In many countries traditional pavement design methods have more or less been empirical in nature. Nonetheless, there is a drive towards the development of more analytical design approaches because they allow alternative solutions to be readily compared and, thus, evaluated. The reliable measurement of representative material properties is a prerequisite for any successful analytical design methodology. These must be obtained from experimental investigations followed by appropriate mathematical characterization of the deformation behavior of both the bound and Unbound Granular Materials (UGMs) used in the pavement construction of the subgrade. For many thinly-surfaced pavements the principle failure mechanism of concern is the excessive plastic deformation of the UGM. This paper describes an analytical design method based on the shakedown approach that utilizes test results from the repeated load triaxial apparatus to establish the risk level of permanent deformations in the UGM-layer. In order to model the permanent and resilient deformation behavior of UGM-layers in pavement constructions the non-linear "DRESDEN" stress-strain relationship was used. The relationship was then implemented into a Finite Element Program (FENLAP) that was used to check, using a part of the German pavement design guidelines whether or not the critical shakedown stress level for the UGM-layer (between stable and unstable behavior) was exceeded using different UGMs (Sandy Gravel and Granodiorite) for the granular base layer. It was concluded that this method could provide a powerful material assessment and pavement design tool for unbound pavement bases.


The purpose of this study was to describe the interference of English word morphology on WhatsApp status of 4th semester students of KIP STKIP Rokania. To determine the interference in this article using a qualitative descriptive method and analyzed based on the content of the status. The theory used is Chaer's theory (1995) which states that the use of elements of other languages in using a language is considered a mistake because it deviates from the rules or rules of the language used. Bilingual or multilingual people often mix one language with another when uploading statuses on WhatsApp so that interference often arises. In this article, we will discuss several examples of morphological English interference in WhatsApp status with the aim of knowing the causes of language errors. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. The conclusion of this study is that interference often occurs due to lack of mastery of one language or intentional writing errors in order to follow the trend.


Objectives This article compares the health of immigrants at different times since immigration with that of the Canadian-born population, in terms of chronic conditions in general, heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer. Health behaviour outcomes were also explored, as was their role in explaining observed health outcomes.


In his controversial work, The Protestant ethic and the spirit of Capitalism, the German sociologist Max Weber (1852-1937) points to a positive relationship between Protestantism (especially Calvinism) and the rise of Capitalism. The 16th century Reformation in Europe coincided with the rise of early Capitalism (1500-1760). Since the church was such an integral part of society, many of the church leaders in the Low Countries also played a leading role in the rise of Capitalism. The results were religious, political and social reform and economic growth.
The Belgic Confession, as one of the three main creeds of the Protestant Reformation in the Netherlands, contained management principles that could be applied to both the household of faith and the management of the public sector. The aim of this article is to identify those principles of the Reformation, as expressed in the Belgic Confession (an important document of Calvinism in the Netherlands), and those principles contained in other church documents, such as the Rule of St Benedict, that are relevant to 21st century public management in South Africa.
This article will show that there are similarities between the Netherlands of the 16th century and post-apartheid South Africa, and it questions whether the management principles contained in the Belgic Confession are also relevant to society today.


Objective To explore the clinical significance of changes of serum adiponectin and Hs-CRP levels after treatment in patients with endometriosis.Methods Concentrations of resistin were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and Hs-CRP was determined by rate nephelometry immunoassay.Serum adiponectin and Hs-CRP levels were determined in 46 patients with endometriosis both before and after treatment as well as in 34 controls.Results Before treatment,the serum Hs-CRP levels in patients were significantly higher than those in the controls(P<0.01).while the adiponectin levels were significantly lower(P<0.01).After 3 months of treatment all the levels were not significantly different from those in controls(P>0.05).Conclusion Development of endometriosis were closely related to the serum levels of adiponectin and Hs-CRP.

Key words:
Endometriosis; Adiponectin; High-sensitive C-reactive Protein(Hs-CRP)


The present invention, in a time shorter by a driver carrying the mobile terminal registered in the fixing device configured as in the installed control module, the vehicle opening and closing of a door of a vehicle control method using the vehicle personal identification system that reduces the operation time with him and is available starting capability of the engine. In the present invention reduced the total action time to differentiate the conventional manner in such a manner as to transmit data such as command or unlock the engine start-up of the fixing device from the identification of the portable terminal to the BCM or an engine start control section. That is, in the present invention, the action time is for transmitting and receiving data format and wake wake pattern -> LF data -> RF data -> to a method of transferring data through a communication LIN or CAN communication is to be differentiated from the conventional method. The present invention performs each of the control with the electronic ID combination result of the two-way communication of the fixed terminal installed in a mobile terminal and a vehicle operator. A wireless terminal may have the same function as the remote control input system, it may be used as the remote key and the door opening and closing operation of the engine start button.


Introduction Before There Was a Hitler Adolf Hitler, America, and the World The Plan to Bomb America The Race to Build the America Bomber Rockets, Missiles, and the Nazi ICBM U-Boats to America Target: New York City Dr. Sanger's Space Bomber Invasion from the South Italy Targets New York Why They Failed


VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford UniversityDespite the availability of specialty posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) care withinDepartment of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities, many VA patients with PTSD do notseek needed PTSD treatment. This study examined institutional and stigma-relatedbarriers to care among a large diverse group of Vietnam and Iraq/Afghanistan veteranswho had been diagnosed with PTSD by a VA provider. A total of 490 patients who hadnot received VA treatment for PTSD in the previous 2 years (31% response rate) wereasked about psychological symptoms and reasons for not using care. Stigma relatedbarriers (concerns about social consequences and discomfort with help-seeking) wererated as more salient (rated in the "slightly" to "moderately" problematic range) thaninstitutional factors (not "tting into" VA care, staff skill and sensitivity, and logisticbarriers; rated in the "not at all" to "slightly" problematic range). Regression analysesrevealed that younger age and White females were associated with higher ratings on nottting into VA health care, whereas non-White males were associated with higherratings on logistic barriers. PTSD symptoms were positively associated with perceivedbarriers to care, with the most consistent results observed for PTSD avoidance symp-toms. Magnitude of effects was generally small, suggesting the possibility that otherfactors not assessed in this study may also contribute to perceptions of barriers to care.Future research should attend to the effects of stigma, as well as institutional barriersto care, on VA mental health treatment seeking.Keywords:


Abstract:Mining the wealth of new information about manuscript preparation and circulation in the Manos database (manos.net) and about the authorship of theater texts in the CATCOM (catcom.uv.es) portal, this article proposes a comprehensive assessment of the literary career of Andrés de Claramonte. Data analysis rooted in the Manos and CATCOM sites allows for a thorough reconsideration of the staging and manuscript circulation of Claramonte's plays during the seventeenth century. Three points of inquiry underpin my examination. First, I search for evidence of autograph manuscripts by Claramonte. In turn, I survey the indications of his success writing comedias and autos sacramentales, where the professional relationships he established with several theatrical companies between 16l7 and his death in 1626 are of particular interest. Finally, I consider Claramonte's enduring popular appeal after his death.


Abstract The goal of life extending control (LEC) is to enhance structural durability of complex mechanical systems, such as aircraft, spacecraft, and energy conversion devices, without incurring any significant loss of performance. This paper presents a concept of robust life-extending controller design for reusable rocket engines, similar to the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), via damage mitigation in both fuel and oxidiser turbines while achieving the required performance for transient responses of the main combustion chamber pressure and the oxidant/fuel mixture ratio. The design procedure makes use of a combination of linear robust control synthesis and nonlinear optimisation techniques. Results of simulation experiments on the model of a reusable rocket engine are presented to this effect.


In a retrospective clinical peritonsillar abscess study, we reviewed 215 cases—169 men and 46 women from 8 to 85 years old (median: 34.5)—hospitalized and treated between January 2001 and December 2009. Of these, 111 (51.6%) were affected on the right side, 99 (46.0%) on the left, and 5 (2.3%) bilaterally. Abscess formed in the superior poles of 192 (89.3%), the inferior of 19 (8.8%), and bilaterally in 4 (1.9%). The smoking ratio was 78.6% in men and 48.7% in women. Bacteriological examination in 127 showed etiological bacteria of 107 strains—70 aerobic—mostly S. milleri (41.4%) and S. pyogenes (31.4%)—and the remainder anaerobic—Bacteroides (29.7%), Porphyromonas (29.7%), and Peptostreptococcus (21.6%). The ratio of antibiotic bacteria resistance was 22.4% to PIPC, 5.6% to FMOX, 11.2% to CLDM, 6.5% to LVFX, and none to IPM/CS. Of our subjects, 141 (65.6%) were treated by incision, 34 (15.8%) by puncture, 38 (17.7%) by antibiotics, and 2 (1.0%) by abscess tonsillectomy. Antibiotics used most often were FMOX combined with CLDM. Among our 28 subjects (13.7%) undergoing tonsillectomy—2 abscess and 26 interval—69.2% felt that acute peritonsillar abscess throat pain was severer than postoperative tonsillectomy pain. Peritonsillar abscess recurred in 26 (12.7%), with younger subjects outnumbering older in tonsillectomy and recurrence of peritonsillar abscess. We recommend tonsillectomy after acute inflammatory healing in those with peritonsillar abscess recurrence and habitual angina.


With tongue in cheek, the author applauds the accounta bilify advocates for their efforts. His real message comes through loud and clear.


In this article, the author trys to apply the vague reliability favourable theory into practice, using the efficiency of whirllevel transmission and core-distance of a certain speed-alteration machine as the target function, choosing necessary designing parameters and taking modified hereditary accounting to carry out the vague reliable and favourable design of whilrlevel transmission. It results in comparatively better function of restraining the whole, and its speed and stability is enhanced, compared to the traditional designing methods, the core-distance of whirllevel speed-alteration machine is lowered 30.6%, the relevant gliding speed is descended 10.16%, synthesized winding efficiency is accreted 17.35%.


Abstract: The complex character of distillery wastewater comprises high concentrations of sugars, hemicelluloses, lignin, dextrans, resins, polyphenols and organic acids which are recalcitrant to biodegradation. Microorganisms play a key role in the production and degradation of organic matter, environmental pollutants, and cycling of nutrients and metals. Due to their short life cycles microbes respond rapidly to external nutrient loading, with major consequences for the stability of biological systems. Microbial biodiversity may consequently be considered as predictive and management tool in wetland ecosystems. We evaluated the feasibility of wetlands to treat winery and distillery effluents in experimental systems based on constructed wetlands, including down-scaled on-site distillery wetlands, small-scale controlled greenhouse systems, and bench-scale mesocosms. Chemical, visual and molecular fingerprinting (t-RFLP) techniques were applied to study the dynamics of planktonic and attached (biofilm) communities at various points in wetlands of different size, retention time and geological substrate, and under influence of shock nutrient loadings. Variable-Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy (VP-SEM) was applied to hydrated samples from experimental wetlands to visualize microbial colonization, morphotype diversity and distribution, and 3D architecture facilitating interaction of microbial taxa. Methods: Experimental Wetlands varying in size (two of 45x6m, three of 6x3m), geological substrate (gravel, sand), and retention time (14d for 45m [1 sand, 1 gravel], and 4.5d, 9d and 18d for 6m [all gravel] respectively) were constructed onsite at a distillery, planted with Typha and Phragmytes spp, and fed with distillery wastewater (COD < 12,000 mg/l). Mesocosms ( 20cm x 15cm x 15 cm, perspex) allowing control of environmental conditions, were filled with gravel similar to the natural down-scaled wetlands. A COD-shock load of 24,000 mg/l, as well as variation in light and darkness, were applied to evaluate the responsiveness of biofilm communities to environmental fluctuations. Molecular, Visual and Chemical characterization: Planktonic and biofilm communities were characterized molecularly with t-RFLP, using restriction enzymes Alu1and Rsa1 (Du Plessis 2006, PhD dissertation). Visualization with VP-SEM was applied in Variable Pressure mode at 50-60Pa, using BSE detection at 15 kV. COD was determined with the Reflux Titrimetric method (Amer Public Health Association 1998). Microbial Community development over Time Figure 4. SEM micrographs illustrate the rapid microbial colonization of gravel in wetland systems, and morphotype diversity in the resultant biofilms. Initial sparse colonization by pioneering species (Wk1) is rapidly followed by biofilm proliferation and EPS development (Wk3+) over the ensuing weeks, with the stratified appearance of the biofilm architecture visible in cases where cracks in the biofilm appear. Microcolonies of yeast (Y) and bacteria (B) are closely associated, with algae (A), fungi, protists (P) and diatoms(D) forming superficial layers covering EPS-enveloped microbial layers. This study paves the way for application of SEM-ISH (In Situ Hybridization) with nanogold-labelled oligonucleotide probes enabling potential identification of microbial taxa. T-RFLP fingerprinting of dominant restriction fragments (applying restriction enzyme Alu1) from biofilms in the mesocosm gravel during the early stages of development and in response to a COD shock at Wk 8, show the sequential nature of community development and the notable change in community structure that persisted beyond 3 weeks after the shock, in contrast to restoring function over the period (as indicated by stable COD removal, Fig 2)


Based on the in-depth interviews with chief physicians,pre-operation anesthetists,advanced clinical nurses and female patients who have experienced plastic surgery to restore the defects in their bodies,it is found that women with bodily defects have achieved the double restoration of body and soul after the plastic surgery and have regained their identies so that they can enter the normal social space. It is hoped that with their efforts,they may engage in normal interpersonal communication and have proper behaviors in the social space. It is also hoped that the public should understaqnd and accept this group of woman from the bottom of their hearts.


DEVELOPMENT Revisiting World-Systems Analysis in Understanding Development Marinko Bobic Does the Primary Condition for a Sustainable Human Development Meet the Feasibility Condition of Cost-Benefit Analysis? Hasnat Dewan Crossing Borders: Academe and Cultural Agency in Agricultural Research Robert W. Blake, Elvira E. Sanchez-Blake, and Debra A. Castillo Subordinated Inclusion: The Developmental State and the Dalit Colonies of Southern Kerala K. M. Pramod Impact of Labor Law Enhancement in China on Development and Its Implications for Global Development Theory Marguerite Marlin and Scott Nicholas Romaniuk Persistence of Italian Mafia: Violent Entrepreneurs in Developed States Marinko Bobic Bridging Worlds: Academe and Cultural Agency in Southern Mexico Robert W. Blake, Elvira E. Sanchez-Blake, and Debra A. Castillo A New Index to Measure Group Inequalities in Human Development for Sustainability Hasnat Dewan Coordination Failure in Global Common Pool Governance? Jan-Erik Lane Bernard Stiegler on Agricultural Innovation Pieter Lemmens HUMAN RIGHTS Foreign Aid and Human Rights: Putting Investment into Perspective Sebastian D. T. Jedicke and Scott Nicholas Romaniuk Discrimination and Hate: Overcriminalization or New Normativity? Charis Papacharalambous Work Discrimination against Women Employees in Malaysia Zaiton Othman and Nooraini Othman Employee Rights: The Equity-Equality Conflict as a Dilemma in the Management of Reward Systems Steen Scheuer Securing the Future of the Community: Child Protection in ASEAN Palapan Kampan and Adam R. Tanielian Researching International Humanitarian Law: A Decision-Making Process Model for Operationalizing State Practice Matthew T. Zommer Gender Conjectures and Politics of Land Right Deprivation in South-Eastern Nigeria Amaka Theresa Emordi and Emeka Thaddeus Njoku Monitoring the Right to Health: The Political, Social, and Ethical Impact of Patient Satisfaction Emmanuel Kabengele Mpinga and Philippe Chastonay The Application of the French, English, and Dutch Notions of Citizenship on the Criminal Law Approach toward Female Genital Mutilation Renee Kool and Sohail Wahedi "You Just Don't See Us": The Influence of Public Schema on Constructions of Sexuality by People with Cerebral Palsy Tinashe M. Dune


Approved: ____________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________ Title and Department ____________________________________ Date 1 ANALYSES OF ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION AND RECOMBINATION RATE VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA


Abstract— Robotics and automation (RA) technology has played important roles along its supply chain in Thailand. The RA roles primarily support industries such as enhancing productivity and raising quality of life. They have positive effects on macro-economy, society, and education. Their performance are managed using a few measures (i.e. financial and non-financial perspectives) often generated by a strategic map. It is designed through a tool of balanced scorecard (BSC). However, BSC is criticized as limitations because of unidirectional causality and internal focus. They are overcome by a causal linkage-based strategic map design along the RA supply chain. Its conceptual framework is proposed in this paper purposing to causally link the RA strategies to performance. The causal linkages contribute to identify their root causes leveraging the RA vision and mission. This contribution is useful for policy makers to set RA strategies interrelated systematically along the supply chain stages.


The aim of this study is to examine the effect that trade credit investment has on firms' profitability. The characteristics of this relationship have not been dealt with in depth for manufacturing firms. We use panel data for a total of 227 Vietnamese publicly listed manufacturing firms for the period 2005–2017. Different econometric estimation techniques such as the feasible generalized least squares, fixed effects and random effects and different calculation of firm performance such as non market-based measure (return on assets) and market-based measure (Tobin's q) are employed to validate the consistent results. The robust results confirm a statistically significant inverted U-shaped relationship between trade credit investment and profitability.


Influenza related morbidity and mortality is higher in immunosuppressive patients. In this paper, four pandemic influenza cases have been described who had been hospitalized in a hematology and oncology unit. Three of the cases acquired pandemic influenza as a nosocomial infection. The sources of transmissions were an infected medical student in two of the cases. One of the cases acqu- ired infection from a patient sharing the same room. All of the patients developed pneumonia and diagnosis of influenza was confir- med by PCR method. All of cases have been initiated to oseltamivir treatment. One of the patients died due to the uncontrolled pri- mary disease. Oseltamivir use was terminated after five days of treatment in other cases. In patients hospitalized for the manage- ment of hematological malignancy, influenza should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neutropenic fever especially in the influenza season, and empirical antiviral therapy should be initiated in cases with influenza-like syndrome. To prevent nosocomial


The present study compared the relative effectiveness of two interventions in the treatment of marital discord, a cognitive behavioral intervention, teaching problem solving s k i l l s , and an experiential intervention, focussing on emotional experiences underlying interaction patterns. Forty-five couples seeking therapy were randomly assigned to one of these two treatments or a wait l i s t control group. Each treatment was administered in eight sessions by six experienced therapists whose interventions were monitored and rated to ensure treatment f i d e l i t y . Results indicated that the perceived strength of the working alliance between couples and therapist and general therapist effectiveness were equivalent across treatment groups, and that both treatment groups made significant gains over untreated controls on measures of goal attainment, marital adjustment, intimacy levels and target complaint reduction. Further, the effects of the experiential treatment were superior to those of the cognitive behavioral treatment on marital adjustment, intimacy, and target complaint level. At follow-up, marital adjustment scores in the experiential group were s t i l l significantly higher than in the cognitive behavioral group.


The dramatic expansion during the 1980s of state judicial modifications to the at-will employment doctrine has resulted in bills concerning wrongful discharge being introduced in over thirty legislatures. Bills have been drafted to give employees just-cause protection against dismissal, with others being introduced on narrower issues of wrongful discharge. Legislators have requested guidance toward forging a balanced statute, which the Model Employment Termination Act (META) provides. This article considers (1) the failure of the common law and the public policy exception to protect employees from unjust termination, (2) the reasons why a statutory act is needed, (3) the role of the National Conference of Uniform Law Commissioners in drafting META, (4) the advantages of META over the existing system, and (5) some political and legislative obstacles that must be overcome for its enactment. The article concludes that META enables legislatures to act fairly and reasonably in adopting an act that will protect most American workers from discharge without good cause, without placing employers at a competitive disadvantage.


Nowadays, we recognize as one has to learn more effective communication skills to be prepare with the global competitive power. At this point of time, it takes an increasing interest in facial expressions and images, and it has become one of communicational tools. The concept of a personal image is seriously considered as a point of differences in personal behavior. Today is called as a generation of external image and people put enormous effort to keep their image to be clean and neat. This research is purpose to give self-confidence to people whose have inherent pigmentation troubles, Ota's nevus, nevus flammeusand so on, by naturally covering various imperfections. In this study, it analyses the differences between basic everyday make-up and the color therapeutic make-up in parallel with actual practice research by using the basic colors and special camouflage colors which take a big part of image expression. Also, this report refers to previous researches and studies. It has limited the main subject to the Ota's nevus and nevus flammeus. In the current beauty industry, people are extensively demanded total co-ordination. And the camouflage color therapy is the first step of cosmetic concept care for those who incurable patients. To the people who needed camouflage therapy, it improves one's charms, social confidence and healthy looking character. The camouflage patients are usually get it done at the medical center; however, it is not exactly the doctor's field. Therefore, the therapy is not clear enough to look as natural as it can be. And the most of medical center is not affordable for hiring professional camouflage make-up technician. From now on, the educational institutes with beauty major should scale up and deepen the camouflage therapy studies to offer more effective information to those who suffered from pigmentation regarded problems. Furthermore, hopefully the new and growing industry will produce another job opening for the students.


Recently, copolymers have been often used as favorable supports for immobilizing enzymes, which are more stable against physical abrasion or chemical corrosion and exhibited more functional importance than homopolymers. Hence, it is expected that the enzymic properties of the immobilized amylases are improved by using a copolymer-support. This communication is concerned with the preparation and properties of immobilized GA covalently attached to alternative acrylonitrile-butadiene (AB) copolymer


Mean-field dynamo equations are addressed with the aid of the path integral method. The evolution of magnetic field is treated as a three-dimensional Wiener random process, and the mean magnetic-field equations are obtained with the Wiener integrals taken over all the trajectories of the fluid particles. The form of the equations is just the same as the conventional mean-field equations, but here the equations are derived with the velocity field realisation affected by the force exerted by the magnetic field. In this sense, we derive nonlinear dynamo equations.


1H NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray analysis and computer modelling have been used to explore the conformational preferences in five series of 1,5-benzodioxepine and 1,5- and 4,1-benzoxathiepine derivatives.


AbstractBig data has emerged as an attractive concept in various industry domains. For power engineering, enormous amounts of data from different devices, different geographical locations of the po...


In order to develop methods of plasma injection for removing pollutants such as NOx and SOx contained in combustion exhaust gas, the authors have investigated radical formation in Ar and N2 arc plasma. It has already been concluded that the NOx removal efficiency has a maximum value in the low range of plasma power. In this paper for the purpose of further savings of the electrical energy in practical use, N2 gas is excited by passing through a corona discharge tube in a high-voltage field, and produced nitrogen radicals are mixed with simulated exhaust gas (N2+O2+CO2+H2O+NO) to reduce the NOx contained in gas. The O2 and H2O contents have no effect on the NOx reduction, and CO gas from CO2 is not generated. The NOx reduction ratio of about 10% is obtained by N2 corona discharge under the input power of 30 watts.


The Prophet Unarmed. BY ISAAC DEUTSCHER. (New York: Oxford University Press. 1959. Pp. xii, 490. $9.50.) It will be a long time before the scholar's interest in the first ten years of the Russian revolution will be sated. Every work dealing with hitherto neglected facets of this turbulent period is a welcome addition to the rapidly growing literature in the field of Soviet history and politics. What makes this period so fascinating to political scientists? Why do so many writers dealing with sundry topics seem to get stuck in the 1920s? The reason is not only that source materials for the early years of the revolution are more abundant or at least more accessible than for the subsequent decades. Much rather, I suspect, it is because Soviet society in those years was more heterogeneous; and for this reason there was more debate, there were more issues, there was more politics. The vast corporate structure facing us today had not even begun to form itself. All was flux and uncertainty and creative destruction. Because of this, finally, the main actors appear far more interesting, alive, or human to us than the businesslike organization men of the present-day Soviet power elite; and one of the most fascinating personalities of all the men and women who helped make the Russian revolution was L. D. Trotsky, the hero of Isaac Deutscher's trilogy, of which the present volume relating Trotsky's life between 1921 and 1929, is the second. The third and last one is to cover Trotsky's life in exile. Deutscher's book is a brilliant and perceptive history of the Russian Communist Party during the period of the great discussions and bitter power struggles raging from the end of the Civil War to the triumph of Stalin over the Left Oppositions. To be sure, it is party history told from the point of view of one who deliberately sets out to set the record straight about Trotsky's contributions to the history of the Russian revolution, about his brilliant leadership and prophetic foresight, and about his loyalty to the movement which ignominiously cast him out. About the need for such a history there can be no doubt. Trotsky, the popular hero of 1905 and the mastermind of the October uprising, the organizer and chief strategist of the Red Army and, in the eyes of many, the then heir-presumptive to the position of party leader, has been much maligned, not only by the Stalinists who eliminated him from their party, but also by almost everyone outside the bolshevik party whom he himself had previously helped to eliminate from the Russian political scene. A full account of his life and his contributions to the history of Soviet Russia has been long overdue. One might disagree with Deutscher over some of his emphases. For instance, he makes too much of Trotsky's prophetic insight; even though some phrases jotted down thirty-odd years ago ring amazingly true today, they were tossed off incidentally in journalistic, albeit brilliant fashion. We should take them no more seriously than their author did. Nor was Trotsky one of the outstanding literary critics of Soviet society in his timer or as brilliant an economist as Deutscher makes him out to be. Deutscher is not blind to some of his hero's shortcomings, but he nonetheless magnifies his stature and thereby also tends to diminish those of his remarkable entourage, however interesting the sketches may be which he makes of some of the outstanding Soviet politicians.


Guidelines were presented for the development and evaluation of sampling and analytical methods for airborne contaminants. Steps included selection of compounds for method development and evaluation, development of the sampling and analytical method, evaluation of the method, preparation of a written version of the method, and preparation of a technical report on the development and evaluation. During method development the analyte was identified, a literature search was performed to determine measurement and evaluation concentration ranges, physical and chemical properties, information about the use of the analyte and method availability. During method evaluation, several steps were performed including the recovery of the analyte from the medium, stability of analyte on the sampling medium, stability of the sampling medium itself, sample generation, capacity of the sampler, sampling and analysis evaluation, pressure drop across the sampler, sample stability, precision, bias, and accuracy. In the documentation stage the final report was developed and the format for presenting the analytical method defined.


We describe the new version of the Monte Carlo event generator WOPPER for four fermion production through W-pairs including resummed leading logarithmic QED radiative corrections. Among the new features included are singly resonant background diagrams and anomalous triple gauge boson couplings.


What is a good political system? Using Robert S. Hartman's Formal Axiology and David Easton's concept of a political system, political scientists can now empirically assess the goodness of any political system in the world. These systems can be compared, and determinations made as to which is 'good,' 'better,' and 'best' – or 'worst.' With Formal Axiology's Value Calculus, comparative political systems, public policies, and public laws can be rated with math-like clarity. The old Fact/Value divide is bridged. Contrary to Humeian dogma, values can be understood and explained just as clearly as can factual matters. Let 'x' be an object, and 'C' a classification. Then factual determinations begin with the question 'is x a C?' I.e., does this thing fit within the category? Using the same kind of intellectual operation, value determinations can be made by asking 'is x a good C'? I.e., does this thing fit within the category well? Since the determination can be quantified, quantity becomes the measure of quality.A new era for political science has begun.


The invention relates to the field of bridge engineering, in particular to a construction method for a continuous beam and arch combination bridge. The continuous beam and arch bridge comprises a continuous beam body and an arch rib, wherein the arch rib is fixedly arranged on the continuous beam body. The construction method for the continuous beam and arch combination bridge is characterized by at least comprising the following steps that the continuous beam body utilizes a hanging bucket cantilever to perform pouring and constructing, meanwhile, the arch rib utilizes an ectopic bridge site to perform assembling, and the arch rib can be longitudinally moved to the bridge site after construction of the continuous beam body is finished and arranged and fixed on the continuous beam body through an arch base. The construction method for the continuous beam and arch combination bridge has the advantages of effectively reducing a working period, improving working efficiency, reducing risks, reducing potential safety hazards of a lower passage at a spanning position to the maximum.


This research is aimed to determine the increase in student learning achievement toward the implementation of Osborn learning model on the subject of rate of reaction. This research was conducted at Muhammadiyah 1 Pekanbaru on class XI MIA SMA. The research is an experimental study with randomized control group pretest-posttest design. The sample of the study was students of class XI M IA 3 as an experimental class and students in class XI M IA 4 as a control class. The experimental class was applied to the Osborn learning model, while the control class was not treated. The data analysis technique used was the t-test. Based on the results of the data analysis test t count > t table is 9,141 > 1.67 0 , meaning that the application of Osborn's learning model can improve student learning achievement on the subject of rate of reaction in class XI M IA SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Pekanbaru.


Acknowledgements: Paper presented at Rethinking Interdisciplinarity, An online seminar supported by the C.N.R.S. project Society of Information, and moderated by Gloria Origgi and Christophe Heintz. December 1, 2003. We would like to thank the Atlantic Philanthropies for their generous funding of the Interdisciplinary Studies Project and the many researchers whom we interviewed for their illuminating insights.


Objective To study the influence of different spatial arrangements of two implants on stress distribution at implant-bone interface in the mandibular molar region of double-implant restoration models.Methods Five models of mandibular first molar of double implant-supported with different spatial arrangements were constructed by using threedimensional finite element method.Implant-bone interface stresses in these models were studied.Results The stresses in model D and E were slightly higher when compared with model A,B and C.But the differences of stress values were not statistically significant.Conclusion As for doubleimplant which supported mandibular first molar,the two implants tapered(10 degree) can benefit the retention and support of implants.


Based on integration of FTA and FMEA with QFD,it presents a new method for maintenance configuration. Firstly,it analyzes the importance degree of the effect factors. Then it builds the house of quality for assuring maintenance between maintenance technical features and maintenance indexes of product components,and obtains the objective function. The experiment results of a high-speed spindle verify the method.


We prove the existence of infinitely many solutions to a semilinear Dirichlet boundary value problem in a ball for a nonlinearity g(u) that grows subcritically for u positive and supercritically for u negative.


New chiral-at-metal ruthenium indenyl PPh3 phosphoramidite allenylidene complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Through thermal ligand-exchange reactions with [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)2], the phosphoramidite ligands (R)-binol-N,N-dimethylphosphoramidite (5a), (R)-binol-N,N-dibenzylphosphoramidite (5b), (R,S)-binol-N-benzyl-N-α-methylbenzylphosphoramidite (5c), and (R)-catechol-2-methylpyrrolidinephosphoramidite [(R)-10] were converted into the complexes [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(L)] [L = 5a, 79 %; 5b, 87 %; 5c, 80 %, (R)-10, 67 %]. The complexes [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(5b)] and [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(5c)] were obtained diastereomerically pure and, by reaction with propargylic alcohols, subsequently converted into the allenylidene complexes [Ru(Ind)(PPh3)(5b)(=C=C=CRR′)]+ PF6– (R = R′ = Ph, 85 %; R = Ph, R′ = Me, 66 %; R = 2-furyl, R′ = Me, 94 %; R = R′ = 4-fluorophenyl, 76 %; R = 4-methoxyphenyl, R′ = Me, 66 %) and [Ru(Ind)(PPh3)(5c)(=C=C=CRR′)]+ PF6– (R = R′ = Ph, 91 %; R = Ph, R′ = Me, 72 %; R = 2-furyl, R′ = Me, 93 %), which were also obtained diastereomerically pure. Complex [RuCl(Ind)(PPh3)(5b)] and three of the new allenylidene complexes were characterized structurally, which showed that the chiral information was transferred from the precursor complex to the corresponding allenylidenes. Dynamic NMR experiments showed that during the synthesis of allenylidene complexes only one diastereomer was formed. The research presented herein has an impact on the chemistry of chiral allenylidene complexes as catalysts and as potential intermediates in propargylic substitution reactions.


In this paper we propose software engineering sub-ontology. We called it application-specific ontology, for specific software development. It enables remote team members browsing, searching, sharing, and authoring ontological data under the distributed software engineering projects environment. We transform explicit meaningful human knowledge into application-specific ontology, where knowledge structures and semantics are linked, and we go through a formal hand-shaking agreement establishing process before the semantic contents are updated in ontology repositories. The application-specific ontology is used for communication over project agreement to facilitate better, highly consistent communications and formalized domain knowledge sharing. We assume that object-oriented development is deployed in the distributed projects. The knowledge of object-oriented development formed in the application-specific ontology clarifies the object-oriented development concepts in a machine understandable form. Software agent, for example, can be utilised to extract information


This paper, presented at a scientific conference convened on the 100th birthday of Professor I. S. Shchukin, founder and former head of the Geomorphology Department at Moscow University, traces the development of large-scale geomorphological mapping there. Contributions of scholars in the Department in establishing the theoretical foundations and applications of geomorphological mapping are described, and include development and standardization of map legends and elaboration of new methods of portraying relief according to the specific purposes of a map (oil and gas exploration, exposition of tectonic structure, coastal analysis, provision of multi-purpose information about the continental shelf, placer mineral exploration, and prediction of the location of potential deposits of ore minerals). Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1986, No. 4, pp. 58–64.


This experiment is a case study toward PT. Selecta Batu with the title "Job Evaluation in Assessing Efficiency and Effectivity in Selling Function of PT. Selecta.". Objective of this experiment is to evaluate (operational) activity of the company particularly in selling division whether it already appropriate with the standard procedure and also to assess the efficiency and effectivity level of selling function toward PT. Selecta goals. During the assessment over selling efficiency, it used operating ratio analysis and gross margin ratio analysis. While to calculate effectivity, it used difference analysis that is, looking for difference between selling budget and selling realization (is it material or not). From the analysis result above the author may conclude that this company generally is not efficient yet. It is caused since the selling cost is quite high and even in the particular year has reaching quite significant percentage. Based on the above conclusion, author could implement that it better look out solution concerning higher selling cost which affect the efficiency and effectivity level. Besides, there should be expert in marketing forces in planning and implementing marketing and promotion strategy of the company.


Job satisfaction is one of the crucial elements in organizational reengineering and it is an important achievement in the adult developmental process including career that dominant by men. The current study was established to determine the relationship between occupational stress, work locus of control, masculine ideology and job satisfaction among male personnel in Lumut Naval Base, Malaysia. A total of 470 respondents were recruited from this main Naval Base in Malaysia using systematic random sampling. The level of occupational stress was measured using Job Related Tension Index by Kahn, et. al (1964), while work locus of control and masculinity ideology were measured using Work Locus of Control Scale (Spector, 1988) and Male Role Norm Inventory-Revised (Lavent, et. al, 1997) respectively. On the other
hand, job satisfaction was measured using Job Satisfaction Survey (Spector 1985). Job satisfaction was determined based on nine facets namely pay, promotion, supervision, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, operating procedures, co-workers, nature of work, and communication. Results showed that the majority (63.0%) of Male navy personnel in Lumut Naval Base exhibited ambivalence job satisfaction.
Respondents reported least satisfaction with the operating procedures (M = 12.70) and being more satisfied with nature of work (M = 18.04). This study also found a significant relationship between occupational stress and work locus of control on job satisfaction. Besides that, one-way ANOVA analysis found a significant difference of job satisfaction between job classification with Officers being most satisfied as compared to Junior Rank. Finally, multiple regression analysis yielded a multiple coefficient of determination R2 of 0.376 which means that only 37.6% of variation in the job satisfaction was explained by the predictors. Occupational stress was the most significant predictor in determining job satisfaction. Enhancing organizational behaviour and maintaining empowerment of men are unique features of the military that need to be made sense of, interpreted and understood so that the Malaysian Navy can attain world class levels in the future.


The conformal properties of the heat kernel expansion are used to determine the local form of the coefficients in a manifold with boundary. The conformal transformation of the effective action is obtained. A novel derivation of the boundary term in the Gauss–Bonnet–Chern theorem is detailed.


People have a limited mobility pattern to go to work or school in the same path at the almost same time each day. The study on finding human mobility pattern shows that the mobile phone users eventually return to the designated place even if they move to various places. It also finds out 93% potential predictability in user mobility. In the cellular network, several schemes are proposed to effectively find the mobile node (MN) using regularly repeated mobility characteristic. If the mobility characteristic, which is a limited travel pattern, integrates with Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), it can reduce the handover latency by predicting the next Mobile Access Gateway (nMAG). In the proposed scheme, the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) keeps the movement history of an MN, and predicts the nMAG by comparison between the current location of the MN and the previous location. In the performance evaluation, we compare the proposed scheme with PMIPv6 using the mathematical modeling. The performance evaluation results show the proposed scheme reduces the handover latency up to 28% compared with that of PMIPv6.


This article examines the policy environment as a context for infant development by drawing on the perspectives of Urie Bronfenbrenner, Arnold Sameroff, Desmond Runyan, Robert Hill, Alfred Kamerman, Sheila Kahn, and Eugene Steuerle and his colleagues. The author suggests that in the United States of America today, one of the greatest risks to the healthy development of young children may be the risk of the loss or disruption of important caregiving relationships. The concepts of social forces, social policies, and policy change are used as a framework to consider how the development of individual infants, within their caregiving relationships, may be shaped by the policy environment.


Uncertainty was not only found in conventional banks but also in Islamic banks. Financing risks in Islamic banks can occur because Islamic banks have made some modifications to sharia contracts used for financing to adjust general business of banks environments. Thus Islamic banks, like conventional ones, face risks and business issues. This study discusses how risk management at Bank Islam poses a risk to financial difficulties probability. This study will explain that Islamic banks should establish a risk management system by its functionality and complexity of the banks, and the system provides bank's risk management organization that suits with sharia principle to at least be able to avoid financial distress conditions.


The Ekos study reports that Canadians both north and south see environmental security and social security as key elements in protecting the Canadian Arctic. National security, while still seen as important, does not seem to be a leading priority. Nevertheless, Canadians from all regions say that the Arctic should be the primary focus of Canada's military and foreign policy. Therefore, while Arctic security is an issue that respondents believe needs to be addressed, they do not want it to be done at the expense of these other priorities.


In order to build up the best suitable model to Chinese situation,the typical U.S.Bureau of Public Roads(BPR) function is improved based on the congestion and the influencing factors of road impedance such as speed limit,number of lanes,density of intersections,density of bus stops and saturation.On the basis of the actual data collection from different main roads of Dalian City,the time impedance functions of different roads(expressway,trunk road,secondary trunk road and branch road) in central Dalian City are calculated using SPSS software.Then,the contrastive analysis of calculation results between improved BPR function and traditional BPR function is performed.In order to apply the road impedance function in traditional 4-step model,the daily impedance conversion coefficient is calculated,which can reflect the relationship between time impedance function and daily impedance function.


To explore the diagnostic method in assessing the malignancy of pulmonary adenocarcinoma characterized by ground glass opacities (GGO) on computed tomography (CT).


When the revolving chamber automatic mechanism fires, it is required to reserve a gap between the revolving chamber bushing and its bushing hole to move back and forth to realize the gunpowder gas sealing performance between the barrel bushing and the revolving chamber bushing. Its gas leakage failure modes mainly include the radial gap gas leakage between the revolving chamber bushing and its bushing hole as well as the transverse gap gas leakage between the end surfaces of the two bushings. Aiming at the two typical gas leakage failure modes, the analysis models of the revolving chamber bushing radial clearance and the transverse clearance of the end surfaces of the two bushings are established respectively. Combining with the load such as chamber pressure, the gas sealing performance is analyzed, the effects of unilateral clearance, groove and pushing force acting outer diameter on the gas sealing performance are analyzed, and the optimal design scheme of the gas sealing performance is put forward. Taking the maximum instantaneous flow as the evaluation index, the gas sealing performance of the revolving chamber automatic mechanism is improved by more than 30%. The research has important reference value for the design of gas sealing structure of revolving chamber gun.


The goal of this study is to examine if depressive symptoms and behaviour problems are linked to students' degree of participation in extracurricular activities and their risk of dropping out of high school. The degree to which students participate in extracurricular activities is measured by the number of hours they spend in these activities. The risk of school dropout is measured by the level of parental commitment in the activities regarding school, the attitudes of the youth toward the school, their perception of their level of success at school, their school aspirations and the level of parental supervision. During two consecutive years, 2,094 youth (53% of girls) from the first to the third grades of secondary school (Grades 7 to 9 in USA) completed a survey with a school dropout screening software (Logiciel de depistage du decrochage scolaire - Fortin & Potvin, 2007), which provided the data for the present study. In the tested models, the results indicate that neither the depressive symptoms, nor the behaviour problems act as mediators on the relation between participation in extracurricular activities and school dropout. Yet, the results demonstrate that the intensity of participation in extracurricular activities predicts a decrease of the risk of school dropout for the following year. These results differ, however, according to the activity type and youth's gender. Keywords: Risk of school dropout, extracurricular activities, adolescents, depressive symptoms, behaviour problems.


Questions
Within a metacommunity, what determines how local species composition differs from the regional community? How do local conditions and landscape context affect this differentiation in wetland vegetation?

Location
Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia.

Methods
We sampled native vegetation across 26 hydrological gradients in a wetland metacommunity within a heavily cleared agricultural landscape. We used the local contribution to beta diversity to quantify how species composition at each site differed from the average across all sites. We hypothesised that local contribution to beta diversity would respond to assembly processes (niche, biological interactions, dispersal) through effects on the species-turnover- and richness-difference components of beta diversity. We used beta regression to model local contribution to beta diversity, building a candidate set of 55 models, each incorporating one of the assembly processes. We used standardised regression coefficients to measure effect size, and null models to explore diversity patterns further.

Results
While variation in among-site niche dimensions were influential, the strongest control on local contribution to beta diversity was a negative association with the number of wetlands within 200 m. Null models showed this was because common species were over-represented in well-connected sites within the metacommunity, while rare species were under-represented.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate the homogenisation of native plant species composition in well-connected wetlands, consistent with theoretical predictions of declining beta diversity when connectivity is high. We recommend comparative analysis of local species composition to regional average diversity to evaluate the role of wetland connectivity in homogenisation of composition before conservation or restoration priorities are assigned.

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Teaching guidance and supervision in higher vocational colleges is an important component of supervising the teaching quality in a college.This paper analyzes the pattern and content selection of supervision,ways to correctly deal with the relationship between supervisors in college and second-level institute,and the interaction of supervision and guidance.Futuremore,it puts forward some attitudes and proposals on how to develop the excitability and guidance quality on the construction of supervision evaluation system and improve the quality of supervision.


We report the direct observation of hot carriers generated by Auger recombination via photoluminescence spectroscopy on tailored (AlGaIn)N multiple quantum well (QW) structures containing alternating green and ultra-violet (UV) emitting (GaIn)N QWs. Optically pumping solely the green QWs using a blue emitting high power laser diode, carrier densities similar to electrical light-emitting diode (LED) operation were achieved, circumventing possible leakage and injection effects. This way, luminescence from the UV QWs could be observed for excitation where the emission from the green QWs showed significant droop, giving direct evidence for Auger generated hot electrons and holes being injected into the UV QWs. An examination of the quantitative relation between the intensity of the UV luminescence and the amount of charge carriers lost due to drooping of the QWs supports the conclusion that Auger processes contribute significantly to the droop phenomenon in (AlGaIn)N based light-emitting diodes.


Aerosol products combine convenience of use, various possible applications and high performance. Thanks to these features, a steady increase in their sales is observed on the global market. Yearly, over 15 billions units are globally produced and among this more than 5,5 billions are made in Europe [1, 2]. An integral part of the aerosol product is its packaging. As the size of the aerosol market opens the gate for innovations, packaging components' manufacturers try to develop packaging in both construction, material, technological and marketing directions, to get the bigger share of worldwide aerosol market. The article will review the solutions which are currently used as well as the innovations in the context of aerosol packaging. It will also demonstrate the need for further development within this segment of industry.


THESE are the first two of a proposed four-volume history of Africa, heavily emphasising the modern period: vol. i extends from the beginning to 1884, vol. ii from 1884-1945. The approach is ideological. 'The most basic imperialist theories are to be unmasked by demonstrating the objective, true historical and cultural development of the peoples in the sub-Saharan region, and their immeasurable exploitation through colonial capitalism.' Scholars such as Cornevin and Oliver win grudging acknowledgment, but they are infected by late capitalist ideology, and their theories remain, as before, dangerous. Many specialist studies, for example of the roots of underdevelopment or the formation of elites, are condemned as window-dressing for neo-colonial expansion. This obsession with dogmatics leads to a strong infusion of jargon: feudal and early feudal (this latter extending at least from Sonni Ali in the 15th century to Usuman dan Fodio in the 19th), colonialist and neo-colonialist, imperialist and racist, and other such categorisations occur throughout. There is also a tendency to exhume antique theories so that these may be slain by the socialist sword. For instance, the Fulani jihad and the Sokoto caliphate together constitute probably the best documented, and most profoundly studied, episode in pre-colonial black African history. It is, therefore, surprising to find it, and other such Fulani religious movements, introduced thus: 'it is not easy to bring light into the portrayal, particularly tendentiously falsified by colonialist and neo-colonialist ideas, of the founding and development of these states.' This, however, turns out to have nothing to do with the works of Adeleye, Hiskett, Last, Oloruntimehin, and others who have in recent decades so richly advanced our knowledge of the West African theocracies; rather it is the prelude to an extended attack on Westermann, and the Hamitic hypothesis, ghosts from the past who have evidently survived longer on the other side of the iron curtain. In any such broadly ranging history there are bound to be some slips of detail, and it would be churlish to complain of these at length: but even atheist authors ought surely to know that the grave of Muhammad is not in Mecca (i. 70). The index is confined to proper names; the brief bibliography to vol. i includes several non-Marxist authors, that to vol. ii is exclusively Russian and East German, for, as the note explains, these follow the basic socialist principles of friendship, brotherhood, equality, and cooperation. I read the words, with the heavy hand of dictatorship resting upon Guinea, with Cubans now the largest body of foreign troops on African soil, with blood flowing still in Ethiopia, I read the words but I cannot understand them. But my wistful expectation that words should mean what they say betrays, no doubt, my incorrigible bourgeois prejudice. Indeed, writing this review on the day on which the physicist Yuri Orlov was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment and exile for venturing to criticise the practice of socialism in Russia, my unease may seem not merely bourgeois, but positively feudal. Even early feudal. HUMPHREY J. FISHER


Exterior grades of Douglas-fir and aspen plywood were impregnated with interior fire-retardant chemicals and redried under low-, intermediate-, and high-temperature drying conditions. Fire-retardant treatments included borax-boric acid, chromated zinc chloride, minalith, pyresote, and a commercial formulation. Drying processes included kiln and press-drying. Evaluated were drying rates and defects generated. The borax-boric acid and the commercial treatments redried at rates similar to water-treated controls. Other salt treatments were significantly slower drying and more defect prone. Chromated zinc chloride treatment was consistently the slowest drying and most defect prone. Press drying was three times faster at an equivalent temperature level. However, thickness shrinkage doubled because of 50 1b/in. platen pressure.


Pain is "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage."1 It is of considerable concern to patients undergoing total knee replacement because the procedure has the reputation of being extremely painful, and fear of this pain is frequently cited as a reason for delaying the decision to undergo surgery2. Postoperative pain is intensified by movement and has a circadian rhythm with increasing pain at night3. Failure to adequately control pain following total knee replacement induces pathophysiologic responses, which increase postoperative morbidity, hinder physiotherapy, increase anxiety, disrupt sleep patterns, and, in general, decrease patient satisfaction and recovery. Patients believe that physicians do not fully appreciate the need for perioperative pain management, and this adds to patient anxiety. Surgeons need to recognize the importance of managing pain. In addition, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has declared pain to be the "fifth vital sign" and acknowledged that patients have a "right" to adequate pain management4.

Look for this and other related articles in Instructional Course Lectures , Volume 61, which will be published by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in February 2012:

"Multimodal Pain Management with Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Total Knee Arthroplasty," by Michael R. Pagnotto, MD, and Mark W. Pagnano, MD

The trauma of surgery activates the nociceptor system, including the nociceptors in peripheral nerves and in the central nervous system. There are two types of nociceptors that transmit information. A-delta fibers are myelinated nociceptors that are activated by mechanical and thermal stimulation and provide rapid information to the central nervous system. C fibers are unmyelinated nociceptors that are activated by mechanical, chemical, and cold stimulation and are involved in the inflammatory process.

Total knee arthroplasty produces a peripheral noxious stimulus. Action potentials are propagated …


1 Assistant Surgeon, Kerala Govt. Health Service Department 2 Professor and Head, Department of Pediatrics, Govt. Medical College, Manjeri 3 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Pathology, Govt. Medical College Kozhikode Corresponding Author Dr Ajith Kumar.V.T Professor and Head, Department of Pediatrics, Govt. Medical College, Manjeri, Kerala Abstract Objectives: To study the prevalence of anemia among pre-school tribal children, to compare with the nontribal children and to identify its association with selected socio demographic variables in Kerala. Methods: Mananthavady ICDS block in Wayanad district of Kerala, which has the largest tribal population in the state was selected and a Descriptive Cross Sectional Study was conducted from December 2014 to June 2015, spanning 40 days in 20 randomly selected anganawadis. 469 children participated in the study. Hemoglobin levels were measured using standardized instruments and peripheral blood smears were examined. Socio demographic data were collected using structured questionnaire. Anemia was classified based on the hemoglobin levels, as per World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Percentages, means and associations were determined using PASW software. Results: 469 children (228 tribal and 241 non-tribal) were analyzed. 88% of the tribal children and 47% of non-tribal children were detected to have anemia. Among children with anemia, 51% had microcytic hypochromic blood picture suggestive of iron deficiency anemia. Significant correlation was seen between anemia and prematurity, low birth weight, duration of breast feeding, overcrowding and educational status of mother. Conclusion: A large proportion of preschool children in the region are having nutritional anemia owing to the inadequacy of essential micronutrients in their diet. The prevalence of anemia among the tribal preschool children is almost double compared to the non-tribal groups, which points towards the existing disparity in their standard of living. There is scope for further interventions especially among tribal population and we must ensure that necessary strategies are made based on the study to make health care services sensitive to the needs of the tribals.


2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a highly pathogenic human CoV that first emerged in Wuhan in 2019.2019-nCoV has a zoonotic origin and poses a major threat to public health.However, little is known about the viral factors contributing to the high virulence of 2019-nCoV.Many animal viruses, including CoVs, encode proteins that interfere with host gene expression, including those involved in antiviral immune responses, and these viral proteins are often major virulence factors.Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are known respiratory pathogens associated with a range of respiratory infection.In the past 17 years, the onset of 2019-nCoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have thrust HCoVs into spotlight of the research community due to their high pathogenicity in humans.The recent study of HCoVs-host interactions has contributed extensively to our understanding of infection pathogenesis of 2019-nCoV.This review discuss various host physiopathologic mechanism, such as apoptosis, innate immunity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway that may be modulated by HCoVs and provides evidence for the intensive investigate of 2019-nCoV infection.

Key words:
Human coronavirus; Apoptosis; Innate immunity; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Mitogen-activated protein; Nuclear factor kappa B


The invention discloses a special tool for test wires for telephone system maintenance. The special tool comprises a wire concentrator with four wire connection ports, as well as an alligator clip connection wire, a crystal head connection wire, a module fork connection wire and a telephone set connection wire which are connected to the four wire connection ports of the wire concentrator respectively; the four wire connection ports of the wire concentrator are communicated with one another via connection wires in the wire concentrator; the wire concentrator is provided with a cuboid housing; the four wire connection ports are correspondingly formed in the two opposite sidewalls of the housing and are connected with the alligator clip connection wire, the crystal head connection wire, the module fork connection wire and the telephone set connection wire by means of a USB (universal serial bus) interface respectively. The special tool for the test wires for telephone system maintenance disclosed by the invention has the advantages and active effects that the various special test wires are connected via the wire concentrator to realize random conversion among a plurality of functions; in this way, the test wires do not need to be frequently replaced when being used for testing different target devices, thus facilitating working.


Abstract The second Asia‐Europe (ASEM) meeting took place in London in April 1998 in very different circumstances from the first, held in Bangkok in 1996. The Europeans had then been motivated to build stronger links with rising Asian interests, addressing the developmentalist states of the region as equal and perhaps superior partners. By the spring of 1998 the Asian financial crisis had transformed the situation, and ASEM II became a forum in which conformity to neoliberal principles was pressed upon them. It seemed at the time that the European Union was bidding to define and claim leadership of a new regime of global economic governance along systematically neoliberal lines. However, as the crisis spread and deepened, and the political, economic and social consequences spread through Southeast Asia in particular, it became clear that even if such a global regime could be defined, significant doubts surrounded the ability and the will of leaders in the region and beyond to implement it. If the ASEM mee...


We have investigated how the configurations of charge carriers evolve in non-degenerated conjugated polymers when carrier concentration increases, putting emphasis on electron correlation effects and electronlattice coupling. For this purpose, we have applied the density matrix renormalization group method to the one-dimensional extended Hubbard-Peierls model. We found out theoretically a new configuration of charge carrier, polaron-pair state, as an intermediate configuration between polaron and bipolaron. This configuration is possible under a relatively weak electron-lattice coupling. We have shown that gaps for charge and spin excitations become quite small at highly doping concentration. Comparing the non-interacting case, correlation effects suppress the gap, indicating the significant role of electron-electron interaction on semiconductor-metal transition of which mechanism is still open question.


Light-driven catalysis on catalytically versatile group VIII metals, which has been widely used in thermal-catalysis, holds great potential in solar-to-chemical conversion. We report a novel photocatalysis process for the selective...


Women in the south of the Yangtze during the Ming and the Qing Dynasties had widely participated in commodity production and the textile production of cotton and silk.Their socioeconomic statuses as well as their statuses in families were higher than those of their predecessors in previous dynasties.At the same time,there was a general liberalization of thinking in society and rising literary creative activities amongst women of higher classes.The rise of women's leisure activities and tourism represented the increase of their desire for knowledge and mental stimulation.Such women's tourism,however,met with strong negative responses from the imperial government and those who upheld traditional values.Through examining government edicts prohibiting women's tourism and the writings of those who propagated these edicts,we could see the rise and implications of social changes at the time.Although women's tourism in the south of the Yangtze could not represent the overall women's situations in the Ming and the Qing,studies of historical discussions of women's tourism in a specific region of China in the past may enlighten us with our research on Chinese women's history.


Immunization of Swiss mice with Ehrlich ascites cells which had been exposed in vitro to 42.C for 3 hours is more effective, so far as subsequent tumor transplantation is concerned, than immunization with radiation‐inactivated cells or with cells exposed to 42.5C for 6 hours. These results, which indicate that upon moderate heat treatment there is a definite increase of the immunogencity of these cells, may have some relevance as to the mechanism of the delayed tumor regression which is often clinically observed after hyperthermic perfusion.


The discipline of creative writing has been fairly slow to take up theoretical issues raised by the 'cognitive turn' in literary studies, which was framed and debated as a disciplinary area in Poetics Today in 2002–2003. Yet cognitive approaches offer ways to conceptualise the nature of creative writing, contributing to quite complex articulations of what occurs in the writing process. How might consideration of the writer as 'whole person', in thought, feeling and action, contribute to the way we conceptualise creative writing? To what extent is writing 'as thought' – as an embodied process of 'making' – generated within the 'inner' writer's mind? And, what is the relationship between thought, feeling and imagination in writing? This essay argues that cognitive science, far more than cognitive literary theory, provides new frameworks that extend the way we think about the human practice of creative writing. Drawing on research areas of situated cognition, embodied cognition, affect theory and neuroscience, the essay examines how this research can shed light on relationships of mind, thought and body to creative writing.


The anaerobic dechlorination of 2{prime},3,4-trichlorobiphenyl (TCB) was investigated in the presence of 7 different surfactants. Dechlorination assays were performed in anaerobic slurries of non-contaminated sediment inoculated with a PCB-dechlorinating microbial consortium extracted from upper Hudson-River sediments. The surfactants used in this study were: Alfonic 810-60, Dowfax 8390 (C16 DPDS), Triton X-100, Triton X-405, Triton X-705, Tween 80, and Petroleum sulfonate. Each surfactant was tested at 3 concentrations: 5%, 25%, and 110% of the CMC except petroleum sulfonate which does not have a CMC. It was used at 5 ppm and 10 ppm. CMCs are as follow: Alfonic 810-60, 275 ppm; Dowfax 8390 (CI6 DPDS), 4,000 ppm; Triton X-100, 130 ppm; Triton X-405, 620 ppm; Triton X-705, 1,250 ppm; and Tween 80, 1 3 ppm. After 10 weeks of incubation, the extent of dechlorination varied among the surfactants and among different concentrations of the same surfactant. Dowfax.8390 inhibited the dechlorination of 2{prime},3,4-TCB at all concentrations tested. Alfonic 810-60 and some of the Triton X group of surfactants inhibited the dechlorination at 25% and 110% of the CMC level, but dechlorination occurred at the 5% level; however, the extent of dechlorination was dependent on the type of surfactant. Dechlorination was observed inmore » the presence of 5 ppm petroleum sulfonate but not at higher concentrations. Dechlorination was not inhibited at any of the concentrations of Tween 80 and was promoted in some slurries. Tween 80 appears to be a promising surfactant for use in bioremediation.« less


On May 27, 2006, 05:54 am local time, a moderate crustal earthquake of magnitude Mw 6,3 struck the Yogyakarta province, especially in the Bantul regency in the south part of the province. The earthquake damaged or destroyed more than 400,000 houses and buildings and caused more than 5,700 people killed. Several earthquake stations recorded the ground vibration caused by the mainshock very well, except at the stations closest to the earthquake source, namely YOGI in Gamping, West of Yogyakarta, which experienced saturation due to significant vibration. Therefore, information about the maximum ground acceleration near the source is yet not known. We model the ground vibrations near the earthquake source using a stochastic Green's Function approach to obtain information about the ground motions' maximum amplitude. The earthquake source parameters we referred to is the moment tensor solution from the Harvard Moment Tensor. The calculations show that the amplitude is consistent with observations recorded at the BJI Banjarnegara (0.04g) and YOGI Yogyakarta (0.3g).


The digital micro-mirror device (DMD) and its related techniques have been widely used in various projection equipments. The application of a high-resolution video display scheme based on the DMD is considered. The scheme has been implemented in hardware with a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based platform, which organises and selects the visual data, and then feeds them into the micro-mirror chip for the projection display based on pulse width modulation (PWM). The proposed scheme divides the video frame into a set of blocks, and the arrays of digital mirrors in different blocks work in a sequential way, so that the needed bandwidth for transferring the image data can be reduced significantly without loss of visual quality.


A new simulation tool for 3D simulation of fluid dynamics for liquids and gases is presented. The new version of Fluids6 supports multiprocessing, which considerably accelerates the simulation. The program includes en editor for 3D ducts with obstacles, holes, moving walls and internal temperature sources (in gas case). The external pressure pulse can be applied. Fluids6 provides various forms of result representation, mainly the images of the velocity, temperature and pressure distributions in user-defined sections of the duct, and 3D images of flow lines. One of the aims of such simulation is to visualize shock waves in liquids and gases. The presented simulations are dynamic. We are looking for the fluid movement and not for a steady solution.


We discuss a dramatic difference between the description of the quantum creation of an open universe using the Hartle-Hawking wave function and the tunneling wave function. Recently Hawking and Turok have found that the Hartle-Hawking wave function leads to a universe with Omega = 0.01, which is much smaller that the observed value of Omega > 0.3. Galaxies in such a universe would be about $10^{10^8}$ light years away from each other, so the universe would be practically structureless. We will argue that the Hartle-Hawking wave function does not describe the probability of the universe creation. If one uses the tunneling wave function for the description of creation of the universe, then in most inflationary models the universe should have Omega = 1, which agrees with the standard expectation that inflation makes the universe flat. The same result can be obtained in the theory of a self-reproducing inflationary universe, independently of the issue of initial conditions. However, there exist two classes of models where Omega may take any value, from Omega > 1 to Omega << 1.


As the Distribution System Operator(s) (DSOs) are facing greater and greater challenges to maintain the voltage fluctuations of the network, caused generally by the addition of renewable power plants, the transformer manufacturers try to aid the DSOs and hence offer different regulated distribution transformer solutions. When attempting to solve the fluctuation problems, these are based on different regulation principles. In this paper we are introducing an innovative regulated distribution transformer, developed jointly by A. Eberle GmbH and Siemens AG. A. Eberle (AEB) has developed their own, standalone, low voltage regulation system (LVRSys), which can regulate the voltage of a Low Voltage Grid, and provide at same time a great Smart Grid experience via monitoring, SCADA communication and PQ analysis. At same time Siemens AG is one of the market leaders in the distribution transformer segment, and has a great knowledge in transformer optimization and manufacturing. The two companies united their knowledge base and developed a top of the line, flexible, technology built into a regulated distribution transformer. This paper addresses the system concept, the implementation results, and introduces the newly designed product.


An efficient asymmetric approach to the synthesis of trisubstituted azetidin-2-ones is presented. The strategy relies on the use of ketene–imine cycloaddition between ketenes generated from phthalimidoacetic and methoxyacetic acids and a chiral Schiff base (3) derived from 3,4;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-glucosamine propane dithioacetal (2) and cinnamaldehyde; the removal of the chiral auxiliary group by β-elimination is a noteworthy facet of this communication.


On the basis of the research of the type and forming condition of the fusion line of the injection-moulded part, the factors that affect the fusion line were fully analyzed on the aspects of material and its function structure, design of the mould and forming techniques. Corresponding control measures were given according to different affecting factors.


Increasing demand in retrieving information with geographic reference has challenged scholars to conduct studies in producing efficient method in retrievingspatial data and evaluating web-based geographic information system (GIS) on the internet, also known as web-based GIS. Tourist relies on maps throughout his visits in order to fulfil his information needs. Online maps with geographic information system (GIS) capabilities that are able to cater for tourist's spatial needs are few on the internet. Therefore, this research's objectives are to examine online map preferences by Malaysians, to evaluate the current online GIS maps capabilities, and to discover an efficient method to retrieve spatial information required by tourist. In order to achieve these objectives, tourist's spatial information databases of Shah Alam City Centre, Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle and Taiping Historical Town Centre are developed. Furthermore, since spatial data are stored in separate layers according to their features: point, polyline and polygon, gazetteer method is found to be the most suitable method of handling query of this data type. Therefore, exact match and partial match keyword queries are used. Query lists are collected from surveys. A survey on online map preference is carried out among 489 Malaysians in Klang Valley to determine their preferences in conducting online search on spatialinformation. This survey contributes to the collection of query lists and relevant judgment. In addition, relevant judgment is also derived from interviews. Four experiments were carried out using all test collections. First experiment examines query using GoogleMaps Malaysia. The second experiment examines query by using the original Super WebGIS 2.1. The third experiment examines query using enhanced Super WebGIS 2.1 by case insensitivity and layer filtration. Finally, the fourth experiment examines query using enhanced Super WebGIS 2.1 by query expansion and the combination of the third technique. Results show that combination of query expansion, case insensitivity and layer filtration technique yields 70% better results than using case insensitivity and layer filtration alone and 98% better than without using any of the three. The combination of these experiments has produced a system named MuSafIR (Musafir Spatial Information Retrieval).


The local magnetic flux density and electrical current density generated by a vortex in a superconducting films is calculated approximately using an extension of Pearl's method. The results apply to arbitrary ratios of the film thickness to the penetration depth and reduce to Pearl's thin-film and semi-infinite results in the appropriate limits. In addition, the vanishing of the order parameter on the vortex axis is accounted for by a simple model which removes the London-model divergences of the flux density and supercurrent density and leads to a physically correct description in the vortex core. The results are then applied to a calculation of the interaction energy of vortex-vortex and vortex-antivortex pairs.


BACKGROUND
Socioeconomic transformation in China at the beginning of the twenty-first century has led to rapid urbanization and accelerated rural-urban migration. As a result, the concerns about public health problems triggered by increasing internal population mobility have been more widely studied in recent years.

SOURCES OF DATA
Published data in Chinese and English on health of migrants and their families in mainland China from 2000 to 2012.

AREAS OF AGREEMENT
The shifting patterns of disease distribution due to rural-urban migration, health equity and health reform strategies that cater for this specific yet substantial subpopulation are outstanding concerns. Infectious diseases, mental health, occupational health and women's health are emerging public health priorities related to migration.

AREAS OF CONTROVERSY
The high mobility and large numbers of Chinese rural-urban migrants pose challenges to research methods and the reliability of evidence gained.

GROWING POINTS
While the theme of working migrants is common in the literature, there have also been some studies of health of those left behind but who often remain unregistered. Migration within China is not a single entity and understanding the dynamics of new and emerging societies will need further study.

AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH
Social, economic, emotional, environmental and behavioural risk factors that impact on health of migrants and their families call for more attention from health policy-makers and researchers in contemporary China.


This research aims to exploring the new research of personalized information access in the context of the online retailing. In this paper, we present PERSO-Retailer Modeler, the first stage in this line of research. We propose to add a new level of personalization in the Content Management System (CMS) application by not only creating an e-commerce website to run the retailer's business but by recommending the most relevant marketing plan to ensure the business success. In this perspective, the main advantage of our approach is to transform the traditional CMS into a personal assistant that fits the retailer's selling strategies for product offerings. Our methodology is based on hierarchical clustering of retailer's model, then using the frequent pattern mining techniques to identify common strategies used in a given cluster. The preliminary finding of our experimentation prototyping encourage us to proceed to the next stage of the research which is to propose an evaluation framework as well as exploring further data-mining techniques.


Determining molecular abundance ratios is important not only for the study of the Galactic chemistry but also because they are useful to estimate physical parameters in a large variety of interstellar medium environments. The CO is one of the most important molecules to trace the molecular gas in the interstellar medium, and the 13CO/C18O abundance ratio is usually used to estimate molecular masses and densities of regions with moderate to high densities. Nowadays this kind of isotopes ratios are in general indirectly derived from elemental abundances ratios. We present the first 13CO/C18O abundance ratio study performed from CO isotopes observations towards a large sample of Galactic sources of different nature at different locations. To study the 13CO/C18O abundance ratio it was used 12CO J=3-2 data obtained form the CO High-Resolution Survey, 13CO and C18O J=3-2 data from the 13CO/C18O (J=3-2) Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey, and some complementary data extracted from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope database. It was analyzed a sample of 198 sources composed by young stellar objects (YSOs), HII and diffuse HII regions as catalogued in the Red MSX Source Survey in 27.5 < l < 46.5 and |b| < 0.5. Most of the analyzed sources are located in the galactocentric distance range 4.0-6.5 kpc. We found that YSOs have, in average, smaller 13CO/C18O abundance ratios than HII and diffuse HII regions. Taking into account that the gas associated with YSOs should be less affected by the radiation than in the case of the others sources, selective far-UV photodissociation of C18O is confirmed. The 13CO/C18O abundance ratios obtained in this work are systematically lower than the predicted from the known elemental abundance relations. These results would be useful in future studies of molecular gas related to YSOs and HII regions based on the observation of these isotopes.


With a low cost, and simple operation, containing cake perfluoroalkyl group or perfluoro roal capable of group made of a high-purity one-end diol, and a method of manufacturing the same, and poly without degrading the original performance polyurethane, water repellency, oil repellency and antifouling property, and also to provide a fluorine-containing polyurethane or the like excellent wear resistance, the boiling point oil. The following general formula fluorine-containing diol, and the diol is a fluorine-containing polyurethane with fluorine-containing side chains bonded to the molecular chain and a urethane bond with the OH such as (A) of.


In this study, a novel control scheme for controlling a self-oscillating half-bridge series resonant converter for DC source and secondary battery interface is proposed. This new control scheme is used to control and regulate the DC output current of the converter. The proposed control scheme has the advantages of not only wide power regulation range, but also ease of output current control. In addition, it can achieve a stable and efficient zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) in a whole load range. The control principles of the proposed method are described in detail and its validity is verified through simulated and experimental results based on a 24 V 125 Ah battery charger. The maximum charging efficiency of the proposed topology during the overall charging period exceeds 90%.


Aims To report pooled prevalence of all mental disorders among the general prison population in the United Kingdom (UK). This includes individuals in Young Offender Institutions (YOI), youth custody and adult prisons across all categories. A secondary aim explores possible sources of heterogeneity by performing subgroup and meta-regression analysis across certain covariates (e.g. sex of prisoner). We hypothesise that contemporary estimates of mental disorders are higher than the general population. Background Prevalence of mental health problems among prisoners are considerably higher than the general population; this poses an important public health concern. Individuals who require diversion to appropriate psychiatric services are becoming embroiled in the revolving door of the criminal justice system. However, there are no up-to-date reviews assessing prevalence of mental disorders across the general prison population in the UK. This study aims to address this gap. Method We conducted a systematic search of PsycINFO (1923 – October 2019), MEDLINE (1946 – October 2019), EMBASE (1947 – October 2019) and Web of Science (all years) of articles reporting prevalence of mental disorders in UK prison populations (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019132685). The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data assessed study quality and bias. Pooled prevalence of each mental disorder was calculated using Stata statistical software 16.0 via the metaprop command. Forest plots present prevalence estimates with study weights and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). Overall, 20 studies satisfied inclusion criteria, comprising of 12,335 prisoners across England, Wales and Scotland. Result We identified higher rates of neurotic disorders (28.9%, 95% CI 0.71–74.7%), personality disorders (23.5%, 95% CI 13.6–35.2%), alcohol (22.7%, 95% CI 12.2–35.1%) and drug dependence (26.7%, 95% CI 15.0–40.4%). The lowest prevalence rates included schizophrenia (2.42%, 95% CI 0.78–4.84%), panic disorders (3.88%, 95% CI 3.17% – 4.64%), adjustment disorders (3.83%, 95% CI 1.19–7.84%) and intellectual disability (2.90%, 95% CI 0.90–5.80%). Meta-regressions for psychotic disorder and personality disorder revealed no significant differences across study year, sample size and gender. Conclusion Our prevalence estimates of mental disorders in prisons are higher than the general English population. However, we should acknowledge the influence of considerable heterogeneity. These findings demonstrate the need to quantify current prevalence of mental disorders amongst prisoners in the UK. We recommend for the government to consider performing an up-to-date census of psychiatric morbidity to facilitate service provision.


A shift in the frequency spectrum of a structure induced by a local temperature rise is measured. This technique of detecting shifts in the frequency spectrum of a structure may be used to detect slight temperature‐induced changes in stress distribution, which are in turn caused by local perturbation in the temperature distribution in the structure. Results from a small superconducting coil are presented.


ABSTRACT In January 2017, China released its first ever White Paper on Asia-Pacific security cooperation, which sought to embolden Beijing's (littoral) leadership in the region. Highlighting maritime security in the Asia-Pacific as a regional hotspot, the policy paper called for the establishment of a favourable regional order by underlining the merits of cooperative security. Simultaneously, it also sought to entrench China's sovereign interests by displaying a 'reactive assertiveness' in the maritime domain. Referring to the South China Sea (SCS) dispute in particular, the paper declared that while China remained committed to upholding freedom of navigation in the SCS, it would also not shy away from making a "necessary response" to violation of its territorial integrity. Beijing's desire to enhance its economic and military influence in the maritime domain understandably has an effect on the security calculus of the Asia-Pacific. In response to China's growing military capabilities and assertiveness in international waters, other regional players have also been emboldened or forced to stake territorial claims in the interest of their sovereignty. The consequent insecurity, tension and power play is likely to have a destabilising effect on the region. It is in this context that this paper attempts to analyse China's maritime security strategy as outlined in the White Paper, on three counts: by analysing threat perceptions from the Chinese perspective, by outlining the need to build a comprehensive maritime security framework that addresses the interests of all stakeholders in the region and, finally, by analysing security implications for India.


Context: Medical Emergencies can be encountered by any individual, and its occurrence is usually high
in a Dental setting due to the procedures involved. Hence it is important that Dentists be equipped with the
knowledge of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Aims: The Study aims to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of Dental Undergraduate students
towards CPR training.
Methods and Materials: The present study was a Cross Sectional study conducted among 163 Final
Year Undergraduate students and Interns of a Dental Institution in Mangalore. A validated Self Structured
Questionnaire was distributed to the students.
Statistical Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential statistics like Student's Unpaired T Test determined the
difference in Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior among the participants.
Results: The overall Knowledge of Students regarding CPR was Poor, with Interns possessing a Significantly
higher Knowledge than Final Year BDS Students. Amidst the poor Knowledge, 75.5% students were trained
in CPR and 65.6% students were ready to perform CPR in an emergency situation thus displaying a Positive
Attitude.
Conclusion: The present study showed that despite a dearth in CPR Knowledge among the Students, they
exhibited a Positive Attitude and Behavior towards Training and Practice of CPR. Thus the study highlights
the need to strengthen CPR training among Dental Students, by Inculcating and Standardizing it in the
Undergraduate and Postgraduate curriculum.