It was with great interest that we read the paper of Lott and Krakovitz, who report a case of tracheal carcinoma in a patient treated with multiple injections of cidofovir for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). The report suggests an association between cidofovir treatment and the malignant transformation of RPP. We have treated a large number of patients with RRP, and we have been using cidofovir in addition to surgical treatment since 2002. Fortunately, we have not observed any such association during this time period. It is well known that the integration of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA into host cell DNA can eliminate expression of downstream regulatory elements that may lead to malignant transformation. The HPV strains 6 and 11 are commonly found in papillomas. Generally, they have a low malignant potential, and there are several reports of malignant transformation of RRP associated with low-risk HPV infection. The incidence of malignant transformation of RRP linked to HPV infection is reported to range from 1.6% to 4%. Evidence for the malignant potential of cidofovir is vague. It is known that cidofovir may have carcinogenic potential at the injection site in rats. However, these results could not be reproduced in primates, and cidofovir has been in use since 1998 with no reports of malignancy being associated with it in humans. The link between cidofovir and the malignant transformation of RRP in this case seems questionable. First, HPV was detected in the tumor cells. Second, the authors did not provide details regarding the cidofovir injection sites in their patient (it seems unlikely that an injection of cidofovir into laryngeal tissue would cause a carcinoma in the trachea). Moreover, details regarding the dose of the injected cidofovir were not provided (e.g., total dose). Our clinical experience using cidofovir leads us to believe that it is a safe and efficacious adjunct to the surgical treatment of RRP. We are concerned that this report may discourage physicians and patients in the acceptance and use of this drug based on a single report suggesting such an association but that lacks any scientific evidence.


The utility model relates to the technical field of textile machines, in particular to a novel adjustable yarn cone. The novel adjustable yarn cone comprises a vertical rod, an upper end cover and a lower end cover, the upper end and the lower end of the vertical rod are connected with the upper end cover and the lower end cover, the lower end cover is fixedly connected with the vertical rod, the upper end cover is movably connected to the vertical rod, a hole is formed in the lower end of the upper end cover, internal threads are arranged on the inner wall of the hole, external threads are arranged at the upper end of the vertical rod, and the upper end cover is in threaded connection with the vertical rod through the hole. Elastic clamping sheets are arranged on the two sides of the lower end of the upper end cover and the two sides of the upper end of the lower end cover respectively. The yarn cone can be suitable for yarn cups of different heights and strong in controllability, the upper end cover and the vertical rod are movably connected, the elastic clamping sheets are arranged on the upper end cover and the lower end cover, the yarn cups can be fixed effectively, the structure is simple, and use is convenient.


The study deals with the assessment of plant diversity in Red Sanders park in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of nine species of trees belonging to six families with 1625 individuals, 25 species of shrubs belonging to 18 families with 2,042 individuals and 40 species of grasses and herbs belonging to 14 families with a total of 1,016 individuals were encountered. Quadrat size of 400 m2 were established for trees, 100 m2 for shrubs, 20 m2 for grasses and herbs. In terms of IVI, Pterocarpus santalinus was found to be the most dominant tree species, chromolaena odorata was found to be the most dominant shrub species and Bothriochloa ischaemumwas found to be the most dominant grasses and herb species. The result of the phytosociological aspects in all four sites concluded that for trees, Site-IV showed the highest value for Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H) (1.73). For shrubs, Site-I showed the highest value for Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H') (2.52). For grasses and herb, Site-III had a Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (Hˈ) of 2.62. The quantitative analysis of diversity and phytosociological attributes of tree species recorded from the present study may provide baseline information for formulating a working plan for conservation and management strategies for the forest.


New product development (NPD) collaborations with external partners involve high coordination costs and run substantial risks. Formalization seems to be an effective mechanism to mitigate said costs and risks, although the issue of whether formalization actually proves productive or counterproductive remains an open question. This study empirically analyses the direct impact of formalization and the interaction effect between formalization and trust between partners in order to gauge their influence on NPD collaboration performance. Findings indicate that formalization directly boosts the quality and novelty of the new product developed in collaboration, but that it does not affect adherence to schedule. In addition, trust reinforces the productive effect of formalization on new product quality and novelty, and makes the impact of formalization on adherence to schedule positive. However, without trust, we find a null impact of formalization on new product quality and a counterproductive impact on adherence to schedule. These results suggest that formalization and trust may complement each other, reinforcing each other's positive effect on new product quality and novelty and presenting a positive synergistic effect, while helping to overcome the counterproductive effect of formalization on adherence to schedule. JEL CLASSIFICATION: O32


The crystal structure of the title compound, [Li2(C4H2N3O4)2(H2O)4], contains centrosymmetric dinuclear molecules in which two LiI ions are bridged by two water O atoms. The metal ion is coordinated by one N,O-bidentate ligand and three water O atoms (one of them is symmetry generated), with one of the bridging water O atoms in the apical position of a distorted square pyramid. The carboxylate group that participates in coordination to the metal ion remains protonated; the other is deprotonated and coordination inactive. An intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond between carboxylate groups is observed. In the crystal, dimers are linked by O—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network.


We define and analyze the ACATS declustering scheme for use with the classic Level 5 as well as MDS RAIDs. ACATS provides a paradigm for distributed sparing and checking as well. Using Markov models we calculate the reliability of classic Level 5 as well as MDS RAIDs both with and without ACATS. Our results demonstrate, for fixed hardware configurations, trade-offs between performance and reliability within these RAID organizations. Our analysis assumes a transaction oriented environment. >


Emerging technologies, such as virtual reality, haptics, and 3-dimensionality, provide novel opportunities to allow students to investigate scientific phenomena by fostering perceptions of virtual presence, the feeling of being sensorially immersed and authentically interacting within a computer-generated virtual learning environment (VLE). Neurotypical learners are largely represented in VLE research on science learning, with fewer with neurodivergent learners, such as students with ADHD. This descriptive case study sought to address the dearth in the literature on neurodivergent students' experiences, with emerging technologies, for learning science. Specifically, the case describes the extent to which neurodivergent learners experience the affordances of VLEs for science learning, as compared to their neurotypical peers, in: zooming, spatially orienting and rotating objects, viewing multiple representations and abstract processes in real-time, as well engaging in risk through multiple trials. Five middle grades students (diagnosed with ADHD) were assessed and observed using a tool (zSpace) that combines emerging technologies to learn cardiac anatomy and physiology. Students' utterances of virtual presence and technological affordances were coded, and frequency counts and percentages were calculated, both individually and collectively. The results found that students most described sensory (41%), control (30%), and realism (26%) constructs with fewer reports of holding their attention (3%). Analyses of cardiac assessments found gains in scores for spatial rotation and viewing abstract processes, no change in score in viewing multiple representations, and a decrease in scores for spatial orientation. This case study provides unique insight into the needs of neurodivergent learners when using emerging technologies for science learning.


Purpose

Given the fact that the Greek food and beverage (F&B) sector, along with the tourism sector, is the basis of Greek economy, the purpose of this paper is to depict the extent to which Greek F&B enterprises have embraced quality costing, as a means toward economic development and quality assurance. Since no previous research has taken place in this area, the paper aims to analyze whether the quality costing approach has been adopted, in order to achieve quality improvement and a reduction of production costs.

Design/methodology/approach

As the variables in this research are mostly nominal, and no similar work has been previously conducted in Greece, an exploratory approach is adopted, specifically multiple correspondence analysis. This approach enables the researcher not only to analyze the phenomenon in a more holistic way, but also to highlight potential issues and questions that have not been previously identified.

Findings

The research concludes that Greek F&B enterprises have not yet accepted the assumption that quality costing leads to a reduction of production costs and to quality improvement. Furthermore, a second analysis highlights that "turnover" and "ISO-HACCP systems" are the most dominant demographic variables, which have a direct relationship to prevention and internal failure costs.

Originality/value

Since the Greek F&B industry constitutes the larger "employer" of domestic manufacturing, this research sheds light on the role that quality costing plays in the development and success of the Greek F&B sector, by exploring the approach that has been adopted by F&B enterprises, as well as the economic outcome of this process.


Image authentication is a new technology which has been developed in recent years.At present,digital signature and digital watermarking are the two main methods to solve the problem of image authentication.In this paper,the authors mainly study on several classic image authentication algorithms based on digital watermarking,comparing and analyzing their advantages and disadvantages.At last,the authors also make an outlook to the future work on authentication algorithm.


By the analysis on the geology and production condition of retained roadways of large-mining-height working face in Sihe Mine,the paper presents the primary support design with high pre-stress and intensive bolts.By increasing the strength and stiffness of the bolts,the pre-load in construction,and the area of surface protecting components,the bearing capacity of surrounding rocks are fully mobilized.It is shown in the application that the intensive bolt support with high pre-stress has solved serious deformation problem in the retained roadways with satisfactory results.


This article describes the requirement and principle to profile design of tundish systematically. We carry out quantitative analysis of the shape of three - strand tundish about the asymmetrical degree and specific surface area and simultaneously optimize the profile design.


AbstractThe following sections are included:ERIKA HAYESACADEMIAJIMMIE JAMESMARRIAGEMAKING IT WORKPROFESSOR ERIKA JAMESFAMILYA TYPICAL WEEK AT THE JAMESES' HOUSEMAINTAINING ENERGYMANAGING CAREERSNEW OPPORTUNITY — OR STRAW THAT COULD BREAK THE CAMEL'S BACK?QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTIONEPILOGUE


Background: The prevalence of gastro-enteritis is 11.51% in dogs with varied etiology some of organisms causing gastro -enteritis are communicable to pet friends. Objective: To study the effect of Nux vomica CH200 and ipeca cuanha CH 200 in acute gastroenteritis in dogs. Materials and Methods: Thirty four dogs brought to Sreepathi veterinary Services, Kadapa, during 2008 to 2016 with gastro-enteritis were studied with Nux vomica CH 200 and Ipeca cuanha CH 200. Results: All the treated dogs except one recovered eventually. Conclusion: Nux vomica and Ipeca cuanha controlled acute gastro-enteritis in dogs effectively.


The gametolytic gland of Hypselodoris messinensis is a voluminous globular structure that encloses a large mass of degenerative gametes, especially waste exogenous sperm. The epithelial cells of this organ show some features characteristic of secretory cells and probably release hydrolytic enzymes into the lumen. The amorphous material accumulated in the gametolytic gland does not appear to be reabsorbed by the lining epithelium.


Abstract. During a floristic survey of Araceae species in the Atlantic Forest, Espírito Santo State, southeastern Brazil, we found an unknown species of Anthurium Schott with cordate leaf bases. Here, we describe and illustrate this new species, A. marcusianum Theófilo, L. Kollmann & Sakur., and also provide comments on its ecology, distribution, and conservation status.


This article focuses on the contents and practical significance of teacher's mental quality and non-intellectual elements It mainly depends on the teachers to implement the innate quality education Therefore the teacher's qualities will directly affect to pursue the innate quality education


Abstract : This report describes the results of a theoretical study carried out to explore the possibility of obtaining quantitative information about density fluctuations in an air turbulent flow. Specific techniques considered for analysis include a new three-level gain measurment technique, the use of laser induced gas breakdown as a diagnostic tool, and monitoring of the laser induced fluorescence signal. The effect of turbulence on the diagnostic design is considered and the possibility of conducting a laboratory experiment with the use of commercially available lasers is discussed. (Author)


In this paper, the meso-scale finite element method is used to evaluate the transverse tensile damage behaviors of three-dimensional five-directional braided composites based on the representative volume cell. Finite element models with two kinds of interior braiding angles, 30° and 45°, are established on the basis of the realistic geometry shape of each yarn. A continuum damage mechanics model, which is implemented as a user-defined material subroutines in the ABAQUS commercial finite element code, is used to capture the complete damage initiation/evolution in yarns and matrix. The local responses and the failure mechanisms are analyzed. Numerical results show that the transverse tensile strength and the failure mechanisms are significantly influenced by the braiding angle. The predicted stress–strain responses and final damage morphology agree well with the experimental data, verifying the applicability of the meso-scale finite element method.


We investigate the optimal amount of dispersion compensation for maximum spectral bandwidth of an optical frequency comb from an external fiber cavity semiconductor laser with intracavity etalon.


There is a gap between the introductory and the comprehensive textbooks of geriatric medicine for general practitioners, and Practical Geriatric Medicine seeks to plug it. It focuses on common problems in the elderly and emphasises the special symptoms and signs in the presentation of disease. The contributors also give sound advice on management. The book is divided into three parts and nine sections and, after giving a general review on some aspects of aging, approaches illness in the aged systematically. Any book with such a wide remit inevitably has omissions and disappointments. The chapter on falls, which are so common and often lead to calls for help and subsequent admission to hospital, does not refer to drop attacks (or the work of Dr J H Sheldon of Wolverhampton, who first described them and found that they accounted for 25% of falls in his home survey) even though they are responsible for nearly a third of all cases of fractured femur in women. There is also no reference to Sheldon's work on impaired balance and the control of sway. Nor is there any mention of the prevention of injuries in patients who fall and the proved benefits of joint management by geriatric and orthopaedic teams of patients with fractured neck of femur. Syncope, presyncope, and postural hypotension are not evaluated, even though they are so common in clinical practice. The complications of herpes zoster are not dealt with in the dermatology section but come under viral infections, where it is surprising to find no mention of the use of acyclovir either systemically or as a topical preparation. There are three chapters on dementia, depression, and acute confusional states followed by one on sleep disorders. The seriousness of acute confusion is emphasised, but the need for comprehensive and meticulous clinical examination and prompt administration of a broad spectrum antibiotic if an infective cause is suspected is not mentioned. A common practical problem arises when the family and other members of the household complain of insomnia, and here an effective hypnotic is useful. Chloral hydrate is mentioned among other possible agents, but many would consider a 500 mg dose to be too low. A short yet comprehensive chapter on stroke is followed by an account of space occupying lesions. Needle puncture angiography is now thought to be outmoded in the elderly, and digital subtraction angiography may become an important non-invasive investigation when the necessary facilities become available. An important chapter on parkinsonism is full of good advice on drug management and gives careful schedules for drug dosage based on sound practical experience. Chapters on the special senses include an account of speech disorders and the role of poor vision in accidents and falls. Tests of visual acuity are recommended to be carried out in accident departments because undiagnosed visual handicaps may have contributed to the presenting problem. The effects of aging on hearing are well described, although the changes described in the inner ear are a little at variance with those included in the chapter on falls. Dilemmas in the treatment of hypertension are dealt with in an important chapter that concludes that it is still too early to treat this in the elderly until further trials and surveys have been performed. It is surprising that rauwolfia is still mentioned as safe, effective, and well tolerated-many might disagree. The section on vascular disease is completed by a chapter on peripheral vascular disorders, including diseases of the veins. The changes in sex steroid and gonadotrophin concentrations and gonadal function and sexual potency are discussed in an interesting chapter. Impotence, a complaint rarely mentioned by old men, even in these enlightened days, and its many potential causes is also discussed. The gynaecological section, however, does not dwell on sexual problems or examine in any detail the troublesome and common problem of atrophic vaginitis. The book ends with a section devoted to "Society and the Elderly Patient," which deals firstly with the resources for rehabilitation and dementing illnesses. In my view this book is important in several respects. Firstly, it is ideal for primary care physicians who wish to improve their standards and knowledge, and for those working for the new diploma in geriatric medicine. Secondly, physicians in general or specialist branches of medicine facing a heavy demand for care by elderly patients will find it helpful because it covers topics that are not dealt with in general medical texts. Thirdly, geriatricians stand to learn a great deal from it on modern advances and ideas from both sides of the Atlantic. Many parts of the book would be suitable for some form of literary transplantation-for example, Professor Weksler's splendid chapter on the assessment of old people for surgical operations could be transplanted with benefit into textbooks of general surgery, which usually omit this important topic. Beautifully printed and sturdily bound, this book deserves a long, well used life on library shelves, and as the years pass it should become one of the classic texts on medicine in old age. The many contemporary references show how much exciting research has been carried out in recent years and, it may be hoped, will continue and be stimulated by this valuable book. A N G CLARK


In order to develop the utilization of spun silk yarns in garment sector, CSTRI has developed void spun silk yarns in ring doubling process in spun silk mill by introducing PVA yarns along with spun silk yarn. For this purpose, two varieties of PVA yarns are sourced and converted into 2, 4 and 6 ply yarns and doubled along with spun silk yarn in ring doubling process, which is termed as void spun silk. These yarns were utilized for the production of fabrics in power looms with bivoltine silk as warp and void spun silk as weft. After weaving the fabrics, the fabric samples were degummed and dyed using reactive dyes in HTHP dyeing machine, wherein, the PVA component was dissolved so as to create void in the spun silk fabrics and hence improve the fabric comfort properties. Results indicate that 4 ply Japan PVA fabric and 2 ply Indian PVA fabric has shown improved properties compared to control spun silk fabrics.


Publisher Summary Outbreaks of foodborne illness due to consumption of meat products contaminated with bacterial pathogens, especially with Escherichia coli O157:H7, have been highly publicized. In view of this, the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) has declared E. coli O157:H7 as an "adulterant" in non-intact fresh beef products and has enforced regulatory requirements designed to reduce the incidence and numbers of food-borne pathogens associated with meat products. One of these requirements is compliance with the "zero-tolerance" policy, where knife-trimming or steam-vacuuming is to be used for removal of all visible physical contaminants, including feces and ingesta, from beef carcasses prior to washing and chilling. Furthermore, in 1996, the USDA-FSIS published new meat and poultry inspection regulations that require all meat and poultry processing facilities to: (i) establish sanitation standard operating procedures; (ii) operate under the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system; (iii) establish microbiological performance criteria and standards for E. coli biotype I and Salmonella as a means for verification of HACCP; and (iv) perform microbial testing for verification of the establishment's process controls for the prevention and removal of fecal contamination and associated microorganisms. To comply with these requirements, the US meat industry is implementing physical and/or chemical decontamination intervention systems, including animal cleaning and chemical dehairing, spot-cleaning by knife-trimming or steam-vacuuming, carcass washing/rinsing/spraying with hot or cold water and/or chemical solutions (for example, chlorine, organic acids), steam pasteurization, and carcass chilling. This chapter focuses on how these decontamination intervention systems have been combined according to the hurdle technology concept and are currently used by the US meat industry in their efforts to produce a microbiologically cleaner and safer product for the consumer.


We analyze the effect of trade liberalization on technology adoption and social welfare in a world economy consisting of two countries. Before trade liberalization, due to prohibitively high tariffs, one domestic firm in each country behaves as a monopoly. With trade liberalization, each firm can export to the other country with zero tariffs. Each firm produces the final product by combining an input supplied by an international monopoly and the other input supplied in the competitive market. Our results show that with trade liberalization, the technology with a lower marginal cost and higher fixed cost is adopted. Since marginal cost becomes lower, the market price decreases and the output increases. With trade liberalization, the profit of the firm that supplies the monopoly input and the consumer surplus increases. With a sufficiently larger market, the profit of the firm that produces the final goods decreases, but the social welfare increases.


The effects of driver have been considered as the key of the development for Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS).The central research status of driving behavior are reviewed,such as the study of drivers' characteristic,the application of multi-information fusion and integrated cognitive for the study about driving behavior,the study of driving behavior in mixi-traffic environment in China,and the study of humanization about driving environment.At last,the research direction in the future is proposed based on the research status.The significance of establishing driving behavior simulation models which are suitable for the traffic status in China is pointed out.


Concrete slab in the negative moment area of continuous steel-concrete composite beams is prone to crack due to the low tension strength of common concrete, which could result in the decreasing of the strength and durability. To solve this problem, a method of replacing the concrete slab with reactive powder concrete (RPC) slab which is of super high strength, durability, toughness and volume stabilization is presented. According to the constitutive relation and the high tension strength of RPC, the normal section failure mode is defined as the critical crack state, and the calculation formula of ultimate bearing capacity is deduced. Finally, some parameters that influence the ultimate bearing capacity are analyzed, such as the height ratio of RPC slab to whole beam, width ratio of RPC slab to steel beam, and the ratio of reinforcement of RPC slab. Compared with the steel-concrete composite beams, it is indicated that in the precondition of RPC slab unallowable crack in negative moment area, the ultimate bearing capacity of steel-RPC composite beams can still be increased, and the crack resistance, stiffness and durability can all be enhanced greatly.


This research aims to determine the prevalence and severity rate of scabies on goats in Sub-District of Mempawah Hilir, Mempawah, West Kalimantan. The goat livestock used were not determined by age, sex, and breed. The number of goats researched was 100 goats. Scabies prevalence measurement was to divide the number of scabies goats by total goats, then multiplied by 100% and measurement of the severity rate of scabies goats with scoring with grades 1-3 (low), 4-6 (moderate), and 7-9 (heavy). The results obtained scabies prevalence rate of 38% with 38 positive samples from a population of 100 goats and the percentage of severity was 42%, moderate 24%, and 34% severe. This is due to weather factors in the area and the type of cage as well as inadequate maintenance management, thus making many cases of scabies attack goats.


In this paper, we have examined the characteristics of Chinese newspaper corpus which contains time series information. In particular, we have analyzed the words used in the official media of the Chinese government represented by the "People"s Daily" by year. The "People"s Daily" corpus reflects the changes in China"s politics, economy, society and culture since the establishment of the People"s Republic of China. By analyzing the language information in the newspaper corpus, we were able to understand 60 years of the People"s Republic of China, which can be called the period of turbulent times. Chinese corpus data enables research based on empirical data rather than relying on human intuition. If we can summarize the characteristics of Chinese through an empirical approach, it can be used in various fields. It can also contribute to establishing language policy by grasping the tendency of language use. In the Chinese language education field, various examples can be provided to help learners improve practical language skills.


We report on the discovery of a novel diffusion pathway for silicon dimers on the Si(001) surface. As a small molecule, the dimer's configuration can play a central role in its diffusion. Using scanning tunneling microscopy movies at temperatures near 450 K, we show, in real time, changes in the dimer's configuration during its diffusion. These changes in configuration provide a pathway for diffusion across the substrate dimer rows, unlike the well-known diffusion along the dimer rows. The important energies involved in dimer row crossing are measured.


To evaluate whether the various anisotropy indices derived from breast diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can characterize the healthy breast structure and differentiate cancer from normal breast tissue.


Languages with inflection may differ in HOW MUCH of it they have and WHERE they have whatever they have of it. Some inflecting languages have few inflectional categories, possibly only person and number, while others have many, possibly including case, state, possession, gender or class, animacy, topicality, switch reference, definiteness, specificity, politeness or formality, distance, location, direction or orientation, comparison, tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality, negation, diathesis, inversion, valency, finiteness, or a few others. While some of these inflectional categories are invariably realized by only a few terms in all languages which share them, others vary considerably. Thus, while switch reference, definiteness, or inversion rarely get beyond the minimum of two terms (same subject, different subject, with different subject sometimes differentiated further; definite, indefinite, with definite sometimes differentiated further; direct, inverse), case ranges from two terms to about two dozen (with case systems arguably expanding along a rather limited number of dimensions). After categories and terms, the exponents expressing them are a third parameter for quantitative variation: a given term or term bundle (say, nominative plural) may be expressed by only a single exponent in one language and by several synonymous ones in another; and the exponents of two or more terms or term bundles (say, nominative plural and genitive singular) may be distinct in one language and homonymous in another. Some languages have inflection almost everywhere: on verbs, auxiliaries, nouns, pronouns, articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, adjectives, adverbs, and even on adpositions and conjunctions, or also on units other than words. Others practise moderation and limit inflection, for example, to verbal as opposed to nominal words, to heads as opposed to dependents or the other way round, to words as opposed to phrases, to words at the margin of phrases, especially their end, as opposed to phrase-internal words, or to special constituents whose sole purpose is to collect all inflections of a clause. In many ways cross-linguistic variation in the extents and domains of inflection is systematic rather than random: among the thousands of choices which languages take in these respects a good deal are contingent on others. Continuing the search for


An injection device comprising: a housing (112) adapted to receive a syringe (114) having a charging nozzle (118) and having a cover (123) covering the discharge nozzle so that the syringe is movable between a retracted position in which the discharge nozzle is contained within the housing and an extended position in which the discharge nozzle extends from the housing through an exit aperture (128), including means housing to deflect (126) the syringe from its extended position to its retracted position; a locking mechanism releasable retaining the syringe in its retracted position; and a sealing member housing (111) that can occupy a first position, in which it locates on the housing and prevents the locking mechanism is released, and a second position, which does not prevent the mechanism is released lock, the first position of the closure member housing a in which engages the sleeve, so that movement of the closure member of the housing to its second position results in removal of the sheath from the syringe; an actuator (130); a drive unit (131) which is actuated by the actuator and in turn acts upon the syringe to advance it from its retracted position to its extended position and discharge its contents through the discharge nozzle; a mechanism operable release to release the locking mechanism, thus allowing the syringe to be advanced by the actuator from its retracted position to its extended position, and wherein the first position of the closure member the housing is one in which it prevents locking mechanism is operated; and a return mechanism, activated when the drive unit has reached a nominal return position, to release the syringe from the action of the actuator, whereby the biasing means restores the syringe to its retracted position; characterized in that: the locking mechanism comprises a latch member (161) located within the housing and is diverted to a position in which engages a locking surface (163) and the release mechanism moves it from that position to a position where it no longer engages the locking surface.


Abstract 4-[(S)-2-Methylbutoxycarbonyl]phenyl 4-[(4-n-alkoxy-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)ethynyl]benzoates have been prepared from the starting material 1-pentafluorophenyl-2-trimethylsilylacetylene. Polarizing microscope textural observation and DSC measurements of the phase transitions of these novel compounds showed that they were liquid crystals with chiral smectic C phase (S∗C), smectic A(SA) and cholesteric (Ch) phases. The effects of the alkoxy chain length on the transition temperatures and enthalpies were also studied.


This paper investigates the crosslinguistic influences on the learning of encoding motion and state change in L2 Mandarin based on the linguistic typology motion and state change (Talmy 1985, 2000; Slobin 2004). We conducted an experiment of elicited descriptions of events of motion and state change with 10 adult native American-English learners of Mandarin. The results show that L2 adult Mandarin learners, similar to their L1 child counterparts (Chen, 2006, 2008), are sensitive to the Mandarin-way of encoding motion and state change. Overgeneralization errors reflect an overuse of the dominant way of lexicalizing motion and state change in the target language. The early learning of the target language pattern may be explained by Clark's (1993, 2004) principles of learning constructional regularities and the inter-typological similarities between Mandarin and English.


Using the reality data of hydrological prospecting of sources amount of groundwater in north river of Jiamusi City,the paper makes an evaluation and forecast to groundwater resources in the area through numerical simulation.The primary steps are summary of hydrological model,the building up and solution of mathematics model,the correcting of model,the verify and forecast of model.With a long-range accumulation of groundwater observation material through practice certification,numerical simulation method is a fast and effective method to evaluate groundwater resources,it has fixed guiding sense to evaluate and forecast to groundwater resources in the area.


on James's text. As Julius Bixler points out, ridicule began soon after the book was published: "The Varieties of Religious Experience, appear ing at about the same time as Ernest Thompson Seton's book of animal stories, was soon nicknamed 'Wild Religions I Have Known'" (1926, 1). My awakening to this attitude?a prevalent if not a pervasive one among contemporary intellectuals?led me to consider that it would be better, and crucially important to James himself, to keep James "unre spectable." James may have been a renegade and anti-professional philosopher, but he knew what he was doing. I begin my assessment of Varieties by identifying myself with one of James's self-referential remarks: "I have no real mystical experi ence of my own, but just enough of the germ of mysticism to recog nize the region from which their voice comes when I hear it" (Perry 1935, 330). Thus, like James, I write as an inquiring but sympathetic outsider. But James knew that being a sympathizer was hardly more respectable than admitting to having a religious experience. Indeed, he was well aware that many who had not had religious experiences


To advance our understanding the effects of light regimes on photosynthetic characters and yield components,and comparison the difference between sweet and waxy maize,two genotypes of maize,Xiangbainuo and Yuetian 3,were planted by artificial shading.These two genotypes of maize were raised under three light regimes: 100% of sunlight,80% of sunlight,and 40% of sunlight for their whole life long.Leaf photosynthetic characters(Pn and Tr),chlorophyll fluorescence parameters(Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ),and photosynthetic pigments content(Ch1 a,Ch1 b and Car)were determined.Yield components were also measured.The results showed that rates of apparent photosynthesis and transpiration were reduced significantly by shading,however,there was no significant difference between the two genotypes of maize.Fv/Fm in the two genotypes of maize increased with decreasing light intensity in seedling and grain filling stages.At the same light regimes,Fv/Fm in Xiangbainuo was much higher than that in Yuetian 3 in seedling stage,but lower in grain filling stage.With decreasing light intensity,ΦPSⅡ in both Xiangbainuo and Yuetian 3 increased in seedling stage,decreased in grain filling stage.Bald length was much longer in two genotypes of maize by shading.The main effects of week light regimes leaded Pn and Tr of sweet and waxy maize reducing significantly.There was week light stress on both sweet and waxy maize,thought there was difference between the two genotypes of maize.The significant decreasing of ear length,kernels per row and weight per ear under week light regimes were the main reasons of yield reduction.


In Korea, as lawsuits surrounding the defects of apartments, which are the main housing of the people, are rapidly, it is becoming a social problem. Although the term of warranty liability is the exclusion period of the claim for defect repair, there is no basis for establishing related systems. Since the consequences of defect lawsuits vary greatly according to the term of warranty liability, it has very important meaning for business subject and division owner. Therefore, the definition and period setting for the term of warranty liability should be reasonable. In this study, as a result of reviewing the history of laws and regulations related to the term of warranty liability, any document of grounds could not be found. In addition, it is confirmed the limitations of the institutional aspect that it has never been able to present objective grounds once in several revisions. On the other hand, in order to supplement for this, this study analyzed the trend of defects occurring every year for window and door work defects of apartments. We investigated defects of window and door work in 177 apartment complexes, total of 125,816 households, and as a result of analysis, window and door work showed many defects occurring in the first and second year, and extremely few after the third year. On the other hand, there was a slight difference by the detailed construction type, but there was less variation than the finish work subjected in the previous study.


Oscillatory neural activity was reported to have various physiological roles in information processing of brain functions. It is now established that extracellular activity in the motor cortex encodes aspects of movement, involving planning and motor control. Oscillatory patterns have also been hypothesized to play a role in brain recovery and functional remapping. In this study, we measured neural activity from within the cavity wall of a motor cortex lesion, in a rat model, while the animals performed a skilled walking task. We aim at providing a possible framework of analysis, focused on revealing oscillatory patterns in the cavity wall and their correlation with motor deficits, by using a combination of spectral features, involving power spectra and coherence estimates in the beta and gamma frequency bands.


The invention provides a welding process of an aluminium-magnesium alloy sheet. The welding process comprises the following steps in sequence: cleaning a surface to be welded and forming a groove on the surface; clamping the upper plane and lower plane of a sheet by means of a foam asbestos board and fixing the sheet to a welding fixture; performing preheating treatment on the aluminium-magnesium alloy sheet in a weld region of the aluminium-magnesium alloy sheet; performing electric welding fixing; performing multi-layer multi-pass welding; immediately removing the foam asbestos board after finishing the welding, spraying drikold powder on the weld region so that the weld region of the aluminium-magnesium alloy sheet is quickly cooled, and stopping spraying the drikold powder until the surface temperature of the welded position is same as the environmental temperature; and finally, demounting the fixture and taking out the welded aluminium-magnesium alloy sheet. The welding process of the aluminium-magnesium alloy sheet provided by the invention is not easy to cause non-fusion, lack of fusion for breather holes, and flaws; and besides, deformation after welding is low, and the strength of the weld region is high.


The ultimate goal of oilfield development is to maximize the investment benefits. The reservoir performance prediction is directly related to oilfield investment and management. The traditional strategy based on numerical simulation has been widely used with the disadvantages of long run time and much information needed. It is necessary to form a fast and convenient method for the oil production prediction, especially for layered reservoir.
 A new method is proposed to predict the development indexes of multi-layer reservoirs based on the injection-production data. The new method maintains the objectivity of the data and demonstrates the superiority of the intelligent algorithm. The layered reservoir is regarded as a series of single layer reservoirs on the vertical direction. Considering the starting pressure gradient of non-Newtonian fluid flow and the variation of water content in the oil production index, the injection-production response model for single-layer reservoirs is established. Based on that, a composite model for the multi-layer reservoir is established.
 For model solution, particle swarm optimization is applied for optimization of the new model. A heterogeneous multi-layer model was established for validation of the new method. The results obtained from the new proposed model are in consistent with the numerical simulation results. It saves a lot of computing time with the incorporation of the artificial intelligence methods. It showed that this technique is valid and effective to predict oil performance in layered reservoir. These examples showed that the application of big data and artificial intelligence method is of great significance, which not only shortens the working time, but also obtains relatively higher accuracy.
 Based on the objective data of the oil field and the artificial intelligence algorithm, the prediction of oil field development data can be realized. This technique has been used in nearly 100 wells of Bohai oilfields. The results showed in this paper reveals that it is possible to estimate the production performance of the water flooding reservoirs.


[1] This work examines the effect of black carbon (BC) radiative heating on cloud droplet formation. Changes in cloud droplet concentration and cloud albedo due to the presence of black carbon are computed for different cases of aerosol size distributions, meteorological conditions, BC mixing state, and aerosol composition. We examine the effect of three new mechanisms (that result from BC heating) that can affect cloud droplet number and lifetime. Two of these mechanisms act to increase cloud droplet number or lifetime: (1) the ability of BC to decrease the collection efficiency of giant cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and (2) the delayed growth of low-Sc CCN that allow higher-Sc CCN to form droplets. These two mechanisms complement each other in terms of increasing cloud droplet number, since it is shown that the former is most efficient at strong updrafts and the latter is most efficient at low updraft velocities. A third mechanism identified, gas-phase heating (which is different from the so-called "semi-direct effect"), in our simulations acts to decrease LWC, and thus albedo; however, the droplet number concentration does not change significantly due to dynamic readjustments in cloud supersaturation. The simulations indicate that the mixing state of BC with the CCN population can have an important influence on the effect of BC heating on the droplet population. Although additional work is necessary to fully assess the effects of BC heating on cloud microphysics and climate, this work shows that these effects are more complex than currently thought.


Test data generation is a key component of combination testing.However,the complexity of test case generation problem for combinatorial testing is NP-complete.A kind of optimal test suite generation mechanism is proposed.It makes use of the encoding mechanism to map the combinatorial testing problem domain to a binary code space.And then a Genetic Algorithm(GA)is used to search this binary code space to find the optimal individual and generate the optimal test suite based on a decoding mechanism.Experimental results show this mechanism is simple and effective,and it has the characteristics of less producing test data and time consumption.


Gene transfer into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC) by gammaretroviral vectors is an effective treatment for patients affected by severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficiency. Recent studied have indicated that gammaretroviral vectors integrate in a non-random fashion in their host genome, but there is still limited information on the distribution of retroviral insertion sites (RIS) in human long-term reconstituting HSC following therapeutic gene transfer. We performed a genome-wide analysis of RIS in transduced bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells before transplantation (in vitro) and in hematopoietic cell subsets (ex vivo) from five ADA-SCID patients treated with gene therapy combined to low-dose busulfan. Vector-genome junctions were cloned by inverse or linker-mediated PCR, sequenced, mapped onto the human genome, and compared to a library of randomly cloned human genome fragments or to the expected distribution for the NCBI annotation. Both in vitro (n=212) and ex vivo (n=496) RIS showed a non-random distribution, with strong preference for a 5-kb window around transcription start sites (23.6% and 28.8%, respectively) and for gene-dense regions. Integrations occurring inside the transcribed portion of a RefSeq genes were more represented in vitro than ex vivo (50.9 vs 41.3%), while RIS =6 months) revealed a high number of distinct RIS (range 42–121) in the T-cell compartment, in agreement with the complexity of the T-cell repertoire, while fewer RIS were retrieved from granulocytes. The presence of shared integrants among multiple lineages confirmed that the gene transfer protocol was adequate to allow stable engraftment of multipotent HSC. Taken together, our data show that transplantation of ADA-transduced HSC does not result in skewing or expansion of malignant clones in vivo, despite the occurrence of insertions near potentially oncogenic genomic sites. These results, combined to the relatively long-term follow-up of patients, indicate that retroviral-mediated gene transfer for ADA-SCID has a favorable safety profile.


This study is motivated by how the work environment influences the performance of harvest employees with the limitation of problems in work environment activities that will affect the performance of harvest employees on oil palm plantations at PT. Dewata Sawit Nusantara. It should be understood that the expected performance of an employee is not easy because it is influenced by various compensation factors, motivation, work environment and many other factors. This study aims to determine whether the work environment influences the performance of harvest employees at PT. Dewata Sawit Nusantara. The data analysis method used was a simple linear regression statistical analysis and uses a hypothesis test to analyze the closeness of the relationship of individual variables, while testing the instrument using a validity and reliability test. Statistical test results showed that the relationship between work environment and employee performance was positive (unidirectional). Based on the results of hypothesis testing obtained a significant value of 5% then H1 was accepted or Ho was rejected. This means that the work environment influenced the performance of harvest employees at PT. Dewata Sawit Nusantara.


Seven known bacteriocin‐producing bacterial strains were examined using three newly developed bacteriocin detection methods employing hydrophobic gridmembrane niters (HGMF): (i) filtration, (ii) multiple square inoculation, and (iii) one square inoculation, and the three reference methods: (i) simultaneous direct cross‐streak, (ii) deferred direct cross‐streak, and (iii) agar disc. The HGMF membrane multiple square inoculation method detected bacteriocin activity in all seven strains. This method also yielded similar or slightly better results than those obtained using the deferred direct cross‐streak or agar disc methods. Bacteriocin activity was observed in six of seven and four of seven strains using the one square inoculation and filtration methods, respectively, with corresponding inhibiting zones measuring 2–24 and 6–20 mm in diameter.


The distinction of art and life is more and more confused in the trend of aestheticization of everyday life.It is greatly doubtful whether the aeshteticization driven by consumer culture is entirely reasonable and whether it means the comprehensive victory of arts.The difficulty is where the criterion of questioning comes from.At this moment,it is beneficial to look back on Collingwood's artistic thought.His perspective on arts provides theoretical fulcrum for us to introspect all sorts of arts.


This paper presents a report on the investigation conducted to determine the challenges that confront lecturers with specific reference to publishing papers in peer reviewed journals as well as in-house publications. The survey was conducted with a group of lecturers and academics from private higher education institutions in South Africa. As the study was quantitative in nature, a questionnaire was used as the main data collecting instrument. The results of the study revealed that lecturers acknowledged the immense benefits of research but conceded that engaging in academic research was influenced by several factors namely, heavy teaching/lecturing loads, poor writing skills, lack of knowledge on how to conduct research, intense administrative work and lack of funding. The significance of the study was the realisation that lecturers and academics view undertaking research in a positive light; hence, it becomes imperative for institutions to consider innovative ways to promote research activities.


Pediatric Critical Care Medicine www.pccmjournal.org 101 The term "syndrome" derives from the Greek ςυνδρομον, which literally means "to run with." As in a horse race, among the set of clinical signs and symptoms that comprise a syndrome, some may be running in the same line and others behind, whereas in different moments of the clinical course (as well as in different patients), the "horses" may vary their positions. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome in which the abrupt loss of glomerular filtration capacity runs together with a decrease in urine output and several other signs (electrolyte disorders, acid-base balance alterations, fluid accumulation, hyperazotemia, inability to clear several substances and high protein-energy wasting) (1). Because it is a syndrome and not a specific disease, many pathophysiologic pathways can lead to AKI, and its occurrence in children is typically (even if not necessarily) secondary to other primary diagnoses (e.g., acute dehydration, congenital heart diseases, onco-hematologic conditions) (2). Based on this background, the issue of how to define AKI has been very controversial (what symptom of the syndrome should be used to define it and at what threshold?), evolving in the last 15 years to the creation of the standardized Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria (3). According to this classification, AKI is currently defined as an increase of serum creatinine levels of 1.5–1.9 times baseline (within a 7-d time frame) OR an increase above 0.3 mg/dL (≥ 26.5 mmol/L) (within a 48-hr period) OR a decrease in urine output below 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6–12 hours. Also, AKI presents a broad variation of severity, divided by KDIGO classification into three different stages, according to progressively increased levels of creatinine and decreased levels of urine outputs. Interestingly, when AKI staging was conceived, from its very first pediatric attempt in 2007 (4), serum creatinine and urine output were the only components that were taken onto consideration because they are easy to assess and likely very frequently available during hospital admission. However, AKI staging has proved to be clinically relevant and to correlate very strictly with outcomes such as mortality and length of hospital stay (5, 6). Nevertheless, no information regarding AKI etiology can be derived by KDIGO criteria, and the baseline serum creatinine is frequently unavailable in many children admitted to the hospital (especially when urgent conditions are being treated). As a matter of fact, the standardized definition of AKI has contributed to the collection of an astonishing amount of information regarding its incidence and outcomes, in different settings (i.e., adult and pediatrics, high resources, and limited resources) and in different regions of the world (7). In this issue of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Aloabidi et al (8) retrospectively analyzed data on AKI epidemiology in more than 1,000 children admitted to three multidisciplinary PICUs in Alberta, Canada. They found that the population incidence of critical illness associated with AKI was 34 per 100,000 children-year. In their analysis, PICU incidence of AKI was 30%. These numbers should, once again, open pediatric intensivists' eyes for many reasons: first, among critical illness associated syndromes, renal dysfunction occurs more frequently than acute respiratory distress syndrome (2.0–12.8 per 100,000 person-years) (9) and heart failure (1.7–7 per 100,000 person-years) (10) and is second only to severe sepsis (150 per 100,000 person-years) (11). Then, although this report examined only three Canadian PICUs, the rate of AKI incidence and severity was very similar to that reported by the Assessment of Worldwide AKI Renal Angina Index and Epidemiology (AWARE) study of more than 4,500 patients, thereby providing great consistency to the exact numbers of this syndrome, probably more precisely than many other studied illnesses (6). We have to highlight that slight differences may be evident among different nations and different centers, below or above the 25–30% AKI incidence rate: it is likely that the prospective application of KDIGO staging at the bedside, as it is done for many other severity of illness scores, may imply that benchmarks could be designed around these numbers to improve PICUs' performances on strategies to prevent the occurrence of AKI. Current evidence suggests that much work still has to be done on this issue (12), especially with the application of automatic alerting (13). A third point that Aloabidi et al (8) highlight is the association between AKI and important clinical outcomes such as mortality, length of hospital and PICU stay, and length of mechanical ventilation. One of the most interesting observations of this work, again confirming the previous AWARE trial, and differently from adults (5), is that severe AKI (stages 2 and 3) showed the most significant associations with clinical outcomes, whereas AKI 1 apparently did not. The lowest degree of AKI staging, which included about the half of diagnosed cases, should probably be appraised as a "risk" condition, and these patients' renal function should be closely monitored. Consequently, children with KDIGO stage 1 should be managed with (secondary) AKI prevention bundles to prevent further worsening of the KDIGO *See also p. 82.


The general association of luminous young stars with spiral arms in galaxies has led to widespread acceptance of the idea that the formation of massive stars, at least, is somehow triggered by the interaction of interstellar gas clouds with a spiral density wave. A very simple model for the gas in a spiral galaxy, with a specified initial surface density and angular velocity is examined. Typical results from this simple model, with parameters appropriate to NGC 6946, are shown. The accuracy of the presumption that the molecular gas distributions in galaxies is based upon observations of CO J = 1-0 emission, is discussed.


In the Fall 2010 semester, Mount Royal University's Engineering Transfer Program ran its first version of a new Engineering Design course that combined two term courses into one. The course consisted of integrated Technical Writing, Technical Drawing and Sketching, and Design elements. The Design element, consisting of three hours/week of in-class activities, focused on the introduction of elements of the design process, activities to expose students to the real-life aspects of each stage of the process, and a term project that brought all elements of the course together in one real-life application. The term project was the (re)design of a pedestrian footbridge on the Mount Royal (MRU) campus. The existing bridge, approximately 3.5 m long by 2 m wide, spans a man-made gulley and joins two parts of a pedestrian walkway. Relevant MRU grounds staff were involved in the project as clients and more than 100 students worked in small groups (3-5 members each) to design and then build a 1/3 rd scale model of their bridge design using a somewhat constrained materials list and basic wood shop facilities. Components of the project were also integrated with other courses in the curriculum, such as Statics. This paper details the logistics of the course and of the project, as well as the lessons learned in terms of things that worked well and those that did not. Overall, the project was deemed a solid success based on feedback from students, clients and instructors. This kind of project could also be carried out at other Canadian university campuses with minimal alterations.


The essential reason of abnormal fluctuations in China's market lies in the system control flaw. At the critical phase of the present increasingly deepen reform of the structure of split shares, we must pay special attention to reduce system risk. The concrete proposals are: substitute security supervision for security administration; establishes the multi-level market; strictly regulate the quality of companies to be listed; standardize supervising and managing system.


Recently, some surgeons reported that most scaphoid waist fractures were horizontal oblique and not transverse in orientation. Therefore, this cadaveric study aimed to biomechanically compare fixation strength between central and eccentric screw placements for the volar fixation of this most common scaphoid waist fracture. Eight matched pairs of fresh-frozen forearm cadaver specimens were prepared for testing and randomly assigned to two groups: group I specimens were fixed by screws in a central placement, and group II specimens were fixed by screws in an eccentric placement. Horizontal oblique osteotomy was performed along the scaphoid waist. Then, each specimen was placed under the increasing load of a pneumatically driven plunger. We recorded stiffness, load to failure, and failure mechanisms between the central and eccentric screw placement groups. Stiffness was higher in central screw placement (74.1 N/mm) than in eccentric screw placement (29.39 N/mm). The median loads to failure in groups I and II were 54.14 and 26.22 N, respectively. In this biomechanical model, we demonstrated that central screw placement is superior to eccentric placement in terms of fixation strength. However, further clinical investigation is warranted to evaluate whether the different screw placements for volar approach of horizontal oblique scaphoid fractures affect the clinical outcomes.


The utility model relates to a multifunctional silicon piezoresistance composite sensor, which is mainly composed of a silicon sensitivity chip, two-throwing glass, a pressure guide pipe and a base. The utility model is characterized in that the silicon sensitivity chip 7 is formed by that the front side of an N-shaped silicon single crystal piece of twin polishing is filled with boron to form a P-shaped pressure difference sensitivity electric bridge 1 and a static pressure sensitivity electric bridge 2, and the connection position of the two electric bridges is provided with a temperature sensitivity element 3. The pressure difference sensitivity electric bridge 1 of the silicon sensitivity chip 7 can sense the differential pressure of both ends of the sensor, and the static pressure sensitivity electric bridge 2 can only sense the pressure of the positive pressure end. The multifunctional silicon piezoresistance composite sensor is core technology and a basic component for the research and the development of a pressure transformer with high accuracy and intellectualization. The high precision and the high stability of the measurement to the pressure or the pressure difference are realized through the simultaneous measurement of the pressure difference, static pressure and temperature by the multifunctional sensor and the reparation to the static pressure and the temperature by a microprocessor.


Seeing monitoring in astronomy is widely based on the statistical analysis of angle-of-arrival (AA) fluctuations, which are usually modelled in the framework of the near-field approximation where diffraction through turbulence is ignored. They are consequently believed to be completely independent of wavelength. We discuss in this paper the influence of Fresnel diffraction from distant turbulence layers on multi-wavelength (polychromatic) AA fluctuations. For this purpose we propose a model for polychromatic AA fluctuations in weak turbulence conditions and derive an analytical model for their variance in the case where scintillation is ignored. We also present a numerical simulation that includes scintillation and justifies that this latter may be neglected in the analytical model.


Partial discharge diagnosis is considered as an important means to diagnose the insulation state of gas insulated switchgear (GIS). Aiming at the non-stationary characteristics of partial discharge (PD) signals, a feature extraction method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and multi-scale permutation entropy (MPE) is proposed. Firstly, VMD is used to decompose the PD signal, and multiple intrinsic modal functions are obtained; Then, the MPE of each modal component is calculated as the eigenvector. Finally, the MPE of modal component is input into SVM as feature vector for classification. Empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) are compared to highlight the advantages of the proposed algorithm. The comparative simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the other two algorithms, this method can effectively extract the characteristic parameters, which provides a reference scheme for GIS PD diagnosis.


The effect of heat treatment temperature from 1173 K to 1373 K for 3.6 ks on mechanical and superelastic properties of an Ni-free Au-51Ti-18Co alloy (mol%) was investigated. The stress for inducing martensitic transformation (SIMT) and the critical stress for slip deformation (CSS) slightly decrease with increasing the heat–treatment temperature. Regardless of heat–treatment temperature, good superelasticity was definitely recognized with the maximum shape recovery ratio up to 95 % and 4 % superelastic shape recovery strain. As the mentioned reasons, the Au-51Ti-18Co alloy is promising for practical biomedical applications.


In this paper, we employed a new inter-country input-output table where China's productions are differentiated into domestic use, processing exports and non-processing exports (WIOD-DPN table), to compare the CO2 emissions responsibilities of 13 major regions under producer, consumer and shared accounting systems. The results show that the CO2 emissions responsibility of advanced countries would become less when the accounting system is changed from a consumer system to a shared system, while that of emerging countries are on the contrary. The degree of these changes depends on the value-added received by the production countries from the global value chain.


This article examines inconsistent usage of the term 'image' in reference to brand, corporate, and store images and the measurement problems that have prevented theory development. It first traces the history of the term's ambiguous usage in marketing and consumer behavior research, and presents classification systems for organizing post-1950s definitions into parsimonious groups. Next, it provides an overview of measurement problems related to the lack of nominal and operational definitions. It ends with a summary of where we are now and what needs to be done to advance theory development.


In the present paper, we consider two dimensional completely resonant, derivative, quintic nonlinear beam equations with reversible structure. Because of this reversible system without external parameters or potentials, Birkhoff normal form reduction is necessary before applying Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) theorem. As application of KAM theorem, the existence of partially hyperbolic, small amplitude, quasi-periodic solutions of the reversible system is proved in this paper.


Grids enable uniform access to resources by implementing standard interfaces to resource gateways. In the Open Science Grid (OSG), privileges are granted on the basis of the user's membership to a Virtual Organization (VO). However, user privilege definitions and enforcements are administered separately by VOs and Grid sites. Such partitioning can potentially introduce inconsistent user privileges throughout the Grid and break the Grid paradigm of uniform access to resources. There is a need for an automated privilege management mechanism for a VO to codify privilege policies granted to its users, to propagate the policies to grid sites, to identity and suggest remedies for non-supported VO privileges at individual sites. The Scalable Virtual Organization Privileges Management Environment (SVOPME) addresses the challenge under the context of the Open Science Grid (OSG). The SVOPME provides tools for VOs to define and publish desired privileges. At a site, SVOPME tools help analyze access policies defined for VO users and verify policy consistency between VOs and sites, and suggest site configurations changes. This paper presents the designs and features of SVOPME tools and the lessons learned in applying SVOPME tools for OSG VOs and sites. Furthermore, we will outline future improvements to SVOPME tools to adapt to a range of different site configurations and new privilege policies.


Objective To evaluate the effects of hybrid renal replacement therapy (HRRT) on metabolic disorder of calcium or phosphate and micro-inflammation in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients treated with a maintenance dose of 1,25-(OH)VitD3.Methods A total of 42 MHD patients were randomly assigned to group A and group B.Those in group A were treated with hemodialysis,while the subjects in group B were treated with combined hemodialysis-hemoperfusion.All the participants took a maintenance dose of 1,25-(OH)VitD3(0.25 U/d) and were followed up for 4 weeks.The serum levels of serum calcium,phosphorus,intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were detected at baseline and post-treatment.Student' s t test was used for data analysis.Results The level of serum phosphorus was elevated following treatment ((2.2 ± 0.4) vs (2.3 ± 0.5) mmol/L) in group A,although the difference was not statistically significant.In group B,the level of serum phosphorus was significantly decreased post treatment ((2.2±0.6) vs (1.7 ± 0.4) mmol/L,P < 0.05).The serum level of calcium didn' t significantly changed in two groups,while serum iPTH was significantly down regulated after the treatment (group A:(340± 36) vs (310 ± 25) ng/L,P < 0.05; group B:(355 ± 38) vs (285 ± 29) ng/L,P < 0.01).CRP was significantly reduced after HRRT in group B (3.3 ± 4.8) vs (1.5 ± 3.8) mg/L,P < 0.01).Conclusions HRRT can alleviate metabolic disorder of calcium or phosphate and microinflammation in maintenance hemodialysis patients treated with a maintenance dose of 1,25-(OH)VitD3.

Key words:
Hybrid renal replacement therapy;  Intact parathyroid hormone;  Serum calcium;  Serum phosphorus;  Micro-inflammation;  Maintenance treatment


Corrosion resistance of graphite-like coating( GLC) deposited via magnetron sputtering on aluminum alloy surface was analyzed by polarization curves testing and mass lossing method; microscopic morphology of the coating before and after corrosion were observed by scanning electron microscope( SEM). Results showed that the coating was composed of Cr layer and carbon layer. Due to the fine,uniform and dense coating microstructure,the GLC could improve the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy.And the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy sample would increase with substrate negative bias increasing,when the substrate negative bias was- 120 V,self-corrosion potential of the aluminum alloy substrate increased from- 0. 452 V to- 0. 382 V,and corrosion current decreased from 10. 62 m A to3. 67 m A. After immersion test in Na Cl solution,only some pitting occurred in the GLC,which could protecting the aluminum alloy substrate well.


Abstract This essay conceptualizes 'universalizing memory practices' that are at the centre of the present special issue on 'European Memory: Universalizing the Past?'. By comparing the case studies, the article brings out two models of universalizing memory practices that either establish equivalence among different interpretations of the past or coordinate between them. First, actors establish equivalence by defining rules under which heterogeneous memories can be subsumed. Equivalence decontextualizes memories and divests them of temporal references. Here, the integration of mnemonic difference expands a mnemonic realm from its centre. Second, through coordination, memory actors connect different layers of interpretation that all refer to their own time and context. By rendering explicit the implicit rules of how those interpretations compete, actors open up a general standpoint of multiple temporalities. From this standpoint, reinterpretations can stretch the boundaries of mnemonic realms.


Rooted in natural and engineering sciences, the concept of resilience has attracted growing attention in social science and public policy. The evolving resilience paradigm assumes the concept is at odds with state control, and instead emphasises the coping capacities of communities and individuals. This assumption might overlook the multifaceted and context-specific nature of resilience. Drawing on an empirical study of state-led reconstruction planning, this article argues that it is the deep and active involvement of the state, rather than its retreat, that helps promote resilience building in China's earthquake-hit areas. Through a combination of online questionnaire survey and interviews, the article assesses how the Chinese state mobilises and coordinates a wide range of state and non-state actors to enable communities to achieve different aspects of resilience, while also sometimes constraining them from doing so.


Abstract All psychological assessments occur in a cultural context, whoever the participants. When the participant being assessed is someone of refugee background, several contextual domains, both current and historical, require close attention. Those domains are the effects of torture, violence and traumatic loss; pre-arrival hardships such as poor nutrition, inadequate shelter, lack of access to health services and disruptions to schooling; settlement stresses involving unfamiliarity with Australian systems and discrimination; and family functioning and fractures to family nurturance, maintained by ongoing separation from and dangers to significant others left behind. Given that the purpose of psychological assessment is to formulate appropriate interventions for promoting mental health, learning and wellbeing for individuals presenting with special needs, professional expertise demands a comprehensive analysis of the causes of identified problems.


Subcutaneous infusion insertion device for inserting injection device (102) at least partially within the skin for (100, 1100), the sleeve (106 having a lower surface (176) configured to engage the skin , 1106), a shuttle or carriage for injecting device (102) carrying between the retracted position and an advanced position (116,1116), at least one of moving toward the advanced position the shuttle or carriage (116,1116) can be the first biasing member (108,1108), and a first biasing member (108,1108) comprises an actuator (104,1104) to move to the advanced position the carriage from a retracted position. In some embodiments, the insertion device (100, 1100) further hub (110,1110), and at least one second biasing moving the hub away from the shuttle or carriage (116,1116) it can comprise a member (114,1114). In some embodiments, the insertion device (100, 1100) may further comprise a needle (112,1112) attached to a hub (110,1110). Insertion method of the injection device, and also a variety of other shapes that may be included in the insertion device (100, 1100) discloses.


Background: Umbilical vein catheterization is usually conducted for preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care units to administer medication, fluid and nutrition, and blood transfusion. However, catheter tip malposition can cause complications. Objectives: There are different methods to detect the accuracy of catheter's position; hence, this study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of radiography vs echocardiography to determine the accurate tip position of umbilical vein catheter. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all 104 neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care units of hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from March 2017 to January 2018. At first, the length of the catheter was estimated based on Dunn method. After catheterization, thoraco-abdominal radiography and echocardiography were performed by a pediatric radiologist who was blinded to the study objectives, and the data were recorded in two forms. Finally, data were analyzed by McNemar's test, using SPSS 17 software. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value by radiography and echocardiography for the catheter tip position in the inferior vena cava-right atrium junction was calculated 100%. Moreover, catheters were located in the ductus venous, inferior vena cava, inferior vena cava-right atrium junction, right and left atrium in echocardiography were in the radiograph equal to thoracic vertebrae of T9-T11, T9, T6-T10, T5-T8, and T4-T6, respectively. Conclusions: Our study suggests that even though echocardiography is as reliable as radiography for early detection of the catheter tip position, it can also avoid complications of catheter malposition quicker than radiography.


In a recent paper Tunçer [14] described and examined the moment vectors (T -dual, N-dual, B-dual curve) of the curve with respect to the origin of the vector by using T(s), N(s), B(s) and the position vector of the curve. With the inspiration this paper provided, we define some new associated curves called dual-direction curves as integral curves of a vector field in this study. They are generated with the help of vectorial moments of a space curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space. We attain some connections between the Frenet apparatus of dual-direction curves and main curves. With the help of these dual-direction curves, certain ways to construct helices are determined. Finally, we exemplify these curves with their figures.


Abstract Older adults diagnosed with cognitive impairment (CI) who live at home are at high risk for FE due to dependence on caregivers and diminishing cognitive and financial capacities. Health care providers are mandated reporters for elder abuse, that includes financial exploitation (FE), one of the seven types of older adult maltreatments. Twenty Home Health Care Nurses (HHRN) of older adults in Oklahoma were interviewed to discover their understanding and experiences with FE. Transcripts were analyzed by conventional content analysis. Line-by-line codes were generated inductively and codes were grouped into categories and themes until data saturation was reached. Five themes emerged: Red Flags, Familiar Offenders, Dire Consequences, Barriers/Facilitators, Doing Better. Conclusions: HHRNs are an untapped resource to provide suggestions for improvements of FE detection/reporting of older adults with CI and to help formulate policies, procedures, strategies to improve coordination and communication among healthcare, law enforcement, and social service systems.


The excavation of the Late Mesolithic site of Sopra Fienile Rossino on the Cariadeghe Upland (Serle.Brescia-Northern Italy).Palaeopedological.archaeological,anthracological and palinological The Mesolithic station Sopra Fienile Rossino is situated at the northern edge of the Cariadeghe karstic upland,some 12 km Northeast of Brescia,at an altitude of 925 m a.s.l.The excavation of the site was car- ried out in 1970.1979 and 1980.It produced a buried structure containing a《posthole》92 cm deep which was elated to 4860±70 bc(Bln-3277).The flint assemblage,almost completely chipped from locally avai- lable raw material,is attributable to the Late Mesolithic Castelnovian Culture.Typical artefacts recove- red during excavations include subconical narrow bladelet cores,trapezoidal arrowheads and notched bladelets.The stratigraphic sequence shows that the《station》was probably settled between late summer and early spring as shown by the presence of carbonised hazelnut shells.Its location,very close to a middle altitude pass,might indicate thai hunting activities were practised at the site.Pollen and charcoal analyses demonstrate that a mixed oak wood cover was established during the V millennium bc,in a period of slope stability.Erosional and colluvial phenomena began during the Sub-boreal and Sub-atlan- tic periods being caused by the human impact on the landscape.The area inhabited by the mesolithic communities was later settled only during the ⅩⅤ Century AD as revealed by a C14 date obtained from beech charcoal pieces recovered at-50cm.A more recent occupation is attested by a charcoal pit mainly composed of chestnut charcoals discovered at-10cm.


BACKGROUND: Attention-de fi cit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by neurobiological heterogeneity, possibly explaining why not all patients bene fi t from a given treatment. As a means to select the right treatment (strati fi cation), biomarkers may aid in personalizing treatment prescription, thereby increasing remission rates. METHODS: The biomarker in this study was developed in a heterogeneous clinical sample ( N = 4249) and fi rst applied to two large transfer datasets, a priori stratifying young males ( , 18 years) with a higher individual alpha peak frequency (iAPF) to methylphenidate ( N = 336) and those with a lower iAPF to multimodal neurofeedback complemented with sleep coaching ( N = 136). Blinded, out-of-sample validations were conducted in two independent samples. In addition, the association between iAPF and response to guanfacine and atomoxetine was explored. RESULTS: Retrospective strati fi cation in the transfer datasets resulted in a predicted gain in normalized remission of 17% to 30%. Blinded out-of-sample validations for methylphenidate ( n = 41) and multimodal neurofeedback ( n = 71) corroborated these fi ndings, yielding a predicted gain in strati fi ed normalized remission of 36% and 29%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study introduces a clinically interpretable and actionable biomarker based on the iAPF assessed during resting-state electroencephalography. Our fi ndings


The invention discloses a method for indirectly synthesizing ethanol by using carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which comprises the following steps of: first synthesizing an acetic acid by using the CO and methanol by a carbonylation method, then esterifying the acetic acid and different low-carbon alcohols to produce corresponding acetic esters, and finally catalytically hydrogenating the acetic esters to indirectly produce the ethanol and alcohols corresponding to the esters of the ethanol. By a process flow of catalytically hydrogenating the acetic esters to indirectly synthesize the ethanol in a way of taking the CO and H2 as basic raw materials, the method has the advantages of developing a new approach for the preparation of the ethanol and finding new raw material sources for the production of the ethanol, and is applied to the condition of abundant coal resources in China. Compared with fermentation methods and chemical synthesis methods in the prior art, the method is popularized and applied to relieve the contradiction of increasingly tense food supply in China, reduce dependence on oil resources and produce important and positive effects on food and energy security in China. The method for synthesizing the ethanol by taking the CO and H2 as the raw materials has significance in the rational utilization of coal resources, the development of clean energy and reduction in environmental pollutions.


The influence of thermally-induced structural relaxation and crystallization on the mechanical and electrochemical corrosion behaviour of a Zr60Cu20Al10Fe5Ti5 metallic glass has been studied. The hardness, H, and reduced Young's modulus, Er, increase upon annealing at 648 K (i.e., close to the glass transition) from H 1⁄4 6.7 GPa and Er 1⁄4 79.4 GPa (as-cast state) to H 1⁄4 7.0 and Er 1⁄4 86.7 GPa (structurally relaxed state). The influence of the free volume annihilation, caused by the annealing treatments, on these mechanical properties is discussed. Further increase in H and Er occurs after annealing at 873 K, when the sample becomes fully crystalline, probably due to the formation of Zr2Cu phase. The crystallization also increases the H/Er ratio (which is indicative of the wear resistance), from 0.083 in the as-cast condition to 0.102, whereas structural relaxation does not have a clear effect on this parameter. Annealing close to the glass transition is also beneficial to improve the corrosion resistance and, in particular, the resistance to pitting, when this alloy is immersed in simulated body fluid (Hank's solution). The corrosion potential shifts from 0.214 V to 0.043 V (vs. AgjAgCl) and the current density decreases from 3.017 10 4 A/cm2 to 8.846 10 6 A/cm2 after annealing at 648 K, mainly because of the free volume reduction. The corrosion potential is maximum (i.e., 0.022 V) and the corrosion density minimum (i.e., 1.428 10 6 A/cm2) when the sample becomes fully crystalline. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


This article intends to develop a historical, theoretical and critical debate about mental health, as a social policy, resulting from the dialectical relationship between state and civil society. The adopted methodology is qualitative, consisting on a bibliographical and reflexive review, through which it aims to evaluate positions of various authors on the subject. A discussion of the historical development of the Mental Health policy in Brazil was made, emphasizing the presence of various social movements, such as the Workers in Mental Health Movement, the Sanitary Reform Movement, the Psychiatric Reform Movement and the Anti-Asylum Movement. Therefore, it is verified that society has great ability to fight for effective social policies, in order to mitigate the destructive effects of capitalism. It is concluded that, although social policy is incapable of overcoming the social order, it includes significant changes to the recognition and assurance of rights to the people deprived of wealth and power in society.


The English ophthalmologist Richard Banister was one of the first to report palpable hardness of the normal-appearing eye in 1622.1 Tonometry is an essential measurement in the assessment of eye health and a key component of glaucoma diagnosis and treatment, with intraocular pressure (IOP) remaining the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma.2 Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) is the currently accepted 'gold standard' and approximates IOP by measuring the force needed to flatten a fixed area at the corneal apex.3 4 To do so, GAT makes important assumptions about corneal thickness and behaviour, assumptions that are not met in a significant proportion of patients.5

GAT has been used for nearly 70 years and is considered the reference standard4 for IOP measurement largely owing to the fact that nearly all clinical trial protocols have relied on GAT. The technique is widely integrated within clinical practice, and a certain amount of inertia has prevented clinicians from shifting to newer, possibly better, technologies. This resistance is perhaps analogous to the slow adoption of superior logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution measures of visual acuity, even when the limitations of Snellen were well established.6 The relatively low cost of GAT also contributes to its ongoing appeal.

Yet GAT has significant limitations that make it a suboptimal, …


Civil society can fulfil many functions and even contribute to opposing goals in the process of consolidating democracy. For instance, while in the Lockean tradition civil society is an important ally to the state in facilitating a regime, the post-Marxist tradition depicts civil society more as an opponent to the regime, questioning its hegemony and legitimacy and often viewed even as undermining it (Hyden 1997). Such a contradiction is sure to arise as soon as debates begin over participatory democracy in general and the engagement of NGOs in decision-making processes; in less advanced democracies, it may even create conflicts. Yet in essence, a vibrant, pluralist and active civil society is a key factor in the definition of a consolidated democracy. In this article, we are looking at the central arena where the contestations over the role of civil society in decision-making and running the political system are bound to be unveiled – the process of civic engagement. By civic engagement, we understand non-governmental actors being successfully and substantially involved in the decision-making process both with respect to the public policy-making process as well as the willingness and capability of such non-governmental actors, who are potentially affected by the decision in question (Gerston 2014). Civic engagement is a concept that overlaps considerably with several others, such as public engagement, inclusive decision-making, participatory decision-making, advocacy, etc. The choice of this particular concept was triggered by the goal of the article – we aim not to look solely at whether the decision-making process is open to all parties involved (as in public engagement) nor only at the methods of inclusion (as in inclusive decision-making), but also at the element of civic initiative in the process. As regards a second aspect, we do not aim to solely cover the methods and means NGOs use to affect the decision-makDER DONAURAUM


A method for improving communications to customers therefore increasing demand for a perishable or vanishing item produced, inventoried and/or sold at a facility is provided. The method monitors the sales and production and availability of the perishable or vanishing item at a facility for sale of the perishable or vanishing item and determines if more demand is needed for the perishable or vanishing item and the time period necessary for existing customers to meet the determined demand, and notifies the sales staff and potential customers within the facility when a time period in which the perishable or vanishing item waste is less than that of the determined time period.


Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), or the reversed flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, is an anatomic and functional disease that can result in serious misery, both from intense infection and from sequelae of reflux nephropathy. Therefore a valve mechanism is created to defend the flow from retrograding. The objective of this study was to inspect the response of the ureteric flow to the closure of ureterovesical junction (UVJ) with the aim of explicating the valve mechanism of UVJ anti reflux. In this study the navier-stokes equations were used for the fluid domain. Also the peristaltic motion was constructed using a moving obstruction on the wall which was assumed to be rigid. This model was solved by varying the minimum lumen cross-section (orifice opening) area, the pressure difference between the bladder and the renal pelvis, and the average velocity of the peristaltic wave. The results corresponding to the anti-relflux ureteral valve mechanism exhibited that its existence was essential, and therefore the pelvis was secured of the reflux. Also the results demonstrated that the ureteropelvic reflux decreased as the bolus became larger.


T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) is an uncommon B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with an aggressive course. Here, we report a case of a 55-year-old lady presenting with fever for 1 month duration with no localizing signs, who underwent bone marrow (BM) examination with the suspicion of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). BM examination showed evidence of hemophagocytosis satisfying the criteria for HLH. In addition, there was infiltration by discrete large atypical cells in the BM immunohistochemically compatible with involvement by THRLBCL. The case is presented due to the rarity of the pattern of presentation of an uncommon B-NHL which posed challenges to an accurate diagnosis.


for the second of the Ferandiere 10 variaciones (track 24), and also the third (track 25), which mimics the powerful style of so-called battle music ('Imitando Clarines y flautas' (imitating bugles and flutes), indicates the original source); even in strummed passages, this is not reflected in the performance. As for the CD booklet, it offers a useful contextualization of the music recorded for the general listener, while also including much relevant information for scholars and performers. However, it also presents a major oversight: though clearly a slip, since Schmitt certainly knows one treatise from another, the substitution of the title Instrucción de música sobre la guitarra española, actually by Gaspar Sanz and published in 1674, for that of Ferandiere's 1799 Arte de tocar la guitarra española por música is a striking error. Likewise, although fiveand six-course guitars coexisted in the late eighteenth century, as Schmitt points out, I am not convinced I agree with him that they shared the same repertory. Or rather, it depends on what one means by that statement: with reference to genres in the broad sense this is certainly the case, but at the same time this very disc shows that even in the late eighteenth century the six-course guitar had already developed a language of its own, very different from that of its five-string predecessor (also known today as the baroque guitar). This is especially clear in the works by Moretti and Ferandiere, in which the bass is clearly outlined, unlike in the music of Sanz and Murcia, where it is frequently interrupted or subsumed by campanelas (Sanz's term for the performance of scale passages making maximum use of open strings, which thus continued to sound in the manner of 'little bells'). Incidentally, although Ferandiere's title draws attention to the presence of campanelas in the seventh of his 10 variaciones (track 29), these have little to do with those used by Sanz and Murcia around 1700. Ferandiere uses alternating strings to perform dissonant chords and increase harmonic tension, whereas baroque guitarists used this technique to perform linear passages. This was in any case impossible on Ferandiere's guitar, which, having only one octave on the sixth course, lacked the octaveless sonority necessary to achieve this effect. There are nevertheless, as one might anticipate, several reminiscences of the style of the first half of the eighteenth century in the works by Vargas y Guzmán, which might be interpreted as a link with the baroque guitar repertoire. Sonata 3 (track 16), for example, has similarities with baroque courantes and lacks any trace of sonata form, being perhaps, along with the Marcha de Nápoles (March of Naples; track 19), the most archaic movement on this recording, reflecting the stylistic norms of the earlier part of the composer's life (despite some uncertainty about his biography, Vargas y Guzmán was undoubtedly active before Ferandiere and Moretti). The guitar music of eighteenth-century Spain is still in need of further work, in the fields of both musicology and performance. Thomas Schmitt's recording undoubtedly represents a significant contribution in this sense, allowing us to enjoy once more a beautiful but long-neglected, and even forgotten, repertory.


Robotic and biomimetic: science and technical fields are increasingly interdisciplinarity. Inspired by nature, such as imitation or suggestion, many inventions are conceived, developed and materialized. There is a lot of knowledge trough observation, studies on principles, models and process from nature approach. Followed by the proper connections to the research subject, or problems to face, seems to be adequate to borrow from nature some of those tips -already developed and tested-, as a kind of short cut to help us materialize solutions and solve problems. In this paper, design and mechanical development of three robots developed from nature observations are described. The robots G.I.R.I.N.O. and Chico Mendes and Pipe support device.


In this work we have found the depth of penetration of a travelling magnetic field into plasma in the presence of electron increase owing to Hall effect. Since the electrons move in the direction of the field displacement, penetration depth increases in comparison with the case of electrons that are motionless on the average and is determined by the effective frequency Ω = k|V − ν0|; V is field velocity, ν0 electron velocity (that is, there occurs a peculiar "Doppler effect"). Velocity ν0 for a non-linear case is a function of the coordinates and depends on the magnitude of the field, its displacement velocity and also on conduction. The electrons are entrained in the direction of the field motion, which always leads to skin-depth increase. A rough calculation of the penetration depth can be made according to the formula δ = δ0 (1 – ⟨B⟩2/B02)−1 δ0=C/(4πσkV)½ is the "normal" skin depth; B0 is the alternating-magnetic-field amplitude on the plasma surface; ⟨B⟩ is the magnetic-field magnitude on the plasma surface; this field creates a current of entrained electrons. Calculation is applicable in order of magnitude up to ⟨B⟩≈B0.


This study examines the impact of procedural justice on employees'trust in their organization and on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). The research reported here portrays the aths which link OCB to procedural justice, while employees'trust in their organizations acts as a mediating variable. The results indicate a significant and positive influence of procedural justice as a determinant of emplyees'trust in their organization and subsequently on OCB. The findings based on a four step regression analysis support the suggested model. Both theoretical and mangerial implicationsare discussed


The early works of Patrick, Gurley and Shaw, and more recently McKinnon and Shaw stress the important role of financial markets in influencing the extent and pattern of economic development. Adams and Gonzalez-Vega were early authors to examine the specific role of rural financial markets (RFM's) in mobilizing savings from and delivering credit to farmers in less developed countries. There are three major separate but interdependent roles that RFM's are expected to perform: mobilize rural savings, allocate credit among productive activities in agriculture, and integrate the RFM's with the capital markets of the rest of the economy and the world. Often a fourth role of income distribution is added, i.e., ensuring that credit is directed to the potentially viable small farmer. The development of Bolivian RFM's in many ways serves to illustrate not only the nature of the institutional and structural un-