanics may be the result of unproductive framing rather than a fundamental inability to solve the problems or misconceptions about physics content. Using the theoretical lens of epistemological framing, we applied previously developed frames to seek an underlying structure to the long lists of published difficulties that span many topics in quantum mechanics. Mapping descriptions of published difficulties into errors in epistemological framing and resource use, we analyzed descriptions of students' problem solving to find their frames, and compared students' framing to the framing (and frame shifting) required by problem statements. We found three categories of error: mismatches between students' framing and problem statement framing; inappropriate or absent shifting between frames; and insufficient resource activation within an appropriate frame.


Abstract The state and reactivity of isolated copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5 treated at elevated temperatures were monitored in situ by ESR under flowthrough conditions. Steam aging (620-630°C, 17 h) or dry calcination (850-900°C, 30 min) induces a change in Cu2+ coordination without noticeable agglomeration or encapsulation of the isolated ions. All Cu2+ ions remain accessible to gas-phase molecules: O2 causes dipole-dipole signal broadening; H2O sorption leads to the increase of the local crystal field symmetry; and the admission of CCl4 results in a noticeable change in CU2+ local coordination. At the same time, the reactivity of these altered CU2+ sites and their ability to adsorb different molecules is substantially affected. No stabilization of nitrosyl complexes on specimens calcined at 900°C was observed, distinct from the case of Cu-ZSM-5500. The bond strength between an altered Cu2+ site and the strong ligand-NO2 is decreased. The sorption of C3H6 on Cu-ZSM-5900 at 20°C is not accompanied by noticeable reduction of CU2+ sites. Even at 500°C in a [C3H6 + He] flow a noticeable part of copper ions (20-30%) preserves the CU2+ state. A partial stabilizing effect of the Cu2+ cations on framework Al3+ in ZSM-5 is demonstrated: the steam aging of pure H-ZSM-5 at 650°C results in an almost total destruction of the sites where Cu2+ ions may be exchanged. The introduction of the Cu2+ before steaming preserves these sites from total destruction and only a transformation in local topography takes place. The surface moieties, containing both CU2+ and Al3+ ions, are a part of the zeolitic framework but must also be "flexible" enough to change symmetry upon additional ligand bonding. The high-temperature calcination or steaming at intermediate temperatures appears to affect this ability. The practical implications are discussed.


The motion underlying contact interactions that are vital for biology has farther-reaching implications than previously thought.The motion underlying contact interactions that are vital for biology has farther-reaching implications than previously thought.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic autoimmune disease which is characterized clinically by pleiotropy and periodicity. The immune features which accompany the characteristic flares of the disease have strongly suggested that the autoimmune response is driven by self antigen, and is T cell-dependent. These features have prompted the search for potential initiating process(es) which induce the release of self-antigens in a form which causes T cell tolerance to those self molecules to be broken. We review here several recent observations which implicate apoptotic cells as an important potential source of clustered and concentrated autoantigens in SLE, and present our current model whereby the novel autoantigen fragments generated in apoptotic surface blebs initiate and drive the autoimmune response in this disease.


In the property management system in common use at present,the data dealt with are only some data of routine property,but to modern intelligent building,various kinds of systems included of its inside are many,and utilize the management system of routine property to collect,deal with the data with close and relevant every equipment storey and estate management in the building at this moment,seem powerless.In order to change this kind of state,combine the concrete application of the internet configuration(WebAccess) technology in the intelligent building property management system(IPMS),and provides the concrete application model for discussing how to solve above-mentioned problems.


TurfNet is an internetworking architecture that enables communication among autonomous and heterogeneous network domains. The architecture uses a global identity namespace and does not require global addressing or a common internetworking protocol. It integrates the new concept of dynamic network composition with other recent architectural concepts, such as decoupling locators from identifiers. This paper analyzes whether the TurfNet naming and interdomain routing mechanisms can scale to networks of the size of the global Internet. To the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first scalability analyses of any next-generation internetworking proposal based on today's Internet AS topology. It adapts existing research results on the topology of the Internet's autonomous system graph and related results that quantify typical traffic patterns to construct a realistic model of an Internet-like TurfNet.


In continuation of previous works on the «thorn» singularity initiated by Bui and Taheri (Bui, 1989), the relations between plastic strain discontinuities and stress discontinuities are given for plane strain or stress problem. The validity of these relations is studied for plastic strains induced by loading boundary conditions. It is shown that the relations of discontinuity derived from the hypothesis of piecewise constant plastic strain are good approximations of residual stresses around the elastic limit when the gradient of the plastic strain is weak


Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is a multi-functional, ubiquitous enzyme that is important for various cellular processes, including apoptosis, development, differentiation, wound healing, and angiogenesis. TGase2 plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancers, autoimmune pathologies, neurodegeneration, and Inflammation. Dysregulation of TGase 2 expression can both activate pathogenesis and aggravate disease state. TG2 is overexpressed in cancers such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), pancreatic, triple negative breast (TNBC) and, gastric cancer, and is associated with poor prognosis. It is also involved in drug resistance and cancer cell metastasis. These evidences provide the rationale for the development of TGase2 inhibitors as novel anticancer agents. We selected TGase2 inhibitors from a library of compounds, validated and optimized a final compound. An optimized compound was synthesized by modifying aromatic substitution, various alkyl groups, and PK improvement in consideration of activity and physical properties and named as MD102. The IC50 value of TGase2 activity inhibition of MD102 is 100-400 nM similar to positive control of streptonigrin and IC50 of cell growth inhibition was 1~10 μM in TGase2 overexpressing RCC, TNBC and gastric cancer cell lines. The cell growth inhibitory dose of MD102 was depend on the expression level of TGase2. We observed MD102 inhibited cell growth through suppression of PI3K/AKT pathway (AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, p-mTOR). Also, MD102 has inhibited the growth of endothelial cell (HMVEC) with IC50 of 1.2nM and tube formation of HUVEC with 35%, suggesting antiangiogenic effect. The angiogenesis was inhibited by suppression of NFkB pathway including p50, p65, HIF1-a, and VEGF. Oral administration of MD102 once daily for 4 weeks showed significant tumor growth inhibition of 50% at 50mg/kg compare to control group in both xenograft models of the ACHN (RCC) and MDA-MB231 (TNBC) cell lines. And as a preliminary toxicity test, oral administration of MD102 up to 2000mg/kg for 3 weeks did not show deaths or any adverse reactions in body weight and laboratory tests of blood counts, liver and renal functions. MD102, a TGase2 inhibitor, is expected to be a potential candidate in TGase2-overexpressing cancers, including RCC and TNBC, as it shows antitumor activity without serious toxicity, although further validation is required. In addition, it is expected that area expansion to many diseases induced by TGase2 pathogenesis
 Citation Format: Eun Yi Cho, Hyeon Joo Kim, Byeonghak Moon, Yerin Jo, Jinsu Bae, Ga Ram Kim, Yong-Chul Kim, Sun Kyoung Kang, Woo Sun Kwon, Tae Soo Kim, Sun Young Rha, Hyun Cheol Chung. New discovery and development of transglutaminase 2 inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5445.


Building pedagogical content knowledge in prospective physics teachers is extremely important, but also presents a great challenge for teacher education. It is essential that student teachers build PCK by integrating their physics content knowledge with general pedagogical knowledge in methods courses which are strongly physics based. Experiences from teaching methods courses at Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb were shared and discussed.


We have read with interest the study published in the International Journal of General Medicine entitled "Hypotensive response after water-walking and land walking exercise sessions in healthy trained and untrained women" by Rodriguez et al.1 In this study, the authors investigated cardiovascular changes induced by walking in water in comparison with walking on land. Water exercises are commonly used in rehabilitation programs, particularly patients with mobility problems. Recently, some studies have suggested that exercise performed in water could improve cardiovascular function.2

Thermoneutral headout water immersion leads to important hemodynamic alterations, such as increases in both cardiac preload and cardiac output and a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.3 An increase in cardiac output induces an increase in peripheral blood flow and subsequently an increase in endothelial shear stress. This mechanism could be responsible for greater improvement in endothelial function after water gymnastics in comparison with land exercise. Consequently, water exercises might be of particular interest for patients with endothelial dysfunction. However, clinical interest in water exercise for the treatment of cardiovascular disease remains to be established. Further studies are needed to compare the cardiovascular effects of exercises performed in water and on land.

We have some concerns about the methods used in the study reported by Rodriguez et al1 whereby all subjects were immersed in a bath and remained standing for 60 minutes before the exercise period. The temperature of the water was adjusted to 30°C ± 1°C. The thermoconductivity of water is 25 times greater than that of air. Consequently, the loss of body heat in water requires that thermal conditions be rigorously controlled. In the study by Rodriguez et al1 the suitability of the water temperature is debatable. Previous studies have determined that for subjects at rest, to provide thermoneutral conditions in water, the temperature of the bath should be maintained between 34°C and 35°C. In exercising volunteers, a thermoneutral water temperature was found to be around 32°C. To accommodate these conditions, some authors have investigated resting volunteers during headout immersion in water at temperatures between 34°C and 35°C. Subsequently, to provide thermoneutral water temperature during exercise, water temperature was progressively cooled to 32.5°C.4,5 These water temperature conditions produced a pulmonary arterial temperature in water similar to that on land at any exertion level from 40% to 100% of maximal oxygen consumption.5

In the work performed by Rodriguez et al the water temperature was below thermoneutrality both at rest and during exercise. It has been documented by Park et al6 that headout water immersion at a temperature below 34°C or 35°C modifies hemodynamic status in comparison with both thermoneutral water immersion and ambient air. During headout water immersion at thermoneutral temperature, cardiac output and stroke volume increased compared with levels in air. At a lower temperature, the increased stroke volume tended to be higher, whereas the heart rate decreased. Furthermore, the decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, commonly observed in thermoneutral water immersion, was attenuated when the temperature was decreased down from 34.5°C to 30°C. Arterial pressure was also altered, and an increase in diastolic arterial pressure was recorded at temperatures lower than 34.5°C.

Lastly, it has been demonstrated that autonomic control of the cardiovascular system is variously affected depending on water temperature. During thermoneutral headout water immersion, decreased sympathetic activity (both cardiac and vascular) and a shift towards cardiac parasympathetic predominance have been recorded.7 In contrast, immersion in slightly cold water (temperature 25°C–30°C), leads to sympathetic vascular and parasympathetic cardiac hyperactivity. 8

Despite these limitations, the findings of Rodriguez et al are interesting. The greater post exercise decrease in blood pressure recorded in untrained healthy women after walking in chest-deep water in comparison with walking on land suggests an enhancement of the cardiovascular outcomes of exercise in water. Furthermore, this study can be considered to be relevant to assessments made in real clinical practice. Indeed, rehabilitation programs are frequently performed in swimming pools at water temperatures below thermoneutral conditions (between 28°C and 31°C). Further studies are needed to assess the benefit of water exercises in the management of cardiac patients.


Over the past six years, NASD's Market Regulation department has built and operates two major "break detection" systems [Senator 2002] – the Advanced Detection System (ADS) and Securities Observation, News Analysis, and Regulation (SONAR) – for surveillance of the Nasdaq and several other markets. These systems rely for their effectiveness on the detection of instances of scenarios of regulatory interest – episodes in market activity where some violation may have occurred – many of which comprise relationships among transactions, market participants, securities, issuers, and other subject entities. I will discuss these systems in a bit more detail and then describe some of the kinds of scenarios for which statistical learning would be most beneficial.


A short film about how a loving mother-daughter relationship turns tense at a certain point. The see-through glass belly manifests the intimate, delicate bond between them.


In this paper, we present two simple methods to construct a quasi-cyclic LDPC (QC-LDPC) code of larger length by lifting a given QC-LDPC code. We show that its girth is always larger than or equal to that of the given QC-LDPC code. Applying the methods recursively, it is possible to construct a sequence of QC-LDPC codes generated from a single exponent matrix by proper floor or modulo operations. Simulation results show that they have no serious performance degradation, as compared with randomly constructed LDPC codes


The human brain is a complex network whose ensemble time evolution is directed by the cumulative interactions of its cellular components, such as neurons and glia cells. Coupled through chemical neurotransmission and receptor activation, these individuals interact with one another to varying degrees by triggering a variety of cellular activity from internal biological reconfigurations to external interactions with other network agents. Consequently, such local dynamic connections mediating the magnitude and direction of influence cells have on one another are highly nonlinear and facilitate, respectively, nonlinear and potentially chaotic multicellular higher-order collaborations. Thus, as a statistical physical system, the nonlinear culmination of local interactions produces complex global emergent network behaviors, enabling the highly dynamical, adaptive, and efficient response of a macroscopic brain network. Microstate reconfigurations are typically facilitated through synaptic and structural plasticity mechanisms that alter the degree of coupling (magnitude of influence) neurons have upon each other, dictating the type of coordinated macrostate emergence in populations of neural cells. These can emerge in the form of local regions of synchronized clusters about a center frequency composed of individual neural cell collaborations as a fundamental form of collective organization. A single mode of synchronization is insufficient for the computational needs of the brain. Thus, as neural components influence one another (cellular components, multiple clusters of synchronous populations, brain nuclei, and even brain regions), different patterns of neural behavior interact with one another to produce an emergent spatiotemporal spectral bandwidth of neural activity corresponding to the dynamical state of the brain network. Furthermore, hierarchical and self-similar structures support these network properties to operate effectively and efficiently. Neuroscience has come a long way since its inception; however, a comprehensive and intuitive understanding of how the brain works is still amiss. It is becoming evident that any singular perspective upon the grandiose biophysical complexity within the brain is inadequate. It is the purpose of this paper to provide an outlook through a multitude of perspectives, including the fundamental biological mechanisms and how these operate within the physical constraints of nature. Upon assessing the state of prior research efforts, in this paper, we identify the path future research effort should pursue to inspire progress in neuroscience.


Introduction

The Protein Processing Assembly Line

Polypeptide Production

The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Polypeptide Folding and Modification

Overview of the ER Lumen

Folding in the ER

Glycosylation in the ER

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Linked Proteins

Membrane Traffic: ER to Golgi and Beyond

The Golgi Apparatus

Overview of the Golgi Complex

Golgi Targeting and Protein Trafficking

Oligosaccharide Processing in the Golgi

Other Post-Translational Processing Events

Endoproteases: The Proprotein Convertase Family

Transport to the Cell Surface

Concluding Remarks

Bibliography

Keywords:

post-translational modifications;
glycosylation;
sialation;
pharmacokinetic properties


A b s t r a c t There are almost universal complaints that too much research effort goes wasted and never finds application in the industrial world. The complaints are raised symmetrically both by the academia and by the industrial world. This situation becomes even more frustrating in the case of application of formal methods to software engineering: despite formal methods are advocated as a useful tool to enhance software quality from more than thirty years, it is still quite controversial whether or not they can really have an impact on the industrial software development. This paper addresses the above issue on the basis of author's experience. This experience has been developed for several years in the field of real-time systems. The core of the research is a formal specification language for real-time systems, TRIO, which is an extension of temporal logic. The language has been enriched by supporting tools and methods and has been applied to real industrial projects of increasing complexity. In this paper, a short introduction to the TRIO language is provided; then the experience on its practical application is briefly reported; finally comments are given on the most important "lessons learned" from the above experience. It is argued that, on the basis of this and similar experiences, new enthusiasm and useful indications for hoping into greater success of formal methods can be generated.


Four novel compounds, rhodomyrtals A–D (1–4), with two unprecendented carbon frameworks of phloroglucinol coupled eudesmane, together with the known compound eucalyptin A (5) have been isolated from the leaves of the Australian plant Rhodomyrtus psidioides. The structures of compounds 1–4 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations. Some of the compounds showed good antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive strains.


This thesis introduces Markov-switching in the dynamic Nelson-Siegel model to fit and forecast the yield curve in a low interest rate environment. I allow for regime-switching in the mean of the Nelson-Siegel slope factor to distinguish between a period where the yield curve is at and one where the curve is steep. I extend the regime-switching model by linking the yield curve to the macro-economy in three ways: by adding the macro-economic indicators as state variables; by letting the transition probabilities depend on the indicators; and a combination of both. The regime-switching model significantly improves the in-sample fit and out-of-sample forecasting performance relative to the regular dynamic Nelson-Siegel model. The addition of macro-economic indicators marginally increases the model fit. Out of all models, a regime-switching model that allows the transition probabilities to depend on the macro-economic indicators produces the most superior forecasts, especially at the short end of the yield curve.


Neither aureomycin nor penicillin given to children with pre-eruptive rubeola or begun on the first day of rash seems to have any definite therapeutic effect on the course of the primary disease.
 The temperature dropped earlier in the patients treated with aureomycin or penicillin than in the untreated control group.
 Aureomycin and penicillin were effective against otitis media and pneumonia present on admission and on the complications which developed during the disease.
 Aureomycin and penicillin are useful in the prevention and cure of secondary infection in rubeola.


Respiratory viruses have been recognised as causative agents for a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and severe respiratory compromise in neonates during birth hospitalisation. Early-life respiratory virus infections have also been shown to be associated with adverse long-term consequences. Preventing virus infections by intensifying hygiene measures and cohorting infected infants should be a major goal for neonatal intensive care units, as well as more common use of virus diagnostics.


The subarcuate fossa was studied in 150 turtles. The enclosed muscles, fasciae and cellular tissue spaces, vessels and nerves -- in 145 heads of corpses of adult humans by the methods of dissecting, making Pirogov's sections and histotopograms. Extreme forms in the structure of the subarcuate fossa were revealed as well as interrelations between the structure of the fossa and enclosed anatomical formations.


Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (Li-ion BESS) have been extensively used for frequency containment reserves for disturbances (FCR-D) and frequency containment reserves for normal operations (FCR-N) in Finland. Typically, for both these applications, active power-frequency (Pf) -droop curve defines the Li-ion BESS active power dispatch to the power grid. However, Li-ion BESS's performance is affected due to aging resulting in the reduction of its peak power capability and capacity degradation. These issues needs to be considered when defining Pf -droop controller curves. Therefore, adaptive Pf -droop control methodology should be developed which considers battery aging characteristics. This will ensure Li-ion BESS to function within its safe operating margins. It also provides the possibility to automatically modify Li-ion BESS control settings and flexibility services provision capability based on battery performance and aging. In this paper, detailed analysis will be performed on the cycling of real-life Li-ion BESS which is installed and operated in Finland in order to understand the cycle aging process when they provide services to FCR-N markets. In addition, an enhanced, simple adaptive Pf -droop control curve has been proposed by considering the effect of Li-ion battery aging. Effectiveness and the impact of the proposed adaptive droop control curves will be validated by means of case studies


Production of HMX on commercial scale is mainly carried out by modified Bachmann process, and acetic acid constitutes major portion of effluenttspent liquor produced during this process. The recovery of glacial acetic acid from this spent liquor is essential to make the process commercially viable besides making it eco-friendly by minimising the quantity of disposable effluent. The recovery of glacial acetic acid from spent liquor is not advisable by simple distillation since it contains, in addition to acetic acid, a small fraction of nitric acid, traces of RDX, HMX, and undesired nitro compounds. The process normally involves neutralising the spent mother liquor with liquor ammonia and then distillating the ueutralised mother liquor under vacuum to recover dilute acetic acid (strength approx. 30 %). The dilute acetic acid, in turn, is concentrated to glacial acetic acid by counter current solvent extraction, followed by distillation. The process is very lengthy and the energy requirement is also very high, rendering the process economically unviable. Hence, a novel method has been developed on bench-scale to obtain glacial acetic acid directly from the mother liquor after the second ageing process.


Current classification techniques use word matching and clustering techniques to classify webpages. These techniques use ad hoc approach of checking and matching the entire keywords in a webpage for classification. These methods are efficient but not without problems. In general, they suffer from the following problems 1) As they use brute force matching for the entire document, they tend to be slow in their operation 2) words in a document may have similar meaning but they may not be identical in their spelling 3) current techniques fail to match and identify phrases efficiently 4) they also fail to consider for word disambiguation. In this paper, we propose a novel and fast ontological-based webpage classification technique to classify a webpage with high accuracy. To speed up our system, we use a segmentation technique that utilizes visual boundary of a region and matches keywords within the region instead of the entire webpage. We also use a fast clustering technique to match keywords and label the page based on the nearest match. Experiment results show that our system is accurate in webpage classification.


Private enterprises belong to the system of organization of individual operated enterprises. Therefore, the prosperity of private enterprises were beneficial from the effectuation of basic policy of reformation and openness. In recent 20 years, private enterprises developed very fast, but there are lots of problems in development of private enterprises. In long term, when the socialism market economy is going to a new century, confronting the changeable an dazziling economical global sight and new technological reformation, focus on the existence and development of private enterprises, it is important and significantl for the achievement of socialism market economy and the effectuation of economical powerful country. The article is divided into 3 parts, and describes the strategy of development.


Abstract : The vortex intensification mechanism of heat transfer on the dimpled surfaces and crossed flow control of the bodies with additional construction elements like forward disks and vortex cells is analyzed by numerical methods. Self-organizing 3D vortex structures generating within dimple enhance the heat transfer from the wall and the effect on the boundary layer by bleeding-suction or rotating central body of the vortex cell results in diminishing of the separation effect influence accompanied by the reduction of the body drag and increasing of lift force. 3D vortex like toroid generated in the gap between forward disk and leading body edge is responsible for the pressure deficit at this region and as a sequence additional thrust that almost compensates the forward disk drag Vortex strain at the forward separation region at the angle of attack different from zero causes the effect of head stability for the cylinder with forward disc


The concurrent and discriminant validity of La Prueba de Analisis Auditivo (PAA), a Spanish auditory perception test, and the validity of the perceptual deficit hypothesis and of hypotheses derived from verbal processing theory were evaluated in a sample of 114 second-grade Hispanic pupils receiving reading instruction in Spanish. Pupils were assessed on measures representing intelligence, verbal and non-verbal visual discrimination and three linguistic constructs (phonemic segmentation, verbal encoding, and visual-verbal encoding) as well as on a standardized criterion measure of second-grade Spanish reading achievement. The investigators concluded that the perceptual deficit hypothesis was untenable but that hypotheses derived from the verbal processing theory received at least partial support. Phonemic segmentation as measured by the PAA appeared to be statistically independent of other predictor variables as well as a statistically valid and educationally meaningful predictor of second-grade Spanish reading achievement.


The continuous-flow extraction system was applied to evaluate the availability of heavy metals in soil by single extraction with a chelating reagent. Optimization of the extraction parameter was investigated. A sample weight of 0.5 g is optimal for the 10 mL chamber extraction system. With this sample weight, high extraction efficiency was obtained and sample clogging was not observed. Extraction flow rate had an effect on extraction efficiency in a continuous-flow extraction system using a chelating extractant. It was found that the optimal flow rate for this system is 1.0 mL min. A study on the selectivity of extracting solution showed that different extracted metal amounts and extraction profiles were obtained with different extracting solutions. The selectivity of extracting solution with the metals in soil is the cause of this difference. The results of determination of cadmium availability for 46 soil samples using the optimal continuous-flow extraction system were compared with those obtained from the conventional single batch extraction and isotope interchanging methods. The regression line of continuous-flow extraction and single batch extraction shows that the extraction efficiency from two extraction methods are similar for low extractable cadmium samples with the slope of the regression line at about 1.155. For high extractable cadmium samples, higher extraction efficiency of continuous-flow extraction was obtained with the slope of the regression line at 2.409. The correlation of available cadmium in soil using an isotope interchanging method and extraction method was good, with a linear regression coefficient close to 1.0. The correlations between extractable cadmium amount and their chemical properties such as total metal content, soil pH and organic matter content were also studied.


Abstract Fourteen subjects (22 yr, 175 cm, 72 kg) walked for 20 min on a treadmill at 3-2, 4-8, or 64 km h-1 carrying 35, 40, 45, or 50 kg; during a second phase, ten additional subjects (22 yr, 178 cm, 75 kg) attempted to walk for 45 min at the same speeds carrying 60, 65. or 70 kg Energy expenditure when expressed as cm3 oxygen per minute per kilogramme of total weight (man + clothing + load) agreed, for the no load condition, with literature values. After deducting the individual's no load cost, the resulting net energy expenditure for carrying the loads, when expressed as cm3 kg-1 min-1 was generally constant at each speed; i.e. loads from 35 to 70 kg showed no statistical differences in energy expenditure per kilogramme at 3 2 and 4 8 km h-1. At 6-4 km h-1 carrying 70 kg, the average measured cost per kg was statistically different (p < 005) than carrying 35 kg at this speed; subjects were working at greater than 90% of their maximal [Vdot]02 levels carrying 70 kg. However. similar comparison of the ...


ABSTRACT Cambro-Ordovician palaeogeography and fragmentation of the North Gondwana margin is still not very well understood. Here we address this question using isotopic data to consider the crustal evolution and palaeogeographic position of the, North Gondwana, Iberian Massif Ossa–Morena Zone (OMZ). The OMZ preserves a complex tectonomagmatic history: late Neoproterozoic Cadomian orogenesis (ca. 650–550 Ma); Cambro-Ordovician rifting (ca. 540–450 Ma); and Variscan orogenesis (ca. 390–305 Ma). We place this evolution in the context of recent North Gondwana Cambro-Ordovician palaeogeographic reconstructions that suggest more easterly positions, adjacent to the Sahara Metacraton, for other Iberian Massif zones. To do this we compiled an extensive new database of published late Proterozoic–Palaeozoic Nd model ages and detrital and magmatic zircon age data for (i) the Iberian Massif and (ii) North Gondwana Anti-Atlas West African Craton, Tuareg Shield, and Sahara Metacraton. The Nd model ages of OMZ Cambro-Ordovician crustal-derived magmatism and Ediacaran-Ordovician sedimentary rocks range from ca. 1.9 to 1.6 Ga, with a mode ca. 1.7 Ga. They show the greatest affinity with the Tuareg Shield, with limited contribution of more juvenile material from the Anti-Atlas West African Craton. This association is supported by detrital zircons that have Archaean, Palaeoproterozic, and Neoproterozoic radiometric ages similar to the aforementioned Iberian Massif zones. However, an OMZ Mesoproterozoic gap, with no ca. 1.0 Ga cluster, is different from other zones but, once more, similar to the westerly Tuareg Shield distribution. This places the OMZ in a more easterly position than previously thought but still further west than other Iberian zones. It has been proposed that in the Cambro-Ordovician the North Gondwana margin rifted as the Rheic Ocean opened diachronously from west to east. Thus, the more extensive rift-related magmatism in the westerly OMZ than in other, more easterly, Iberian Massif zones fits our new proposed palaeogeographic reconstruction.


AbstractWe have found that dynamic reservoir interpretation can be enhanced by directly correlating the seismic amplitudes from many repeated 4D seismic monitors to the field production and injection history from wells. This "well2seis" crosscorrelation was achieved by defining a linear relationship between the 4D seismic signals and changes in the cumulative fluid volumes at the wells. We also found that the distribution of the well2seis correlation attribute can reveal key reservoir connectivity features, such as the seal of faults, fluid pathways, and communication between neighboring compartments. It can therefore enhance dynamic reservoir description. Based on this enhanced interpretation, we have developed a workflow to close the loop between 4D seismic and reservoir engineering data. First, the reservoir model was directly updated using quantitative information extracted from multiple surveys, by positioning and placing known barriers or conduits to flow. After this process, a seismic-assisted hist...


This article examines one of the most infamous forms of rural labour in nineteenth-century No rfolk: the agricultural gang. Using Parliamentary Papers as its source, the paper argues that some previous interpretations of this form of organized labour have both exaggerated the scale of ganging in the county, and misrepresented the composition of agricultural gangs. It will be shown that, far from exploiting the cheap labour of young children and adult women across Norfolk, by the 186os, agricultural gangs mainly consisted of a youthful workforce and were regionally concentrated in the west of the county. It calls for a more considered approach to using Parliamentary Papers to prevent the perpetuation of generalizations concerning female and child labour in the nineteenth-century countryside.


A sample, containing some specimens of a supposed Hemiplecta species, collected by Mr. J. Abbas (Jakarta) in south-east Sumatra, was received for identification. Thanks to the publications of Van Benthem Jutting (1950a, b, 1959) on the non-marine molluscs from Sumatra and Java, the malacofauna of these two islands is relatively well known, especially with regard to the larger species. In her "Catalogue of the non-marine Mollusca of Sumatra" Van Benthem Jutting (1959) not only listed all the species, but also discussed the records for Sumatra. Therefore it was made easier to conclude that this Hemiplecta sample must represent not only a new record but even a new species, which is described below.


Estimation of the end-plate location on superficial muscles is investigated by electrical stimulation with an electrode of variable surface. The electrical stimulation starts in the proximal position and the surface of the stimulating electrode is progressively increased toward the muscle center. The amplitude of the electromyogram increases where an end-plate zone is stimulated. The distance between an end-plate zone and the recording electrodes can be found from the mean action potentials conduction velocity. In one subject, two bands of innervation were located in the biceps brachii and in the flexor carpi radialis, and one was located in the extensor digitorum.


It is shown that an apparently sound selection of trial functions can give rise to hybrid elements with rank deficient stiffness matrices and unused interior fields. An account is given of modifications which overcome these problems for a particular plate bending element.


The colored multiway cut problem generalizes the traditional multiway cut problem.It is motivated by data partitioning in Peer-to-Peer networks.Given a graph G with color dependent edge weights and a partial coloration on some distinguished vertices,the colored multiway cut problem is to extend the partial coloration such that all the vertices are colored and the total weight of edges that have different colored endpoints is minimized.A polynomial time exact algorithm was presented for almost trees with parameter k.That is to say,the colored multiway cut problem is fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the parameter k,which is defined as the maximum,over all biconnected components C of the graph G,of the number of edges that must be removed from C to obtain a tree.


This paper is concerned with relationships between blood clotting in vitro and intravascular blood clotting. Two mechanisms for in vitro clotting, modified from Owren,l will be discussed. Alterations in each that could create hypercoagulability, i.e., promote intravascular clotting, will be described. Clotting test patterns associated with hypercoagulability will also be described. The importance of circulating tissue thromboplastin in producing hypercoagulability will be emphasized. Blood is clotted in vitro either by adding a potent aqueous tissue extract to it or by waiting for powerful coagulant activity to arise within the blood itself from reactions initiated by contact with a foreign surface. Effective hemostasis requires that blood clot normally in both of these ways. Aqueous extracts of tissue that clot recalcified normal plasma in a few seconds are called tissue thromboplastins. They contain a lipoprotein which can circumvent the time consuming initial reactions between platelet and plasma thromboplastic factors and so rapidly clots blood. Figure 1 is a diagram of the reactions thought to occur when tissue thromboplastin is added to recalcified plasma in vitro. They may be summarized as follows:


A male infant was first evaluated at the age of six months when he presented with a history of psychomotor delay and irritability. He was the 3200 grs. product of a fullterm gestation, born to a 24-year-old primigravida who started having seizures during adolescence. She had been treated with valproic acid, 1000 mg per day. The parents were not consanguineous and the pregnancy was apparently uneventful apart from the valproate-medication of the mother.


Screams, Vampires, Werewolves and Autographs: An exploration of the Twilight Phenomenon Emily Reynolds Department of Mass Communications Master of Art The purpose of this thesis is to examine the pop culture phenomenon of Twilight. Using a qualitative method of grounded theory, meanings and constructs were developed from the data. Data was gathered at three events centered around the release of the Twilight the film adaptation, and the release of the fourth and final book in the Twilight saga. A survey was administered to willing participants. After the surveys were gathered they were read and then coded. After the coding process a follow up interview was conducted with ten nominated and willing Twilight fans. The results had theoretical roots in uses and gratifications theory as well as parasocial theory.


1 Abstract: The effect of wheat bran and ripping application on degraded soil such as saline soil, compacted soil and low fertile soil in Western Australia was investigated from the chemical and biological points of view. Ripping decreased ECe because of leaching of water soluble cation from topsoil. Wheat bran increased soil fertility due to enhanced enzyme activity. Potassium from bran displaced exchangeable sodium in soil, and resulted in reduction of soil dispersion and was absorbed by barley grain. Wheat bran increased number of spikelet and grain yield in degraded soil.


Nowadays the archives have different concepts,archives' basic functions have also changed along with the changes of the times.Based on introducing the ideas and values of the western world,this paper analyzes the influences of these ideas on the society and economy,and probes into how these ideas to change archives' concepts and functions.


Modern radio communication systems have to provide higher and higher data rates. As conventional methods like using more bandwidth or higher order modulation types are limited. Multiple antenna technologies (MATs) have gained much attention in the last few years because of the huge gain. MATs can enhance the communication reliability and the channel capacity levels. Furthermore, multiple antenna systems can have a big contribution to reduce the interference both in the uplink and the downlink. To increase the communication systems reliability, multiple antennas can be installed at the transmitter or/and at the receiver. The idea behind multiple antenna diversity is to supply the receiver by multiple versions of the same signal transmitted via independent channels. In modern communication transceiver system, primary aims are to direct high power RF signal from transmitter to antenna while preventing leakage of that large signal into more sensitive front-end of receiver. So, a Single-Pole Double-Throw (SPDT) Transmitter/Receiver (T/R) Switch plays an important role. In this paper, analysis and design of distributed subarray SIMO (DS-SIMO) microstrip antenna system with SPDT-T/R switch has been introduced and investigated. All the entire proposed antenna system has been evaluated using a commercial software. The final proposed design has been fabricated and the radiation characteristics have been illustrated. The measured s-parameters of the proposed structure can be analyzed with network analyzer to demonstrate the proposed antenna system performance to meet the requirements for consumer receiving diversity applications.


We present the adiabatic theory of dissipative solitons (DS) of complex cubic-quintic nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equation (CQGLE). Solutions in the closed analytical form in the spectral domain have the shape of Rayleigh-Jeans distribution for a purely real quintic nonlinearity. The DS parametric space forms a two-dimensional (or three-dimensional for the complex quintic nonlinearity) master diagram connecting the DS energy and a universal parameter formed by the ratio of four real and imaginary coefficients for dissipative and non-dissipative terms in CQGLE. The concept of dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) is formulated in terms of the master diagram, and the main signatures of transition to DSR are demonstrated and experimentally verified. We show a close analogy between DS and incoherent (semicoherent) solitons with an ensemble of quasi-particles confined by a collective potential. It allows applying the thermodynamical approach to DS and deriving the conditions for the DS energy scalability.


This paper presents the results of a joint Lithoprobe-Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)/Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) teleseismic experiment that investigates portions of the Grenville and Superior Provinces of the Canadian Shield along the Quebec-Ontario border. Data from a 600-km-long, N-S array of 28 broadband seismographs deployed between May and October 1996 have been supplemented with additional recordings from an earlier 1994 deployment and from stations of the Canadian National Seismograph Network and the Southern Ontario Seismic Network. Relative delay times of P and S waves from 123 and 40 teleseismic events, respectively, have been inverted for velocity perturbations in the upper mantle and reveal a low-velocity, NW-SE striking corridor that crosses the southern portion of the line at latitude 46°N and lies between 50 and 300 km depth. Multievent S K S-splitting results yield an average delay time of 0.57±0.22 s and a direction of fast polarization of N93°E±18°, which is consistent with an earlier interpretation as being due to fossil strain fields related to the last major regional tectonic event. Subtle variations in splitting parameters over the low-velocity corridor may suggest an associated disruption in mantle fabric. Profiling of radial receiver functions reveals large and abrupt variations in Moho topography, specifically, a gradual thickening in crust from 40 to 45 km between latitudes 45°N and 46°N, which is followed by an abrupt thinning to 35 km at 46.6°N, some 65 km southeast of the Grenville Front. This structure is interpreted as a subduction suture extending the full length of the Front and punctuating a major pre-Grenvillian (Archean-Proterozoic) episode of lithospheric assembly in the southeast Canadian Shield. The low-velocity mantle corridor, by contrast, is better explained as the extension of the Monteregian-White Mountain-New England seamount hotspot track below the craton and is here postulated to represent interaction of the Great Meteor plume with zones of weakness within the craton developed during earlier rifting episodes.


C16H22CuN2O7, triclinic, P1 (no. 2), a = 6.993(2) Å, b = 10.902(3) Å, c = 12.396(3) Å, 0 = 82.289(4)°, . = 80.859(4)°, = 72.673(4)°, V = 886.9 Å, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.055, wRref(F) = 0.159, T = 293 K. Source of material A mixture of adipic acid (0.157 g, 1.1 mmol), Cu(NO3)2·3H2O (0.276 g, 1.1 mmol), 2,2'-bipyridine (0.166 g, 1.1 mmol) was added into a mixture of 10 ml water and 10 ml methanol. The mixture was adjusted to pH = 8.0 by addition of 1 M NaOH solution, then stirred for 2 hours at 295 K. The resulting solution was filtered, the filtrate was evaporated slowly at room temperature. Blue crystals of the title compound were obtained after one week. Discussion The crystal structure of the title compound consists of one Cu cation, two 2,2'-bipyridine molecules, one adipate anion, one coordinating water molecule and two water molecules of crystallization. The Cu(II) atom is five-coordinated in a distorted square pyramidal coordination, formed by two N atoms from 2,2'bipyridine molecule, two O atoms from carboxylate groups offered by two different adipic acid ligands and one O atom of coordinating water molecule at the apical position. The bipyridine ligands chelating metal atoms exhibit nearly perfect coplanarity. The lengths of the Cu—O bonds are 1.946 Å and 1.974 Å, respectively. The lengths of Cu—N bonds (2.007 Å and 2.019 Å) are slightly different. This behavior is similar to the reported complex structure built of Cu(II) and 2,2'-bipyridine (1.994 Å and 2.000.Å) [1]. The [Cu(C10H8N2)(H2O)] units are bridged by bismonodentate adipic acid ligands to generate zigzag chains along [010]. The adjacent chains are linked to layers parallel (100) by $-$ interactions between the neighboring bipyridine ligands, which the distance is 3.390 Å suggests significant interchain $-$ stacking interactions [2,3]. The strong interlayer hydrogen bond O5#H5B···O2 with d(O···O) = 2.647 Å and the weak O6#H6A···O1 and O7#H7B···O3 hydrogen bonds play an important role in assembling the layers into 3D open framework. Z. Kristallogr. NCS 224 (2009) 325-326 / DOI 10.1524/ncrs.2009.0145 325 © by Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München Crystal: blue column, size 0.11 × 0.112 × 0.395 mm Wavelength: Mo K0 radiation (0.71073 Å) &: 12.73 cm Diffractometer, scan mode: Bruker SMART CCD, +/1 2"max: 55.14° N(hkl)measured, N(hkl)unique: 5011, 4090 Criterion for Iobs, N(hkl)gt: Iobs > 2 !(Iobs), 2218 N(param)refined: 235 Programs: SHELXS-97 [4], SHELXL-97 [5], SHELXTL [6] Table 1. Data collection and handling. H(1) 2i 0.8198 0.5760 0.5484 0.067 H(2) 2i 0.8660 0.5723 0.3615 0.075 H(3) 2i 0.8506 0.7628 0.2496 0.072 H(4) 2i 0.8017 0.9514 0.3289 0.065 H(7) 2i 0.7358 1.1267 0.4199 0.062 H(8) 2i 0.6659 1.2963 0.5257 0.074 H(9) 2i 0.6399 1.2547 0.7167 0.077 H(10) 2i 0.6730 1.0449 0.7933 0.064 H(12A) 2i 0.6048 0.4178 0.8334 0.073 H(12B) 2i 0.8020 0.3392 0.8840 0.073 H(13A) 2i 0.5459 0.3676 1.0251 0.078 H(13B) 2i 0.6828 0.4518 1.0420 0.078 H(15A) 2i 0.3262 0.9998 0.9693 0.058 H(15B) 2i 0.3120 0.8631 1.0205 0.058 H(16A) 2i 0.0182 0.8926 0.9423 0.062 H(16B) 2i 0.0346 1.0269 0.8848 0.062 H(5A) 2i 1.0929 0.7805 0.7685 0.073 H(5B) 2i 1.0130 0.6683 0.7918 0.073 H(6B) 2i 0.6808 1.4033 0.3219 0.156 H(6A) 2i 0.4834 1.4365 0.3218 0.156 H(7B) 2i 0.7429 0.7277 0.0043 0.113 H(7A) 2i 0.8069 0.6387 0.0851 0.113 Table 2. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in Å). Atom Site x y z Uiso


Metallic lithium, which is a negative electrode for Li-ion batteries with one of the highest specific capacities and lowest voltage, has not reached yet the commercial stage in rechargeable batteries because of safety issues related to instabilities arising on the Li surface during electrochemical cycling [1]. When metallic lithium is in contact with the battery electrolyte, a surface layer called SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) is formed owing to the electrochemical instability of the electrolyte at low voltages. In a conventional Li-ion battery with graphite-based anode, the SEI layer is a passivation interface that will help to stabilize the battery in exchange of some irreversible capacity loss. However, when considering Li metal anodes, although some interesting approaches with special salts have been reported [2], the conventional SEI is unable to maintain a uniform plating and stripping of Li during battery operation [3]. In order to find a suitable solution for the stabilization of the lithium surface, it is essential to have a full understanding of the nature and characteristics of its high reactivity. For this purpose, one of the preliminary steps is to analyze the effects that atmospheric gases present in the dry room environment where Li-ion batteries are processed, have on the surface of Li metal. Ambient Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS) is an ideal tool to explore this phenomenon. Our recent studies done in the APXPS from beamline 9.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (California, United States) provide key insight in the reaction mechanism behind the formation of lithium carbonate, one of the main components of conventional SEI layers, when this metal is exposed to CO2 gas, as can be seen in Figure 1.


This paper has reviewed the advance of ceramic-to-metal seal technology in recent years.It includes several seal technologies of SOFC(solid oxide fuel cell),inert bioceramic channels,multi-lead stem seal and metal halide discharge lamp housing.High properties are demanded in many kinds of applica- tion fields.


We prove a positive mass theorem for $n$-dimensional asymptotically flat manifolds with a non-compact boundary if either $3\leq n\leq 7$ or if $n\geq 3$ and the manifold is spin. This settles, for this class of manifolds, a question posed in a recent paper by the first author in connection with the long-term behavior of a certain Yamabe-type flow on scalar-flat compact manifolds with boundary.


"results in 86 cases of appendicitis treated by Broca, and shows that the latter is justified in taking a position Against immediate operation in every case, and against searching for an appendix which is at the bottom of a Purulent cavity. Of these 86 cases (a) 19 went out without operation : of the 19, 5 returned after a fresh attack, and were operated on in the afebrile period; 13 had no pain after the operation and remained well, 1 had slight ?colicky pains. (6) 47 were operated on during the acute attack; 1 for general peritonitis. The appendix was removed from only 3. Of these 47, 28 had no trouble afterwards, and remained in perfect health ; 4 went out with a fistula and were subsequently operated upon, and remained in. perfect health, (c) 30 were operated upon during an interval (8 of them had been operated upon during an acute attack). At the time of writing all 30 were in perfect health, 3 showed slight separation of the muscular walls and a slight impulse on coughing. (^) 3 died


ABSTRACT We develop highly robust and stretchable conductive transparent electrodes based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) deposited on functionalized chitosan biopolymer substrates. 11-aminounde-canoic acid is introduced as a surface modifier for enhancing the chemical bond. The chemically functionalized AgNW films achieve a low sheet resistance of 12.2 ohm/sq with a high transmittance of 88.9%. In addition, stretchable alternating current-driven electroluminescent devices and stretchable transparent heaters have been fabricated with AgNW/chitosan thin-films which can be cut, stretched, bent, and twisted without performance degradation. With this approach, stretchable electronics prepared on bio-compatible substrates can be easily applied to curved surfaces or human skins. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT IMPACT STATEMENT We demonstrate highly robust and stretchable transparent conductive electrodes based on the AgNWs/chitosan biopolymer with the organic surface modifier. The films can realize future biocompatible wearable electronics on the human body.


Objective To analyze the contradictions between medical and patient in triage section and improve service quality of outpatient.Method From Oct 2008 to Oct 2010,in one large hospital triage section,176 contradictions between medical and patient were observed and the causes,medical information of the patients were analyzed.Results ①The age of the contradiction patients was 21-79(49.66±13.63)years;the difference in age,sex,area,times to the hospital were not significant.② In 176 cases of contradictions,83 cases were from hospital,61 cases from the medical staff,32 cases from patients,which were significantly different(P0.05).Conclusion Contradictions between medical and patient are correlated with age,expense,most of them are derived from hospital or medical causes,the other are patients oriented.


The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was awarded to the three scientists who did the pioneering work for development of high-brightness GaN-based blue light-emitting di- odes (LEDs). In this article, the award-winning grounds of the three scientists and the signifi- cance of blue LED on human society were interpreted firstly. Then, it was reviewed briefly that the arduous work did by the winners in the 1980s-1990s to develop the blue LED, including ini- tial technical route selection, the breakthroughs of key technical bottlenecks, and the final suc- cess. Last, the significance of the blue LED to drive development of industry and academy were also discussed.


In 2015, the National Ministry of Education (MEN) started the Scholarship Program for Teaching Excellence as one of the strategic lines of a national education plan denominated "Colombia, the most educated country in 2025". In that same year (2015), this plan impacted the Industrial University of Santander (UIS), and the Master's Degree Program in Pedagogy received the first 64 fellows to study this postgraduate program financed by the national government. Since then, an accompaniment to the involved teachers has been initiated in each of the research lines, in order to carry out, within two years, a proposal for intervention in the classroom, according to the action research methodology. As a result of this work, the present text shows the outcomes and reflections resulting from the process carried out by eight of these teacher-students, which helped them to meet the requirements for graduating. These teachers belonged to the research line of Language and Pedagogy, directed by the author and enrolled in the research group "Paidopolis" of the above mentioned University "UIS".


The work presented in this thesis focuses on the biogeochemical cycle of dissolved aluminium in surface waters and the water column of the Atlantic Ocean.


Over the last ten years, the application of image intensifiers in astronomical observations has become a routine procedure. This year at Kitt Peak National Observatory, 45% of the time on the 2.1-meter telescope is scheduled for image intensifier work. Most of this is work that requires a dark sky for spectroscopic observa-tions of faint stars and galaxies, and so nearly 90% of the available dark time on the telescope is scheduled for observations with some sort of image intensifier being the primary detector. Similar scheduling of intensifiers can be found at many observatories around the world. I would like to review the current application of some of these devices in astronomy and discuss their advantages and limitations.


It is important for enterprise to invest more in new product development (NPD) projects and to develop their own innovative capabilities. The continuous development and market introduction of new products can be an important determinant of sustained enterprise performance. For approximately 30 years, conceptual and empirical research has been undertaken to identify the critical success factors (CSFs) of NPD project. Based on the correlative literature analysis, this paper sums up 19 Critical Success Factors (CSFs) of New Product Development (NPD) projects through the NPD process. By the questionnaire surveyed gathering data from the 97 domestic enterprises, used the SPSS software to carry on Factors analysis, the five parent factors had been found. At last this paper built a Conceptual model of NPD projects CSFs based on NPD process.


In this work mirrors and microcavties for GaN-UV light enhancement were fabricated and studied. This work discusses methods of designing two types of mirror: first is the semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) (Al0.4Ga0.6N/GaN) mirrors and second is the dielectric DBR (TiO2/SiO2, ZrO2/SiO2, and HfO2/SiO2) mirrors. MATLAB software and theoretical analysis based on Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) are used to investigate reflection due to depth errors that occur in films growth, number of layers, type of substrate and incidence angle. We assume that there is 10% depth error in high and low index materials. Our simulation results showed that the depth error caused the reflective band shift about 36nm for semiconductor DBR structure and 20nm for dielectric DBR structure. The optical properties of Al0.11Ga0.89N, Al0.03Ga0.97N, and GaN grown on sapphire were investigated. The ellipsometry measurement operating at wavelength 632.8nm yields ψ the relative amplitude change for p and s polarizations, Δ relative phase shift between the two polarization direction and refractive index, important parameters to develop the model for GaN on Al2O3 substrate. We demonstrated a GaN/sapphire microcavity exhibiting 1.3-1.6 fold enhancement in light extraction efficiency by using flat and dome epoxy as external medium compared with air as the external medium. Simulations results showed that by using HfO2 and MgF2 can improve the light extraction by diffracting is the internal light with a large solid angle into the escape light cone. Three types of microcavity types were fabricated using metal and dielectric DBR mirror for the enhancement and inhibition of photoluminescence in GaN. A GaN/sapphire structure as an active layer was sandwiched between two mirrors, which were silver metal reflectors. GaN layer on sapphire showed a photoluminescence (PL) peak around 364 nm. Photoluminescence measurements showed intensity


The high-quality backscattered spectra provided by the WERA HF radar systems in the Wave Hub area are used to estimate different wave parameters at the location of a wave buoy. The HF radar estimations are done using three different wave estimation algorithms: the standard WERA software, the software provided by Actimar and the software provided by Seaview Sensing. The data obtained with each methodology is validated against the data measured from an in situ instrument followed by a discussion to compare results obtained from each methodology and identify strengths and limitations. In general, all three methodologies provided good estimations of wave parameters. Differences between methods are found mostly in the data availability which is attributed to the type of method and to the quality criterion thresholds. From all wave parameters compared, estimation of significant wave height provides the best combination of data quality and availability.


The biology of the Mulberry silkworm was studied under laboratory conditions from January 2018 to April 2018 at Department of Entomology, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo. The results revealed that the female an average oviposition period was of 20.2±2.38 hour whereas; single female laid on an average 107.8±11.04 eggs. The average total larval period was of 23.7±0.95 days. The average pupal period was of 10.36±1.25 days. The average adult emergence period was of 54.92±5.62 days. The longevity of the female and male was also recorded. The results revealed that female lived for5.64±0.48 days and male survived for 4.68±0.47 days. In future, this research will be helpful for starting the sericulture in non-traditional places. Key-words: Longevity, Monophagous insect, Mulberry, Oviposition, Silk moth INTRODUCTION In India, silk production percentage was 15% of total world production . Generally, four kinds of silkworm are used for silk production. Those are Mulberry, Eri, Tasar and Muga. But in these Mulberry silkworms are producing 89.45% of silk . Production of silk is major agro-based rural industry . This Bombyx mori L. is a monophagous insect that feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves. In India, five states i.e. Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamilnadu, Andra Pradesh, and West Bengal are the traditional state for silk production . But very less work was done in the field of sericulture at Punjab. Therefore present investigation was conducted on, to study the biology of B. mori under laboratory condition using mulberry leaves at Talwandi Sabo. How to cite this article Singh H, Singh A, Brar JS. Biology of Bombyx mori L. at Talwandi Sabo, Punjab-Short Communication. SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci., 2019; 5(2): 2230-2234. Access this article online https://iijls.com/ MATERIALS AND METHODS Silkworm immature (just after emergence) was collected from Regional Sericulture Research Station, Central Silk Board, Government of India, Sujanpur during Dec 2017. The collected larva was brought to the Entomology Laboratory at Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo. The leaves of mulberry were collected from the University campus and surrounding area at Talwandi Sabo. These collected leaves were cleaned with distilled water. After cleaning, leaves were chopped into small pieces and given to the newly emerged larvae as food the mulberry leaf food was daily provided to these larvae. The routine hygiene was also maintained at the laboratory. Further, oviposition period, each larvae duration, and total larval duration were recorded. The last larval stages of silkworm were kept in separate containers heaving dry woods for pupation. The total days for pupa formation were also recorded. The newly formed pupae were kept in insect cages for adult emergence. Further the total adult emergence period was recorded. The newly emerged male and female silk moths were separated and kept in separate containers for mating. After mating, the female silk moths started laying eggs. Further, the total number of eggs per female was recorded. Short Communication SSR Inst. Int. J. Life Sci. Singh et al., 2019 DOI:10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.2.5 Copyright © 2015 2019| SSR-IIJLS by Society for Scientific Research under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International License Volume 05 | Issue 02 | Page 2231 The male and female silk moth longevity was also recorded. The entire recorded data was transferred on worksheet Microsoft excel 2013 for statistical analysis. RESULTS The result revealed that the single silk moth female laid on an average 107.8±11.04 eggs. Total 20.2±2.38 hours were the average oviposition period of mulberry silk moth (Table 1). The average larval duration for first, second, third, fourth, and fifth larval instars were recorded as 3.56±0.51, 3.60±0.5, 4.48±0.51, 5.56±0.51, and 6.48±0.51 days respectively. Total 23.68±0.95 days were recorded as average total larval period (Table 2). Fully grown silk moth fifth in stars larva stopped feeding, became restless, sluggish and gradually raised their head and start spinning for forming cocoon. The average prepupal period was of 2.6±0.5 days. The average pupal period of mulberry silk moth was of 10.36±1.25 days (Table 2). Cocoon or pupa was oval shaped and full white in colored. The adults were emerged after forming holes in the cocoons. The average adult emergence period was of 54.92±5.62 days. The longevity results revealed that female lived for 5.64±0.48 days and male survived for 4.68±0.47days (Table 1). Table 1: Total Adult emergence period, Adult longevity, Fecundity and Oviposition period of B. mori No. of Observation Total Adult Emergence Period (days) Adult Longevity (Days) Fecundity (No. of Eggs) Oviposition Period (hrs) Male Female


Objective To investigate the effectiveness and security of Leonurus injection to prevent postpartum hemorrhage and promote uterine contraction after cesarean section.Methods 260 cases were randomly divided into observation group(130 cases)and control group(130 cases).Observation group were injected Leonurus injection 40 mg into uterine,and control group were injected oxytocin 10 u into uterine.The amount of bleeding volume in operation,vaginal bleeding volume of postoperative 2 and 24 h,the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage and uterus contraction were compared between the 2 groups.Results The amount of bleeding volume in operation and vaginal bleeding volume of postoperative 2,24 h in observation group were less than that of control group,and there were significant differences between them(P0.05).The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage in observation group was less than that of control group,but there was no significant difference between them(P0.05).The incidence of vaginal bleeding time less than 15 days in observation group was higher than that of control group,and there was a significant difference between them(P0.05).The incidence of persistent time of lochia less than 42 days after operation was higher than that of control group,but there was no significant difference between them(P0.05).Conclusion Leonurus injection is a safe and effective drug of preventing hemorrhage and shorting the time of lochia discharge after cesarean section,and is worth of clinical promotion.


This paper presents numerical techniques for the simulation of reservoir systems characterized by a nondiagonal tensor representation of areal permeability. A nine-point method of discretization for calculating reservoir flow and a well-inflow model based on the concept of equivalent wellblock radius are presented.


Two approaches to create hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) cyclic dimers of tethered benzoic acids in a crystalline state were examined. The cyclic dimers of the methoxy derivative 1 were generated by inclusion of aromatic guest molecules: benzene or benzonitrile. Depending on the size of the guests, the conformation of the pentylene linker of 1 took either the all-trans or 1,2- and 4,5-gauche conformation to adjust the size of the cavity for the guest. The tethered benzoic acids 2 possessing benzyloxy groups as pendants generated a poly(pseudo)rotaxane-like structure in which pendants were included in the cavity of the cyclic dimer itself. In contrast, 1 afforded a zigzag H-bonding network by recrystallization from methanol or ethanol. Incorporation of methanol in the zigzag network was observed when 1 was recrystallized from methanol.


In the developed world, cancer is the most common cause of death. Among the 36 human genes of the RAS family, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS play a prominent role in human cancer. KRAS belongs to the Rassuperfamily of proteins and is a small GTPase signal transduction protein. Among the RAS isoform, KRAS is the dominant mutant that induced approximately 86% of the RAS mutations. The most frequently mutated KRAS isoform is KRAS4B, about 90% of pancreatic cancer, 30-40% of colon cancer, and 15 to 20% of lung cancers are caused by mutations KRAS4B isoform. Liver cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, and myeloid leukaemia are also caused by mutations in KRAS but are rare. Currently, no FDA-approved drugs are available for KRAS-driven cancer. As the RAS proteins lack a right pocket accessible to the chemical inhibitors, the cancer-causing mutant proteins are almost identical to their essential wild-type counterparts. Therefore, it was considered undruggable. The structure and function of new insights in RAS have changed this understanding and encouraged the development of many drug candidates. This review provides information about the different strategies of targeting KRAS, a challenging drug target that might be valuable for the scientific community.


Research has shown that the increased ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface resulting from stratospheric ozone loss poses a danger to everyone. Concern about ozone loss prompted many nations to ratify the Montreal Protocol, the most comprehensive international environmental agreement ever enacted. Several provisions of this protocol will have substantial, long-term effects on the agricultural industry. Agriculture contributes substantially to ozone depletion, primarily through its use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for refrigeration in processing, storage and transport of meats and produce. This paper is meant to serve as an overview of the scientific basis for ozone depletion concerns, a description of the current international policy agreement, and the possible consequences of that policy for agriculture.


This article is about a comparative study of the contexts and forms of coastal resources access, conflicts arising from state polices, negotiation strategies and adaptation of two small-scale fishermen: Thai Buddhist in Cha-nger Village, Surat Thani and Malayu Muslim in Da To Village, Pattani.  The result of the study shows that Cha-nger fishermen define the area based on the sharing system to reduce the conflicts arising from various groups doing fishery in the same space.  Whereas Da To fishermen use the Islam belief system.  The sharing method of resources access is used for both villages.  The area definition based on religious belief is more reliable than that of Cha-nger village's definition which is derived from moral-based economic.  Throughout five decades of sea fishery development, Da To fishermen rarely change the utilization of Pattani gulf and refuse to accept government policies.  However, they negotiate with the state on the resources access at the level of community.  This includes an increase of the religious strictness, a return to the traditional belief and the right to do traditional fishery in front of the villages' sea.  As for Cha-nger village, the fishermen have changed resources access according to state development policy, although negotiation strategies of both an individual and group have been adapted.  The resources are utilized through an open access and private property along with the continuous invasion of the sea area for individual benefits.


Morning and dusk watches at live and dead trees were used to systematically investigate which species of vertebrates use paddock trees within farmland proposed for the establishment of Eucalyptus plantations in northern New South Wales. Tree-watches at 108 trees were stratified on farmland as isolated, in small patches, remnant vegetation and riparian strips plus in adjacent forest. Arboreal marsupials and bats emerged from hollows in 11% and 8% of trees, respectively. Only one colonial bat roost was observed, although the marsupials Trichosurus vulpecula and Petaurus breviceps were widespread in the landscape. Two threatened species of marsupials (Petaurus norfolcensis and Phascogale tapoatafa) were observed using paddock trees on flats or slopes outside of riparian strips. Among owls, only the Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae and Barn Owl Tyto alba were observed using tree hollows on farmland. For all hollow-dependent nocturnal fauna (marsupials, bats and owls), very large tree diameter best predicted occupation of a tree-hollow (especially if <800 m from the nearest forest). In addition to providing hollows, paddock trees were used for foraging. Morning surveys revealed 35 diurnal bird species on isolated trees, although most were generalists (e.g., Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius, Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala) that were also regular visitors to non-isolated trees in remnant vegetation. More forest-dependent and forest-associated bird species were recorded in forests and riparian strips than other tree categories, reinforcing the high conservation value of riparian strips in farmland. After dark, ultrasonic detectors recorded 21 species of bat (seven threatened species) flying in close proximity to paddock trees. Relatively high levels of activity were recorded at one study location for species rarely recorded in forests (e.g., Scoteanax rueppellii). Remnant Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. amplifolia were a significant source of blossom for nectarivores and they were also associated with high bat activity, possibly because they grow on fertile soil. Recommendations on tree retention guidelines are discussed.


Background: Establishment and maintenance of breastfeeding in preterm low birth weight (PT LBW) neonates after discharge from hospital is challenging and may be affected by multiple factors. We designed this study to find out the association of these factors with breastfeeding in our population. Objectives: To observe the rate of exclusive breasrfeeding (EBF) among the PT LBW neonates at one month follow up and to identify the factors that are related with the maintenance of EBF. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted during the period from July 2009 to October 2011 in Enam Medical College Hospital (EMCH). Preterm infants ≤ 34 wks gestation, stayed in the NICU for >3 days and discharged home were eligible. Mothers were interviewed at one month follow-up after discharge. Infants who were given only breast milk up to 4 weeks were termed as "Exclusively breastfed (EBF)" and who were given formula milk in addition were labeled as "Nonexclusively breastfed (NEBF)". Baseline information regarding maternal demography, delivery of the baby, feeding during discharge was taken from database of neonatal ward. Results: Among 89 infants, 37 (42%) were female and 52 (58%) were male, including 5 twins. Gestational age ranged from 29 to 34 weeks (mean 32±2), and birth weight ranged from 1100 to 2200 grams (mean 1763±20 g). At one month follow up visit 19% (17/89) were found to be NEBF and 81% were EBF. Factors significantly associated with EBF were shorter duration of hospital stay (p=0.001), method of feeding at discharge (p=0.001), mode of delivery (p=0.004), below average socio-economic status (p=0.03), maternal education (p=0.02), number of antenatal visits (p=0.02) and larger birth weight (p=0.038). Conclusion: A variety of factors may affect EBF in PT LBW babies. Extensive counseling of the mothers during antenatal visits, counseling of the family members regarding the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding is necessary. Support should be provided for the mothers both in the hospital and also outside the hospital for a long period. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v1i1.11135 J Enam Med Col 2011; 1(1): 24-30


Fans at the Beatles concert, Wellington Town Hall, June 1964. Shows some standing and screaming, being held back by policemen. Other people are seated nearby. Photograph taken by Morrie Hill of Wellington.
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).
Physical Description: Cellulose triacetate negative


Starting with a brief description of the evolution of the EU airline industry after the opening of market to the low-cost carriers, this chapter offers a reflection on the use of these air carriers for the development of a new form of tourism that in the project Centrality of Territories was defined s-Low. This perspective is inspired by the idea of slow tourism, but at the same time gets away from it, taking the potential envisaged by low-cost air connections as a constitutive element of the relationship slow/fast freed from connotations of values stereotyped, recovering an idea of sustainability more complex and suited to highly urbanized areas such as Europe. Presenting the context, starting from the situation of low-cost mobility airline in Europe and the description of slow tourism, this chapter offers a new interpretation of these phenomena, introducing the concept of s-Low.


Introduction: Quinolones are one of the most favourable antimicrobial class for the treatment of various infectious diseases. Their side effects and toxicity profile have been established years ago. Multiple studies reported dysglycemic events occurring in diabetic patients admitted to the ICU taking fluoroquinolones. The aim of this study is to determine if there is indeed a relation between fluo roquinolones and dysglycemia. Methods and Materials : A retrospective observational study targeting the ICU patients who were administered levofloxacin, cipro -floxacin, and moxifloxacin. This study was performed during the period from April 2019 to September 2019 (6 months) in 5 different hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt. 350 patients' ICU files were chosen randomly, then a total of 68 diabetic ICU admitted patients receiv ing broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones for more than 2 days were included in the study. Results : From 68 patients who recruited in our study, 15 patients take fluoroquinolone with no need and they suffer from change in their blood glucose level without any additional benefit. The most misused fluoroquinolone was Levofloxacin, as 73.3% of patients with main diagnosis non-infectious treated with Levofloxacin, and 20% among them suffered from decreased blood glucose level where 13.3 % had significant increase of their blood sugar level. Conclusion : Dysglycemia caused by fluoroquinolones is an important issue of clinical significance and must be addressed and man -aged. Dysglycemia occurs by varying degrees and differ between different agents of fluoroquinolones. The effect is more pronounced in diabetics and patients with renal impairment which warrant attention and immediate management. Fluoroquinolone misuse is also another important issue to be addressed as it contributes to increased antimicrobial resistance and exposes the patients to unnecessary side effects some of which might need immediate intervention. Further investigations related to fluoroquinolones pre scribing and monitoring is needed to get a better understanding of this existing problem. Acquired Pneumonia; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; VAP: Ventilator As sociated Pneumonia; BSL decrease > 30%: Blood Sugar Level (BSL) Decreases more than 30% from Initial BSL; BSL increase > 30%: Blood Sugar Level (BSL) Increases more than 30% from Initial BSL; BSL (-30% to +30%) change: Blood sugar level (BSL) Decreases Less than 30% or Increases Less than 30 from Initial BSL, that could not Harm Patients; Initial BSL: The first random blood sugar level for each patient at hospital admission as routine laboratory investigation and not by capillary blood glucose method to ensure accuracy of results; Final BSL: The second laboratory random glu cose level for the same patient after 2 days fluoroquinolone treat ment at least;


This paper considers the degree to which performance data can help predict Japanese EFL learners' general receptive proficiency in an integrated reading-writing task. In the previous studies, there have been a great amount of discussions as to the use of Automatic Essay Scoring for independent tasks such as writing test. However, there is little study which deals with reading-writing integrated tasks in order to show the predictability for general linguistic proficiency. Eighty-four Japanese EFL learners participated in this study. Our finding is that the 26 cohesive indices in the TAACO processing tool account for 38% of their proficiency in random forest and XGBoost. This paper concludes that this approach for the use of performance data and cohesive indices is promising for future research. In addition, in the case of Japanese EFL learners, the result of the occurrence of determiners has implications for second language acquisition theory in terms of linguistic factors.


Proponents of the Free Software paradigm have argued that some of the most established software engineering principles do not fully apply when considered in an open, distributed approach found in Free Software development. The objective of this research is to empirically examine the Brooks' Law in a Free Software context. The principle is separated out into its two primary premises: the first is based on a developer's ability to become productive when joining a new team; the second premise relates to the quality of coordination as the team grows. Three large projects are studied for this purpose: KDE, Plone and Evince. Based on empirical evidence, the paper provides two main contributions: based on the first premise of Brooks' Law, it claims that coordination costs increase only in a very specific phase for Free Software projects. After that, these costs become quasi-constant. Secondly, it shows that a ramp up period exists in Free Software projects, and this period marks the divide between projects that are successful at engaging new contributors from others that only benefit from occasional new contributors.


In this reading of the works of Soviet author Yury Olesha, a member of the group of avant-garde writers who survived both revolution and brutal purges, Peppard employs techniques developed by Soviet critic Mikhail Bakhtin to examine Olesha's writings. Many of these works, especially what Peppard calls Olesha's metafictional masterpiece, "Envy", embody the "carnival" tradition. Peppard aims to give an analysis of Bakhtin's and Olesha's carnival cosmos, with its images of macabre destruction, outrageous suspensions of disbelief and banal horror. Peppard interweaves the writer's interest in the circus, carnivals and soccer with a discussion of these motifs in his fiction, capturing the connection between the carnival ambience of Olesha's world and the carnival essence of his works. Peppard discovers the fundamental poetic congruity that informs the work of this figure in Soviet literature, and he aims to establish Olesha as a significant contributor to the struggle waged by such writers as Zamyatin, Bely and Shklovsky to redefine and reform the genetic canons laid down by 19th century predecessors.


Generating proper knee loads on a dynamic knee simulator is crucial to accurately characterize the performance of total knee replacements. Generating actuator loading profiles is one of the most difficult and time consuming steps in achieving proper loads at the knee. Developing an accurate state space model through the use of a prediction error estimation method is a proven way to categorize difficult to measure systems such as dynamic knee simulators. Through the prediction error estimation method a state space model was determined for the Kansas Knee Simulator. The generated state space model shows does not perfectly match the validation data, but the trends of the prediction are consistent with the measured loads. The limiting factor of this study was the training data set that was used. By improving the training data set the state space model will likely be able to accurately predict knee loads given an input loading profile.


The lattice equivalent continuum model (LECM) has proved to be very effective in analysing reinforced concrete structures in two‐dimensional cases. That model is extended here to three dimensions and is fitted to a finite element formulation for analysing three‐dimensional reinforced concrete structures. In any of the three principal directions, the stress–strain behaviour of concrete will be affected by the stress state in the other two directions. Consequently, stress‐strain curves for concrete will shift from a uniaxial pattern. This phenomenon is considered in this work by selecting concrete peak stresses in three alternative approaches. The effectiveness of those approaches is also evaluated. The results of the calculations show good reproduction of the test data, which indicates the validity of this proposed 3D modelling of reinforced concrete.


The blood ketone body response to butyrate (2-5mM. butyrate/kg.) and glucose tolerance (1.25 mM. glucose/kg.) were studied in lambs as a function of age. Ketonemias produced by butyrate increased with age. This finding is compatible with an increased mass of ketone body synthesizing tissue, and by an increased activity per unit of tissue weight. In the period shortly after birth, blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance were high, but both of these measurements declined with increasing age and associated development of rumen function.