Liv.52 drops were given orally to experimental pregnant mice at a dose of 0.25 ml/day/animal through days 0 to 17 of gestation, while control animals received an equal volume of tap water in a similar manner. There was a significant increase in the weights of 18-day old foetuses treated with Liv.52 in utero as compared to the control group. An improvement in the weights was also observed in litter born to Liv.52-administered mice during pregnancy. Resorbed and dead embryos, external malformations in foetuses/offspring and skeletal anomalies in foetuses were absent in these groups. Moreover, foetuses born to Liv.52-treated mothers showed better ossification in the skull bones than the control group. No significant alteration in litter size and sex ratio of the foetuses was noticed in any of these groups. There was no significant variation in weights of the various organs of six-week old animals born to mothers of either group. INTRODUCTION Various drugs, heavy metals and chemicals have been found to be teratogenic in laboratory animals and human beings. Most of the Ayurvedic preparations are not studied to evaluate their Teratogenic or toxic effects, even though-herbal preparations have been extensively used since 2500 B.C. Liv.52 is an indigenous remedy used in India and other countries for treatment of various liver disorders and other diseases. Liv.52 has been reported as a powerful detoxifying herbal agent and also as a protective drug against radiation damage. This study assesses the effect of Liv.52 on Swiss albino mice during embryogenesis and postnatal development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss albino mice (7-9 weeks old, 25 ± 1 g body weight) were selected from an inbred colony, maintained on standard mice feed (procured from Hindustan Lever Ltd.) and were provided with water ad libitum. Females and males were placed in a 4:1 ratio in each cage overnight for mating, and the following morning, mice with vaginal plugs were separated. Indication of vaginal plugs was considered day zero of pregnancy. These females were divided into two groups of ten: experimental (Liv.52-treated) and control (non-drug treated). Liv.52 drops received from The Himalaya Drug Co., were administered orally to the pregnant animals at a dose level of 0.25 ml/day per animal, through days 0 to 17 of gestation, while animals of the control group received an equal volume of tap water. On day 18 of gestation, 50% of the dams from each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation to determine their reproductive status, while pregnancy in the remaining 50% of animals from each group was allowed to continue. The uteri of all the sacrificed mice were examined. The number of implant sites was counted, and the conceptus at each site in utero was classified as either being resorbed, dead or alive. The foetuses (alive or dead) were sexed, blotted dry, weighed individually and examined for external alterations. A randomly selected group of 60% of foetuses (alive or dead) were fixed in 95% ethanol, cleared in KOH, stained with alizarin red S and examined for skeletal alterations. The size and sex ratio of the litter born to the remaining 50% of mice of the control and experimental groups were recorded at birth. They were also examined for the development of physiological markers like pinna detachment, eye opening, morphological anomalies and postnatal mortality, if any. Their weekly weights were also recorded up to the age of six weeks. Autosies were performed on these six-week old animals by cervical dislocation to record the weights of the various organs. RESULTS Prenatal Studies The average number of implant sites were found to be almost equal in each uterine born, both in the Liv.52-treated and control groups. Resorbed and dead embryos were absent in either group. The mean foetal weight was found to be significantly higher 1.46 ± 0.04 g) in the prenatally Liv.52treated group as compared to the control group (1.20 ± 0.30 g) (p<0.001). No alteration in sex ratio was observed. Further, no external malformations or skeletal anomalies were detected in either group (Figs. 1,3a,b). However, foetuses of mice treated with Liv.52 showed more ossified skull bones as compared to the controls (Figs. 2, 3b). P T 8 e t g ( m t b Figure 1: Showing normal skeleton elements (lateral view) of foetuses born to control females ostnatal Studies he average litter size in both the groups was .86, and there was no deviation in sex ratio in ither of them. Weekly weights of 47 offspring of he Liv.52-treated group and 44 of the control roup were recorded up to the age of six weeks Table 1a). During this period, no postnatal ortality and macroscopic anomalies were seen in he offspring of both groups, and all were found to e normal in morphology. The postnatal growth Figure 2: Showing highly ossified skeleton elements of foetuses born to Liv.52-treated mothers (lateral view). Figure 3 a-b: Showing dorsal views of normal skeletons of control and experimental foetuses respectively. rate in these two groups was compared by weight analyses. The results of the present study showed that the mean weekly postnatal weights of offspring of the experimental group were higher during infancy as compared to those in the control group, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant. The ears of the offspring exhibited complete unfolding on day 3, body hair appeared on day 5, and the eyelids opened on day 12 of postpartum age respectively in both the groups. The weights of the various organs (testis, brain, liver, lung, kidney, spleen and thymus) of both groups were also recorded but were not significantly different (Table 1b). Table 1a: Mean weekly body weights (g) of mouse offspring (±SE) Postpartum age (week) Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 Control (non-drug treated) 4.00 ± 0.13 6.30 ± 0.13 11.22 ± 0.48 15.82 ± 0.29 18.46 ± 0.58 21.35 ± 0.51 Experimental (Liv.52-treated) 4.80 ± 0.25 7.80 ± 0.31 11.42 ± 0.41 16.21 ± 0.55 18.84 ± 0.53 21.72 ± 0.38 Table 1b: Mean organ weight of six-week old mouse offspring (±SE) Group Testis (mg) Brain (mg) Liver (g) Lung (mg) Heart (mg) Kidney (mg) Spleen (mg) Thymus (mg) Control (nondrug treated) 106.8 ± 2.5 414.6 ± 2.9 1.668 ± 0.090 192.0 ± 8.9 144.6 ± 4.9 164.6 ± 5.8 113.2 ± 4.8 64.3 ± 1.6 Experimental (Liv.52-treated) 112.0 ± 3.0 422.6 ± 4.0 1.748 ± 0.060 214.2 ± 2.9 160.0 ± 6.0 160.0 ± 4.2 123.0 ± 1.6 67.6 ± 1.4 DISCUSSION In the present study, there was a significant increase in the weights of 18-day old foetuses of mice treated with Liv.52, as compared to the control group. Such improvement in weight of mice offspring born to the Liv.52-treated mothers has been reported earlier. For instance, Srinivasan and Balwani (1968) have shown that Liv.52 is a growth-promoting agent, and the weight gain is due to increased food consumption as well as more efficient food utilization. Similarly, increased food consumption by the Liv.52-treated mothers during pregnancy resulted in the increased mean foetal body weight in the present study. The increase in body weight is of great significance. It is well known that infants of low birth weight are more prone to develop physiological jaundice. It has been also suggested that the lower the weight of the infant at birth, the higher the risk of developing severe hyperbilirubinaemia. This results in physiological jaundice. It is in vogue to give Liv.52 to the neonates suffering from physiological jaundice. However, it is also desirable to adopt preventive measures. One such measure would be to administer Liv.52 to pregnant females. In the present study, Liv.52 has also been shown to be non-foetotoxic. Similar results have also been reported. Therefore, Liv.52 can be safely used by pregnant females. Thus, Liv.52 emerges as a general tonic with a safety record testified by its continuous administration to females throughout pregnancy in this study. REFERENCES 1. Agarwal, N.K., Prasad, R., Sharma, B.B. Role of Liv.52 in Indian childhood cirrhosis with special reference to its effects on alpha-antitrypsin levels. Asian Med. J. (1983): 9, 647. 2. Arora, J.K. Role of various types of treatment in infectious hepatitis. Armed Forces Med. J. (1969): 3, 362. 3. Chauhan, B.L., Gurjar, P.A., Kulkarni, R.D. Lack of teratogenicity of Liv.52. Probe (1988): 28, 36. 4. Mallik, K.K., Pal, M.B. Role of Liv.52 in hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Curr. Med. Pract. (1979): 5, 23. 5. Mathur, S., Prakash, A.O., Mathur, A. Protective effect of Liv.52 against beryllium toxicity in rats. Curr. Science (1986): 18, 899. 6. Prasad, G.C. Electron microscopic study on the effect of Liv.52 on carbon tetrachloridetreated rats. J. Res. Ind. Yoga and Homoeo. (1976): 4, 38. 7. Rathore, H.S., Rawat, H. Liv.52 protection against cadmium-induced histomorphological changes in mouse spleen, duodenum and small intestine. Ind. Drugs (1989): 26, 533. 8. Saini, M.R., Kumar, S., Saini, N. Liv.52 protection against radiation-induced abnormalities in mammalian prenatal development. Radiobiol. Radiother. (1985): 26, 385. 9. Saini, M.R., Saini, N. Liv.52 protection against radiation-induced lesions in mammalian liver. Radiobiol. Radiother. (1985): 26, 379. 10. Sarkar, S.R., Singh, L.R., Uniyal, B.P., Bhatnagar, V.S. Radioprotective effects of Liv.52 and tissue-reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in experimental rats. Bombay Hospital J. (1988): 4, 41. 11. Saxena, A., Garg, N.K. Effect of Liv.52 on membrane lipids in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. (1981): 9, 559. 12. Singh, K.K., Singh, Y.K., Sinha, S.K., Sharma, V., Mishra, B.N. Observations on the treatment of infective hepatitis with an indigenous drug Liv.52. Ind. Med. J. (1977): 5, 69. 13. Srinivasan, S., Balwani, J.H. Effect of Liv.52 on the growth and food consumption of laboratory animals. Ind. Veterinary J. (1968): 45, 773. 14. Srivastava, J.R., Bhalla, J.N., Arora, A. Some studies on physiological jaundice of the newborn. Probe (1972): 1, 4.


Citation: Bacha D, Ferjaoui W, Gharbi L, Slama SB, Lahmar A (2020) Chiasmus as an Alternative Pattern of Teaching. Int J Cogn Behav 3:010. doi.org/10.23937/2690-3172/1710010 Accepted: October 13, 2020: Published: October 15, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Bacha D, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


The family Botryosphaeriaceae encompasses important plant-associated pathogens, endophytes and saprobes with a wide geographical and host distribution. Two dark-spored botryosphaeriaceous taxa associated with Rhus typhina dieback and canker disease were collected from Ningxia Province, in northwestern China. Morphology and multigene analysis (ITS, LSU and EF-1α) clearly distinguished this clade as a distinct species in the genus. Phaeobotryon rhois is introduced and illustrated as a new species in this paper. The species is characterized by its globose, unilocular fruiting bodies and small, brown, 1-septate conidia. It can be distinguished from the similar species P. cercidis , P. cupressi , P. mamane and P. quercicola based on host association and conidial size and colour.


This paper genaralizes the associations and differences between the digital library and the virtual library through the analysis of their backgrounds.Thus the author puts forword her point of view:they are different kinds of libraries.


A positioning device for positioning an object table relative to a reference frame with a drive unit including a first part connectable to the reference frame and a second part for holding the object table is described. The drive unit is constructed to displace the object table in a first direction by generating a force in the first direction on the second part, and a torque acting on the second part about an axis substantially perpendicular to the first direction such that the resulting force of the force and the torque is directed substantially through the center of gravity of the assembly including the object table and the second part.


Tiivistelmä-Referat-Abstract The study examines the disintegration of political authority following the civil war in Somalia in the beginning of the 1990s and the United Nations peace operation in the country during the years 1992-95. On a more general level, the study is concerned with the phenomenon of "state collapse" in Africa, the international peace operations in these conflicts and the general failure of these operations to achieve peace. The aim is to understand why the international response to state collapse in Somalia has been the reconstruction of this state, and why this has been problematic for achieving peace given the reasons why it collapsed in the first place. At a theoretical level, the study aims to connect these phenomena with the idea of the state which defines the international institutional context. A social constructivist approach is adopted to gain insight into the way ideas and power are involved in institutional structures. The legitimacy of the state institution has long historical roots, which have not been considered when the model was transposed to post-colonial Somalia and this process is reproduced with the reconstruction of the Somali state following the civil war. The study finds that the UN aimed to reconstruct the state because of its interest in upholding the state system, but also because it was natural, as Somalia presented itself as an "anomaly" in the "state culture" and called for this response. The focus on the state was legitimated by the need to reconstruct it, but the specific features of the Somali conflict and its root causes were neglected. Hence, why the operation failed. The sources used in the study include research on the Somali political culture and the civil war, research and UN documents on the peace operation in Somalia as well as evaluations of the operation mostly in the form of conference reports. The theoretical sources used are conceptual developments on African statehood and conflicts, the state sovereignty institution and a number of constructivist works in International Relations theory, sociology, social theory and the philosophy of knowledge.


The sales of multivitamins have been growing fast ever since and the natural-concept and/or plant-based products are easily found in the market nowadays. The natural plant-based multivitamins lead consumers to anticipate additional health benefits from phytochemicals that accompany the vitamins in whole plants. Phytochemicals are expected to be beneficial in the human body, especially as antioxidants. Growing evidence suggests that phytochemicals can act as free radical-scavengers, peroxide decomposers, singlet and triplet oxygen quenchers, enzyme inhibitors, and synergists. To develop a model to verify the identity of plant-based multivitamins, 15 commercially available vitamin supplements were investigated for the evaluation of in vitro free-antioxidant activities based on chemical fingerprinting. To determine the contribution of nutrients or phytochemicals to the total antioxidant activity of the multivitamins, net effects of each part was computed after variable selection using F-tests. The repeatability was evaluated with 3 lots of test products. Antioxidant activities were estimated and compared by using a range of techniques, such as Oxygen reducing antioxidant capacity (ORAC), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), Ferric reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1picrylhydrazul (DPPH). Fourteen phytochemicals were identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo diode array detection and mass spectrometry (q-Tof) to identify major contributors to their antioxidant effect; the most abundant phytochemicals in descending order were the hesperidin (9 samples), b-carotene (5 samples), and ellagic acid, zeaxanthin, lycopene (2 samples). In an attempt to quantify oxidative stress (OS) in a cell model, we examined OS induced by incubating for 1 hour with various free radical generators in HepG2 cells by using the dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay. In addition, total phenolic contents were also estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Most, but not all, of the correlations could be explained based on similarities in the mechanisms of antioxidant effect and many correlations/non-correlations were also observed in this study. For example, strong positive correlations (P<0.01) were found between ORAC and Vitamin C, keracyanin, hisperidin, lutein and lycopene. Similarly, a strong positive correlation was observed between TAS and Vitamin C, quercetin, and lutein (P<0.01). Significant positive correlations between intracellular FRAP and Vitamin C, quercetin, and lutein (P<0.01). There was a strong correlation (P<0.01) between DPPH and Vitamin C, E, quercetin, and lutein. Interestingly, strong correlations (P<0.01) were found between total polyphenols and Vitamin C, keracyanin, and lutein.


Research indicates that the agentic experience of the African American woman manager is unique and does not conform to the traditional gender standards of leadership. This study addressed the experiences of African American women managers in predominantly black work environments, as the implication of these experiences on their ability to lead remains unknown. To this end, a multiple-case study design was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 African American women managers, and along with a literature review and reflective field notes constituted the major sources of data collection. Through thematic analysis and cross-case synthesis and analysis, eight categories enclosing a total of 12 themes were identified. The African American woman manager emphasizes continuing education for career ascension and is determined to ascend in whatever arena provides the most likely opportunity for growth. This study makes an original contribution to the theoretical literature on intra-racial discrimination by offering insight into the experiences of the agentic African American woman leader and her experience as a double minority in a predominately black workplace. Recommendations are made for future research directions and social change initiatives on the topic of leadership experiences of African American women managers.


People with disabilities, such as those with mobility impairments are particularly vulnerable to the abuse of many of their human rights. There seems to be little difference whether they access services through the public or private health care system. Drawing on the author's many years of experience as the project coordinator of a wheelchair donor programme in the province of KwaZulu Natal (KZN) in South Africa (S.A.), this article seeks to explore some of these issues with the use of illustrative case studies of clients accessing wheelchairs both through the public health and the private sector. A B ST R A C T


The popularity of creatine is a triumph of marketing over science and a tribute to the human urge to seek any edge to win. The younger and less elite the athletes, the less reason there is to think creatine will improve their prowess. A recent review finds only one study of creatine in athletes under age 18— and the minor "benefit" it cites in sprint swimming is questionable. (See DesJardins, 2002.) The American College of Sports Medicine consensus statement says young athletes should not use creatine. (See Terjung et al., 2000.) Yet young athletes mimic their older heroes.


The β-glucosidase which could hydrolyze the ginsenoside-Rb 1 was purified from Helix snailase through a combination of DEAE chromatography and gel filtration chromatography.The β-glucosidase was purified to apparent homogeneity on SDS-PAGE.The optimum pH was 5.6 and the optimum temperature was 80 ℃.The enzyme was stable below 60 ℃ and from pH 4 to 11.The presence of Na +,K +,Li +,Ca 2+,Mg 2+,EDTA,DTT and SDS had no obvious effect on the enzyme activity,while Cu 2+,Ag + and Fe 3+ ions play an inhibitory role.The Km and Vmax values for β-D-glucopyranoside(pNPG)as the substrate were calculated to be 0.182 mmol/L and 0.189 units/mg of protein respectively.


PURPOSE: A three-dimensional image display device is provided to minimize the degradation of a three-dimensional resolution by arranging sub-pixels of a display panel in a fantail method. CONSTITUTION: A first area(101) and a second area(102) of a display panel are individually extended to a second direction. The first and the second area include a first and a ninth line(L1~L9) which are repetitively arranged to a first direction(D1). A first and a second pixel pattern(Px1,Px2) are individually arranged on the lines. The first and the second pixel pattern are arranged on the first and the second area. Color cells which are adjacent to the first and the ninth line have different colors.


The eastern part of the Ordos Block, also called Fen-Wei graben, is located at the boundary of eastern and western China, which is a geotectonic decoupling region and an earthquake-prone area. The high resolution crust and upper mantle shear velocity structure in the study area is the key to study the geological formation and evolution of the Fen-Wei graben. In addition, the study is also beneficial for a better understanding of the earthquake pregnant system and focal mechanisms in the region.


We succeeded in the construction of a novel meniscus-climbing gel robot that autonomously converted the chemical energy from the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction to mechanical work. The gel perio...


Evaporated metallic contacts (area = 0.1 mm2) have been made to etched (100) surfaces of conducting strontium titanate single crystals. The metals employed were Mg, In, Au, Pd, and Pt. The electrical properties of these contacts were studied by measurements of: (1) differential capacitance as a function of bias voltage, (2) spectral variation of photoemission from the metal into the strontium titanate, and (3) current‐voltage characteristics. The measurements have been analyzed to yield effective values of Δφ (work function of the metal with respect to the strontium titanate conduction band at the contact) with the following results: (1) the electrical properties of the contacts are different for the different metals, (2) the low‐work‐function metals (Mg and In) form low‐resistance contacts, (3) the high‐work‐function metals (Au, Pd, and Pt) form blocking contacts, and (4) none of the blocking contacts can be characterized by a single value of Δφ; i.e., each blocking contact behaves as if it consists of p...


A device for controlling fuel injection in an internal combustion engine is provided with a fuel injection valve (21) constructed so that a needle (41) for opening and closing an injection orifice (49) and a movable core (40) having a pushing part (40a) for pushing the needle in the valve-opening direction are provided separately, an urging member (45) for urging the needle and the movable core in the valve-closing direction is provided, a solenoid (52) for driving the movable core in the valve-opening direction is provided, and a prescribed gap is formed between the pushing part of the movable core and a part (42) to be pushed of the needle when the solenoid is not being energized. The device for controlling fuel injection in an internal combustion engine is also provided with: a control unit (30, 101-106, 109) that, when a prescribed execution condition is met, executes pre-charge control for energizing the solenoid so that the pushing part of the movable core comes into contact with the part to be pushed of the needle but the needle remains stopped in the valve-closed position without moving in the valve-opening direction, and, after executing the pre-charge control, executes valve-opening control for energizing the solenoid so that the movable core and the needle move in the valve-opening direction and fuel is injected; a detection unit (30, 107, 110) for detecting valve-opening response information, which is information about the valve-opening responsiveness of the fuel injection valve, on the basis of the electrical signal of the fuel injection valve when the valve-opening control is executed after the pre-charge control is executed; and a correction unit (30, 108, 111) for correcting the amount of injection control for the fuel injection valve on the basis of the valve-opening response information when the valve-opening control is executed after the pre-charge control is executed.


Based on the recent asset pricing theories,the pricing of risky asset with liquidity risk is studied in this paper.Firstly,the pricing of liquidity risk under no-arbitrage is dissussed,and the market price of liquidity risk is pbtained and the efficient frontier of a portfolio with one risk-free asset is gived.Then,from the perspective of risk composition,the measure and the market price of liquidity risk is proposed,and liquidity risk-based capital asset pricing model with two types of expression(LBCAPM with the relative amount of risk and LBCAPM with the absolute volume of risk)is induced,which describes the process of asset expected return formation.In the end,the possible application of the asset pricing model is indicated.


Abstract : The mass differences between the components of several doublets which involve the stable chorine isotopes have been measured in a large mass spectrometer operating at a resolving power, at the base of the peaks, of 100,000 or better. These measurements lead to the following values of atomic mass, expressed as mass excesses on the C12=12 u scale: Cl37=-34 099.73=0.95 micro-u; Cl35=-31 148.62=0.68 micro-u; Cl37-Cl35=-2951.11=0.59 micro-u. (Author)


To the Editor:

We read with interest the editorial comment by Villringer and colleagues on the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a routine diagnostic tool in stroke.1 We agree that NIRS has great potential to become a valuable bedside tool; however, several limitations need to be overcome.

Crucial to the successful use of NIRS is an appreciation of its ability to measure real-time changes in cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation. These equate to changes in cerebral blood volume only and not necessarily cerebral blood flow and may consequently lead to misinterpretation of clinical data. The relative contribution of different vascular compartments to the NIRS signal also needs to be established as it is not known whether venous changes in oxygenated hemoglobin makes a greater contribution than arterial changes. Extracranial tissues: melanin-containing skin, lipid-prevalent soft tissue, bone, and cerebrospinal fluid may also absorb a significant proportion of infrared light. This makes absolute intrapatient comparisons difficult. Even in individual patient analyses extracranial tissues may elicit varying degrees of absorption with changes in their extracranial blood supply. Attempts to quantify this contribution have proved difficult whether studying patients at carotid endarterectomy2 or using Monte Carlo simulation.3 Smielewski and colleagues however suggest that cerebral oxygenation, as recorded by NIRS and cutaneous laser-Doppler flowmetry, is largely unaffected by extracranial tissue perfusion.4 More work is needed to understand the behavior of near-infrared …


IntroductionAs Messersmith and Guthrie (2010) demonstrate, the creation and staffing of a first-rate human resources function is often critical for startups wishing to grow their business. Creating and sustaining a strong innovation culture in startups depends on the ability to hire employees who share values that fit well with the organization. To do so, high quality potential employees first must be attracted to the organization. Recruitment is a critical determinant of applicant attraction (Uggerslev, Fassina, & Kraichy, 2012) and therefore it can be a powerful tool for creating a workforce that supports and promotes an organization's culture and strategic direction (Gully, Phillips, & Kim, 2014).The purpose of the current study is to investigate how job ads might improve recruiting outcomes for a new small organization with an innovation culture and strategy. First, the study investigates how recruitment messages containing information about a new organization's culture of innovation influence organizational attraction. Second, this study explores the moderating effects of job seekers' learning and performance goal orientations on the relationship between recruitment messages and organizational attraction, which in turn are proposed to influence job pursuit intentions. How organizational prestige mediates the relationship between a recruiting ad describing a need for innovation and job pursuit intentions is also investigated.Many new or small organizations may not have lavish budgets for generating attractive recruiting advertisements, sponsoring television spot ads, hiring recruiting specialists, or developing extensive business websites (Hannan & Freeman, 1984). Additionally, they may be reluctant to engage in costly recruitment practices (Cardon & Stevens, 2004). Instead, these organizations often have little or no corporate reputation or image, very small or non-existent human resource management departments, and are limited in their ability to fill open positions (Cardon & Stevens, 2004). Such firms often post small advertisements with a limited amount of text and information in local papers or on job boards. These types of postings appear all the time, across the country, for many types of occupations, yet little is known about how actual job seekers respond to such ads.In this paper signaling theory is used to build a process model of the effects of recruitment messages and individual differences on attraction and job pursuit. It is proposed that innovation job ad content will influence organizational attraction depending on the learning and performance goal orientations of the job seeker. Organizational attraction, in tum, will influence job pursuit intentions. It is also proposed that innovation job ad information will be positively related to perceptions of organizational prestige which will be positively related to job pursuit intentions. The proposed model focuses on the process by which a new organization's recruitment messages highlighting innovation translate into attraction and job pursuit intentions depending on key characteristics of the job seeker. Figure 1 illustrates the proposed model.Organizations can be a part of their employees' self-identity or self-concept (Ashforth & Mael, 1989; Carter & Highhouse, 2014; Scott & Lane, 2000). Because the employer is an important component of many employees' identities, it has been proposed that job seekers are likely to take into account their general impressions of or feelings about an organization when deciding whether or not to apply for a job there (Cable & Turban, 2001).The early stage of job seeking for applicants involves a general information search to identify those jobs or organizations worth considering for pursuit to employment opportunities (Barber, Daly, Giannantonio, & Phillips, 1994). The job seeker uses this initial information to build a mental image of what it is probably like to work for a particular organization, which informs the decision of whether or not to continue to include that potential opportunity in the job search. …


Abstract: (FT) Raman spectroscopy is used for the first time to identify pigments used in 19 th & 20 th century Japanese and Vietnamese Lacquerwares. IR spectroscopy is used to assess the Lacquer matrix. Different operative conditions and parameters were experimented with on a limited number of lacquerwares in order to determine the optimal procedure for the identification of pigments/dyes as potential chronological or technological markers. The test was then performed in the collector's rooms with a mobile Raman set-up. Different pigments (vermilion, Prussian Blue, Naples Yellow, Phtalocyanine Blue, anatase, rutile, chalk, carbon black) were identified despite a strong fluorescence and a rapid degradation of both pigments and binder under increasing laser power. Better spectra were obtained on older lacquerwares. Keywords: pigment; lacquerware; Japan; Vietnam; mobile; identification; IR; Raman; spectroscopy 1. Introduction Until the early 18 th century in Europe, and even later in Asia, pigments belonged to a limited number of minerals or synthetic materials with well-known spectral signatures [1–4]. New organic and inorganic pigments were then synthesized. Among marked examples are the Prussian blue (iron


. Various issues of disparity in the quality of education between regions, inadequate teacher competence, and various other educational problems still con-tinuetohaunteducationinIndonesia.Inordertoovercomethesevariousproblems, TheMinistryofEducationandCulturehaspublished17episodesofMerdekaBela-jarguidelinesandderivativeprograms.TheMinistryofEducationandCultureis acceleratingthetransformationofeducationinIndonesia.The"SekolahPengger-ak"programisonederivativeofthepolicy.Thisprogramisacatalystforrealizing theeducationalvisionofIndonesia.TheSekolahPenggerakprogramfocuseson theholisticdevelopmentofstudentlearningoutcomestorealizePancasila'sstu-dentimage,inlinewiththevisionofIndonesianeducation,throughoutstanding humanresources.Theprogramwillbeimplementedbystrengtheningthehuman resourcecapacityofschoolleadersandteacherswhoarekeytorestructuring andreformingtheIndonesianeducationsystem.Theprogramisaimedatleaders andteachersofhisPAUD,SD,SMP,SMA,SLBlevelschoolsin34states,local leveleducationofficials,schoolsuperintendents/supervisorsandlocaleducation departments. is involved. Strategic cooperation between the Ministry of Education and Culture and local governments, especially the Lampung Provincial Education Department and stakeholders is key to the success of this program. The entire education ecosystem will play an active role in various program activities ranging from the process of reviewing, planning, implementing and evaluating the management of the Sekolah Penggerak program. This research is in qualitative type. The research stage begins with examining the problems of education in Indonesia. Furthermore, primary and secondary data are collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data compilation and analysis is carried out through the Dynamic Governance Paradigm. This research is expected to contribute to the Lampung Provincial Education Department as a policymaker in realizing adaptive and relevant government functions, also effective and efficient in the context of efforts to realize the education vision through the Merdeka Belajar policy episode


Summary: Lake Bussjo is an 0.3 hectare large kettle hole in a hummocky morain landscape four kilometers north of Ystad.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the stratigraphy and reconstruct the highest water level. Another task is to estimate the rate of farmland advance on earlier grazingland and swamps. Furthermore, to calculate the future development of the lake.
To make the stratigraphy clear, six sections have been made, including 59 sediment profiles, which six have been done earlier (Dearing et al 1986 unpublished). Mainly Russian sampler and helical auger were used to penetrate the ground. In the laboratory a minerogenic magnetic method, IRM, has been used to correlate some of the sediment profiles. Correlation has been completed with pollen analyses. Studying of maps is an important part of our work, not least in order to find out the advance of cultivated land during the last two centuries.
The results show that the highest water level of lake Bussjo has been three to four meters above the recent level during early postglacial.
Mainly fine detritus gyttja deposition is recorded. But the upper part has a considerable amount of minerogenic content, according to a higher erosion level since agricultural work has been developed. The lake is surrounded by carr peat depositions. According to the macrofossil content and the pollen analyses, these were formed in an alder swamp forest.
Farmer land is gradually moving over the former wet lands towards the lake, due to ploughing and water transport. This process is strongly varying in different conditions. In the lake Bussjo area the advance has a mean rate of about 0.4 meter/year. The sedimentation rate is estimated at 15 millimeters/year in recent time and is expected to increase in the future. Altogether, this means that the
lake will be filled and incorporated with ploughed land within 100-150 years.


Signaling by Ag to the B cell Ag receptor (BCR) is enhanced by several cooperating signals, including several provided by B-T cell interactions. One of these, CD40, provides critical signals for B cell differentiation, isotype switching, and B cell memory. The molecular mechanisms by which BCR and CD40 signals synergize are not well understood. Although the BCR and CD40 share certain signaling pathways, we hypothesized that unique signals provided by each could provide mutual enhancement of their signaling pathways. The BCR, but not CD40, activates protein kinase D (PKD), while CD40, but not the BCR, employs the TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) adapter proteins in signaling. In this study, we show that genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of BCR-mediated PKD activation in B lymphocytes abrogated the synergy between the CD40 and the BCR, as measured by activation of Ig and cytokine secretion. Interestingly, the role of PKD was dependent upon the association of CD40 with TRAF2, and was inhibited by the binding of TRAF3, revealing a novel functional link between these two classes of signaling molecules.


Network security has become a primary problem in the course of information construction,this paper analyzes the security threats which LAN is faced and discusses several control strategies that safeguard data security.Taking into consideration such factors as personnel,technology,facilities,management,mechanism and so on,this paper proposes the setting up of a multi-level and solid safeguarding system combined with a perfecting management system to ensure the LAN security.


The authors previously (1991) derived the density function of the duty cycle of a residential thermostat-controlled heating unit using a physically based stochastic load model. In this paper they use this density function to determine the maximum likelihood duty cycle using real data. This duty cycle is used to predict the energy demand of a space conditioning load. The prediction is found to track the actual duty cycle much better than deterministic and steady-state duty cycles.<<ETX>>


A device was developed to measure the winding speed of roving directly and con tinuously to a package. A small roller rolling on the surface of the package was mounted on the tip of a presser of the test flyer as a winding speed sensor. Using this measuring device, the effects of the winding draft ratio (the winding speed of roving to the package divided by the delivery speed of roving from the front roller) on the roving weight per unit length at the package were investigated. Results show reasonably good correlation.


Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of severe infirmity and mortalities than any other diseases in affluent societies [1]. Many factors contribute to the development of (CAD). All of these factors are divided into two classes; environmental and genetic factors. Genetic factors mainly contribute in CAD associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) . Scientists identified many genetic variants in the DNA sequence of the VDR. Genetic varieties of VDR may contribute to many disorders such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, type 1 diabetes, arthritis, multiple sclerosis [2], acute lower respiratory tract infection [3], tuberculosis and increasing the incidence of having CAD [4] . 1) To investigate the genotype distribution of the following SNPs (rs731236, rs7975232 and rs1544410) among the two groups of CAD patients (significant and nonsignificant stenosis). 2) To assess the association of the VDR polymorphisms of (rs731236, rs7975232 and rs1544410) with the severity of significant stenosis 3) To study the impact of the traditional risk factors and Vitamin D level with these polymorphisms on the severity of significant stenosis. 4) To assess any association between VRD polymorphisms with the traditional risk factors and vitamin D among CAD patients. RESULTS and DISCUSSION


Starting from subsurface Zr0-doped "inverse" Pd and bulk-intermetallic Pd0Zr0 model catalyst precursors, we investigated the dry reforming reaction of methane (DRM) using synchrotron-based near ambient pressure in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS), in-situ X-ray diffraction and catalytic testing in an ultrahigh-vacuum-compatible recirculating batch reactor cell. Both intermetallic precursors develop a Pd0–ZrO2 phase boundary under realistic DRM conditions, whereby the oxidative segregation of ZrO2 from bulk intermetallic PdxZry leads to a highly active composite layer of carbide-modified Pd0 metal nanoparticles in contact with tetragonal ZrO2. This active state exhibits reaction rates exceeding those of a conventional supported Pd–ZrO2 reference catalyst and its high activity is unambiguously linked to the fast conversion of the highly reactive carbidic/dissolved C-species inside Pd0 toward CO at the Pd/ZrO2 phase boundary, which serves the role of providing efficient CO2 activation sites. In contrast, the near-surface intermetallic precursor decomposes toward ZrO2 islands at the surface of a quasi-infinite Pd0 metal bulk. Strongly delayed Pd carbide accumulation and thus carbon resegregation under reaction conditions leads to a much less active interfacial ZrO2–Pd0 state.


The present invention relates to a wired and wireless integration content providing system and method, by using a wired or wireless communication network providing a content service to the user, integrate wireless and wired to the wired and wireless integrated content providing system and method for providing a content service is disclosed. The providing FMC content system stores a variety of contents to be provided to the user and comprises a free information or streaming information from a service through and is updated content storage unit, a wired and wireless integration service registered as a member the user member information, and wired or wireless content and a member in which content usage information, the integrated storage information storing portion, comprising: a content management server, integrated management of the user of the content usage information to be connected via a wired or wireless communication network, the content management server provides a content menu page to the user and more, the and the user provides the content requested by a wired or wireless terminal of the user within a service range to determine whether the service is possible if the service request for the selected content, when the user re-using the content and It provides the requested content to the user without a wired or wireless terminal. Wired and wireless networks, content management servers, content storage unit, member information storage unit


The peace process between Israelis and Palestinians, which occurred in the 1990's, is depicted in the American documentary Promises (2001). The issue of land appropriation is highlighted in the film through both Arabian and Jewish children's voices while debating about their rights of belonging. In this article, we demonstrate the representation of the conflict through the documentary, highlighting the land problem, and considering the historical contextualization of the period in which the documentary was produced.


Haloragis exalata F. Muell. subspecies exalata (family Haloragaceae), a perennial forb, is currently listed as Vulnerable, under both national and New South Wales threatened species conservation legislation. Very few herbarium records existed until recently. Recent discoveries of Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata in new sites on the NSW South Coast and Southern Tablelands prompted us to carry out surveys for the two varieties of the taxon, var. exalata and var. laevis. Our surveys in 2004– 2007 aimed to relocate historical collection sites and target areas of potentially suitable habitat in these areas. Our work has substantially increased the number of known localities for Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata var. exalata. It can be locally abundant. Ecologically it appears to function as a gap species whose populations are almost invariably found at sites where disturbance through temporary inundation, physical disturbance, or fire, has exposed bare earth with higher levels of light at ground level than would be present when the local vegetation community is intact. There are morphological differences between populations in disjunct areas. Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata var. laevis is much more restricted. As a result, the conservation status of Haloragis exalata subsp. exalata may need revision, considering that a) var. exalata is more widespread than previously known, but that b) there is only one known extant population of var. laevis, and that c) the population from Geehi area may be a distinct taxon. Cunninghamia (2007) 10(2): 263–272


Using the well-known 'displace, cut and reflect' method used to generate disks from given solutions of Einstein field equations, we construct static charged disks made of perfect fluid based on the Reissner-Nordstroem solution in isotropic coordinates. We also derive a simple stability condition for charged and noncharged perfect fluid disks. As expected, we find that the presence of charge increases the regions of instability of the disks.


The quasi-stationary problem for modelling the process of electrochemical cutting with a plate electrode-tool is formulated. The formulation of the problem is based on the use of a stepwise function of current efficiency from the current density. Thus three areas with various conditions are formed on the machined surface. The usual stationarity condition is used in the area of high current densities. In the area of low current densities the dissolution is absent and the initial form of the boundaries remains. In the intermediate zone, the current density at each point is equal to the critical value. The presence of boundary conditions on each section of the machined surface allows to formulate a boundary problem for the analytical function of the complex variable and to find the shape of the boundary at any moment, regardless of the background. The solutions of quasi-stationary and non-stationary problems are compared, and the range of existence of quasi-stationary solutions is found.


Studies of photochemical reactions of copper in natural waters have previously been limited by the lack of a sufficiently sensitive analytical method. A method using pre-concentration of formed Cubathocuproine on C{sub 18}, followed by clean-up from humic substances, allowed the detection of Cu(I) at the lower {micro}gl{sup {minus}1} level. Concentrations of Cu(I) in an urban river were in the range 4--13 {micro}gl{sup {minus}1} and comprised 24--50% of total copper. Considering that Cu(I) was found to be highly toxic to Microtox under nitrogen and that most Cu(II) is bound to humic substances (electrochemically available copper was not detectable) in the urban over studied, Cu(I) is the species of concern and is toxic at the reported concentration. Photochemical and microbial transformations of copper speciation were studied in the laboratory and in the urban river. In the laboratory the effect of UV light at 365 nm was considered with time after dilution (0--100%), filtration (to separate dissolved, colloidal, particulate and biological effects) and the addition of Cu(I) and free radical scavengers. It was shown that Cu(I) speciation cannot be accounted for on the basis of photochemical reactions alone, although experiments with free radical scavengers in natural light showed that photochemical reduction can occur.more » Filtration experiments demonstrated that colloids, with a high reactive surface area, rather than particulate material play a critical role. Diurnal variations of copper speciation followed in the urban river are accounted for on the basis of a combination of biological and photochemical reactions involving free radicals and humic substances.« less


The problem of online piracy continues to grow in the absence of stronger government action. Today almost one in four bits on the Internet is attributable to copyright infringing content, despite existing efforts by the content industry and others to limit piracy.1 In addition, the nature of online piracy continues to evolve in response to changes in technology. Online piracy is no longer limited to college students trading files in their dorm rooms; it has grown into a multi-million dollar international business and widely affects the producers of movies, music, software, books, video games and other forms of digital content. Russian businesses like Legalsounds.com and MusicMP3.ru offer consumers around the world illegitimate access to music through a seemingly legal website. Moreover, a recent study found that profit-driven entities were responsible for publishing 30 percent of the (mostly infringing) content on BitTorrent (accounting for 40 percent of downloads).2 And while some claim that piracy hurts only the content industry (as if this is not important), it is important to realize that piracy reduces jobs, exports, and overall U.S. competitiveness and standard of living.


Background and aims: Past research has found that young smokers are more likely to make quit attempts; however, there are conflicting findings regarding age and quit success. This study examined the degree to which smoker age is related to making quit attempts and quit success


A method for accurate reflectance measurement is described. The technique introduces a variable attenuator in a recirculating loop to calibrate the reflection provided by a fictitious reflector. A formula for this calibrated reflection is given. The device allows accurate measurements of the backscatter parameter of a fibre.


The second volume of this work has now been issued, and lies before us. Like the first volume, it consists of a number of monographs by different authors. It opens with two papers respectively by Dr. A. Neisser and Dr. R. Ledermann on gonorrhoeal diseases and syphilis, and the effects these contagious diseases may have on the male and female organs with regard to the marriage of either party. Questions of interest on both subjects are fully discussed, especially that of


As we enter the 21 st century, Central Asia has become a more significant region for energy studies. To facilitate energy competition in the region, the major powers have found it increasingly necessary to rationalize their ambitions ideologically. The United States works from a platform of liberal democracy and "human rights above sovereignty", Russia proffers its own idea of "sovereign democracy" to the Central Asians, and China portrays itself as a non-interventionist "responsible state" in the region. As one of the largest superpowers in the region, India lacks a unique ideology to increase its influence in Central Asia. This paper uses primary sources to explain how and why India has failed to compete with other great powers in Central Asia and to re-map what it calls "ideologised energy diplomacy" in an attempt to assess what progress India has made.


We develop a simple method for the parallel assembly of nanowires (NWs) based on oriented polymer nanofiber films. The nanowires dispersed in solution are aligned at the central space of parallel nanochannels formed by the well-oriented nanofibers as a result of the capillarity. Then, a general contact printing is used to realize the transfer of the nanowires from the donor nanofiber film to a receiver substrate. The mechanism involving ordered alignment of nanowires on oriented polymer nanofiber films was investigated based on the experimental result. This simple method can be served as a general approach and found a wide range of applications in the fabrication of NW-based devices.


The essential oils from Pogostemon benghalensis and P. cablin were isolated and the major compounds were identified by GC-MS technique. The antimicrobial potentials of essential oils from Pogostemon benghalensis and P. cablin were tested against clinically important microorganisms. Gram negative bacteria includes Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 85327) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC10031) and Gram positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228), Bacillus subtilis (DSMZ 1971), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778) were used for the present study. Also Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) were used as the fungal strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum killing concentration (MKC), leakage of potassium ions, release of 260 nm absorbing materials was analysed. 41 and 36 fractions were identified from the essential oils of Pogostemon benghalensis and P. cablin respectively. The result indicated that oils have significant antimicrobial properties against the selected strains of microorganisms. In conclusion the essential oils of Pogostemon benghalensis and P. cablin can be used as a natural source for antimicrobial agents and could be used for application in pharmaceutical and food industries. © 2020 iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation. All rights reserved. Cite this article as: Pradeep, D.P.; Manoj, G.S.; Murugan, K. Microbicidal potentialities of essential oil from Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.F.) Kuntze. and P. cablin (Blanco) Benth. Indo Global J. Pharm. Sci., 2020; 10(3): 41-47. DOI: http://doi.org/10.35652/IGJPS.2020.10305 . Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020; 10(3): 41-47 42 and socio-economic development in many developing countries of the world [10]. Pogostemon benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin belong to Lamiaceae. P. cablin is native to tropical regions of Asia and is now extensively cultivated in China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Mauritius, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and West Africa. In India the plant is introduced on 1942 and showed suitability to cultivate along the tropical humid South Indian conditions [11]. However, Pogostemon benghalensis is an underexploited plant restricted to high altitude areas. GuribFakim [4] and Valiakos et al., [5] reported that the species were used by the native people of Kerala, India for curing many skin prone disorders and also as antiseptic agents. No scientific reports are documented regarding the antimicrobial activities of P. benghalensis and Pogostemon cablin used by the native people. Further, due to the adverse effect of synthetic antibiotics, new or novel plant based antimicrobial agents are to be explored urgently. Therefore the medicinal properties of herbal plants and their products are nowadays being thoroughly studied, revised in an effort to complement or replace the existing synthetic chemical substances used in the modern food and drug industries. In this scenario, the purpose of the present study is to isolate, fractionate the components of essential oils from Pogostemon benghalensis and P. cablin and examine their microbicidal potentialities. MATERIALS AND METHOD


Objective To explore the effects on the c-Fos and protein 70(HSP70)mRNA expression of testicular spermatogenic cells induced by nickel sulfate(NiSO_4).Methods The male Wistar rats with sexual maturation were divided into four groups randomly,and three groups of rats were administrated intraperitoneally with NiSO_4 at doses of 1.25,2.50,5.00 mg/kg respectively for 30 d.The expression of c-Fos and heat shock HSP70 mRNA of seminiferous epithelium cells were detected through in situ hybridization techniques.Results The c-Fos mRNA expression of spermatogonia significantly decreased at the Ⅰ~Ⅵ,Ⅻ~ⅩⅢ and ⅩⅣ stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and the HSP70 mRNA expression of spermatocyte significantly increased at the Ⅰ~Ⅵ,Ⅻ~ⅩⅢ stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle than that of control group in NiSO_4 2.50,5.00 mg/kg groups(P0.05).Conclusion The abnormal changes of testicular spermatogenesis induced by NiSO_4 may be partly related to the downwards expression of c-Fos in spermatogonia and the upward expression of HSP70 in spermatocyte.


A study was conducted to evaluate the Brown Rice grain quality attributes of different Genotypes at Agricultural College & Research Institute, Killikulam-628 252, India during the period from April 2015 to March 2017. In the present study, twenty different rice varieties inclusive of two traditional cultivars cultivated in and around Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu as the test rice grains in the form of Brown rice in completely randomized design with three replications were tried. Most of the physico-chemical characteristics such as amylose content, gel consistency, alkali spreading value and gelatinization temperature were significantly correlated (positively or negatively) with some of the quality traits. Amylose content was highest (31%) in CO 43 rice with very lowest recorded for Purple puttu variety (9.167%). Even though highest Gel Consistency was recorded in variety, Purple puttu (92mm) and lowest in CO 43 (72mm), all twenty rice varieties are categorised as soft gel consistency(>60 mm) taken for analysis. The highest score (5) was given for CO (R) 49 and lowest score (2.5) for ASD 16 and ASD 18 subjected for Alkali degradation using 1.7% potassium hydroxide solution. Among the various rice varieties investigated, thousand grain weight varied between 13.7 and 29.7 g, length/breadth (l/b) ratio was between 2 and 3.5. Significant variation (P


Climate change, environment pollution, rapid urbanization and industrialization have been recognized as major environmental threats of the present-day scenario. These environmental issues cause severe socio-economic implications across the globe. The living space and human settlements are increasing rapidly in urban areas of India. Simultaneously the existing green cover and tree population are declining in the name of developments. Trees are considered to be one of the important assets in cities, they provide myriad benefits. Considering the importance of trees the cities and their role in reducing the pollution besides adding fresh oxygen to the atmosphere, the present investigation focused with the aim of documenting various tree species in Coimbatore city and to assess their carbon capturing and oxygen release potential. There are about 58 tree species comprising of 27 families, that have been documented and classified into four age classes. Further these tree species were subjected to total biomass, carbon stock, CO2 (eq.), net carbon sequestration and net oxygen release assessment using standard non-destructive method. Among the 58 tree species studied, Albizia lebbeck (2.745 ton tree-1year-1), Tamarindus indica (2.156 ton tree-1year-1), Parkia biglandulosa (1.921 ton tree-1year-1), Delonix regia (1.027 ton tree-1year-1), Kigelia Africana (1.009 ton tree-1year-1), Peltophorum pterocarpum (1.006 ton tree-1year-1), Ficus religiosa (0.906 ton tree-1year-1), Leucaena leucocephala (0.804 ton tree-1year -1) of net oxygen were found to release, Pterospermum acerifolium (0.827 ton tree-1year-1) and Azadirachta indica (0.804 ton tree-1year-1) were found to release high oxygen with more carbon capturing capacity.


The high fidelity numerical simulation codes used in aerodynamic design and optimization applications show a number of drawbacks. Of these, the high computational cost, memory and time demands associated with complicated designs. Metamodels or surrogates provide a much cheaper alternative for these codes. The use of spikes in the design of hypersonic vehicles yields a considerable reduction in drag and aerodynamic heating effects. In this work, surrogates are used in the context of design optimization of a spiked blunt body in hypersonic flow conditions. Four different surrogate models including quadratic response surface and kriging were constructed based on the values of drag and heating responses. The evolutionary genetic algorithm is applied to find the optimum design based on each of the surrogates. The structure of the various models was investigated and the main differences were addressed. For the cases investigated in this work, kriging surrogate based on exponential correlation produced a relatively better prediction of new points in thedesign space and, consequently, better optimized design.


Future human-based exploration of our solar system requires the invention of materials that can resist harsh environments. Age-hardenable aluminium alloys would be attractive candidates for structural components in long-distance spacecrafts, but their radiation resistance to solar energetic particles is insufficient. Common hardening phases dissolve and displacement damage occurs in the alloy matrix, which strongly degrades properties. Here we present an alloy where hardening is achieved by T-phase, featuring a giant unit cell and highly-negative enthalpy of formation. The phase shows record radiation survivability and can stabilize an ultrafine-grained structure upon temperature and radiation in the alloy, therby successfully preventing displacement damage to occur. Such concept can be considered ideal for the next-generation space materials and the design of radiation resistant alloy.


The An'xi Extra-arid Desert National Nature Reserve,situated in the western of Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province,is a nature reserve for desert ecosystem.In order to find out the seasonal changes of bird communities in this reserve,line transect method was used to investigate the bird species,amount and environmental condition in different seasons during 2002 to 2004.A total of 103 species of birds were recorded in this reserve during that period.69 species were encountered in autumn,which was the most species season throughout the whole year.However,only 29 species were met in winter.The similar index between summer and spring was the highest,up to 0.46 and at the same time,the index between summer and winter was the lowest,merely 0.31.The amount of birds in autumn was 37.60 ind./km,however,in spring was 9.64 ind./km.Community diversity was the highest in summer,and the lowest in winter.On the contrary,dominant index was the highest in winter,and the lowest in summer.The dominant species were different in each season.The amount of dominant species influenced the amount of bird in the four seasons.The main factors which led to the seasonal changes of bird communities in An'xi Extra-arid Desert National Nature Reserve were bird migration and human activities.


From an institutional point of view international development cooperation represents a governmental tool for national foreign policy related to meet foreigners needs of an economic nature. This paradigm does not include peace-building, although peace is a basic human need. International law states "Culture of Peace" as an institutional objective, so State should run their development cooperation programs in a building positive peace framework. From an institutional point of view, "international development cooperation" corresponds to the tools that States as such, possibly supported by other non State actors – that in this way, however, are absorbed into the institutional framework put into place to meet needs of an economic nature. In few words, international development cooperation is primarily understood as a response to basic economic needs: food and agriculture at a first level. States also use this lever as a tool of their foreign policy. Italian law stresses hardly this issue, as art. 1 of law 49/1987 expressly states «international development cooperation is a part of national foreign policy». Giving development support, States build ties and alliances. As one of the most important example we can quote the post Second World War "Marshall Plan". According to this context, governmental development projects have consolidated themselves through time taking a modus operandi very linked with political and diplomatic goals that, more in general, "international cooperation" pursue. Several criticisms have been brought up against this element, especially starting from the 70s of the last century, and especially from popular movements that were challenging and at the same time wanted to correct the prevailing economistic approach with which governmental institutions look at development cooperation. These criticisms cannot be exhaustively examined in this paper, but can be summarized by the idea that development cannot be limited to the response to basic economic needs [1]. In fact there are needs, not always readily appreciated from the economic point of view, which must be equally satisfied, especially according to development goals. Indeed, their implementation is in certain prevail and precede purely economic interventions. A development cooperation intervention that is limited to meet basic needs (food, health, ...) is not only addictive, but it takes away its eyes from other human needs such as education, culture, ... that form the basis for ensuring social and economic independence, and thus future sustainability. In the same years (more or less the seventies of the twentieth century) similar critical insights started to make their ways into the institutional structures. Paradoxically these structures, although actors of development cooperation, somehow represented the source of inequalities that development cooperation should have fought against. In other words: those who acted, accepted the conditions that legitimized their intervention. The States of the first and second world would turn to those of the "third world" in a logic of international alliances, supported by economic cooperation activities, including those «for development». So the help offered was often presented itself as a weapon of blackmail. It is not indeed by chance if in institutional terms, international development cooperation is an integral part of the foreign policy of a State. By acting in this institutional context, even the international organizations devoted to development cooperation constitute one of the subjects with which States act at the level of international relations. This subject can be put next to traditional diplomatic activities, and even to the use of armed force as an instrument of international relations. If we consider that the war is conceived as a way albeit extreme to assert the good reasons of policy, it is understood that development cooperation becomes an additional powerful tool through which States pursue their sovereign interests. It is hardly necessary to observe that the development cooperation could not have been intended to "develop" the autonomy of the people, but to create conditions useful for the "development" of national interests of donors, including creating and maintaining economic conditions which in fact do not affect the substantial differences between the State which gives and the recipient of the donation. The need for the recipient States to pay their debts back to the donors constitutes a typical example of the condition of subordination in which the institutional interventions of development cooperation operate. This economic paradigm, that does not really seem to have made significant changes with respect to NorthSouth relations, is hard to include among the areas forms of building positive peace: namely a peace by peaceful means. Even institutional cooperation seems to be dependent on the logics of violence that characterize international relations. DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AND THE "CULTURE OF PEACE" INSTITUTIONALIZATION 484 Rather different is the bottom-up kind of development cooperation, that comes from below and which is substantiated on the response to human needs: i.e. needs understood in a broader and more comprehensive way than just from an economic or material side. This insight is based on the idea of human development, which as we have just hinted at the end of the eighties, was accepted by UNDP, precisely to overcome the setting of development understood as the sole economic growth. States are no longer only classified according to their GDP, but also to the presence of additional elements that contribute to build the HDI (Human Development Index), among which promotion of human rights, peaceful coexistence, democratic participation, environmental protection and sustainable development of land resources, development of health and social services with prior attention to the most urgent problems and the most vulnerable groups, improvement of education of the population, with particular attention to basic education. This was certainly a step forward; but the above mentioned items are still macroeconomic indicators. In any case, according to HDI World Countries were divided into four equal groups: the index is counted for 169 countries, this means that we have four groups of 42 States, with "a trick" the State that advances was allocated in the highest group. Thus, although this is a less rough economic index than previous, we are still far from a good consideration of the actual elements that allow to analyze the terms of "development-to-be" of a local community. Despite that, we are facing a significant change in cultural terms. The adoption of the HDI demonstrates that human needs are not only economic and material, and that the development cannot simply create conditions of less discomfort, but must also be completed in more comprehensive ways, taking into account human needs in complex and articulated manners. Looking at three authors who, from different points of view, based their analysis on human needs, help us to understand how it is possible a change of paradigm that can foster the conceptualization of international development cooperation as a peace-building factor. The first of these is Abraham Maslow, who conceives an idea of a relational and gradual needs [2]. He resonates in psychological terms and builds the so-called "Maslow's pyramid", that shows human needs in a more complete way: it means that the development is not the result of only basic economic support, but should also take the effort on overall promotion of the human person, which obviously needs to eat and work, but this is only the first step – effectively basic – of the stairs. Development is reached only when we arrive at the top of the stairs, where we find dreams, aspirations and emotions that ask to be answered too. There is no development without answers to human needs. A second author we can refer to is Paulo Freire. Much could be said about his work. To remain in the field that concerns us more closely, we can remember pedagogic premises that build an itinerary of thought based on the consonance between research and action, and between theory and practice. That is the so called «praxis». In his view, the theory has positive effects only if it is transformed into a praxis of democratic liberation: and this is "development" [3]. According to him, it concerns primarily the relationship between teachers and students, but more generally relations of power. According to Freire, development is the construction of new power relations that build peace through liberation from oppression; therefore, it is not conceivable a development cooperation which does not start from similar premises and is essentially based on an orthopraxis of peace. Finally, we can look at Manfred Max-Neef. He is a Chilean economist of European origin, which insists on the idea of human development from below. His thesis is not well known in the West, but very well known among the Andean communities, who consider his thought as a fundamental reference point. The photocopies of his work already widely circulated turned in the Andes long before they were published [4]. The Max-Neef idea of development moves from an economic perspective, but in the background remains the political theme that focus on the development of local communities. This is possible only if international aids are decided with autochthonous population, and give them the skills to build their own development, according to their goals and not to the donors one. The attention to these three different but converging lines of thought allows us to argue for the importance of human development in the practice of international cooperation, especially if we imagine international development cooperation as a peace-building factor. These reflections can impact also in institutional terms. At first we can mention the importance assumed by the institution of the United


Seamless knitting technology is an innovative textile and garment manufacturing technology. In the last decade, China has become one of the key production bases of seamless apparel along with Israel and Turkey. Zhejiang Yiwu seamless apparel industry cluster is developing into a powerful competitor to absorb the international industrial transfer from Israel, which is under pressure of higher labor and material cost. To evaluate the competitiveness of the key seamless apparel enterprises in Yiwu industrial cluster, this study seeks to establish a criteria system, which covers R&D capability, production capacity, management level, human resources, capital operation, and brand value. The relative importance of criteria is determined by Entropy. Outranking method PROMETHEE is applied to evaluate the competitiveness of five major seamless apparel producers (BJ, BN, RY, SM, QR) in Yiwu industrial cluster. Sensitivity of the weight is analyzed with GAIA planes. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the strength and features of the seamless apparel enterprises, and shows the potential measures to improve competitiveness.


Author(s): Bagley, Joshua Adam | Advisor(s): Von Zastrow, Mark | Abstract: The brain is composed of a network of neural cells which have elaborate cellular structures, especially their dendritic arbors. The correct function of neural networks requires the development of specific dendritic arbor shapes, and altered shapes leads to neural dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the molecules which specify dendritic arbor shapes during development is paramount to understanding how dendritic arbors are misshapen during disease. A complex array of genetic factors regulates dendritic arbor morphology. Therefore, using the Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons, we performed a candidate-based genetic screen to identify molecules associated with neurodegenerative disease and brain aging which can regulate dendritic arbor morphology. Among the many screen hits, we discovered a role of the double-bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) family proteins in regulating dendrite arbor complexity and mechanosensory function. Our results identify a novel role for BET family proteins in regulating dendrite morphology, and a possible separation of developmental pathways specifying neural cell morphology and ion channel expression. Since the BET proteins are known to bind acetylated histone tails, these results also suggest a role of epigenetic histone modifications, and the `histone code,' in regulating dendrite morphology. Finally, we developed a system to study how the expression of disease related molecules can impact mature, already formed, dendritic arbors. Our results indicate that expression of pathogenetic polyglutamine proteins cause a progressive retraction of dendritic branches. This system can be used to study how dendritic arbors are maintained throughout life, and how this maintenance is disrupted during disease.


** Abstract Reality, that exists independently from human beings and can be constituted socially, contains a world of objects in itself and is changeable according to the changes in the acquired knowledge. In that sense, if our knowledge providing us with an explanation about the reality does not exist, nor does the reality itself. Social reality being defined as "the achievement of knowledge process" exists to the extent as much as we are aware of it. Therefore, reality is a phenomenon, which can be constructed, interpreted and conveyed through the existence of knowledge about it.


The paper describes an approach to intelligent decision support. The approach is based on integration of information and knowledge into context that models a problem to be solved or a situation to be presented to a decision maker. The context takes into account dynamic of the environment. Two types of context are used: abstract and operational. The problem to be solved is modelled by a means of object-oriented constraint networks and interpreted as a temporal consraint satisfaction problem. Compatibility of the problem model with ontology model is ensured through application of formalism of the object-oriented constraint networks for knowledge representation. The approach relies upon a twolevel framework of decision support. The framework has two distinct main phases: the preparatory phase and the decision making phase. The approach is oferred to be implemented using the technology of Web-Services.


Only three weeks after the Hiroshima Peace Concert, Bernstein returned to Japan to tour with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (IPO). The days Bernstein and Hashimoto spent together during this tour were manifestations of their ripening relationship, both professional and personal. The IPO concerts took place amidst the volatile conflict in the Middle East, but the music Bernstein and the orchestra delivered clearly spoke across borders, and especially the performance of Mahler's Symphony no. 9 became legendary. While many critics lauded the performance in the press, the most eloquent expression of what Bernstein communicated was Kazuko Amano's letter to the maestro.


Case studies have shown that high levels of software reuse can be achieved through the use of object-oriented frameworks. This paper describes a viewpoint-based design and instantiation method for framework development. This method uses the concept of viewpoints and the hot-spot relation in object-oriented design to guide the designer on the identification of hot-spots in the structure of the framework. Domain-specific languages are used to help the framework instantiation. A method supporting environment is also presented. Software design through the use of this environment appears to be a very successful approach from the point of view of component reuse.


the paper touches upon the problems of the basic archaic conceptual metaphors that give the most typical description of heaven in Russian, English and German. By the conceptual metaphor we understand the way of considering one domain in terms of another one. As illustration examples taken from classic literature were used.


: Public sector human service organisations are being restructured to produce new service delivery systems to fit new concepts of needs. Other major goals are the pursuit of greater ministerial control over policy and increased cost efficiency. This paper examines recent reshuffles, particularly in South Australia, in terms of the classic principles for grouping functions: purpose, process, people and place. There is no one prescription for restructuring, but the trend to bigger departments and block funding favours pu?ose and process groupings. A key factor in these restructures is the competition among occupational groups. It is much more difficult to evaluate the impact upon the supposed main beneficiaries, the service users.


Based on the determination of shape index and physiological index of Celosia argentea in different sowing time,to determine the best time for sowing. And used them to guide the actual production of Celosia argentea and determine the best cultivation methods.By determination analysis,got the growth situation of sowing in May 9 was dominant,but the yield was worse than that in April 29.Therefore,in order to product high-quality and high-yield seeds of Celosia argentea,should choose about on April 29 to sow seeds in Zuojia area of Jilin city.


This research aimed to analyze the electrical properties, especially voltage of the color sensor on soybean seed variety. The kinds of soybean variety's samples are Anjasmoro, Burangrang and Sinabung. The data was collected by placing a sample of soybean under the color sensor at a distance of 2 cm. The color sensor had been connected to a voltage source of 5 Volt. Color sensor that used in this research has a frequency as an output. After that, frequency output of the color sensor would be converted to be a voltage using converter series of frequency to voltage. The reading of the color sensor output voltage in soybean variety has average about 1,96 Volt for Anjasmoro, 2,04 Volt for Burangrang, and 1,81Volt for Sinabung. This result indicated that although soybean seed looks yellow, they have a different value of the frequency and voltage output sensor. Keywords— electrical properties; soybean seed variety; color sensor


Birkhoff's representation for relativistic nonlinear nonholonomic mechanical systems is studied.The relativistic generalized kinetic energy function,"freezing_derivatives"and"freezing_parlial derivatives"is introduced.The "freezing_derivatives"form D'Alembert_Lagrange principle and Routh equations for relativistic nonlinear nonholonomic dynamical systems are obtained.The equations of motion are expressed as the explicit form,then which can be expressed in form of Birkhoff.The dynamical equations of Birkhoff are generalized and applied to the relativistic nonlinear nonholonomic dynamical systems.At last an illustrative example is given.


Introduction. Extreme psychrophiles still remain largely understudied. However, they can serve as biological components in drug production, as well as increase the shelf life of food products in food industry. Therefore, the properties of psychrophilic microorganisms are a relevant study object. The present research objective was to isolate new psychrophilic microorganisms in extreme low-temperature conditions of the caves of Gornaya Shoria and Salair (Kemerovo region) and study their antimicrobial properties.
Study objects and methods. The research featured psychrophilic microorganisms isolated in the caves of the Kemerovo region. The sampling was performed in triplicate. The samples were placed in sterile paper. Antibiotic resistance was defined according to the area where the antibiotic plate suppressed bacterial growth. The cell suspension was placed in a Petri dish with an agar-based medium. The discs with antibiotics were put on the surface of the medium and incubated in a thermostat at 28°C for 24 h in order to describe the growth of the isolates.
Results and discussion. The microbial communities of the Gavrilovskaya and Azasskaya caves produced seven isolates with different morphological characteristics. Isolates 1, 4, and 5 had pronounced suppressive properties at 2 ± 4°C. Isolates 1, 4, and 5 proved resistant to antibiotics. Isolate 1 exhibited high resistance (21–26) to Neomycin and Novogramon, medium resistance (17–22) to Ceparin, Kanamycin, Levomycin, Carbenicillin, and Streptomycin, and low (2–8) resistance to Benzylpenicillin and Clotrimazole. Isolate 1 had no antibiotic resistance to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Tetracycline. Isolate 4 showed high resistance (22–27) to Novogramon, medium resistance (10–22) to Tetracycline, Clotrimazole, Neomycin, Zeparin, Kanamycin, Levomycin, and Monomycin, and low resistance (2–8) to Ampicillin, Benzylpenicillin, Streptomycin, and Gentamicin. Isolate 4 demonstrated no antibiotic resistance to Carbenicillin and Polymyxin. Isolate 5 proved highly resistant (27–26) to Ceparin, Benzylpenicillin, Levomycetin, and Novogramon, and medium resistant (12–22) to Clotrimazole, Streptomycin, Neomycin, Gentamicin, Polymyxin, Carbenicillin, and Monomycin. Isolate 5 demonstrated no resistance to Ampicillin, Tetracycline, and Kanamycin.
Conclusion. Psychrophiles can serve as microorganisms to create new biological products that suppress the development of diseases in plants. Psychrophiles proved an extremely promising research direction for cultivating and storing agricultural products.


This paper studies the filament's interfacial stress of the 0/90 boron fiber epoxy resin composite materials with experiment method.The maximum load which causes interfacial failure in the single fiber push-out process is obtained.Then to calculate the maximum shear stress of the interface layer when the material failure.In other words,the interfaces will take off the stick-slip and failure destruction,when the interface shear stress reaches the maximum shear stress.From the results to be analyzed,when the interface shear stress reaches 170 MPa,which corresponds with simulation of the maximum shear stress in interface.The results will be effectual for optimized interface and improvement the mechanics properties of composite material.


Classical cosine series functions have been applied to the synthesis of finite impulse response filters because of their closed analytic form and low sidelobe levels. It is proposed that cosine series functions be applied to the synthesis of pulse shapes for full response signaling quadrature binary modulation systems in the interest of controlling the spectral characteristics of the resulting modulated signals. Synthesis criteria which govern the selection of cosine series coefficients include provisions for controlling modulated signal envelope nonuniformity and provisions for selecting spectral nulls in the modulated signal. The respective modulation systems are analyzed and compared to conventional modulation techniques QPSK, MSK, SFSK and DSFSK on the basis of modulated signal envelope uniformity and spectral confinement. It is shown that the freedom to select spectral zeroes in the closed form design of the pulse shape introduces a vehicle for suppressing narrowband interference without introducing intersymbol interference into the system. Design examples are provided and modulation system implementations are proposed and discussed. >


The efficiency of some commercial biological control agents (BCAs), Bio Zaid and Bio Arc, and resistance inducers chemicals (RICs) (salicylic acid and Bion) on management of cucumber powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca fuliginea, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments revealed that application of the tested BCAs and RICs significantly reduced the disease severity, number of conidia per leaf area unit (cm) and reduced germination of conidiospores of the causal pathogen. Under field conditions, application of BCAs and RICs caused significant decrement in the disease severity with significant increment in the fruit yield compared with check treatments. On the average, application of Bion recorded the highest values, either in reducing the disease severity or in raising the average fruit yield followed by Bio Arc. On the other hand, applying salicylic acid (SA) recorded, on the average, the lowest efficiency in reducing disease severity and low values of fruit yield in both growing seasons.


With these two volumes the majestic series ofGladstone diaries slows its pace, changes its character and takes on fresh significance. Each of the previous six volumes has covered six to eight years. Volume vn embraces a mere two-and-a-half years, volume vin three-and-a-half. Professor Richard Shannon will need —as he must certainly be wished a life of Gladstonian length and strength if he is to complete his biography founded on the diaries as they appear. In the first two volumes the journal itself predominated. In the next three it was supplemented and sometimes overwhelmed by Gladstone's copious memoranda. Now the skeleton of the diary is fleshed out with ' all of his extremely important and hitherto unpublished Cabinet Minutes', with a small group of associated papers, and a large selection of his letters, over 800 in all. This change in editorial policy has been in part dictated by changes in Gladstone's own methods of record-keeping. He had now almost abandoned the writing of retrospective and reflective memoranda, though he was to return to it in extreme old age; and the 'cabinet minutes' arise from his position as prime minister. But the hundreds of letters constitute a vast bonus declared by Dr Matthew and the Oxford University Press.


Abstract An electronic monitoring system, which was capable of estimating and recording the intensity of the apomorphine‐induced pecking syndrome, was evaluated with regard to its ability to function as an attendant‐free assay instrument.Instrument responses were compared with responses derived from a visual recording technique which has been routinely used since 1960.The new monitoring system provides accurate and highly reliable estimates of the desired biological parameters.


The presence of obstacles like a tree, buildings, or birds along the path of a drone has the ability to endanger and harm the UAV's flight mission. Avoiding obstacles is one of the critical challenging keys to successfully achieve a UAV's mission. The path planning needs to be adapted to make intelligent and accurate avoidance online and in time. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware grid based solution for obstacle avoidance (EAOA). Our work is based on two phases: in the first one, a trajectory path is generated offline using the area top-view. The second phase depends on the path obtained in the first phase. A camera captures a frontal view of the scene that contains the obstacle, then the algorithm determines the new position where the drone has to move to, in order to bypass the obstacle. In this paper, the obstacles are static. The results show a gain in energy and completion time using 3D scene information compared to 2D scene information.


We present an optical fiber sensor for the corrosion process in metal (Aluminum) using the optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) technique. Our proposed sensor system consists of several sensor heads connected to a commercial OTDR by a single-mode optical fiber and fiber couplers. Each sensor head consists of an optical fiber having the cleaved end coated with an aluminum film. For laboratory measurements the corrosion action was simulated by controlled etching of the Al film on the sensor head. The OTDR detects the light reflected by each sensor head. As the aluminum is etched the reflection decreases and the etch rate can be obtained from the OTDR traces. We present experimental results for the measurement of the corrosion rate of aluminum films in controlled laboratory conditions and also for the evaluation of the maximum number of sensor heads the system supports. Our proposed sensor system is multipoint, self-referenced, has no moving parts and can detect the corrosion rate for each head several kilometers away from the OTDR. This system may have applications in harsh environments such as in deepwater oil wells, for the evaluation of the corrosion process in the inner wall of the casing pipes.


As key technique of digital urban planning,research on urban planning models supported by GIS and remote sensing become one of the concentrations in urban planning.According to the objects and aims of model,this paper suggets to separate the models into two kinds:integrate planning models and engineering oriented models.The progress in research of these models as well as analysis of the trends and countermeasures of the models research are introduced.


Update of JCOMM-SGMC-VIII/Doc.17 submitted to: Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) Working Group on MMS, Subgroup on Marine Climatology (SGMC) Eighth Session, Asheville, NC, USA (10-14 April 2000) ————— Update of ETMC-I/Doc. 4.1, Appendix submitted to: JCOMM Expert Team on Marine Climatology (ETMC) First Session, Gdynia, Poland (7-10 July 2004) ————— Update of Appendix of ETMC-II/Doc. 4.1 submitted to: JCOMM Expert Team on Marine Climatology (ETMC) Second Session, Geneva, Switzerland (26-27 March 2007)


The study was conducted on 100 carcasses of poultry brought to Department of Veterinary Pathology, LLRUVAS (erstwhile part of CCSHAU) for the postmortem examination. The isolated Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains belonged to 11 different serotypes O25 (7), O45 (5), O60 (5), O76 (17), O78 (7), O84 (5), O109 (8), O116 (3), O119 (6), O120 (5), rough (9) and UT (9). Most of E. coli isolates were found to be most sensitive against amikacin (88.53%) followed by cephaloridine (82.35%), neomycin (73.52%), nitrofurantoin (61.76%). Gross and histopathological studies revealed thick fibrinous layer on all the visceral organs, cloudy air sacs, necrotic foci on the liver, severe enteritis, omphalitis, fibrinous perihepatitis, perivasculitis, goblet cell hyperplasia, reticuloendothelial cell hyperplasia, pericarditis and myocarditis.


Abstract:Donald Trump's America First philosophy stresses the importance of sovereignty in international relations, bringing US policy at least rhetorically in line with that of North Korea. Rising nationalism in China and Japan has also sharpened an already existing debate on sovereignty in the region involving territorial issues and history questions. The issue has come to a head around North Korea's claim to a sovereign right to a nuclear weapons program. The current status quo, in which North Korea remains an unofficial member of the nuclear club and the international community continues to pressure it into rolling back its nuclear program, could persist. But the change in the underlying philosophy in US policy suggests that this status quo has become increasingly unstable. War could disrupt the status quo, most likely as a result of miscalculation or misinterpretation. There are three potential nonmilitary exits from this status quo. One possible solution would be the normalization of the sovereign status of all the countries in the region. A second scenario involves a modest "smudging" of sovereignty, for example, the "freeze for a freeze" proposal supported by both China and Russia. In the third scenario, the countries of the region address the multilateralism gap by forging cooperation on a common threat—climate change—that reframes sovereignty and initiates a "virtuous circle of engagement."


According to the JTIDS simulation training system network structure,the network communication mode of dual-threaded concurrent processing order circulation and the injunction access are put forward.To design the network deployment simulation module based on NS2,the feasibility of this network mode is verified through the analog of the PPL,condition,instruction information′s sending and receiving.


work on social stratification among the Malays in which there is stress on the notion of status-honour and prestige, and the legitimation of higher rank positions in terms of traditional Malay symbols of rank. Thus Kahar Bador focuses on mechanisms of legitimation or what Evers refers to as the 'various ways to reduce, channel or gloss over class conflict' (p. 117). Agpalo also highlights certain mechanisms to ease class conflict in his paper on Philippine clique and patronage relationships. Using a similar perspective to that of Wertheim and Evers, Alatas presents an interesting historical and structural explanation of the relative socioeconomic positions of the Chinese and Malays in Malaya, in his overall attempt to support his view that religion is not, in general, an inhibiting factor in development. Finally, Landa Jocano looks at the relation between ideological and social structural aspects of radical movements in the Philippines, although he adds little to the debate on the analysis of Third World protest movements. A few final points need to be made on referencing and bibliographical detail. A number of references in the text are omitted in the bibliography, among others, Agpalo (1969), Buitron (1961), Dyer (1904), Erasmus (1968), Foster (1966), Fox (1954), Friedrich (1969), Jasni (1964), Makaliwe (1969), Pennock (1966), Rustow and Ward (1964), de Schweinitz (1970a and 1970b), Taruc (1953) and Wharton (1969). There is also a frequent discrepancy between the date of publication or works in the text and that in the bibliography, for example, Apter (1964) and (1965), Benda (1958) and (1965), Dahrendorf (1962) and (1959), Fell (1957) and (i960), Husin Ali (1965) and (1964), Jacobs (1958) and (1971), and Wertheim (1959) and (1969). Lastly, in the bibliography Hobsbawm, Jacobs and Lissak appear out of alphabetical order, and two articles by Alatas (1964 and 1965) are entered under W.E.H. Stanner. Despite my overall criticisms, there are some insightful and stimulating papers in this volume, and extremely useful and interesting empirical data. For anyone interested in development and change in general, or in the changing societies of South-East Asia in particular, this is a valuable reference book.


To determine whether demographics such as age, race, and gender are related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) warning signs in adults over the age of 50.

 Adults aged 50+ were asked to complete a survey including: demographics (age, gender, marital status, living situation, race, and education), health, and AD warning signs experienced in the previous year. Surveys were distributed in person and online via social media and email. SPSS 26 was used to run one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlations.

 There was no relationship or difference between any of the demographic variables and warning signs of AD experienced over the previous year. There was a difference between groups based on living situation (F = 3.701 [2, 85], P = 0.029), which disappeared when outliers were excluded.

 There is no significant relationship between the number of warning signs of AD experienced by any demographic variables, including age, when outliers are controlled for, contradicting previous studies that listed age, race, and gender as risk factors. Since demographic data are not related to AD symptoms, it is necessary to include cognitive assessment as part of health screenings for older adults before symptoms impact activities of daily living.

 None.


First wave Irish migrants who settled permanently in Spain received a positive reception and gained equal citizenship within ten years of settlement.