The Kangaroo Method is an alternative to the traditional premature low weight babies' assistance. It recommends the precocious mother and son's skin to skin contact, 24 hours per day, guaranteeing to them sensorial and motor stimulations and a greater parent's participation in the care of their baby. The Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is destined to the treatment of premature babies with some kind of health problem. This study had the aim of comparing the sensory-motor development of premature newborns (RNPt) from a NICU and of those assisted by the Kangaroo Method. It was carried through a comparative, prospective and observational study, at the General Hospital Dr. Cesar Cals, in Fortaleza-CE, from August to October 2004, with 14 RNPt, being 07 of each group, weighting less than 2000g and with gestational age between 30 and 37 weeks. A weekly evaluation was held until discharge from hospital or until they had completed the corrected age of 40 weeks, according to the Dubowitz and Amiel-Tison Method, with the analysis of muscular tonus, sensory-motor answers and weight gain, as well as internment period. As the result, it was observed that the Kangaroo Method babies presented better sensory-motor answers, proven by their lower stress degree, better reflex answers, spontaneous movement and muscular tonus, and lower internment period, remaining more time in state of alert and interacting well with both the environment and the mother. It is concluded that the Kangaroo Method revealed to be a more efficient alternative in the assistance of the low weight RNPt, for providing better results regarding the babies' sensory-motor activities, if compared to the NICU.


In this study, the objective is to develop an intelligent system for making decisions on the choice of methods for cleaning exhaust gases from sulfur and nitrogen oxides using the Case-Based Reasoning- (CBR). The task of automating the selection of effective methods for cleaning waste gases is urgent and meets the paradigm of sustainable development.
A database on methods for cleaning exhaust gases from nitrogen and sulfur oxides was created. The potential use of intelligent inference on precedents from the database to select the most appropriate cleaning method for new emission stream data is considered. The work of the CBR method is represented as a life cycle, which has four main stages: Retrieving, Reusing, Revising and Retaining.
The following characteristics of precedents were considered: degree of purification, initial concentration, temperature, presence of impurities, obtained product, material consumption, and energy consumption. All of these characteristics (in CBR attributes), except for the fourth and fifth, are given by numerical values with respective units of measurement and can be easily normalized. The presence of impurities and the product are categorical attributes with a certain set of values (classes).
One of the main problems in CBR was solved: the problem of choosing the type of indexes. A set of all input characteristics of the precedent as indices is suggested to be used for the proposed decision support system (DSS) for methods of cleaning gas emissions.
The first two phases of the CBR lifecycle use the k-nearest neighbor method to Retrieving and Reusing. The Euclidean metric is used to estimate the distances between precedents in the developed system. During the third and fourth phases of CBR, the intervention of the decision maker is provided. The process finishes with the adoption of the found solution and the possible storage of this solution in the base of use cases.
An intelligent decision-making system has been developed for the selection of methods for cleaning exhaust gases from sulfur and nitrogen oxides based on the method of inference by precedents (CBR), which has been done for the first time for such tasks of chemical technology.


This work investigates the structure and chemical states of thin-film coatings obtained by pulsed laser codeposition of Mo and C in a reactive gas (H2S). The coatings were analysed for their prospective use as solid lubricating coatings for friction units operating in extreme conditions. Pulsed laser ablation of molybdenum and graphite targets was accompanied by the effective interaction of the deposited Mo and C layers with the reactive gas and the chemical states of Mo- and C-containing nanophases were interdependent. This had a negative effect on the tribological properties of Mo–S–C–H nanocomposite coatings obtained at H2S pressures of 9 and 18 Pa, which were optimal for obtaining MoS2 and MoS3 coatings, respectively. The best tribological properties were found for the Mo–S–C–H_5.5 coating formed at an H2S pressure of 5.5 Pa. At this pressure, the x = S/Mo ratio in the MoSx nanophase was slightly less than 2, and the a-C(S,H) nanophase contained ~8 at.% S and ~16 at.% H. The a-C(S,H) nanophase with this composition provided a low coefficient of friction (~0.03) at low ambient humidity and 22 °C. The nanophase composition in Mo–S–C–H_5.5 coating demonstrated fairly good antifriction properties and increased wear resistance even at −100 °C. For wet friction conditions, Mo–S–C–H nanocomposite coatings did not have significant advantages in reducing friction compared to the MoS2 and MoS3 coatings formed by reactive pulsed laser deposition.


Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), are among the most potent carcinogens found in tobacco products. Among them are N′‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N′‐nitrosoanabasine (NAB), N′‐nitrosoanabatine (NAT), 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK) and 4‐ (methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol (NNAL), a major metabolite of NNK. TSNAs are detoxified by a number of metabolic pathways, including glucuronidation by the UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes, as well as N‐oxidation by an as yet unidentified enzyme or family of enzymes. TSNAs share a pyridine ring in their chemical structure that can be further metabolized to a detoxification N‐oxide product. TSNA‐N‐oxides have been identified in the urine of rodents exposed to TSNAs and NNAL‐N‐oxide was found in the urine of smokers, however, the enzymes responsible for this conversion have not yet been determined. To identify enzymes that catalyze TSNA‐N‐oxide formation, we used specific inhibitors for the major hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4) in oxidation reactions with pooled human liver microsomes, including phenacetin, coumarin, bupropion, amodiaquine, diclofenac, omeprazole, dextrometrphan, chlorzoxazone and midazolam. Inhibition of NNK‐N‐oxide and NNAL‐N‐oxide formation was observed when using inhibitors for CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2E1, 2C19 and 3A4. To confirm results from these inhibition studies, NNK‐N‐oxide and NNAL‐N‐oxide formation was examined using microsomal fractions from CYP over‐expressing HEK293 cells. Microsomes from cells over‐expressing CYPs 1A2, 2C19, 2E1 and 3A4 isoforms exhibited TSNA‐N‐oxide formation. The isoforms 2C19 and 2E1 presented an approximate two‐fold higher activity than the other active isoforms. These data suggest that several cytochrome P450 enzymes may play an important role in the N‐oxidation of TSNAs, and that inter‐individual variability in the activity of these enzymes could potentially be important in TSNA‐induced cancer risk.


The effects of aerodynamic lift on the performance capability of a two stage space shuttle are discussed. The performance program uses three degrees of freedom to describe the trajectory of a point mass moving over the rotating earth. Two cases of ascent modes are described and compared. It is concluded that significant improvements in performance through the use of lift appear to be configuration dependent, and for this reason cannot be generalized for all spacecraft configurations.


State-of-the-art CBRNe detection systems are predominantly available as standalone detectors, rarely offering the potential of networking and data fusion. This paper presents a novel CBRNe detection and identification system based on the network of heterogeneous sensor nodes. The system uses a novel data fusion algorithm combining data from the sensors, advanced machine-learning and modelling algorithms to significantly reduce false alarm rates. The situational awareness tools and training compounds supplement the system to provide innovative real capabilities for CBRNe practitioners.


In this paper, we present the FB (Fair Buffering) mechanism for the efficient support of TCP traffic over UBR connections in the subnet ATM model. We show that both throughput and fairness may be improved by using this congestion control mechanism. The FB mechanism is founded on the observation that the performance of TCP over UBR connections is optimal when the buffer space is allocated in proportion to the connection's bandwidth-delay product. We compare the performance of the existing drop-tail, EB (Equal Buffering) and the proposed FB buffer management schemes, with and without RR (Round-Robin) scheduling, and show through simulation the effectiveness of the proposed FB mechanism when used with the RR scheduling scheme. key words: TCP/IP, ATM, UBR, FB+RR


Through stateless networks, CSFQ (Core Stateless Fair Queue) can achieve as well fairness in bandwidth allocation as that implemented by stateful networks. However, its dropping algorithm is derived from non-responsive flows such as UDP flows, and does not suit TCP flows. An improved CSFQ algorithm was proposed in consideration of the characters of TCP. There are two main improvements in the algorithm. Firstly, the dropping probability is related to the buffer length and a buffer policy similar to RED (Random Early Drop) is used to solve such problems as the convergence of the fair share rate, resulting from frequent buffer overflow. Secondly, a dropping policy different from that of UDP is employed to TCP. Hence, the fairness of bandwidth allocation between TCP and UDP is well achieved. The simulation results show that the improved algorithm outperforms the conventional CSFQ algorithm by a significant margin in bandwidth allocation fairness when TCP flows share the congestion link with UDP flows.


Calligraphy and traditional Chinese painting are forms of art. A coupie works of calligraphy or scroll paintings in a room will give the room a graceful tone and a strong artistic atmosphere. So, the saying "Calligraphy is the eyes of a room" is not an exaggeration.


In Odisha, original Indian classical music in the form of "Raga-Pravandha-Gana" was transformed to Raga-Ksyudra-Geeta Pravandha Gana by Sri Jayadeva, the great composer, illustrious musician, a saint poet of Odisha as well as great devotee of Lord Jagannath. He was born in the first half of the 13th century A.D. in the village Kenduli on the sacred river Prachi in the district of Puri and gave new shape, new taste and colour to Indian Classical music through his ever glittering and uncomparable compositions of Sri Geeta Govinda. Ingredients of classical music like Raga-Tala-Geeta-Chhandas etc. of Sri Geeta Govinda were introduced in the services of the temple of the Lord Jagannath and was accepted as the temple music of Odisha. The traditional school of classical music presently popular as Odissi was referred to by Bharatmuni, Matanga muni, Saraangadev under an independent nomenclature Udramugudhi prabritti, which was once popular as Kaling music, Utkal music or Jayadevi music in different periods. One does not require to survey the history, delve deep into texts and characteristic features of Odissi system to understand its classy style if he atleast reads and listens to Gitagovinda of Sri Jayadev. As this sacred piece of lyrical poem contains all the salient and distinguishing features of classical music, the reader or listener must appreciate the uniqueness and wholesomeness of Odissi as the third system of classical music in the domain of Indian music. Sri Jayadev has composed this illustrious Gitagovindas as per the specifications of Udramagadthi prabritti, Ardha magadhi Padasrita giti, Bhinna swarasrita giti and navatalasrita giti. The songs of Gitagovinda are set to talas (rhythems) such as Rupaka Nisarah Jati Astatala, & ekatali, which are included in navatalas, commonly used in Odissi till to-day. The raga repertoire used in Gitagovinda such as Malava, Gurjjari, Vasanta, Ramakiri, Malavagouda, Gundakiri, Karnata, Desakhya, Desavaradi, Bhairavi, Varadi etc. are being recited in Lord Jagannath temple as well as all the corners of Odissa since 12th century. Can we not claim without oddity that these are native ragas of Odissa ? After around 100 years of Sri Jayadev, Sri Sarangadev has identified some of the aforesaid ragas as kriyangh or adhunaprasidha raga's. By the 14th century then ragas of Gitagovinda had become so popular throughout India that Lochan kavi of Mithila distinguished these ragas as Jayadevi ragas because these were being recited, delineated and developed by Sri Jayadev with distinctive musical entity. The characteristic features of ardhamagadhi padashrita giti is clearly understood from the titles of the cantos such as Samoda-Damodara, Aklesha-Keshava, Mugdha Madhusudana, Snigdha-Madhava, Sakankhya-Pundarikakhya, Sotkantha-Vaikuntha, NagaraNarayana, Bilakhya-Lakhmipati, MugdhaMukunda, Chatura-Chaturbhuja, SanandaDamodara and Suprita-Pitambara. About characteristic features of ardhamagadhi giti, Dattila has said "Ardhakala nibruttaistu varnadhya Charddhamagadhi." (Dattilam 2:238B) i.e. Ardhamagadhi is rich in varnas and has repetitions made in half that time. Sarangadev has also written in Sangit Ratnakara that "Purvayoh padayoaryodhai Charame diryadodite." Sri Jayadev has composed Gitagovinda according to this principles. The recital of Gitagovinda follows the specifications of Bhinna-giti. According to Mattanga muni, Bhinnagiti is said to be mobile, curved, subtle, spread out, attractive with cadence and made to shine up wards. "Sukshmaischa prachalairvakrarullasita prasaritaih. / Lalitaistaramandraischa bhinna gitirudahruta." (Brihaddesi 3:276) Prior to Jayadev (12th century AD), the tradition of music in Kalinga, Utkal was rich but the gities (style of recital) flourished during Jain period was almost lost. But the essence of Buddhist music which had reached the zenith during 7th to 11th century maintained its identity at-least till Jayadev's time. According to Madanlal Vyasa, Sri Jayadev was a smarta (ardent brahmin) means an erudite scholar in smruti shastra and a devotee of five deities. Supporting the views and statements of others, he has again said that Jayadev was a follower of Sahajajana (easier path) and was well versed in charya gitika. It is perspicuous that Jayadev had knowledge about Charyagiti i.e. Buddhist music. One has to acknowledge that Gitagovinda was written in order to be sung before Lord Jagannath exclusively and since then (12th century) the recital is being continued as daily ritual in Srimandira to propitiate the Lord. We cannot construe that the conventional rendition style of Gita Gobinda is completely lost. The rhetoric words, symphonic syntax set to rhymes, rhythms and ragas of Gita Gobinda fascinate the hearts and minds of each listener with rapture. Jayadev has engirdled the transcendence hence with the transient in simple Sanskrit grandiloquence. He has elucidated with lucidity the supreme lose between Lord Krishna (Parama) and Radha (Jiva) in earthly mood. This unparalleled and superb piece of lyrical literature and classical music transgress all human hearts. Gita means song and Govinda is a synonym for Lord Krishna. Go is the metonym for cow, world, heaven, veda mata, gayatri, vak (speech) and vani (voice). He who knows the theology of vak and vani is called Govinda. Sri Jayadev has composed Gitagovinda in conjuction with his musical skill and magical vocal genres. At the outset he has paid auspicious salutation


Quantitative research descriptive correlational and cross-sectional, was conducted to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about feeding and food practices in mothers of preschool in the Barrio 6 of the Alto Trujillo-El Porvenir, 2016. The sample consisted of 60 selected mothers according to inclusion criteria, who were administered surveys Level of Knowledge about feeding and food practices developed by the researchers. Independence Test Criteria Chi-Square was used to determine the relationship between variables. The results were: 36.7 percent of mothers had a medium knowledge level, the same presented a low level; and 26.7 percent, a higher level. As for food practices had 80 percent and 20 percent adequate, inadequate practices. Concluding that there is significant relationship between the level of knowledge and food practices in mothers who participated in the study. Keywords: Knowledge, Food Practices, Preschoolers


Motivating the potential offloading nodes (PONs) to cooperate with the offloading request nodes (ORNs) is an essential issue of traffic offloading in 5G. Nevertheless, in the coupled traffic offloading case where the PONs' uplink and downlink channel state information (CSI) of both the access and fronthault links is unknown to the ORNs, it is very difficult for the ORNs to provide an appropriate reward which is consistent with the PONs' effort. In this paper, we propose a contract-based framework to tackle this challenge, where the PONs are agents characterized by a two-tuple type, while the ORNs are the principles providing contracts in the form of (offloading quality, monetary reward). Since it is a tradeoff between offloading quality and monetary reward, when designing the contract, the ORN integrates these two factors into the offloading utility function, and then optimizes the utility under the constraints of individual rationality and incentive compatibility conditions. Through mathematical analysis, the necessary and sufficient conditions of the formulated problem for the one-ORN scenario is simplified. Then a gradient descent algorithm is proposed to find the optimal solutions, i.e., the optimal contract. Furthermore, the study on the PON cooperation stimulation problem is extended to the multi-ORN scenario, where the decision-making process of the ORNs and the PONs is formulated into a matching game. To find the stable solution to the matching game, a revised deferred acceptance algorithm is proposed and then proved to be convergent and have low computational complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves higher offloading utility and energy efficiency compared with the existing schemes.


Abstract The Internet, Google, e-journals, packages, e-books and patron driven acquisitions have all been perceived as "a threat to libraries as we know them." Yet, in spite of these developments and under the weight of chronic budget pressures, the typical academic library now offers more users better access to more content and services than ever before. In this session we will look at how librarians and the vendors that serve them have responded to these "threats" to their future to create new and improved services.


This study was conducted to analyze and examine the effect of accountability, audit knowledge, and gender on the performance of auditors at the Makassar City Regional Inspectorate. We used primary data by distributing questionnaires to all auditors at the Makassar City Regional Inspectorate, totaling 109 people. The sampling technique used the census method because the number of auditors at the Makassar City Regional Inspectorate was relatively small. Methods of data analysis using descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression. The results showed that simultaneously or partially indicated that the variables of accountability, audit knowledge and gender had a positive and significant effect on the performance of internal auditors at the Makassar City Regional Inspectorate. Furthermore, of the three significant independent variables used in determining the level of internal auditor performance, it turns out that the audit knowledge variable has a dominant influence in improving the performance of internal auditors at the Makassar City Regional Inspectorate.


A nuclear system from synchronized HeLa cells is described which continues DNA replication at sites which were active in vivo. Under the defined optimal conditions the initial rates of DNA replication in isolated nuclei range from 50 to 100% of that in the cells of origin; 1—2% of the HeLa DNA can be replicated in vitro. Proteins of the cytosol are essential to the stabilization of the replication system. Experiments in which the parental strands were fractionally labelled with bromodeoxyuridine provide evidence that the ordered nature of DNA replication in vivo is preserved in the system in vitro. Repair replication of homopolymer synthesis was insignificant under the conditions of study.


Security system simultaneous reading of ROM-RAM information of the present invention using the available optical information recording medium includes a Tanbetsu symbols recording area for recording identification code for identifying the medium, a ROM area for recording plaintext data, the the plaintext data to the magneto-optical recording film formed in a region corresponding to the ROM region a security system capable of receiving data from the optical information recording medium which encrypted the encrypted data is recorded, the encrypted data a receiving unit for a recording medium which decoding program is recorded for decoding is is configured to be used to receive the encrypted data by the data transmission request according to the identification code for identifying the optical information recording medium, a recording unit for recording the encrypted data received by the receiving unit to the recording medium, dark recorded on the recording medium by the decoding program And a decoding unit for decoding the data.


This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of an algorithm that maps a number of communicating processes to a heterogeneous tiled System on Chip (SoC) architecture at run-time. The mapping algorithm minimizes the total amount of energy consumption, while still providing an adequate Quality of Service (QoS). The properties of the algorithmare described and evaluated and a realistic mapping example is given.


Image stereo matching is the most important problem in stereo vision.Stereo matching and its categories are briefly introduced.After the matching constraints and measurements of similarity are concluded,some local matching algorithms and global matching algorithms are also analyzed.Considering object 3D reconstruction problem,three typical algorithms,such as dynamic programming algorithm,graph cuts algorithm and belief propagation algorithm are addressed in detail.Finally,some major problems in stereo matching are pointed out and some suggestions are given.


Digital technologies became especially important for the efficient progress of the learning process in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. The canonical model of study made way for off-campus e-learning, built on information systems and media resources. This rapid transition highlighted some challenges and barriers that obstruct the successful implementation of e-learning. In this regard, this research aims at an overview of international students' perception and readiness for e-learning in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. The study was based on secondary empirical data obtained from surveys of students from the USA, Germany, Poland, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Indonesia, and the Philippines. We attempted to structure the data by essential determinants, including the COVID-19 morbidity rate, income per capita, and Internet penetration rate. At the beginning of the research, we stated the hypotheses that capture our common vision of current trends. The results show that the countries with relatively high gross national income per capita show a higher Internet penetration rate. High-income countries have a higher level of students' satisfaction with e-learning than low-income countries with low Internet penetration rates. In terms of various perceptions and readiness of students for e-learning, we observed similar problems in its implementation and development. We found almost non-available mass media intended for learning and information educational resources in the countries we explored. There are also problems with Internet access, slow adjustment of students to e-learning, and e-learning teaching skills among professors. © Media Watch.


Falls are highlighted as one of the main factors that affect the health of the elderly person, and they are responsible for the loss of functional independence and quality of life. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to check the prevalence of falls and their risk factors in elderly people who attend the Quality of Life Center project (QOLC), which belongs to the Fluminense Federal Institute (IFF, as per its acronym in Portuguese), Center-Campos Campus; to develop an experience of Continuing Education among Physical Education professionals; to draw up an intervention proposal for preventing falls. The issue that led to the development of this research emerged from the observation of the authors, in practice, of the absenteeism of elderly people in practical activities due to health problems as a result of accidents related to falls. This is a descriptive and exploratory study, with quantitative and methodological approach, held from February to March 2015, at the IFF Campos. Participants were 50 elderly people aged 60 years or over, of both sexes, and Physical Education professionals (PE) who take part in the QOLC project. Data were collected in two steps: in the first stage with the elderly people, a questionnaire for investigating the events related to falls was applied. In the second step, in order to develop the workshop about Continuing Education, we worked with nine PE professionals, five of these work directly in the project. The questionnaire data were tabulated from the statistical analysis by percentage distribution. The prevalence of falls among the elderly people was 50%. Among those who suffered falls, 40% had a single fall in 12 months and most occurred at home (68%). The prevalence of falls was associated with age between 70 and 79 years (60%), and most were females (80%). Regarding the risk factors, one should highlight the presence of irregular floor in their houses (32%), stairs without handrail (42%), lack of rubber carpets or anti-slip floors in the bathrooms (52%), streets and sidewalks with holes (68%), and uneven floor (72%). As a product of this study, we have drawn up a guidebook with information about the risk factors and tips for preventing falls, as well as the proposal for implementing the Continuing Education in Physical Education. These data draw attention to the need for educational and preventive actions that foster the identification of risk factors, since only their knowledge is capable of allowing the establishment of an effective prevention program


With the power-gap between America and China continuing disappearing, and the IT technology keeping developing and spreading, the two states begin a new round of games, which would be seen in the striving for the authority of cyberspace governing, the game of the cyberspace security strategy, and the competition for the cyber-technology advances.


Airlines in developing nations often face a pilot shortage. Airlines in such countries either must recruit experienced pilots worldwide or aid in the establishment of national flying schools. The first presentation explains some of the issues the airlines encounter in performing worldwide background screenings on experienced pilots. Selecting either experienced pilots or cadets from a multi-cultural, multi-lingual applicant pool is challenging. The second presentation discusses data comparing native versus immigrant cadet applicants on cognitive tests. The third presentation describes problems associated with adapting a personality assessment to a new culture and language and the resultant predictive validities. Selecting cadets for a national flying school in a multi-cultural developing nation presents additional challenges. The fourth presentation discusses some difficulties in assessing social skills in cadets in a multi-cultural developing country. flying Middle East.


This paper introduces the continuous models of TCP congestion control algorithm and RED algorithm built on Simulink, and the simulation scene based on these models with multiple TCP connections competing for a single bottleneck link. Comparing research shows that this model can predict steady-state RED dynamics in very short solving time, which makes it a suitable tool for parameter tuning in large-scale TCP/RED simulation scenes.


This will be discussed in writing this time, is about the application ordering books online to enable customers to buy books, not must come to the bookstore tangible and not so hard to find booksn the customer wants. The main target users of this application is the consumers are very hobbies are reading books. Created by none other than the Internet as a tool in terms of human helper solving problems, especially the complicated and numerous and kind. Because of the Internet, will be more effective human performance, one of them in terms of information systems services for the purchase of books is more accurate, fast and precise.


Dandelot (1956) recorded « semi-prehensile » use of the tail in captive Cercopithecus I'hoesti Vhoesti Sclater, and also mentioned that something similar in C. mitis monoides had been remarked upon by its describer, I. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire. On 10th September, 1960, by the East Lunga River in Northern Rhodesia (locus 1326-B-l), I obtained a large male C. mitis opisthostictus Sclater (coll. number 8146), weighing about 17 Ibs., which had a very definite kink at the end of its tail, perhaps connected with prehension. Fig. 1 shows the terminal vertebrae of the tail as seen from above, and Fig. 2 the same as seen from the left side.


12 Models disagree on a significant number of responses to climate change, such as climate feedback, 13 regional changes, or the strength of equilibrium climate sensitivity. Emergent constraints aim to 14 reduce these uncertainties by finding links between the inter-model spread in an observable predictor 15 and climate projections. In this paper, the concepts underlying this framework are recalled with 16 an emphasis on the statistical inference used for narrowing uncertainties, and a review of emergent 17 constraints found in the last two decades. Potential links between highlighted predictors are explored, 18 especially those targeting uncertainty reductions in climate sensitivity, cloud feedback, and changes 19 of the hydrological cycle. Yet the disagreement across emergent constraints suggests that the spread in 20 climate sensitivity can not be significantly narrowed. This calls for weighting the realism of emergent 21 constraints by quantifying the level of physical understanding explaining the relationship. This would 22 also permit more efficient model evaluation and better targeted model development. In the context of 23 the upcoming CMIP6 model intercomparison a growing number of new predictors and uncertainty 24 reductions is expected, which call for robust statistical inferences that allow cross-validation of more 25 likely estimates. 26


To the Editor:— It is generally admitted that the private practitioner is not doing as much as he should do in promoting preventive medicine. For that reason public health agencies have had to take over vaccination and other programs even for those who can pay, because the work would not otherwise be done. I believe this is largely due to the lack of a proper approach to the problem in teaching undergraduates. I believe that every student should be taught to ask the routine question in history taking "What diseases have you been protected against by vaccination and when?" Furthermore, this should not be a mere ritual of recording but something should be done with the answer. That something should take the form of requiring students to render a dual diagnosis in every case (except when the patient is too sick to stand routine questioning)—a clinical diagnosis and a public


The article includes the analysis of land relations native and newly arrived population in the Yeniseisk region in the second half of the 19th century and one of the conflicts in the South of Minusinsk district is examined here in details.


Biosensors are one of the most important analytical tools in biotechnology today. These detection systems take advantage of the selective interaction and binding of certain biological molecules to identify and detect different analytes such as toxins, hormones, DNA strands, proteins, bacteria, etc. The fundamental advantage of array-based biosensors, which compensates for their limited SNR and detection dynamic range [1], is their capability to detect multiple analytes simultaneously in parallel [2]. Today, densely packed biosensor arrays (i.e., microarrays) that detect hundreds or even thousands of different analytes are an integral part of biotechnology.


Optimal harvest rates were computed using dynamic programming for mixed-stock fisheries exploiting two stocks of either natural or hatchery origin. Natural stocks were described by a Ricker spawner–recruit relationship and hatchery stocks were described by a rectilinear spawner–recruit relationship. Harvest rates were optimized for both risk-neutral and risk-averse utility functions. For two natural stocks with low productivities, optimal harvest rates generally appeared to favor the stronger stock for a risk-neutral utility function and the weaker stock for a risk-averse utility function. For both utility functions, optimal harvest policy became less sensitive to relative stock strength as the productivity of the stocks increased. When at least one of the stocks was of hatchery origin, optimal harvest policy favored the weaker stock using either utility function.


Suffering,the symbol of the real life,the connection of the mental and physical,shows the tragedy narrative mode and the relation of social cognition.Suffering demonstrates not only the real life and the phenomena of humanity but also Gui Zi's ontology reflection of the real life,humanity and the relationship between them.Based on this,Gui Zi's creation theory is wholly constructed in the aspects of writer's demand,work's depth and reaction social request.


What was notable was the care with which so many of the performers handled the portrayal of a character explicitly designed to dehumanize East Asian peoples. In a work filled with well-researched and deeply felt performances, Elisabeth Gunawan's emotionally grounded and raw reading of Fu Manchu as a mother who has been unable to witness her child grow up was striking in how thoroughly it transcended the pantomime villainy of the original portrayal.


Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm(SFLA) has fast calculation speed and excellent global search capability,which is good at solving sequential problem and can fall into local optimal solution easily.Through the discretization of solution vector and using threshold selection strategy,an improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm based on threshold selection strategy(ISFLA) for transmission network planning is presented.The contrast results of studies by PSO and ISFLA show that the proposed ISFLA can acquire global optimization with smaller calculation size and shorter computing time.Through the analysis of impact on convergence rate under different thresholds,it can be seen that the reasonable threshold should be chosen for different grid sizes and different scales of expansion planning,which can raise ISFLA's convergence speed and the effectiveness of transmission network planning.


This paper demonstrates a Yoga assistant mobile application based on human-keypoints detection models, which imitates the scene that real Yoga tutors guide and supervise their students to do Yoga via the video chat. In order to provide humanize, safe and convenient service, the core function is designed as hands-free using voice service, and embedding fast and accurate models to detect keypoints and calculate the scores. In addition, we propose an improved algorithm to calculate scores that can be applied to all poses. Our application is evaluated on different Yoga poses under different scenes, and its robustness is guaranteed.


The home industry for food has now begun to develop, seeing so many types of cakes and snacks that sell products to traditional markets. This internal community service activity will carry out community service activities for internal community service activities. Existing requirements where the use of partner equipment is still quite minimal while the oven used is still quite small with 1 baking capacity. The level of understanding of partners in the use of technology is still very minimal by looking at the low promotion and marketing media carried out by partners. The current partner marketing process is entrusted to traditional markets around the partner location. Other marketing is done by entrusting products in schools in partner locations. Products that are partnered by partners do not contain the packaging labels and business partner information. From these problems, the internal community service activities will provide assistance in the form of an oven with a capacity of 3-4 oven baking pan to improve the production process. Providing packaging labeling training to enhance partners' knowledge of the use of technology. Training in the use of technology using online marketing media. Utilization of this technology is used to market products produced through online media.


The article presents one of the methods of management used in quality engineering, i.e. the SMED, which is applied to streamline the functioning of machines used on a production line. The research problem that was analysed on one of the production lines was too long a retooling time which resulted in too high a cost of the operation which, consequently, resulted in excessive overall production costs. The main aim of the actions undertaken when applying the SMED method was to identify potentially problematic areas and reduce the retooling time. All those actions allowed to minimise production costs, and improved the functioning of the company as well as the efficiency of the production process. 1 Theoretical introduction Due to market requirements and the need to reduce constantly rising production costs, enterprises more and more often introduce solutions of the Lean methodology. The Lean concept, which originates from Japan, also referred to as "lean management", consists mainly of getting rid of all the wastefulness in a company. Wastefulness refers to activities such as overproduction, unnecessary movements, stocks, unnecessary transport, any errors in the production process, as well as waiting times and shortages. To achieve the intended benefits, it is necessary to implement many Lean tools and methods [1, 2, 7]. For the proper functioning of the company and a quick response to the needs of customers, it is necessary to introduce shorter production series, which in turn leads to shortening retooling times and reducing production costs. To achieve such goals, the Single Minute Exchange of Die method, or SMED, is used [3, 8, 10, 11, 22]. The SMED method developed by a Japanese engineer Shigeo Shingo, was first implemented in TOYOTA's factories. The SMED methodology was established to reduce the time needed for retooling of the press and setting tools in machines, but its philosophy can be applied to all production processes. It allows to reduce some of the retooling times from several hours down to several minutes, which it is very important when it comes to reducing production costs. Sometimes shortening even one operation allows for the reduction of costs on the whole production line. It is known that achieving a result below


We have examined the radio emission characteristics of the micro-quasar GRS 1915+105 during its X-ray emission states as classified by Belloni et al. (2000). We find that the radio emission is high during the 'chi_1' and 'chi_3' states (the radio ``plateau'' state) and also during the 'beta' and 'theta' states when X-ray soft dips are present in the X-ray light curve. For all the other X-ray states we find that the radio emission is low (< 20 mJy at 2.25 GHz). This result supports the suggestion made by Naik et al. (2000) that the radio flares are caused by a series of X-ray dip events. To further confirm this result, we have made a systematic study of all the PCA RXTE observations for those days when a radio flare was present. We find 11 such observations and find that all of them are of class 'beta', 'theta' or 'chi'. Further, we have classified all the RXTE PCA observations obtained from 1996 November to 2000 February (when the radio data is available) and confirm that the radio flux, on an average, is much higher during the states 'beta', 'theta' and 'chi'. Based on these results, we argue that the radio flares are caused by the X-ray dips in the source.


The aim of this study was to examine the loneliness levels of students at the middle school level and their digitalgame addictions in terms of various variables. The study group consisted of 404 volunteer students in 5th-8th gradein Kutahya, Turkey. As data collection tools, "Digital Game Addiction Scale", developed by Lemmens et al. (2009)and "UCLA Loneliness Scale" developed by Russell et al. (1980) were used. The SPSS package program was usedfor the analysis of the data. According to research findings, it was found that there was a statistically significantdifference between the levels of digital game addiction and loneliness according to participation status to sportsactivities (p<0,05). Moreover, it was found that the levels of both loneliness and digital game addiction of theparticipants to sports activity were lower than non-participating. When gender and age variables were examined, itwas determined that there was a statistically significant difference between digital game addiction, gender, and age(p<0,05), whereas there was no statistically difference between loneliness level and both variables (p>0,05). Inaddition, it was determined that there were a moderate level and positive relationship between the level of lonelinessand digital game addiction of middle school students.


This study investigates the relationship between voluntary corporate governance disclosure and firm valuation for small-cap firms in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is a common law legal regime but is characterized by concentrated director or family ownership. Corporate governance disclosure for each firm is measured by a single score (CGscore) using a checklist based on the Appendix 23 of the Listing Rules of the Hong Kong Exchange, a regulation that became effective as of January 1, 2005. The analysis is based on the constituent stocks of the Hang Seng Hong Kong (HK) SmallCap Index over the period 2003 to 2005. Following La Porta et al. (2000a) and Mitton (2004), this study tests the outcome agency model of dividends. The reported results show that corporate governance disclosure is positively associated with firm valuation. Furthermore, firms with high level of corporate governance disclosure but low directors' ownership show the highest market valuation; whereas firms with low corporate governance disclosure and limited directors' ownership appear to have the lowest market valuation. The results further suggest that investors in Hong Kong tend to put a higher valuation on firms perceived as being more transparent in corporate governance. The results support the outcome agency model of dividend which suggests outside investors would demand higher dividends as an additional minority protection mechanism for firms that may have either agency problems or entrenchment problems. It implies that, when outsiders are legally powerless to remove entrenched managers, they would still seek ways to enhance their protection from the potential expropriation by the predominant shareholders.


There is an integrated analysis for the geological characteristics of Pb-Zn concentrated zone based on geological setting,fundamental character of geochemical anomaly of the stream sediments in Shuicheng-Aijiaping metallogenic zone;while studying prospects for lead and zinc in exploration of the Shuicheng-Aijiaping areas,prospective ore-seeking zones are advanced.


This paper investigates the situation of implementing the bilingual teaching in education colleges of five universities of Shanxi Province,and analyzes the investigation results.


Abstract 1. 1. Malignant tumors of the testicle are comparatively rare. 2. 2. They may be divided into the homologous and heterologous types of tumor. The former is comprised mainly of the sarcomata and seminomata, the latter consisting of the mixed tumors of adult and embryonal tissue. 3. 3. Testicular tumors occur most frequently between the ages of 20 and 50. 4. 4. The etiology remains unsolved. There was a history of previous trauma in 19.4 per cent of the cases in this series. 5. 5. The incidence of testicular tumors is higher in cryptorchids than in normal individuals. 6. 6. Bilateral testicular tumors are rare. Neoplastic disease seems to involve the right testicle more often than the left. 7. 7. There are no pathognomonic signs, painless swelling of the testis being the first symptom in the vast majority of cases. 8. 8. Gumma, tuberculosis, hydrocele, hematocele, and orchitis must be considered in the differential diagnosis. 9. 9. The hormone test for prolan a is valuable in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. 10. 10. Metastasis takes place by way of two routes, namely: lymphatic extension and blood stream dissemination. The majority of lesions metastasize first to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The lungs and supraclavicular glands are also frequent sites of metastases. 11. 11. Simple castration, castration followed by x -ray or radium, radical operation, Coley's serum and x -ray or radium alone are the usual types of treatment. 12. 12. Results of treatment are discouraging. The best results are obtained in cases without clinical evidence of metastasis. In our series a combination of castration and x -ray seemed to give the longest survival. In Hinman's hands, the radical operation in selected cases gives comparatively good results. Dean also reports good results with radiation therapy alone.


Metformin, a biguanide derivative, has been used as an antihyperglycemic agent. The first product of metformin, Glucophage(superscript ®) (Metformin Immediate Release, IR), was introduced into the market by Bristol-Myers Squibb. In Taiwan, Y.S.P. Ind. Co., LTD. has also developed Volv(superscript ®) (Metformin IR). The purpose of this randomized, open-label, parallel-group study is to compare the efficacy and safety of Volv(superscript ®) versus Glucophage(superscript ®) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Based on the blocked random number generation program, the treatment (Volv(superscript ®)) and control (Glucophage(superscript ®)) groups included 28 and 30 subjects. In both treatment and control groups, 24 and 22 subjects completed the study, 2 and 3 subjects failed to complete the study due to adverse reactions, and 2 and 5 subjects were not compliant. The treatment regimen, including metformin alone or in combination with sulfonylurea/meglitinide, and final dosage of metformin were not different between treatment and control groups. Intention-to-treat analysis showed there were a significant decrease in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) during 5-month treatment within both treatment and control groups. The final HbA1c and FPG levels were not significantly different between treatment and control groups after adjustment for the initial levels (HbA1c, p=0.341; FPG, p=0.555). The rates of achieving the therapeutic goal with HbA1c <7% were also not different between treatment (35.7%) and control (36.7%) groups. The lipid profile, body weight, blood pressure, hepatic and renal function, electrolyte, and hematology data were not significantly different between and within the treatment and control groups, except the plasma sodium level within the control group and the total cholesterol between the treatment and control groups. The rates of adverse events were also not significantly different between these two groups. The most common adverse event was diarrhea that appeared in 17.9 and 26.7% of the treatment and control groups. Except severe diarrhea in 2 subjects of control group, all the adverse reactions were not severe and the events improved or completely subsided as treatment was continued. In conclusion, Volv(superscript ®) therapy at a dose of 500-2000 mg daily is as effective and tolerated as Glucophage(superscript ®) therapy in the aspect of reducing blood glucose level for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Purpose : Within a clinically acceptable time frame, we obtained the high resolution MR images of the human brain, knee, foot and wrist from 3T whole-body MRI system which was equipped with the world first 37 active shield magnet. Materials and Methods : Spin echo (SE) and Fast Spin Echo (FSE) images were obtained from the human brain, knee, foot and wrist of normal subjects using a homemade birdcage and transverse electromagnetic (TEM) resonators operating in quadrature and tuned to 128 MHz. For acquisition of MR images of knee, foot and wrist, we employed a homemade saddle shaped RF coil. Topical common acquisition parameters were as follows: matrix=, field of view (FOV) =20 cm, slice thickness = 3 mm, number of excitations (NEX)=1. For T1-weighted MR images, we used TR = 500 ms, TE = 10 or 17.4 ms. For T2-weighted MR images, we used TR=4000 ms, TE = 108 ms. Results : Signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 3T system was measured 2.7 times greater than that of prevalent 1.5T system. MR images obtained from 3T system revealed numerous small venous structures throughout the image plane and provided reasonable delineation between gray and white matter. Conclusion The present results demonstrate that the MR images from 3T system could provide better diagnostic quali\ulcorner of resolution and sensitivity than those of 1.5T system. The elevated SNR observed in the 3T high field magnetic resonance imaging can be utilized to acquire images with a level of resolution approaching the microscopic structural level under in vivo conditions. These images represent a significant advance in our ability to examine small anatomical features with noninvasive imaging methods.


The theoretical calculations of the production of neutrinos via cosmic rays incident upon the earth's atmosphere (Barr et al., 1989; Becker-Szendy et al., 1992; Bugaev & Naumov, 1989; Gaisser et al, 1988; Honda et al., 1995) are examined. These calculations use a one-dimensional approximation in the production, transport, and decay of the produced particles. Examined are various additional effects of the earth's magnetic field and the three-dimensional nature of the problem which have the effect of decreasing the calulated ratio of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos.


On the background of rising trade protectionism in post-financial crisis era,it has been a world important common topic to promote trade facilitation.This paper uses Poisson Pseudo-Maximum-Likelihood(PPML) Method to empirically analyze the impacts of the trade facilities in ASEAN on the agricultural product exports of both China and the world,and compares the degrees of their influences.The results show that: improving the customs clearance efficiency of ASEAN,leveling up the customs quality,reducing the prevalence of trade barriers and popularizing the Internet using can remarkably increase the world agriculture exporting to ASEAN.However,only the popularization of the Internet using and reducing the prevalence of trade barriers have an obvious effect on trade between China and ASEAN.Other variables are not obvious.This indicates that the impacts of trade facilitation in ASEAN on the agricultural products exporting differ in areas.Besides,the simulation analysis shows: if the Internet using in ASEAN increased to the area average level,China`s exports of agricultural products will increase 32.7 billion dollars.In deepening the cooperation between China and ASEAN in the future,both sides should further strengthen the trade infrastructure construction and reduce or eliminate trade barriers to realize their docking,thereby improve the development of agriculture products trade.


We study the arithmetic of the twist of the Fermat quartic defined by X + Y 4 + Z = 0 which has no Q-rational point. We calculate the Mordell–Weil group of the Jacobian variety explicilty. We show that the degree 0 part of the Picard group is a free Z/2Z-module of rank 2, whereas the Mordell–Weil group is a free Z/2Z-module of rank 3. Thus the relative Brauer group is non-trivial. We also show that this quartic violates the local-global property for linear determinantal representations.


The textile sector is one of the major economic pillars in Ethiopia. The sector is generating foreign currency by exporting textile and finished garments. However, the competitiveness of this sector is not as per the expectation due to the long delivery time and excessive manufacturing cost. This study aims to assess the main approval processes in handling garment samples between manufacturers and buyers. The study also examines the effect of physical sample approval process on export performance and competitiveness of the industry. The study employed an explanatory and exploratory multiple-case study research approach in four apparel exporting companies. Both primary and secondary data were collected using questionnaires, semistructured interviews, and observation. Result from this study showed that the export performance and competitiveness of apparel industries are mainly affected by the traditional sample approval system due to long delivery time, unnecessary approval process cost, and poor inventory management of the sampling department. The result also indicates that long lead time and costly process system made the sector incompetent in international market. Therefore, it can be concluded that the apparel manufacturing and exporting industries in Ethiopia should modify their approach to nurture better speed and comparably lower process costs. Ethiopia's apparel sector needs also to invest in creating a reliable quality manufacturing system to grow and meet government targets for expanding export sales.


Effective multilateral military operations such as those conducted by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) require close cooperation and standardization between member nations to ensure interoperability. Failure to standardize policies, procedures, and doctrine prior to the commencement of military operations will result in critical interoperability gaps, which jeopardize the health of NATO forces and mission success. To prevent these gaps from occurring, US forces must be actively involved with NATO standardization efforts such as the Committee of the Chiefs of Medical Services to ensure US interests are properly represented when NATO standards are developed and US doctrine and procedures will meet the established NATO requirements.


A piezoelectric wind fluttering generator with a T shape flexible beam was designed for low speed wind harvesting. A generator prototype was fabricated with a T shape PET film fixed on a PZT cantilever free end. The generator was tested in a small wind tunnel, and the fluttering critical wind speed, open circuit RMS voltage and output power were experimentally measured. The results show that fluttering occurs in wind between the critical speed Uc1 and Uc2, and the cut-in critical wind speed is decreased to 5.4m/s. The device is found to provide maximum power 377μW from a wind speed of 14m/s with 70kΩ optimized resistor load, and the power density can reach up to 7.8mW/cm.


Precision measurements in nuclear β decay offer a sensitive window to search for new physics beyond the standard electroweak model. Searches for new physics are also a strong motivation for experiments carried out at the high energy frontier. It is instructive to confront results from the low energy and the high energy frontiers in order to look for possible complementarities. This paper reviews the constraints on new physics obtained from nuclear and neutron decays and compares them to those from other semi‐leptonic processes and from the LHC. The sensitivity requirements of new precision experiments in β decay, to impact the search for new physics at the light of current and projected LHC results, are updated. Experimental developments in nuclear and neutron β decay are discussed with emphasis on their projected goals to improve the limits on exotic weak couplings.


This paper discusses the emergence of a new, necessary philosophy for the successful implementation of advanced technologies to improve plant performance and longevity. This philosophy is necessary to ensure the expected return on the initial capital investment is realized. This paper defines the elements of an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) methodology that utilizes a holistic approach which considers all aspects of the supporting infrastructure (Operations, Maintenance, Engineering, Training, and Administration) as integral parts of the whole system. This paper also includes discussion on application of some of these advanced technologies developed at the Laboratory to provide additional on-line tools to provide predictive and condition-based maintenance decision support.


Human centered systems and their structure are discussed. This paper also emphasizes that soft computing techniques are appropriate for the approach to human centered systems thinking.


Section headings: Volume I. Introduction. Jews and Christians during and after the Holocaust: Working papers. Volume II. The impact of the Holocaust on the contemporary world: working papers. Volume III. The impact of the Holocaust and genocide on Jews and Christians: Working papers. Plenary addresses, Oxford conference. Speeches, London conference. Report on the Survivors' Meeting. Index.


This paper addresses the design of an 8-bit single-slope in-pixel ADC for a 3D chip architecture intended for airborne surveillance and reconnaissance applications. The 3D chip architecture comprises a sensor layer with a resolution of 320 × 240 pixels bump-bonded to a three-tier chip on the 150 nm FDSOI CMOS-3D technology from MIT-Lincoln Laboratories. The top tier is a mixed-signal layer with 160 × 120 processing elements. The ADC is distributed between the top two tiers. The top tier contains both global and local circuitry. The ramp generation is implemented with global circuitry through an 8-bit unary current-steering DAC. The end of conversion at every pixel or processing element is triggered by a local comparator. The digital words are stored in a frame-buffer in an intermediate tier. The area of the local circuitry in the ADC is consumed by the comparator, capable of reaching less than 3 mV of resolution in less than 150 ns with less than 220 μm2, and by the memory cells, each one storing 6 8-bit words along with two additional bits in less than 50 μm × 50 μm. Every ADC conversion is performed in less than 120 μs.


This paper presents empirical test results of alternative hypotheses regarding differences in returns to shareholders of bidding firms that choose different payment methods (cash or securities). The evidence is consistent with the payment method signaling hypothesis, which asserts that when management of the bidding firm believes its own stock to be overvalued (undervalued), securities (cash) will be the preferred payment method. The results are not consistent with either the overpayment hypothesis or the present value/hubris hypothesis. The findings also explain the conflicting results reported in prior work on gains to bidding firms.


Balédent O, Henry-Feugeas MC, Idy-Peretti I. Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and relation with blood flow: A magnetic resonance study with semiautomated cerebrospinal fluid segmentation. Invest Radiol 2001;37:368–377. rationale and objectives. To investigate and measure temporal and amplitude aspects of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow waveform relations. methods.A cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequence was used to measure blood and CSF flow in 16 healthy subjects aged 27 ± 4 years. A semiautomated segmentation algorithm was developed to study CSF flow. results.Standard deviations of the aqueductal and cervical flow measurements carried out by five observers were 1% and 4%, respectively. The peak systolic arterial flow was 1087 ± 169 mL/min, and the peak cervical CSF flush (173 ± 59 mL/min) occurred at 5% ± 3% of the cardiac cycle after the internal carotid systolic peak flow. Peak aqueductal flush flow (13 ± 5 mL/min) occurred at 21% ± 7% of the cardiac cycle after the internal carotid systolic peak flow. conclusions.The CSF segmentation algorithm is reproducible. Brain expansion was quickly regulated by a major extracerebral CSF flush flow, whereas ventricular CSF made only a very small contribution.


Bacterial leaf spot (BLS) is the most important bacterial disease in sweet pepper, causing intense defoliation under favorable conditions, leaving the exposed fruits to sunburn and decreasing the yield. To estimate genetic effects of the reaction to BLS on leaves and fruits, under the conditions of Campos dos Goytacazes (Brazil), hybrids F1, without reciprocals, were obtained from diallel crosses among five pepper genotypes, three susceptible ('UENF 1420 ', 'UENF 1421 ' and 'UENF 1422 ') and two resistant ('UENF 1381 ' and 'UENF 1382 '). Leaves were inoculated by infiltrating the mesophyll with 103 cells/ml, adjusted with spectrophotometer. Variety and mean heterosis were significant for resistance on leaves, indicating that additive and dominant effects are involved in the genetic control of this character. For resistance in fruits, only variety effects were significant, indicating the presence of additive effects in the control of this characteristic. Based on these analyses, the genotypes 'UENF 1381 ' and 'UENF 1382 ' were selected for resistance to BLS on leaves. For resistance to BLS on fruits, 'UENF 1381' and 'UENF 1421' were the best genotypes. The best hybrids for resistance to BLS on leaves were: 'UENF 1420' x 'UENF 1421', 'UENF 1382' x 'UENF 1420', 'UENF 1381' x 'UENF 1420', 'UENF 1381' x 'UENF 1421', 'UENF 1381' x 'UENF 1422' and 'UENF 1381' x 'UENF 1382'.


In this paper, we take the consumers in Chengdu vegetables market as samples, in the form of questionnaires and interviews, to study the consumer motivations and psychology, and make market segmentation of consumers. Results show that the consumers in Chengdu vegetables market can be divided into four types: the safety-pursuing type, the convenient and economical type, the family healthy type, and the fashionable type, among which the safety-pursuing type is the largest. Finally, authors put forward some suggestions for Chengdu vegetables market based on current conditions.


The article [1] presents conditions under which topology variations in a network of homogeneous linear subsystems can be detected, using measurements of the network's natural response. The conditions are developed by first characterizing discernibility of the natural responses of a nominal and modified linear system for different initial states (Lemma 1, Corollary 1, and Proposition 1), and then applying this result to the dynamical-network model of interest (Proposition 2 and following results). The study aims to distill detectability of topology variations into a condition phrased entirely in terms of the network's topology, specifically the spectrum of the Laplacian matrix associated with the network's graph. The following example demonstrates an error in the topological results developed in [1] (Proposition 2 and following results), and illustrates that the detection of topology variations cannot always be distilled to a condition only on the network's topology. Per the notation in [1], we consider an


Photonic analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are attracting significant interest due to promise of overcoming the problem of aperture jitter and improving ADC performance level by orders of magnitude. This work examines several critical factors which define the accuracy of an optically-sampled wavelength-demultiplexed ADC built on a silicon chip using silicon photonic technology. These factors are the optical power-dependent shot noise, optical power-dependent nonlinearities due to two-photon and free-carrier absorption in silicon, and nonlinear transfer function of a silicon modulator. Ways to reduce the impact of these factors on ADC accuracy are considered.


The article describes the basic conception of sin curve fitting algorithm in terms of actual operating,designing trait and information.It explains computing method and noticing questions of current,voltage and power,power factor and fault distance,etc,by applying the sine curve algorithm to simulate three sampling value.By calculating valid value of electric quantum,its correctness is proved by actual examples.The algorithm's hardware is simple,measure precision is high and velocity is rapid.The paper hopes that the algorithm bring into action in electric power system.


The objective of collaborative Business-to-Business (B2B) technologies is to minimize the gap between the trading partners. In the early 80s, the need for interactions among companies and their trading partners led to the development of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) which for many years has been the most dependable way for companies to exchange B2B documents. However the deep learning curve and the cost of the required resources to support EDI prevented Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to adopt the technology in the automated trading processes. ebXML was introduced to overcome the excising shortcomings of EDI, but has its own limitations mainly reflected in its capability in providing decision support analysis and large scale concurrent applications. In this paper, a distributed user centric B2B gateway approach is presented to support trading partners. The gateway takes the leverages of services innovation integrating resources from traditional e-business environments with loosely coupled decision support resources to complete trading intelligently. The Australian retail sector has been chosen as an application domain in understanding the impact of the proposed solution.


Testing samples of super fine pulverized coal and common pulverized coal were made from Heshan coal. Contrast test of combustion characteristics, NO(subscript x) and SO2 emission property, air staging combustion of super fine pulverized coal and common pulverized coal were carried out in a tunnel furnace with a single parallel flow burner. Experimental investigation proved that super fine pulverized coal has many advantages over common pulverized coal during combustion process, such as lower ignition temperature, better combustion stability, higher combustion efficiency, lower NO(subscript x) emission, efficient sulfur removal, etc.


In this work, we focus on designing high-throughput anycast mechanisms in a software Defined Network (SDN), as anycast routing serves as a fundamental building block for many services. Specifically, we investigate two main challenges for efficient implementation of a SDN-based anycast system: high throughput anycast routing (HTAR) and congestion-free anycast reconfiguration (CFAR). For the first challenge, we design an anycast routing (ARFU) algorithm, based on the fully polynomial time approximation scheme and the single-source unsplittable flow routing method. We prove that ARFU produces a route that can achieve a throughput at least 1/2(1+ξ) of the optimum, where ξ > 0 is an arbitrarily small constant. We then propose an anycast reconfiguration algorithm with transitive configurations, called ARTC, for congestion-free. This algorithm tries to find a routing reconfiguration procedure consisting of at most T ≥ 1 transitive configurations while meeting all the flow demands. When traffic demands can not be satisfied, ARTC maximizes the minimum throughput using one transitive configuration. Our simulations demonstrate high-efficiency of our algorithms.


In accordance with Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Prosecutor's Office" (from October 14, 2014, No. 1697-VII), the Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine constitutes a single system that, in accordance with the procedure provided for by this Law, performs the functions established by the Constitution of Ukraine for the purpose of protecting human rights and freedoms , general interests of society and the state.The reform of the prosecutor's office, which is ongoing in Ukraine, has had a comprehensive effect on the external and internal processes of the functioning of the relevant system. The Strategy for the Development of the Prosecutor's Office for 2021- 2023 (Order of the Prosecutor General dated October 16, 2020 No. 489) states that the prerequisites for implementing the principles of efficiency, professionalism, independence and responsibility in the activities of the Prosecutor's Office are currently being created; measures are taken to assess the compliance of prosecutors with the criteria of professional competence, integrity and professional ethics, as well as to provide an opportunity for all honest candidates who have the appropriate theoretical knowledge and practical skills to take up the position of prosecutor in any prosecutor's office on a competitive basis; guarantees of professional development of prosecutor's office employees are strengthened.At the same time, today in Ukraine, as in many other countries, the prosecutor's system faces many problems, one of which is the professional deformation of prosecutors. This phenomenon can lead to negative consequences, such as violations of the law, corruption, abuse of power, and others. In this regard, the issue of prevention and elimination of the consequences of professional deformation of prosecutors becomes especially urgent. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive measures to improve professional skill, ethics and discipline among prosecutors, as well as to ensure their independence from external influence.The article analyzes the causes of professional deformation among prosecutors in Ukraine and suggests ways to prevent and eliminate it. In particular, the author's vision of a comprehensive approach to combating the professional deformation of prosecutors was formulated, covering the following aspects: organizational, psychological, professional, ethical, social and international.The results of the study can be useful for state authorities and society as a whole in the context of strengthening the rule of law and fighting corruption.


Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a leading candidate vaccine antigen against blood stage malaria and several clinical trials using mostly protein-in-adjuvant vaccines have shown limited success. This thesis describes the development of recombinant adenoviral (AdHu5) and poxviral (MVA) vectors encoding AMA1 from Plasmodium chabaudi murine parasites. In this murine malaria model, AdHu5 and MVA encoding AMA1 when used in a heterologous prime boost regime showed excellent immunogenicity, both humoral and cellular. The vaccination regime was protective against blood stage challenge and both antibodies and CD4+ T cells found to be important for vaccine induced blood stage protection. In parallel to this novel P. falciparum vaccines encoding AMA1 were also developed and administered in a similar prime boost regime to mice and rabbits. The vaccination regime induced cellular immune response and high titre antibodies against AMA1 and these antibodies showed growth inhibitory activity against the homologous parasite strain. In an effort to overcome the issue of antigenic polymorphism and to circumvent pre-existing immunity to human adenovirus, biallelic simian and human adenoviral vectors and MVA encoding AMA1 vaccines were also developed and administered to mice and macaques. These vectors also induced high titre antibodies and the serum from macaques was found to have growth inhibitory activity. These vaccine candidates are now being taken forward to Phase I/II clinical trials in Oxford. This work also described the attempt to improve MVA as a antibody inducing vector to allow better antibody mediated immunity to blood stage malaria.


Photo shows Arikara shamans, without shirts, backs to camera, seated in a semi-circle around a sacred cedar tree, tipis in background.
H118596 U.S. Copyright Office.
Curtis no. 2898-08.
Forms part of: Edward S. Curtis Collection (Library of Congress).
Published in: The North American Indian / Edward S. Curtis. [Seattle, Wash.] : Edward S. Curtis, 1907-30, Suppl., v. 5, pl. 164.


The paper investigates a finite-dimensional servomechanism design for a parabolic distributed parameter system with constant disturbances, by discrete-time input-output data. The problem is to design a discrete-time feedback controller such that the resulting continuous-time closed-loop system will be stable and the discrete-time controlled outputs will be regulated. With some assumptions with respect to a control operator and an output operator, the paper presents explicit sufficient conditions for the existence of a discrete-time feedback controller which stabilizes and regulates the system. A finite-dimensional design procedure of a servomechanism is given and it is shown that the discrete-time controlled outputs will converge to the constant reference vectors with an arbitrarily assignable decay rate. In the design procedure it is necessary to construct a finite-dimensional discrete-time state observer in order to estimate the system state at sampling times from observations


A new Schiff base [I] was prepared by refluxing Amoxicillin trihydrate and 4-Hydroxy- 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in aqueous methanol solution using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The new 1,3-oxazepine derivative [II] was obtained by Diels- Alder reaction of Schiff base [I] with phthalic anhydride in dry benzene. The reaction of Schiff base [I] with thioglycolic acid in dry benzene led to the formation of thiazolidin-4-one derivative [III]. While the imidazolidin-4-one [IV] derivative was produced by reacting the mentioned Schiff base [I] with glycine and triethylamine in ethanol for 9 hrs. Tetrazole derivative [V] was synthesized by refluxing Schiff base [I] with sodium azide in dimethylformamid DMF. The structure of synthesized compounds[I-V] was characterized by their melting points, elemental analysis CHN-S and by their spectral data; FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Two cancer cell lines include: (RD) human pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma and (L20B) the mice intestines carcinoma cell line (which expresses the genes for human cellular receptor for Polio viruses) were used in this study. The cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of all the synthesized compounds for 48 hrs was examined. All compounds except [IV] and [V] showed less than 50% inhibition for (L20B), while these compounds exhibit inhibition more than 50% inhibition for (RD).


A motion control system based on the USB interface is introduced,the system adopts the solution of industrial PC + motion control board.Mainly describes the motion control system realization of hardware and software solutions,including hardware platform design、control software algorithm design and the implementation of communication protocol.


Background FAdult T lymphoblastic lymphoma is an aggressive form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurring in predominantly adolescent and young adult men.High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous or allogeneic transplantation as consolidation for patients in CR1 is controversial. Refractory/recurrent T lymphoblastic lymphoma has poor response to conventional chemotherapy.

Aims To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of sequential intensified conditioning followed by early tapering immunosuppressants and DLI in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as salvage therapy for refractory/recurrent T lymphoblastic lymphoma.

Methods 18 patients with refractory/recurrent T lymphoblastic lymphoma (male in 16 cases and female in 2 cases) from September 2010 to May 2013 were enrolled in this prospective study, with median age was 31 (range 16-42) years.15 patients received related and 3 unrelated donor transplantation, and 15 patients were HLA-match and 3HLA-mismatched transplantation. The sequential intensified conditioning included fludarabine 30mg/m2/d and cytarabine 2g/ m2/d(on days -10 to -6) ,4.5 Gy total body irradiation/day (on days -5 and -4), cyclophosphamide 60 mg/kg/d and etoposide 15mg/ kg/d (on days -3 and -2). Cyclosporine A was withdrawn rapidly in a stepwise fashion if acute GVHD (aGVHD) did not develop at day +30. Patients without II-IV grade acute graft-versus-host disease received G-CSF mobilized DLI with a dose of ANC 1×106/kg at +60days post-transplantation once monthly until II-IV grade acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) occurr or for 4 doses.

Results F16 patients(88.88%) achieved complete remission on day +30 and 1 patient died of regimen-related toxicities on day 0,another patient died of septic shock due to VRE septicemia on day +10. With a median follow-up of 28 months post-transplation(range:2-33 months), only 2 patients relapsed and 1 died of relapse on day +95. Till now, 14 patients were alive and 1 patient died of TMA on day +68.The 2-year overall survival and disease-free survival post-transplation were 77.78%,72.22% respectively. The 2 year incidence of relapse was 11.11%. All death patients except the relapsed one received more than 10 courses chemotherapy before transplantation.

Conclusions Our data indicates that the sequential intensified conditioning and rapid tapering immunosuppressants as well as DLI in the early stage after allo-HSCT might be an effective method for refractory/recurrent T lymphoblastic lymphoma. Regimen-related toxicities were tolerable and too much chemotherapy courses before transplantation maybe increased the risk of complications.

Disclosures: Liu: It was supported by Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou of China (11A72121174).: Research Funding; It was supported by National Public Health Grand Research Foundation (Grant No. 201202017), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.81000231, No.81270647).: Research Funding; It was supported by 863 Program (No. 2011AA020105).: Research Funding.


Spastic diplegia is the most common type of Cerebral Palsy, characterized by an exaggerated increase in muscle tone and involvement of the entire body; especially, of the lower trunk, pelvis and lower limbs in relation to the upper limbs; produced by an immature brain injury. Spastic diplegia is considered a motor disorder; since its involvement involves the commitment of movement and posture and represents one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in the pediatric age and one of the main reasons for physical disability; so that their treatment is a motive of multidisciplinary interest; since these children need to be incorporated early in rehabilitation programs that provide and / or facilitate therapeutic strategies aimed at maximizing their autonomy for adult life. The physiotherapeutic treatment is not alien to this field, since the physiotherapist plays a fundamental role in the motor habilitation of the child with CP of spastic diplegia type; since he is the one who, through his techniques and resources, will accompany him throughout his growth to help him acquire and strengthen the necessary skills for his independence.


Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination was targeted to reduce mortality, viral load in the environment, and eradication of positive cases. Many immunostimulants have been used to improve the immune response of vaccinated chickens. The current study was designed to compare the effect of different immunostimulants on immune response of NDV vaccinated chicks. A total of 150 one-day old Cobb chicks were divided into 5 equal groups. Group 1 was lifted as non-vaccinated negative control, whereas other groups were vaccinated against NDV. The used immune stimulants under test were given to groups 3, 4, and 5 as follows N. sativa 6%, curcumin1%, and orego sol. respectively at 7 th day old continuously till the end of experiment. The results showed high antibody titers, low mortality rates and better body performance in the groups treated with these immunostimulants than the other groups. However, chicks treated with N. sativa showed renal water cyst formation compared with other groups. In conclusion, application of immunostimulants can stimulate the immune response and reduce the pathogenicity of ND in chickens.


1. A soluble food product comprising a first component and a second component which form the food product, wherein the molded food product is sublimated, and the first component and the second component is visually distinguishable therein; wherein the first component may be selected from the group consisting of yogurt or other dairy product, a puree, grain product, cheese, fruit, vegetable, meat, malt, chocolate, coffee, fish or other seafood, or combinations thereof, and wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of yogurt or other dairy product, a puree, grain product, cheese, fruit, vegetable, meat, malt, chocolate, coffee, fish or other seafood, or their kombinatsii.2. Food product according to claim 1, wherein the second component color different from the color of the first component; texture second component different from the texture or flavor of the first component of the second component differs from the first flavor component; or perhaps their kombinatsii.3. Food product according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first component and the second component is a milk produktom.4. Food product according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first component and the second component is yogurtom.5. Food product according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first component and the second component is a fruit pyure.6. Food product according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first component and the second component is a vegetable pyure.7. The food product of claim 1 having a moisture content below about 2% .8. Food product according to claim 1, having a volume of from about 500 to 3000 mm.9. Food product according to claim 1, wherein the first component surrounds the second komponent.10. P


In the proposed work, the design and analysis of a bandpass filter (BPF) using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique along with conductor backed coplanar waveguide (CB-CPW) is presented. The design structure is simulated, followed by its analysis, and finally, its results are experimentally verified. The design method is used as a simple approach to obtain the second-order BPF and two transmission poles for 12-18 GHz frequency range. At the first step, the input impedance of the CB-CPW feed is calculated and fixed as 50-ohms. Apart from this, two-cavity resonators are created by using four vertical metallic walls to generate resonant frequencies and two poles, which means the second-order filter is developed. Furthermore, the gap between two metallic walls plays a crucial role in maintaining the filter's impedance bandwidth and other characteristics. The experimental results of filter characteristics are verified and matched with the results of the simulation.


For the crucial problem of engineer responsibility ethics at present, this paper studies the cultivation of intelligent manufacturing engineering talents based on the engineering ethics education. Under the national construction strategy focusing on intelligent manufacturing, this paper analyzes the current situation of engineering ethics education at home and abroad. With the consciousness cultivation of professional ethics, social ethics and environmental ethics, the main education contents of intelligent manufacturing engineering talents training are discussed. Through the research and analysis, it is considered that the cultivation of intelligent manufacturing engineers with social responsibility and engineering ethics quality is an important for the talent training of intelligent manufacturing engineering.


In the Amazon basin, ants are often associated with environmental or edaphic factors. However, these associations may vary between the epigeic and hypogeic strata. Here, we investigated differences in richness and composition of epigeic and hypogeic ant assemblages along an environmental gradient in the Brazilian Amazon. The four studied sites cover different topographic and soil characteristics. We sampled 25 plots of 250 m2 using 10 samples of epigeic pitfalls and 10 samples of hypogeic pitfalls installed at two depths (10 and 30 cm). The pitfalls remained in the fi eld for 48 hours. In the same plots, soil clay content and terrain altitude were also measured. We collected 219 species or morphospecies, of which 14 were exclusively hypogeics. We found higher local richness in the epigeic compared to hypogeic assemblages. We also found an interaction between clay content and strata for ant species composition. Overall, the species turnover was related to clay content, but the eff ect depended on the strata, with hypogeic fauna being more heterogeneous, compared with epigeic fauna. Despite the relationship between clay content and ant´s assemblage's composition, we did not find strong environment predictors for both strata, which suggests that other factors may structure ant assemblages in these sites. This reinforces the need for studies to defi ne which environmental gradiente determines the distribution of Amazonian epigeic and hypogeic ants.


Abstract The paper examines the press coverage of the Los Angeles Times in the 1982 gubernatorial election between Mayor Tom Bradley and George Deukmejian in terms of the proclivity to highlight Bradley's race in campaign news stories. The paper focuses on the statement made by Deukmejian campaign manager, Bill Roberts, in the early days of October, with his candidate trailing badly in the polls, that "there was a hidden anti‐black vote" that would aid Deukmejian on election day. The authors detail the Los Angeles Times coverage of this statement and the tendency of the Times to focus on this story during the entire month of October rather than to report on the issues addressed by the candidates. The analysis notes that as campaign coverage zeroed in on the race issue, so did polls and voter interest. After examining the coverage and Deukmejian's narrow victory, the authors pose questions of ethics to reporters engaged in this writing and outline concerns for such practices in future elections and campaigns.


This paper examined the relationship between Chinese outward foreign direct investment (FDI) and the industrial sector's performance represented by the industrial sector's contribution to the gross domestic product for a sample of 49 African countries between 2003 and 2019. The study also examined the moderating effects of Chinese FDI on Africa's industrial performance. We employed panel fixed-effects and panel-corrected standard errors models to control for country heterogeneities and serial correlation in the disturbance terms, usually present in panel data and may bias the estimates. The results showed that Chinese FDI has moderating effects on industrial performance through industrial employment and natural resources. We also found a significant positive relationship between contemporaneous Chinese FDI and industrial performance, suggesting that Chinese FDI of a given year positively affects the same year's industrial performance. The study further revealed lingering effects of Chinese FDI on industrial performance, implying the favorable impact of Chinese FDI on industrial performance in a given year may not be immediate. Policymakers are advised to improve the absorptive capacities of industrial workers and direct Chinese FDI towards transforming natural resources into industrial goods.


. Extracellular hacmolytic activities of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida to salmon red blood cells were shown to be due to different forms of the membrane-active enzyme glyccrophospholipidrcholcstcrol acyltransferase (GCAT). About 10% of the total haemolytic activity was due to a high molecular mass complex of LPS and GCAT (mol. mass >1000kDa), containing 35–50% neutral sugars and 1.5–2.0% protein. Some haemolytic activity (30–40% of total), corresponding to 50–70kDa by gel filtration, also contained GCAT-activity and may represent aggregated forms of GCAT. However, about 50% or more of the haemolytie activity was due to a protein of 26kDa free GCAT. Rabbit antibodies to GCAT neutralized the hacmolytic activity of both GCAT and GCAT-LPS. A transposon-produccd serinc protease negative mutant of the same A. salmonicida strain showed reduced haemolytic activity. The mutant produced a 38-kDa GCAT proform of low hacmolytic activity. The proform was processed by autogenous scrinc protease to a highly hacmolytic 26-kDa molecule with pl 6.3, similar to GCAT of the parent strain. The weakly haemolytic GCAT-LPS analogue of the mutant strain did not contain detectable amounts of the 26-kDa molecule and was not activated by proteases.


The problem of children with special needs is still an interesting study. Field research related to services of children with special needs in schools is still very much needed, especially regarding the development of learning strategies, models of services for children with special needs in inclusive schools, curriculum, and various child development programs. Research development of learning models for children with special needs is expected to produce a variety of outcomes that are useful for teacher and parent references, such as the publication of articles and textbooks. This can be additional information for interested parties in an effort to improve the services of children with special needs in school, by not letting go of parents' responsibilities in optimizing the development of children in the family. Abstract. Teachers and parents play an important role in helping children with autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder/ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to improve their social skill. Online learning is an alternative way for teachers and parents to help that children. This study aims to analyze parents' and teachers' need of family-based distance learning model, so the learning models and materials fit with children with ASD and ADHD and make them learn effectively. This study was conducted qualitatively through surveys and group interviews with convenience sampling. Survey's result of 30 parents and teachers found that 100% subjects agreed and needed a distance learning social skill model. For this reason, the distance learning model for social skill needs to be designed so that parents and teachers can learn about social skill independently, both at school and at home. From group interviews with 13 parents and 23 teachers, it was concluded that parents and teachers agreed and needed the learning material, namely social interaction, communication, and independence; but that learning materials needed to be improved. Recommendation was given to learning media, film storylines, and learning stages too, that are suitable on three themes namely: Let's Do It, Let's Show It, and Let's Go. The next stage is the drafting of maritirukan.com page based on this research's result.


MANY of the problems connected with scarlet fever are by no means yet conclusively solved. Wily is scarlet fever prevalent in some areas and almost or quite absent from others? "Why does scarlet fever not spread when introduced into the tropics'? In the Dutch East Indies the majority of children give positive reactions to the Dick test, yet scarlet fever does not occur. In these regions, with increasing age of the children the number who do not react to the Dick test approximates to the number observed where scarlet fever is endemic. The specificity of the Dick reaction has been disputed hy some, who consider it a manifestation of allergy and not an indication of immunity or susceptibility to scarlet fever. In the first months of life the reaction is usually absent. Roumanian writers contest the value of the Dick test, asserting that the causal organism of scarlet fever is not a hremolytic streptococcus. The observations of Ruth Tunnicliff would seem to indicate that the streptococci from scarlet fever, erysipelas and septic sore throat are distinct organisms yielding different growths. The experiments of G. F. and G. H. Dick with soluble toxins produced by scarlet fever and erysipelas hremolytic streptococci showed inter alia that an attack of scarlet fever does not confer immunitv to erysipelas and that the soluble toxins produced by the hmmolytic streptococci of erysipelas and scarlet fever are immunologically and specifically distinct. Another problem is how far one attack of scarlet fever produces immunity against subsequent attacks. The case recorded by 'V. H. Kelleher, of a patient having five definite attacks of scarlet fever between the ages of thirteen and twenty-eight years, is not easily explained. -" T. 'l'oyoda, J. lVloriwaki, Y. Futagi and C. Kuroi, of ~IaJlchuria, have given a most useful account of experimental research into the problems of scarlet fever.' Owing to the fact that the Streptococcus sc« rlaiina: apparently has no specific differences from other types, some observers have looked for some activator other than this streptococcus possibly a filtrable body. Scarlet fever can be' artificially produced by the streptococcus, but not all streptococci can produce scarlet fever. Investigations concerning the power of heemolytic streptococci derived from different sources to produce the toxin and cause the scarlatinal rash demonstrated that the degree of ability varied greatly and that not all streptococci possessed it. The anthors considered that the erysipelas streptococcus if highly virulent and capable of producing the l)ick t;'xin, could probably cause scarlet fever in a very susceptible subject. Immunity conferred by an attack of scarlet fever is stated to be permanent; but the immunity following other streptococcal diseases is not permanent. Immunity from scarlet fever is an antitoxic immunity resulting from a general reaction to tho scarlatinal streptococcus toxin which has spread oyer the whole body; so the antitoxin produced can neutralize the streptococcus tOX~Jl and accordingly no rash originating from the toxin can be produced. But those who have been infected with any other streptococcal disorder, such as scarln tina without exanthema anaina or . ' " erysipeln« are liable to further infection in the Iorm of localized disease, caused by the streptococcus or its toxin, despite the presence of the antitoxin. There is no rash in such streptococcal diseases as puerperal fever or phlegmon or in diphtheria with superadded streptococcal invasion. It cannot be said that non-scarlatinal streptococci invariably produce Dick toxin, but even if thev have such power, the extent of their ability is ~ot of necessity, similar to that of the scarlatinal streptococcus, and suitable conditions are required for the streptococcus with a high degree of ability to produce the Dick toxin. The chief reason that no rash occurs .in the disorders mentioned is dependent on the resistance of the body or the degree of its susceptibility, that is, the power of the patient's serum to neutralize the toxin. In a highly snsceptible person non-scarlatinal hmmolytic streptococci may cause the rash if they have enough power to produce the toxin and are under suitable conditions for the production of the toxin, as in puerperal scarlet" fever. In a few instances of surgical scarlet fever hremolytic staphylococci only, and not streptococci, are found. But in these cases the attendant rash is


Though studying some concepts and formulas in theory of probability,we give the definition of conditional independent between two random events and the formula probability in complete events set,and a simplified formula for density's function in n random variables is given.


Amidst the talk about totality of language?its logic, its rhetoric, its aesthetics, its politics?there persists an unapparent action that we do every day. Like Wittgenstein's language games that we use as commonplace, this kind of action seems not to have a locutionary figure of speech, perhaps because we do it unskeptically. Yet this principle of action seems to have been tacitly or explicidy granted in history: we act upon the belief that our least acts are physically reciprocal. Each of our acts entails a compensating reaction. C. S. Peirce thought that all dualism springs from the feeling of resistance to "Brute Force."1 If I feel the wind blow against me, I have to push back to gain equilibrium. Though an act be singular, its occasion is always at least dual. In physics, least action means, among other things, that natural events use the smallest measure of energy necessary for acting along a path adjusted by the pressures of reciprocating circumstances. The Heraclitean stream of contradictory events is measured by recurrent intervals of troughs and peaks. This action rule has occasioned the oldest principle in the nature of things?Retribution, the lex talionis, the equation of an eye for an eye. The Golden Rule second guesses this "aesthetic" feeling of equivalent recurrence. "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you," has been called the leading principle of ethics. Confucius, however, used it anesthetically, "do not to another what you would not like to happen to you," in order to stress his social laws of government as patrilineal family.2 In his essay "Compensation" Emerson said, "The world likes like a multiplication-table, or a mathematical equation, which, turn it how you will, balances itself."3 Jesus said, "with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again" (Matt. 7:1). Measure for measure, this is an aesthetic interpretation which turns upon a reversed dialogue of recip rocal action, in which one looks at recurrent acts from the perspectives of the empathetic first person and of the apathetic third person. It seems that we act socially yet diversely upon our belief in the measures of least reaction. Even if I believe only in the stock market, I act reciprocally so as to be in front of the oscillations of troughs and peaks. I act according to my belief in the inverse equation, "Buy cheap and sell dear." Least action seems to be our basic code, but it is applied to diverse ends in