This paper explores the link between congressional actions and public attitudes about government responsiveness, public efficacy, and public trust in government. Congressional actions are moves by members of Congress that are potentially consequential to public opinion. The theory contends that actions taken by Congress influence these perspectives on government within an alert stratum of the public. This relationship is demonstrated by employing a pooled time-series logistical regression modeling data that come from the American National Election Studies merged with historical actions data. The findings support the contention that increased actions by Congress increase public efficacy and trust in government, and also improve public attitudes about government responsiveness. Habermas (1989) defines the public sphere as a domain of our social life in which such a thing as public opinion can be formed, and that access to the public sphere is open in principle to all citizens. He contends that a portion of the public sphere is constituted in every conversation in which private persons come together to form a public. While Habermas contends that the state is the counterpart to the public sphere, and is not actually part of it. Foucault (1982) challenges the idea of coercion-free space where open deliberation occurs, arguing that the state has influence over the realm of deliberation. In an empirical examination, Mayhew (2000) concurs with Foucault, arguing that the actions of the realm where power resides, the Congress, have an impact on the public sphere, but Mayhew contends that Congress is actually a part of the public sphere. This study offers empirical evidence that the actions of members of Congress affect public opinion implying that the public sphere consists of a dynamic relationship between state and public. The evidence here supports the contention that the actions of Congress are an integral part of the formation of public opinion, and that, Congress is actually a part of the open deliberation. To deliberate is to think about and discuss issues purposefully before reaching a decision. Both Congress and the public discuss issues and come to decisions, and it can be argued that these discussions are not independent of each other, but rather, they are both part of the same conversation. Congress and the public respond to each other. While most previous research on the dynamic between Congress and the public focuses on constituency influence on Congress (Miller and Stokes 1963; Fiorina 1974; Erikson 1978; Achen 1978; Bartels 1991; McIver et al 1994; Stimson et al 1995; Hill et al 1994; Wood and Hinton-Andersson 1998), an understanding of the effects the institution and its members has on the public provides a more complete explanation of the dynamic. If the actions of members of Congress(MCs) affect the way the public perceives government, then it is likely that it will affect the way they behave, and in turn, affect the way Congress behaves. Therefore, the dynamic between Congress and the citizenry moves in multiple directions. The central puzzle of this paper involves exploring the dynamic between Congress and public opinion. More directly the following question will be addressed: How do "congressional actions" affect individual citizen's attitudes about government? Congressional Actions, as defined by Mayhew (2000), are "moves by MCs that are to a significant degree autonomous and consequential-or at least potentially consequential-and are noticed by an alert stratum of the public exactly because of their perceived current or potential consequentiality." These moves consist of things such as speeches, filibusters, amendments introduced, hearings conducted, presidential bids, maneuvering someone else's presidential nominee, cabinet appointments, considerations for nomination to the Presidency, corruption accusations, or even simply, statements about other's leadership qualities. While there may be many more implications, this paper addresses the consequentiality of these "actions" on public attitudes about government responsiveness, levels of political trust, and levels of political external efficacy. External efficacy is defined as the citizen's evaluation of the level of system responsiveness. These three phenomena are intrinsically linked because they all address broad attitudes about government, and it is unlikely that one would be politically efficacious but have low trust in government, or have high trust in government but feel poorly about government responsiveness. This study hypothesizes a positive relationship between Congressional actions and the aforementioned perspectives on government. The contention here is that increased activity in Congress may be interpreted by the public as increased representation. A busy Congress is perceived as a representative Congress. Further, a busy Congress is likely to be getting more media attention and the relationship of actions to perspectives should be strongest among those who are most attentive. The argument is that there is a baseline normal level of congressional activity and public attitudes, and as the magnitude of this activity fluctuates around the baseline, the public's attitudes on Congress will fluctuate in the same direction. Most models of public opinion that seek to explain fluctuations in public attitudes consider individual socio-psychological factors but do not consider the actual behavior of representatives. Efficacy, trust, and attitudes about responsiveness are all about perceptions of the actions of government. Therefore, it makes sense that the actions of government would have an effect of attitudes about the actions of government. While the body of literature regarding the "national policy mood" does not directly propose the same idea, it does provide a framework from which the fluctuating attitudes can be understood. Stimson (1999) defines "policy mood" as shared feelings that move over time and circumstance. Many have used this concept to explain the nature of political change and the relationship between government and the public (Kellstedt 2000; Flemming and Wood 1997; Stimson, Mackuen, and Erikson 1995; Jacoby 1994), among others. This study asserts that this general disposition is in part a result of affect towards Congress in the form of attitudes about responsiveness, efficacy levels, and trust government. The fluctuations in attitudes can be described as a "national mood". As expectations are exceeded or they are not reached, the public's feeling about Congress as a whole is affected. Converse (1964) suggested that the public is politically un-attentive, and therefore, it is unlikely that the nuances of congressional activity would seep into the public consciousness in any major way. Others have suggested that the public is more aware than Converse contended (Stokes 1966; Brody and Page 1972; Popkin 1994). The contention here is that those who have public interest, or follow government and public affairs, deliberate within their networks, forming a general disposition in the process. This deliberation may occur in the workplace, as well as in churches (Verba et al 1993). Also, deliberation may occur at home with family (Jennings 1983), and with spouses (Niemi et al 1977). The theory contends that those who are most attentive are most likely to deliberate and will be most affected by the actions of Congress. Perspectives on Government Mayhew (2000) proposed that congressional actions play a role in the public sphere in his unique work America's Congress. His approach fuses a traditional theoretical perspective with an empirical one, but the uniqueness comes from the dataset he uses to make his argument. This dataset includes actions by individual members of Congress since its first session. While Mayhew's data collection is quite impressive, the full potential of these data is not maximized. He presents the argument that actions are relevant in the public sphere, but then does not offer any systematic test of how these actions interact with the electorate. An empirical examination of the nature of the dynamic between congressional actions and attitudes about responsiveness, political trust, and external efficacy is one step towards understanding the dynamic between Congress and public opinion. Miller and Stokes' (1963) seminal work on constituency influence was the beginning of our understanding of political responsiveness. After guiding the study of representation through the 1960's, their study generated criticism, both theoretically and methodologically. Erikson (1978) challenges their findings, asserting that constituency influence is actually greater than they purported. He asserts that their findings were inaccurate as a result of sampling error, and further, that congressional responsiveness is a function of constituency influence guided by parties and elections. Bartels (1991), and McIver, Erikson, and Wright (1994), along with Stimson, Mackuen, and Erikson (1995) all find that public opinion does influence congressional behavior. These studies seek to explain responsiveness from the bottom up, while this study seeks to explain attitudes about responsiveness, and government in general, from the top down. The level of responsiveness is likely to affect attitudes about responsiveness, and the contention here is that increased actions may be perceived as increased responsiveness leading to higher efficacy and trust. The relationship is multi-directional. The nature of individual efficacy in the public has been explored, but the focus has primarily been on its impact on participation levels (Kellstedt 2000; Verba, Burns, and Schlozman 1997; Wolman and Stouder 1991; Wolfsfeld 1986; Pollock III 1983; Abramson and Aldrich 1982; Shaffer 1981). The general argument of these authors is that those with higher levels of efficacy are more likely to participate. From the opposite direction, Finkel (1987, 1985) proposes that part


This paper studied Korean ``secret inspector`` Park Mun Su(朴文秀), and Chinese ``upright management`` Baogong(包公) shape of the image. Park Mun Su and Baogong its shape and a similar spirit to the present life, and so exert a horizontal comparison of quantum and are incontrovertible. Thus, two Park Mun Su story contained in Hwang, GuYeon complete works that Korean- Chinese storyteller Hwang, GuYeon talked and Baogong story contained in Myung period gong`an xiaoshuo Baijia gong`an(百家公案) was selected as the research data. Specifically, "the wisdom of spying - the wisdom of reasoning", ``Define the expression-The realization of virtue``, ``three-dimensional character - flat characters`` Compare the items, such as comparing two items, rather than absolute figures indicate the main features of the. Park Mun Su and Baogong have all the wisdom of words and the agenda to mention the ability to solve. Just Baogong unlike the Park Mun Su as a natural conversation with the people, or eavesdropping on their conversation, the problem is not finding the middle, get yourself noticed directly. Thus, the process of solving the problem than the former spy in that case Favourite wisdom, the latter after receipt of the agenda it will exercise wisdom in the process of reasoning. Park Mun Su and Baogong Understand the people first, think of all the great management or office in terms of the nature of the phase difference seems emotional. ``a secret inspector`` deceiving the people close to the identity, while friendly attendants to be able to solve the problem we can feel. However Baogong hanging around with people solve their problems, but mostly the authorities received from the agenda and the sober judgment will appear in the image. Park Mun Su and Baogong exercise wisdom and emotional aspects as well as differences in the overall shape is compared. When looked at overall shape of Park Mun Su and Baogong`s dimensional planar geometry can be called. Park Mun Su`s three-dimensional shape is called a responsible and sweet and wise and mysterious instincts, but sometimes seen as a three-dimensional figures Rough man can be called. Variety of means. Baogong is responsible and ruthless, and with wisdom and divine at the same time as the executor of solemn virtue is penetrating.


Differentiation of colon lesions according to underlying pathology, e.g., neoplastic and non-neoplastic, is of fundamental importance for patient management. Image intensity based textural features have been recognized as a useful biomarker for the differentiation task. In this paper, we introduce high order texture features, beyond the intensity, such as gradient and curvature, for that task. Based on the Haralick texture analysis method, we introduce a virtual pathological method to explore the utility of texture features from high order differentiations, i.e., gradient and curvature, of the image intensity distribution. The texture features were validated on database consisting of 148 colon lesions, of which 35 are non-neoplastic lesions, using the random forest classifier and the merit of area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics. The results show that after applying the high order features, the AUC was improved from 0.8069 to 0.8544 in differentiating non-neoplastic lesion from neoplastic ones, e.g., hyperplastic polyps from tubular adenomas, tubulovillous adenomas and adenocarcinomas. The experimental results demonstrated that texture features from the higher order images can significantly improve the classification accuracy in pathological differentiation of colorectal lesions. The gain in differentiation capability shall increase the potential of computed tomography (CT) colonography for colorectal cancer screening by not only detecting polyps but also classifying them from optimal polyp management for the best outcome in personalized medicine.


Spiral galaxies are considered as static and spherically symmetric Dark Matter Configurations (DMC) [described by Tolman's type VII solution with vanishing surface density] of size a ∼ 10 kpc in which ∼ 10 Sun-like stars [non-zero rest-mass particles (NZRPs)] move along appropriate trajectories. Using general relativity (GR), we show that a mass of dark matter about 127 212 ×10M⊙ is required inside the sphere of size a ∼ 10 kpc for agreement with the observed typical orbital velocity ranging from 150 to 250 km sec. That is, on the average, the actual total mass accumulated in spiral galaxies is M ∼= (2.5 − 4.2) × 10M⊙. Thus, even though the observed orbital velocities v satisfy the condition (v ≪ c), GR may have important consequences. In our model, it is possible to obtain flat, slightly rising, and even declining rotation curves, which in fact represent the loci of various NZRPs originating simultaneously from near-central to outer regions of the galaxy. The model self-evidently explains the reason why most of the spirals show almost flat or slightly rising rotation curves and very few show declining curves. The NZRPs follow trajectories coming very close to the centre and are finally trapped in circles of minimum radii ∼ 0.03a − 0.005a with rotation velocities reaching ∼ 6544− 8445 km sec . This is also true for NZRPs emitted in near-central regions, which get trapped even deeper. The velocity values are consistent with observations of central regions of various galaxies. This scenario may also lead to conditions suitable for evolution of relativistic supermassive stars and supermassive black holes at the centres of various galaxies. Based on this study, we obtain the density parameter Ω ∼ 0.127 − 0.212, leading to an open model of the Universe with an age of ∼ 16.8− 17.6 Gyr [for the Hubble constant H = 50 km sec Mpc], which is significantly higher than the presently estimated age of globular clusters ∼ 13− 15 Gyr. Key-words: General Relativity: Celestial Mechanics – Stellar Dynamics – Dark Matter: Galaxies – Spiral : Cosmology – Age of the Universe. e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Popliteal penetrating firearm traumas carry a high risk of vascular, neurologic, and musculoskeletal injury with an eventual progression to limb loss. If the damage also includes the popliteal artery (PA) and the popliteal vein (PV), the morbidity and mortality further increase. Shotgun and gunshot injuries are often confused and may be used interchangeably. However, the shotgun injury is clinically and ballistically different from the gunshot injury. Furthermore, the close-range shotgun wounds may have a more severe impact than the gunshot wounds as in this case. We present the diagnostic imaging and the surgical treatment of a patient having a total cut of PA and the PV together with a massive popliteal tissue loss due to a close-range shotgun injury. In this case report, we aimed to repeat the routine methodology of the common surgical treatment in the light of new interesting figures.


Saari and Scherbaum (2011) raised a number of practical, scientific, and ethical questions in their focal article. We began grappling with many of these same questions 10 years ago when we were first asked to conduct an identified survey. We have learned a lot since then. In this commentary, we seek to share that learning. We introduce empirical evidence regarding the impact of identified surveys on employee perceptions and behaviors, and we share the assumptions and best practices we believe underlie successful identified surveys.


This phytochemical study on \%Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sleb. (Celestrceae)\% yielded two compounds: a new compound, 2,3 dihydroxypropanyl hentetracosanate and a known compound: neozeaxanthin A. Their structures were elucidated by spectral evidences.


The present invention relates to a method and packet retransmission packet restoration method in a mobile communication system supporting ARQ scheme. Packet retransmission method in a mobile communication system according to the invention, in a mobile communication system supporting an ARQ scheme, receiving the negative response signal (NACK) from a reception side in response to the initial transmission packet transmitted from the transmission side with respect to the phase and the negative response signal is characterized by configured by comprising the step of transmitting the reference signal and the retransmitted packet comprises a reference signal having a different arrangement pattern included in the initial transmission packets toward the receiver. Mobile communication, the packet retransmission, HARQ, channel estimation


The main research in this paper is the state bounding problem of high‐order quaternion Hopfield neural networks (HOQHNNs) with time‐varying discrete delays, unbounded distributed delays, and bounded disturbances. In the research process, firstly, the considered HOQHNNs are decomposed into four equivalent real‐valued Hopfield neural networks (RHNNs) to solve the problem that quaternion multiplication is not commutative, and then, a sufficient condition related to time delays is given to ensure that the state trajectories that are contained in or globally exponentially convergent into a cuboid. Thereby, the corresponding reachable set estimation is obtained. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate validity of theoretical results. At present, the research on HOQHNNs with mixed time delays adopts Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) method, which needs to not only choose the appropriate LKF but also take into account both conservatism and computational complexity. Besides, there is no literature to study the state bounding of HOQHNNs with mixed delays. The method suggested in the present text has three merits: (1) According to the definition of state bounding straightway, it has no use any LKF, which avoids massive calculations and solutions of high‐dimensional matrix inequalities; (2) it is available not only to HOQHNNs but also to RHNNs and complex‐valued Hopfield neural networks (CHNNs); and (3) make up for the blank of state bounding research of HOQHNNs.


The parameters, main design points, design idea, life time and economic effect of high overload distribution transformers in rural net are presented by the authors in this paper.


The susceptibility of MAX phases to thermal dissociation at 1300-1800 °C in high vacuum has been studied using in-situ neutron diffraction. Above 1400 °C, MAX phases decomposed to binary carbide (e.g. TiCx) or binary nitride (e.g. TiNx), primarily through the sublimation of A-elements such as Al or Si, which results in a porous surface layer of MXx being formed. Positive activation energies were determined for the decomposition of MAX phases except for Ti3AlC2 where negative activation energy of 71.9 kJ mol-1 was obtained due to formation of fine pores on TiCx. The kinetics of isothermal phase decomposition at 1550 °C was modelled using a modified Avrami equation. An Avrami exponent (n)of < 1.0 was determined, indicative of the highly restricted diffusion of Al or Si between the channels ofM6X octohedra. The characteristics of thermal stability and phase transition are discussed.


Modern network infrastructures rich of logically centralized agents, such as DHCP, AAA, SDN controller agents, need to use redundancy in order to guarantee high availability and consensus protocols to have strong consistency. Unfortunately, consensus protocols, which are traditionally deployed as application-layer services running on end-to-end servers, are often recognized as system performance bottlenecks. In this paper, we present a possible solution leveraging programmable network hardware in order to offer consensus as service for the application, thus reducing occupied server resources and accelerating the protocol with programmable hardware. This is obtained by defining a high-level abstraction for describing consensus protocols and conducting a feasibility study through the implementation of the Paxos protocol with a SmartNIC.


Objective To examine the significance of Ki 67 LI in predicting the recurrence of meningiomas. Methods 44 recurrent meningiomas and 45 non recurrent meningiomas were compared to study the proliforative potential. Immunohistochemical staining (LSAB) and multimedia image analysis system of pathology (MIASP) were used in present study. SYSTAT and Excel were used in statistical analyses. Results Ki 67 LI in recurrent meningiomas(3 81±3 12%)was significantly higher than non recurrent meningiomas (0 55%±0 57%)(P0 001). Ki 67 LI in atypical group (3 63%±2 15%)and malignant group(7 21%±5 58%) were significantly higher than benign group(0 77%±0 12%)(P0 001). A linear correlation was observed between Ki 67 LI and recurrent time: recurrent time = 4 07 (Ki 67 LI) 0 62 (R=0 76 P0 001). To compare Ki 67 LI during the first operation (1 84%±0 95%) and seconnd operation (2 01%±0 74%) in 8 recurrent meningiomas case, there was no significant difference (P0 05). Recurrence is with high possibility in benign meningiomas when Ki 67 LI 1 85% were determined.Conclusions Ki 67 LI was a useful parameter for estimating of biological behavior of meningiomas.


The disclosure of information to workers (diffusion d-information aux salaries - DIS) obtained legal legitimacy with the creation of the work council after the Second World War. In practice, however, it has become a managerial issue since the industrial revolution and the growth of an industrial working class. This study is based on 124 papers published in 19 French professional accounting journals. The purpose is to identify the recurrence of DIS and to link it with both the social and economic context of each period and the role of the accountant. The papers appear to promote the disclosure of information to workers (1945 to 1980) after a period of hostility and absence of debate in the journals (1880 to 1945), but since 1980, the debate has focused more on the legal aspect.


Abstract The paper analyzes the transformation of identity politics of Kharkiv local authorities after the Euromaidan, or Revolution of Dignity, the annexation of Crimea, and the War in Donbass. Being the second largest city in Ukraine and becoming the frontline city in 2014, Kharkiv is an interesting case for research on how former pro-Russian local elites treat new policies of the central government in Kyiv, on whether earlier they tried to mobilize their electorate or to provoke political opponents with using soviet symbols, soviet memory, and copying Russian initiatives in the sphere of identity. To answer the research question of this article, an analysis of Kharkiv city and oblast programs and strategies and of communal media were made. Decommunisation, as one of the most important identity projects of Ukrainian central authorities after 2014, was analyzed through publications in Kharkiv's city-owned media as well as reports from other scholars. Some conclusions are made from the analysis of these documents: Kharkiv development strategy until 2020, Complex program of cultural development in Kharkiv in 2011–2016 (and the same for 2017–2021), The regional program of military and patriotic training and participation of people in measures of defense work in 2015–2017, Program of supporting civil society in 2016–2020 in Kharkiv region and the city mayor's orders about the celebration of Victory Day (9 May), the Day of the National Flag (23 August), the Day of the City (23 August) and Independence Day (24 August) in 2010–2015.


An application of Green correspondence is given by using almost split sequences.In the local representation theory of groups,the Green correspondence is important.The main conclusion of this paper is that for an indecomposable non-projective kG-module X and its corresponding indecomposable non-projective kL-module Y,(i)0→Ω2(X)→(XU)0→X→0 is split if and only if 0→Ω2(Y)→(YU)0→Y→0 is split;(ii)0→Ω2(X)→(XU)0→X→0 is almost split if and only if 0→Ω2(Y)→(YU)0→Y→0 is almost split.


Virtual autopsy is a specialized technique of postmortem examination where in radiological imaging techniques are used to scan body of dead to make opinion regarding cause of death and other valuables. It is performed independently or with traditional autopsy. There are numerous advantages of this technique over traditional autopsy. Due to technical and organizational problem, virtual autopsy service is not commonly in use in developing countries. In our study we have collected responses of medical professionals through questionnaires based on virtual autopsy facts, techniques, advantage, and disadvantage in comparison to traditional autopsy (TA). Results are heartening to know that most of the participants are well aware of the fact of our study objectives but more awareness is needed to promote this important aspect of medicolegal and forensic medicine practice to minimize time, energy and risk due to COVID 19 pandemic and other factors.


In present work, the thermal decomposition behaviour and kinetics of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids is studied by use of models
derived from mass-loss data obtained from thermogravimetric analysis of Scenedesmus microalgae. The experimental results together
with known decomposition temperature range values obtained from various literature were used in a deconvolution technique to model
the thermal decomposition of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. The models fitted well (R2 > 0.99) and revealed that the proteins have the
highest reactivity followed by lipids and carbohydrates. Generally, the decomposition kinetics fitted well with the Coats-Redfern first and
second order kinetics as evidenced by the high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.9). For the experimental conditions used in this work
(i.e. high heating rates), the thermal decomposition of protein follows second order kinetics with an activation energy in the range of
225.3-255.6 kJ/mol. The thermal decomposition of carbohydrate also follows second order kinetics with an activation energy in the range
of 87.2-101.1 kJ/mol. The thermal decomposition of lipid follows first order kinetics with an activation energy in the range of 45-64.8 kJ/
mol. This work shows that the thermal decomposition kinetics of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids can be performed without the need of
experimentally isolating the individual components from the bulk material. Furthermore, it was shown that at high heating rates, the
decomposition temperatures of the individual components overlap resulting in some interactions that have a synergistic effect on the
thermal reactivity of carbohydrates and lipids.


In quest of unity, Kant adopts a method of synthesis and reconciliation by striking a middle course between mutually opposing trends of thought. He is against both intellectual-ising and sensualising the content of our knowledge and practice and holds that "only in conjunction with each other" can we be fortunate to understand the true nature of everything. The model Kant presents in his three Critiques is expected to integrate various functions of human faculties in such a way that thinking and acting, carried out by the understanding and reason, respectively, are being unified in the mediating faculty of the power of judgment. His method is a clarion call to engage in philosophising with a view to further our ability to know and to act and to approach these functions in the light of the unity that they deserve as they are, ultimately, the united mental faculties and functions of one and the same human person. However, after having completed his works, the theoretical and the practical realms, and determinism and freedom still await the ultimate principle of unity, and Kant's project remains unfinished even after his repeated revisions and novel approaches: until the end of his career he is on the lookout for a new, definitive and truly comprehensive system which finally eludes his grasp.


Behavior of the Change of Carbides due to Heat-Treatment in the High-W High-Co High-Speed Steel. ( Study on the carbides in high speed steels by electrolytic isolation-III) Sadao Koshiba, Shin Kimura and Hideki Harada. Synopsis: In order to research the carbides reaction in high speed steel, the authors already reported some experimented results on low-W and high-W steel (Tetsu-to-Hagane, (1958) , p. 1186, ( 1959) , p. 608) . In this report, a study was made on the chemical composition, the crystalline structure, and the particle size of carbides which had been electrolytically isolated from several heat-treated high-W high-Co high speed steels (X000) . The following results were obtained:


Based on the Weaver's model and PM ocean wave spectrum, the magnetic field generated by ocean waves is simulated in this paper. And its disturbance on the detection of a remote object is analyzed. After the analysis of spectrum characteristics of magnetic field generated by ocean waves and the remote magnetic object, it is found that spectrums of the magnetic field generated by ocean waves and remote magnetic objects are divided and a measure of using a low-pass filter to eliminate the magnetic noise induced by ocean waves is presented, which improves the detection precision of remote magnetic objects.


This paper analyzes the impact mechanism of digital technology on baijiu culture communication, evaluates the current situation and problems of digital transformation of Chinese baijiu enterprises, and puts forward the digital transformation path and suggestions for Chinese baijiu enterprises. This paper argues that digital technology has both promoting and challenging effects on baijiu culture communication, which requires baijiu enterprises to actively respond and adapt. Chinese baijiu enterprises have a lot of room and potential for improvement in digital transformation, and need to implement effective measures and strategies.


We propose to experimentally realize an odd parity eigenstate $\left\vert b\right\rangle $ of two atoms in the double well. The occupation probability of this state shows evident dependence on the interaction, distinct from the result of two-mode model adopted in the Heidelberg experiment. The tunneling dynamics of two atoms starting from the $NOON$ state with infinite barrier height can be derived from the exactly solved model of $\delta $-barrier split double well based on a Bethe ansatz type hypothesis of the wave functions. We find that the single particle tunneling transfer the probabilities between double occupancy and single occupancy of each well.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in women and third most common cancer in men worldwide. The cause of the majority of death related to CRC is believed to be the migration of cancer cells to distant organs which is known as cancer metastasis. The mechanism behind cancer cell metastasis is not fully understood but accumulating studies suggest that it could be due to enhanced tumor cell motility due to overexpression of metastasis related proteins. It is believed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer by regulating oncogenes. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the mechanism of miRNAmediated colon cancer cell invasion and migration as well as possible targets genes of miRNAs. We found that knockdown of miR-155-5p by antagomiR reduces the expression of HuR mRNA and migration of colon cancer cells. Our data also showed that miR-155-5p is involved in positive regulation of HuR protein under stress conditions. Notably, this positive regulation is regulated by direct binding of miR-155-5p at AU rich element region in 3ʹ-UTR of HuR mRNA. In addition, it was found that miR-340-5p is also involved in colon cancer cell invasion and migration by regulating RhoA and FHL2 mRNA expression. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that both RhoA and FHL2 mature mRNA have conserved binding sites from 2 to 8 base positions for miR-340-5p. The seed region of miR-3405p directly binds with the target sites of RhoA and FHL2 mRNA and negatively regulate their expression under stress conditions. We found that the inhibition of RhoA and FHL2 expression by the use of mimic miR-340-5p reduced colon cancer cells invasion and migration. In addition, it was found that inhibition of FHL2 reduces cancer cells proliferation and increases E-cadherin expression in colon cancer cells, suggesting that targeting FHL2 and RhoA by miR-340-5p might be a useful approach to antagonize colon cancer cells metastasis. The results of our studies not only show diverse mechanisms of colon cancer cells migration, but also provided valuable information that miRNAs can be an important target to develop new and effective therapeutics against colon cancer cells metastasis. Taken together, our data uncovered several new mechanisms for better understanding the mechanism of colon cancer cells metastasis and suggest that targeting miRNAs function could be a useful strategy to prevent colon cancer metastasis.


This paper analyses seventeenth-century discourse of the human body over the Early English Books Online full-text corpus. Anatomy and medicine depict the body as a physiological object, knowable mainly through its parts and processes. Fiction and poetry tend to represent the body as a social entity, knowable primarily through intersubjective action and ethical ideals. In both contexts, bodies are perceived and described through close attention to their parts, but when bodies are conceived as such, they are described as abstract entities that organize the whole. This distinction is difficult to see at the level of close reading but unmistakable at larger scale. Deep conceptual structures at work underneath both anatomy and fiction, we argue, underlie a conception of the body that informs more particularized notions of mobility, sociality, and physicality.


The invention discloses a method for monitoring yield variation degree of crops, which comprises the steps of: 1, processing obtained remote sensing image data of target crops to obtain raster data, and calculating according to the raster data to obtain remote sensing yield estimation data of different land parcels; 2, obtaining crop yield data on image element scales according to the raster data and obtaining facet vector data of different land parcels; 3, establishing a crop yield database of different land parcels; and 4, formulating the yield variation degree of the target crops of all land parcels into a thematic map according to the crop yield database. The invention overcomes the defects of time and labor saving and low efficiency of the traditional monitoring method, and effectively improves the accuracy and the precision of monitoring the yield variation degree of the crops in a large range while improving the working efficiency and lightening the working intensity.


Among several different instruments developed to compare the complexity of healthcare processes, relative value units (RVUs) are among the most well‐known and widely used in hospitals, but despite being a recognized management tool, in our setting, the few studies published have been based on theoretical assumptions. Our objective was to assess the level of complexity of each process in our service and to determine the RVUs generated, in order to relate complexity and costs.


This article presents the social networks of RBE (School Libraries' Network), and analyses their impact in the spreading of information across communities, through obtained statistical data. The process of selecting, collecting and sharing content is explained and examined in light of what is done at RBE, whilst keeping in mind the irrefutable knowings for lifelong learning. In addition, it describes the processes that may embody a 21st century library. Moreover, it is also shown how to process and disseminate information and knowledge in each of RBE's social networks, as well as how they intertwine, thus multiplying both their reach and effect.


Today, the cry is for relevance, and chemistry is supremely relevant. The known problems that face society include population control, cure of disease, maintenance of food supply, development of new materials, and control of pollution. It would be somewhat of an exaggeration to say that these are chemical problems. But it would be a gross exaggeration to say that chemistry is not required for their solutions. What do we do now—now, when many industrial laboratories are turning away from fundamental research and at a time when government funds for the support of research in the universities is diminishing? Let me in this issue offer a proposal that will pinch the academic foot, and then, next week, present several more that may step on some industrial toes. The chemistry departments in U.S. universities are certainly in trouble. In particular, our graduates are having difficulty in getting jobs, and if they get academic jobs, they often can't ...


Zero carbon energy generation from renewable sources can reduce climate change by mitigating carbon emissions. A major challenge of renewable energy generation is the imbalance between supply and demand. Subsurface hydrogen storage in porous media is suggested as a large-scale and economic means to overcome these energy imbalances. However, hydrogen is an electron donor for many subsurface microbial processes which may have important implications for hydrogen recovery, gas injectivity and corrosion.


Shipboard Medium Voltage Direct Current (MVDC) system has gained increasing popularity. However, fault management of MVDC system is one critical challenge. In this paper, a modular multilevel dual active bridge (M2DAB) converter is proposed to be applied in shipboard MVDC system. Under the presented unified control strategy, the bi-directional isolated dc/dc converter with fault protection and ride-through capability can limit the fault current and maintain operation with very wide input voltage range. Detailed system analysis and control strategy are given. The simulation results are presented to verify the operation and functionality of the proposed method.


The Citizens' Assembly on Brexit was a major exercise in deliberative public engagement conducted in autumn 2017. It brought together fifty randomly selected members of the public for two carefully structured weekends of listening, learning, reflecting and discussing. Assembly Members considered what post-Brexit arrangements the UK should pursue, focusing on trade and migration. On trade, most Members wanted the UK to pursue a bespoke arrangement with the EU and rejected the option of leaving the EU with no deal. On migration, most wanted the UK to maintain free movement of labour while using already available policy levers to reduce immigration numbers. These findings provide unique insight into informed public opinion on vital, pressing policy questions. The Assembly also illustrates the valuable role that such deliberative exercises could play in UK democracy. We suggest they could be particular helpful for unlocking progress on issues, such as the future of social care, that are often felt to be 'too difficult' to handle.


Variants of unknown significance in cardiomyopathic disease should be analyzed systematically based on the prevalence of the variant in the population compared to prevalence of disease, evidence that other variants in the gene are pathologic, consistency of prediction software on pathogenicity, and the current clinical consensus.


Klungkung Regency is not only famous for producing songket and endek fabrics, but there are still many other Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that have been born and developed there. Semarapura Kaja Village is one of the MSME centers which certainly has a lot of potential that must be supported and developed so that it can become bigger and more independent. However, not all of these MSMEs have adequate capital, strategies, and support to be able to develop rapidly so that synergy and collaboration with the government and other parties are needed to overcome these problems. One solution that can be offered is to carry out promotional activities with interactive advertising language to attract consumer interest through online media in the hope of expanding market share and of course increasing income for MSME in Semarapura Kaja Village. This Community Partnership Program (PKM) educates and assists MSME to create good promotion and marketing strategies, either through print or online media. Assistance in optimizing the use of interactive advertising language in making online advertisements for superior products in Semarapura Kaja Village is targeting MSME who sell Balinese traditional clothing as one of the characteristics of Klungkung Regency which is the center of MSME traditional clothing. In its implementation, it was found that people are still very ignorant not only about advertising language but also with how to create, manage, and develop social media for promotion because there are still social media such as: Instagram and Facebook that are not effective and even not active in uploading content so that the form of implementation of assistance is direct and not in groups to maximize the results. MSMEs that are partners in the Community Partnership Program (PKM) are Dex's Pong and Tri Arta Collection. MSME have been assisted to socialize the importance of professionally managed social media with interactive advertising language, how to create attractive visual content for potential customers, to the importance of publication in print or online media. It is hoped that MSME will be able to consciously and independently promote their products in the future through the media consistently and continuously.


They make full use of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that they have inserted into the Gata1 gene to serve as a reporter for gene activation. As expected, they observe that, in the context of a wild-type Gata1 reporter transgene, expression of GFP is suppressed in the HSPC compartment. In contrast, Gata1 reporter transgenes lacking the intervening 3.2-kb DNA fragment but retaining the 3 positive regulatory elements express GFP abundantly in this compartment. This striking difference in GFP expression is most graphically illustrated in Figure 3, panels D and F, of their article (compare wild-type transgene, G1B-GFP, with the mutant transgene, MG-GFP). This result demonstrates that the intervening 3.2-kb DNA fragment is required for suppression of the Gata1 gene in the HSPC compartment. But how is this achieved? A survey of epigenetic modifications has revealed that the Gata1 locus is heavily methylated in the HSPC compartment. 5 DNA methylation, occurring at cytosine residues in the dinucleotide sequence 59-CG-39, is a very stable modification which is strongly associated with repression of gene activity. Takai et al analyze DNA methylation of the transgenes in HSPCs. In the case of the wild-type transgene, they find high methylation levels at the Gata1 promoter and regulatory elements. In contrast, DNA methylation was much reduced in the mutant transgene lacking the intervening 3.2-kb DNA fragment. This fragment is therefore required for high DNA methylation levels of critical Gata1 regulatory elements in HSPCs. Hypermethylated DNA attracts repressor proteins including DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). DNMT1 ensures that DNA methylation patterns are faithfully passed on to the daughter cells after cell division, thus locking the Gata1 gene stably in an inactive configuration. The authors provide evidence that under these conditions GATA2 is unable to bind to the Gata1 regulatory elements, providing a mechanistic explanation for the inability of GATA2 to activate the Gata1 gene in HSPCs (see figure). To proceed to lineage commitment and differentiation would require demethylation of the Gata1 locus, and it remains to be investigated how this is achieved. This could be through a passive process, involving failure to maintain methylation after DNA replication. Interestingly, Takai et al characterize a binding site for E2F transcription factors which provides a potential lead. In quiescent cells, E2F factors form a repressive complex including the Retinoblastoma protein and DNMT1. 6 When the cells enter the cell cycle, the Retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated and the repressive complex is released, allowing …


The class 1 appeal from which this section 56A appeal was brought involved an application by Defence Housing Australia, an emanation of the Commonwealth, for development consent to subdivide land and erect dwellings. The council had refused the application. On the hearing of the class 1 appeal before commissioners, it was accepted by both parties that the application was a 'Crown development application' within the meaning of that expression in sections 88 and 89 of the EPA Act, and that refusal of it by the council was prohibited un-less the Minister approved. The council had not sought the Minister's approval. The applicant argued that the Court had jurisdiction to hear and determine the appeal, subject to compliance with the exigencies of section 89. The council argued that as the decision it had made was not one it was permitted by law to make, there was no determination at law, and there was accordingly no right of appeal under section 97(1): in effect, the application was still properly before the council and the Court did not have jurisdiction. The commissioners accepted the council's argument and dismissed the appeal, but nonetheless determined the merits of the application, holding in favour of the applicant.


The eigenvalue problem of the Ewald-v. Laue dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction by perfect absorbing crystals has been solved in the case of simultaneous diffraction of CuKα-radiation by the (lll) and (l̅ll) planes of Germanium. The calculated intensities of the three beams agree fairly well with those measured on platelets of different thickness.


The FLECHT Low Flooding Rate Tests were conducted in an improved original FLECHT Test Facility to provide heat transfer coefficient and entrainment data at forced flooding rates of 1 in./sec and below. In addition these tests were performed to supplement parametric effects studied in the original FLECHT program, provide data for reflood model development, repeat original FLECHT tests with new instrumentation and data processing techniques, and to provide data to establish test repeatability. These tests examined the effects of low initial clad temperature, variable stepped and continuously variable flooding rates, housing heat release, run peak power, constant low flooding rates, coolant subcooling, hot and cold channel entrainment, and bundle stored and generated power. Data obtained in sixty four runs which met the test specifications are reported, and include rod clad temperatures, turn around and quench times, heat transfer coefficients, inlet flooding rates, overall mass balances, differential pressures and calculated void fractions in the test section, thimble wall and steam temperatures, exhaust steam and liquid carryover rates, and housing total and rate of heat release. (auth)


Consider the following problem: compute a spanning tree such that the sum of the lengths of its induced fundamental circuits is as small as possible. We motivate why planar square grid graphs are very relevant instances for this problem. In particular, other contributions already showed that the identification of strong lower bounds is highly challenging. Asymptotically, for a graph on n vertices, Alon et al. [SIAM J Comput 24(1995), 78–100] obtained a lower bound of Ω(n log n). We raise the n log n coefficient by a factor of 325. Concerning optimality proofs, the largest grid for which provably optimum solutions were known is 6 × 6, and it was obtained by massive MIP computing power. Here, we present a combinatorial optimality proof even for the 8 × 8 grid. These two results are complemented by new combinatorial lower bounds for the dimensions in which earlier empirical computations were performed, i.e., for up to 10,000 vertices. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009


Background/Objectives: This study is to utilize the health services of N- citizens as a basic data for establishing the 7th Regional Health Plan (2018 ~ 2022) respectively.Methods/Statistical analysis: Tools for measuring the health care needs of the subjects were revised and supplemented by the tools of the Community Health Survey. Data was collected through a questionnaire from August 1 to August 21, 2018. Although 447 questionnaires were collected, 403 questionnaires were used for data analysis, except for 44 which were not clear or missing. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 18.0 program.Findings: The result showed that the overall health service level was 2.90 out of 4.0, and the kindness of staff in the sub - area was the highest with 3.32 points, followed by medical service level 2.86, modernization of facilities 2.77, and excellence in equipment 2.69 points. The total health care needs of the subjects were 3.38 out of 4.0, health care services and health promotion services were 3.41 points higher respectively. As a result of analyzing the difference between total health care need, health care service, health promotion service, elderly health service, maternal & child health service by general characteristics, only gender and total health care demand showed statistically significant differences(t=-2.095, p=.037). The result showed that there was positive correlation of the total health care need, health care service(r=.862, p<.01), health promotion service(r=.849, p<.01), elderly health service(r=.868, p<.01), maternal & child health service(r=.856, p<.01) in citizens of N city.Improvements/Applications: Development of a health promotion program is needed to improve the population's health potential and the ability to overcome the risk factors of the disease.


tion), along with the "lost chance" school of which this is one constituent part, one of the leitmotifs of his account, is certainly consistent with the various threads he weaves together (and is not contradicted by his empirical data), but at the same there seems to be no conclusive new evidence supporting this interpretation. His supposition that Liu Shaoqi of all people opposed Mao's "lean to one side policy," even if only in camera, seems characterologically incongruous and evidentially weak. Finally, Heinzig's interesting notion that the upsurge in anti-Americanism that accompanied the seizure of China's metropolitan centers in 1949 may be attributed to Stalin's endeavor to keep China diplomatically isolated from the west (even as he encouraged the CPC leadership to solicit all possible western economic support), represents not only an unwarranted shift in the basis of interpretation (i.e., for other Chinese actions he sought indigenous causes, now he suddenly posits a CPC bereft of autonomy), but the attribution of considerable naivete to Marxists for whom any such cleavage between politics and economics would be methodologically preposterous. But these are all minor points in what will surely endure as a milestone of empirical research and interpretation of a key formative period in one of the world's pivotal bilateral relationships.


Seizures are a common presentation of gliomas that substantially impact morbidity and quality of life. Little is known about the prevalence of seizures among glioma patients in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is no publication regarding clinical characteristics related to this prevalence.

 To measure the prevalence of seizures among glioma patients and its association with tumor grade (low or high), type, and location.

 This is a retrospective study based on the medical records of all patients diagnosed with glioma according to histopathology findings. There were 65 patients admitted to the National Cancer Center Dharmais Hospital, Jakarta between January 2019 and December 2020. The demographic characteristics and clinical data were extracted, including clinical and tumor characteristics. Using logistic regression, an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals was used to investigate the association between factors related to seizures.

 A total of 65 patients (39 males and 26 females) were included in the study. Most of the patients are ranging from 40 to 49 years old (39%). The prevalence of seizures is relatively high which is 42 out of 65 patients (64.6%). Headache (95%) is the most common complaint in patients. Our study shows that grading and location of tumor were significantly associated with seizure in glioma patients among clinical manifestations (headache, neurological deficits) and pathological classification (p=0.005 and p=0.022). Bivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that low-grade glioma had a 12.2-fold increase in the risk of developing seizures compared to high-grade gliomas with a 95% CI of 1.50 to 99.9 (P< 0.05). Moreover, the temporal location of the tumor had a 5.6-fold increase in the risk of developing seizures compared to the parietal location with a 95% CI of 1.01 to 30.9.

 Grading and location of the tumor were factors associated with seizures in glioma patients.


To determine the importance of unwed mothers perceptions of themselves (self concept) and their perceptions of how they are viewed by others (self esteem) comparisons were made between their self perceptions and norms for the general population and results of previous studies. Results indicate that self concept and self esteem might be important factors in adolescent unwanted pregnancies. Comparison of data with previous studies revealed some statistically significant differences in demographic and subjective variables. An intervention program is proposed based on sexual responsibility through education of adolescents at identifiable stages of child development. (authors)


Deep learning algorithms have surpassed human resolution in applications such as face recognition and object classification. However, it can only produce very blurred, lack of details of the image. Generative Adversarial Network is a game training of minimax antagonism between generator G and discriminator D, and ultimately achieves Nash equilibrium. We use deep convolutional GAN that recognizes sequence numbers and without split characters. First we use convolution network to extract character features. Second we construct a convolution neural network to recognize digits of natural scene house number. DCGAN is used to improve the resolution of the number of fuzzy houses, so as to extract more abundant data features in data set training. It can better recognize the numbers in the natural street.


Although the implications of climate change for public health continue to be explained, Indonesia still needs a lot of work to guide the development of comprehensive strategies to support health system adaptation. Existing regulations have not been able to increase the participation of Public Health Centers (PHCs) as first-level services to reduce problems that will arise due to the climate. The purpose of this paper is to see the extent of adaptation by PHCs to deal with climate change. This research was carried out by observing the indicators of the adaptation of the PHCs, in-depth interviews and review of related documents in three PHCs. The finding indicates that adaptation activities that need to be improved by PHCs are early warning systems about drought risk, collaboration with institutions concerned with climate change, and participation in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by using a pro-environment transportation system. In conclusion, the adaptation systems of PHCs have begun to be good, but there is no special attention to the risk of climate change that will be increasing in the future.


Abstract: Individuals with uncontrolled hypertension have a high risk for heart disease, stroke, and renal diseases. Self-care behavior is important for hypertension control. This study aimed to test the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory by exploring the pattern of relationship among basic conditioning factors, self-care agencies, and self-care behaviors regarding hypertension control. The participants consisted of 402 people with hypertension who received treatment at outpatient medical clinics of three regional hospitals in the central part of Thailand. In addition to the Demographic and Health Information Sheet, the Chronic Illness Resources Survey, the Revised Illness Perceptions Questionnaire, the Knowledge of Self-Care Demands Questionnaire, and the Self-Care Behavior Questionnaire were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling. Results showed that the modified hypothesized model of self-care behaviors for hypertension controls fitted with the empirical data and explained 49% of variance in the self-care behaviors regarding hypertension control. Patient-provider communication had positive direct and indirect effects on self-care behaviors for hypertension control through knowledge about hypertension, knowledge about self-care demands, and perception about hypertension. The results supported the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory regarding the influence of basic conditioning factors on self-care agency. They provide evidence for the development a nursing intervention program to promote patient-provider communication for helping individuals with hypertension to increase self-care behaviors regarding hypertension control.


Nanostructured High Refractive Index (HRI) dielectric materials, when acting as nanoantennas or metasurfaces in the near-infrared (NIR) and visible (VIS) spectral ranges, can interact with light and show interesting scattering directionality properties. Also, HRI dielectric materials with low absorption in these spectral ranges show very low heat radiation when illuminated. Up to now, most of the studies of these kind of materials have been explored in the VIS-NIR. However, to the best of our knowledge, these properties have not been extended to the ultraviolet (UV), where their application in fields like photocatalysis, biosensing, surface-enhanced spectroscopies or light guiding and trapping can be of extraordinary relevance. Here, we present a detailed numerical study of the directional scattering properties, near-field enhancement and heat generation of several materials that can be good candidates for those applications in the UV. These materials include aluminum phosphide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum nitride, diamond, cerium dioxide and titanium dioxide. In this study, we compare their performance when forming either isolated nanoparticles or dimers to build either nanoantennas or unit cells for more complex metasurfaces.


Magnetic Lead Screw (MLS) is a new type of high performance linear actuator that is attractive for many potential applications. Structure simplification is quite essential in promoting the MLS technology and the main difficulty of the MLS technology lies in the manufacturing of its complicated helical-shape magnetic poles. In this paper, a new type of structure is proposed for forming the required helical-shape magnetic poles in a much simpler way. It is demonstrated that traditional ring-shape magnetic poles, with proper rotating, can well approximate the complicated helical-shape magnetic poles, resulting in great manufacturing simplification. The performance of the new structure is compared to a MLS with ideal helical-shape poles using 3D Finite Element Analysis. Surface mounted and flux concentration designs using the new principle are both introduced.


Abstract : Approximately 27 acid or neutral and 13 basic amino acids and metabolites were quantified in plasma and urine of Sprague-Dawley rats 24, 48, and 72 hours after 740- to 10,000-rad doses of mixed gamma-neutron radiations. None of the postirradiation alterations in the plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of these compounds has any value as a biological dosimeter or indicator of radiation damage in the dose range investigated. (Author)


How to raise good creative questions on some public interview occasions,like press conference,is a great issue now concerned by the press. This paper probes into the issue through the case study on Wu Xiaoli's two times' questioning. In the process of questioning,Wu Xiaoli was able to extend from the simple inquiry into the news and events to the direction of communicating with the soul of the interviewee. Meanwhile,she was able to employ various methods in guiding reasonable transformation of the interviewee 's social roles. All that she did brought her great success in her several questionings. The analysis of these cases will bring journalists some valuable enlightenment.


The invention discloses a shimming frame position correction method, which comprises the following steps of: A, positioning a laser lamp, and moving a hospital bed (PTAB) to a considered central position; and B, measuring to obtain a needed image, determining the distance and direction of the PTAB deviated from an actual central position according to the image obtained by measurement, and moving the PTAB according to the determined distance and direction. The invention discloses a shimming frame position correction device simultaneously. The shimming frame position correction method and the shimming frame position correction device can improve the position accuracy of the shimming frame so as to improve the imaging quality, and are easy to implement.


An amulet with a blue bead and metal coin are the most common causes of foreign body ingestion in childhood in Turkey. There are few case reports of metal spoons ingested in the literature. In this case report, our aim is to report a teaspoon that was found incidentally in the ascending colon as an uncommon cause of foreign body ingestion. (JAEM 2014; 13: 204-5)


The spectral properties of sounds are usually described (successfully) by means of direct measurement of certain acoustic variables (e.g., formant and antiformant frequencies, bandwidths, and intensities; e.g., Fant 1968). There are, however, some reasons supporting the need for a measurement method which would be independent of the acoustic variables in the ordinary sense.1 In spite of the varying fundamental frequency, the possibility of comparing different spectra with each other remains, when the shape of the spectral envelope is characterized by means of amplitude values which are measured at constant points on the frequency scale. Thus the envelope is defined by means of a series of numbers which indicate the amplitude at selected measurement points. The description so obtained is called a DIGITAL SPECTRUM. The method described can be applied along with (or before) the variable-dependent procedure. I have discussed the method on other occasions (first in an unpublished thesis at the University of Helsinki [1967]; later e.g., 1969 and 1970). The following points of view can be taken as comments on the method. The method of using digital spectra is independent of the source of speech; all kinds of spectra can be treated with the same principle (e.g., voiced and whispered sounds). Computer applications of different kinds are possible. The problems and limitations of the method concern the domain of applications: ability of the method to describe the original signal, details of the measurement procedure, dynamics of the spectrum, distortions caused by the research equipment, the need for normalizing the amplitude relationships of the digital spectra, the relationship between the digital


Studied is the possibility of final oxidation of lower oxides of manganese contained in manganese ore to manganese dioxide. Manganese ore fractions 1 – 3 mm, containing 35 % of Mn in form cryptomelane, were oxidized in air stream and oxygen at temperature of 600 K for 2 hours. XRD analysis showed that in this oxidation mode degradation of cryptomelane lattice and manganese dioxide formation did not occur. Fig.1.


Thick film microstrip lines have been shown to exhibit acceptable performance at frequencies up to 18 GHz. However, broadband, low VSWR, microstrip matched loads have always been difficult to achieve in microstrip. Discrete resistors have been used but they are not effective at high frequencies. This paper presents a novel low VSWR load implemented in thick film technology at I/J band using an interactive design method to achieve an optimum configuration. One form of the load gives a VSWR of less than 1.2 from 9 GHz to 13.5 GHz. A broadband version gives a VSWR of less than 1.5 over an 18 GHz bandwidth.


The 1000-year artistic legacy of Cambodia, including some of the most beautiful works of art and architecture, is displayed in the pages of this encyclopaedic, illustrated volume. Published to coincide with the exhibition opening in Paris in 1997 which then travels to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, it examines the mysterious culture that flourished on the mainland of Southeast Asia between 600 and 1600 AD. Centred on the northern shores of Cambodia's Great Lake, the Tonle Sap, and extending westward into eastern Thailand, the civilization reached its climax in the early 12th century AD, with the construction of Angkor Wat. Recent peace accords and a new democratic assembly have made this historic study possible. Embracing both Buddhist and Hindu traditions, the sculpture ranges from monumental works in sandstone representing gods and goddesses, guardians, female dancers and legendary creatures, to refined ritual and ceremonial bronzes. The religion, iconography, architecture and symbolism of this mysterious country is described against a historical background, depicting the various cultural environments through the decades. Together with a catalogue, stylistic analysis, glossary, timeline, bibliography and index, this work reveals insights to a culture that is still relatively unknown.


THERE IS a growing interest today in the changes which are taking place in various communities theworld over as Euro-American o tacts increase. The cultures of many non-European people have become disorganized, and attempts are made by the people themselves or by outsiders toestablish a new cultural "equilibrium." One change that sometimes occurs i in the settlement pattern, encouraging a more sedentary way of life. The problem under investigation in this paper is concerned with the reasons for the centralization of a dispersed population under EuroAmerican contact. Formerly, the Cree-Ojibwa of northern Ontario lived in small bands whose members emained scattered inhunting roups throughout the territory of the bands, assembling only occasionally and temporarily. Today, on the other hand, the groups have become larger, villages2 have been established, and the people remain in the settlements forlonger periods of time during the course of any one year. What factors are responsible for these changes? The following are suggested and examined inthe present discussion. First were the contact agents and their policies: traders and missionaries and, later, government personnel and business men. All of these agents either directly or indirectly affected the Indians' way of life in certain important respects. Second, the Indian himself under the contact situation altered his view of life in various ways, promoting still further changes in his culture. This study is primarily concerned with the Round Lake Ojibwa, among whom the author conducted field work from July 1958 to July 1959. During this period brief trips were also made to the following communities in northern O tario: Osnaburgh House, Big Trout Lake, Casabanaca, Cat Lake, Bearskin, Sachigo, Big Beaver House and Sandy Lake.3 The material to be presented is based on work carried out at Round Lake coupled with general observations made in the other


The present work aims to evaluate the microstructural mechanisms associated with the initiation of fatigue damage of steels used in the petroleum industry. Microdeformations and residual stresses (macrostresses) are evaluated by X-ray diffraction in real time during alternating bending fatigue tests performed on samples taken from an API 5L X60 grade steel pipe. Samples under two different conditions are considered: as-machined and annealed. Microdeformations and residual stresses are estimated from measurements of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and displacement of the diffraction peak, respectively. The evolution of microdeformations shows three distinct stages (Stages 1–3). Increasing stress amplitude accentuates variations in FWHM and reduces the duration of each stage. Similar variations are observed for the residual stresses. The results from annealed samples allow the comprehension of the role of the initial structure. Changes in the density and distribution of dislocations are observed by transmission electron microscopy using the technique of focused ion beam. Cyclic uniaxial tests are carried out in order to evaluate the material behavior, in both as-machined and annealed conditions, under cyclic loadings. The cyclic material behavior is correlated to the evolution of microdeformations observed during the fatigue bending tests.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


ABSTRACT Based on a theoretical framework of product placement characteristics, we present the most comprehensive content analysis of children's movies to date. We analyzed the integration of brands in 250 movies from 1991 to 2015. We found that 64.4% of all movies contained at least one brand placement. Comedies and movies produced in the US contained a higher number of brand placements compared to other genres and non-US movies. Animated movies and movies presenting a nature-, or fantasy-scenery contained a comparatively low number of placements. Brands were inserted mostly visually, and placed in the centre of the screen without explicit evaluation. Placements frequently presented a physical or verbal interaction with a main character. This practice was found to increase over time even though the sole number of brand placements remained stable over the past 25 years. Implications for parents, consumer–advocacy-groups, and advertising researchers are discussed.


According to every index data of Baoding adults which are provided by sports research intitute of Hebei Province from the second citizen's phynique monitor in 2005, this paper, with the literature material, the mathematical statistics and analogy and analysis, compares and analyzes kinds of norms, such as adults'posture, function of body, and constitution. It studies and inquires into the feactures of adults'physique and changing regular, evaluates the level of adults'health scientificly, and provides referential basis for developing physical activities of all nation, making out and carring out physical policy and regulation.


In the context of historical revisionism that characterized Latin American theater in the last two decades of the twentieth century, Milton Schinca wrote Madame Lynch (1989). This essay looks at two political readings of Lynch's marginality in Paraguayan society, and of her relationship to power as a way of highlighting social constructs. It does so by analyzing the deliberate emphasis of the material conditions of Elisa Lynch, the function of her body, her use of visual and linguistic signs, the tension between power and marginality, and how monologues work as an attempt to deconstruct the patriarchal view of Madame Paraguay. This leads to a reading of the playtext as an attempt to reconsider Uruguay's responsibility in the War of Paraguay (1865-1870).


The orbital elements of the double stars WDS 00516N2238, WDS 17366N0722, WDS 17563N0259, and WDS 23020N4800 have been calculated for the first time. Dynamical parallaxes and masses have been determined for the last three


We show that for any continuous monotonic  bijection $f$ on a $\sigma$-compact subgroup  $G\subset \mathbb R$ there exists a binary operation $+_f$ such that $\langle G, +_f\rangle$  is a topological group topologically isomorphic to $\langle G, +\rangle$ and $f$ is a shift with respect to $+_f$. We then show that monotonicity cannot be replaced by a periodic-point free continuous bijections. We explore a few routes leading to generalizations and counterexamples


In some 62 towns and villages in the Spanish province of Alicante and in the border regions of Valencia, Albacete, and Murcia, the year's major festival is known as las fiestas de moros y cristianos.1 The fiestas combine religious processions and secular parades, involving as many as 5,000 lavishly costumed participants. In the prodigious street theatre, Moors battle Christians for control of a strategic castle and several tons of gunpowder are expended. The performance, alternately raucous and solemn, lasts between three and five days and nights. In September 1992, I was able to attend the moros y cristianos in Castalla (1-4 September) and Villena (4-9 September) in their entirety and portions of the concurrent fiestas in Caudete (6-1o


Objective To investigate the spasmolytic and anti-diarrheal activities of 3,4-dihydro-2-(4-morpholinylmethy)-1(2H)-naphthalenone(CY),which was first synthesized by Welch,Willard M et al.in 1977.Methods The spasmolytic effects of CY were tested on isolated rabbit small intestine at the concentration of 0.01 to 3 mM;the diarrheal-index was evaluated on diarrhea mice to study the anti-diarrheal activities of CY.Results CY(0.1-1 mM)inhibited spontaneous motility of rabbit small intestine and at the concentration of 0.01 to 3 mM CY inhibited the contractile response of rabbit small intestine and colon induced by acetylcholine(10-2 mg·mL-1),high K+(60 mM)and BaCl2(1 mg·mL-1).When tested against calcium channel blocked in rabbit small intestine and colon,CY caused a rightward shift in the Ca2+ dose-response curves,similar to that produced by verapamil,a well-known calcium antagonist.CY could inhibit the diarrhea induced by castor oil,MgSO4 and liquid paraffin and LD50 of CY is 277.2 mg·kg-1.Conclusions CY may produce its spasmolytic and anti-diarrheal effects as a calcium antagonist.


The biophysical properties of DNA-modified Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted a great deal of research interest for various applications in biosensing. AuNPs have strong binding capability to the phosphate and sugar groups in DNA, rendering unique physicochemical properties for detection of metal ions. The formation of Au–DNA nanocomposites is evident from the observed changes in the optical absorption, plasmon band, zeta potential, DLS particle size distribution, as well as TEM and AFM surface morphology analysis. Circular dichroism studies also revealed that DNA-functionalized AuNP binding caused a conformational change in the DNA structure. Due to the size and shape dependent plasmonic interactions of AuNPs (33–78 nm) with DNA, the resultant Au–DNA nanocomposites (NCs) exhibit superior fluorescence emission due to chemical binding with Ca2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+ ions. A significant increase in fluorescence emission (λex = 260 nm) of Au–DNA NCs was observed after selectively binding with Mg2+ ions (20–800 ppm) in an aqueous solution where a minimum of 100 ppm Mg2+ ions was detected based on the linearity of concentration versus fluorescence intensity curve (λem = 400 nm). The effectiveness of Au–DNA nanocomposites was further verified by comparing the known concentration (50–120 ppm) of Mg2+ ions in synthetic tap water and a real life sample of Gelusil (300–360 ppm Mg2+), a widely used antacid medicine. Therefore, this method could be a sensitive tool for the estimation of water hardness after careful preparation of a suitably designed Au–DNA nanostructure.


At present,the annual increase of management cost from governmental units has (become) an issue in highlight, so government must under in-depth analyses go further into the circumstances of administrative expenditure and other disbursement, then, set up cost efficiency principle, deepen system reformation, develop E-government and enhance public finance (management) in order to lower administrative cost and raise management effect as well as government performance.


The development of information technology has promoted the reform of ideological and political education in colleges and universities. A large amount of data has been accumulated in the education management database, and the information implied by these data can provide scientific guidance for the optimization of educational management strategies in colleges and universities. The relationship and characteristics of big data in ideological and political education in colleges and universities were expounded, and the feasibility of applying big data technology to ideological and political education was analyzed. The k-means algorithm was selected for cluster analysis, and its process and principles were expounded. As the traditional k-means clustering algorithm has low data processing efficiency and large deviation of the results, the algorithm was optimized by controlling the iterative method of the algorithm. Besides, the ideological and political education management under the optimized k-means algorithm was established. The work assessment quantitative scale in the management of ideological and political education was adopted as the data source, and the optimized k-means algorithm was used to carry out cluster analysis. The results show that management attitude was scored as 0.634, the management ability was 0.6092, the management effect was 0.6082, and the management method was 0.5792. It was indicated that all the scores were above the middle for greater than 0.5, suggesting that the overall management level was above the middle, which was relatively good. The optimized k-means-based ideological and political education management strategy model can analyze the current educational management status of colleges and universities more accurately. It can also provide scientific guidance for colleges and universities to conduct teaching management reasonably and scientifically according to the data analysis results. The optimized k-means algorithm was compared with the traditional algorithm, from which the optimized algorithm was obviously better than the traditional algorithm in terms of clustering effect and operation stability.


1 CNR-INSEAN, National Research Council-Marine Technology Research Institute, Rome, Italy 2 Department of Management, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy 3 CNR-IASI, National Research Council-Inst. for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, Rome, Italy 4 Dep. of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering "A. Ruberti", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy 5 Department of Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy 6 The University of Iowa, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, Iowa City, IA, USA


The teaching of English and workplace literacy skills can be dry and often very uneventful for the learners and it takes a resourceful, reflective and proactive trainer / teacher to align lessons to match the competency levels of the learners, their aspirations and also their keenness to learn. Traditional and even blended learning have seen run of the mill teaching and learning strategies till now and there is a need to fill the gaps left behind by these approaches to further ignite the passion in learners, to learn with a fire to assimilate and enrich themselves even more in their learning journey. This is not to say we need to replace the present teaching / training styles but to infuse more meat into the learning process to make it much more a fun activity than a tedious 'get-it-over-with' experience for all in the language learning environment wherever it may be.


The article discusses the results of research of interrelation between individually typological properties of the higher nervous activity, sensorimotor functions and the efficiency of throws into the basket of students-basketball players. Study of psychophysiological condition of athletes in basketball is very important because motor skills are directly related to psychophysiological characteristics. With the help of computer system "Diagnost-1" (authors N.V. Makarenko, V.S. Lizogub) data characterizing individually typological properties of the higher nervous activity and sensorimotor functions of basketball players were obtained. Data analysis proves that the most of surveyed athletes have strong and movable type of the higher nervous activity. The efficiency of throws into the basket and psychophysiological condition of athletes are interrelated tightly. It was proved by the results of correlation analysis of quantities of psychological, physiological and pedagogical tests, namely, indicators of individual typological properties of higher nervous activity and sensorimotor functions and nine tests on determination of the efficiency of throws by students-basketball players.


The non-local dependency between a noun and its associate quantifier has been widely discussed. The details may differ, but the formal analyses of...


The truth of the assertion that "drugs don't work in patients who don't take them," attributed to the former US Surgeon General C. Everett Coop, may be self-evident, but of course the drug must be effective in the first place. Implementation science investigates methods to help realize the benefits of advances in clinical care. Luepker et al1 are to be congratulated on conceiving and testing a comprehensive educational and interventional campaign designed to increase the uptake of aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Minnesota between 2015 and 2019, using surrounding states, where the program was not implemented, as comparators. The campaign failed to increase aspirin uptake. Only 1 in every 20 people surveyed recalled promotional aspirin messaging and the use of aspirin decreased, both in Minnesota and in the surrounding states. We should learn as much or more from failure than we do from success. The program had an integrated, well-crafted, multipronged approach with educational messages conveyed by advertising on billboards and radio, newspaper articles, an Ask About Aspirin website that received more than 1 million visits, and engagement of more than 1000 primary care physicians and other health care professionals in educational programs. The authors believe that the population was exposed to the aspirin promotional message approximately 24 million times per year. Moreover, a health system quality improvement program sought to identify and contact people who were thought to be appropriate candidates for use of aspirin through participating primary care centers. Despite this enormous effort, a survey suggested that less than 6% of the population of Minnesota ever became aware of the campaign. In 2015, only 49% of the people in Minnesota who had an indication for use of primary prevention aspirin, according to US Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) 2009 guidelines, were receiving it, which was slightly higher than in surrounding states (40%). By 2020, use of aspirin had decreased both in Minnesota and, to a lesser extent, in the surrounding states. The decrease was temporally associated with the publication of 3 large randomized clinical trials showing either no benefit or harm from use of primary prevention aspirin and was consistent with national guidance,2,3 suggesting that many clinicians and patients had acted responsibly in the face of new evidence. Prescribing inertia will have prevented a more profound decrease because people who have taken aspirin for years without obvious problems may be reluctant to change their routine; neither will physicians press them to do so. However, the outcome of the campaign probably would not have been substantially different even in the absence of changes in evidence and guidance, because few of the target audience became aware of the message. What lessons can we learn from this? First, there is so much supposedly good advice these days on so many health issues that many people probably just ignore all but the most trusted sources of information. In that sense, the results of this implementation study are encouraging. People appear to follow the evidence rather than the media when it comes to health. Being British, I cringe every time I see a US television advertisement for a medical product. I cannot help feeling that many of my US cousins feel the same way. A hard-sell may have negative results, especially when it turns out that the product for sale does not work. The opioid crisis has undermined trust in both regulators and physicians.4 Many popular films and television series now highlight recent medical misdemeanors. We cannot afford to make more mistakes based on shaky evidence. Second, the public may be smart enough to do the math. For instance, in the US Physicians Health Study on use of primary prevention aspirin (325 mg on alternate days) in more than 20 000 men followed up for an average of 5 years, there were only 2 fewer cardiovascular deaths and 84 + Related article


Drawing our conceptualization from the policy sciences and employing qualitative methods, we analyze the adoption and implementation of a specific, informal dispute resolution mechanism—a state's inmate grievance procedure. Specifically, we establish that the state's Department of Corrections is able to subvert the original intent of an inmate grievance procedure and co-opt it to serve bureaucratic control purposes. Prisoner and judicial interests, evident in the adoption process, are eliminated in the implementation stage. Broadly, this research suggests that organizational setting is an important dimension for assessing what forms of dispute resolution can be constructed and implemented with effectiveness. Informal procedures housed totally within the confines of public bureaucracies and adopted as reforms to enforce clients' rights may be transformed, through implementation, into sophisticated control mechanisms serving only bureaucratic interests. Finally, the study demonstrates why powerless people, particularly inmates, express a preference for formal, legal mechanisms to address their grievances.


Modern microprocessors employ one or two levels of on–chip caches that are implemented using static RAM and take up a large portion of the Silicon real estate, consuming a significant amount of power. We present detailed analytical models for estimating the energy dissipated in conventionally–organized caches as well as caches that are organized to have reduced energy dissipations. We also validate the accuracy of these analytical models by comparing the analytically obtained power dissipations with the dissipations obtained using a detailed simulator called CAPE (CAache Power Estimator) for the simulated execution of many SPEC 95 benchmarks. Our analytical models for the energy dissipation in caches use counts for hits, misses, as well as the number of reads and writes, which are obtained from an architectural simulator, and assumes transitions due to the actual values of the address and data bits to be stochastically distributed. We show that the analytical models for conventional caches estimate the overall power dissipation within less than 10% error (compared to the energy estimated from actual transition counts). On the average, the analytical model overpredict the energy dissipations by about 3% to 15%. However, for some of the energy efficient cache organizations, the analytical model over–predict the energy dissipations by as much as 20%. We compare the results of our analysis with actual transition–count based power estimations obtained from CAPE to show that the inaccuracies in the analytical models are due to correlated transitions, a factor that actually plays a significant role in making some cache organizations energy efficient.


Current researches in organizational theory attempt to reveal how information technology and especially organizational memory systems can support organizations. Unfortunately, the research on this area especially barriers to an effective organizational memory system, stayed limited. Moreover, an empirical inquiry on how organizational memory barriers can be beaten by Web-based systems, really, remained an uncharted area. So far, the impacts of cultural and technical barriers on organizational memory systems have received, to our knowledge, no attention in Turkey. Besides, in Turkey, empirical studies combining distributed partners in a concurrent project management setting are insufficient. As a matter of fact, none systematic work in electronic media has been done in Turkish Land Forces. Despite very limited theoretical infrastructure, this area seemed as a ripe topic for exploration. To contribute to the body of knowledge, it is attempted to integrate literature sources with our theories and strove to transform theoretical concepts into practical operations. The field study of MORN (Multimedia Object Relation Network), one of the web-based knowledge management and organizational memory systems, is presented. Methodology focused on the "process" and "product" analysis by view of management, and the exploration of practical thoughts. Paying special attention to the roles it can play in enhancing organizational memory and in overcoming barriers, the perceived usefulness of MORN in concurrent R&D project management have been focused. Improvements on project managers' core competencies, usability of MORN and probable contributions to organizational memory, have been discussed in terms of "People-System-Organization approach". With the data supplied by this study (and future ones), it is assumed that organizational memory of Turkish Land Forces and similar organizations, with a recent but growing interest will be effectively developed.


OBJECTIVE To study the compatibility of azlocillin sodium for injection with dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection or vitamin B6 injection in 5% glucose injection.METHODS At room temperature for 6 hours,the content of azlocillin sodium and dexamethasone sodium phosphate or vitamin B6 was determined by UV spectrophotometry and the change in appearance and pH was observed.RESULTS The compatibility of azlocillin sodium injection with dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection had no significant change in these parameters in 6 hours,and the compatibility of azlocillin sodium injection with vitamin B6 injection had significant changes in these parameters.CONCLUSION Azlocillin sodium for injection can be mixed with dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection in 5% glucose injection,and it can't be mixed with vitamin B6 injection in 5% glucose injection.


The SCR honeycomb denitration catalyst will have a "grey core" during the preparation process. In this paper, the same batch of fresh catalyst is used to prepare the "grey core" and the normal "yellow core" catalysts for comparison. Through the catalyst denitration performance evaluation test, when the denitration efficiency is 88.3%, the calculated activities of the two catalysts of "yellow core" and "grey core" are 24.9Nm/h and 25.3Nm/h, respectively; when the denitration efficiency is 85.5%, the calculated activity of the catalysts are both 24.5Nm/h. Through analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst, it is found that the alkali metal content and the alkaline earth metal content of the two catalysts are basically the same. The specific surface areas of the "yellow core" and "grey core" catalysts are 58.65m2/g and 58.24m2/g, respectively. By infrared spectroscopy, the "grey core" catalyst was produced due to the deposition of carbon, and then through the wear performance test, it is found that the "grey core" catalyst has better wear performance, but the "grey core" catalyst is more brittle, when there is external force. At the time, cracks are easily generated in both the axial direction and the radial direction, which is detrimental to the integrity of the catalyst, and also poses a safety hazard to the use of the regenerated catalyst.


Researchers have begun to view international cooperative ventures as complex, multiparty organizations in which foreign and local firms and the venture itself all have distinctive roles. This approach has important implications for the venture strategies of foreign firms in emerging economies. This study explores relationships between the resource contributions of parent firms and U.S. managers' assessment of venture performance in a sample of established U.S.–Mexican ventures. The research suggests that mature cooperative ventures are expected to achieve autonomy from parent firms in key areas at the same time that certain forms of strategic dependency also are important to success. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


AIM: To compare the biological characters of MDA cell line with MDA-Neo R cell lines, those of expressing neomycin resistance gene (Neo R). METHODS: Several biological characters were identified. They are G418 (geneticin) resistance, the expression of cell membrane antigens, double-cell time, the fraction of cell cycle phase, the numbers of tumor colony formation in vitro and the tumor formation ratio of nude mice in vivo. RESULTS: MDA-Neo R cells cultured in vitro for six months are still endurable for G418(6×10 5 U/L); The expression of CK19 (cytokeratin 19) and epithelial membrane antigen detected by (flow cytometer ) are negative; Double-cell time, the ratio of cell in S phase, and the colony formation numbers in vitro are insignificant statistically ( P 0.05) between MDA and MDA-Neo R cell lines; The tumor formation ratio of nude mice in vivo of MDA and one of MDA-Neo R cell lines are 1/4 and 2/5 respectively, have no difference. CONCLUSION: The integration and expression of hetrogenious Neo R gene do not make any changes in the characters of MDA.


Fas ligand (FasL)‐receptor system plays an essential role in regulating cell death in the developing nervous system, and it has been implicated in neurodegenerative and inflammatory responses in the CNS. Lifeguard (LFG) is a protein highly expressed in the hippocampus and the cerebellum, and it shows a particularly interesting regulation by being up‐regulated during postnatal development and in the adult. We show that over‐expression of LFG protected cortical neurons from FasL‐induced apoptosis and decreased caspase‐activation. Reduction of endogenous LFG expression by small interfering RNA sensitized cerebellar granular neurons to FasL‐induced cell death and caspase‐8 activation, and also increased sensitivity of cortical neurons. In differentiated cerebellar granular neurons, protection from FasL‐induced cell death could be attributed exclusively to LFG and appears to be independent of FLICE inhibitor protein. Thus, LFG is an endogenous inhibitor of FasL‐mediated neuronal death and it mediates the FasL resistance of CNS differentiated neurons. Finally, we also demonstrate that LFG is detected in lipid rafts microdomains, where it may interact with Fas receptor and regulate FasL‐activated signaling pathways.


This work examines metrics for target reachability and source observability in dynamical networks, which are especially relevant in a network security context. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input is characterized, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a remote measurement is studied. The work highlights an essential asymmetry between the problems: We show that target reachability is often easy, while source observability is almost always impossible. Several spectral and graph-theoretic results are also presented, which give structural insight into how easy or hard target control and source estimation are.


Among the surviving books of the Sibylline Oracles, Book 7 has aroused particular interest because of its allegedly Jewish-Christian and Gnostic character. A. Rzach has described the author of Book 7 as "ein durch die Gnosis beeinflusster, vielleicht aus dem Judentume … hervorgegangener Christ." J. Geffcken regards the book as a product of Jewish Christianity with traces of Gnostic influence. And A. Kurfess, in an article which bids fair to become the standard introduction for English-speaking students of the Sibyllines, calls it "purely Christian," while also indicating the presence of "gnosticizing views.". Given the lack of sustained interest in these writings during recent years, I think it not unimportant to examine the adequacy of these labels and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support them.