It is well known that the number of normalized irreducible polynomials of degree m in a single indeterminate, with coefficients in GF(q), is given by (1.1) where μ(r) is the Möbius function. It follows from (1) that (12)


The Yellow River is the muddiest major river in the world. It has thick bottom sediment and its water has low light transmittance, which can make sound signal, laser, radio waves through it attenuated and communication distance in its waters limited. So it is unable to meet the communication requirements of the underwater survey. In order to solve the problem, based on the electrical conductivity of water, an idea of underwater communication using current field was proposed, a model of underwater current field communication channel was also made according to electromagnetic field theory. The relationship among the received signal, transmitting voltage, communication distance and other parameters were analyzed. Underwater current field communication devices were then developed. It was proved by test that the bi-way underwater communication of such devices was correct, reliable, and easy to perform, thus a practical and feasible communication means for the underwater survey in the Yellow River silt layer was provided.


10591 Background: A large fraction of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) have mutant KRAS, which predicts poor response to current cytotoxic therapy and portends a poor prognosis. Reactivation of senescence in KRAS mutant NSCLC may be an effective therapeutic strategy. We previously have shown that Twist1 cooperates with mutant KRAS to induce adenocarcinoma of the lung in mouse models and inhibition of Twist1 in these models leads to reactivation of KRAS induced senescence. In the current study, we explore whether TWIST1 plays a critical role in KRAS mutant human NSCLC.

METHODS
TWIST1 mRNA levels were examined through quantitative PCR. TWIST1, p53 and p21 were targeted with shRNAs. Reactivation of senescence was assessed through senescence associated beta-galactosidase staining (SA-β-Gal) and immunobloting (p21 and p27). Growth inhibition was determined through the crystal violet colony formation assay in vitro and xenografts experiments in vivo.

RESULTS
TWIST1 was overexpressed in 61% of the 164 human lung tumor samples examined. Silencing of TWIST1 in the KRAS mutant NSCLC cell line, H460, led to dramatic growth inhibition and induction of the senescence associated markers, p21, p27, and SA-β-Gal staining. Similar growth inhibition and induction of senescence were observed in six additional KRAS mutant NSCLC cell lines. Interestingly, growth inhibition by silencing of TWIST1 was independent of p53 or p16 mutational status. Silencing of p53 in two p53 wildtype NSCLC cell lines could not rescue loss of TWIST1 expression. Similar results were seen for inhibition of p21. To extend these observations in vivo, A549 cells containing a doxycycline-inducible shRNA against TWIST1 were implanted in NOD-SCID mice. Significant growth inhibition of established xenograft tumors was observed upon the addition of doxycycline.

CONCLUSIONS
We have demonstrated TWIST1 is frequently overexpressed in human lung tumors. Furthermore, inhibition of TWIST1 in KRAS mutant lung cancer leads to reactivation of OIS and dramatic growth inhibition independent of the presence of p53 or p16. Together these findings suggest that inhibition of TWIST1 in KRAS mutant NSCLC represents a novel and exciting therapeutic strategy.


Roll bonding is a joining-by-forming operation, in which two or more metallic strips or plates are bonded permanently through the pressure and plastic deformation in the roll gap. Although roll bonding has been successfully used in industrial production over many years, difficulties occur especially when materials of largely different yield strength are roll-bonded, e.g. when hard aluminum alloys are clad with soft commercially pure aluminum. Examples are AA2024 sheets used in wing and fuselage structures of aircrafts, which are clad with AA1050 to improve the corrosion resistance. Likewise, aluminum sheets for heat exchangers consist of a hard base material that is clad with a soft solderable aluminum alloy. In these cases, the strength difference may influence the bonding behavior since the softer face sheet has to transmit the deformation to the harder core material. To analyze and optimize such cases, a bonding model integrated into a numerical framework for the simulation of the roll bonding process is required. In this paper, a finite element model is presented, in which the development of bond strength is simulated using a cohesive contact formulation. The model is used to study the bonding behavior of laboratory-scale roll bonding trials of two aluminum alloys with a large difference in yield strength. It is found that shear stresses are generated towards the end of the roll gap that may exceed the shear bond strength created earlier in the roll gap such that no firm bond is obtained. The conditions under which bonding is successful are analyzed using a finite element simulation study with varying yield stress differences and pass reductions and summarized in a map.


Objective: To explore the effects of implementing Performance Measurement System (PMS) in Respiratory Department. Methods:We set up the PMS according to nurses' professional title, position and work quality factors. We implemen this system to evaluate and manage nurses. Results:Care quality and patients satisfaction improved after the implementation of PMS (P0.01). Conclusion: The PMS could motivate nurses work enthusiasm, and then improve care quality and patients' satisfaction.


Cyberphysical systems involve connected devices that are physically embedded. These devices enter into transient relationships with one another and with the environment. We propose an access control model, HO(T)-ReBAC, for facilitating access control in such dynamic environments. Specifically, HO(T)-ReBAC bases its authorization decisions on the history of relationship changes. We demonstrate the usefulness of this model in a case study on a Medical Internet-of-Things application. We extend a recently proposed graph matching algorithm to handle temporality in our model, thereby yielding an efficient authorization mechanism, the performance of which has been evaluated empirically. This model is the first instantiation of a general idea, Higher-Order Relationship-Based Access Control, that we have been developing.


Objective To understand the prevalence of major non-communicable chronic diseases among the adults in the airport district of Beijing.Methods With the same proportion and multi-stage stratified cluster sampling,the prevalent rates of primary existing chronic diseases were investigated in 650 residents aged over 18 years and lived in Beijing for more than 6 months.Each participant was invited to receive a set of standardized questionnaire,physical examinations and laboratory tests.Results The prevalent rates of hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,acute myocardial infarction and the stroke were 26.0%,5.3%,39.9%,1.3% and 2.0%,respectively.The awareness rates for hypertension and diabetes were 54.4% and 3.6%,respectively.Conclusion The prevalent rates of chronic non-communicable diseases of the adults in this area were in higher levels.The relevant department should pay more attention to it.


Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and its drug resistance among children under the age of 5 years.Methods Clinical characteristics of 45 children of IPD admitted to the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from 2009 to 2010 and antimicrobial non-susceptibility results were analyzed retrospectively.Results Forty-five cases of IPD were confirmed by positive culture of sterile body site,most of which occurred between April and June.Most of the IPD children were below the age of 2 years,which accounted for 66.7% (30/45).The disease spectrum included bacteremia in 32 cases (71.1%),encephalitis in 9 cases (20.0%),empyema in 23 cases (51.1%),necrotizing pneumonia in 10 cases (22.2%).Pneumococcal non-susceptibility to erythromycin were found to be 100%,to clindamycin were 95%,to tetracycline were 95.12 %,to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxaole were 80.49%,to chloramphenicol were 18.18%,while pneumococcal resisitanse to rifampicin,quinolones and vancomycin were 0.Eight of eleven and 18/24 were found to be pneumoccal resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin respectively and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were high.Twenty five cases were cured (55.6%).Fifteen cases were improved (33.3%).Four cases died (8.9%).One cases was retreated.All cases of death were under the age of 2 years.Conclusion IPD is more common with a high mortality rate among those under the ages of 2 years.Poor outcome is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to antibiotics.

Key words:
Invasive pneumoniae disease;  Streptococcus pneumoniae;  Antibiotics;  Children


The convenience of online programs has revolutionized education to make it available for more people interested in seeking to further their education. Students enrolling into various online, higher education programs have different aptitudes and factors that play a role in their experiences and successful completion of the program. The study aims to determine relationships between factors that may influence the students' attitudes towards online programs. The factors include reading self-efficacy, ethnicity, and the age of the college students. The present study examines these relationships between self-reported self-efficacy, ethnicity, and age, as related to attitudes toward online learning. The participants consisted of 295 post-secondary students enrolled in online courses. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data and determine which variables had the greatest amount of impact on the students' attitudes toward online learning. The analysis of the data found a significant relationship between reading selfefficacy and a student's attitude toward online learning. No statistically significant evidence was found for the relationships between age nor ethnicity.


The system of data real-time acquisition and processing is widely applied on the spots of industry.The paper mainly introduced the design of data acquisition and processing system based on VC.This system includes hardware system and software system,and which is easy to realize the real-time acquisition,display,storage and processing by the test of practice.


In this paper the AC filter configuration of GaoLing back to back converter station is introduced.The optimal switching time for the filter is studied.The characteristic during the switching of the different kinds of filters is analyzed by the PSCAD/EMTDC.Based on this,the parameter for the point on wave switching equipment is calculated.


The Ritz method, which is widely used for the free‐vibration analysis of isotropic plates and shells, is employed here to determine the displacements and stresses in cantilevered shallow shells that are statically loaded. The shallow shells are made of composite materials such as filamentary laminates or reinforced concrete. Displacements are assumed in the form of algebraic polynomials. Convergence for the membrane stress and bending moment resultants is demonstrated to be less rapid than for the displacements. Numerical results are presented for three‐layer cross‐ply and angle‐ply laminates made of graphite/epoxy materials. Displacements and stresses for shallow shells of spherical, circular cylindrical and hyperbolic paraboloidal curvature and square planform subjected to gravity loading are compared with those of flat plates.


It is very important for the radiochemical purity of a short half-life 153Sm-radionuclide to be determined rapidly. With the comparison of different chromatographic analysis methods, a new rapid column chromatographic analysis method was developed. It needs only 5 minutes for the radiochemical purity to be determined, and is more simple than by paper chromatography. Meanwhile, natural abundance Sm2O3 is used as a target for preparation of 153Sm-EDTMP, the pH of the reaction medium being strictly controlled. The labelling efficiency of 153Sm-EDTMP meets the demand for clinical application.


The aim of this paper is to provide a stochastic version under location uncertainty of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The modelling under location uncertainty setting is used here to derive a physically consistent stochastic dynamical system for compressible flows. It relies on an extended stochastic version of the Reynolds transport theorem involving stochastic source terms. In a similar way as in the deterministic case, this conservation theorem is applied to density, momentum and total energy in order to obtain a transport equation of the primitive variables, i.e. density, velocity and temperature. For the modelling of ocean dynamics, the transport of mass fraction of species, such as salinity, is also considered. We show that performing low Mach and Boussinesq approximations to this more general set of equations allows us to recover previous versions of incompressible stochastic Navier-Stokes equations and the stochastic Boussinesq equations, respectively. Finally, we provide some research directions on the use of this general set of equations in the perspective of relaxing the Boussinesq and hydrostatic approximation for ocean modelling.


The aim of this study is 1) to demonstrate the interactions resulting from mixing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) withsodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2) to monitor the experimental interaction after cold plasma energy transferring mimicking physicochemical activation of solutions. Freshly opened pharmaceutical lavage solutions of 5.25% hypochlorite and 17% EDTA were used in experiments. A mixture of 40 ml was prepared using 5.25% hypochlorite/17% EDTA at a 1:1 ratio. The experimental cold atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment was performed using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device for mimicking the activation of lavage solutions. pH measurements of the samples were performed. Spectral changes were analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. N-CH2-COOR and N-CH2-CH2-N were observed in EDTA at 4.65 and 2.90 p/min, respectively. The emergence of new signals at 3.70, 3.07, and 2.91 p/min was observed in the mixture of the EDTA and NaOCl. Decreased peak intensities of EDTA were observed in the APPJ treatment groups at 4.65 and 2.90 p/min with no spectral shift. The main findings are that carbon and nitrogen bonds formed on the EDTA molecule at 2357.08 and 2309.10 cm $^{\mathrm {-1 {}}}$ after oxidation with hypochlorite as middle-narrow and mid-wide, respectively. The molecular structure of EDTA is observed to change after the oxidization by hypochlorite. The newly formed peaks attributed to carbon and nitrogen on the oxidized EDTA molecule disappeared after the experimental APPJ application. The obtained absorbance maxima in the APPJ treatment are in the characteristic region for the $\pi $ - $\pi ^\ast $ transitions. Within the limitations of an in vitro study, the findings of the study demonstrated that the subsequent molecule occurred by the oxidization by hypochlorite or activated hypochlorite is different from each other and also is different from the characteristic structure of EDTA. Experimentally activated hypochlorite by APPJ might have caused the molecular electronic transitions of EDTA.


The largest subfamily of the tyrosine kinase receptor of Eph could be divided into two groups,EphA and EphB.Ephs play an important role in many physiological activities,and their overexpression may lead to malignant transformation of cells.In recent years,the expression of EphA2 has been found to be directly related to the carcinoma grade,lymph node metastasis and disease-free interval,as well as to the occurrence,progression and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma.Therefore,EphA2 may become biological markers for the diagnosis,malignancy assessment,and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma,and providing a new target and new conceptions for the biological treatment of renal cancer.


Adidas Group's value proposition to 'Shape the future of sport' is quite powerful as a global proposition. Adidas then takes this proposition and aligns it with the needs of the local target audience through relevant language (advertising copy), imagery and strategy.


Plant galls - a perspective, Michele A.J. Williams agrobacterium-induced crown gall and hairy root diseases - their biology and application to plant genetic engineering, M.R. Davey et al gall-causing rust fungi, T.F. Preece and A.J. Hick European exobasidiales and their galls, Bruce Ing the lichen thallus - a symbiotic phenotype of nutritionally specialized fungi and its response to gall producers, D.L. Hawksworth and R. Honegger proales werneckii - a gall-causing rotifer, B.M. Spooner structure and systematics of eriophyid mites (acari - eriophyoidea) and their relationship to host plants, Jan Boczek and D.A. Griffiths thrips and gall induction - a search for patterns, Laurence A. Mound interactions between trichochermes walkeri (homoptera - psylloidea) and other homoptera on Rhamnus catharticus, I.F.G. McLean galls and the evolution of social behaviour in aphids, W.A. Foster and P.A. Northcott a breadfruit amongst the dipterocarps - galls and atavism, R.M. Jenkins and D.J. Mabberley gall midges (cecidomyiidae) - classification and biology, Keith M. Harris risk of parasitism on taxomyia taxi (diptera - cecidomyiidae) in relation to the size of its galls on yew, taxus baccata, Margaret Redfern and Robert Cameron studies on host plant resistance in rice to the gall midge Orseolia oryzae, I. David R. Peries parasitoids as a driving force in the evolution of the gall size of Urophora on cardueae hosts, H. Zwolfer and J. Arnold-Rinehart life cycle strategies in a guild of dipteran gall formers on the common reed, Luc De Bruyn induction and development of the bean gall caused by Pontania proxima, I.J. Leitch a willow gall from the galler's point of view, R.N. Higton and D.J. Mabberley assemblages of herbivorous chalcid wasps and their parasitoids associated with grasses - problems of species and specificity, Michael F. Claridge and Hassan Ali Dawah the ecology of the pea galls of Cynips divisa, Francis Gilbert et al the biogeography and population genetics of the invading gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis (hymenoptera - cynipidae), P.J. Sunnucks et al the communities associated with the galls of Andricus quercuscalicis (hymenoptera - cynipidae) an invading species in Britain - a geographical view, K. Schonrogge et al the population dynamics of the gall wasp Andricus quercuscalicis, Rosemary S. Hails mineral nutrition of galls induced by Diplolepis spinosa (hymenoptera - cynipidae) on wild and domestic roses in central Canada, Giuseppe Bagatto and Joseph D. Shorthouse biochemical modification of the phenotype in cynipid galls - cell membrane lipids, Margret H. Bayer the fossil record of leaves with galls, Andrew C. Scott et al.


ion. I found that combining the idea of sociocultral concepts with Bronfenbrenner's Ecological model brought me closer to my goal of understanding the common threads that can be a basis for meta-knowledge and the commonalities that can be used to teach children effectively. I found, however, that Bronfenbrenner's model, while comprehensive, was too constricting. In an attempt to broaden its scope, I have adapted the concept of Meyer-Kress's Dynamic Model for Global Climate Change, in combination with Bronfenbrenner's concept of a chronosphere, but using the chronological structure of an American public school stages as a foundation for what I offer as a comprehensive model of the variables that affect a child's learning at various stages.


Guo, Lev and Shi (2006) (hereafter GLS) set out on the formidable task of attempting to find a common explanation for the short- and long-term 'anomalies' commonly observed of firms that undertake an Initial Public Offering (IPO). Specifically, the excessive positive first-day returns of IPO firms (referred to as underpricing) and the subsequent poor long-term performance of these firms are among the well-documented anomalies in the finance literature. These findings persist through time (although of varying magnitude) and across jurisdictions despite differences in institutional arrangement and litigation environment. As the authors state, prior literature has presented theoretical explanations for these anomalies based on either information asymmetry or to investors' systematic mispricing explanations. Whilst both sets of theoretical work predict short-term underpricing and long-term underperformance, fewer empirical studies explicitly consider the links between these anomalies. GLS focus their study on the role of a specific source of information asymmetry and uncertainty at the time of public offering - research and development (RD and Rock, 1986) and that some firms will use credible signals to reduce adverse selection problems between buyers and sellers and hence lower the cost of capital (Allen and Faulhaber, 1989). Prior studies attribute the poor long-term performance of IPO firms to investor optimism (Purnanandam and Swaminathan, 2004) or earnings management prior to the offering (Teoh et al., 1998) or to misspecification in measuring returns in long-run horizons (Brav and Gompers, 1997). Whilst numerous studies provide compelling evidence to explain these phenomena, as GLS suggest 'it is fair to state that both anomalies are still unresolved'. GLS base their reconciliation of the anomalies by arguing that managers of R&D intensive IPO firms are privy to proprietary information on the potential of R&D projects, hence they are willing to 'leave more money on the table' than firms without R&D ('No-R&D') IPO firms because they believe they can recover these costs in subsequent equity offerings. They also predict that investor optimism in R&D intensive IPOs is dampened by the expected uncertainty on the prospects of R&D activities, as a result these firms are not expected to underperform as poorly as No-R&D IPO firms. GLS provide some empirical evidence to support their conjectures and further suggest that R&D is a major source of information asymmetry as it 'subsumes' the importance of other previously known proxies for information asymmetry such as the presence of venture capitalists. My discussion of this paper summarises and expands on the points raised at the JBFA conference. I discuss the use of R&D costs as a valid proxy for information asymmetry and also offer some comments on the results and analyses presented by the authors in support of the above conjectures.


Wet friction disks are important components in automotive clutch. Return springs along circumferential direction are widely used to release the friction disks in the disengagement process of clutch. The failures of few springs will lead to non-uniform pressure distributions along circumferential direction, so pressure disturbances are induced. When the clutch engages, the superposition of thermal loads and mechanical loads under pressure disturbances may give rise to some hot spots in contact region. The temperatures of these hot spots grow sharply and the thermal-mechanical feedback processes become unstable. Then thermal elastic instability failure takes place immediately, and the friction disks are damaged. In this paper, typical pressure disturbances in friction disks along the circumferential direction caused by the failures of return springs are obtained by finite element statics calculation. Then the pressure disturbances are expressed as a product of two functions: one is exponential function of time, the other is Fourier function of circumferential temperature. After that, the expressions of pressure disturbances are put into the heat transfer — elastic mechanics coupling equations, and the physics model of thermo elastic instability failure in friction disks is developed by temperature growth rate, disturbances wave number, critical speed, and geometry parameters. The finite element method is used to get the critical speed and temperature field of friction disks when thermo elastic instability failure occurs under pressure disturbances. Finally, the influences of the number and positions of failure return springs on the thermo elastic instability of friction disks are investigated.


BACKGROUND
To obtain current data on the occurrence ofwork-related symptoms of office computer users in Poland we implemented a questionnaire survey. Its goal was to assess the prevalence and intensity of symptoms of upper extremities, neck and back in office workers who use computers on a regular basis, and to find out if the occurrence of symptoms depends on the duration of computer use and other work-related factors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Office workers in two towns (Warszawa and Katowice), employed in large social services companies, were invited to fill in the Polish version of Nordic Questionnaire. The questions included work history and history of last-week symptoms of pain of hand/wrist, elbow, arm, neck and upper and lower back (occurrence and intensity measured by visual scale). Altogether 477 men and women returned the completed questionnaires. Between-group symptom differences (chi-square test) were verified by multivariate analysis (GLM).

RESULTS
The prevalence of symptoms in individual body parts was as follows: neck, 55.6%; arm, 26.9%; elbow, 13.3%; wrist/hand, 29.9%; upper back, 49.6%; and lower back, 50.1%. Multivariate analysis confirmed the effect of gender, age and years of computer use on the occurrence of symptoms. Among other determinants, forearm support explained pain of wrist/hand, wrist support of elbow pain, and chair adjustment of arm pain. Association was also found between low back pain and chair adjustment and keyboard position.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings revealed frequent occurrence of symptoms of pain in upper extremities and neck in office workers who use computers on a regular basis. Seating position could also contribute to the frequent occurrence of back pain in the examined population.


This study was carried out to examine the main cause of influencing oral health impact profile (OHIP) and self-esteem of patients on orthodontic treatment. Questionnaire was used for research based on 200 patients on orthodontic treatment in four dental clinics specialized orthodontic treatment and located in Daegu. General characteristics, orthodontic treatment characteristics, OHIP, and self-esteem were examined to analyze the cause of influencing OHIP and self-esteem of patients on orthodontic treatment. The results, Influential factors in OHIP, The younger age (P


One of the unexpected joys of being the mother of a not-so-small child is the chance not only to re-read many loved children's stories, but to discover, for the first time, children's books that have emerged during the time lapse between our own childhood and parenthood. In this way, I discovered the inspirational and radical illustrated book, The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig. Written by a legal academic, the story turns the traditional fairy tale of the three little pigs and the big bad wolf on its head. In this version of the story, the three little wolves are the innocent victims of the Big Bad Pig. Every time the Big Bad Pig destroys their house, they build a stronger and ultimately more fortified residence, ending up with a house made of concrete, which is eventually destroyed yet again when the Big Bad Pig blows it up using dynamite.


This work revises the wiki concept and definition, a kind of collaboration management information tool. The work explains how the tool works and its technical features, and it proposes a planning and development built-in method for digital information services based on wiki.


The purpose of the study was to investigate
the importance of color as a design element in clothing, color
preferences of elderly women for clothes, including values and
intensities, and the relation between color preferences and a)
self-concept and b) clothing interest. The questionnaire included a
modification of Cave's (1965) Color Questionnaire, Mason's (1954b)
Self-Concept Questionnaire, and an adaptation of Sharpe's (1963)
Clothing Interest/Importance Measure. Data of the participants age
and color preferences during youth and middle age were also
obtained. The sample was composed of 111 women 65 years of age and
over from five independent living retirement homes in Columbus,
Ohio. Frequency counts, percentages, central tendencies, and
analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. The elderly
women in the sample ranked style first and color second as clothing
characteristics noticed when shopping. Blue was the preferred color
of clothing along with a light, bright value/chroma combination.
Red was the second preferred hue. Blue was the preferred hue for a
dressy dress and casual dress for spring or summer and for a dressy
dress for autumn or winter. Blue tied with red as the preferred
color for a pantsuit or casual outfit for autumn or winter. Blue
was found to be the preferred color during the participants' youth
and middle age. Red was the second preferred hue during youth and
middle age. No differences were found between color preferences and
a) self-concept and b) clothing interest.


Histones are small basic proteins and highly conserved among eukaryotes. Their main function is binding, packaging and organizing of DNA in the nucleus, but extracellular histones are also potent antimicrobial proteins. Here we found that Streptococcus pyogenes - an important human pathogen - protects itself from histone-killing by the acquisition of plasminogen. Plasminogen, bound to the streptococcal surface, efficiently prevents histone-mediated killing. Moreover, the streptokinase/plasminogen complex degrades all classes of histones and abrogates their antibacterial and hemolytic effects. This novel streptokinase-mediated virulence mechanism may contribute to the escape of S. pyogenes from the human innate immune system.


Several types of research have shown that the household waste and septic tank have polluted the water of the wells in several small islands in the world and therefore requiring water well quality measurement. The research aims at measuring the water quality index of water well in small islands using the parameters of Coliform bacteria concentration, salinity, pH, and temperature. The research used survey analytics method with point time approach and combined with water quality index (WQI) formulation. There are 18 samples taken from the water well of Lae-Lae island, Barrang Lompo, and Barrang Caddi. The results have shown that the highest bacteria concentration of Coliform found was 2400 coliny/100 ml. The highest salinity is 0.007. The average temperature in well water was 20.5°C to 29.1 °C. The average pH was 7.6 to 8.9. Based on the water quality index (WQI) the calculation, the condition of 11 well water was moderately polluted, 3 well water was mildly polluted, and 4 well water was categorized as good. The results of the research showed that the development of water quality index (WQI) using Coliform parameters, salinity, pH and temperature enables identification of well water conditions in small islands and therefore informed the public regarding the quality of their well water.


Supply plate (2) for an electrochemical system, (1) where comprising the supply plate (2) on a first flat side (3a) of a first flow field (4a) and a second flat side (3b) a second flow field (4b) and - -, the first flow field (4a) with an associated first distribution channel (5a) and the second flow field with an associated second distributing channel (5b) connected to carry fluid wherein - at least one distribution channel (5a) a transition region (6) is arranged to the associated flow field (4a), said transition region (6) on the first flat side (3a) a first portion (7a) and on the second flat side (3b) a second portion (7b), having for pressing a position adjacent to the respective flat side of the membrane characterized in that the first and the second portion in the plate plane are offset so that each on the Verpressungsseiten of the first and second portion opposite sides flowing medium of the at least one distribution channel to the flow field or ...


The health claims that have been made for cannabidiol, or CBD, are almost as numerous as the types of products that contain the compound— 1 of the 2 main cannabinoids in cannabis. Despite its widespread use, evidence of CBD's safety and effectiveness is lacking, except in the treatment of seizures in patients with 2 rare epilepsy syndromes and tuberous sclerosis complex. In addition, little is known about how people who consume CBD fare behind the wheel. Much of the research into cannabis's effect on driving performance has focused on the whole plant and its other main cannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, which produces euphoria. "There is still a notion among researchers and, particularly, the general public" that CBD counteracts the psychoactive effects of THC, said psychologist Johannes Ramaekers, PhD, of the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands, coauthor of a new study in this issue of JAMA that investigated how vaporized CBD and THC affected driving performance. One or 2 studies "have suggested that maybe if you smoke cannabis strains that are high in CBD it will diminish the impairing effects of THC," Ramaekers said. However, subsequent studies have not been able to replicate that finding, he said. Even so, "I do see these claims on the internet quite often."


Background. This article provides an overview and testing of existing robotic solutions, an understanding of the level of technological accessibility for the research area. A robotic solution is a device, mechanism or method for carrying out work with a high level of autonomy and with minimal human involvement in work in a hazardous area. In this case, we are talking about remote-controlled solutions, as well as completely self-managed solutions. Aim. The purpose of the study is to analyze the design and regulatory documentation that regulates the study area of work, to identify the main technical and legislative barriers and restrictions on the use of robotic solutions, as well as to conduct tests in Kingston boxes of the Prirazlomnaya OIRFP. Materials and methods. In this study, using rational-logical methods of scientific knowledge and the empirical method, namely interviewing experts in the field of robotization and maritime law, it was possible to determine and structure the information received. Results. The implementation of this goal made it necessary to analyze the market for various robotic means of local cleaning and inspection, to form a list of the most promising solutions, to rank solutions based on the evaluation matrix, to conduct technical and competitive negotiations with manufacturers on the topic of readiness to participate in pilot testing at the Prirazlomnaya OIRFP. Conclusions. In the course of this project, an extensive analysis of the market of robotic solutions was carried out, pilot tests were carried out, an act was received from RMRS and proved in practice during pilot testing in Kingston boxes with water intake pipelines and in the water area of the Kola Bay, a hypothesis about the applicability and feasibility, the usefulness of using remotely controlled underwater of uninhabited vehicles in the scope of the survey at the Prirazlomnaya OIRFP.


A dominator coloring is a proper coloring of the vertices of a graph such that each vertex of the graph dominates all vertices of at least one color class (possibly its own class). The dominator chromatic number of a graph G is the minimum number of color classes in a dominator coloring of G. In this paper, we determine the exact value of the dominator chromatic number of a subclass of forests which we call, generalized caterpillars forest, where every vertex of degree at least three is a support vertex.


Objective To elucidate the sources of arginine, substrate of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), with the stimulation to the neural PC12 cells of inflammatory factors, and to explore the ways to reduce inflammations induced by nitrate oxide(NO). Methods PC12 cells were differentiated with nerve growth factor, and then activated with interferon-γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Northern and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of the mRNAs and enzymes of inducible NOS (iNOS), argininosuccinate synthetase(AS), argininosuccinate lyase(AL), cationic amino acid transporter-1 and -2 (CAT-1 and CAT-2). Results iNOS and AS mRNAs and proteins were markedly induced; while AL mRNA and proteins were weakly induced, and large amount of NO produced . CAT-1 and CAT-2 were not induced. Dexamethasone or dibutyryl cAMP inhibited the iNOS induction and NO production. The inhibition was even stronger when the two acted together. Conclusion In the cytokine-stimulated PC12 cells, iNOS is introduced and a large amount of NO is produced, when arginine, substrate of nitric oxide synthase comes from citrulline-arginine recycling.


The subject of this thesis is to explore the interaction between the political setting, and stabilisation and reform outcomes in emerging economies. It is motivated by the observation that during the last decades numerous governments in emerging economies have made major efforts to achieve macro-economic stability and advances in economic reforms; necessary changes in economic policy, however, frequently created strong political opposition from those particular interests that stood to lose from them, and thus often failed to be implemented. This thesis contributes to the study of the most important questions in this context, namely why and how countries slide down the path to macro-economic chaos, and under which conditions attempts to reverse the economic free-fall will be successfully pursued. Moreover, which are the reforms needed to improve the situation fundamentally, and how they can be successfully implemented given the political constraints. More specifically it studies the structural reasons leading to high inflation, and the requirements to achieve sustainable price stability. It then turns to major areas of economic reform, namely privatisation and improved governance. It studies how the political setting influences privatisation outcomes, and shows that press freedom is an important tool in fighting corruption, and thus in improving governance. It finally takes a concrete example, namely Russian regions, to study the impact of differences in the political setting and reform efforts, as well as other structural variables, on the economic outcomes.


Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is a mental disorder charact erized by the underestimation of corporal shape and size. It hasn ́t been studied in cyclists, because this disorder is represented by a muscular body as bodybuilders which principal aim is weightlifting. The objetive this work was detect MD symptoms. The method in this inv estigation were administered the Scale of Muscular Satisfaction to 20 cyclist men, the Que stionnaire of Physical Self-concept, and the Somatomorphic Matrix, beside the anthropometric measures of the participants.The results showed that corporal dissatisfaction exists in relationship with his muscular perception doesn ́t correspond with the reality. His physical s elf-concept related is poor on his general self-concept as well as these two variables to thos e f physical attraction and physical condition. To conclude, in this study is verified t ha don ́t exist MD symptoms but there are an erroneous perception of his physical appearance d certain dissatisfaction in relation to the some one.


This report presents preliminary physical control experiments for capturing and modeling the affective state of entertainment — that is, whether people are having "fun" — of users of the innovative Playware playground, an interactive physical playground. The goal is to construct, using representative statistics computed from children's physiological hear rate (HR) signals, an estimator of the degree to which games provided by the playground engage the players. For this purpose children's HR signals, and their expressed preferences of how much "fun" particular game variants are, are obtained from experiments using games implemented on the Playware playground. Neuro-evolution techniques combined with feature set selection methods permit the construction of user models that predict reported entertainment preferences given HR features. These models are expressed as artificial neural networks and are demonstrated and evaluated on two Playware games and the preliminary control task requiring physical activity. Results demonstrate that the proposed preliminary control experiment is not an appropriate control for physical activity effects since it may generate HR dynamics rather easy to separate from game-play HR dynamics, and allows one to distinguish entertaining game-play from exercise purely on the artificial basis of the kind of physical activity taking place. Conclusions derived from this study constitute the basis for the design of more appropriate control experiments and user models in future studies.


A permanent observatory has been installed on the seafloor at Federal Lease Block, Mississippi Canyon 118 (MC118), northern Gulf of Mexico. Researched and designed by the Gulf of Mexico Hydrates Research Consortium (GOM-HRC) with the geological, geophysical, geochemical and biological characterization of in situ gas hydrates systems as the research goal, the site has been designated by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management as a permanent Research Reserve where studies of hydrates and related ocean systems may take place continuously and cooperatively into the foreseeable future. The predominant seafloor feature at MC118 is a carbonate-hydrate complex, officially named Woolsey Mound for the founder of both the GOM-HRC and the concept of the permanent seafloor hydrates research facility, the late James Robert "Bob" Woolsey. As primary investigator of the overall project until his death in mid-2008, Woolsey provided key scientific input and served as chief administrator for the Monitoring Station/ Seafloor Observatory (MS-SFO). This final technical report presents highlights of research and accomplishments to date. Although not all projects reached the status originally envisioned, they are all either complete or positioned for completion at the earliest opportunity. All Department of Energy funds have been exhausted in this effort but, in addition, leveraged to great advantage with additional federal input to the project and matched efforts and resources. This report contains final reports on all subcontracts issued by the University of Mississippi, Administrators of the project, Hydrate research activities that both support and derive from the monitoring station/sea-floor Observatory, Mississippi Canyon 118, northern Gulf of Mexico, as well as status reports on the major components of the project. All subcontractors have fulfilled their primary obligations. Without continued funds designated for further project development, the Monitoring Station/Seafloor Observatory is in danger of lapsing into disuse. However, for the present, interest in the site on the continental slope is healthy and The Center for Marine Resources and Environmental Technology continues to coordinate all activity at the MS/SFO as arranged through the BOEM in 2005. Field and laboratory research projects and findings are reviewed, new technologies and tests described. Many new sensors, systems and two custom ROVs have been developed specifically for this project. Characteristics of marine gas hydrates are dramatically more refined than when the project was initiated and include appear in sections entitled Accomplishments, Products and Publications.


The article describes the methods which external quality auditors could use to assess the quality of the system of internal auditing standards in audit companies. By setting the forms to execute the internal control of the system of internal auditing standards of the organization being audited, quality auditors should determine the procedures which are aimed at checking if the staff of the audit organization reviewed follow the professional requirements. The two main methods to get evidence that the employees of audit organizations are familiar with the text of internal standards are the following: review of acknowledgment sheets and questionnaires. In the process of studying the internal standards of auditing the audit team addresses the issues of completing the review check by the auditors. Quality auditors should pay special attention to the provisions which establish the principles and procedures of the review. Having summarized the methods of control of the internal auditing standards system in audit companies the authors conclude that the check of internal standards provisions by itself does not permit to make a clear judgment if the quality of work of auditors is high or low.


The twentieth century is stated as the century of the child, when everything is focused on education, training and development of the child. The thesis deals with child in pre-school age and parent?s attitude to a pre-school education. Theoretical part is devoted to a child in pre-school age, legislation of pre-school education, education in traditional and alternative pre-school institutions and description of Montessori pedagogy. The end of theoretical part is focused on the parents, family, mutual cooperation of parents and teachers in the pre-school institution. The research part is finding out the parent?s attitude to the pre-school education, the reasons for their choice of pre-school institution, their mutual cooperation, communication and fine-satisfaction with selected pre-school institution.


In order to improve the sensitivity of measurement and realize its miniaturization, an all-optical fiber differential acceleration sensor is studied. This sensor adopts a novel four-port ring fiber coupler, which can realizes the difference of optical signals and the isolation of light
 source and optical signal. Therefore, the sensitivity of this sensor is doubled compared with that of traditional fiber sensors. The stress–strain relationship simulation results of the sensor probe model show that with the increase of the measured acceleration value, the relative sensitivity,
 relative resolution, and relative error of the sensor all decrease. In the structural parameters of the probe-sensitive unit, the film thickness has the greatest influence on the performance of the sensor. The radius of the diaphragm 65 μm, a thickness of 2 μm, taking the
 thickness of the center of mass 20 μm, the mass 20 μm taken radius conditions, sensitivity of this fiber acceleration sensor is not less than 0.0025 m–1 · s2, less than 2% error, the linear measuring range of 0 to 2800 m · s–2.
 This design combines microelectronics and optical fiber technology, which can more easily realize the miniaturization and multi-function of acceleration sensor.


Subtle cognitive impairment (SCI) may appear before pathological changes surpass thresholds for abnormality. We aimed to investigate whether SCI could predict Alzheimer's pathologies and advancement.


Cemented carbide alloys are a material having hardness and high toughness. Various trace elements are added in order to obtain these performances. One of the additives is vanadium carbide (VC). However, the incorporation thereof failed to evenly improve properties of a product because a raw material obtained by pulverizing the carbide has a large particle diameter. The carbide, which is one of rawmaterials for constituting a material for tools, e.g., a hob, was replaced with vanadium trioxide (V2O3), which is an oxide. Since the vanadium oxide is softer than vanadium carbide, it is easily reduced to fine particles in the step of mixing by means of a ball mill in raw-material preparation. Due to the effect of the vanadium trioxide evenly dispersed in the raw materials, the cemented carbidealloy obtained through sintering has an enhanced hardness.


The objective of the present paper is to analyze the character of Polish jokes about Americans and to find out what these jokes say about Poles. The latter question results from the assumption that stereotypes reveal more about those who propagate them than about those who allegedly represent particular traits. The popularity of Americans is a certain novelty in contemporary Polish jokes and this fact could be interpreted as another element in the processes of so-called McDonaldization. The texts are presented by the chronology of events they refer to. Americans are perceived by Poles as the enemies of the Russians, and so as a positive protagonist, a symbol of the high standard of living and an embodiment of the dream of success and freedom. Wide open spaces and big American cities, cowboys, Indians, Hollywood and Coca Cola are other symbols frequently occurring in jokes. AIDS and drug addictions are also supposed to be the products of America altogether with American right to carry arms, litigiousness and death penalty. Another feature of the  Americans readily exploited by scoffers is a relatively short history and the hypocrisy of American political correctness. The general image of an American emerging from the analyzed jokes is largely positive and definitely more colorful than the image of a Pole in American jokes. Contextual references included in jokes show the knowledge of the Poles about America. And it does not really matter if this knowledge sometimes seems to be only a reflection of the image created and widespread by and for the use of the Americans themselves.


The invention voltage regulating unit (Auto Voltage Regulator) that, by bypass (bypass) the power path of the voltage regulating device for high electric power consumption in electronic equipment specific load, the voltage regulation regardless of the power consumption of the electronic loads on the It proposes a power bypass techniques that can be applied to the device.


This article elaborates the importance of strengthening examination construction under the new situation on three aspects: promoting style of teaching and style of study construction as well as improving the student's comprehensive quality.The authors also proposes concrete measures to strengthen examination construction,namely improving the examination management system,making strict examination management,reforming the examination content,form,and method,enhancing the quality of the invigilators and conducting effective ideological education.


In this paper, we present a new modified self-adaptive inertial subgradient extragradient algorithm in which the two projections are made onto some half spaces. Moreover, under mild conditions, we obtain a strong convergence of the sequence generated by our proposed algorithm for approximating a common solution of variational inequality problem and common fixed point of a finite family of demicontractive mappings in a real Hilbert space. The main advantages of our algorithm are: strong convergence result obtained without prior knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the related monotone operator, the two projections made onto some half-spaces and the inertial technique which speeds up rate of convergence. Finally, we present an application and a numerical example to illustrate the usefulness and applicability of our algorithm.


Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) designates respiratory disorders characterized by airway obstruction that is not fully reversible. An estimated 10 million adult Americans have COPD, and the prevalence is rising. Direct and indirect costs of managing COPD exceed dollars 32 billion annually, and this health care burden has provoked vigorous efforts by major public health organizations to evaluate and improve quality of care for COPD. The authors review the substantial effects of COPD on managed care and discuss evidence-based strategies for its effective management.


Embedded Software research fi eld at VTT Electronics offers fi rst-class expert services in selected fi elds of software technology, including embedded software engineering, middleware, service architectures and platforms and wireless communication. Our know-how is based on scientifi c research, vision and long-standing practical experience. We provide expert services on a project basis, respecting confi dentiality requirements and participating in joint research projects. Our services include e.g., developing methods to accelerate software development and improve software quality, and introducing these practices into companies. A detailed list of our services and contacts are provided at the end of this report. As an innovator of ideas we also produce patents and prototypes to meet our customers' needs. Our customer base is global and consists of both companies and research institutes. This report summarises the main research and development activities carried out on Embedded Software at VTT Electronics (www.vtt.fi /ele) in 2002. The report is organised according to the following topics: • software process engineering, • software architectures, • service architectures, • wireless communication, and • ambient intelligence. An outline of selected projects carried out in 2002 as well as examples of the key results are included for each topic. The publications listed under references at the end of each outline will offer additional technical information on the subjects. For further information, you are also welcome to contact the persons listed in connection with each outline. This report is available both through the Web server of VTT Electronics and in printed form through the address shown on the previous page. INTRODUCTION In recent years, electronics products have become more complex and the embedded software within them has increased in size and complexity. Short time-to-market requirements and changing business needs demand shorter development cycles. This renders important challenges to engineers and managers attempting to meet these demands. Yet, the resulting product quality plays an increasingly important role in achieving business success. Traditional ways of developing software do not provide solutions to these challenges. New approaches are therefore needed. VTT Electronics launched a two-year strategic research programme – Agile Software Technologies – at the beginning of 2002 to solve these problems. RESEARCH GOALS The Agile Software Technologies research programme aims to develop mechanisms, concepts and new models applicable to embedded software development environments where constantly changing requirements dominate the development. The goal, therefore, is to enable the industry to utilize the change-driven (i.e., Agile) product …


The thermal decomposition of vinylacetylene (C/sub 4/H/sub 4/) has been studied in the shock tube with two time-resolved diagnostics, laser-schlieren (2% and 4% C/sub 4/H/sub 4/-Kr, 1650-2500 K, 110-427 Torr) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2% C/sub 4/H/sub 4/-Ne 1500-2000 K, 150-300 Torr). The time-of-flight mass spectra show dominant products C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ and C/sub 4/H/sub 2/ with a very consistent 5:1 ratio of C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ to C/sub 4/H/sub 2/. The laser-schlieren semilog density gradient profiles the effective heat of reaction between 30 and 50 kcal/mol. Rate constants calculated from the zero-time gradients assuming ..delta..H/sup 0//sub 298/ = 40 kcal/mol are fit with a routine RRKM model which indicates a barrier E/sub 0/ = 79.5 +/- 3 kcal/mol. Detailed balance rate constants for 2C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ ..-->.. C/sub 4/H/sub 4/ are in good agreement with the extensive previous data on the second-order acetylene reaction, confirming that vinylacetylene is a direct and dominant product of C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ dimerization for moderate temperatures. Above 1500 K, the C/sub 4/H/sub 4/ dissociation shows significant falloff even for high pressures, and the now dominant C/sub 4/H/sub 2/ in C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ pyrolysis may then be formed in part through 2C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ ..-->.. C/submore » 4/H/sub 2/ + H/sub 2/. It is proposed that vinylacetylene dissociates as a substituted ethylene, either by 1,1-elimination of molecular hydrogen, leaving vinylidene acetylene which rapidly isomerizes to C/sub 4/H/sub 2/, or by 2,2-elimination of C/sub 2/H/sub 2/, followed by rapid isomerization of the vinylidene to a second C/sub 2/H/sub 2/.« less


1. Modulatory actions of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) on excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were studied with whole‐cell recordings from superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurones in neonatal rat spinal cord slices. In one‐third of SDH neurones, 5‐HT induced a sustained potentiation of evoked EPSCs lasting for more than 30 min after wash‐out. This potentiation was often preceded by a transient suppression of EPSCs. 2. Serotonin differentially modulated the frequency of miniature EPSCs recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) according to the SDH neurones, producing a transient suppression, a transient facilitation or a long‐lasting facilitation. 3. The 5‐HT1A‐receptor agonist 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) suppressed the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and frequency of miniature EPSCs in a reversible manner. In contrast, the 5‐HT2‐receptor agonists 1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane (DOI) and alpha‐methyl‐5‐HT induced long‐lasting potentiations of EPSC amplitude and miniature EPSC frequency. 4. Neither the mean amplitude nor the kinetics of miniature EPSCs were affected by 5‐HT during the sustained facilitation of miniature EPSC frequency, suggesting that the facilitatory effect of 5‐HT was presynaptically mediated. The 5‐HT‐induced long‐lasting facilitation of miniature EPSC frequency was observed also in Ca(2+)‐free, Mg2+ solution. 5. The long‐lasting facilitation of evoked EPSC amplitude and miniature EPSC frequency by 5‐HT was mimicked by the phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu), and blocked reversibly by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, calphostin C. Forskolin applied together with 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX) had no effect on the evoked EPSCs. 6. We conclude that serotonin can induce a long‐lasting facilitation of evoked EPSCs and spontaneous release of excitatory transmitter at SDH synapses of rat spinal cord. Our results suggest that intracellular PKC linked to the 5‐HT2 receptor may mediate this effect by directly activating the exocytotic machinery.


In this paper, we study the boiling heat transfer of upward flow of R21 in a vertical mini-channel with a size of 1.6 × 6.3 mm. The heat transfer coefficient was measured as a function of heat flux for a wide range of vapor quality and for two levels of mass flow rate, G = 215 kg/m2s and G = 50 kg/m2s. The standard deviation of wall superheat over channel perimeter and in time was determined from the measurement of the wall temperature along the channel perimeter. Different heat transfer mechanisms were revealed depending on flow patterns. The main heat transfer mode for large mass flux is convective boiling. We also figure out the mode when the evaporation of thin liquid films makes the essential contribution to heat transfer. The modified models of Liu & Winterton and Balasubramanian & Kandlikar describe the experimental data well for regime when the convective boiling makes the main contribution to the heat transfer.


Significant advance in the application of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) to assessing and solving soil and water conservation problems have been taken place over the last 10 years This paper describes the procedures employed to integrate remote sensing and GIS techniques in an effort to characterize the spatial distribution of the risk of soil erosion by water on Latakia district, Syria The universal soil loss equation (USLE) is used to calculate the annual soil loss rates for Latakia soils Mainly, remote sensing data, soil survey, land use inventory, elevation data and climatic atlases are used as a resource data sets to generate USLE factor values Integration of these data sets resulting in a map of polygons with unique combinations of USLE factor values [WT5"BZ] [WT5"HZ]


Electromagnetic interactions become critic in embedded and smart electronic structures. The electronic performances confined in a finite volume for mobile applications defines new electromagnetic environment and compatibility configurations canonical demonstrators developed for tutorials and EMC experiences, this paper present basic principles and experimental techniques to investigate and control severe interferences. Some issues are reviewed actual and future scientific challenges for EMC circuit level.


Bacterial growth is inhibited in a glucose-glucose oxidase mixture due to hydrogen peroxide produced in the mixture. When the initial concentrations of glucose and the enzyme are chosen appropriately, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide will be kept low to inhibit bacterial growth, and can easily be reduced to zero whenever it must be removed. For investigation of the practicality of this method, Escherichia coli K12 was cultivated in a meat extract medium that contained glucose and the enzyme. The lag-time of growth of E.coli changed depending on the initial concentrations of glucose and the enzyme, but the growth rate in the logarithmic growth phase was not affected. The effect of lag-time elongation was exproved by a mathematical model. Lag-times computed with the model were in fair agreement with the results of cultivation experiments. By use of the model, suitable minimum initial concentrations of glucose and the enzyme to inhibit microbial growth for the desired period could be calculated. The method was effective when tested on pasty foods.


Compared with the L filter, the LCL filter is more suitable for high-power low-switching-frequency applications due to its better attenuation characteristics on high frequencies. However, the parameter design for the LCL filter is more complex since both the inhibiting effect of the high-frequency harmonic current and the influence to the controller response performance of the converter should be considered. In this paper, the model of the LCL filter and the design criteria of the LCL filter for a shunt active power filter (SAPF) are analyzed in the beginning. Then, the impacts of all parameters of the LCL filter on SAPF are intuitively drawn on a graph by theoretical derivation. Finally, a novel parameter design and optimization method for the LCL filter is proposed. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed method are proved by simulated and experimental results of a single-phase SAPF prototype at the end of this paper.


Thrust belts form at converging plate margins and straddle both sides of a hinterland occupied by a calc-alkaline arc. There are two competing theories for thrust belts and each implies a distinctly different behavior at the plate margins. The two theories, stated in oversimplified form, claim that thrust belts are created by either a horizontal push, or by the gravity-driven spreading of an elevated hinterland. In response to modern geometrically based structural interpretations the two theories have changed and developed over the past decade. Thrust toes are clearly dominated by a compressive push from the rear, but for larger parts of a thrust the gravitational terms are more significant. However, on the scale of an entire thrust belt, are rocks sufficiently weak for t e gravitational terms to dominate? One of the principal differences between the two theories boils down to the question of rock strength. Certain simple structures provide a key to this impasse. One is listric normal and growth faults which develop without any push from the rear. Because of their high degree of symmetry, opposed-dip thrust complexes, such as triangle zones and pop-ups, also provide information. By working on these structures with limit analysis, a method recently developed in soil mechanics, we can estimate upper and lower bounds which bracket rock strengths under long term geological conditions. These bounds to rock strength can be directly applied to the two theories for the formation of thrust belts. End_of_Article - Last_Page 704------------


This study seeks to analyze linguistic variations among the varieties of English used in press in South Asia, i.e., Pakistan, India and Bangladesh (erstwhile pre-partition British India) in comparison with British English. We argue that these three distinct varieties of English have effectively evolved in this varied region where English was introduced through colonization. A corpus of World Reportage (WR) of 288 texts was analyzed using Biber's (1988) multidimensional model. Regression method was used for the computation of factor scores while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to find the linguistic variations in the texts. The results provide substantial evidence that each country has developed its style of WR. Notably, however, Indian WR falls closer to the British WR to produce informational, narrative, nonargumentative and abstract discourse whereas Bangladeshi WR falls closer to British WR to produce explicit discourse. Further, Pakistani WR is found to be a distinct variety in comparison to all. The findings suggest that English language teaching, particularly ESP textbooks should include various varieties of English so that the journalism students are exposed to various writing styles of WR. The corpus developed for this study can also serve as the basis for designing curriculum and textbooks for journalism students.


In this note, we present two matrix lemmas (one without proof) which have interesting applications in statistical estimation theory. LEMMA 1. Let A be a k X k positive definite matrix. Then for any k X 1 vector c, we have that 1 .


xiii, 221 p. : ill., music, forms. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: MUSIC MT35 .M87 2006


The Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are considered as growth drivers of our fast growing economy. The basic Objective of SEZs is to generate additional economic activities, promote investment from domestic and foreign sources and improve the competitiveness of exports of our goods and services. The present article aims at evaluating the impact of SEZs on Indian exports during 2000-01 to 2010-11. The study reveals that the overall exports performance of SEZs is satisfactory. However, SEZs wise, State wise and Sector wise achievement is not uniform. Indian SEZs today plagued with number of problems. The policy makers and government therefore should make sincere efforts to solve their problems.


In heavy oil thermal recovery, packer and downhole temperature compensator are usually used together in order to reduce heat loss, improve bottom hole steam quality, and protect casing. However, during production, downhole temperature compensator often falls down and fishing will be required, causing economic loss. On basis of summarizing fishing experiences, high efficiency fishing method and tools have been developed. This method accelerates operation speed with a success ratio of 100 %.


e20083 Background: HDIL-2 remains an important therapeutic option for MM given its ability to afford durable remissions. The effect of using full weight (FW) or adjusted weight (AW)-based dosing on...


Benefit evaluation of missile equipment expenditure is a complex task,in which the information about specification is incomplete and vague.The fuzzy system theory is a powerful tool to setde this kind problems.Introduce the fuzzy synthesis method to evaluate the expenditure of missile equipment.Established the evaluation benefit of missile equipment expenditure index system. shows that the approach is efective and feasible.


In seismic events, rupture resulted from the earthquake causes two types of ground deformation, namely, the permanent pseudo-static deviations on fault and transient dynamic fluctuations away from fault. Fault rupture extends in soil through bedrock and makes various concerns for structures made by human. On this basis, we examined reverse fault effect on ground-level buildings using numerical analysis and ABAQUS finite-element software. In this regard, some types of buildings were placed on ground near to fault and fault route angle was examined in the presence and absence of building in two layers of soil with different densities. Finally, vertical deformation of ground, horizontal strain of ground, lateral displacement of building, and bending moment of structure were examined beneath fault effect. Results reveal that fault route angle depends on soil layer material, and horizontal strain resulted from fault effect on ground increases by placing building. However, vertical displacement of ground will decrease by placing overhead (building) and the highest part of fault effect will be on columns of first floor.


The type Wenlock Series is established around the village of Much Wenlock, Shropshire, England, and consists of the Buildwas, Coalbrookdale and Much Wenlock Limestone formations. Based upon new data and a re-evaluation of lithological and palaeontological data from the Lower Hill Farm Borehole and outcrops, an assessment of relative sea-level change has been made. Broadly, the type Wenlock consists of two shallow water carbonates separated by terrigenous sediments. Within this framework two major depositional sequences have been recognised, along with six higher-order sequences. These transgressive-regressive sequences have been calibrated against graptolite zonation schemes and are in general agreement with previously published Wenlock eustatic sea-level curves.


Samantha Stewart Causes of the Panic of 1907 and Its Implications for the Future (Under the Direction of Dr. Fred Bateman) There is significant knowledge that one can glean from the Panic of 1907, as it was the recession that led to the creation of the Federal Reserve and the passage of the Clayton Act. This paper will explore the causes of the Panic of 1907 by expanding upon previous research. A significant portion of this research will explore the international economy in 1907, as the Panic of 1907 began abroad and spread to the U.S.  The U.S. moved completely to the gold standard in 1900, the economy became more dependent on international markets. While economists know that there was some disturbance in the European market prior to autumn 1907, the extent to which international interdependency caused the Panic in the U.S. to spread is less certain. Additionally, there are some similarities between the 1907 recession and today's recession. The market in the early 1900s was greatly impacted by an influx of new financial instruments that encouraged people to invest. Similarly, the credit default swaps market grew significantly in the past few years. While the U.S. lacked a central bank in 1907, there is still much to be learned about the solutions employed to end the Panic. For instance, one of the early attempts to end the Panic involved giving money to banks—the same solution utilized by the Federal Reserve today. In determining the causes of the Panic of 1907 and evaluating the attempted solutions to end the Panic, I research hope to shed some light on today's recession. INDEX WORDS: The Panic of 1907, Recession, Gold standard, The Federal Reserve, National Banking Act, Credit default swaps, Secretary of the Treasury, Bank of England, Knickerbocker Trust Company CAUSES OF THE PANIC OF 1907 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE By SAMANTHA A.N. STEWART A Thesis Submitted to the Honors Council of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION in ECONOMICS and FINANCE with HIGH HONORS Athens, Georgia 2010 CAUSES OF THE PANIC OF 1907 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE by SAMANTHA STEWART Approved: 05/11/2010 Fred Bateman Date Dr. Fred Bateman Faculty Research Mentor Approved: 05/11/2010 David Robinson Date Dr. David Robinson Reader Approved: 05/11/2010 David Williams Date Dr. David S. Williams Director, Honors Program, Foundation Fellows and Center for Undergraduate Research Opportunities Approved: 05/11/2010 Pamela Kleiber Date Dr. Pamela B. Kleiber Associate Director, Honors Program and Center for Undergraduate Research Opportunities © 2010 Samantha A.N. Stewart All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. Fred Bateman, for giving me the opportunity to work in a very interesting area,  and  for  his  support  and  guidance  throughout my  undergraduate  studies  at  the  University  of Georgia. In addition, a thank you to Dr. Myra Moore who introduced me to studies in economic history, and who sparked my interest in the subject. I  thank Dr. David Robinson  for  editing  this work  and  the UGA  Librarians  for helping me  find resources to gather my research. Finally, I thank my friends who helped me edit this thesis and acquire the necessary resources. A special  thank you also  to my parents and siblings  for  their  love and support  throughout my collegiate career, especially in the last semester during which this thesis was written.


Simultaneously biaxially oriented polypropylene film is formed from a propylene-containing polymer resin. This film has a machine direction and transverse direction. This stretched film has at least 190 N / mm


Cross-reactivity among pollen allergens is a general phenomenon of great importance.Investigation of pollen allergen's cross-reactivity is very important for guiding clinic diagnosis of pollinosis and formulation of immunotherapy vaccines.Under theoretical and technical support of relative subjects,there has been a great deal of advances in this field during the past 20 years.Presently most of our knowledge concludes allergenic cross-reactivity among conifers,chenopod-amaranth weeds,Humulus,birch,ragweed,mugwort and other relating plants.


We present the results from our deep optical imaging survey \mu_lim=26-27 V-mag/arcsec^2 of a morphologically selected sample of 72 edge-on disk galaxies. The question of the global structure of galactic stellar disks, especially the radial surface brightness profile at large galactocentric distances, is addressed. We find that typical radial profiles are better described by a two-slope exponential profile --characterised by an inner and outer scalelength separated at a break radius-- rather than a sharply-truncated exponential model. Results are given for three face-on equivalents, serving as the crucial test to assure the findings for the edge-on sample without possible geometrical line-of-sight effects.


Abstract The three isomers 1-methylquinolinium-2-, 3-, and 4-ethynyl(phenyl-4-carboxylates) belong to two distinct types of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines. The quinolinium substituted in position 3 is a cross-conjugated mesomeric betaine (CCMB), whereas the quinolinium derivatives substituted in positions 2 and 4 are members of the class of pseudo-cross-conjugated mesomeric betaines (PCCMBs). While the charges are strictly separated within the common π-electron system of the CCMB according to the canonical formulae, the charges are effectively but not exclusively delocalized in the PCCMBs because cumulenoid resonance forms including electron sextet structures without external octet stabilization can be formed in accordance with the definition of PCCMBs. As a consequence, despite being closely related structures, the three isomers differ in their chemical and spectroscopic behaviors. Thus, on trying to hydrolyze the ester group of the methyl quinolinium-2-ethynyl-benzoate into the corresponding acid by subsequent treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol and aqueous hydrochloric acid at pH 3, the acetal methyl 1,1-dimethoxy-2-(quinolinium-ylidene)ethyl]benzoate and the corresponding β-enamino carbonyl compound were formed, respectively. The corresponding acids of the 2- and 4-substituted quinolinium-ethynyl-benzoates were obtained by a modified procedure. On deprotonation, the resulting cross-conjugated quinolinium-3-ethynyl-benzoate betaine proved to be stable, whereas the corresponding pseudo-cross-conjugated quinolinium-2- and -4-ethynyl-benzoate betaines decomposed. Frontier orbital profiles were calculated, and IR and Raman spectra of the starting materials were measured and calculated to analyze the differences of CCMBs and PCCMBs of mesomeric betaines possessing triple bonds. A higher contribution of the cumulenoid resonance forms to the overall structure of the PCCMBs was determined.


The epoch of globalization and information has created challenges to which all religious denominations responded with innovative discourses. Especially it concerns the countries with changing political systems, in particular the countries of the former socialist camp. Buddhism in Russia and in Buryatia has also undergone severe changes that are characterized by several specific features. Studying contemporary Buryat Buddhism provides scholars with a unique opportunity to examine different institutions in the most difficult moments of their development. The paper covers a range of perspectives on the innovations and processes through which Buryat Buddhism has been constructed in contemporary times. It is a multi-dimensional process. Along with many changes in Buryat Buddhism the paper stresses an entirely new phenomenon connected with the emergence and activities of Tibetan monks and erection of Tibetan monasteries in Buryatia. The article also gives a brief overview of the history of relations between the Tibetan monks and the Buryat population.


Building multilingual ontologies is a hard task as ontologies are often data-rich resources. We introduce an approach which allows exploiting structured lexical semantic knowledge for the ontology building. Given a multilingual lexical semantic (non ontological) resource and an ontology model, it allows mining relevant semantic knowledge and make the ontology building and enhancement process faster.


Review(s) of: Dealing with Natural Disasters in Libraries, by William Miller and Rita M. Pellen (eds), New York Haworth 2006 241pp ISBN 9780789036100, Also published as Public Library Quarterly v25 nos3/4).


Nominalization exists in many planes of the language system,which is a way of reshaping human experience.Within the framework of grammatical metaphor in systemic functional linguistics,the meaning of lexicogrammar varies in the process of nominalization,and thus causes the reconstruction of experience.


How Do Cognitive Processes Support Over-eating? Emmanuel M. Pothos (email@example.com) and Katy Tapper (firstname.lastname@example.com) Department of Psychology, Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP, UK Javad Fadardi (email@example.com) Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran and Department of Psychology, University of Wales, Bangor, LL57 1NX, UK Eleni Ziori (email@example.com) Department of Psychology, University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110, Greece Background We examine the contribution of attentional processes to overeating. Attentional processes appear to contribute to substance abuse in many cases (alcohol, smoking). Correlations between substance abuse and attentional biases can be motivated in a straightforward way. According to Tiffany (1990), every time a person drinks, a link is established between the context in which the drinking takes place (e.g., the person's living room), the act of drinking, and positive emotions. Frequent links, eventually, become automatic (Logan, 1998), a process enhanced by the inherently reinforcing properties of the substances abused. Thus, in seeing the chair where the person usually drinks, she would be compelled to think of drinking. Research into alcohol-related attentional biases has been very prominent, because there is a simple correlation between quantity of drinking and corresponding attentional biases (Cox et al., in press). With overeating things are not simple, and the literature suggests that factors other than quantity of consumed food lead to attentional biases for food- related stimuli. Possible factors are restrained eating (Francis et al., 1997) and external eating, that is eating in response to the appetitive qualities of food. In the present research, external and restrained eating are examined with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ; Van Strien et al., Experimental investigation Participants in Greece and Iran were recruited from University campuses/ local communities. Average age, weight, and height for the 98 Iranian participants were 20.7 years, 58.1 Kg, and 1.66 m and for the 60 Greek ones 20 years, 66.9 Kg, and 1.75 m. Males formed 39% of the Iranian sample and 50% of the Greek sample. Participants completed a food-version of the emotional Stroop test, and then the DEBQ questionnaire. For the Stroop task, we constructed a card with 20 neutral, travel- related words presented four times. The words were printed in four colors. A second card with food-related words was created in the same way. The food words were selected to be a combination of 'forbidden' foods (foods that are generally excluded from a weight-loss diet), 'allowed' foods, and foods that are more in between with respect to their diet relevance (e.g., potato). We highlight the main findings. Stroop interference for food-related words was computed for each participant as the total time taken to go through the food words minus the total time required for the neutral ones. Participants were slower with the food card than with the control card by about 2.5 seconds (t(1,157)=3.6, p<.0005). The external and restrained eating scales of the DEBQ were dichotomized (rank-ordered within the Greek and Iranian sample separately). We then constructed an ANOVA, with food Stroop interference as the dependent variable, and country, gender, external eating, restrained eating as between participant factors. Our main result is an interaction between external and restrained eating (F(1,142)=736.4, p=.002). Participants trying to restrain their eating and sensitive to the appetitive qualities of food were most sensitive to food cues. Interestingly, participants low on restraint and not sensitive to food appetitive qualities also displayed high levels of attentional bias—these are possibly participants who are pre- occupied with body shape and keeping fit. No significant results involving country were identified. In sum, our results presently highlight a complex interaction between restrained eating and sensitivity to the appetitive qualities of food in determining attentional biases towards food cues. References Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (in press). The addiction-Stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural Recommendations. Psychological Bulletin. Francis, J.A, Stewart, S. H., & Hounsell, S. (1997). Dietary restraint and the selective processing of forbidden and nonforbidden food words. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 633-646. Logan, G. D. (1998). What is learned during automatization? II. Obligatory encoding of spatial location. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1720-1736. Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168. Van Strien, T., Frijters, J. E. R., Bergers, G. P. A. & Defares, P. B. (1986). The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of emotional, external and restrained eating behaviour. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5, 295-313.


Fifty days have passed since the elections in Tehran and 40 other constituencies, and we have still received no word on the final results. Today, 30 days after the elections to the sixth parliament, the people of Iran could have been celebrating not only their sweet month-old victory at the polls but also the 49 anniversary of the nationalization of the oil industry [by Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh], one of the milestones of reform in Iran. But eight days before they could do anything of the sort, one of the pioneers of the current reform movement—the man who had invited the people to restructure the parliament—was shot. The attempted assassination of Sa§d Hajarian [a former high-ranking intelligence officer who became a leading reformist and an adviser to President Khatami] shook Iran to such a degree that all other news seemed insignificant by comparison. Yet after 22 days, as the furor over that violent act dies down, the question that was not posed at the time out of respect and concern for Mr. Hajarian must be asked now: What has become of the election results in Tehran and the other constituencies? This is the first time in 20 years that the Council of Guardians has questioned the validity of the Tehran elections and has called for the ballot boxes to be counted again. Although the Council has never before questioned the validity of the Tehran elections, now it begins to have its doubts—now that the people's choices disturb it. Even the second vote count was stopped in the middle, as the results were proving undesirable to the Council. Patiently and silently, the country watched as those in power ignored the people's choice and did as they pleased. The prospects created by the second count incited some people to shoot the architect of parliamentary reform [Sa§d Hajarian]. For several


Abstract 1-Octen-3-ol with and without ammonia were evaluated as attractants in canopy traps for Haematopota pluvialis L., Hybomitra expollicata Pand., and Morellia spp. Baited traps collected significantly more Tabanidae and female Morellia spp. than unbaited traps. 1-Octen-3-ol or 1-octen-3-ol with ammonia, increased catch by 4.2- and 4.3-fold for H. pluvialis, 5.9- and 8.6-fold for H. expollicata, and 1.2- and 1.6-fold for female Morellia spp., respectively.


Hydatid disease in humans commonly affects the liver and lungs. Primary splenic hydatid cyst is rare. It may occur in association with hepatic, pulmonary or multi-organ hydatidosis. We report the unusual case of isolated primary splenic hydatid cyst in a 56year-old female who presented with the history of left upper abdominal mass and pain. Ultrasonography revealed mixed echoic splenic mass lesion probably hydatid with daughter cysts, which was confirmed on computed tomography scan and ultrasound. Radiographic imaging studies did not show any cyst in liver, lungs or kidneys. Splenectomy was performed with an uneventful recovery.


Despite Australia's egalitarian traditions, a long-term study of people born in 1990 has found that social and economic disadvantage is often inherited, passed from parents to children. Researchers with the Brotherhood of St Laurence have followed 140 students from two inner city suburbs in Melbourne from birth to the age of 18, tracking their personal and academic progress in a study called Life Chances. Perhaps not surprisingly, the latest enstallment of the study found that children living in low-income households struggled to achieve the same results as children raised in middle and high-income families. The study also found that costs of education were a greater barrier to learning than policy makers appear to admit. But while Life Chances reinforced much of what is known about poverty and disadvantage, it also uncovered some surprising results that suggest that people from any background can realise their dreams.


The ability of potassium persulfate (KPS) to initiate graft copolymerization of styrene onto cellulose was investigated. A kinetic study on the decomposition of persulfuric ion confirmed that the oxidation of cellulose in KPS aq. solution proceeds under a radical mechanism. Truely grafted side chains were separated from graft products by using thin layer chromatography combined with acid hydrolysis of cellulose backbone. These results implied that KPS has the ability to initiate graft copolymerization. It was found that the grafting efficiency depended on KPS concentration as follows: At lower KPS concentrations, namely 1.9_??_2.8m mol/l, graft copolymerization almost exclusively proceeded, while at higher concentrations, e. g., 18.5m mol/l, homo polymerization predominated over graft copolymerization.The grafting site in cellulose was not elucidated, but it was found that the site was not restricted to any specific group, e. g., the reducing endgroup of cellulose as in the case of graft copolymerization with Ce4+ ion.


The research of the various stress factor influence (phyto-pathological, antropogenic etc.) on the dynamics of some physiological and biochemical indices of tree vital functions is conducted. The specificity of Betula L. response for the stress generated by the activity of the biological and ecological factors variety is represented.


The present work analyzes seismic attenuation due to wave-induced flow in complex poroelastic materials containing an arbitrary amount ofheterogeneity and fully or partially saturated with a mixture of fluids.In the first part, two distinct finite-difference (FDTD) numerical schemes for solving Biot's poroelastic set of equations are introduced. The firstalgorithm is designed to be used in the seismic band of frequencies; i.e., when the permeability of the medium doesn't depend on frequency. Thesecond algorithm accounts for viscous boundary layers that appear in the pores at high frequencies (in this case, the permeability depends onfrequency) and can be used across the entire band of frequencies.An innovative numerical method is presented in the second part allowing computation of seismic attenuation due to wave-induced flow for anyporoelastic material. This method is applied to study the attenuation associated with different classes of materials saturated with a singlefluid (water). For a material having a self-affine (fractal) distribution of elastic properties, it is demonstrated that frequencydependence in the attenuation is controlled by a single parameter that is directly related to the fractal dimension of the material. Foranisotropic materials, a relation is established between the attenuation levels associated with waves propagating in different directions andthe geometrical aspect ratio of the heterogeneities present within the material.The third part concerns the study of attenuation associated with materials having a homogeneous solid skeletonsaturated with a mixture of immiscible fluids. The special case where the distribution of fluids is the result of an invasion-percolation process istreated in detail.Finally, the last part presents a novel experimental setup designed to measure fluctuations of the elastic properties inreal rock samples. This device performs automated micro-indentation tests at the surface of rock samples and produces maps of the spatialdistribution of Young's modulus. These maps are then used in combination with the aforementioned numerical methods to compute accurately theattenuation as a function of frequency associated with real rock samples.


This paper discusses research in progress that examines the relationship between personality, computer selfefficacy and computer anxiety. An extension of the model proposed by Thatcher and Perrewe (2002) is discussed. This extended model considers the role of personality in determining the antecedents of variables affecting computer anxiety and self-efficacy, and how in turn computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy influence task performance. The methodology for testing the model is also presented.


In the work of space manipulators, due to the large load and high flexibility of its joints, the overshoot and stabilization time of the manipulator joint control system are seriously affected. Aiming at the problems of poor stability and overshoot of the space manipulator joint joint control system, this article first establishes the joint dynamics model, and analyzes the control effects of joint motor position closed-loop control and absolute position closed-loop control of space manipulator. Then, the effects of joint stiffness, moment of inertia and friction coefficient on the stability of the control system are studied. Finally, the control method of space manipulator is improved by using full state-feedback method. The results show that the joint stiffness, moment of inertia and friction coefficient of space manipulator will affect the stability of joint control system; The absolute position closed-loop control system with full-state feedback can effectively improve the control effect of space manipulator joints.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the supplier development (SD) in construction industry. As the supplier's production capacity cannot meet the construction requirements, the owner wants to take incentives to encourage the supplier to improve its production capacity. A principal-agent model and a Stackelberg game model are proposed to study the impact of owner's incentives including cost sharing and purchase price incentive on the production capacity improvement in SD. Furthermore, we give a sensitivity analysis of the influence of supplier's internal and external parameters, i.e., purchase quantity, cost structure, market price and market demand, etc., on the production capacity improvement. The findings of this study can help the owner to make a better decision on the incentive mechanisms for SD, resulting in both better SD practices and a win-win situation.


Medial compartment knee osteoarthritis is not uncommon and high tibial osteotomy (HTO) was described for the first time more than 50 years ago (Jackson, JP & Waugh, W 1961; Judet, R &Dupuis, JF & Honnard, F 1964; Merle d'Aubigné, R & Ramadier, JO 1961). Nowadays, it remains a good option (Coventry, MB & Ilstrup, DM & Wallrichs, SL 1993; Hernigou, Ph & Medevielle, D & Debeyre, J 1987; Jenny JY & Tavan, A & Jenny, G, et al 1998; Lerat, JL 2000; Lootvoet, L & Massinon, A & Rossillon, R, et al 1993; Papachristou, G & Pleassa, S & Sourlas, J & Levidiotis, C & Chronopoulos, E & Papachristou, C 2006; Rinonapoli, E & Mancini, GB & Corvaglia, A, et al 1998; Saragaglia, D & Blaysat, M & Inman, D & Mercier, N 2010; Yasuda, K & Majima, T & Tsuchida, T, et al 1992) despite the large expansion of total knee replacement (TKR) or the revival of unicompartmental knee prosthesis boosted by the less-invasive surgery concept. Ideally, HTO is indicated for active patients who are less than 65 years of age with moderate arthritis (narrowing joint line up to 100% without any bone wear or joint instability). Nevertheless, special attention should be paid to joint line orientation which can be distorted by excessive over or under correction which will eventually lead to earlier failure (Saragaglia, D & Blaysat, M & Inman, D & Mercier, N 2010) due to obliquity of joint line (Fig.1). This oblique joint line corresponds to an excessive valgus of the tibial mechanical axis (Babis, GC & An, KN & Chao, E. YS, et al 2002). Moreover, varus knee deformity may be a result of both tibial and femoral deformities. Correction of combined (femoral and tibial) varus deformity at the tibia level by (3o to 6°) to achieve a good clinical result may worsen the obliquity of knee joint line.


Abstract This chapter outlines key resources in the labor and collective bargaining fields. The author covers Web directories, Web sites of the U.S. government and international organizations, unions, academic institutions, professional organizations, and interest groups.


The photoluminescent properties of erbium doped silicon rich silicon oxide (SRSO) is investigated. The silicon content of SRSO was varied from 43 to 33 at. % and Er concentration was 0.4–0.7 at. % in all cases. We observe strong 1.54 μ m luminescence due to 4 I 13/2 ⇒ 4 I 15/2 Er 3+ 4f transition, excited via energy transfer from carrier recombination in silicon nanoclusters to Er 4f shells. The luminescent lifetimes at the room temperature are found to be 4–7 msec, which is longer than that reported from Er in any semiconducting host material, and comparable to that of Er doped SiO 2 and A1 2 O 3 . The dependence of the Er 3+ luminescent intensities and lifetimes on temperature, pump power and on background illumination shows that by using SRSO, almost all non-radiative decay paths of excited Er 3+ can be effectively suppressed, and that such suppression is more important than increasing excitation rate of Er 3+ . A planar waveguide using Er doped SRSO is also demonstrated.


To characterize money in a static economic model, it is known to be important to consider the agent- commodity double-in nity settings, i.e., the overlapping-generations framework. There does not seem to exist any papers, however, treating the axiomatic characterization problems for such monetary Walras allocations under the social choice and/or mechanism design settings. We show that the monetary Walras allocation for the economy with double in nities is characterized by weak Pareto- optimality, individual rationality, local independence or the monotonicity conditions of social choice correspondence among the allocation mechanisms with messages under the category theoretic approach in Sonnenschein (1974). We utilize Sonnenschein's market extension axiom for swamped economies that is closely related to the replica stability axiom of Thomson (1988). We can see how these conditions characterize the price-money message mechanism universally among a wide class of mechanisms, and efficiently in the sense that it has the minimal message spaces (price-money dictionary theorems). Moreover, by using the category theoretic framework, we can obtain the up-to-isomorphism uniqueness for such a dictionary object (isomorphism theorems).


The LC circuit with a nonlinear capacitor is analyzed using the symplectic conservative perturbation method based on the symplectic matrix. By treating the electric charge and the flux linkage as dual variables, the LC circuit system can be transformed into a Hamiltonian system. Then we solve the nonlinear Hamiltonian matrix equation by the perturbation method. The Hamiltonian matrix can be cast into linear and nonlinear parts. Based on the exact solution of the linear part, the nonlinear part is solved perturbatively by a canonical transformation. Since the coefficient matrix of the obtained equation is still a Hamiltonian matrix, symplectic conservation is guaranteed. The validity of the method is demonstrated, and the stability, precision, and the efficiency of the method are discussed by comparing it with the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method (RK4), the ordinary perturbation method, the small‐parameter perturbation method based on displacement (SPPD), and the harmonic balance (HB) method. Numerical results show that the proposed method has better stability, precision, and efficiency compared with the other methods and thus has great advantages in long‐term simulations.