Problem of public pensions has come to be recognized as one of the most important policy issues in Japan.1 It seems, however, that common arguments on this subject are not necessarily directed to correct problems. For example, it is frequently argued that the public pension system will face a financial crisis in the future. It is pointed out that if the current benefit-contribution structure is maintained, the financial performance of the system will rapidly deteriorate, that reserve funds will evaporate in the near future, and that a sharp increase in the contribution becomes inevitable thereafter. According to a prediction by the Ministry of Welfare, the rate of contribution of the Employees' Pension will be forced to rise from the current rate of 10.6 percent to 30.6 percent in the year 2010 and to 34.9 percent in 2025. It is argued that since these levels are beyond the tolerable limit, the prediction in effect implies a bankruptcy of the system. It is further argued that in order to save the system from the financial disaster, radical reexamination of the current benefit structure must be undertaken. Evidently, some kind of reform will be inevitable, and this will indeed be a painful and difficult process. However, if we regard the existence of the public pension programs per se as the cause of the increase in burden in the future, we would commit a serious fault. The burden of future generations cannot be alleviated even if the benefits are successfully reduced or even if the programs are entirely eliminated, because in those cases elders must be taken care of by individual households or by public assistance programs. Future generations cannot escape from increases in burden of some form, given the changes in the age structure of the population. This argument does not deny the possibuility that public pensions may affect future burdens through their effects on the nation's intertemporal allocation of resources. Economists are fully aware that whether this happens or not depends not only on the method of financing the program~)ay-as-you-go or funded method-but also on the extent to which individual households regard future benefits of public pensions as substitutes for other assets, namely on the impact of public pension programs on household savings. More specifically, if public pensions have no impacts on household savings, the burden of future


This article aims to present the strategy of developing an experience-based group guidance model as an effort to prevent LGBT behavior on students. Specifically, it aims to discuss: (1) practical needs and strategic needs that include student needs, counselor needs, achievement needs, institutional needs and situational needs; (2) the profile of student needs for experience-based group guidance as an effort to prevent LGBT behavior on students 3) based on the needs analysis, a need map is made to determine the service materials to be provided (4) the development of the guidance model of the group as an effort to prevent LGBT behavior on the students and (5) model validation through the implementation of experience-based group counseling model as an effort to prevent LGBT behavior on college student. With this strategy is expected to be developed model of experience-based group guidance as an effort to prevent LGBT behavior on students.


The study aimed to identify the impact of Personal Traits on Organizational Conflicts among the Employees of the General Directorate of Passports in the Ministry of Interior- Gaza Strip. The study followed the analytical descriptive approach; data were gathered by questionnaire as a tool for data collection. (66)questionnaires were distributed to employees working in the General Directorate of Passports and the directorates at the Ministry of Interior-Gaza Strip. A comprehensive survey method was used to collect data.The most important findings of the study are as follows: All the paragraphs of (personality traits) were achieved from the study population with a relative weight (74%)، which is a (large) degree. This indicates that the personal traits are widely availableamong the employees of the General Directorate of Passports. This leads to the conflict and negatively affects the success anddevelopment of the work. The aggressive personality got the highest degree which is (79.60%) by the sample members، whilethe extroversion personality got the lowest degree which is (69.80%).Also، the results indicated that there are many forms of conflict that can be found in different levels in the organization، themost important of which is the lack of compatibility of objectives، which is limited to the exchange of objectives، thecompetition of resources for their limitedness or scarcity، and problems in the design of the structure and work design،(Duplication)، communication constraints، lack of clarity of responsibilities، change in competencies، poor performancestandards and bonuses، and lack of availability of alternatives such as expertise. And a change in performance standards and rewards، which escalates the conflict across the structure. The study mainly recommended the necessity of Apply modern management strategies in dealing with organizational conflicts at the Ministry of Interior


The visualization of comic images on a small screen is a difficult problem as the image is too large to be displayed on the screen and we do not know which areas and in which order the users want to see the image. The basic solution for the user is to look at the image in full screen without being able to see the details, or to zoom and scroll through the image, which can be quite inconvenient if the interactions have to often be repeated. Our idea is to use an eye tracker to record where the users reading a comic on paper books or large screens are looking at, to reproduce their reading behaviors with a comic visualization system and guide the users using a smaller screen through the comic.


In this paper, a novel phoxonic crystal (PxC) structure composed of silicon, with optimal dual phononic band gap (PNBG) and photonic band gap (PTBG), is presented. Using the finite element analysis method, both the transmission characteristics and dispersion relation of PNBG and PTBG are calculated, and the existence of dual BGs is demonstrated by the means of the analysis of transmission for the PxC structure. The influences of structural parameters on the dual forbidden band characteristics are further explored, the sensitive structure parameters can be determined: the width of elastic beams, the length of square silicon, and the length of square hole. Using the orthogonal test, 25 experimental runs based on 3-factor and 5-level experiment are performed to finish the numerical experimental design and analysis. Four functional relationships can be acquired between the three sensitive parameters and dual BGs. Finally, the unified objective function method is employed to perform the construction of the single objective optimization model for the purpose of obtaining the optimal dual BGs and the corresponding optimal parameter combinations of the PxC structure. Such scheme can be used as the potential optimization way, which may find wide application in the development and design of PxCs.


Department of Anaesthesiology, Kirikkale University Faculty of Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey Background and Goal of Study: Traumatic injuries of femur and hip are more frequent than pelvic bone fractures1. Aim of this study was to re-evaluate the regional anatomy of the sciatic nerve (SN) for anaesthetic blockade by using anatomic landmarks other than greater trocanther which is used as the classical approach2. Materials and Methods: The study was approved by local ethics committee, and bilateral dissections on sciatic nerve were performed on 10 embalmed male and female cadavers (46 to 69 years at death). The excursion of SN from the line drawn between posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) to ischial tuberosity (IT) and laterally from IT was measured. The safe area on the SN was determined according to the branching of vascular structures and nerves. The branching of posterior cutaneal nerve (PCN) from the SN was also determined. Data are given as mean SD. Results and Discussion: The distance between PSIS and IT was 13.1 6.5 cm. Upper and lower rim of SN on this line were 7.8 0.7 (A) and 9.1 0.6 (B) cm form PSIS respectively. SN was also 1.8 0.5 (C) and 2.9 0.6 (D) cm lateral from IT. Slightly and inferior concave lines drawn from A to D and B to C forms the surface projections of SN. Lower half of this area was relatively free from neurovascular structures. Division of PCN was also in this area at 90% of cases. Conclusion: SN was found to be located more inferior than defined previously3. This study suggests new and alternative landmarks for determining the surface projections of SN in more reliable region rather than describing fixed points. The alternative landmarks defined in this study does not require special positioning such as hip flexion, and seems to be more accurate and safe. References: 1 van Staa TP, et al. Bone 2001; 21: 517–22. 2 Winnie AP. Surg Clin North Am 1975; 55: 861–92. 3 Mansour NY. Reg Anesth 1993; 18: 322–3.


The model test apparatus on anti-explosion structures in geotechnical engineering has been developed specially for the urgency of scientific research in underground engineering.The apparatus consist of anti-explosion boxes,bottom pit,connected bar system,jack push-and-pull system and wave elimination measures.By use of the apparatus,a model test is carried out to study the destructive effect of penetrating explosion of conventional-weapons in underground engineering and the destructive effect of direct ground shock produced by nuclear explosion in deep-seated project.This article covers the function indexes of the apparatus,the theory of model test,experimental technology and engineering applications.


Herbarium study of Bromusgrandis, B. orcuttianus, and B. orcuttianus var. hallii from western North America has indicated that these taxa are morphologically and geographically distinct, and best treated as species. A new combination Bromus hallii (Hitchc.) Saarela & P.M. Peterson is made. Bromus hallii differs from B. orcuttianus by having densely pubescent blades (verses glabrous in B. orcuttianus), lower sheaths with dense short stiff hairs 1 mm long or less (vs. long soft hairs 2-4 mm long), and l-2(-3) culm nodes (vs. 2-4). Bromus hallii differs from B. grandis by having blades that are 7.5-16.5 cm long [vs. (13-)18-38 cm long in B. grandis], l-2(-3) culm nodes (vs. 3-7), and lower glumes that are l(-3)-nerved [vs. 3(l)-nerved], We provide the first report of differences in the type of pubescence on the lower sheaths between B. orcuttianus and B. hallii. We confirm the diploid chromosome number of 2n 14 for B. grandis. We include descriptions, synonymies, and representative specimens examined for B. grandis, B. hallii, and B. orcuttianus, a key to all sections of Bromus in California, and a key to Bromus sect. Bromopsis in California.


For a process as critical and sensitive as sterile filtration, it's not surprising that many filter end-users experience some "fear of failure." As risk management consultant Peter Sandman has said, people become fearful when they feel they are not in control [1]. As a result, some may see established sterile filtration practices as inadequate. Compelled by fear to do more than necessary, they may overdesign their filtration systems, adding wasteful and costly procedures. By embracing this fear, rather than studying the root causes of filter penetration and the specifics of each process, practitioners of sterile filtration impede the advancement of filtration science and its understanding within the industry and global regulatory agencies. This article will examine several unnecessary practices that are burdened upon the industry today, using process validation principles to explain why they are inadequate. It will also touch on problems that result when "model organisms" used to evaluate sterile filters are seen as universal archetypes that can characterize all process situations and filter types. First, let's consider the concept of validation itself, which is designed to "establish documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determined specifications and quality attributes [2]. Validation is a global regulatory requirement for drug manufacturing, particularly for aseptic processes. As industry consultant Jim Agalloco has written [3], there is already a substantial body of knowledge on best validation practices for sterile injectable biotech products, including: ˜ Fluid influences on the organisms, membrane polymer and retention mechanism ˜ Process parameter influences on the membrane polymer, filter construction and retention mechanism Validated processes are under control, yet their reliability continues to be questioned by regulators and those in the field, suggesting that many practitioners do not fully understand the validation concepts. This can often be traced to subjective fears rather than valid technical


A scan chain is used by scan-path test, one of design-for-test techniques, which can control and observe internal registers in an LSI chip. On the other hand, a scan-based side-channel attack is focused on which can restore secret information by exploiting the scan data obtained from a scan chain inside the crypto chip during cryptographic processing. In this paper, we propose a scan-based attack method against a hash generator circuit called HMAC-SHA256. Our proposed method is composed of three steps; Firstly, we isolate 64 bit-transition groups from a scan data using scan signatures based on the property of the HMAC-SHA-256 algorithm. Secondly, we classify these 64 bittransition groups into 32 pairs. Lastly, we find out the correspondence between the scan data and the internal registers in the target HMAC-SHA-256 circuit. Our proposed method restores the secret information by the three steps above, even if the scan chain includes registers other than the target hash generator circuit and hence it becomes too long. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully restores two secret keys of the HMAC-SHA-256 circuit using up to 425 input messages in 7.5 hours.


Aiming at the discrete nonlinear minimax problems with each component being convex function,this paper proposes a particle swarm optimization-proximal point algorithm with global convergence.This algorithm changes the minimax problem to the unconstrained optimization problem of smooth function by maximum entropy function.It uses the proximal point algorithm as the outer algorithm,and the particle swarm optimization as the internal algorithm.The numerical results show that this algorithm has the advantage of the fine stability,fast convergence speed and high precision,and it is an effective algorithm for nonlinear minimax problems.


The demand for high-performance, lightweight, portable computing power is driving the industry toward 3D integration to meet the demands of higher functionality in ever smaller packages. To accomplish this, new packaging needs to be able to integrate multiple substrates, multiple dies with greater function, higher I/O counts, smaller pitches, and greater heat densities, while being pushed into smaller and smaller footprints. The approaches explored in this paper include eliminating active chip packages by directly attaching the chip to the System-in-Package (SiP) with flip chip technology. Additionally, the area devoted to passive components can be greatly reduced by embedding many of the capacitors and resistors. In some instances, the connector systems that were consuming large amounts of space in the traditional Printed Wiring Board (PWB) assembly can be reduced with a small pitch connector system. This PWB assembly can then be transformed into a much smaller SiP with the full surface area on both side...


A Real-Time Petri Net Simulator (RTPNS) is presented in this work. This software provides an intuitive design tool in graphical orientation and convenient debugging capability for modeling and control of automated manufacturing systems. The complex interactions among control, communication, and database functions in a manufacturing environment can also be addressed by using Petri Nets model. The performance of the total system can be easily evaluated by the developed software through computer simulation. By choosing a proper firing time, the efficiency of the operation of a manufacturing system can be improved. A prototype system is used as an example to illustrate the applicability and novelty of the software design.


Agriculture is one of the most important pillar of the Indian economy. The contribution of agriculture and its allied sectors to India's GDP stood at 15.4% during 2018-19 (Government of India, 2019). More than half of the country's population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture and allied sectors for its subsistence. India's food production multiplied about more than threefold times while population multiplied two and half fold. Due to this, India not only becomes food self-sufficient but also a net food exporting country.


The effect of microwave-supported leaching of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag by ammonium salts was investigated to improve calcium leaching ratio for CO2 mineral sequestration process. The results show that the calcium leaching ratio from EAF slag at the constant temperature in the microwave field increases about 10% than that under the water bath at the same leaching time. The greater the microwave power, the higher the impact of calcium leaching rate, which proves that microwave treatment can improve the leaching ratio of calcium. The rapid calcium leaching step (up to 5 min) is possibly due to the easy reaction of calcium silicate, while the slower calcium leaching step (after 5 min) is owing to the difficult reaction of calcium ferroaluminates for the hydrolysis of iron and aluminum. The leaching behaviors of magnesium and calcium ions affected by different leaching parameters are similar and the concentration of aluminum, iron and phosphorus can be neglected. Calcium ion is probably not precipitated in the real leaching solution from steel slag by ammonium chloride solution as its concentration is less than 0.32 mol/L. However, the concentration of magnesium ion starts to drop sharply when the pH value is higher than 10 and it has precipitated completely at pH value of 11.6.


This paper examines how economic reforms in Mongolia have impacted on international trade for that country. It tracks trade development since the 1991 open market economy decision and provides an outlook for 1997. It captures most of the events, moods and important reform legislation that is trade development related. It looks at trade indicators in conjunction with key economic indicators to endeavour to provide conclusions as to logical future directions of policies. The article is influenced in part by the writer's views after involvement in a United Nations Development Project on business education in Mongolia over a four year period.


Abstract This article examines the bookselling, printing, and editorial work of the French colonial lawyer Moreau de Saint-Méry. While residing in Philadelphia from 1794 to 1798, Moreau opened a bookstore and print shop that served as a publishing house and social community hub for his fellow refugees from the French and Haitian Revolutions. After examining the logistics of his involvement with the early North American book trade, I undertake a close reading of one of his imprints. The material history of this expertly crafted, multi-volume account of a Dutch trade mission to China highlights collaboration between European, Caribbean, American, and Chinese technicians and artists who lived migratory lives during the imperial conflicts of the late eighteenth century. The article considers Moreau's professional book activities in light of his work as a collector whose personal collection of books, manuscripts, and maps became a cornerstone of the French colonial archives.


Attack impact assessment is an important research in attack test and evaluation. Focusing on the end users' actual quality of service, a user-centric DoS attack impact assessment model based on 3GPP QoS indexes has been proposed. This model is a threedimensional denial of service degree assessment model.Based on the model one arithmetic has been proposed to measure the degradation of one service' QoS. Experiments demonstrate that the threedimensional DoS attack impact assessment is simple and can capture the quality of service of end user.


Asymptotic representations are found for the large deviation probabilities that the nα-th order statistic exceeds δ, where δ>α. The probabilities are first expressed in terms of the empirical distribution function, and then the 1960 theorem of Bahadur and Ranga Rao is applied. The result is then shown to be more precise than a logarithmic statement in a 1969 paper of Sievers dealing with the asymptotic relative efficiency of the sample median test.


Abstract : Research has demonstrated the feasibility of using digital image processing techniques to determine dimensional changes and analyze qualitative and quantitative fracture processes in fiber-reinforced composite material test specimens that have experienced environmentally and mechanically induced stresses. The application of image analysis techniques during mechanical testing has been shown to facilitate test automation and to provide information essential to interpretation and quantification of mechanical test data. Since fracture is a dynamic process, real-time image acquisition and special image processing techniques are needed to determine specimen size and shape changes, identify where fracture is initiated, and describe how fracture develops in specimens during mechanical testing. Images must be classified and interpreted in terms of appropriate fracture models to facilitate the analysis of mechanical test data and provide a quantitative assessment of damage.


A study was conducted on the effects of treatment conditions on the plate-making properties and printability of pre-sensitized plates having an electroformed iron foil support. This iron foil support had excellent bending properties when electroformed at 90-95°C in a bath containing 800g/L ferrous chloride. The surface roughness of the iron foil increased linearly with foil thickness, which needed to be at least 15μm in order to be used as the presensitized plate. The amount of chromium deposited on the iron foil required to improve its corrosion resistance was 5mg/dm2. When these chromium-plated iron foils were cathodically treated in a suspension consisting of Al2O3 sol and SiO2 sol, their hydrophilic properties and their adhesion to light-sensitive resins were improved. The amount of aluminum deposit required was 1.0-2.0mg/dm2 and the silicon deposit requirement was 0.4-1.0mg/dm2. The structure of the hydrophilic film was examined by ESCA and X-ray diffraction and was found to consist mainly of Al(OH)3 and SiO2, which are appeared to be amorphous. Pre-sensitized plates supported by these treated iron foil supports were capable of printing 50, 000 sheets without problems of staining, spotting, or scumming.


Lisa Jackson's exhibition entitled Transmissions premiered at the Simon Fraser University's Vancouver campus from 6–28 September 2019. This new body of work weaves interdisciplinary themes regarding society, nature, Indigenous languages, and ecological futures. Lisa Jackson is Anishinaabe from the Aamjiwnaang First Nation and she has an impressive filmmaking practice spanning twenty years. The multimedia format in Transmissions makes use of film, media, sculpture, and installation to transport the viewer to a futurist-other state in which we may perceive the world from a perspective beyond the Western-colonial paradigm. The technological undertaking of transforming three distinct segments for this exhibition was years in the making, and its entirety covers over five hundred square metres. Most important, the exhibition provokes a number of questions. For instance, how do we relate to our urban and natural environment? And what relational connections may we discover from the sophisticated organic networks occurring in forests and waters? Jackson encodes themes of multidimensionality, abstraction, and duality within all of her work. Her messages are nuanced and sometimes require multiple "readings" to understand the complexity of their meaning. In As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom through Radical Resistance, writer Leanne Betasamosake Simpson talks in depth about how Indigenous artists invoke a particular aesthetic within their work: "Indigenous aesthetics in artistic practice is one mechanism Indigenous creators use to code their work, to 'disrupt the noise of colonialism,' to speak to multiple audiences, and to enact affirmative and generative forms of refusal."1 These principles and theories emerge through the application


The paper sets out a DSGE model designed and calibrated to match key stylized facts about the Slovak economy. The model includes a detailed fiscal policy block that allows a thorough analysis of fiscal policy measures. To evaluate the performance of the model, the response of the economy to a technology shock and to a foreign demand shock is considered under alternative fiscal adjustment scenarios. We find that a well-designed programme involving increases in transfers as well as taxes can stabilize the economy in the short run and improve longer-term growth prospects following a shock with adverse fiscal implications. We study the consequences of fiscal policy shocks in and away from the steady state of the model. The exercise yields implied fiscal multipliers that are relatively large in spite of Slovakia being a small open economy. Raising taxes on employment is particularly bad for the real economy, especially in the long run, whilst cutting government wage bill is the least harmful way of reducing spending.


During the initial period of adjustment of the lip-shark, Hemiscyllium plagiosum, to a dilute medium there is an apparent decline in rate of oxygen consumption which is due mainly to the accumulation of water in the body. There is a rapid loss of lipid and glycogen from the liver.

After complete adaptation to the dilute medium, the oxygen consumption rate increases to the original level of the animal in sea water. A metabolic balance sheet based on the oxygen consumption, total nitrogen excretion and the assumption that muscle catabolism supplies the bulk of the energy, indicates that the lip-shark has an elevated catabolic rate in the dilute medium. The calculated catabolic rate agrees well with the rate of loss in body weight in the unfed fish.

Blood glucose is well maintained while tissue-lactate concentrations decline following adaptation to 46% sea water. Thus the availability of oxygen and metabolite are not limiting with respect to survival in diluted sea water.


The effect of incorporating a priority scheme into a data flow computer is studied in this paper. Specifically, we deal with the scheduling of instructions in a data flow program, and the mechanisms by which such scheduling may be implemented within a data flow computer. We show that the assignment of priorities to data flow operations is a special case of a problem in scheduling theory, and also belongs to the NP-complete class of problems. Therefore, we develop a heuristic approach, based on the well-known Critical Path algorithm, as a basis for determining instruction priorities. Our conclusions, based on the simulation of programs executed in a modified data flow computer, show that adding a priority mechanism is not justifiable in the general case. This is due mostly to the inability to reach the potential improvement offered by scheduling operations, because of implementation restrictions. Nevertheless, certain algorithms (e. g., DFT) can still benefit from the proposed scheme, mainly because of their highly regular, static structure.


We present measurements of the distribution of the OH masers at 1665 and 1667 MHz towards the cometary ultracompact H ii region in the complex G34.3+0.2. The results are based on observations made in both senses of circular polarization with a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array having an angular resolution of 5×20 mas2. 38 maser features are identified in the region. 33 of these lie on an arc at the edge of the cometary H ii region. Five are located in a cluster offset toward the north-east by 3 arcsec, and are probably associated with an independent ultracompact H ii region. There is a velocity gradient of 30 km s−1 pc−1 across the arc. We identify five Zeeman pairs and determine that the magnetic field varies between 1 and 7 mG, but is always directed away from the Earth.

The OH masers may arise in clumps in a shell of gas in a bow shock caused by the motion of the exciting star through the molecular cloud. The stand-off distance and the thickness of the shocked shell are roughly consistent with those predicted by such a bow-shock model. Also, the position of the exciting star(s), as estimated from the focus of the parabolic bow shock, closely matches that of the peak emission from the cometary H ii region. However, the north–south velocity gradient in the ionized material remains difficult to explain in the context of the bow-shock model.


Equations, as mathematical models—used to explain facts—are simplified, especially when learning physics at a basic level, to help in the understanding of complex systems that depend on many variables. These simplifications are idealizations in the literature, where abstractions and approximations are also given for the same concept. When reading about a model, knowing that it is idealized, and realizing what the idealizations are, is very important in enabling the reader to understand complex operations correctly. The purpose of this study is to reveal whether or not students are aware of the idealizations used in some mathematical models to explain complex facts in physics education. This study is organized as a simple survey model. The data for the study were collected from a test consisting of 14 open-ended questions within a basic physics context. The test was given to 60 pre-service teachers studying physics and science education. The questions were prepared considering the idealizations in some mathematical models that are frequently used in physics lessons. The results of the study are given along with content analysis and frequency tables of the open-ended questions, with the help of rubrics developed by the researchers. The data obtained showed that the majority of the prospective teachers participating in the study were not aware of the idealizations in the equations, and those using the idealizations generally used irrelevant and incorrect idealizations.


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In 1967, Lunar Explorer 35 was launched from the earth and placed into a stable orbit around the moon. The data from the dust particle experiment on this spacecraft were essentially continuous over a 5-yr period from the time of insertion in lunar orbit. Analysis of this data has been interpreted to show that micron-sized lunar ejecta leave the moon and traverse through selenocentric and cislunar space and obtain either interplanetary/heliocentric orbits or intercept the earth's magnetosphere and move into geocentric orbits. Extensive studies of the orbital trajectories of lunar particles in this size range have now been conducted that include a calculation of the solar radiation force using the full Mie scattering theory. A significant flux of particles with radii less than 0.1 micron are found to intercept the earth's magnetopause surface. This flux is shown to be strongly dependent upon both the particle's density and its index of refraction.


The invention discloses a damping device suitable for a petroleum pipeline. The damping device structurally comprises a pipeline support plate, a support plate supporting base, a supporting base bottom plate, a damping device installing plate, a dual-effect damping device and a damping device bottom plate. When the damping device suitable for the petroleum pipeline is used, the petroleum pipelineis laid to the position above the pipeline support plate, vibration is transmitted to a piston cylinder and a damping device through a damper connecting plate, and hydraulic oil in the piston cylinderis conducted into a hydraulic backflow cylinder. Oil in the hydraulic backflow cylinder jacks a backflow cylinder pressing plate and is pressed back through pressurizing of a backflow cylinder pressurizing spring; the pressure of the backflow cylinder pressurizing spring can be adjusted through screwing and loosening of a pressurizing adjusting bolt; and through the arrangement of the dual-effectdamping device, the damping device can achieve dual damping through the spring and a hydraulic rod, the damping effect of vibration reducing is enhanced, and the damping process is better relieved.


OBJECTIVE: To provide suggestion for the construction of teaching staff and the improvement of the discipline of Pharmacy Administration(Ph.A).METHODS: The basic information was collected by searching official website and the websites of universities and colleges etc,and a questionnaire survey was conducted among pharmacy univeristies or colleges by means of telephone interview or on-the-spot interview etc.RESULTS: A total of 108 pharmacy univeristies or colleges sent back the effective questionnaires.There were a total of 276 Ph.A teachers,including 142 male and 134 female;145 were full-time Ph.A and 131 were part-time teachers.There were only part-time teachers in 63 universities / colleges,of whom,91 were from other teaching or research department of the discipline of pharmacy,24 from party or government administration of school,9 from hospitals,4 from pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises,and 3 from drug administration department.CONCLUSION: The resources of Ph.A teachers are various,and the access qualification is quite low.It isadvisable to strengthen the building of Ph.A faculty and improve the whole level of Ph.A teachers.


: The coincident application of organic fertilizer is frequently recommended firstly for improving biological, physical and chemical properties of soil and sec-ondly to get clean agricultural products free of macro chemical fertilizers. Two field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Center, South Valley Agricultural Research Station (Toshka), Aswan Governorate, Egypt. These experiments were conducted during the two successive winter seasons to investigate the addition of filter mud cake (zero, 10 and 20 m 3 /fad) associated with zero, 15, 30 or 45 Kg N /fad on growth characters, yield and yield components of faba bean plants grown on Toshka soils The results indicated that the addition of filter mud cake(FMC), as an organic manure had significant effects on number of branches/plant, plant height ,number of pods / plant, seed yield (kg/fad) , straw yield (kg/fad) , biological yield (kg/fad) and 100-seed weight. The highest values were recorded by using 20 m 3 FMC/ fad. Also increasing nitrogen fertilization levels from zero to 45 kg N/fad gave the highest values of growth characters, yield and its components and NPK contents in seeds and straw as well as NPK uptake. The combination of 30 kg N / fad associated with 20 m 3 FMC/ fad could be applied to get high quantity and quality of faba bean yield cultivated under Toshka condition.


Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, and its dysregulated metabolism is a promising target for therapy. However, metabolism is complex to study the metabolism of a cell involves the interplay of thousands of chemical reactions that are combined in different ways across tissues and cell types. Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs), where the reaction networks of cells are described using a mathematical formulation, have been developed to help in such studies. In this thesis, methods were developed for determining the active metabolic network (the context-specific model) in individual cell types, followed by studies of cancer metabolism. To enable identification of the active metabolic network per cell type, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) was employed to detect the presence of individual genes. However, the technical and biological variation in scRNA-Seq data poses a major challenge to the identification of the active reaction network in a cell type. The variability of gene expression due to technical and biological factors was therefore examined, concluding that data from thousands of cells is often required to provide enough stability for robust model generation. An improved quantification method for scRNA-Seq data, called BUTTERFLY, was also developed and implemented as part of the kallisto-bustools scRNA-Seq workflow. A new optimized version of tINIT, which enables generation of context-specific models, was also developed. It allowed for generation of models based on bootstrapped cell populations, which were used to acquire the statistical uncertainty of models generated from scRNA-Seq data. Finally, the method was applied to a lung cancer dataset, identifying both known and unknown features of cancer metabolism. To further explore cancer metabolism, a study was conducted to investigate the most optimal metabolic behavior under different degrees of hypoxia. To this end, a diffusionbased model for estimating nutrient availability was developed, as well as a light-weight version of the tool GECKO that enables constraining the total enzyme usage in the model. The model could explain the glutamine addiction phenomenon in cancers and was used to show that metabolic collaboration between cell types in tumors is likely not important for growth.


It was investigated blood level of bioelements and the links between their concentrations and antioxidative defense system in patients with chronic diffusive liver diseases. It was determined reduced concentration of potassium, natrium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and increasing level of copper. Bioelemental disorders depended on the pathological process activity and stage of disease.


The purpose of this article is to analyze the folk knowledge in maintaining folk group integration and socio-economic intimacy among the Arsi-Robe peasants. The significance of folk knowledge in folklore of the society in connection with group integration and socio-economic welfare is the case in point. This study employed a field survey research and data gathering method through the participant observation as well as direct interview. In order to obtain the substantial folkloristic data from local sources (people, occasions, or other settings), the researchers had familiarized with the social behavior and local environment of each locality. As far as the findings of this study are concerned, two points may be underscored here. People are customarily designated to take part in group-driven occupational habits like däbo and wänfä. Amongst the Arsi-Robe traditional society, if people isolate themselves from communal works, they are criticized, if not ostracized and excluded from the mainstream social and cultural roles. They also play their potential roles in kinship and kinship-like social relations. Put another way, they make interventions between their own world and a social unit in their vicinities according the collective paradigm set customarily.


Micro-concentration recalcitrant organic contaminants in water were selected as target substance.The water from final clarifier was selected as original water containing micro-concentration recalcitrant organic contaminants.The results of captive test showed that,in the O_3/UV/C reactor,the removal efficiency of ultraviolet absorbency at 254 nm(E_(254)) and COD_(Cr) can be up to(87.40%) and(59.79%,) respectively.The effect of ozone using can be up to(91.4%.) Therefore,the 254 nm ultraviolet and active carbon have synergetic catalysis to ozonation processes and can improve the effect of ozone using remarkably.Affected by OH~-,the COD_(Cr) and E_(254) degradation effects of O_3/UV/C technique in alkaline condition were better than in neutral and acidic conditions.The influence of different radical scavengers to ozonation process was investigated;the results show that ozone decomposes several kinds of free radicals while hydroxide radical is the most.Therefore,the ozonation degradation of organic contaminants in the water from final clarifier is due to these kinds of radical reactions.


Heparin, dextran sulphate, dextran phosphate, chondroitin sulphate and degraded Λ‐carrageenan inhibit peptic activity by substrate occlusion or depletion. This holds for various substrates and enzyme preparations, but the amount of inhibition observed varies with method and inhibitor used. The most active inhibitors of the series are disulphated on at least alternate sugar residues and in addition to disulphation high molecular weight confers, in certain conditions, greatest activity. High and low molecular weight macroanions have different inhibition characteristics and it is concluded that activity may depend upon the structure of the substrate‐inhibitor complexes formed. Inhibition is not observed when substrate‐inhibitor interaction does not occur, as when pepsin or N‐acetyl‐L‐phenylalanine‐L‐diiodotyrosine (APDT) are used as substrate.


In the title hydroxamic acid derivative, C22H16Cl2N2O5, the nitro-substituted benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 26.95 (15) and 87.06 (15)°, with the 4-chloro- and 2-chloro-substituted benzene rings, respectively. The dihedral angle between the chloro-substituted benzene rings is 68.19 (13)°. The O atoms of the nitro group were refined as disordered over two sets of sites with equal occupancies. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O(=C) hydrogen bonds link molecules along [100].


Three superior families(Mayuan No.1、No.2、No.4) were selected from three Carya illinoensis varieties cited from Zhejiang Forestry Academy,and their yields per individual nut production of 24a were 12kg、14kg、15kg.Rates of nut-out were higher than the original varieties by 5.4%、2.7%、0.8%.Monou-nsaturated fatty acid in oil from of three families were 55.69%、55.57%、54.32%,which were higher than the original varieties by 9.63%、11.14%、10.69%.Carya illinoensis was a suitable plant for southwest of Hunan province and can be developed as a new kind of economical tree.


A theoretical and experimental study was made of the process of the chemicomechanical failure of carbon-graphite materials. Original dependences are obtained, which make it possible to evaluate the value of the entrainment of mass of carbon-graphite materials in high-temperature chemically active gas flows. A comparison is made between experimental and theoretical values of the fraction of chemicomechanical chipping in the total entrainment of the mass of a number of carbon-graphite materials. (AIP)


Besides the electric parameters of a semiconductor device, the lifetime is a key measure of quality. Overheating is one of the top failure causes in electronic systems. In this paper, a power cycling experiment done on silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET devices is presented. The experimental setup and measurement conditions are described in detail and a discussion is given on the importance of the electrical setup and the control strategy. The data collected during the power cycling are analyzed, and the primary failure modes are identified. The high-resolution monitoring of the voltage drop on the device, in combination with other monitored parameters, enables the detection of a bond wire lift-off or breakage. With the help of the thermal transient measurement and structure function analysis, the structural changes in the heat flow path can also be identified. Finally, the results of the electric measurements are compared and verified by scanning acoustic microscopy tests.


This paper studies the preliminary design of an axial flow compressor using one-dimensional flow theory.The characteristic relation of an axial flow compressor stage is obtained.The model for the optimum design of a compressor stage for the fixed distribution of axial velocity is presented.The analytical relations are obtained.The results are universal and can be extended to the optimum design of multistage compressor.


This report addresses the formulation and the implementation of a full 6D (3D positions plus 3D attitude angles) solution to Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) using a range and bearing sensor. It will be not assumed here that the sensor coordinate reference system coincide with that of the robot, which severely complicates the equations required for the implementation but in turn allows the usage of any number of sensors on a robot without restrictions. It is also briefly discussed two implementations in C++ within the context of the Mobile Robot Programming Toolkit (MRPT) project, corresponding to a straightforward O(N) and a more efficient O(N) algorithm. Update rates in excess of 120Hz are demonstrated for a simulated sensor. An online version of this document is available in: http://babel.isa.uma.es/mrpt/index.php/6D-SLAM


Convergence of the activation dynamics of a cascade of neural nets is studied. The author presents several mathematical results that guarantee convergence of the cascade, provided each component subnet is convergent.<<ETX>>


Clinical decision-making used to be based on physicians' experience and authority. Now this is no longer enough. The dissemination of the practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM) has closely appended science to art. 1 Clinicians worldwide have access to powerful, precise and up-to-date information sources on which to base both diagnosis and treatment. Medical textbooks, which until recently, referred to tests as being 'positive' or 'negative' and to treatments as being 'useful' or 'ineffective' for a given condition, are being transformed. They are less likely to contain these vague adjectives, whose meanings are uncertain, 2 or the tables that cite extremely rare causes on the same footing as highly common ones. An analytical , quantitative and critical approach to medical data is on the rise. Factual, numeric information, often derived from the scientific examination of large numbers of patients, is now widely available, through modern textbooks, journal articles and electronic databases. Many of these databases can be accessed and searched in real time, and they are often continuously updated. As a result, EBM, which is the use of this type of information as the basis of decision-making, is becoming a paradigm of correct medical practice. 3 More and more, it underlies clinical thinking, and it affects and improves many medical decisions. The potential benefits of EBM are numerous and well described. 4,5 Nevertheless, concerns have been published, 6–9 and enthusiasm for this recently unearthed treasure trove should not be undis-cerning. Although there is wide agreement as to the immense value of the practice of EBM in the science and art of clinical decision-making, its clinical usefulness could be enhanced if clinicians understood the gaps that exist between the research evidence and the care of the individual patient, and dealt with them effectively. First, the characteristics of patients studied in randomized controlled trials (RCT) and the individual patient under care in the physician's office or on hospital ward, are often different. As a result, even data collected from carefully conducted and controlled studies may not be directly applicable to an individual patient. Applying average results derived from groups of patients to a unique patient is bound to be problematic. As Mant 10 says: 'a clinical trial is the best way to assess whether an intervention works, but it is arguably the worst way to assess who will benefit from it'. In addition, differences related to the population (genetic, cultural, environmental, healthcare facilities) …


Deep convolutional neural networks have been used extensively in recent image processing research, exhibiting drastically improved performance. In this study, we apply convolutional neural networks to color filter array demosaicking, which plays an essential role in single-sensor digital cameras. Contrary to conventional convolutional neural network-based demosaicking models, the proposed model does not require any initial interpolation step for mosaicked input images, which increases the computational complexity. Using a mosaicked image as input, the proposed model is trained in an end-to-end manner to generate demosaicked images outputs. Many deep neural networks experience vanishing-gradient problem, which makes models hard to be trained. To solve this problem, we apply residual learning and densely connected convolutional neural network. Moreover, we apply block-wise convolutional neural networks to consider local features. Finally, we apply a sub-pixel interpolation layer to generate demosaicked output images more efficiently and accurately. Experimental results show that our proposed model outperforms conventional solutions and state-of-the-art models.


deficiencies of the Hertel, Delmas et al. reported that the Hertel overestimates small values of proptosis and underestimates large values, when compared with CT scan biometry. The Luedde proptometer has several advantages over the Hertel instrument. The Luedde proptometer is smaller, easier to use, more robust, and cheaper, with much better portability, and ease of storage, and in contrast to the Hertel, does not require specific lighting conditions. It also offers the advantage of swift and easy sterilization between patients. These 8 factors should not be overlooked, especially in Ethiopia, where healthcare resources are still developing. A small, prospective, single-center, nonrandomized, consecutive series was recently conducted on 8 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (RANZCO) Advanced Trainees sitting a practice Objective Structured Clinical Examination, shortly before their final RANZCO fellowship examination. The candidates were asked to identify the presence of, and evaluate the amount of, proptosis in a single patient. For reasons that were unclear, all candidates used the Hertel proptometer. Data on their assessment of proptosis in this patient are documented in Table 1. There was great variability between candidates in the assessed interorbital distance, and startling variability in the measured proptosis. Furthermore, no candidate cleaned the footplates before, or following, its use in assessing the patient's proptosis. In conclusion, the Authors consider the Luedde proptometer to be substantially superior to the Hertel proptometer. Naturally, in environments where access to medical care is limited, and resources and funds may be scarce, the Luedde proptometer, which is already well-established, should justifiably be the device of choice when evaluating proptosis.


We thank the Productivity Commission for the opportunity to contribute to this important inquiry. Just Reinvest NSW is a coalition of over 25 organisations and individuals that have come together to address the significant over-representation of Aboriginal people in custody through a Justice Reinvestment framework. Just Reinvest NSW is auspiced by the Aboriginal Legal Service (NSW/ACT) and our priority is working alongside Aboriginal communities, supporting their empowerment and self-determination. You can find more information about Just Reinvest NSW and our work here http://www.justreinvest.org.au


To plan as a whole to regional development is an arduous,complicated and long-term undertaking.It needs to be guided by the scientific view of development,and carried out under the protection of legislations on finance,tax revenue and banking,using the experience of other countries for reference.The current laws on finance,tax revenue and banking have defects in plan as a whole to regional development.We should take all aspects as follows into consideration in making laws:legislative purposes and principles,legislative contents and structures,legal implementation,legal supervision and legal responsibility.


Abstract In the context of the internationalization of education the need for localization and translation of educational programs into foreign languages with the aim of attracting foreign students is increasing. Consequently, new methods and resources are required to optimize educational process. However, currently there are not enough localized programs translated into English and localized for the new contingent of university students although localized programs are urgently needed as they give foreign students the opportunity to choose the most suitable direction for study. The purpose of the proposed research is localization as a linguistic and cultural adaptation of digital content to the requirements of the foreign market and translation into English the educational program "Software Engineering" for students of telecommunications specialties taking into account both technical and didactic terminology. To speed up the translation the glossary is compiled using online and offline services. As a result, the program "Software Engineering", designed for foreign students, is localized, translated and adapted. Thus, a more "friendly" environment for entering the educational process in the new intercultural conditions is created. This practice becomes an integral part of the lecturers' activities. On the other hand, students themselves can be involved in content creation and research. The design of localization should be directed from simple to complex, taking into account a certain balance between depth and composition of research. In general, the presentation of localized programs at the international level has a number of advantages for universities, including economic ones, for example, increasing the income invested in equipping the educational process.


Background: Proprioceptive deficiency followed by lateral ankle sprain leads to poor balance is not uncommon. It has been linked with increased injury risk among young athletes. Introducing neuromuscular training programs for this have been believed as one of the means of injury prevention. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the effects of six weeks progressive neuromuscular training (PNM Training) on static balance gains among the young athletes with a previous history of ankle sprains. Methods: This study was an experimental study design, with pre and post test method to determine the effects of PNM Training on static balance gains. All data were collected at university's sports rehabilitation lab before and after six weeks of intervention period. There were 20 male and female volunteer young athletes (20.9 ± 0.85 years of age) with a previous history of ankle sprain involving various sports were recruited from the University community. All the subjects were participated in a six week PNM Training that included stability, strength and power training. Outcome measures were collected by calculating the errors on balance error scoring system made by the athletes on static balance before and after the six weeks of intervention period. Static balance was tested in firm and foam surfaces and recorded


The article considers project financing as an investment tool for financing infrastructure projects since recently this approach is quite relevant in Russia. The analysis revealed both the strengths for the development of project financing and the factors constraining its application. In the research, the author identified some problems connected with the participants of project financing as well as with the use of debt instruments. In project financing, the key role is played by the generated cash flow. An important condition for its compliance with forecast parameters is not only the improvement of the corporate management system but also the creation of a satisfactory system for monitoring and operational control over the implementation of projects through the optimization of all processes. It is also important to improve the system of benefits and guarantees for investment projects using project financing The article formulates measures, the adoption of which can contribute to wider and more effective use of project financing for implementing infrastructure projects.


The author is a clinically trained MD.) But now robust is degenerating into merely a trendy way of saying "good." At a recent meeting I counted 8 consecutive speakers who used the word "robust" in their presentations, as if infectious robustitis were spreading from one to the next like a meme, a "virus of the mind."1 The speaker who mercifully broke the "robust" string spent most of her talk struggling with the unfamiliar data projector (a robust and universal standard for these is desperately needed) and also had laryngitis, forcing minimalist language. It is possible to make a robust point without using the word "robust." Literary standards such as the complete works of Shakespeare (37 plays and 154 sonnets), the King James Bible, and Bulfinch's mythology2 do not use the word "robust" even once. Despite plenty of robust structures in the human body, there is only a single "robust" descriptor buried in the 1396 pages of Henry Gray's anatomical classic.3 Bartlett's Quotations does not contain one aphorism with the word "robust," proving that witty and clever sayings can exist in a robust-less world. In contrast to this parsimony, among the 5739 abstracts submitted for the 2002 American Society of Hematology (ASH) annual meeting, a whopping 53 contained the word "robust"; in 2001 there were 36. Interestingly, there appears to be an acceptance bias in favor of abstracts containing the word "robust": in 2002, 83% (44 of 53) of ASH abstracts containing "robust" were chosen for presentation, whereas only 60% of all submitted abstracts escaped the stigma of "publication only." In 2001, the same trend existed (78% "robust" accepted vs 66% overall). In contrast to words like "robust" and "molecular" (76% presentation rate in 2001 and 73% in 2002), the term "descriptive"4 is the kiss of death for an ASH abstract: a 42% accept rate in 2001-2002, and almost all of the accepted abstracts in this group used "descriptive" to refer to statistics, not science. The take-home message is crystal clear: all my future ASH abstracts will gratuitously use the words "robust" and "molecular" and will avoid "descriptive" like the plague. This tiresome use of "robust" is not unique to hematology. The American Society of Clinical Oncology suffers from the same disease, although at an earlier stage: 47 "robust" meeting abstracts spread over the last 3 years. The American College of Cardiology suffered 10 "robust" abstracts this year, while "Digestive Disease Week 2003" featured 16 "robust" abstracts among the nearly 5000 presented. Surprisingly, orthopedic surgery, the specialty of choice for Olympic athletes and football linebackers seeking a career change and blessed with many physically robust individuals, remains unaffected: at their big annual meeting, only 1 orally presented abstract in the last 3 years has been "robust." If we are to rescue this word before it becomes as cliché as "proof of principle," "elegant," and "intriguing," we must act soon. One way of highlighting and remedying the overuse of the word "robust" might be to declare a "Robust-Free Day" at the next ASH annual meeting. On this day, all speakers caught using the word "robust" would be required to buy a drink for the first 3 rows of the audience. The author welcomes other robust suggestions; you will find me at the front of the room in the plenary sessions at ASH, waiting to collect my free drinks.


Diet and consumption of appropriate quality food products are one of the most important elements for good health and condition of the whole organism, including a proper appearance and healthy skin. The condition of the body and the skin is also influenced by additional dietary supplements, synthetic multi-ingredient preparations, especially the ones containing ingredients selected for their beneficial effects on the skin. The aim of the study was to describe the influence of dietary supplementation and the functional food for the condition of the skin, including preparations containing various nutrients and special-purpose food, which can have a beneficial effect on the skin and its healthy appearance. The scope of the work includes a review of literature and sources in the field of dietetics and cosmetology.


The transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine γ‐synthase (CGS) catalyses the pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent γ‐replacement of O‐succinyl‐L‐homoserine and L‐cysteine, yielding L‐cystathionine. The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli enzyme has been solved by molecular replacement with the known structure of cystathionine β‐lyase (CBL), and refined at 1.5 Å resolution to a crystallographic R‐factor of 20.0%. The enzyme crystallizes as an α4 tetramer with the subunits related by non‐crystallographic 222 symmetry. The spatial fold of the subunits, with three functionally distinct domains and their quarternary arrangement, is similar to that of CBL. Previously proposed reaction mechanisms for CGS can be checked against the structural model, allowing interpretation of the catalytic and substrate‐binding functions of individual active site residues. Enzyme‐substrate models pinpoint specific residues responsible for the substrate specificity, in agreement with structural comparisons with CBL. Both steric and electrostatic designs of the active site seem to achieve proper substrate selection and productive orientation. Amino acid sequence and structural alignments of CGS and CBL suggest that differences in the substrate‐binding characteristics are responsible for the different reaction chemistries. Because CGS catalyses the only known PLP‐dependent replacement reaction at Cγ of certain amino acids, the results will help in our understanding of the chemical versatility of PLP.


Phosphorus components are probably the earliest known and most important additives for lubricant applications. Phosphites, phosphates, thiophosphates, metal dithiophosphates, and amine phosphates are examples of common phosphorus additives being used in the lubricant industry. However, due to environmental concerns and to help conserve catalyst life of catalytic converters, there is a trend to reduce the phosphorus content in lubricant formulations. In order to achieve this goal, different types of phosphorus components have been studied for their tribological properties.


Nowadays, Yaba or methamphetamine drug abuse becomes critical social problem in Thailand, particularly among school children, collage students and blue - collar workers. Methamphetamine urine test kit was an important equipment for screening test to detect Yaba in drug urine users. The research was descriptive cross sectional study conducted from October 2010 to September 2011. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and false positive results by using color test and immunoassay test with four different test kits in Nakhon Nayok Hospital. Three were screening test products of Thailand and one was imported. Screening tests were confirmed by thin layer chromatography. A total of 900 urine samples were sent for drug trial. It was found that the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of urine color test were lower than those of immunoassay tests. False positive rate of urine color test were higher than that of immunoassay tests, significantly (p < 0.001). All immunoassay test kits in this study were reported with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The imported product had the highest sensitivity (99.49 %), specificity (95.19 %) and accuracy (98.00 %) but it yielded the lowest false positive rate (4.81%). Accuracy of an immunoassay based on methamphetamine test kits were higher than that of the color test kits because the principle of immunoassay test was biochemical reaction while the color test was only chemical reaction thus the immunoassay test showed higher specificity to drug abuse than the color test. On top of this, color test had limited detection capability of method (cut off value 3,000 ng/ml) which is higher than immunoassay test (cut off value 1,000 ng/ml). These limits had direct impacts as the color test also had lower sensitivity than the immunoassay test. In selection of methamphetamine test kit for operation, quality assurance of the test compared to the standard method is highly recommended particularly in case of apprehension, legal prosecution and compulsory drug abuse rehabilitation that follow. With high accuracy of methamphetamine test kit laboratory reports become more reliable and unbiased As such, all screening units for drug abuse should use comparable high quality test kits. Key words: methamphetamine test kit, color test, immunoassay test, methamphetamine, urine samples


The utility model discloses an angle adjustable light-emitting diode (LED) display screen which comprises LED boxes and an angle adjusting device. The angle adjusting device comprises a first adjusting device and a second adjusting device which are respectively installed on two adjacent LED boxes, a splice face of every two LED boxes is a slope face, the first adjusting device comprises a first fixing assembly, a first locking rod and an arc sheet, the arc sheet comprises the connection end which is installed or locked on the first fixing assembly through the first locking rod and the free end which can freely rotate, and an arc groove is formed on the free end. The second adjusting device comprises a second fixing assembly and a second locking rod installed on the second fixing assembly, and a clamping groove capable of containing the free end is formed on the second fixing assembly. When the free end rotates to enter the clamping groove of the second fixing assembly, the second locking rod can extend into the arc groove of the arc sheet to move along the arc groove and finally lock the arc sheet in the clamping groove. The LED display screen can freely adjust angles while having no influences on display effects of the display screen, and can well meet market requirements.


This chapter describes some of the lessons learned during the evolution of distance education and suggests several important elements that practitioners should consider as they strategically plan for the future of online learning.


Insects represent one of the largest groups of animals on earth, constitute over 1 million species and are still counting [1] serving many trophic roles like pests, pollinators, and vectors. The housefly Musca domestica, (Diptera: Muscidae) is an important medical and veterinary insect that causes irritation, spoils foods and acts as a vector for more than 100 species of pathogens, thereby causing serious threat to human health and livestock [2-4]. The control of this insect largely relies on synthetic insecticides which have led to many serious issues like resistance development [5], ecological imbalances, bioaccumulation and harm to non-target organisms, environmental contamination and incorporation in to food chains [6]. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to develop the promising alternatives to these conventional insecticides.


We present Text Insights, an application for understanding
factors of user engagement in Facebook pages. Providing analytics based on natural language processing, Text Insights is complementary to existing tools offering mainly numerical indicators of user engagement. Our system extracts keyphrases from page content in a linguistically motivated manner. Keyphrases are weighted according to their relevance as approximations of the most important topics in the community. We demonstrate that the system provides valuable insights for page owners interested in trend discovery, content evaluation and content planning.


Purpose:To evaluate the protection of astragalus injection for Doxorubicin (adriamycin)-associated cardiotoxicity. Methods:58 patients were randomized into two groups for this clinical trial. 30 patients were in the test group ,and 28 in control group. Patients in the test group received astragalus injection in 5% glucose solution once every day for two weeks starting three days before adriamycin-based chemotherapy. 28 patients in the control group began to receive oral vitamin E 100 mg twice a day and coenzyme Q10 20 mg three times a day for two weeks. Chemotherapy is the same as that in the test group. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram were employed to evaluate the cardiac function. Results:There was a substantial difference in ejection fracton between the two groups,but the difference was not statistically significant. Statistically significant differences were observed in the two groups with regard to all other parameters,including abnormal changes in ECG and LVIDD、LVISD、A/E、FS. Conclusions:Astragalus injection is a good drug which can prevent the occurrence of acute cardiotoxicity associated with adriamycin. It can also reduce the occurrence of chronic cardiotoxicity.


With the world rapidly urbanizing, the phenomenon of urban sprawl is prominent, and long term and sustainable urban planning development is of great importance. Smart growth is an urban planning theory with great superiority. This paper studies the evaluation of smart growth on urban development, in order to give a reference on the process of urban development. In the essay, establish an original three-grade evaluation system then take use of directed graph to analyze indexes of system. Finally get the definition of the success of smart growth of a city through impulse process modeling Introduction Nowadays, the world is rapidly urbanizing. Urban planning is of great significance. It is worth noting that urban sprawl has become one of the world's concerns. The American planning community has proposed smart growth as a means to curb continued urban sprawl and reduce the loss of farmland surrounding urban centers. So what is smart growth? Smart growth is an urban planning theory aimed to realize the E's of sustainability— economically prosperous, socially Equitable, and Environmentally Sustainable. It benefits for our health and natural environment and make our communities more attractive, economically stronger, and more socially diverse. It follows that the smart growth theories are great favorable for the development of city. Based on it, in order to effectively ensure fair and sustainable home, resources and the opportunities of job, the leader not only should take the ten principles of the smart growth and the E as measures, but also should consider urban population statistics, growth and unique geographical conditions to adapt to community needs to make decisions. Smart growth theories are complex, which is meaningful for urban planning. However, there is little research on the model that can implement smart growth theories into city design around the world. Thus, this paper is to build a model to measure the success of smart growth of a city, define a metric, in order to research the smart growth of cities. The Arrangements of evaluation system model General assumptions.  In the impulse-based system simulation prediction process, the only active change factor is the initial given population factor. The other factors such as policy, planning and so on, will not had a big change suddenly in the short term.  We take 10 years as the demarcation point between short-term and long-term. Forecasts more than 10 years are long-term forecasts and less than 10 years are short-term forecasts. 2nd International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering (AMCCE 2017) Copyright © 2017, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Engineering Research, volume 118


There are a lot of inventory management models. Some of them are extremely popular and analyzed by researchers quite often, some of them are left behind the topic. Some inventory management models focus on order planning techniques, others on responsibilities of order placement or stock allocation among warehouses. The traditional inventory management model between seller and buyer is called a two-tier model and is the simplest order placement way. It tells which party has the right to manage inventory and fulfil stock under agreed terms and conditions. Based on the roles, these methods are classified and help to improve the availability of the products, increase sales, and freshness with the lowest possible level of inventory throughout the supply chain and costs. A review of models will be presented seeking to extend the knowledge about inventory management in the supply chain. A revision is combined with the empirical part, under which by analyzing educational tool and its application in students' classes some interesting results were gathered. Further, the methods covering the learning of the inventory management process is compared, and a new learning approach is proposed. Finally, findings, limitations, and future research directions are presented at the end of the paper.


Dimethoate, a moderately toxic insecticide, has a wide range of agricultural and domestic applications. Like other organophosphates, dimethoate has anticholinesterase activity. Fish are non-target organisms, inadvertently exposed to pesticides and their metabolic products. The present study includes short-term (96 h) and long-term (36 d) effects of dimethoate exposure on some serum electrolytes Ca2+, Mg2+, and Pi in the freshwater air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. The concentration of dimethoate for short-term exposure was 2.24 mg L−1 (75% of 96 h LC50) and for long-term exposure 0.75 mg L−1 (25% of 96 h LC50). The study includes the recovery pattern in serum electrolytes after placing the fish in pesticide-free water. Fish show hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia after short-term and long-term exposure to dimethoate. When placed in pesticide-free water, these electrolytes exhibit recovery towards normalization, indicating significant (p < 0.05) recovery.


Introduction and Aim: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is defined as diabetes diagnosed in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, has emerged as a global public health concern. It has been associated with short-term and long-term adverse health outcomes for both mothers and their new-borns. Women with GDM are known to have decreased quality of life and increased risks of caesarean section, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and type 2 diabetes. In babies, GDM has been found to be associated with macrosomia or larger than normal gestational-aged infants, neonatal hypoglycemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus later in life. Though yoga is known to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients, its role in the management of GDM has not been adequately assessed. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Yoga on cardiometabolic parameters, psychophysical health and maternal and fetal outcomes in GDM patients at JIPMER hospital, Puducherry.

Methods: Fifteen pregnant women diagnosed to have GDM, admitted to Obstetrics Ward of JIPMER Hospital were recruited for the study. The intervention package of a thirty minutes Yoga module consisting of Sukshma Vyayama (2 min), Tadasana (1 min), Utthitapadasana (1 min),  Savasana in the left lateral posture (3 min), Nadisodhana or Anuloma-viloma pranayama (5 min), Chandranadi pranayama (5 min), Sheetali pranayama (5 min) and Bhramari pranayama (5 min) and Relaxation (3 min) was administered along with hospital routine treatment for 10 days during 35th/36th week (depending on the gestational week of admission to hospital), or until delivery. Cardiometabolic parameters including heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), rate pressure product (RPP) and glycemic status assessed by random blood sugar (RBS) were investigated. JIPMER hospital tool for the maternal and fetal outcome variables were used to assess the feto-maternal parameters. Perceived Stress Score (PSS) and Quality of Life Score (QoL) were used to assess the psychophysical health of the GDM patients. All the parameters were assessed before and after yoga intervention. Paired t test was used for statistical analysis of data. P value of <0.05 were considered to indicate significant statistical difference.
Results: Statistically significant decrease in HR, BP, RPP, RBS, PSS, and increase in QoL, and improvement of fetomaternal outcomes (based on the normative data available in the department) were observed in GDM patients after yoga intervention for a period of seven to ten days during their hospital stay.
Conclusion: A short-course yoga practice for 7-10 days is adequate to reduce cardiometabolic risks, psychological stress, and improve quality of life and feto-maternal outcomes in GDM patients.  Antenatal mother with GDM can use yoga as an adjunct therapy in the later part of pregnancy to prevent or reduce the complications and to improve the maternal and fetal outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus.


The gold(III)-catalyzed rearrangement of tetrasubstituted 1-alkynyloxiranes is described. This transformation led to a different reaction outcome with respect to related substrates previously studied. Thus, tertiary α-alkynylketones or alkynols can be selectively obtained. Moreover, gold(III) proved capable to catalyze the rearrangement of simple epoxides. These results indicate that gold(III) complexes act as oxophilic Lewis acids rather than π-acids in these transformations.


In coastal areas, soft soil treatment is the challenge which must be faced in process of engineering construction. Among numerous treatment methods, dynamic drainage consolidation method is a new and effective method. In this paper, The Finn constitutive law reflecting dynamic pore pressure has been applied to dynamic drainage consolidation analysis. The results show pore water pressure behaves a pulse response proces for the impact, vertical drainage systerm increase the effective drainage channels, speed up the drainage process.


AbstractHydrologists widely use regional flood frequency analysis to predict flood quantiles for ungauged and sparsely gauged target locations. The analysis involves: (1) use of a regionalization approach to identify a group of watersheds (region) resembling the watershed of target location by searching in watershed-related attribute space, and (2) use of information pooled from the region to perform regional frequency analysis (RFA) for flood quantile estimation. Conventional regionalization approaches prove ineffective for identification of regions in situations where there are outliers in the attribute space. This paper proposes an entropy-based clustering approach (EBCA) to identify regions by accounting for outliers and recommends applying a recently proposed RFA approach on the regions for quantile estimation. The EBCA yielded seven new homogeneous regions in four major river basins (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery) of India. The regions are shown to be effective compared to six existing re...


Effective methods of rainwater and combined sewage drainage from urbanized areas to storage reservoirs are presented. Theoretical fundamentals of wastewater accumulation based on authors' designs of storage reservoirs with the gravitation-pump arrangement of accumulation chambers are given. A physical and mathematical model that enables a description of hydraulic processes taking place in reservoirs of this type was constructed.


The relationship between cultural–creative industries and globalization has been a significant concern of geographers for more than a decade. Geographers have argued that cultural–creative industries have become urban-based initiatives which reinforce social stratification and social inequalities. Analyzing Taiwan's film industry, this article integrates the framework of the New International Division of Cultural Labor with the urban theory of David Harvey and Henri Lefebvre. The main research question examines how the famed Taiwan New Cinema was subsumed into the overarching structure of the New International Division of Cultural Labor in the neoliberal era. Meanwhile, through a case study of "Place of People" cinema in Taipei, this article examines the Taiwan state-led "Cultural and Creative Industry Development Plan" and its aftermath. This study argues that although public–private partnerships do in fact comprise Taipei's urban entrepreneurial strategy governing Place of People cinema, they contribute to possibilities for the development of an alternative space for social and cultural transformation.


In this article, we propose the visual application of a navigation framework for a wheeled robot to disinfect surfaces. Since dynamic environments are complicated, advanced sensors are integrated into the hardware platform to enhance the navigation task. The 2D lidar UTM-30LX from Hokuyo attached to the front of the robot can cover a wide scanning area. To provide better results in laser scan matching, an inertial measurement unit was integrated into the robot's body. The output of this combination feeds into a global costmap for monitoring and navigation. Additionally, incremental encoders that obtain high-resolution position data are connected to the rear wheels. The role of the positioning sensor is to identify the existing location of the robot in a local costmap. To detect the appearance of a human, a Kinect digital camera is fixed to the top of the robot. All feedback signals are combined in the host computer to navigate the autonomous robot. For disinfection missions, the robot must carry several ultraviolet lamps to autonomously patrol in unknown environments. To visualize the robot's effectiveness, our approach was validated using both a virtual simulation and an experimental test. The contributions of this work are summarized as follows: (i) a structure for ultraviolet-based hardware was first established; (ii) the theoretical computations for the robot's localization in the 3D workspace will play a fundamental role in further developments; and (iii) data fusion from advanced sensing devices was integrated to enable navigation in uncertain environments.


This paper develops a general equilibrium model for examining the impact of free trade on the wage inequality in the Northern economy and synthesizing the sensitivity of wage inequality indices to changes in causal factors: The model has three types of labor sector-specific high-skilled, mobile unskilled and im-mobile unskilled labor. Thus; three types of wage inequality indices are derived The major findings are first, introducing heterogeneous classes of labor the overall wage inequality of the Northern economy does not necessarily deteriorate with free trade second expenditure shifts for the final good that is produced by high-skill content requirements always lead to a rise in overall wage inequali-ty third the sensitivity of the wage inequality indices to biased technological changes is greatly affected by factor mobility.


ABSTRACT A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is the vital equipment in a gas/steam combined cycle power plant (CCPP) which plays an important role in enhancing the overall performance of the plant. An HRSG is designed on the basis of the size of the gas and steam turbines used in the power plant. Therefore, the HRSG directly affects the performance of the CCPP and its optimisation based on physical design can improve the plant performance. In the present study, the plant data of the CCPP of NTPC Ltd. at Auraiya (U.P.), India, has been considered for study. A segmented finned model has been chosen as it is the preferred arrangement [Ganapathy, V. 2003. Industrial Boiler and Heat Recovery Steam Generator Design, Application and Calculation. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.] and thermodynamic investigations have been carried out upon a dual pressure HRSG in a gas/steam CCPP from the perspective of maximum heat recovery and minimum pressure loss. The performance investigations of varying physical parameters of a dual pressure HRSG with segmented fins are useful for CCPP designers and for all those who are engaged in the area of heat recovery.


Recent advancements in biomedical research and imaging applications have ignited an intense interest in single-photon detection. Along with single-photon resolution, nanosecond or sub-nanosecond timing resolution and high sensitivity of the device must be achieved at the same time. Single- Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) have proved their prospectives in terms of shot-noise limited operation, excellent timing resolution and wide spec- tral range. Nonetheless, the performance of recently presented SPAD based arrays has an issue of low detection efficiency by reason of the area on the substrate occupied by additional processing electronics.
This dissertation presents the design and experimental characteriza- tion of a few compact analog readout circuits for SPAD based arrays. Tar- geting the applications where the spatial resolution is the key requirement, the work is focused on the circuit compactness, that is, pixel fill factor re- finement. Consisting of only a few transistors, the proposed structures are remarkable for a small area occupation. This significant advancement has been achieved with the analog implementation of the additional circuitry instead of standard digital approach. Along with the compactness, the dis- tinguishing features of the circuits are low power consumption, low output non-linearity and pixel-to-pixel non-uniformity. In addition, experimental results on a time-gated operation have proved feasibility of a sub-nanosecond time window.


Let ip : C 2 —> C be an analytic function in a domain A C C 2 , let p an analytic function in the unit disc U such that ip(p(z), zp'(z)) is univalent in U and suppose that p satisfies the first-order differential superordination h(z) tp(p(z),zp'(z)). In the case when <p(p(z), zp (z)) = a(p(z)) + P(p(z)) j(zp'(z)) we determine conditions on h, a, 0 and 7 so that the above subordination implies q(z) -< p(z), where q is the largest function so that q(z) -< p(z) for all p functions satisfying the first-order differential superordination. The concept of differential superordination was introduced by S. S. Miller and P. T. Mocanu in [2] like a dual problem of differential subordination [1],


The production of research is a preparatory work of national millet industry technical system.Fenyang comperihensive experimental station have studied on millet production status and technology needs in Lvliang city of our service area in February 2009.In this article,according to the summary of findings,we put forward the construction of millet industry and enhance the basic strategy of industrial efficiency.


We use the GTAP-E model to analyse two emissions trading scheme (ETS) scenarios under the cap-and-trade system at global level, building on pledges for abatement made by governments after the Copenhagen Accord (2009) and Cancun Agreement (2010). These pledges are used to allocate emissions targets for all the countries in 2020. In the first scenario, an ETS is formulated among Annex 1 countries only. In the second scenario, the ETS is expanded by adding three leading non-Annex 1 emitters – China, India and South Korea. The study shows that the cost of meeting emissions reduction commitments of Australia and other countries can be reduced by engaging in block-level emissions trading. According to the results, a permit price (price per tonne of CO2-e) of US$10.56 emerges with the ETS among Annex 1 countries. This price is reduced to US$6.32 when China, India and South Korea also joined the global ETS. Australia's real GDP declines by 1.03 and 0.59 percent respectively in two ETS scenarios. Contrary to the widely held view, projections from the GTAP-E model suggest that the ETS has a modest overall economic impact on the Australian economy and globally. Our results confirm that selling permits to the world is not welfare enhancing; rather countries who buy permits improve their welfare.


This article presents a study on the implications of different audio codecs on perceptual voice analysis. A VoIPbased transmission scenario was created, using Asterisk and the Microsip softphone, to aid in the diagnosis of distance vocal deviations. Each selected signal was submitted to four transmissions, using a specific codec. Using the EAV scale, before and after each transmission, a speech-language pathologist performed the classification of the signals as rough, breathy or normal. The codecs Speex32 and LPCM16 were able to detect the presence of the deviations with 76% and 88% of Sensitivity,


By measuring, as a function of temperature, the nonlinear light transmittance from neodymium and ruby lasers, the ZnTe two-photon absorption (TPA) has been studied both near the direct band gap and close to the critical point ${E}_{1}$. The TPA absolute coefficients have been determined by means of the two-channel normalization technique. It has been found that for $2\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\ge}{E}_{g}$, the TPA spectrum line shape has a dependence that is peculiar to absorption involving exciton levels, while for $2\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ close to ${E}_{1}$, the line shape has a ${(2\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{g})}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ dependence, which is typical of the "allowed-forbidden" mechanisms corresponding to the two-band model. By comparing the TPA experimental and theoretical values, it has been found that the TPA is strongly influenced both by the exciton effect and by the valence-band degeneracy.


This paper presents an in-depth analysis on how exhaust air- and ground source- heat pumps in combination with PV-systems affects the specific energy demand of buildings with the proposed new Swedi ...


Antibiotics serve very useful therapeutic purpose in eradicating pathogens. Unfortunately excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics results in antibiotic resistance. The consequences of inappropriate self-medication with antibiotics among healthcare professionals have severe implications which might be legal issues, ethical issues, negative impacts on patient and poor quality of health care delivery. The present study was conducted on self-medication by undergraduate nursing students in a government medical college of West Bengal, India. A pre designed questionnaire was used to collect the relevant information pertaining to the study variables. Among the participants 54.2% had self-medicated in the last six months. The antibiotics most commonly used being metronidazole (67.4%), azithromycin (32.6%) and norfloxacin (16.8%). Regarding the source of the antibiotics used for self-medication 41.6% participants went for leftover medicines at home, 34.8% participants obtained the drug from community pharmacies or drug stores. Hospital pharmacies and medicine samples were the source of the drugs for 19.2% and 4.4% participants respectively for this purpose. This study has shown that self-medication with antibiotics is common among undergraduate nursing students. There is a need for a rigorous mass enlightenment campaign to educate the population, including the health care professional about the disadvantages and possible complications of antibiotic self-medication.


In this paper,an epidemic model with quarantine and distribution time delay is proposed and analyzed.The basic reproductive number is obtained which determines whether the disease is extinct or not.Furthermore,we show the sufficient condition for stability of equilibrium and the permanence of the system.


The Song of Badong Three Gorges has appeared early,but the location of Badong(a place) name in the song has not been made clear yet.The name of the same place always changes frequently as time passes,so it is difficult to pin down the exact location of a place in history.In fact,the word Badong in the folk song stands for two prefectures called Ba and Dong a provincial section in Han dynasty while "东"meaning the east area to Ba Prefecture.Traditionally people called Badong Three Gorges instead of the Three Gorges,so Badong Three Gorges actually means the Three Gorges to the east of Ba Prefecture


We present some criteria for the asymptotic of a class of the second order nonlinear difference equation.The results generalize the known results.


154 Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health | Jul-Aug 2015 | Vol 8 | Issue 4 In the article, "Toxoplasmosis in a 17-month-old Nigerian: A case report", which appeared in the pages 64-66, Issue 3, Vol 8 of Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health[1], the names of the second, fourth and fifth authors incorrectly appeared as "Ikenne K Ndu", "Nwazike Chika Jean" and "Nwankwo Ogonna Obidi" instead of "Ikenna K Ndu", "Chika Jean Nwaezike" and "Ogonna Obidi Nwankwo" respectively. Additionally, in the "how to cite" section the author names of the fourth and fifth authors appeared incorrectly as "Jean NC, Obidi NO" instead of "Nwaezike CJ, Nwankwo OO". These have now been corrected and reposted online. Reference


This paper presents an application of constructionism in two different environments – a university level course blending Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science; and a secondary school project for Inquiry Based Learning. Discussed are the main solutions and results, their advantages and disadvantages. Then the main phases of knowledge construction are identified, while a special attention is paid on the deconstruction of knowledge, its manifestation and impact on education. The deconstructionism is defined as a new approach co-existing with constructionism. The paper discusses the deconstruction in education and concludes with deconstruction of education.


In many prokaryotic cells, mainly in bacteria various types of movement properties like swarming, gliding and twitching have been reported which vary with individual bacterial species (Cong et al., 2011; Fraser & Hughes, 1999; Harshey, 2003; Kim et al., 2003; Merino et al., 2006). The swimming movement pattern is the individual bacterial cells behavior, whereas, swarming is shown by bacterial colony (Cong et al., 2011). Many bacterial species have the characteristic to grow and spread on the surface such as nutrient agar or eukaryotic cells in a tissue, from where they take up the nutrient and water. Swarming is one of the movement patterns of bacterial cells in which new cell directs themselves towards the edges of the colony (Kaiser, 2007). In swarming motility, the bacterial cells required to get in touch with solid substrate and this interaction between bacterial cells and solid surface make them swarming proficient (Kearns, 2010). Swarming reduces competition between bacterial cell for the nutrient and speeds up colony growth. Some other surface phenomena feature like host invasion and biofilm formation has been shared in the swarming movement as in Proteus mirabilis, which facilitates urinary tract colonization and encouraging biofilm formation on catheters (Cong et al., 2011; Allison et al., 1994; Stickler et al., 1998).


This 15-year-old girl does not appear to be in any acute distress, but her cautious gait reminds you of a person walking in the dark.


This paper deals with the evolution of ideas concerning the configuration of flow patterns of the great inland ice sheets east of the Cordillera. The interpretations of overall extent of Laurentide ice have changed little in a century (except in the Arctic) but the manner of growth, centres of outflow, and ice-flow patterns, remain somewhat controversial. Present geological data however, clearly favour the notion of multiple centres of ice flow. The first map of the extent of the North American ice cover was published in 1881. A multi-domed concept of the ice sheet was illustrated in an 1894 sketch-map of radial flow from dispersal areas east and west of Hudson Bay. The first large format glacial map of North America was published in 1913. The binary concept of the ice sheet was in vogue until 1943 when a single centre in Hudson Bay was proposed, based on the westward growth of ice from Labrador/Quebec. This Hudson dome concept persisted but was not illustrated until 1977. By this time it was evident from dispersal studies that the single dome concept was not viable. Dispersal studies clearly indicate long-continued westward ice flow from Quebec into and across southern Hudson Bay, as well as eastward flow from Keewatin into the northern part of the bay. Computer-type modelling of the Laurentide ice sheet(s) further indicates their complex nature. The distribution of two indicator erratics from the Proterozoicage Belcher Island Fold Belt Group help constrain ice flow models. These erratics have been dispersed widely to the west, southwest and south by the Labrador Sector of more than one Laurentide ice sheet. They are abundant across the Paleozoic terrain of the Hudson-James Bay lowland, but decrease in abundance across the adjoining Archean upland. Similar erratics are common in northern Manitoba in the zone of confluence between Labrador and Keewatin Sector ice. Scattered occurences across the Prairies occur within the realm of south-flowing Keewatin ice. As these erratics are not known, and presumably not present, in Keewatin, they indicate redirection and deposition by Keewatin ice following one or more older advances of Labrador ice. The distribution of indicator erratics thus test our concepts of ice sheet growth.


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