The problem of unplanned pregnancy is examined from the perspective of interpersonal communication: the communication patterns of women who had never been pregnant were compared with those of women who had had 2 or more unplanned pregnancies. 56 women who went to the 8 low-cost or free family planning facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area were paid to answer a 6-part questionnaire that measures communication skills social orientation and involvement self-disclosure physical accessibility and verbal defensiveness. They were divided into groups of effective contraceptors or ineffective contraceptors. The groups had a wide range of educational achievement and at least 1/2 were working. Most of the women were Caucasian and more of the effective contraceptors lived alone than did the ineffective contraceptors. The matched pairs of women averaged more than 9 hours a day in verbal communication. The interpersonal orientation was similar in the women in both groups. The effective contraceptors had better overall skill as communicators and were significantly higher in self-esteem (p < .05) and were more frank (p < .05). The effective contraceptors had a higher level of disclosure on sexual matters. The women who failed to plan their pregnancies were lower in sensitivity directness control empathy and clarity. They were also inclined to idealize interpersonal relationships and to inhibit hostile reactions.


Subdural haematoma is a very rare complication of lumbar puncture. In previous reports it has been associated either with dural puncture using a large-bore needle for lumbar myelography or with accidental dural puncture with a Tuohy needle. It is presumed to be due to sudden traction and tearing of dural vessels. This complication has not previously been reported following routine spinal anaesthesia. However, subdural haematomas often resolve spontaneously so that the true incidence is unknown. We report a case of intracranial subdural haematoma with symptoms developing in the week following spinal anaesthesia for transurethral resection of the prostate. The patient presented to this hospital with continuing severe headache four weeks after the spinal anaesthetic and there is strong circumstantial evidence that the events were related.


AbstractScotland possesses a great wealth of historic gardens and designed landscapes, and while many are major tourist attractions, others are suffering from decay and neglect. Despite being the most ephemeral and vulnerable aspects of Scotland's rich heritage, no primary legislation has been introduced to protect the sites. Furthermore, there is no consensus as to what method of legal protection should be introduced. The 1987 Inventory analysed 275 outstanding sites located mostly in rural areas. Many of these gardens and designed landscapes were found to be of national importance, but increasingly vulnerable due to a lack of preservation measures and adequate resources. A recent research study by the University of Dundee has analysed sites located in Fife and Tayside. While local authorities now have to inform central agencies of threatening development, more could be done by central government and local authorities to protect this fragile, yet valuable, aspect of Scotland's heritage.


Few studies have addressed how plant chemical defenses that directly affect herbivores in turn affect consumption patterns of vertebrates at higher trophic levels. We studied how variable foliar chemistry of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) affects the diet preferences of an avian insectivore feeding on an introduced herbivore, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.).

Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) were offered paired choices of gypsy moth caterpillars feeding on one of three genotypes of aspen that differed in chemical composition. Chickadees chose to eat caterpillars fed aspen foliage with low levels of both condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides, or caterpillars fed foliage with high levels of tannins and low levels of phenolic glycosides, over caterpillars fed foliage with low levels of condensed tannins and high levels of phenolic glycosides. In addition, diet choices of the birds were affected by their previous experience. These findings are consistent with the "extended phenotype" concept, in that genetically-based chemical traits in an ecologically dominant plant influence the feeding behavior of third trophic level organisms, whose efficacy as regulators of herbivore populations may in turn be modified.


Miocene sedimentation, contemporaneous with initial rifting of the Red Sea basin, has been strongly influenced by distensional tectonics. The beginning of the rifting is characterised by normal movements along N140 faults, and strike-slip of N-S and E-W faults. The resulting structural troughs, elongated NW-SE, received continental Miocene sediments of Group A (25 MY); they were supplied by erosion of moderate relief to the Est. Subsequently, all structural directions functioned as normal faults, subsidence leading to marine environments. Two secondary basins are distinguished in the Quseir area. Ln the North the Zarib Basin is characterised by an irregular morphology (horsts and grabens); and a southern Bahari Basin, which subsided earlier, is characterised by the regularity of its morphology. The morphological contrast is directly responsible for differenciation into talus and platform facies. Lnitialy, sedimentation is mixed terrigenous and carbonate (Group B) ; horsts correspond to clearly defined bathymetric highs favouring development of shallow carbonates and these tend to block the transit of silici-clastics sediments. The structural escarpments are overlain by spectacular sedimentary talus. Ultimately, general restriction of the basin lead the deposition of Group C evaporitic which drown the morpho-structural relief. An intense dolomitisation has affected all carbonates.


We introduce in this paper normal twistor equations for differential forms and study their solutions, the so-called normal conformal Killing forms. The twistor equations arise naturally from the canonical normal Cartan connection of conformal geometry. Reductions of its holonomy are related to solutions of the normal twistor equations. The case of decomposable normal conformal holonomy representations is discussed. A typical example with an irreducible holonomy representation are the so-called Fefferman spaces. We also apply our results to describe the geometry of solutions with conformal Killing spinors on Lorentzian spin manifolds.


This chapter provides context for the volume chapters. It addresses definitional and conceptual matters concerning growth, poverty, and the time frame and level of analysis. The distinction between 'failed inclusion' and 'active exclusion' is then presented to distinguish some of the underlying causal mechanisms. Next, the centrality of political economy and politics to the analysis of immiserizing growth (IG) is explained on the grounds that many of the causal mechanisms leading to IG are public policy measures or stand to be affected by them. The relationship of IG to poverty dynamics is then explored to determine if immiserizing growth is characterized by distinct types of transitory or chronic poverty.


This work discusses the key issues associated with the process development for 200 μm thick structure for mechanically decoupled Silicon on Glass (SOG) MEMS gyroscope. The gyroscope discussed here is a single axis, in-plane moving device with capacitive driving, differential capacitive sensing and has an area of 2.6 × 2.4 cm2. Challenges involved in defining masks for High Aspect Ratio (HAR) etching of silicon using Bosch process to a depth of 200 μm through an opening of 8 μm are discussed. The HAR etching of silicon is achieved by using a novel approach of having dual layer masks of Aluminum and photoresist.


In order to improve the accuracy of the network traffic prediction,a method of RBF(radial basis function,RBF) neural network chaotic prediction of network traffic based on wavelet packet is proposed.Besides,when calculating the optimal embedding dimension and time delay in WPCRBF,an improved method of time window is applied with consideration of the effect of nose and the periodic characteristic of network traffic.The proposed method of WPCRBF is tested on the prediction of real network traffic.And then compared its predictive performances with CRBF's and wavelet-based RBF neural network of chaotic prediction method WCRBF's.Experimental results show that the proposed method perform the best predictive accuracy,and WPCRBF can server as a promising alternative for the complicated network traffic prediction.


Ancient DNA research involves the extraction of DNA from ancient remains and the analysis of ancient genetic information. It offers anthropologists and archaeologists a unique opportunity to address many important issues including human evolution, diseases and health of past populations, and the domestication history of animals and plants. In addition, ancient DNA techniques can be readily applied to forensic skeletal remains for DNA identification and well as to trace tissues for the genetic study of endangered species for wildlife conservation. While students will have opportunity to learn the fundamental principles and methods of ancient DNA research, the focus of the class will be on the applicability of ancient DNA techniques in archaeology and physical anthropology. Students are expected to gain a better understanding of the pros and cons of ancient DNA analysis, and to develop their ability in considering the applicability of ancient DNA analysis to real questions in physical anthropology, archaeology, forensic investigation, and conservation biology. Students are encouraged to select topics of their interests at the beginning of the class and then to work throughout the whole semester to form a simulated research proposal. This problem-based learning approach will be facilitated through structured class discussion, seminar presentation and class participation. Description


Auditory compensation consumes significant power due to the computation-intensive operations in the filter bank. To reduce the complexity, a controllable filter was designed to replace the filter bank. Filter order was designed to match prescriptions within a specific error constraint with minimum computational cost. An interpolation scheme according to the variation of signal intensity was implemented to reduce the overhead of coefficients calculations. The proposed auditory compensation reduces 80% of multiplications and 30% of power consumption compared to the complexity-effective multi-rate filter bank architecture [4]. Moreover, the group delay was also reduced from 10 ms to 2.4 ms.


OBJECTIVE
To find out the status and distribution characteristics of senile cataract, which is one of the common disease affecting the quality of life of the elderly people.

METHODS
One thousand and sixteen people aged 60 or more in the urban and rural areas of Chengdu were included by cluster random sampling and investigated by questionnaire method and medical examination.

RESULTS
It was found that the prevalence of senile cataract was 52.3% in urban area and 51.3% in rural area. The prevalence was higher in women than in men, and it increased with age. The prevalence of senile cataract by past diagnosis was lower than that by present medical examination; this difference was found obvious in the rural area.

CONCLUSION
The prevention and treatment of senile cataract should be strengthened.


In this note we present new results in the local theory of regular and crystal systems, which was initiated in [2]. The results relate to an important case of discrete sets for which the group of symmetries of every 2R-cluster contains a central symmetry. Our main result is Theorem 3 asserting the uniqueness of a Delaunay set with centrally symmetric 2R-clusters under the assumption that some 2R-cluster of the set is given. This theorem implies several statements proved earlier on 'locally antipodal' sets, along with Theorem 4 on the structure of Delaunay sets with antipodal 2R-clusters, which, in turn, implies that every locally antipodal Delaunay set is a crystal structure, although no additional conditions on the number of classes of 2R-clusters in the set are imposed. A set X ⊂ R is called a Delaunay set with parameters r and R, where r, R > 0 (or an (r, R)-system; see, for example, [1]), if the following two conditions are satisfied: 1) the open d-ball B y(r) of radius r centred at an arbitrary point y ∈ R contains at most one point of X, #(B y(r) ∩X) 6 1; (r)


Multivariate analyses of Betula cordifolia Regel, B. populifolia Marsh., and B. × caerulea Blanchard in a mixed population in northern Maine show that the latter is a hybrid between the former two species. Hybrid status of B. × caerulea is further supported by the fact that two putative hybrid individuals have the same chromosome number as reports for the two parental species and that all three taxa have overlapping flowering times at this site. Studies of pollen germination and stainability and seed germination show that the putative hybrids are fertile. Betula papyrifera Marsh., which is also present in this mixed population and was included in the analyses, flowers earlier than B. cordifolia and B. populifolia, and it apparently does not hybridize with the latter species at this site. Characters that have not been used prior to this study and that are among the best discriminators between B. cordifolia, B. papyrifera, and B. populifolia are number and width of preformed staminate catkins and length and...


The invention discloses a handheld centring device for land surveying, comprising a horizontal vacuole indicator, a minitype laser emitter, a shell, a keyboard display and a GPS (Global Position System) orientator, wherein the horizontal vacuole indicator is installed on the upper surface of the shell; the minitype laser emitter is installed on the lower surface of the shell; the keyboard display is arranged on the upper surface of the shell; the GPS orientator is arranged in the shell and is electrically connected with the keyboard display; the horizontal vacuole indicator, the minitype laser emitter, the shell, the keyboard display and the GPS orientator are packaged into a whole; the minitype laser emitter is arranged under the horizontal vacuole indicator; and during packaging, the position relationship of the minitype laser emitter and the horizontal vacuole indicator satisfies the following condition: when the vacuole of the horizontal vacuole indicator is positioned on the central position, the laser ray of the minitype laser emitter is vertical to the horizontal plane. The device provided by the invention is light and easy to carry, and bracket-type centering rods are not required. Compared with the existing centering mode, the convenience and the efficiency precision can be greatly improved.


2. The desk study analyses the progress made in the phase-out of HCFCs in the projects funded by the Multilateral Fund (MLF) in the refrigeration servicing sector. It focuses on the contribution of specific activities within servicing sector plans to reduce HCFCs, the impact on servicing arising from introduction of low-global warming potential (GWP) alternatives when relevant, and challenges encountered during project implementation. The evaluation draws lessons from these projects to help future similar activities in the sector. Taking into account the limitations of a desk study, it will attempt to identify potential issues that could be related to the phasing-down of HFCs.


To analyze the bracket failure which was observed on mini van reliability test by using methods of vibration measurement and FEA.Studying on root causes for vibration and failure,and then have a upgrading solution to improve the bracket system and meet reliability target.


Satoumi is advocated for coastal sustainability under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI), and has provided a basis for countries around the world to formulate national biodiversity strategies and action plans. Given the significant impact of environmental changes and socio-economic decline, relevant policy directions and practices are urgently required to promote the sustainable development of fishing communities in Taiwan. However, local residents and communities are not sufficiently aware of or involved in this concept to facilitate the development of a holistic Satoumi implementation strategy. Therefore, this study integrates the concepts of Satoumi actions and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and has adopted a questionnaire survey to investigate the perceptions of 202 fishing community residents in the Gongliao District of New Taipei City and Yilan County towards these concepts. The standpoint and perception of the fishing community residents regarding Satoumi actions and SDGs provided a valuable reference. The results of the perception of Satoumi actions revealed that all of the respondents recognized Satoumi actions. However, the ranking demonstrated the urgency for some actions (e.g., clear marine litter), and measures that have been implemented in Taiwan but still need improvement (e.g., fish stocking practices). Satoumi actions were associated with two key factors that affect the perception of residents at Satoumi: "Empowerment through community-based industry and environmental education", and "Conservation of crucial biological resources and habitats". For the SDGs perceptions, the two factors were "Marine socio-economic sustainability" and "The sustainable use of marine ecological resources". This study also adopted cluster analysis and identified three characteristically different groups of residents: The Conservation Priority Group, Industry–Society Priority Group, and Balanced Development Group. According to the major research findings, policies implemented in coastal areas of Taiwan have aligned with global sustainability trends. However, the attitude of the Industry–Society Priority Group, which has the largest sample size, should be changed to that held by the Balanced Development Group, in order to formulate a strategy for a balanced development that secures existing livelihoods and aligns with expectations on environmental sustainability. This study suggests that methodologies that encourage stakeholder interactions, dialogues, and consensus-building should be utilized to develop strategies for future work. Furthermore, policy tools related to coastal management should be analyzed to establish a comprehensive toolkit for coastal governance. Finally, Satoumi requires public–private collaboration to achieve both biodiversity conservation and transformative change towards more sustainably and equitably social, environmental, and economic coastal development.


In normal Krebs solution, naringin (1×10−7 Msc–2×10−6 M) enhanced noradrenaline‐induced contractions in rat isolated vas deferens increasing this potentiation in a concentration dependent manner. This enhancing effect continued in the presence of yohimbine (10−6 M) or propranolol (10−6 M). Naringin did not modify significantly the dopamine dose‐response curves. In a medium containing 10−8 M prazosin, naringin decreased noradrenaline dose‐response curves underneath the control curve at all the doses tested. Naringin did not modify significantly the NA dose‐response curve in a medium containing cocaine (10−5 M) or oestradiol (10−5 M). The potentiation produced by naringin on the NA‐induced contractions in rat vas deferens may be due to alpha‐1 receptor activation, together with an interference of naringin in catecholamine uptake process.


The effects of the optimistic bias of R2 on oral health data were investigated by means of a cross validation study in which the number of predictors in a regression model was manipulated. The use of too many predictors increased positive bias and reduced the true predictive quality of a regression model and should be avoided through the use of appropriate stepwise procedures.


Purpose – To make resource‐related decisions in a way that maximizes an organization's effectiveness and promotes its mission, nonprofit leaders need to have a clear picture of the full costs of operating their programs and services.Design/methodology/approach – The authors studied individual nonprofits and confirmed their findings by interviewing their executives.Findings – While most nonprofits have a good understanding of the direct costs incurred by their programs, many don't account for indirect costs. Full cost data can provide invaluable input to decisions about how to allocate resources among programs, whether to expand into a new location, and what level of funding is required to sustain the organization's operations.Research limitations/implications – Larger studies are needed to confirm whether nonprofit executives conclude that investing in more accurate cost accounting provides a substantial payoff.Practical implications – Resource‐allocation decisions based on accurate cost data present nonp...


Various authors like Geoffrey Hodgson, Tony Lawson and John Searle have recently published papers trying to understand and define institutions. In Economics we have a school of thought named Institutional Economics, but apparently there is no consensual definition of what is an institution. I claim that there is no insoluble conflict between institutionalists like Thorstein Veblen and Douglass North in which concerns the understanding of an institution, but I claim that these authors emphasize different dimensions of institutions. In the literature that stems from the late nineteenth century American Institutionalists until the emergence of the new institutionalists we can observe three dimensions of institutions, namely, institutions as mental models, institutions as the rules of the game and institutions as organizations. As Malcolm Rutherford has pointed out in many of his articles, there is a discontinuity between the old institutional economics – the American Institutionalists – and the new institutional economics, but there are also similarities. In agreement with Rutherford and others, I claim here that we can observe some similarities between these two schools of thought when we consider institutions in these three dimensions. Some authors will emphasize only one dimension, others will emphasize two or more dimensions, and putting then together, instead of separating from one another, we can build a more rich understanding of institutions. Considering how institutions structure human interaction – rules of the game –, how institutions mold human conceptions about reality – mental models – and how institutions act as big players or as teams – organizations – we have a more powerful theoretical construction to understand how institutions and human action builds the complexity of social relations.


Radiopharmaceuticals Methylene diphosphanate labelled with technetium (TcMDP) is the radiopharmaceutical predominantly used. It has a reasonable blood and soft tissue clearance with good uptake in bone at about 2 hours following injection (Subramanian et al. 1975). As the half-life of technetium is 6 hours, images can be achieved at a fairly convenient interval while there is still enough radioactivity to allow fairly rapid acquisition of an image. Part of the administered dose is excreted via the kidneys; reduction of radiation dose to kidneys and bladder can be achieved by encouraging fluid intake and active bladder emptying in the 12 hours following injection. Bone imaging is occasionally performed using "'Indium-labelled autologous white cells, indium chloride or 67gallium citrate (Peters et al. 1982, Froelich & Swanson 1984). All three pharmaceuticals are actively taken up in inflammatory cells. They will, therefore, localize a focus of infection and are used in the detection of a lesion that is negative on methylene diphosphanate (MDP) scanning, or in the detection of reactivation in an old infection which may still show activity due to bone repair on conventional MDP scanning. Gallium is also taken up in malignant tissue. It can be used to detect metastases and has been used for staging of neuroblastomas, although this is not widespread practice.


The semilinear heat equation involving globally Lipschitz nonlinearities in a bounded domain of Rn is studied.The system is proved to be exact controllable when the terminal state belongs to the Sobolev space of functions having two square integrable derivatives.The proof uses a variant of a classical Schauders fixed point method.


This paper discusses the system of conceptual metaphors reconstructed via analysis of metaphorical expressions (ME) employed by eight popular Ukrainian newspapers (Holos Ukrainy, Uriadovyi Kurier, Den', Dzerkalo Tyzhnya, Gazeta Po-Ukrains'ky, Segodnya, Ukraina Moloda, and Kommmentarii) published in January – June, 2016. The ME describe perceptions of the EU, Ukraine, and their cooperation in the target conceptual spaces of POLITICS and ECONOMY. The data are processed according to an authentic methodology applicable to multiple metaphorical expressions [Zhabotynska 2013a; 2013b; 2016]. Grounded on the findings of Conceptual Metaphor Theory [Lakoff and Johnson 1980], this methodology represents an algorithm for exposure and further description of conceptual metaphors applied in a thematically homogeneous discourse, and manifested by multiple ME. Their analysis, aiming to portray some metaphorical system as a whole, provides an in-depth study of its target and source conceptual spaces and an empirically rigorous account of their cross-mapping influenced by the discourse type. In this study focused on mass media political discourse, the reconstructed system of conceptual metaphors demonstrates Ukraine's stance on its relations with the EU and contributes to understanding the role of political metaphor as a mind-shaping device


A study of forming strontium barium niobate thin films with the composition of Sr0.23Ba0.75Nb2O6 on the surface of a transparent electrode is presented. SBN films were grown by a high-frequency technique. The maximum value of the effective electrooptical coefficient was ref = |r33 — r13| ≃ 10-9 V/cm. The properties of SBN films conform well to those of monocrystalline samples.


Cell phone radiation is one form of electromagnetic radiation that called microwaves and consists of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together through space at the speed of light. Smart phones become an important public instrument but form a health problem as there have been reports of plenty of health hazards, both mental and physical, in people of all age groups. The present study was to investigate the possible effects of mobile phone radiation on ATP2b2 gene that play an important role in calcium hemostasis and hematological parameters in mice. In this study twenty five male albino mice were used, They were divided into five groups; normal and the others exposed to the electromagnetic field (EMF) from mobile phone for different duration 1/2h, 1h, 2h, and 4h per day for three weeks. The results showed that significant decrease in Hb, HCT, MCV, and MCHC, WBCs, PLT (P < 0.05) count and ionized calcium. While the mean value of RBCs and MCH did not show significant difference when compared to the normal with exposed group. The ATP2b2 gene was slightly affected in all exposed groups.


Purpose.Increasing the load-bearing capacity of metal arch supports used to maintain the mine workings due to strengthening in places with the highest bending moment. Methods. The stress-strain state of the rock mass and support is analyzed using the ANSYS software package. The problem is studied in three variants: a support without strengtheners, a support with one strengthener in the area with the maximum bending moment, and a support with three strengtheners in the areas with the highest bending moments. To determine the bending moments and normal forces in a three-section metal arch support, the finite element method is used for specific and existing conditions, which is followed by the selection of the required standard size of the support. Findings. The conducted research gives reasons to believe that the proposed variant for increasing the load-bearing capacity of the support, made from a special replaceable rolled profile (SCP), can significantly improve the state of mine workings. Obviously, the proposed solution can be applied not only to arch supports, but also to other structures of rolled metal support. Originality. The pattern of changes in the values of internal forces arising in metal arch frame supports, depending on the deformation characteristics, the location of the strengtheners, as well as on the geometric characteristics of the mine working and the ratio of lateral and vertical loads on the support, has been determined. Practical implications. The proposed variant for increasing the load-bearing capacity of the support can be used to sustainably maintain mine workings in difficult mining-geological conditions of the Karaganda Coal Basin mines.


The Red List of IUCN (The IUCN Red List) has been used to provide information about the conservation status of the species worldwide, and the same subsidize jobs assigned to this issue, with special focus on endangered species. At the national level, ICMBio (Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation) has the same goal, to discuss the conservation status of the Brazilian species, developing lists that guide actions to protect them. Using the information provided by IUCN and ICMBio, and bats records in the cerrado, considering the Brazilian territory, here are discussed aspects of ecology and conservation of bat species, in order to clarify some aspects of interest in this topic. Using the spatial interpolation method (IDW) to estimate the possible value of species richness in places not sampled species, was evaluated knowledge about the species richness of occurrence of bats in the cerrado of Brazil.


: With the plethora of video content uploaded to the internet each day, the amount of watchable content far exceeds the amount of time available for us to consume it. That being said, the aim of this research is not to create something that does the watching for us and merely generates a short summary; instead, the goal is to help us select videos that we would enjoy watching the most while preserving the viewing-integrity of the original video. In other words, we wish to be able to generate preview video summaries that do not reveal any essential plot items. To accomplish this task, we developed an algorithm that is able to select a fraction of a video's total frames to create a video trailer/summary while excluding important frames that would detract from the main viewing experience (i.e. it does not include any main plot points, spoilers, plot twists, etc.). This output video would allow us to decide better whether we are interested in a particular video, and at the same time will still allows us to fully enjoy the video if we do choose to watch it since we will have avoided any spoilers.


butcher's son stuck in a £40 living, lashed out at his richer clerical neighbors as "velvet cushioned doctors,.. . pompous, periwig'd powdered priests" of a "foppish fraternity." Pruett's statistics show that clerical incomes varied enormously and that between twenty and thirty percent of Leicestershire's parsons had to live on less than £60 a year. One in nine parishes lacked a parsonage—one curate was forced to lodge with "a Papist family." Although contemporaries thought the universities were producing too many clergy men, the fact is that only nine percent of the ordinands of the 1660s failed to find permanent livings and had to settle for stipendiary curacies or the like. There are places where one would like to know more, especially in the too brief chapters on the parsons' politics and their parochial activities. More comparisons with other counties and more on the impact of dissent would also be welcome. Nevertheless, Pruett has given us a crisply written contribution to our knowledge of a neglected subject.


The government simply despises everything about transactions it considers abusive. Indeed, in its zeal to eradicate these seemingly ubiquitous "tax shelters," the government often attacks all potentially liable parties. These include the transaction designers, promoters, opinion writers, return preparers and, of course, the participants. In challenging the latter, the government typically disallows the claimed losses, asserts signifi cant penalties and charges interest. The government has a handful of arguments that it tends to raise in justifying its actions. Among the favorites is that the transaction, although entirely consistent with a literal reading of the applicable tax law, lacked "economic substance" and was conducted solely for tax-avoidance purposes. As one would expect, disallowing the taxpayer's losses often results in a multi-million dollar tax liability, along with penalties of jaw-dropping magnitude. In the shadow of these enormous fi gures, the interest component has received relatively little attention. This neglect has also been fostered by Code Sec. 6404(g), which generally causes interest penalties to stop accruing to the taxpayer's detriment 18 months after she fi les the relevant tax return. The focus on interest has now returned, though, with the recent decision in C.E. Sala.1 In this case of fi rst impression, the government attempted to deprive the taxpayer of the interest-suspension benefi t based on the (fl awed) theory that it was a "case involving fraud." The fact that the taxpayer in Sala prevailed is intriguing, particularly to tax practitioners and their clients who currently fi nd themselves embroiled in a dispute with the IRS over their involvement in a purported shelter. That the government's principal argument in a fraud case was that the transaction in question lacked economic substance is also noteworthy. The most interesting aspect of Sala, however, may be what it reveals about the government's potential strategy in future shelter litigation.


We consider discrete event systems modelled as continuous time Markov processes and characterized by some integervalued parameter. The problem we address is that of estimating performance sensitivities with respect to this parameter by directly observing a single sample path of the system. Our approach is based on combining a nominal and perturbed Markov chain into a "reduced augmented chain," with state transitions that are observable in a realization of the nominal chain. Furthermore, its stationary state probabilities can be easily combined to obtain stationary state probability sensitivities with respect to the given parameter. Under certain conditions, this approach requires no knowledge of the observed Markov process state transition rates. Applications for some queueing systems are included. The approach incorporates estimation of unknown transition rates when needed and may be extended to real-valued parameters.


The core-satellite hypothesis predicts bimodality in the regional distribution of a group of taxonomically closely related species. Previous attempts to test the hypothesis have failed to demonstrate either that its assumptions are adequately met or that there is agreement with other predictions of the hypothesis. Here, we test data on the insects feeding on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) for agreement with the model's assumptions and with its predictions. Agreement with most of the key assumptions appears reasonably good. However, the long-term stability of species populations is at variance with the behavior of the model, and hence, there is no consistent evidence for bimodality in the frequency of site occupancy by bracken herbivores or for further predictions of the hypothesis. In particular, population data from two well-studied sites provide no evidence of core-satellite switching, in which rare species become common and vice versa. For bracken herbivores at least, the probabilities of colonization and extinction are clearly not entirely deterministic; nor do they appear sufficiently stochastic to conform to the requirements of the model. The insect herbivores of bracken do not support the core-satellite hypothesis of community organization; nor is there much good evidence to suggest that the hypothesis provides a general explanation for the structure of other animal communities.


Standards-based school reform is rapidly sweeping across the terrain of U.S. public school education, kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12). Large-scale criterion-referenced and norm-referenced achievement tests have become major barometers of students' academic achievement and progress. The national limelight is particularly on the use of "high-stakes testing," which holds important educational and personal consequences for students and sometimes their parents, teachers, administrators, schools, and districts. High-stakes tests are increasingly being used to make decisions about grade promotion, curriculum differentiation (e.g., tracking), and the awarding of a high school diploma. Heubert and Hauser (1999)—editors of High-Stakes: Testing for Tracking, Promotion, and Graduation—noted, "These policies enjoy widespread public support and are increasingly seen as a means of raising academic standards, holding educators and students accountable for meeting those standards, and boosting public confidence in the schools" (p. 1). Regarding the use of exit-level exams that all students must pass to graduate from high schools—which is the subject of this Special Issue of Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences (HJBS)—there are currently 27 states and the District of Columbia that have or will soon have such high-stakes tests (American Federation of Teachers, 2000). The set of articles contained in this Special Issue is concerned with a major controversy surrounding the use of high-stakes tests for awarding or denying students a high school diploma—that is, adverse impact on racial/ethnic minority students. At center stage is a lawsuit, considered by many observers to be the one of the most important legal cases in educational history involving testing. Our focus is on the state of Texas and the cornerstone of its presumptive accountability system, the Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS) test. Although TAAS is administered annually to students in Grades 3 to 8 and 10, we primarily concern ourselves with the 10th-grade exit-level TAAS test (consisting of reading, mathematics, and writing subtests) that high school students are required to pass (eight attempts allowed) to earn a diploma. Of course, students must also meet other requirements to graduate (e.g., take the required courses). Current TAAS testing has its origins in a 1984 law that mandated basic skills testing of Texas public schools students (Funkhouser, 1990; Haney,


This paper focus on the teaching of Visual foxPro based on project-oriented and task driven.It using project-oriented on the macro level by dividing the curriculum content into four units which corresponding to the contents of project modules.It using task driven on the micro level by breaking down subprojects and tasks according to the completion of the project work process.from a practical point of view of teaching effectiveness,students can develop a complete database application system by this model,and grasp the approach of developing a database application system.


After 41 years of service, the deck slab of the Jacques-Cartier bridge in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada needed replacement. Quebec's Transport Ministry decided to reconstruct the bridge deck, using about 1800 cubic m of air-entrained high-performance concrete (HP with an average compression strength of 76.3MPa. This enabled: (1 longer service life for the concrete slab; (2) an increase in the bridge's load-carrying capacity; and (3) minimal socio-economic c from the bridge's closure during reconstruction. The reconstructi began on 5 August 1995, and was completed on 26 November 1996. Th City of Sherbrooke required that half of the bridge remained open emergency vehicles and taxis only, during the whole duration of t repair work, except for limited evening and night periods during weekends to allow concrete placement. The Transport Ministry specified the design of the bridge, and formulated the specificat for the concrete mixture, placement, and curing. The advantages o using HPC instead of ordinary concrete included higher durability accelerated construction, and the resulting cost decrease. The progress of the bridge deck's reconstruction is described, and several lessons learned from the project are discussed.


Background: Caddisflies have significant roles in freshwater ecosystems. Morphological identification is the major impediment in accurate species identification of Hydropsychids. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers are suitable for molecular systematics of these group of arthropods. Methods: Trichopteran specimens of Lavasan District in northeastern Tehran, Iran were collected in 2012, and described using the morphological and molecular characters of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mt-COI) and three expansion fragments of large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA) D1, D2, and D3. The resemblance of the specimen sequences was obtained by conducting BLAST searches against the GenBank database and by using simple maximum likelihood clustering using COI, D1, D2, D3, and combination of D1-D2-D3 sequence data sets. Results: Based on morphological traits the specimens were resembled to Hydropsyche sciligra however there were no its counterpart sequences in the GenBank. Due to lack of unique group of data set for each gene fragment, the specimens were associated with different taxa on molecular phylograms. The sequence contents of the COI, D1, D2, D3, and D1-D3 regions clustered H. sciligra with H. brevis, H. angustipennis, H. occidentalis, H. hedini, H. grahami, and H. longifurca/H. naumanni, respectively. Conclusion: Phylogenies obtained from combination of D1-D3 showed the highest bootstrap values for most of clades suggesting that long LSU-rDNA potentially is more useful for understanding phylogenetic relationships of caddisflies. A large-scale molecular and zoogeographic study on trichopteran species is suggested to revise and to develop the current knowledge of the caddisfly fauna and distributions in the country.


The model of coexistence of people and artificial beings (robots) under the condition of dominance of the latter is considered. As a mechanism for the dominance of robots, a mechanism for regulating the distribution of the produced resource between robots and people in the interests of robots is adopted. The study was carried out for two variants of the role of people in the production of a resource: 1) with the interchangeability of people and robots, 2) with the indispensability of people. Various scenarios for the development of events are presented, including those leading to the disappearance of the human population. The impact of a decrease in productivity with an increase in the number of employees on the development of the community has been studied. Conditions have been found that provide humanity with a more or less prosperous future.


With the increasing concerns in developing methodologies for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) projects, there is a need to understand the characteristics of existing Land‐Use/Cover Change (LUCC) modules. This research presents a modular framework for assessing predictive accuracy of business‐as‐usual deforestation in the future by comparing two existing approaches: GEOMOD Modeling (GM) and Land Change Modeler (LCM). The comparison uses data from a case study in Chiquitanía, Bolivia. Data from 1986 and 1994 are used to simulate land‐cover of 2000; the resulting maps are compared with an observed land‐cover map of 2000. GM and LCM simulate business‐as‐usual deforestations at the pixel level. The model structures of GM's linear extrapolation and LCM's Markov Chain are compared to review quantity of LUCC; and the model structures of GM's empirical frequency, LCM's logistic regression, and LCM's multilayer perceptron are compared to review (spatial) allocation of LUCC. Relative operating characteristics, figure of merit, and multiple resolution analysis are employed to assess predictive accuracy of multiple transition modeling. By design, GM lacks the potential to model multiple transitions, and the LCM's multilayer perceptron may produce different results for each simulation due to its stochastic element. Based on the model structure and predictive accuracy comparisons, the LCM seems more suitable than the GM for a REDD application. When a project is to employ a predictive method for its spatially explicit baseline setting, then it is highly recommended to use the proposed framework to assess accuracy of the baseline as part of a project design document.


With its open and internationally oriented economy, the Netherlands is potentially vulnerable to external security threats that reach it through the economic domain. Additional attention must be given to this vulnerability because of the increasing geopolitical tensions in the world and the instability in regions close to Europe as outlined in the summary report of the Clingendael Monitor 2015. In this context, the 'economic domain' includes all external economic contacts of the Netherlands. On the one hand, the threat concerns activities that disrupt economic core processes, i.e. processes that are of vital importance to the functioning of the economy (energy production, communication, transport, monetary transactions and so on). The threat may involve a core process being disabled or the undermining of confidence of members of the public and the business community in that core process. A stable supply of energy and other raw materials from abroad is of vital importance to the functioning of economic key processes. A cyber attack on Dutch payment transactions, for example, would be an attack directed against an economic core process that, even if it failed, could undermine confidence in the uninterrupted functioning of the process. In the same sense, a physical attack on the energy supply (on a distribution point, for example, whether or not in the Netherlands itself) or a blockade that prevents the supply of certain raw materials could disrupt economic core processes. On the other hand, in addition to these core processes, the threat also concerns the interest that the Netherlands has in free trade and access to foreign markets, and in attracting foreign investment as a foundation for employment and a dynamic business sector. The disruption of international trade and investment in particular could result in major macroeconomic damage. The more unexpected and prolonged the disruption, the greater its impact. The Netherlands is vulnerable in the economic domain in all these senses. Van Bergeijk and Mennen (2014) discuss numerous economic disruptions that were analysed in the context of the National Risk Assessment.


Nanocrystalline ZnO particles doped with Gd(III) ions were prepared by a simple sol-gel method from methanolic solution of zinc acetate dihydrate, aqueous solution of Gd(NO3)3·9H2O, and starch. By calcination of the xerogel at 400C we obtained nanopowders of ZnO doped with Gd(III) ions. The dopant percentage was increased up to 5%. Optical investigation shows that the Gd doping in ZnO lattice leads to a decrease in the near band edge position due to the introduction of new unoccupied states by Gd 4f electrons. The blue-green luminescence is enhanced by increasing the Gd(III) percentage. In addition, the photocatalytic activity was investigated against methylene blue.


This study aimed to analyse local food product labelling and information and to develop a writing model focusing on local food product labelling and information. Ten entrepreneurs in one province in the south of Thailand selling local food products were selected. The research employed the quantitative research approach which involved three phases of data collection. In phase one, a questionnaire was employed to gain data necessary for the development of a writing model and to study local food products and labelling of 10 local food products in the selected province. Phase two involved the development of a writing model in which document analysis was employed to strengthen the content included in the writing model. In phase three, a satisfaction questionnaire was utilized as an additional data to adjust the writing model and confirm its usage. The study revealed that the participating entrepreneurs placed an importance on English food labelling. Consequently, the writing model was developed to meet the needs of the participants. The components of the writing model included four major units of information which were product safety, product value, product advertising, and product reliability and warranty. In each unit, crucial information was provided to allow users to study relevant information and related food vocabularies by following the step-by-step information in a form of Thai-English translation. Along with the information provided, the writing model presented a process of writing which can enable the users to develop their product labelling in English.


In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), locations of sensors play a critical role in many applications. For some applications, the nodes are constantly moving in the network. Therefore, the positions of nodes in mobile WSNs can not be determined by current static localization algorithms. To solve this problem, a new centralized localization algorithm called node cooperation based support vector machine localization (NCBSVML) algorithm for mobile wireless sensor networks is proposed. NCBSVML algorithm classified the network into many classes, and justifies which class is node in. Then the NCBSVML algorithm determines the node location by filtering the impossible locations based on new observations. Our approach does not require additional hardware and works even when the movement of anchors and nodes is uncontrollable. The properties of our technique are analyzed from simulations. Our scheme outperforms the best known mobile localization schemes in accuracy and precision under a wide range of conditions.


We study two cases of acoustic source localization in a reverberant room, from a number of point-wise narrowband measurements. In the first case, the room is perfectly known. We show that using a sparse recovery algorithm with a dictionary of sources computed a priori requires measurements at multiple frequencies. Furthermore, we study the choice of frequencies for these measurements, and show that one should avoid the modal frequencies of the room. In the second case, when the shape and the boundary conditions of the room are unknown, we propose a model of the acoustical field based on the Vekua theory, still allowing the localization of sources, at the cost of an increased number of measurements. Numerical results are given, using simple adaptations of standard sparse recovery methods.


The use of first order derivative spectrophotometry allows simultaneous determination of levosulpiride and pantoprazole in fixed dose combination products. The wavelengths 252.5 nm and 291.0 nm of first derivative spectrum were selected for the estimation of levosulpiride and pantoprazole, respectively without mutual interference. The method was linear in the concentration range 25–125 μg/ml and 5–25 μg/ml for levosulpiride and pantoprazole, respectively. Validation studies confirmed the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. The result of the formulation analysis shows that the proposed method can be successfully used for the simultaneous estimation of both the drugs in their combined capsule dosage form.


Digital videos depicting the unboxing of new objects have become a lucrative revenue stream in the YouTube economy and are beginning to attract critical interest from media scholars. Much of this work focuses on the economic and regulatory dimensions of this new digital form, but little has been written regarding the texts themselves or the pleasures they offer viewers. In this article, I contribute to recent scholarship on YouTube genres, by performing a critical 'unboxing' of this digital form. Following a brief introduction to this phenomenon, in which I outline the key narrative tropes found in these videos, I unpack the affective intensities and tactile pleasures that structure these texts, in order to consider how and why unboxing has become so popular.


Abstract Most of the literature devoted to the study of dynamic populations with predators is focused on the use of the so-called 'population law' discovered by Verhulst in 1937, and generalized later by several authors. Basically this model deals with the total number of individuals in the population, irrespective of their distribution over the geographical space of definition. In contrast, the present paper suggests a distributed approach to populations with intra-species competitions, which explicitly takes into account the distributed parameter, for instance the age, of the individuals. Two models are given: a distributed version of the logistic law and a generalization of the transfer equation, and two frameworks are considered: the deterministic case and the stochastic one. The equations so obtained are mainly distributed differential integral equations; one considers The optimum control or such systems and necessary optimality conditions are given. The covariance of the deviation from a steady stat...


This paper introduces the basic operation principle of DC -DC converter and the application of the average state method.And for the Cook -type conversion circuit as an example gives the circuit analysis.State analysis method as a treatment method in a high switching frequency DC-DC conversion circuit has a wide range of applications.Finally,the article gives a family of commonly used DC-DC conversion circuits.


This paper discussed the principle and main functions of the lab system of military logistics. Then it introduced and analyzed its contents and structure. The building of the lab system is significant for promoting the level of experimental teaching for the talents of military logistics.


Termination of a telephone call can only be realized by the network operator of the receiving party. For this reason, the markets for fixed and mobile call termination are regulated ex-ante including price control. To determine the costs of call termination the current regulatory regime considers only those parts of the network where customers compete for jointly used resources (mainly bandwidth). Therefore, the critical border is the "demarcation point" between the end customer dedicated access network and the aggregation network where customers compete for bandwidth. In addition to the extent of the overall network cost to be considered (depending on the location of the demarcation point) the traffic share of the voice termination service (which determines how much of the relevant cost is borne by voice termination) compared to all the other services sharing the same NGN/ NGA network needs to be taken into account. We analyse the cost effects with a cost model, which considers the part of the access network from the MPoP to the demarcation point, where the dedicated (access) network begins, in detail. This allows us to compare the impact of different demarcation points and service scenarios on the level of voice termination rates for three NGA architectures (FTTH/P2P, FTTH/PON and FTTC). We considered double and triple play service packages and ran sensitivities on data usage. In addition, we calculated termination cost for three different demarcation point locations in the case of FTTH/PON.


Grain for Green project (GGP) initialed by China government since 1999 has achieved substantial achievements accompanied with surface runoff decrease in the Loess Plateau but impacts of large-scale afforestation on regional water resources are uncertain. Hence, the objective of this study is to explore the impact of land use change on generalized water resources and ecological water stress using blue and green water concept taking Yanhe River Basin as a case study. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is applied to quantify summary of green and blue water which is defined as generalized water resources, ecological water requirement of vegetation (forest and grass), agricultural water footprint and virtual water flow are considered as regional water requirements. Land use types of 1980 (scenario I), 2017 (scenario II) are input in SWAT model while keeps other parameters constant in order to isolate the influence of land use changes. Results show that average annual difference of blue, green and generalized water resources is −72.08 million m3, 24.34 million m3, −47.74 million m3 respectively when simulation results of scenario II subtracts scenario I and it presents that land use change caused by GGP leads to decrease in blue and generalized water resources whereas increase in green water resources. SURQ in scenario I is more than that in scenario IIin all the study period from 1980-2017, green water storage in scenario I is more than that in scenario II in all the study period except in 1998; whereas LATQ in scenario I is less than that in scenario II except in 2000 and 2015, GWQ in 1992, 2000 and 2015, green water flow in 1998. Blue water, green water storage and green water flow in scenario II is less than that in scenario I in the whole basin, 12.89 percent of the basin and 99.21 percent of the basin respectively. Total WF increases from 1995 to 2010 because forest WF increases significantly in this period though agricultural WF and grass WF decreases. Ecological water stress index has no obvious temporal change trend in both land use scenarios but ecological water stress index in scenario II is more than that in scenario I which illustrates that GGP leads to increase of ecological water stress from perspective of generalized water resources


An alkaline serineprotease, capable of hydrolyzing Nu-benzoyl-DL arginine p-nitroanilide, was secreted by Fusurium oxysporum var. hi grown in the presence of gelatin as the sole nitrogen and carbon source. The protease was purified 65-fold to electrophoretic homogenity from the culture supernatant in a three-step procedure comprising QSepharose chromatography, aMnity chromatography, and FPLC on a MonoQ column. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified protein indicated an estimated molecular mass of 41 kDa. The protease had optimum activity at a reaction temperature of 45OC and showed a rapid decrease of activity at 48OC. The optimum pH was around 8.0. Characterization of the protease showed that Ca*+ and MgZ+ cations increased the activity, which was not inhibited by EDTA or l,lO-phenanthroline. The enzyme activity on Nubenzoyl-DL arginine p-nitroanilide was inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride,p-aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride, aprotinin, 3-4 dichloroisocoumarin, and IVtosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone. The enzyme is also inhibited by substrate concentrations higher than 2.5x lo-4 M. The protease had a Michaelis-Menten constant of 0.16 mM and a V,, of 0.60 pm01 released product .min-'.mg' enzyme when assayed in a non-inhibiting substrate concentration. The activity on Nu-benzoyl-DL arginine p-nitroanilide was competitively inhibited by p-aminobenzamidine dihydrochoride. A Ki value of 0.04 mM was obtained.


Introduction: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging regulators of biological processes in the vessel wall; however, their role in vascular inflammation remains poorly understood. Hypothesis: ...


Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(FAFU) has conducted in-depth research and made significant achievements in the fields of carrying out cross-Straits cooperation,exploiting advantages on both sides,and cultivating high level talents of agricultural science for Chinese nation.(1) A botanical garden for Chinese famous,special and superior plants corresponding to the Administrative Map of China was built.The famous,special and superior plants of the respective province were planted in each garden,in order to provide teachers and students from both sides of the Straits with a teaching base for studying professional knowledge of the excellent germplasm in our country,and to enhance Chinese national consciousness of the teachers and students of Taiwan province.(2) A 'Rectangle Principle' was proposed which implied profound meaning through conciseness to inspire students on both sides of the strait with a motive of study,and the Chinese national spirit of wisdom and diligence was advocated as well.(3) Various measures were taken to learn from the higher education and modern science and technology of Taiwan agriculture,so that the expertise of teachers was improved and the professional level of students was increased.


It is a new technology developed in recent years using the VLD-1000 drilling rig made in Australia which can drill with the depth of 1 km to drill in an outburst coal seam for pre-pumping gas.Based on the research on the application of the VLD-1000 drilling rig in the outburst coal seams for pre-pumping gas,the conclusion can be made that "large aperture,long drill,enough time"pre-pumping techniques have much advantages in the application.


A laser-free base station scheme that can be integrated with an optical network unit for overlaying the transport of wireless signals in an optical access network is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that this scheme has the potential to establish inter-communication among neighbouring base stations to provide simultaneous access to wireless and wired services


Were on the essence of a fictitious business in modern society. At the same time takes into account its peculiarity as a particular form of business. He also focused on various explanations fictitious enterprise that exist in law, and in the scientific literature, and law enforcement. Identified features of its display, features fictitious separate entity and can not be concluded that the recognition of a fictitious business, committed individual entrepreneur


This report was prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Office of Risk Analysis (ORNL/ORA) for the Regulatory Integration Division of EPA's Office of Policy Analysis (OPA). The purpose of the report is to present data compiled for analysis of the Superfund decision-making process and characterization of the role of risk assessment in this process. Data presented are compiled from FY87 Records of Decision (RODs) and their corresponding support documents. The present report includes data from a total of 50 RODs from all EPA regions. These data are summarized and analyzed in a complementary report (Doty and Travis, 1989). In addition, although no computerized database has been developed, the data presented will be useful for addressing further research questions related to the Superfund remedial action decision process.


A quantitative measure of limiting gas-phase nucleophilicity is proposed for ethyne, ethene, and the pseudo-π donor cyclopropane and allows the conclusion that cyclopropane is the best nucleophile of the three.


In order to realize the real-time rendering of 3D virtual avatar (VA)on handsets,the technology of dynamic impostor is used to draw the VA.Furthermore,the distributed architecture based on PC/Handset is applied to reduce the occupancy of memory in handsets and the method of levels of action (LOA)and simple texture compression are adopted to save the required wireless network bandwidth.The experiments show that the method can satisfy adequately the requirement of real-time VA rendering on handsets.


A kind of instrument is presented,which is consisted from serration plate electrode.It is higher efficiency in absorb dust,the property is stabilized on output frequency and voltage.It can save energy and make the air fresh.This text give some useful equations for designing this air filter system in theory.


Abstract Democricetodon is a core genus within the family Cricetidae; it is recorded in many regions of Asia and Europe, and has left many descendants. One of the early radiations of Democricetodon was in southern Asia, where it radiated for about 10 my, from about 18 Ma to about 8 Ma, during the Miocene epoch. Democricetodon was replaced in southern Asia by one of its cousins, Antemus, in the family Muridae, the Muridae later became one of the most diverse and abundant family of mammals. Cricetidae and Muridae persisted together in Siwalik deposits for a period of about four million years (18 Ma to 14 Ma).


The currently fashionable concepts of hactal geometry [I] are finding widespread application in areas as diverse as geomorphology, the dynamics of plant growth and computer graphics, largely because they elegantly characterise the hitherto poorly-understood spatial and temporal scaling properties of many natural phenomena. Despite its apparent complexity, natural form often possesses a deeply significant simplifying invariance under changes of magmilcation, a statistical self-similarity in whi& the same degree of irregularity is measured whatever the scale of the measurements. The computer-generated fractals frequently used t o simulate natural topography are self-afine, meaning that the horizontal and vertical coordinates must be scaled by different amounts for roughness to be truly scale-independent [2]. The effect that such scaling has on measured surface area as a function of horizontal baseline is determined by the fractal dimension, D , of the surface, a number in the range 2 < D < 3 sufficient to completely specify the second-order texture statistics. A strong positive correlation exists between D and the visually-perceived roughness of a self-&ne fractal surface [3,4], and m a y workers have demonstrated the general applicability of a fiactal model to natural topography, e.g. [5] and [6]. However, the view that natural surfaces can be characterised by a single fractal dimension appears to be oversimplistic; in many cases, different values of D have been measured for different scale domains [5,7]. Nevertheless, in this study a simple fractal model has been chosen as a first-order representation of small-scale planetary surface texture. Its use can be at least partially justified by consideration of the fundamentally random aspects of the impact process, coupled with the likely history of bombardment undergone by an atmosphereless planetary surface. In the absence of tectonic or volcanic activity (which may disrupt or eradicate roughness over a range of scales, thereby invalidating a fractal description) the scale domain over which surface relief possesses fractal statistics might be very large indeed. Certainly, spherical harmonic expansions of terrestrial, lunar, martian and venusian global topography exhibit fractal properties [8], although given the effects of large-scale tectonism and volcanic resurfacing, similar values of D should not be expected at much smaller scales. The scales at which a random fractal model is likely to be most appropriate will be typically unresolved in digital spacecraft images. However, such small-scale topography is accessible photometrically by the determination of 8, a parameter in Hapke's equation [9] corresponding to the mean slope angle of unresolved surface roughness. Hence it is of interest to investigate the nature of any systematic relationship that might exist between $ and D. To this end, digital approximations to random fractal surfaces were generated by the Fourier filtering method [2], using an algorithm in [lo]. Figure 1 shows such a surface, for which D = 2.3. Hapke's equation was used to describe the light-scattering properties of surface material covering the fiactal terrain, with $ = O0 and the remaining parameters set to arbitrary values. Mean terrain reflectance was computed for a range of viewing and illumination geometries, taking into account the effects of shadowing, as described in [ll] . The resulting photometric data were used to solve for 8 only, by fixing the other parameters at their known values and minimising the residual of fit between theoretically-calculated and measured terrain reflectances. Figure 2 plots $ versus fractal dimension; two curves are shown, derived for horizontal scales of 0.01 and 0.02 units pixel-'. This illustrates a crucial point, namely that fractal statistics specify only the relative height variations of a landscape at different scales [2]: some measure of roughness amplitude is additionally required to specify the aspect ratio of the surface, which determines the range of slopes present at a particular baseline. As one would expect, a clear positive correlation exists between 8 and D. The concave-upward nature of the curves might be qualitatively explained by the fact that increases in D result in the addition of irregularity a t all scales represented in the data, and Hapke's 8 parameter integrates the effects of all sub-pixel roughness. Provided that the roughness amplitude of a particular surface is known, the relationship deduced here may be used in principle to infer the fractal dimension of sub-pixel scale roughness, given a value of 8 estimated from photometric observations; conversely, D measured for a surface by any one of a number of methods [2,5,6] may be used to predict an appropriate value of 8, for use in photometric studies. However, it is possible that roughness amplitude and fractal dimension together do not provide a description of surface texture sufficently complete to fully quantify the relationship between and D. Surfaces with the same D can radically differ in their appearance, owing to variations in a property known as lacunan'ty [I];


This study aims to: 1. Identify what learning media are used in developing the language of children aged 4-5 years, 2. To identify what learning media are dominantly used in developing the language of children aged 4-5 years, 3. To identify media What kinds of learning are effectively used in developing the language of children aged 4-5 years. The type of research used was survey research. Methods and data collection in the study were observation, interviews, and documentation. The sample in this study was 20% of the 26 PAUD in Sekarbela District, so that the research sample was obtained as many as 5 PAUD in Sekarbela District. The results of the research and data analysis showed that the learning media used in developing the language of children aged 4-5 years in PAUD Sekarbela District were 29 learning media or as many as 82.9% of 35 learning media which were included in 4 indicator items, and learning media which are dominantly used in developing the language of children aged 4-5 years in PAUD Sekarbela as many as 5 learning media or as much as 14.2% of 35 learning media which are included in 3 indicator items, as well as effective learning media used in developing children's language. 4-5 years in PAUD Sekarbela District as many as 4 learning media or 11.4% of the 35 learning media which are included in 2 indicator items.


The diffuse distribution of the pancreas in the rabbit and the attending problems of surgical removal have prevented the study of pancreatic diabetes in this animal. In fact, it has been pointed out that "in rabbits the operation itself is impossible, because of the spread-out condition of the pancreas." 1 However, a method for complete pancreatectomy is presented here together with data pertaining to insulin requirements, glycosuria, blood sugar levels, etc. The pancreas in general, is a thin sheet of tissue lying in the meso-duodenum with one large mass on the right between the portal vein and the vena cava and another mass in the mesentery of the spleen. At operation it is essential to use a Beebe binocular loupe to pick up the small fragments of pancreas which break off and to prevent injury to small intestinal blood vessels. For rabbits of about 2 kilos the anesthetic used is 1 cc. of nembutal intravenously, 0.2 cc. of 1% atropine subcutaneously and sufficient ether at the beginning to allow opening of the abdomen. Complete removal of the pancreas at one operation usually results in a very high mortality in from 24 to 60 hours from severe diarrhea, gastric detension, surgical shock, or unknown causes. A 3-stage operation with 3-4 weeks intervening between operations gives very satisfactory results. Three different abdominal incisions are used; for the first stage, about 1 inch to the left of the mid-line; for the second, a mid-line, and for the third about 1 inch to the right of the mid-line. Twenty-day chromic catgut size 00 is used for closing the abdomen. In the first stage, all pancreas in a pocket formed roughly by the transverse colon, stomach and duodenum is removed. A splenectomy may be done by ligating and sectioning the larger vessels, or the pancreas can be gently pulled off from the splenic vessels.


The effect of surface topography on an otherwise two-dimensional boundary-layer flow is investigated. The flow is assumed to be steady, laminar and incompressible, and is described by triple-deck theory. The basic problem reduces to the solution of a form of the nonlinear three-dimensional boundary-layer equations, together with an interaction condition. The solutions are obtained by a spectral method, with the computations carried out iteratively in Fourier-transform space. Numerical results are presented for several cases including three-dimensional separation. Comparison is made with the predictions of linearized theory. The decay corridor observed by Smith is confirmed for one localized configuration, but not for another having a broader height distribution.


The nonlinear dynamics characteristics and stability of the Lorenz system are analyzed by adopting nonlinear control theory. A method for designing the strength-period-feedback controller is put forward. The chaotic behaviors of the Lorenz system are controlled by chaotic control methods which are called period feedback control. Theories of these methods are analyzed and simulated numerically. By using the method, the chaotic systems can be controlled in some equilibrium states or some vibrational cyclical states. With the change of control parameters, the typical variation of physical state is studied to expand the applications of Lorenz chaotic systems.


The principal peculiarity in the cross sections of gamma quanta absorption by nuclei is the giant dipole resonance (GDR). In the case of medium and heavy nuclei, it manifests itself as a pronounced maximum 4– 8 MeV in width lying at energies of 14–20 MeV. Experimental investigations of various properties of the GDR, including the processes of its decay, have played a crucial role in the formation of modern ideas of collective excitations in nuclei. Investigations of the giant dipole resonance for the case of cadmium isotopes are till now incomplete. Among them, there are the studies of the cross sections of total gamma absorption performed by summing partial reactions at targets of the natural isotopic composition [1] and the researches of the cross section of the reaction Cd(γ, n)Cd [2].


For making out soil lives in upland field and field properties clearly, micro- arthropods living in farmland soils were picked up, and population, genera, diversity index of Simpson� (1/λ)� and� that� of� Fisher� (α+1)� were� employed� for� evaluating� soil� micro - arthropods under different management were investigated in this study. Also soil physical and chemical properties were measured. Soil samples were gathered from the fields at Hachioji, Tama and Machida in Tokyo, Japan. Planting and fertilized types were collected. And for making out of relationships in diversity of soil micro-arthropods and soil moisture conditions, soil micro-arthropods in some types of drip irrigation fields and tube irrigation fields in green house were observed. The fields in this study were categorized into two groups based on the history of dressing or land degradation. There was no certain difference in population, number of genera and two types of diversity indices between decollated and not-decollated� fields.� Fisher's� diversity� index� seemed� to� be� larger� than� Simpson's� in� soil� dressed� fields,� while� Simpson's� diversity� index� seemed� to� be� larger� than� Fisher's� in� non -dressed fields. The difference in types of diversity may be caused by years of cultivation in those fields. Also, based on the results of multiple regression analysis, population,� number� of� genera� and� Simpson's� diversity� index� were� related� with� macro� porosity. So, it was concluded that those two types of diversity indices are useful for making clear difference of bio-diversities� in� upland� field's� soils.


The paper used 0.5% eosin,10% safranine, 0.5% methylene blue trihydrate and red ink by staining to identify the free-living nematodes on C.elegans,in order to find a method which was clear and simple.


. We generalize results about the classical Schottky groups to quasiconvex subgroups in negatively curved groups, answering a question of M. Bestvina.


Acting on the intermediate nodes, Active Queue Management (AQM) either keeps the high throughput for routers or effectively controls the queue length, so as to control end-to-end delay for QoS guarantees. With the ability of AQM, Random Early Detection (RED) and its variants have some inevitable flaws, such as unstable and weak, because their designs are excessively dependent on the intuition, which is always unreliable. In this study, authors model the TCP flow process as the two order linear varying-time system, and design a novel AQM algorithm based on the sliding mode variable structure(SMVS) theory, which is insensitive to the parameters of the plant and load disturbance. The simulation results show that its transient and steady performance are superior to ones of RED and PI algorithms. Moreover, SMVS algorithm is very robust against load disturbance and parameter variance.


Objective To evaluate the left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease by tissue velocity imaging( TVI) and pulsed wave Doppler flow imaging( PW) with Tei index. Methods A total of 30 patients with coronary heart disease and 30 control subjects( control group) were enrolled in this study. The LV Tei index was measured by TVI and PW respectively. Results There was significant difference of Tei index,LV Tei index in coronary heart disease was higher than that in control group( P 0. 05). Conclusion Different degrees of the LV functions decrease occur in patients with coronary heart disease. The LV Tei index can evaluate the LV function accurately and globally,The LV Tei index measured by tissue velocity imaging is more convenient and accurate.


In 1851 and 1852, James Dana described a large number of new crustaceans collected by the United States Exploring Expedition. One of these was Bern hardus armatus, a new species of northern Pacific hermit crab. Many of Dana's type specimens, including the type specimen(s) of B. armatus, were thought lost in the great Chicago fire of 1871 (see Evans, 1967), but we here report the dis covery of a syntypic specimen in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ). Dana introduced Bernhardus (now Pagurus) armatus (type locality: "in freto Tuget' Oregonensi" [= Puget Sound, Washington]) in a brief latinized descrip tion (1851: 270), and later gave an expanded English description (1852: 442). No illustration of the species appeared until the publication of Dana's Atlas of Crustacea (1855, pi. 27 fig. 2a) and Dana never designated a holotype nor cited an exact number of specimens in his type series. Stimpson (1858: 248) syn onymized the species with Eupagurus (now Pagurus) ochotensis (Brandt, 1851), but both Makarov (1938: 202) and McLaughlin (1974: 48) recognized the two species as distinct (see McLaughlin, 1974, for a more complete nomenclatural history). McLaughlin (1974: 57), citing the prior difficulties of separating P. ar matus and P. ochotensis and believing the type(s) to have been lost or destroyed, designated a male specimen (United States National Museum [USNM] 143637 from off Fauntleroy Fry Dock, Puget Sound, Washington) as the neotype for Bernhardus armatus.


This paper investigates career path of international trade professionals in South Korea and their career committment. Markov process model is used to characterize whether the international trade professionals are keeping or changing his/her careers. In addition, experimental designs are made for assessing why the professionals are changing their jobs and data survey was performed to find out meaningful factors for the job committment. The result shows that the departure of international trade professionals is not considered as big problem which means that most international trade professionals want to keep their careers. But one of main reasons why international trade professionals want to leave their jobs is to challenge to career development even though they may loose their knowledge assets due to those departures. We found that many departures occurred in three years to six years of careers and fifteen years to eighteen years over the career path. It is therefore necessary to provide motivational instruments such as education and training, which also could serve as agents to attract new international trade professionals.


We build the generic methodology based on machine learning and reasoning to detect the patterns of interaction between conflicting agents, including humans and their assistants. Learning behavior via communicative actions Over last decade, substantial efforts have gone into designing intelligent artificial assistants. These assistants will help human agents in a variety of everyday tasks, as well as in tasks involving assistants as well as human agents in a conflict. Therefore such assistant should be capable of reasoning about handling and resolving conflicts, learning from previous experience. It has been well understood that to be truly useful, the assistants needs to be personalized, be trusted and become partners, and be able to learn from the human agent as well as from its own mistakes. In addition to that, to be involved in a domain where some form of interaction while conflict resolution is required, assistants need to be enabled with machine learning framework to categorize conflicts, predict their outcomes, and suggest resolution strategies. Moreover, a desired machine learning framework should be reusable from domain to domain, follow the general laws of inter-human conflicts, and be computationally tractable. In our earlier studies of learning behavior of conflicting human agents we discovered that scenarios of inter-human conflicts can be categorized and the outcomes of these conflicts can be predicted, based on the structure of communicative actions of these agents, abstracting from particular domain knowledge. In the current study we explore how the graph-based mechanism of learning communicative actions can be incorporated into intelligent Compilation copyright © 2007, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. assistants designed for a number of distinct domains involving a conflict dialogue. One of the main problems to be solved by assistants while dealing with inter-human conflict is how to reuse the previous experience with similar agents. We deploy a machine learning technique for handling scenarios of interaction between conflicting human agents. The developed scenario representation and comparative analysis techniques are first applied (and then evaluated) to the classification of customer complaints. Then the proposed technique is employed in such problems as predicting an outcome of international conflicts, assessment of an attitude of a security clearance candidate, mining emails for suspicious emotional profiles and revealing suspicious behaviour of cell phone users. Successful use of the proposed methodology in rather distinct domains shows its adequacy for mining human attitude-related data in a wide range of applications. The result of this study is that as long as intelligent assistants are programmed with the common mechanisms of interactions between human agents, they can learn conflict resolution in a wide variety of domains. Evaluation in various domains To demonstrate that the proposed representation language of labeled graphs is adequate to represent scenarios of interactions between human agents in various domains, we performed the evaluation of coding to graph / decoding from graph and evaluate distortion of communicative action related information. We conducted the evaluation with respect to the criteria on how the suggested model based on communicative actions can represent real-world scenarios. We started the evaluation from textual complaints which were downloaded from the public website PlanetFeedback.com in 2005. For the purpose of this evaluation, each complaint was manually coded as a sequence of communicative actions, being assigned with a particular status. The usability and adequacy of our formalism was evaluated on the basis of a team of individuals divided into three classes: complainants, company representatives, and judges. Complainants had a task to read a textual complaint and draw a graph so that another team member (a company representative) could comprehend it (and briefly sketch the plot as a text). A third team member (judge) then compared the original complaint and the one written by the company representative as perceived from the form. The result of this comparison was the judgment on whether the scenario structure has been dramatically distorted in respect to the validity of a given complaint. It must be noted that less than 15% of complaints were hard to capture by means of communicative actions. We also observed that about a third of complaints lost important details and could not be adequately restored (although they might still be properly related to a class). Nevertheless, one can see that the proposed representation mechanism is adequate for representing so complex and ambiguous structures as textual complaints in most cases. Conducting the evaluation of adequateness in other domains, we split the members of evaluation team into reporters, assessors and judges. Reporters represented scenarios as graphs, and assessors decoded the perceived structure of communicative actions back into text. Finally, the judges compared the original description (be it text or other media in the case of wireless interaction) with the respective originals (Table 1). Table 1: Evaluation of the adequacy of representation language For the banks, one can track deviation of one dataset versus another, which is 10-15% of the third set versus the first two sets. This is due to the lower variability of scenarios, which makes it easier to represent and reconstruct it (classification accuracy is comparable). Recognition for banking complaints is almost as accurate as coding via graph (representation), but not the reconstruction of the structure of interactions between complainants and their opponents. For an average number of almost 19 scenarios per dataset, almost 80% can be somehow represented via labeled graphs, about 70% reconstructed from graph without major loss of the conflict structure, and 60% both correct representation and reconstruction. The classification accuracy of relating to one out of two classes is close to the reconstruction accuracy.


This article analyzes a process of continuous professional formation of the teacher, that takes place in the space of professional action and that aims at significant changes in teaching practices, promoting contextualized reflections of scientific character, looking for ways to enhance education. It was carried out based on a real case in the city of Irecê Bahia Brazil, using the methodology applied in the European ENGAGE European Project, through the use of socio-scientific dilemmas and the approach of responsible research and innovation, seeking to answer the question : What are the possibilities and limits of the teacher's continuing pedagogical practices in an interactive-reflexive perspective, using the digital networked technologies, mobile devices, elements of ubiquity, articulated with face-toface activities in the real classroom environment? The analysis and discussion of results showed a high level of involvement of the teachers in the project in all its stagação na própria escola ou em outras que possam ser integradas ao projeto.


Leaves of Moringa oleifera extracted in 70% ethanol were assessed experimentally for acute toxicity in two groups each of six, one of albino rats and the other of rabbits. Each animal of the two groups was injected via intraperitoneal route with 150 mg/ml every five minutes till death occurred. The lethal dose of acute toxicity was found to be 6616.67mg/kg body weight (BW) for rats and 26043.67 mg/kg BW for rabbits. Injection with 14ml of concentrated form of 450mg/ml over 10 minutes showed no death among albino rats. The results of histopathology confirmed that the death of both animals was due to excessive fluid injected for the acute toxicity test. Based on these results it can be concluded that the plant had low toxicity effect when given in concentrated doses for short period of time. Key word: Moringa oleifera, acute toxicity, LD50, albino rats, rabbits, medicinal plant.


Objective: To explore the clinical effect of aminophylline and sulbutamol on preventing perianesthetis asthma.Method: 76 cases with asthma underwent surgery with general anesthesia were divided into three groups: A observation group(n=25) were given aminophylline,B observation group(n=25) were given sulbutamol and the control group without drugs,And then compared the preventing effect.Result:There was none of asthma breaking out in A observation group and B observation group.There's significantly difference between control group(X2=29.12,P0.01).Conclusion: The usage of aminophylline and sulbutamol to prevent perianesthetis asthma would be useful.


In the evaluation of the activity program in the New York City elementary schools,1 the data so far reported have been based upon either classroom observations or paper and-pencil tests and questionnaires. It seemed likely that significant evidence concerning the outcomes of the program might be obtained if pupils could be observed in situations other than those arising within the limits of the classroom. The question has been raised as to whether the differences in classroom behavior reported in the earlier evaluation of the program may not reflect the temporary classroom situation rather than any more general and permanent changes in the pupils. We might ask, for example, whether the more frequent evidences of initiative shown by the activity pupils are limited to the class room situation, or whether they represent gains which will also appear in out-of-class activities. Observation of trips to points out side the school building seemed to provide one means for getting information upon this transfer.2 At the time of this study (1940-41), a WPA project supplied personnel and made the arrangements for a large number of trips from schools to places of interest in and around New York City.3 In the typical case, the trip was conducted by a WPA guide, with the teacher also present and playing some part in the direction and conduct of the expedition. Parks, museums, business houses, historic sites, and other points of interest served as the goals of these excursions. The greater number of excursions took a full school day.


The concentration of salivary IgA was measured and clinical examinations performed annually in 39 children over a period of 36 months. The age of the children ranged from 1 to 4 yr during the observation period. The geometric mean value of salivary IgA increased rapidly between the age of 1 and 2, from 0.021 g/l (log mean - 1.68 +/- 0.33) to 0.052 g/l (log mean - 1.28 +/- 0.24). After this age the mean level of salivary IgA remained fairly constant during the observation period. When the study population was divided into two groups: the caries-free group and the caries-susceptible group, it was found that in the caries-free group the mean salivary IgA value increased rapidly during the second year of life, then more slowly after the age of 2. In the caries-susceptible group the increase in the mean value between the ages of 1 and 2 was marked and at the age of 2 the values were significantly higher compared to those of the caries-free group. The concentrations did not, however, remain high, but fell to lower level and at the age of 4 there was a marked overlap in the values of the groups.


Channel-forming discharges typically are associated with recurrence intervals less than five years and usually less than two years. However, the actual frequency of occurrence of these discharges is often several times more frequent than the statistical expectation. This result was confirmed by using the Log-Pearson Type 3 statistical method to analyze measured annual series of instantaneous peaks and peak daily means for 150 catchments in six states in the North Central Region of the United States. Discharge records ranged from 39 to 102 years and catchment sizes ranged from 29 to 6475 km2. For each state, mean values of the ratio of the calculated to the expected occurrences exceeded 1.0, for recurrence intervals from two years to 100 years with R-squared values varying from 0.64 to 0.97, respectively. However, catchment-by-catchment variability was too large for the relationships for each state to be useful. We propose a method, called Full Daily Distribution (FDD), which used all of the daily values for the available period of records. The approach provided ratios of calculated to expected occurrences that were approximately 1.0. For recurrence intervals less than five years, the FDD calculated discharges were much greater than those obtained by using the Log-Pearson Type 3 approach with annual series of instantaneous peaks or peak daily means. The method can also calculate discharges for recurrence intervals less than one year. The study indicates a need to enhance the Log-Pearson Type 3 method to provide better estimates of channel-forming discharges and that the proposed FDD could be a useful tool to this purpose.


The disciplinary field of Business Administration follows the organizations innovations and discusses that with sustainable development as a strategic focus and Corporate Social Responsibility, among other issues. However, a gap has been found when considering communication and attempt to mobilize the members that are part of the socio-environmental management process in the company. This gap is identified because there is no extensive dialogue between the organizational context and Environmental Education worked in a consolidated form in the disciplinary field of Education. Thus, this paper seeks to revisit theoretical concepts and theoretical approaches to innovation, Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development as organizational strategy and Environmental Education. The discussion indicates that the integration of Environmental Education, Sustainable Development and Social Responsibility in innovative organizations is important, especially because of the little interaction between these areas of knowledge.


Human face recognition is one of pattern recognition are important in the security eld. Face recog- nition in security systems safe in a company is to provide a standard level of security is better and can be applied to any safe security system which already exists. One function of a safe security system aimed at reducing the level of po- tential inroad in a safe security system. Matching is done with the face recognition algorithm Eigenface face. Eigen- face is a collection of the eigenvector that used to computer vision problems on the human face recognition


In this paper, we propose dynamic spectrum sharing methods for femto base stations (BSs) operated within a macro BS's spectrum area. As the spectrum sharing methods, we provide traffic pattern based resource hopping schemes of the femto BSs. Traffic pattern information which refleds channel activities for each subband used by the macro BS is utilized by the femto BSs to select proper resources. We evaluate our proposed method compared with pure random hopping method in terms of resource hit probabilities. Also we evaluate our proposed method combined with direct interference measurement results, compared with pure interference measurement based random hopping method. Since traffic pattern information reflects future channel activities, simulation results show that the proposed methods can outperform pure random hopping and conventional methods which utilize past information such as interference measurement results only.


Glass products can be divided as reusable and non reusable. 20% of glass products are non-reusable, and it becomes glass cullet of the bottle raw material after recovery. The utility rate of this glass cullet is low as the processing cost is expensive. Therefore, the new glass cullet generating method using underwater shock wave is proposed in this paper. The underwater shock wave, which acts on a beer glass, was observed using a high speed camera.Copyright © 2004 by ASME


There are two broad processes that people can use when attempting to solve a problem. The first of these is a means-ends strategy in which attempts are made to reduce differences between a given problem state and a goal or subgoal. Moves are generated by the goal or subgoals. The second is a history-cued process in which people use previous moves to generate subsequent moves. It is suggested that a means-ends strategy tends to reduce transfer effects. A history-cued strategy may facilitate rule induction, which in turn may be an important contributing factor to transfer. A series of four experiments using hybrid problems that are soluble either by rule induction or by means-ends analysis supported the above suggestion. Two additional experiments indicated that with respect to the insoluble problem effect, the use of history-cued strategy was, of itself, insufficient to induce transfer effects. In order for transfer to occur, the structure of the problems and the manner in which they were presented had to be such as to ensure that problem solvers perceived a close relation between problems.