Objective To investigate the effects of different jugular vein ligations (JVL) in neck dissection on intracranial pressure (ICP) and glial cell in rabbit.Methods Sixty rabbits were equally and randomly divided into 6 groups: control (BC), bilateral external jugular vein ligation (BEJVL), bilateral internal jugular vein ligation (BIJVL), right jugular vein ligation (RJVL), simultaneous bilateral jugular vien ligation (SBJVL), and staging jugular vein ligation (SJVL). Skull puncture technique was employed to measure the values of ICP at 0h, 0.5h, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h,5h,6h postoperation. Necephalic tissue was removed a week after the surgery. The quantity and area of glial cells were examined with immunohistochemistry.Results ICP in SBJVL and SJVL was increased immediately and still maintained highly at 6h postoperatively, while ICP was increased slightly first and then back to the baseline within 6h postoperatively. ICP in BIJVL and RJVL, was increased to some extent and decreased apparently within 6h postoperatively. The quantity and hypertrophy of glial cells were only significantly increased in SBJVL and SJVL.Conclusion Measurements should be taken to prevent intracranial hypertension in SBJVL and SJVL, while close watch should be taken in BIJVL and RJVL. It may require no special measurement to prevent intracranical hypertension in BEJVL.


This paper presents the first known solutions for free flexural vibration of Mindlin plates of arbitrary shape with internal point supports. A new approach for modeling the point supports in vibration analysis is proposed. The method is based on the use of a set of pb-2 shape functions to account for prescribed boundary conditions of different shapes. Internal point supports are imposed as geometric constraints in the final formulation of the governing eigenvalue equation. The proposed method is employed to determine the vibration frequencies of square and circular plates having an arbitrary number of internal point supports. Comparisons with known thin-plate solutions are carried out, where possible, to verify the accuracy of the proposed method.


In recent years,along with the coal mining deep gradually increasing,coal mine proadction is getting concentration,mine,especially the mining area,the amount of gas gushed out increase very quickly.The simple ventilation methods can't solve the gas problem.The gas drainage as an effective method will exert more and more important function.


The objectives and their hierarchical structures from both the state stand and enterprise stand of the decision-makers in bridge engineering decision making problems were discussed,based on which the cost classification method was established according to economic evaluation technique,undertakers and decision-makers' objectives.The social discount rate,enterprise discount rate and ecology discount rate for national economic evaluation,financial evaluation and relative environment attribute calculation were discussed respectively.Computation period of cost analysis for both national economic evaluation and financial evaluation was discussed.The residual life value of people and compensation were analysed.The formulas and techniques were brought up to calculate the costs related to bridge defect incurred accidents.Finally,cost constitution and parameter analysis in both national economic evaluation and financial evaluation in the computation period for wind shielding screen schemes of a certain project was used as an example to illustrate the proposed cost composition and parameter analysis.


independently endorse some of the most important conclusions of a great sociologist is clearly very creditable. But, on the other hand, even when all allowances have been made for different subject-matter and purpose, the impression is sometimes given that unlike Mr Dawson, Fr Roche's subjects have not been grasped from within, their surface being skimmed rather than penetrated. But this is not to deny their value. A.H.S


Goundwater investigations are increasingly becoming important for Indonesia. It is natural resources for sustainable development of a region. In this study, PT Sejahtera Alam Energy conducted an investigation of subsurface conditions, especially related to groundwater potential, carried out by a resistivity investigation method by means of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) or Geoelectricity in Embung Area, Baturaden Geothermal Project, Pandansari Village, Paguyangan Subdistrict, Brebes Regency. This method is one of the subsurface estimation methods that is considered suitable for water investigations as well as in terms of accuracy as well as in terms of low cost and faster implementation time compared to other geophysical methods.


Prior empirical studies have articulated that IT adoption and usage were determined by user beliefs and attitudes toward IT. We adopted Technology Acceptance Model's constructs to conduct a case study across two stages; Introduction and hand-on to examine the changes in users' beliefs and behavioral intention to use smart phone for learning. This paper reports on a study of 60 potential users on smart phones. The results show that the hand-on session was effective in improving users' beliefs and intentions to use smart phones for learning.


Theoretical and practical aspects of linguistic competence formation of future pilots and air traffic controllers in the educational process of the university are analyzed in the article. Professional communication of aviation experts is viewed as a component of their professional reliability, since a significant portion of aviation incidents on international air routes are somehow connected with imperfect verbal interaction of air traffic controllers and pilots. Professional-speech activity of aviation experts is realized in several language codes, therefore pilots and air traffic controllers must be bilingual (speak Ukrainian and English), or even multilingual (in case their mother tongue is the Russian language). In this regard, integration of disciplines that provide Ukrainian and foreign language training of future pilots and air traffic controllers in the educational process of the university is of great importance. A number of practical tasks aimed on formation of future aviators' linguistic competence and methodological comments to them are given in the article. They include exercises for mastering aviation terminology knowledge and usage, improving translation skills, developing ability to edit aviation texts. Much attention is given to vocabulary work, especially to differentiating homophones and homographs confusion of which may contribute to aviation incidents and accidents.


This issue of Nursing Clinics, Guest Edited by LTC Deborah Kenny, AN, USA, and Bonnie Jennings, DNSc, RN, FAAN, on the topic of Uniformed Services Nursing will include the following article topics: Pain Management of the Air Evacuation Patient; Iron Deficiency Anemia in Active Duty Soldiers; Clinical Implications for Sweat Calcium Loss in Soldiers; Clinical Implications Associated with Disaster Nursing; Deployment Issues; Care of the Military Person with Pressure Ulcers; Competencies Required for Wartime; Military Nursing Response to the SARS Epidemic in Taiwan; Deployment Issues in the Air Force; and, Clinical Issues at Landstuhl regional Medical Center in Germany.


This report describes the results of the research into the orthophosphate content in (separated) pig manure and faeces. Manure from several different animal categories was collected and separated with a screw press or a centrifuge, and samples were collected of the manure and fractions and analyzed on the content of available orthophosphate and total phosphate. Furthermore, the orthophosphate was extracted from the liquid fractions of the centrifuge with calcium hydroxide. The orthophosphate contents were low with the exception of the faeces of piglets and finisher pigs fed dry feed which had a content of around 2459 mg/kg.


A shape optimization method based on symmetry finite element method(FEM) is proposed. The analytical sensitivity equation is derived between displacement, stress and design variables. The solid equal thickness disk and the compressor's disk are employed as numerical example.Shape optimization of the trapezoidal sections of the disks are performed, and the correctness of the method is verified by difference method.


Objective: evaluate the structure, the development and the functionality in families of hospitalized elderly patients with vascular encephalic accident under palliative care. Method: qualitative field research conducted with five families. Data were collected through the technique of interview, genogram and ecomap. The empirical material was analyzed in light of the Calgary Family Assessment Model. Results: it was verified that the participant families of the study retained the nuclear structure; presented low and education levels and financial difficulties. However, two families showed better economic conditions. As for the social support network, majority mentioned relatives, friends and the church. All referred to have conflictual family relationships. The family caregivers are females, specially daughters-in-law and daughters. Final Considerations : The structural, developmental and functional evaluation of the families in the study provide a space for nursing intervention in the hospital context for the families of hospitalized elderly with cerebral vascular accident.  Descritores: Relacoes familiares; Idoso; Cuidados paliativos. Descriptors: Family Relationships; Elderly; Palliative Care.


Debugging of the code usually requires appropriate hardware. In the field of automation it is especially challenging to provide a testing environment. For the purpose of this thesis an application has been developed, which allows us to debug or test our source code developed in Simatic Step7 tool on Lego Mindstorms. Our application transfers actions on Mindstorms using direct commands while the code is executed on PLCSIM. The application has been developed using Siemens S7ProSim library for the implementation of interface with PLCSIM and Mindsqualls library for the connection with Lego Mindstorms. Both means of connectivity were implemented, Bluetooth connection and USB cable. The source code of our application was written using C# programming language. The application allows us to use all functions of Mindstorms from Simatic Step7 environment. Three wheeled vehicle was constructed using parts from Mindstorms kit which is managed with code executed in PLCSIM via Bluetooth connection. The applicability of software was demonstrated on line following problem, programmed using ladder logic.


Business educators understand the value of improving students written and oral communication skills. However, too often assignments used to develop these important skills are taught in isolation. The purpose of this article is to enhance a students written and oral skills by integrating all aspects of the job search written documents and interview practice while utilizing a student-selected job announcement. Each student must find a job announcement for an internship or career position that is consistent with the students major. The job announcement should list the organizations needs in terms of degree required and specific skills. This article outlines an integrated process of teaching written and oral communication skills through the entire job search. Thus, the job announcement is the focal point for the students resume, cover letter, career portfolio, and mock interview. Student feedback from the integrated process described in this article has been very positive and rewarding. Students consistently indicate their satisfaction when they successfully apply their self-marketing tools and secure a desired position prior to graduation.


Abstract— Based on the drop‐on‐demand characteristics of ink‐jet printing, the multi‐domain alignment liquid‐crystal display (LCD) could be achieved by using patterned polyimide materials. These polyimide ink locations with different alignment procedures could be defined in a single pixel, depending on the designer 's setting. In this paper, we combined the electro‐optical design, polyimide ink formulation, and ink‐jetting technology to demonstrate the application of multi‐domain alignment liquid‐crystal display manufactory. The first one was a multi‐domain vertical‐alignment LCD. After the horizontal alignment material pattern on the vertical alignment film, the viewing angle would reach 150° without compensation film. The second one was a single‐cell‐gap transflective LCD within integrating the horizontal alignment in the transmissive region and hybrid alignment in the reflective one in the same pixel. In addition, this transflective LCD was also demonstrated in the form of a 2.4‐in. 170‐ppi prototype.


Author and accomplished health editor Beth Howard has written a primer that breaks down the stereotypes and misinformation about the female body and gives women the tools for taking control of their seuxal lives and working with their doctors for life-long health. Not your typical book on gynecology, "Mind Your Body" arms women with the information they need taking the next step toward complete sexual health.


This article looks at the factors that contributed to the production of a Chinese middle class during the reform period and to the role that a growing group of big spenders and consumers play for China's economic growth and political stability. It argues that a dramatic status enhancement for wage-earning Chinese professionals was among the major determinants of social change in the late 1990s and that this process happened despite the market more than because of it. The ongoing development of a high-consuming urban society in China has been as much the outcome of the social engineering project of the contemporary reformist state and its agencies as it has been a consequence of the opening up of the economy and society.


This report summarises phase 2 trial results of biologic lung volume reduction (BioLVR) for treatment of advanced homogeneous emphysema. BioLVR therapy was administered bronchoscopically to 25 patients with homogeneous emphysema in an open-labelled study. Eight patients received low dose (LD) treatment with 10 mL per site at eight subsegments; 17 received high dose (HD) treatment with 20 mL per site at eight subsegments. Safety was assessed in terms of medical complications during 6-month follow-up. Efficacy was assessed in terms of change from baseline in gas trapping, spirometry, diffusing capacity, exercise capacity, dyspnoea and health-related quality of life. There were no deaths or serious medical complications during the study. A statistically significant reduction in gas trapping was observed at 3-month follow-up among HD patients, but not LD patients. At 6 months, changes from baseline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (-8.0±13.93% versus +13.8±20.26%), forced vital capacity (-3.9±9.41% versus +9.0±13.01%), residual volume/total lung capacity ratio (-1.4±13.82% versus -5.4±12.14%), dyspnoea scores (-0.4±1.27 versus -0.8±0.73 units) and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire total domain scores (-4.9±8.3 U versus -12.2±12.38 units) were better with HD than with LD therapy. BioLVR therapy with 20 mL per site at eight subsegmental sites may be a safe and effective therapy in patients with advanced homogeneous emphysema.


Summary form only given, as follows. The effects of high temperature nitrogen and silicon ion implantation on the corrosion resistance of martensitic stainless steel 420 are investigated.


AIN films grown on sapphire by MOCVD with different V/IAR ratios were investigated by XRD, TEM and AFM. The AIN films show single crystalline character as well as columnar structure. The growth of AIN has three zones: (1) high-density nucleation layer (2) fine columnar growth and (3) grain merging and lateral growth. The films grown at intermediate V/III ratio have the maximum value of [0002] FWHM. When the V/HI ratio increases, the thickness of the nucleation zone and the film misorientation increase, but when the ratio is increased further, the nucleation zone decreases and the AIN film has a more highly oriented growth. These results suggest that the AIN films with optimum crystalline quality can be obtained by varying the V/III ratio during growth.


Review(s) of: Australian Administrative Law: Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, by Matthew Groves and HP Lee Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne, 2007, 379 pp. ISBN 978 0 521 69790 3. Includes footnotes.


Nampt regulates intracellular NAD+ levels and may modulate sirtuin activity. AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) may regulate Nampt expression in skeletal muscle. We investigated whether chronic endurance exercise or treatment with aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) alter skeletal muscle Nampt concentrations in an AMPK‐dependent fashion.


Nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles employed as solid-state sensors have attracted attention in recent years due to their ability to detect poisonous elements in the indoor/outdoor environment...


The combined effects of double-prompting and booster session procedures on the social behavior of four socially withdrawn preschool children were investigated. A multiple baseline design across subjects was employed to evaluate these procedures. Double-prompting and contingent social praise involved having the classroom teacher prompt and praise the initiations and responses of the subjects and their peers to one another. The behaviors that were prompted — play organizers, shares, and assists — had previously been shown to be effective in setting the occasion for a positive response from peers. When maintenance of increased target initiations was not forthcoming, booster sessions were used to maintain subject initiations during follow-up. The results indicated that (a) the intervention procedures increased the subjects' play organizer, share, and assist initiations, (b) subjects' and peers' responses to one another's initiations did not have to be prompted, (c) there were collateral increases in nontargeted social initiations of the subjects, (d) there were smaller increases in the initiations of peers, (e) booster sessions functioned to increase initiations temporarily and (f) subjects' extended interactions with peers increased during intervention and remained high regardless of whether or not booster sessions were applied during follow-up.


Recent advancement of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based architectures has achieved impressive performance on static facial expression synthesis. Continuous affect synthesis, which has applications in generating videos and movies, is underexplored. Synthesizing continuous photo-realistic facial emotion expressions from a static image is challenging because a) there is a lack of consensus on what parameters produce a smooth shift of facial expressions and b) it is difficult to balance between the consistency over personalized features and granularity among continuous emotional states. We adapt one of the most successful networks, StarGAN, and propose StarGAN-EgVA to generate continuous facial emotions based on 2D emotional representations, i.e., valence and arousal (VA). We propose to utilize categorical emotions ( e.g., happy, sad) to guide the regression training on VA intensities so that the model learns both the domain-specific features and subtle changes introduced by different VA intensities. A special trick at testing is also exploited to automatically infer emotion labels from the VA point on a 2D emotional plane to ensure smooth transition among emotional states. Qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate our proposed model's ability to generate more photo-realistic and consistent affect sequences than the state-of-the-art.


As excitation factors of heating time and power directly affect th e behaviour of eddy current and thermal propagation for eddy current pulsed thermography (ECPT), it is necessary to investigate the optimal parameters to maximize contrast between the defective and non-defective area as well as quantitative evaluation. The defect evaluation on complex geometry in the structu ral especially edges remains challenge due to multi-parameters effect. Suitable e xcitation factors are requested to edge structure detection for reducing the effects by complex geometry and improving the maximize contrast between the defective and non-defective. This paper research es the optimize excitation parameters strateg y and demonstrate the positive effect for defect detection under these parameters. Under the premise of the uniform electromagnetic and thermal fields, the relationships between the excitation parameters and the physical mechanism are established by the separation of Joule heat via eddy current and thermal diffusion. The impact of the various parameters of excitation power and heating duration for edge detec tion is investigated. Appropriate stimulation current and heating period for pro moti n the detectability such as thermal contrast and SNR are reported, which will benefit to the quantitative evaluation of the defect detection .


This is a brand new large print dictionary. It will offer to visually-impaired readers a good, up-to-date text in a large, clear font and in a paperback format that is comfortable and light to handle. This large print dictionary is one of the new generation of Oxford dictionaries, derived from the database of the ground-breaking New Oxford Dictionary of English. It provides good coverage of the core English vocabulary, including new words and senses, and the definitions are concise and easy-to-understand. It also includes short, accessible notes on difficult spellings, confusable words, and tricky areas of usage. Information is presented simply and clearly, with minimal use of abbreviations. The Royal National Institute for the Blind have acted as consultants for the design and format which incorporate specially commissioned features following recommended guidelines. These features include extra-wide inner margins, good quality paper affording maximum contrast between type and paper and with minimal show-through, generous line-spacing and margins throughout, and appropriate font type and size.


The purpose of the study was to determine neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentration within sympathetic nerve endings of gastrocnemius 1A arterioles. Arteriole segments were dissected from the gastrocnemius muscle of male and female F‐344 rats. The 2mm segments were then placed in 400 μl of Krebs‐Ringer buffer and pulverized with a pestle for three minutes. The samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes to remove vascular debris. A competitive peptide enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used for NPY quantification. Analysis revealed .56±.04 ng/ml and .49 ng/ml in male and female gastrocnemius 1A arterioles, respectively. The intra‐assay coefficient of variation was 5%. These data suggest that NPY levels within gastrocnemius 1A arterioles are substantive in concentration to quantify using this competitive peptide EIA. This research was supported by the Arkansas Biosciences Institute and the National Institute on Aging.


ABSTRACT Background. Mild closed head injury (MHI) is a major problem in our society. Traditional methods of treatment such as cognitive rehabilitation or behavioral training are time consuming, expensive, and of questionable effectiveness. Anecdotal reports indicate that neuro-feedback can remediate the symptoms of MHI in a rapid and cost effective way. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) guided coherence training is effective in remediating residual symptoms of MHI. Methods. Twenty-six patients with persistent post-traumatic symptoms (PTS) were seen by the first author 3 to 70 months after a MHI and had a quantitative EEG (qEEG). Neurofeedback therapy designed to normalize abnormal qEEG coherence scores was provided to determine the effectiveness of this approach. Five training sessions addressed each qEEG abnormality. Training continued until the patient, by self-report, indicated that significant improvement had occurred or until a total of 40 se...


The invention discloses a multi-functional water tank, belongs to the field of kitchen supplies, and is used for solving the problem of low efficiency of the existing sink. The technical scheme for solving the problem is as follows: the multi-functional water tank comprises a main tank and a faucet, wherein the main tank is provided with a main tank water drainage port and a residue draining port, the main tank water drainage port is connected with a main tank drain pipe, the residue draining port is connected with a residue draining pipe, the outlet of the residue draining pipe is communicated with the inlet of a residue crusher, the outlet of the main tank drain pipe is communicated with the inlet of the residue crusher, an impeller is arranged at the bottom inside the main tank, a bracket is arranged above the impeller, a motor for driving the impeller is arranged outside the main tank and is electrically connected with a controller, the main tank water drainage port is located at the bottom of the main tank, the residue draining port is arranged on the side all of the main tank and corresponds to the bracket in height, a heater is arranged at the bottom surface of the main tank, the residue crusher and the heater are electrically connected with the controller respectively, and a cover board is arranged at the top part of the main tank. The multi-functional water tank is mainly used for washing dishes, vegetables and melons and fruits automatically.


Highly oriented luminescent films are produced by stretching a 30-mu m-thick polyvinyl alcohol matrix doped with water-soluble polyrotaxanes and their unthreaded analogues. Photoluminescence experiments reveal that over 95% of the emitted light is polarized along the orientation direction. A hybrid organic-inorganic light-emitting diode is built to investigate the possibility of using these films as polarizing filters for solid-state lighting and display technology.


Physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of four Passiflora species Seventy hundred sixty fruits of Passijlora cincinata Mast, P. edulis f. flavicarpa Deg., P. giberti and P. foetida were harvested in February and March 2002 to determine their physical and chemical characteristics. The acceptance of P. giberti was evaluated as well. It was found great fresh fruit mass variation among alI species. The largest fresh mass corresponded to P. edulis, continuing in decreasing order by the fruits of P. cincinata, P. giberti and P. foetida. Ihe peel, seed and juice percentages varied in smaller intensity that the fresh fruit mass. The highest yield in juice corresponded to P. edulis and P. giberti, followed by P. cincinata and P. foetida. The highest content of total soluble solids and a lower acidity was found in the juice of the fruits of P. giberti and P. foetida, being both attractive for fresh consumption. The smallest contents of total soluble solids and the highest total acidity were found in the P. edulis and P. cincinata fruits; these characteristics are indicative of their aptitude for processing consumption. The acceptance of the P. giberti fruit for fresh consumption was moderate.


Energy from the sun is the engine that drives the major ocean basin circulation patterns. Rising warm air, sinking cold air, and uneven heating of the Earth's surface create wind, the essential energy component necessary to move water in a horizontal manner. Other forces are involved such as the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. They have a particularly profound influence on coastal waters where tidal ranges are large. Whatever the force moving the waters, the ocean is in constant motion.


Article history: Received 23 March 2017 Received in revised form 19 May 2017 Accepted 23 May 2017 Available online xxxx A newmethod, which allows determination of intrinsic diffusivities values on the Kirkendall plane inmulticomponent systems, is presented. The approach is based on the zero contribution of drift flux to the total flux value of i-th component, when calculated relatively to the Kirkendall plane position. Themethod allows precise determination of intrinsic diffusivities without limitations of Boltzmann-Matano based methods e.g. in situations when uphill diffusion occurs. The approach is validated on a number of theoretical and experimental systems. The results indicate that the method have a very high potential in application for multicomponent systems, including high entropy alloys. © 2017 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The discovery of Kirkendall effect [1] and its subsequent mathematical description provided by Darken [2], up to this day remain as one of the most influential developments in the history of diffusion. The concept of a drift velocity υ, which arises from the differences between fluxes of respective components, significantly changed our perception of the mechanisms and possible consequences of mass transport processes. One of the most challenging and important tasks in diffusion studies is the estimation of diffusion coefficients, which is essential for understanding of such processes as crystallization, diffusive phase transformations, selective oxidation andmanymore. In the case of binary systems, most commonly used approaches are based either on the Boltzmann-Matano method (BM) [3], or its developments: Wagner method [4], Sauer-Fraise method [5] and other [6]. Most of them are based on the mass conservation law written for the interdiffusion coefficient D common for both diffusing species: ∂ci ∂t 1⁄4 ∂ ∂x ~ D ∂ci ∂x ; i 1⁄4 1;2; ð1Þ with the interdiffusion coefficient being defined by following relation: ~ D 1⁄4 Ω1c1D2 þΩ2c2D1; ð2Þ whereΩi are partial molar volumes of components and Di denotes their intrinsic diffusion coefficients. Applying of the Boltzmann parameter λ ier Ltd. All rights reserved. in a form of: λ 1⁄4 x−x M ffiffi t p 1⁄4 xffiffi t p ; ð3Þ where x denotes position of the Matano plane, allows to obtain relation for the value of interdiffusion coefficient. For the legacy Boltzmann-Matano method it takes form: ~ D c i 1⁄4 − 1 2t dx dci c i x c i −c − i −∫ x−∞ ci−c − i dx h i ; ð4Þ where superscript ⁎ describes parameters at a considered position and ci denotes the initial concentration at the left side of Matano plane. Modifications of the BM method, such as Heumann's approach [7], allow estimating the values of the intrinsic diffusivities in the binary systems. In ternary and higher systems, the situation is much more complicated. One possibility is to use one of the BM-based method in a quasi-binary approach, such as one presented by Kirkaldy et al. [8], or recent development of Wagner's method presented by Santra et al. [9], which allows to estimate the intrinsic diffusion coefficients. An alternate way is to use the concept of average effective interdiffusion coefficients introduced by Sohn and Dayananda [10,11]. However, both types of analysis have significant disadvantages. In the case of BMbased methods, the biggest one is the necessity of quasi binary approach. It significantly limits the choice of possible compositions and increases number of experiments necessary to determine diffusion coefficients for all components. Another serious limitation is the requirement of monotonicity of concentration profiles, meaning absence of up-hill diffusion effects. This even further limits the choice of possible end-members of diffusion couple and drastically lowers the accuracy of Table 1 Kirkendall plane position, atomic fractions and calculated intrinsic diffusion coefficients at the Kirkendall plane, and error of their determination for the simulated diffusion couples. x [μm] Ni [at. %] Di [cm/s] Error [%] Test 1 Fig. 1a A 352.3 74.2 1.00 × 10 0.07 B 25.1 1.00 × 10 0.02 Test 2 Fig. 1b A 9.4 1.00 × 10 0.03 B 392.2 47.6 3.17 × 10 0.11 C 42.9 6.31 × 10 −0.04 Test 3 Fig. 2a A 28.4 1.33 × 10 −0.05 B 385.4 16.4 2.21 × 10 0.37 C 55.3 8.98 × 10 0.06 Test 4 Fig. 2b A 39.3 1.13 × 10 1.98 B 417.0 35.1 7.85 × 10 −0.16 C 25.6 1.33 × 10 0.00 49 M. Zajusz et al. / Scripta Materialia 138 (2017) 48–51 these methods if even small up-hill effects are present (what is very common). The approach proposed by Dayananda et al. requires an extremely precise experiment planning and sometimes a great number of diffusion couples [11,12]. Even then, the estimation of intrinsic diffusion coefficients is far more difficult than the estimation of interdiffusion ones and in most cases not even possible [9]. Also, for number of components higher than 3, the amount of necessary experimental data makes use of these methods unrealistic. A very interesting approach to the problemof determination of intrinsic diffusivities in multicomponent systems was presented byWierzba et al. [13]. The so called "Generalized Boltzmann-Matano method" (GBM), was intended to allow determination of intrinsic diffusion coefficients for the compositions from the Kirkendall plane position. The idea was to apply the Boltzmann parameter to the mass conservation law in which the total flux was given in a form for laboratory reference frame: ∂ci ∂t 1⁄4 ∂ ∂x Di ∂ci ∂x þ ciυ ; i 1⁄4 1;2;...; r: ð5Þ After analogous procedure as in legacy BM method, the relation for intrinsic diffusion coefficients takes from: Di ci 1⁄4 − 1 2t dx dci ci 2xK ci −c − i −∫ K x−∞ ci−c − i dx h i ; ð6Þ where superscript K denotes values of position and concentrations at Kirkendall plane. Knowing the values of intrinsic diffusion coefficients at Kirkendall plane and self diffusion coefficients at the ends of the couple, it is possible tomake a3-point, parabolic interpolation of intrinsic diffusivities values for the whole composition range (if the data from other diffusion couples from the same system is available, the polynomial of higher degree can be used, as the number of interpolated points will increase). The approach, while very tempting, has however some limitations. One of them is the alreadymentioned requirement ofmonotonicity of concentration profiles. Also, the analysis of the Eq. (6) shows that in the case when the Kirkendall plane is on the positive side of Matano position, the values of diffusion coefficients can reach negative values (depending on the dx/dc derivative sign), making the results not physically valid. In the proposed approachwe base on the fundamental Darken postulate [2,14]. If the Eq. (5) is formulated for themovingKirkendall plane, it is clear that the interdiffusion flux is simplified to diffusion flux inmaterials reference frame (as the plane is moving with the Kirkendall's velocity): ~J xK t ð Þ 1⁄4 J xK t ð Þ 1⁄4 −Di ci ∂ci ∂x xK t ð Þ : ð7Þ As a result we can say that all fluxes flowing through the moving Kirkendall plane can be attributed strictly to the diffusion processes and the drift is nonexistent for such reference frame. It means that the mass balance equation formulated for Kirkendall plane can be written as: ∫ K t ð Þ −∞ ci t ; x ð Þdx−∫xK t0 ð Þ −∞ ci t0; x ð Þdx 1⁄4 ∫ t t0 Di ci dci dx xK t ð Þ dt 1⁄4 Q i ; ð8Þ where Qi denotes the total amount of i-th componentmoved through the Kirkendall plane and t0 denotes the start of diffusion process. It should be noted that concentration at the Kirkendall plane, ci, is constant for the whole time of experiment [15,16] and initial position of the Kirkendall plane is identical to the position of Matano plane: xK t 1⁄4 0 ð Þ 1⁄4 xM t ð Þ: ð9Þ Now, it is possible to apply the Boltzmann parameter to the mass balance equation.While using it in a form given in Eq. (3) would not affect the correctness of solution (the relative movement of both Matano and Kirkendall planes has parabolic character), the choice of x as the reference position is in this particular casemore intuitive and consistent with the applied formalism: λ 1⁄4 x−x K ffiffi t p ⇒dλ 1⁄4 dxffiffi t p : ð10Þ As a result we obtain the following relation:


Split form schemes for Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are useful for computation of turbulent flows due to their better robustness. This is because they satisfy additional conservation properties of the governing equations like kinetic energy preservation leading to a reduction in aliasing errors at high orders. Recently, linear stability issues have been pointed out for these schemes for a density wave problem and we investigate this behaviour for some standard split forms. By deriving linearized equations of split form schemes, we show that most existing schemes do not satisfy a perturbation energy equation that holds at the continuous level. A simple modification to the energy flux of some existing schemes is shown to yield a scheme that is consistent with the energy perturbation equation. Numerical tests are given using a discontinuous Galerkin method to demonstrate these results.


We consider it NTT's social responsibility to propose solutions that take advantage of multimedia technologies for global environmental issues, which are becoming the most serious problem facing mankind. We have thus proposed a concept- the Ecology Network-primarily designed to promote local environmental protection activities. This paper introduces the concept of the Ecology Network and the current status of studies for actually establishing this network.


In order to make reflectors of the space remote sensor keep both high rigidity of structure and fine stability of thermal dimension,a kind of flexible cone-shaped sheath is designed.Reasonable design is done to flexible cone-shaped sheath,analysis is done to its parameters,FEM simulating analysis is also done to both reflector module with flexible cone-shaped sheath and one without it at thermal and self-gravity circumstance.It indicates that flexible cone-shaped sheath brings little effect to PV value of reflector,but obvious effect to thermal deformation,PV value changes from 43.9nm to 27.5nm.The surface accuracy of reflector meets the needs of the imaging quality when reflector module is fixed on the space remote sensor,stability of thermal dimension of structure with flexible cone-shaped sheath is better than the structure without it.It shows that this kind of flexible cone-shaped sheath is reasonable to structure design of the space remote sensor.


: The relationship model of counts per second (cps) and gr/cm 3 has been widely spread, but verification of whether the equation applies to all rocks have not been carried out much. The equation that is widely used in determining the correlation is the Warren equation. However, this equation needs to be verified to ensure whether it can be applied to all materials. This research aims to verify whether the Warren equation can also be applied to clastic sedimentary rocks which have low mechanical properties. This research also seeks to explore the relationship between cps and gr/cm 3 values in clastic sedimentary rocks. The variables in this research include density values resulting from laboratory testing and the measurement result of geophysical logging inside boreholes. The density variable consists of wet density and dry density, while the geophysical log variable consists of long-spaced density (LSD) and short-spaced density (SSD). The analysis was carried out by using regression with heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors. The result shows that the Warren equation could not be applied to the sedimentary case. Besides, the conversion models of cps to gr/cm 3 for clastic sedimentary rocks that were built had a low predictive ability. Therefore, the determination of rock density is still recommended using laboratory tests of rock samples.


In view of the problem that credibility of missile effectiveness evaluation model validation is not enough under the condition of incomplete samples, this paper introduces the information diffusion estimation theory, mainly studies the key issues-the optimization of diffusion coefficient in diffusion estimation, puts forward a variance-based algorithm to optimize information diffusion coefficient, theoretically derives the correctness of the algorithm, and proposes a method to evaluate the effectiveness of missile models on the strength of the algorithm. Experiments show that, the precision of information diffusion estimation adopting diffusion coefficient based on variance, is superior to the empirical equation algorithm. And the method evaluating the effectiveness of missile models could effectively implement the scientific verification and selection of the models.


Objectives: To determine the risk factors for high resistance of ciprofloxacin against E. Coli in complicated urinary tract infections. Material and Methods: It is an analytical study that was conducted in department of Urology (Team 'C') at Institute of Kidney Diseases Hayatabad Peshawar from 1st June 2012 till 31st December 2012. Total numbers of 100 patients with complicated UTI was selected in the study. Multivariate analysis and linear regression was performed for the detection of risk factors. All the data was recorded on structured Proforma and was analyzed on SPSS version 17. Results: The mean age of the patient was 55.6 years (Range 3-82 years). Sixty-two patients were male while 38 pa- tients were female. 66 isolates of E-Coli were found sensitive to ciprofloxacin while 34 isolates were found Resistant for ciprofloxacin. Using multivariate analysis and linear regression, an increasing age above 50 (p=0.002) History of urinary catheterization especially for bladder outflow obstruction (p=0.001) and previous multiple use of ciprofloxacin (p=0.001) and poor brand of ciprofloxacin were found to be independent risk factors for high resistance of ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The risk factors for emerging resistance are increasing age, urinary catheterization and multiple use and poor brand of ciprofloxacin


The teaching and learning activities at grade 10 th SMA Negeri 1 Krueng Barona Jaya and SMAN 1 Peukan Bada Aceh Besar, it can be seen that the learning motivation of students is still lacking to learn. The learning motivation of students has not been maXmized because students still feel the learning conditions that provide opportunities for students to make assumptions and carry out an experiment to obtain their own knowledge. This condition causes students to only refer to conventional modules which contain material only. This study aims to analyze the differences in the learning motivation of students in the experimental class and the control class on environmental pollution material in class grade 10 th  SMAN Aceh Besar. The approach used in this research is quantitative, the type of research is applied research, a quasi-experimental method, with a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design. The research sample was 105 students. The research procedure was to provide a pre-test, a web-based electronic module treatment combined with PBL in the experimental class and conventional methods in the control class, and post-test. The instrument used is a questionnaire that has been tested for validity, reliability test. Data analysis used independent t-test with prerequisite test for normality and homogeneity test. The results showed that there were differences in the learning motivation of students in the experimental class and the control class on environmental pollution concept in class X SMAN Aceh Besar. The learning motivation taught by web-based electronic modules combined with PBL is better than conventional methods.


Scholars interested in the application of new technologies in their research usually emphasize the promise: new ways of handling their materials, more efficient or effective working routines, or even completely new research questions. In virtually every field, these pioneers are confronted with skeptics, who tend to point to the potential disruption of existing quality standards, the uncertainties with respect to outcome, and the huge investments needed in terms of precious research time and support staff. These conflicts and discussions can be analyzed in terms of the attitude with respect to technological change (e.g. resistance to innovation), or in terms of interests and social networks. In this paper, I propose an alternative venue and analyze them as the construction site of new academic and scholarly identities. This may also clarify why some technological interventions in scholarly practice may be perceived as threatening: they may undermine a specific interpretation of what it is to be a scholar, while implicitly or explicitly promoting an alternative form of academic life. This analytical perspective can also be used to study new cyber-infrastructures, digital workbenches, and information environments with respect to their implications for academic life forms. Introduction: from e-science to e-research I think it is not an exaggeration to say that in many ways the social sciences and humanities are reshaping themselves. And although I certainly do not want to claim to have a complete overview of the relevant literature (isn't this precisely one of the anxieties in scholarship nowadays?), the future of the humanities and of scholarship seems to be on the agenda from three distinct perspectives: • Changing roles of the humanities and scholars in society • Technological change, in particular with respect to digitization and communication • Shifting boundaries between scientific and scholarly fields and the emergence of interdisciplinary centers and methods. All three perspectives are the result of a mix of internal and external influences, of bottom-up processes of changing intellectual fashions and students voting with their feet in favor of novel fields or approaches, and of top-down decisions of shifting funding for teaching and research from one area to another. Historians of science have convincingly shown that it is not very useful to try to distinguish "pure" intellectual development from external influences in the development of scholarly and scientific research (Bynum, Browne, & Porter, 1981; Collins, 2001). For example, many external influences manifest themselves as organic bottom-up processes when a new generation of researchers enters a field with new intellectual styles and concerns. The upshot of this is that it seems also disadvantageous to discuss these three perspectives separately, since their implications cannot easily be explored in isolation of each other. Yet, it is striking how often a particular analysis of the future of the humanities and social sciences focuses on of these perspectives, sometimes mentioning one of the other two aspects only in passing. For example, the Gulbenkian Report on the restructuring of the social sciences (Wallerstein, 1996) "Open the Social Sciences" is built on the premise that the existing disciplinary boundaries between the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities had outlived themselves, and are actually creating stumbling blocks rather than than helpful demarcations. The report discusses institutional mechanisms that maintain these boundaries and emphasizes that most interesting and pressing social and scientific problems are inherently interdisciplinary. The Gulbenkian Report provides a lucid analysis that is still in many ways relevant, but one does not find many indications that the authors at the time were aware of the potentially upsetting role of increasing information flows and of information and communication technologies. The role of information and communication technologies (ICT) is, on the other hand, central in the recent report of the American Council of Learned Societies on Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences, "Our Cultural Commonwealth" (ACLS, 2006). I think the report can be seen as the result of a growing awareness that it is not sufficient to simply claim that large-scale computational facilities and broadband networks will service all, or all relevant, fields of enquiry. The first reports on cyberinfrastructure and e-science did actually, more or less explicitly, assume this (Atkins et al., 2003; Berman, Fox, & Hey, 2003; Hey & Trefethen, 2002; Vann & Bowker, 2006). They were strongly influenced by computer science paradigmas about the layered nature of computer infrastructures, building up from very general networks to middleware to specific applications. Only the last layer would be fieldspecific. An example of this layered structure and its increasing field-specifity is pictured in Figure 1, from a key paper in the creation of Dutch e-science infrastructures (Berg, Jones, Osseyran, & Wielinga, 2003). Figure 1: e-Science Infrastructure (from Berg et al. 2003, p. 12) The recent ACLS report has a different emphasis and spells out an agenda of informatics for humanities that does indeed differ from more traditional computer science approaches, although building on this expertise. For example, it makes the connection between new information tools and the tradition of dealing with information and complex collections in the humanities. The humanities, far from being a backwater with respect to ICT, are actually very well placed to play a leading role in the creation of new information environments for scholarship. The report is also a recognition of the specific needs of the humanities and interpretive social sciences. It defines the future of scholarship as shaped by a grand challenge. Meeting this challenge will help create an integrated networked cultural record that provides universal access to human heritage for everyone. Building this cultural record requires, still according to the report, forms of intensive collaboration among scholars as well as cooperation with librarians, curators, and archivists. The report also identifies a major challenge for computer scientists: the building of tools that support new ways of working in the humanities. Interpretation is at the heart of the humanities, and we are still far from the situation that computer-assisted interpretation is common in the humanities or qualitative social sciences. We need new tools for finding patterns in large data sets and collections (heuristics) as well as tools that support the interpretation (hermeneutics). The ACLS report is, I think, a very convincing delineation of what digital scholarship is about: it is not only tool building, or making infrastructures available and then hope that scholars will indeed make use of them, but is the reconfiguration of the very essence of knowledge making. This is also our central concern at the Virtual Knowledge Studio for the Humanities and Social Sciences (VKS). As an aside for those readers unfamiliar with the VKS: the process of the creation of scientific or scholarly knowledge is our core research object. It also explains why we proposed in 2004 to use the term e-research rather than e-science (which at the time was next to "cyber-infrastructure" if not the exclusive term than certainly the dominant one) (Wouters, 2004). The fact that it has now become common to speak of e-research rather than e-science can be seen as another indicator (like the publication of the ACLS report is) of a growing awareness of the specificities of information infrastructures for particular fields across the whole spectrum from natural science to the arts. In the context of e-research, it is tempting to focus on the digital technologies. Such an approach would, however, ignore the epistemic dimension of knowledge practices. Scholarly and scientific developments are intellectually codified, so that they are relatively resistant to external steering, but not to technological change. The study of the interaction between users, designers and technological artefacts is the topic of a number of well-established fields of research: humanities computing, social informatics, technology studies, human computer interaction, computer supported cooperative work, and innovation studies. Although the researchers at the Studio are able to draw upon this knowledge, our research agenda is not limited to these useroriented paradigms. The central problem in the development of e-research is not the technology, nor the role of the user in technological environments, but the cultural and historical specificity of knowledge production in the new technologically mediated contexts. This is the reason the VKS puts knowledge creation centre stage. Our central research question is how it is possible to develop novel ways of knowledge creation in the humanities and social sciences by utilizing and adapting e-research concepts, instruments and ways of working. This includes the epistemic and cultural effects of e-research on the humanities and social sciences. Conservative academic culture So overall, the ACLS report is very valuable as an agenda for the humanities, and at the Virtual Knowledge Studio we have read it with great interest since it dovetails so beautifully with what we are doing. Reading the ACLS report, I could not suppress the feeling that we should perhaps be even more focused on clarifying the implications of how the notion of digital scholarship is defined. First, the report has a comparable weakness to the Gulbenkian Report mentioned above. It does not make the connection with the changing role of the humanities, or with the discussion about changing boundaries among fields. The report only mentions the need of interdisciplinary research in general terms, but does not spell out what this means and how the balance be


inflated sense of ceremony and importance; this strategic nostalgia applied to the overall exhibition as well. The songs were a "musical manifestation of imperial expansion" (p. 251) that was anachronistic almost from themoment they debuted and now offer an instructive lesson about the perception of empire by the 1920s. The chronological organization of the chapters leaves no doubt that exhibition, in myriad ways, was central to the operation of empire. This could include the questioning of empire and expansion, as emphasized in Douglas Fordham's analysis of satirical cartoons that lampooned the diplomacy of peace and in the discussion of Nabobs in McAleer and Mackenzie's introduction. Mackenzie and Auerbach also both discuss a link between the waning of empire in the early twentieth century and the increase in the size and grandeur of imperial events like the Festival of Empire and the Delhi Durbar of 1911. These insights suggest there is a larger argument contained in these chapters about how adding a focus on exhibition and display can change prevailing narratives of the history of the British Empire, but it is not made explicit. The reader is left instead with a better understanding of the multiplicity of objects and practices used to represent empire over time. The stated goal of the collection is to show that the "history of empire also needs to be, to a large degree, a history of display and of reception" (p. 2). The contributors are certainly successful with regard to display, and they make strides with respect to tracing reception. Most of the chapters do engage with audience and how certain works were received, particularly in the periodical press. Precisely how everyday Britons received empire remains a hard topic to elucidate, however. This is not a critique specific to this collection, but rather a wider observation for those studying history. Is a book's purchase a reasonable indication that it was read? How can we gauge how viewers interpreted a painting, or a panorama, when we are often limited to a critic's comments? Of course, these are questions central to the study of history and have long been debated; reading these essays in another opportunity to participate fruitfully with the topic. Exhibiting the Empire is an engaging read for scholars of empire of all levels. Specialists will enjoy the detail of each chapter on a separate culture of display, while graduate students will gain a firm understanding of the utterly entwined relationship between empire and exhibition. With some exceptions, the essays stay focused on the British, and specifically the London, public, leaving room for further studies of rural and colonial exhibition and reception.


The process of ageing concerns the total organism, body as well as the mind and its impact is laid on every aspect of human existence. The elderly people are now virtually thrown into a life of uncertainty and vulnerability. They suffer in the process of growing old and become overwhelmed by the unfavorable atmosphere when they are confronted with the problems. This study is undertaken to understand health status of elderly living in old age homes. This study is exploratory as well as descriptive in nature. Here an attempt is made to describe physical and mental health problems faced by institutionalized aged of the age of 60 and above. The participant group comprised 75 aged both males and females residing in Ashaktashram Old Age Home, Dakor, Gujarat.


Whey proteins protective against mastitis-causing bacteria are present in bovine colostrum and milk. High immune response (HIR) cattle have more robust and balanced antibody-mediated (AMIR) and cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR) compared to Average (A) and Low (L) responders and have lower incidents of mastitis. The hypothesis of this research was that HIR cows have increased concentrations of anti-microbial constituents in mammary secretions compared to A or L responders. The objectives of the study were to quantify total immunoglobulin isotype G (IgG), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and lactoferrin in colostrum and milk from cows (n=108) with diverse immune response phenotypes. Results indicated that cattle High (H) for AMIR have significantly greater total IgG and β-LG in colostrum compared to A and L AMIR cows. Breeding for H AMIR cows that produce colostrum with increased concentrations of immunologically active components may provide a method to prevent disease in animals and humans. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Bonnie Mallard, for her generous and continuous guidance and support throughout this program. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to complete a fourth year research project, to become a summer student and to take on this Masters program in your lab as well as to travel around North America to present the results of this research. Thank you also for encouraging me to ultimately explore the depths of my potential. In this sense, you opened a wide door for academic and personal growth. Your mentorship has meant a lot to me and has played a substantial role in shaping my future. Secondly, I would like to thank my advisory committee, Dr. Milena Corredig and Dr. Filippo Miglior for their invaluable input, advice and time. Thirdly, I would like to thank members of the Mallard lab including Dr. Stoop for their time and resourcefulness, their input during practice presentations, their help at the barn and their company in the lab. In particular, I would like to thank Dr. Kathleen Thompson-Crispi for everything you have taught me over the past several years including scientific writing skills, presentation skills and how to conduct statistical analyses. I would also like to individually thank Dr. Douglas Hodgins for his guidance during the creation of this thesis's hypotheses and objectives, teaching me about statistical analyses, ELISAs, RID, immunology and the dairy industry as well as collecting numerous calf sera samples. You have inspired me to …


We present a 28‐year‐old remote‐living male who presented to our dermatology clinic with increasing pruritus over his torso and limbs in the context of a recent admission for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) secondary to paliperidone depot. Our case demonstrates that pruritus in the re‐epithelialising phase of TEN may be a sign of abnormal scarring. Early assessment and measurement for compression garments is recommended.


(1) The pooled 1-year prevalence of abuse/addiction of prescribed opioids (defined by hospital stays because of mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol, opioids, tranquilizers, multiple substances and intoxications by narcotic agents) in insured of a large German statutory with long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the year 2012 was not 0.008%, but 0.56%. (2) The pooled 1-year prevalence of abuse/addiction of prescribed opioids (defined by hospital stays because of mental and behavioural disorders due to alcohol, opioids, tranquilizers, multiple substances and intoxications by narcotic agents) was 0.008% of all insured irrespectively if they received an opioid prescription or not.


This paper explores the purpose of the doctoral degree, as a research degree, in the community college. A dilemma occurs when a research degree is required in a community college environment in which teaching is the primary mission. Where does the emphasis occur: teaching or researching and publishing? Further examination reveals a contradiction in the hiring process under the tenure requirements both in the university and in the community college. Tenure contains implicit contradictions when applied to the hiring process and the provision of academic freedom for the classroom teacher, whose role is secondary to research publication. Suggestions are made for equal value placed on development of classroom materials and instructional innovation as well as scholarly journal publications. An additional suggestion for a Director of Faculty and Staff Development is proffered to provide for tapping the research skills of the Ph.D.s already hired. Such a position would provide a creative outlet for the individual...


Author Affiliations: Departments of Hematology/Oncology (Mazza) and Internal Medicine (Yale), Marshfield Clinic and Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wis. Corresponding Author: Joseph J. Mazza, MD, Clinical Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449; phone: 715.389.7643; fax: 715.389.3808; e-mail email@example.com. abStract This manuscript represents a brief review of the current oral anticoagulants that have come on the scene over the past decade and that are now in various stages of development through the process of phase II and III clinical trials. A brief review of the oral thrombin and direct factor Xa inhibitors is presented to apprise the practicing clinician of the status of these new agents. Efficacy and safety issues are mentioned as they relate to each agent and the need for alternative agents to replace the vitamin K antagonists for long-term anticoagulation therapy. Although none of the agents discussed in the review have been approved for clinical use, data accumulated thus far from the clinical studies have provided some degree of encouragement and optimism for their future approval.


The purpose of our study is to evaluate risk factors for the development of pulmonary fibrosis in the baseline computed tomography (CT) during the course of chemotherapy‐induced pneumonitis (CIP).


Educational administration is an important part of teaching management.It should be carried out in an innovative way in order to achieve efficient teaching.This paper analyzes the characteristics of educational administration in colleges and universities and the existent problems.It also puts forward ways to improve educational administration work and offers theoretical references to the innovation and further development of educational administration work.


The Mixed Lymphocyte Culture is an important criterion for the donor-receptor-selection in case of the bone marrow transplantation. In this connection inactive patient cells acting only as stimulator cells but not reacting perse have a special relevance. Cytarabin as inactivator and its reactions and reaction conditions are described


[Objective] The aim was to understand the current situation and existing problems as well as explore the prevention and control measures. [Method] The current situation and existing problems of geological disaster in Qixingguan region were introduced,and some prevention and control measures were put forward. [Result]Aimed at the existing problems of geological disaster in Qixingguan region,some prevention and control measures were put forward as followed: strengthening the examination degree of geological disaster hidden trouble area in flood season; developing monitoring and warning prediction of geological disaster in flood season; strengthening the emergency duty and information distribution of geological disaster in flood season; positively developing publicity and training of geological disaster controlling in flood season; speeding up the degree of geological disaster controlling projects; roundly accelerating the establishment of high standard"Ten-having county"of geological disaster controlling; strengthening the supervision degree of artificial engineering activities. [Conclusion]The study provides important reference for strengthening regional security consciousness and perfecting area county geological disaster forecast warning command work.


Harmonic analysis, and in particular the relation between function smoothness and approximate sparsity of its wavelet coefficients, has played a key role in signal processing and statistical inference for low dimensional data. In contrast, harmonic analysis has thus far had little impact in modern problems involving high dimensional data, or data encoded as graphs or networks. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a harmonic analysis approach, including both learning algorithms and supporting theory, applicable to these more general settings. Given data (be it high dimensional, graph or network) that is represented by one or more hierarchical trees, we first construct multi-scale wavelet-like orthonormal bases on it. Second, we prove that in analogy to the Euclidean case, function smoothness with respect to a specific metric induced by the tree is equivalent to exponential rate of coefficient decay, that is, to approximate sparsity. These results readily translate to simple practical algorithms for various learning tasks. We present an application to transductive semi-supervised learning.


Intermetallic base MoSi2-SiC composite, an excellent high temperature oxidation-resistant material meant for the aerospace structural applications between 1600°C and 1700°C under oxidizing environment, has been developed successfully using powder metallurgy techniques. Mechanically milled (MM) MoSi2 powder, blended with SiC particulate was consolidated by vacuum hot pressing, yielded about 98.5% theoretical density. The composite has been characterized for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Properties were found satisfactory. Machining of semis to intricate shape was possible through electro-discharge machining (EDM) process. Plasma arc jet test (PAJT) under argon and argon


Proposed new interpretation of the novel of I. S. Shmelev «Pilgrimage». The text is considered in the context of «menajon code» with markers of the name of Saint Sergius, episodes from his life, stories of people´s lives, honor of St. Sergius of Radonezh. Given the arguments that the reception of artistic identification is one of the leading in the text, reveals the main idea of the author: about the presence of Holiness reflected in every person, believer in Holy. Characterized the artistic features of the novel, shows the complex and multifaceted perception of the people about the phenomenon of Holiness. Defined parts of the text, talking about the sincerity and emotional fullness of faith in Sergius as "defender" of the common man. Specific artistic techniques allowing to speak about the genre distinction of the "life" and the story using hagiographic and menajon traditions.


The goal of this study was to evaluate the developmental trajectory of response inhibition and state regulation in 60 nonreferred boys ranking in age from 7 to 12 years. For this purpose, we used a go-no go test that was derived from Sanders's (1983) theory of state regulation. In this test, go-no go stimuli were presented on a monitor with a presentation rate of 1 sec (fast condition), 4 sec (medium condition), or 8 sec (slow condition). In accordance with Sanders's theory, we hypothesized that, if state regulation develops in the elementary school years, then the youngest age group (7 and 8 years) would demonstrate poor impulse control, particularly in the fast and slow conditions, in which state regulation was assumed to be essential. Our hypothesis was supported. Findings reflected a developmental course in state regulation in the elementary school years. We discuss the clinical impact of the results with reference to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.


Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the links from self‐focused emotional labor (surface acting) and other‐focused emotional labor (emotional enhancement) to job satisfaction, affective commitment, emotional exhaustion, and intentions to quit.Design/methodology/approach – The study employed a cross‐sectional survey of 363 nurses' aides and childcare workers.Findings – Surface acting, a type of self‐focused emotional labor, was related to negative work outcomes (lower job satisfaction and affective commitment as well as higher turnover intentions and emotional exhaustion). Emotional enhancement, a form of other‐focused emotional labor, was related to positive outcomes (lower turnover intentions and emotional exhaustion) when performed for clients' family members, but not for clients.Research limitations/implications – The cross sectional design of this study limits the ability to map the temporal ordering of these relationships, and thus to determine if emotional enhancement is a job resource...


The purpose of this paper is to analyze a method of evaluating the change of emotion expressed in the Korean dance. Our research is based on three conditions on experiments. First, experimental dance should be Korean traditional dance. Second, an educational program should be developed for maximizing the immersion so that the emotion could be expressed well. Finally, the quantitative interpretation through feature extraction is needed to prove the efficacy of this program. This paper suggests not only the methodology of emotion analysis but also effective educational program to improve traditional dance instruction. Furthermore, this paper is distinctive with previous researches on general emotion since this paper focuses on analyzing native emotions of Koreans through traditional dance, which holds Koreans' unique emotions.


Introduction: Cultivating good food that is cooking a meal based on the
principles of food hygiene and sanitation which includes knowledge, attitudes,
and behavior of food processors in obeying the principles of health, hygiene
principles, the principle of security in handling food to produce healthy and safe
food for consumption.
Objective: To describe the level of knowledge of the behavior of food sanitation
hygiene in food processing power at Rumah Makan Taman Sari
Methods: This study is an observational study using cross sectional data
analysis techniques used in this study were univariate.
Results: The study was conducted on 28 respondents, respondents overall
female sex as much as 28 (100%), the majority of respondents aged 25-30 years
with 16 (57.1%), long working respondents mostly one year as many as nine
(32.1 %), and the last education is high school respondents largely as much as
15 (53.6%). The level of knowledge in both categories as many as 18 (64.3%),
the level of knowledge with categories quite as much as 8 (28.6%) and the level
of knowledge respondents with less category 2 (7.1%). The level of the behavior
of respondents with good category were 19 (67.9%) and the behavior of
respondents with category level is not good as much as 9 (32.1%). The level of
knowledge both have good behavior.
Conclusion: The level of knowledge of management of the food at Restaurant
Taman Sari mostly either category. Sanitation Hygiene behavior in serving food
at food processing power at Restaurant Taman Sari mostly either category.
Keywords : Knowledge, Behavior, Sanitation Hygiene


She is desperate and bitter, she believes in superstition, she is an outcast gone mad, and above all she is dead: Maryam, the narrator of Assad Fouladkar's 2001 feature film Lamma Hikyit Maryam, is yet the only source of information available to the viewers. From her small empty room in the clinic where she has been kept and where she is receiving her psychiatric treatment, Maryam breaks her silence to tell the story of her failing marriage and her gradual breakdown, which eventually lead to her death. Using the Lebanese local dialect as its main language, Lamma Hikyit Maryam or When Maryam Spoke Out tells the story of the struggle and suffering of Maryam, a young woman who is rejected by her beloved husband and condemned by the rest of her society only because she is infertile. Fouladkar's Lamma Hikyit Maryam renders justice to the incriminated and silenced Maryam by presenting the woman's perspective and by exposing the dilemmas she lived through as she was trying to adapt to the harsh laws set by contemporary Arab societies.


Original "Maltese Cross" decorative blocks screening living room windows from the street; This is a Twin Palms Estate tract home in the "Long Butterfly" style. At 1600 sq. ft. it is actually one of the larger models of tract homes designed by Palmer and Krisel. It has three bedrooms and two baths. In 1957, full-scale production of single-family Alexander Construction homes (most with private pools) began in Palm Springs in the neighborhood of Twin Palms Estates, directly south of highway 111 and south of the Ocotillo Lodge. In all, Alexander would build some 2,500 of the Palmer and Krisel designed homes. The houses started at a cost of about $30,000 dollars when initially built in 1957. Source: Palm Springs Preservation Foundation; http://www.pspreservationfoundation.org/ (accessed 8/30/2015)


Many large distributed systems today use sophisticated combinations of replication and partitioning of data and compute, but traditional distributed system designs steer developers towards a monolithic design, wherein the distributed principal–a slice of the state or the state machine–is heavyweight and replication and partitioning decisions are infrequently reconfigured if at all. We present GigaPaxos, a novel system for scalable, fine-grained, reconfigurable replica coordination. A key capability in GigaPaxos is maximal object-group configurability, i.e., the ability to easily manage and quickly reconfigure a very large number of replica groups, one for each lightweight fault-tolerant principal as small as a single record in a key-value store or an ephemeral service replica created on the fly for each user. GigaPaxos achieves this goal by driving down the marginal memory overhead of a replicated state machine to a few hundred bytes while keeping the messaging overhead, throughput, and latency of each group independent of the total number of groups and comparable to or vastly better than state-of-the-art consensus systems. We study the benefits of object-group configurability using several case studies including myCloud, a hypothetical application that creates a custom, reconfigurable replica group for each user's personal cloud data, and show that agile reconfigurability can significantly enhance user-perceived performance.


The effect of radiation on the normal hypothalamic - pituitary unit is not known. In the present work an attempt is made to study prospectively the effect of irradiation on the "intact" hypothalamic pituitary axis in children. Nine leukemic children, aged 2½–13 years without clinical or laboratory evidence, of CNS involvement were studied. Plasma growth hormone (PGH) was determined by radioimmunoassay in samples obtained hourly from 8 pm to 7 am before and after a 3-week course of "prophylactic" cranial irradiation (2400 rods). The mean hourly PGH value prior to irradiation (4.1±1.6 ng/ml) was similar to that of 6 endocrinologically normal children (4.09±2.4 ng/ml), a finding strongly suggesting normal pituitary function prior to irradiation. Following irradiation the corresponding PGH value (2.7±1.6 ng/ml) was lower than before (p <0.02). The findings suggest an immediate suppressive effect of irradiation on the apparently normal hypothalamic pituitary axis


Let H be a separable Hilbert space, and let ϕ and θ be two strongly commuting CP0-semigroups on B(H). In a previous paper we constructed a Hilbert space K ⊇ H and two (strongly) commuting E0-semigroups α and β such that \[ \phi_s\circ \theta_t (P_H A P_H) =P_H \alpha_s\circ \beta_t (A) P_H \] for all s, t ≥ 0 and all A ∈ B(K). In this note we prove that if ϕ is not an automorphism semigroup, then the semigroup α (given by the above mentioned construction) is cocycle conjugate to the minimal *-endomorphic dilation of ϕ, and that if ϕ is an automorphism semigroup, then α is also an automorphism semigroup. In particular, we conclude that if ϕ is not an automorphism semigroup and has a bounded generator (in particular, if H is finite dimensional), then α is a type I E0-semigroup.


The invention relates to a relay protection method in the field of electrical system. It discloses a method for detecting zero-point orientation by compensating test zero-point voltage at protecting location. The method has the following steps: obtaining instantaneous value of current and voltage by high voltage wire protection device sampling current and voltage waveform of mutual inducer, computing each electric conductivity's complex form by Fu's algorithm, filtering zero-point current and zero-point voltage at safety arrangement by filtering algorithm, quoting whether zero-point current unit meets the condition, if it is less than a value, putting it to zero-point voltage compensation unit, using the value as indispensable condition of zero-point voltage compensation unit. If zero-point direction unit after computing by compensation voltage is headway, we can deem the zero-point direction measured by relay protection is headway.


The notes on the Presocratics, which Samuel Beckett wrote in the 1930s, are interesting and perhaps even paradigmatic for genetic Beckett studies. To examine this presocratic matter, this essay opens with some pre-Beckettian observations. After a short analysis of Beckett's notes on the Presocratics and of their reverberations in his post-war texts, the essay concludes with an examination of the way in which these notes may be of help in making a methodological distinction between source studies and genetic criticism.


.................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................ vi List of Tables......................................................................................................... vii General Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 The Motion Aftereffect in the Human Visual System ........................................ 2 Psychophysical Methods Used to Study the Motion Aftereffect ........................ 3 Visual Illusions in the Avian Species ................................................................. 7 Motion Aftereffect in the Avian Species .......................................................... 12 Experiment Introduction ....................................................................................... 15 Thesis Research Question: Do Chickens Perceive the MAE? .......................... 15 Experiment ............................................................................................................ 20 Method .................................................................................................................. 20 Subjects ............................................................................................................. 20 Apparatus .......................................................................................................... 21 Visual Stimuli ................................................................................................... 24 Training Procedure ............................................................................................ 27 Experiment Procedure ....................................................................................... 32 Results ................................................................................................................... 33 Training Results ................................................................................................ 33


The founders of Laser Propulsion (LP) viewed laser ablation as a key physical mechanism for generation of thrust. Three decades of systematic studies have shown that the role of laser ablation in LP is rather indirect and different from what has been expected. This paper reviews the effort to revise the original idea of using "direct" laser ablation of matter for propulsion , conducted at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. The study evolved from the formulation of the concept in 1999 to the first in-lab flight demonstrations in 2004. The physical principles of ablative laser propulsion (ALP) will be reviewed. The discussion will be focussed on our studies, conducted with three independent techniques: ion time-of-flight, force measurements and plasma imaging. From these experiments such characteristic parameters as specific impulse, coupling coefficient and efficiency were deduced. These results were finally corroborated by flight demonstration. The paper is concluded with discussion of future prospects for development of ALP.


The automatic metric analysis (commonly referred to as scansion) of Spanish poetry is not a trivial problem since it combines the nuances of the language, the different poetic traditions related to melodic patterns, and the personal stylistic preferences and intentions of the author. In this paper, we explore two alternative algorithmic approaches tailored to different applications scenarios. The first approach, Rantanplan, is a rule-based method that consists of four Natural Language Processing modules that work together to perform scansion and other related analysis: Part of Speech tagging, syllabification, stress assignment, and metrical adjustment. The second approach, Jumper, explores the possibility of performing scansion without syllabification, with a twofold purpose: to minimize the errors propagated in different parts of the linguistic processing pipeline (including the syllabification step), and to improve the efficiency of the process. Both systems outperform the state of the art and provide either a more informative solution (suitable, for instance, for teaching purposes) or a more efficient processing (when a correct scansion is all the linguistic knowledge required, as in scholar philological studies). The combined use of both systems turns out to provide a practical tool to clean-up manual annotation errors in corpora.


BACKGROUND
Hypertensive arteriopathy (HA) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) may contribute to the development of mixed cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Recently, the total small vessel disease (SVD) scores for HA and CAA were proposed, which are determined by a combination of MRI markers to reflect overall severity of these microangiopathies.

OBJECTIVE
We investigated whether or not total HA-SVD and CAA-SVD scores could be used to predict overlap of HA and CAA in patients with mixed CMBs.

METHODS
Fifty-three subjects with mixed CMBs were retrospectively analyzed. MRI markers (CMBs, lacunes, perivascular space, white matter hyperintensity [WMH] and cortical superficial siderosis [cSS]) were assessed. The HA-SVD score and CAA-SVD score were obtained for each subject. Anterior or posterior WMH was also assessed using the age-related white matter changes scale.

RESULTS
The two scores were positively correlated (ρ= 0.449, p <  0.001). The prevalence of lobar dominant CMB distribution (p <  0.001) and lacunes in the centrum semiovale (p <  0.001) and the severity of WMH in the parieto-occipital lobes (p = 0.004) were significantly higher in the high CAA-SVD score group. cSS was found in four patients with high CAA-SVD score who showed lobar-dominant CMB distribution and severe posterior WMH.

CONCLUSION
Mixed CMBs are mainly due to HA. Assessing both two scores may predict the overlap of HA and CAA in individuals with mixed CMBs. Patients with a high CAA-SVD score may have some degree of advanced CAA, especially when lobar predominant CMBs, severe posterior WMH, lobar lacunes, or cSS are observed.


The numerical solution of the Linearized Boltzmann Equation (LBE) via the Discrete Ordinates method (SN) requires extensive computational resources for large 3-D neutron and gamma transport applications due to the concurrent discretization of the angular, spatial, and energy domains. This paper will discuss the development RAPTOR-M3G (RApid Parallel Transport Of Radiation ~ Multiple 3D Geometries), a new 3-D parallel radiation transport code, and its application to the calculation of ex-vessel neutron dosimetry responses in the cavity of a commercial 2-100p Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). RAPTOR-M3G is based domain decomposition algorithms, where the spatial and angular domains are allocated and processed on multi -processor computer architectures. As compared to traditional single-processor applications, this approach reduces the computational load as well as the memory requirement per processor, yielding an efficient solution methodology for large 3-D problems. Measured neutron dosimetry responses in the reactor cavity air gap will be compared to the RAPTOR-M3G predictions. This paper is organized as follows: Section 1 discusses the RAPTOR-M3G methodology; Section 2 describes the 2-100p PWR model and the numerical results obtained. Section 3 addresses the parallel performance of the code, and Section 4 concludes this paper with final remarks and future work.


Several Corpus Linguistics research groups have gone beyond collation of 'raw' text, to syntactic annotation of the text. However, linguists developing these linguistic resources have used quite different wordtagging and parse-tree labelling schemes in each of these annotated corpora. This restricts the accessibility of each corpus, making it impossible for speech and handwriting researchers to collate them into a single very large training set. This is particularly problematic as there is evidence that one of these parsed corpora on its own is too small for a general statistical model of grammatical structure, but the combined size of all the above annotated corpora should deliver a much more reliable model. We are developing a set of mapping algorithms to map between the main tagsets and phrase structure grammar schemes used in the above corpora. We plan to develop a Multi-tagged Corpus and a MultiTreebank, a single text-set annotated with all the above tagging and parsing schemes. The text-set is the Spoken English Corpus: this is a half-way house between formal written text and colloquial conversational speech. However, the main deliverable to the computational linguistics research community is not the SEC-based MultiTreebank, but the mapping suite used to produce it - this can be used to combine currently-incompatible syntactic training sets into a large unified multicorpus. Our architecture combines standard statistical language modelling and a rule-base derived from linguists' analyses of tagset-mappings, in a novel yet intuitive way. Our development of the mapping algorithms aims to distinguish notational from substantive differences in the annotation schemes, and we will be able to evaluate tagging schemes in terms of how well they fit standard statistical language models such as n-pos (Markov) models.


Metabolic syndrome is a collection of health-related conditions that lead to serious health condition. An individual with metabolic syndrome may acquire greater risk for adult-onset complications such as cardiovascular or neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to review and provide the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC). Literature searches were performed on PubMed, Google scholar, and Web of Science Core Collection for English-language articles along with national studies. The following search terms were used during search: "prevalence of metabolic syndrome in GCC," "prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle east," "prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Arab," and "prevalence of metabolic syndrome name of country." Thirty-seven studies were selected for final review out of 132 studies. The weighted pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.3% with high heterogeneity (I2=98.94%; Cochran Q-test P<0.01). The results showed comparatively high and rising rate of metabolic syndrome in the GCC area. Preventative strategy should be considered to reduce the risk of morbidity or mortality related to metabolic syndrome.


A non-therapeutic for lightening a skin region or hair of a subject method, the method comprising applying to the skin region or hair at least one type of an enzyme of lignin peroxidase in a form suitable for oxidizing a pigment contained within the cells of the skin region or hair.


IBM has recently launched Project Intu, which extends the existing web-based cognitive service Watson with the Internet of Things to provide an intelligent personal assistant service. We propose a voice customization service that allows a user to directly customize the voice of Intu. The method for voice customization is based on IBM Watson's text-to-speech service and voice conversion model. A user can train the voice conversion model by providing a minimum of approximately 100 speech samples in the preferred voice (target voice). The output voice of Intu (source voice) is then converted into the target voice. Furthermore, the user does not need to offer parallel data for the target voice since the transcriptions of the source speech and target speech are the same. We also suggest methods to maximize the efficiency of voice conversion and determine the proper amount of target speech based on several experiments. When we measured the elapsed time for each process, we observed that feature extraction accounts for 59.7% of voice conversion time, which implies that fixing inefficiencies in feature extraction should be prioritized. We used the mel-cepstral distortion between the target speech and reconstructed speech as an index for conversion accuracy and found that, when the number of target speech samples for training is less than 100, the general performance of the model degrades.


PURPOSE: A cooperative scheduling method utilizing interference between multi points and an apparatus thereof are provided to determine link by using a cooperated session map. CONSTITUTION: A setting unit(910) sets up a cooperative set including cooperative links. The cooperative links is for cooperative scheduling. A generating unit(930) generates a cooperative session map in each session of a network. The cooperative session map defines cooperative link selected from at least one cooperative set. A determining unit(950) determines a cooperative group. [Reference numerals] (910) Setting unit; (913) Identifying means; (915) Setting means; (930) Generating unit; (933) First generating means; (935) Second generating means; (937) Session map creation means; (950) Determining unit; (953) Candidate group selecting means; (955) Calculating means; (957) Cooperative group determining means; (960) Selecting means; (970) ID giving means


In recent years the possibility that a maturing cochlea passes through a period of time in which it is unusually susceptible to acoustic trauma from noise exposure has been studied in a number of species. The conclusion from several sources suggests that the critical period for susceptibility to acoustic trauma is associated with developmental events within the cochlea. The data that support this conclusion will be reviewed. Evidence will also be presented to show the long‐term maturation of middle‐ear admittance in certain species. This phenomenon indicates that cochlear input may continue to develop over an extended period, and the implications of this for susceptibility to acoustic trauma in young ears will be considered. [Work supported by the Deafness Research Foundation.]


As a monitoring mission the NASA Kepler K2 mission offers the opportunity to search for long period variables, in this case along the ecliptic plane. The usability of K2 for this search is limited since the observing period of an individual target is restricted to about 80 days. However, this time scale allows detecting LPVs and making at least a rough estimate of the period length. Since no ready-to-use light curves were provided during the early phases of the K2 mission, we had to use a reduction algorithm developed by our group based on the experiences from the primary Kepler mission. Our results can now be nicely compared with the K2' High Level Science Products' released in June 2016. The first results of our study up to campaign 3 are presented.


Provides a summary of the Data Management Plan (DMP) addressing FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, re-usable) data, allocation of resources, data security and ethical aspects


Glomerular hyperfiltration is commonly observed in diabetics early after the onset of the disease and predicts the progression of nephropathy. Sustained hyperglycaemia is also closely associated with kidney hypertrophy and increased electrolyte and glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule. In this study, we investigated the role of the increased tubular sodium/glucose cotransport for diabetes‐induced glomerular hyperfiltration. To eliminate any potential confounding effect of the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism, we used adenosine A1‐receptor deficient (A1AR−/−) mice known to lack a functional TGF mechanism and compared the results to corresponding wild‐type animals (A1AR+/+).


The virulent property of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens is associated with its tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid. Recent studies on the virulence of this bacterium has shown that genes located on its chromosome also contribute to this property. One such gene is thought to produce a protein that has properties similar to that of the recA protein of E. colt. This thesis outlines the techniques that were used to try and isolate the recA-like gene from the chromosome of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens. All the techniques used in this study are outlined in detail and an explanation given for the choice of each technique. For reasons not completely understood, we were unable to isolate the recA-like gene even though a gene bank was successfully constructed and appropriately sized fragments extracted. Attempts were made to explain some of the unexpected results and appropriate steps were proposed to further understand them.


ABSTRACT European consumers prefer wild over farmed aquatic food and consider it healthier and tastier. Consumers are increasingly paying attention to sustainability and welfare of farmed fish. Such expectations might be met by organic certification, but this represents a cost for the producer. It is crucial to know consumer habits about farmed aquatic food consumption and willingness to pay for certification. Data about Italian consumers' preferences regarding farmed organic aquatic food were collected by an online questionnaire. A total of 8,657 answers were analyzed, patterns associated with demographics were investigated, and the degree of correlation among answers was calculated. The majority (75%) of family units buy less than 2 kg of farmed aquatic food per month, spending on average 20–50 €. About 40% never consume organic aquaculture products because of lack of knowledge, unavailability, and high price. Slightly over half (55%) of consumers, regardless of age, sex, and area, were willing to pay a premium price for organic-certified aquatic food, seen as antibiotic free, traceable, and sustainable. Organic food in general is well known, and distrust is the main reason that consumers avoid it, while organic aquatic food is still in its infancy, and lack of knowledge is associated with low consumption.


Respiration is very sensitive to waterlogged conditions. Under these conditions, plant roots suffer from lack of available oxygen. In fact, waterlogging reduces the exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere. When plants cannot receive sufficient oxygen level for respiration, they form aerenchyma in their roots which function as reservoirs of oxygen in the submerged plant. Aerenchyma is formed in maize (Zea mays) roots in response to different types of stress such as waterlogging, mechanical impedance, drought and nutrient deficiencies. Ethylene plays a crucial role in aerenchyma formation. Under waterlogged conditions, it can be cumulated in the submerged tissue and induces genes implicated in aerenchyma formation. These genes are related to calcium signaling, cell wall degradation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, the authors focused on the recent findings on aerenchyma in maize roots and explained the mechanisms of its formation under waterlogged conditions.

 Key words: Aerenchyma, maize root cortex, waterlogging, ethylene, programmed cell death.