The purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of water reuse treated by UF and RO membrane processes. The processes treat four types of membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent, containing synthetic dye wastewater (SDW), domestic wastewater (DW), food processing wastewater (FPW) and organic wastewater form TFT-LCD industry (TFT-LCD). Simultanesously, the mechanism for RO process for the rejection of contaminants in SDW is also supposed. The result shows that there is slight suspend solid in the effluent of MBR, and the major contaminants are salt and solute organic substances which almost consist of Soluble Microbial Product (SMP) in the effluent of MBR. Because of complex feedwater chemistry and distinct MBR process, the molecular weight distribution of SMP in MBR effluent and in traditional biological process is different. However membrane process can remove the residual solute organic substances and salt efficiently. The conductivity, TOC and TS removal efficiencies of SDW, DW and TFT-LCD RO permeate are 85~98%, 85~94% and 94~99%. For FPW permeate, the rejections of UF/RO process in terms of conductivity, TOC and TS are 91.1%, 93.8% and 90.9%, respectively. In addition, the rejection of RO membrane for SMP which have large molecular weight is efficient. According to the experiment treating SDW by RO, we find out that slight organic substances are accumulated on RO membrane. Because of the slight blocking phenomenon of RO membrane, we simulate the permeate water quality and the permeate flux by solution diffusion model to prove that solution diffusion is the major mechanism for RO process for the rejection of contaminants in SDW. The result show that the calculated concentration values in permeate are within ±30% of the experimental, so that solution diffusion model can be considered the major mechanism. Due to the small extent polarization concentration phenomenon on membrane surface, the TOC model results are tiny lower than the TOC experimental results. In order to find the potential of application and feasibility of RO process, the long-term investigation try to analysis the pilot treatment cost of DW. The cost for DW is 28 NT/ton and the permeate can reuse to the semiconductor Ⅳ water and the feed of pure water machine. So RO process has competitive advantage to treat MBR effluent to reuse.


Now more than ever, senior management is scrutinizing the contribution of facility management departments to organizations′ overall success. Claims that to improve, facility managers must first understand how their group is doing – are they meeting the expectations of management and their customers? States that facility managers who do not know the answer to this question will have a difficult time documenting their contributions and improving their services. Argues that a facility management audit which follows an orderly, objective process to compare an organization′s FM resources to internal expectations and external benchmarks can help. Claims that the FM audit will give teams an understanding of every part of their operations enabling facilities managers to develop a holistic view of facilities and strategies for continuous improvement.


The ultrastructural modifications during the life cycle of a Phycomycetes parasite of Cyclops are studied. The cytoplasmic sporangium cleavage is brought about by the fusion of flagellar sheaths and cleavage vesicles. The uniflagellates zoospores are characterized by a nuclear-nuclear cap cluster, a large side-body (single mitochondrion, lipid bodies, granular material) and gamma particles. The fungus belongs to the genus Catenaria and probably to the species C. anguillulae. The ultrastructure of this Catenaria shows that this genus is closely related to Blastocladiales.


These appearances were so similar to those produced by acute poisoning, such as by arsenic or trinitrotoluene, that tests were carried out for the detection of the former substance, but with a negative result.


Membrane proteins carry out many essential celluar functions.The formidable challenge in proteomic analysis of membrane proteins is their low solubility,effective enhancement of which makes gradually extensive application of classically gel-based and the latest shotgun proteomic strategies to membrane proteomic analysis.Furthermore,the characterization of membrane protein topology and its post-translational modification through these analyses can provide indispensable insights into biological functions of membrane proteins.


OTOSCLEROSIS immobilising the stapes because of^bony fixation of the_Stagedius tendon and not involving the stapes footplate or oval window niche does not appear to have been previously described in the literature. The patient was a young woman aged 17 years, with a history of bilateral hearing loss which commenced in early childhood. The family history of otosclerosis was very strong and the writer has personally operated on the paternal grandmother and a great aunt, both of these patients having typical otosclerosis in both ears and in whom good results were obtained with stapedectomy. The patient was vague as to the exact age at which symptoms were first noticed but considered that her hearing had become worse recently. She also complained of loud bilateral whistling tinnitus. There was no history of vertigo. The audiogram is shown herewith (Fig 1). A diagnosis of otosclerosis was therefore made and stapedectomy advised. In February 1972 the left ear was opened endomeatally and the stapes was found to be immobilised by a slim bar of bone extending from the pyramidal process to the posterior crus, immediately deep to and in contact with the stapedius tendon. This bony bar was fractured and removed piecemeal leaving the stapedius tendon intact; it is the writer's practice to preserve the stapedius tendon whenever possible on account of the blood vessel which accompanies it. At the conclusion of this manoeuvre the ossicular chain was found__to_haye become normally mobile and no evidence of any other otosclerotic focus could be detected through the operating microscope. The patient's hearing also improved dramatically when the stapedius tendon was freed. Accordingly nothing further was done and the ear was closed. An audiogram taken ten days after operation showed well marked over-closure of the air bone gap. Because of the limited nature of this operation it was felt legitimate to operate on the other ear 6 months later despite the youthfulness of the patient, and an identical condition was discovered in the right ear except that there was an additional small bony bar extending from the facial ridge to the posterior crus, so that mobility was limited in this ear by two pieces of bone. These were divided with the same result as obtained in the left ear, namely, immediate restoration of hearing. No further evidence of otosclerosis could be detected in this ear either, which was therefore closed. The same pleasing result was obtained as before and well-marked over-closure of the air bone gap occurred within a very few days. Also, all traces of tinnitus had disappeared from both ears.


Type of funding sources: None.

 Women receive less aggressive treatment for cardiovascular disease (CVD), partly due to a delayed or incorrect diagnosis. However, there is little research into whether this gender bias extends to primary prevention of CVD (i.e. prevention of CVD in those individuals with no prior CVD events), and the reasons behind this bias.

 This study analysed gender differences in the primary prevention of CVD in the USA, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2015-2018. It also explored the drivers behind these differences. The hypothesis was that the known gender bias in CVD treatment also extends to primary prevention.

 The risk of developing CVD over the next ten years was calculated using the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCEs) for 9,623 healthy men and women aged 40 to 79 years. 3,035 participants were found to be at higher CVD risk (ASCVD score above 7.5%) and potentially eligible for statins. Individuals with prior diagnosis of CVD were excluded from this study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) in the usage of preventive treatment between genders.

 The results showed that men were 21% more likely to be prescribed statins than women whilst women were 20-37% more likely to be told to make behaviour modifications than men (Table 1). An interdisciplinary literature review showed that lower CVD risk perception in women is a likely driver of this gender difference.

 The well-known gender bias in the treatment of CVD also appears to take place in the primary prevention of CVD with statin therapy. These findings have highlighted the gender bias in primary prevention of CVD, supporting the scarce existing literature on this topic and providing more recent evidence in line with the updated CVD prevention guidance. This has implications in developing interventions based in the health system and community context to improve the treatment and survival outcomes for women with CVD.


Cactaceae species are important resources in the semi-arid region of Brazil and have been used and managed in a specific way by farmers to optimize and ensure the availability of cacti to rural communities. Thus, this study aimed to investigate management techniques used by residents of four rural communities in the municipality of Cabaceiras, Paraiba, Northeast Brazil. For this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 44 informants. Seventeen of them reported performing some type of management using the following cacti species: Pilosocereus gounellei ( F.A.C. Weber ) Byles & G.D. Rowley subsp. gounellei, Cereus jamacaru DC. subsp . Jamacaru, Pilosocereus pachycladus F. Ritter subsp . pernambucoensis (F. Ritter ) Zappi, Tacinga palmadora ( Britton & Rose ) N.P. Taylor & Stuppy, and Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb. Ex situ and in situ management techniques were recorded. The first one performed by transplantation of propagules and the second one by tolerance. The species propagation is carried out using shoots and vegetative parts. Of the species identified, only Cereus jamacaru has more than one form of management. In addition to management, informants use rudimentary techniques such as burning the vegetative parts for fodder purposes.


We investigate a nonlinear distortion in Nyquist OTDM scheme using optical correlation detection. We also clarify an absolute chromatic dispersion around 2.5 ps/km-nm and a small roll-off factor maximize the OSNR penalty at 160 Gbaud.


Abstract In the Chi‐Chi (Taiwan) Earthquake, medical capacity in the most stricken area was greatly reduced because several general hospitals in the region were forced to evacuate their buildings. These buildings suffered only minor structural damage, but had extensive nonstructural damage to the degree that the administration considered the building unfit for continuous use. This indicated that the current building practice is insufficient in providing adequate capacity for hospitals against earthquakes. This paper presents investigation results from four evacuated hospitals to identify key nonstructural elements that prevented the normal operation of these hospitals. Four groups of functional impacts, caused by important components that failed in the earthquake, are identified and discussed. It is concluded that seismic consideration should be given to these components in designing new hospitals. Also suggested is to establish a Logic‐tree diagram of all the essential functions in every hospital so that seismic engineering can be applied to all the important components of these essential functions.


Student political activism is a highly complex, multi-faceted phenomenon. It is very difficult to explain and even more problematic to predict. It is not surprising that there is no over-arching theoretical explanation for it. Yet understanding the configurations of student politics is important. Political leaders would do well not only to listen to student protest movements but also to understand their dynamics, since regimes have been threatened or even toppled by student protests. The academic community also needs to understand student activism, as from time to time students have been key actors in movements for university reform and have also disrupted academic institutions. Moreover, the activists themselves should be fully aware of the history, politics and potential of student protest movements since, as has often been said, those who do not know the past are doomed to repeat it. This essay will posit some general perspectives on student politics although it will stop short of that elusive goal of developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding student movements. It is difficult enough to understand the saga of student movements in a single country-it is far more problematic to focus on the phenomenon in a worldwide perspective. Yet this essay will consider student movements in a comparative context. This approach will permit us to focus with a much wider lens on student activism and to gain a broader understanding of the key issues. Student protest is a national phenomenon for the most part, or even an institutional one, but there are nonetheless some useful cross-national comparisons to be made. Further, the experience of one country may well be useful in understanding the situation in another.


In this paper, two inter-layer intra mode coding tools are proposed for the all intra spatial scalable extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The proposed methods make use of the correlations between intra prediction mode information in base layer and enhancement layer to improve the intra mode coding in enhancement layer. The first approach directly utilizes the intra prediction mode from the corresponding prediction unit (PU) in base layer as the intra prediction mode of the enhancement layer PU, while the second approach uses the intra prediction mode of the corresponding base layer PU as an additional most probable mode candidate. Dyadic all intra spatial scalability with 2 layers is tested in our experiments. Compared to enhancement layer only, the experimental results show a maximal 1.2% luma BD-rate reduction for the test sequences relative to inter-layer intra prediction.


The Unfair Competition Prevention Act aims at constructing and maintaining the order for fair competition. The Act was amended on January 20th, 2004 to protect against copying of configuration of goods and prohibit such copying. Therefore when a certain configuration of goods which was developed and merchandised by other person has come to be on the market, then without regard to the matter if the configuration is widely recognized to indicate other person's product, or registrable as a design, it is in principle prohibited for a third person to make use of the same configuration or a substantial same one for goods of the same kind. Such a deed should constitute a type of unfair competitive deeds under the Act and destroy the order for fair competition. By the way, the amendment of the Act was deeply influenced by the Japanese legal protection system of configuration of goods. Even though several studies has been made on the legal protection of the configuration of goods under the new Act, the systematic analysis of Japanese legal theory and judicial precedent has never been studied so far. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to examine the Japanese judicial precedent and review the existing legal theory about the configuration of goods in order to provide a systematic understanding of the new Act.


PRL mRNA was purified from rat pituitaries. To reduce GH mRNA content and to enrich the fraction of PRL mRNA, rats were thyroidectomized and treated with estradiol. PRL mRNA was purified from the total RNA extract by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography, followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The final PRL mRNA preparation sedimented with a size of approximately US on sucrose gradient centrifugation. The PRL mRNA preparation was 81% pure, and although GH mRNA has a similar sedimentation coefficient, it represented only 2.1% of the total mRNA activity as assessed by cell-free translation using nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate. Purified PRL mRNA was used as a template for the synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) by reverse transcriptase. Estimation of the size of the cDNA by electrophoresis in alkaline agarose gel revealed a major 880 nucleotide species, large enough to contain most of the information present in PRL mRNA. Back hybridization of the cDNA to the mRNA template showed a saturation of 80% ...


Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. A patient with massive retinal neovascularization and macular traction associated with von Hippel–Lindau disease was submitted to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and vitrectomy, resulting in visual and anatomical improvement. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings and follow-up data are presented. Purpose: To report a rare presentation of ocular von Hippel–Lindau disease associated with a massive epiretinal vascular proliferation over the macula removed by vitrectomy and submitted to histological analysis. Methods: Interventional case report. Results: A 13-year-old woman with von Hippel–Lindau disease reported progressive visual loss in the right eye over the preceding 6 months. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 in the right eye. Fundoscopy showed retinal neovascularization (RNV) with macular traction and a small superotemporal hemangioblastoma. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography confirmed increased macular thickness and macular traction secondary to RNV. Bevacizumab was injected intravitreally, resulting in partial regression of RNV. Five days after the injection, the patient underwent complete removal of fibrovascular proliferation via pars plana vitrectomy, followed by peripheral tumor photocoagulation. The specimen was subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. At 2 years of follow-up, vision had improved to 20/30, and anatomical improvement was confirmed on both fundoscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Conclusion: Ocular von Hippel–Lindau disease may be associated with RNV and macular traction. In such cases, RNV is likely responsive to anti–vascular endothelial growth factor and may be removed surgically along a cleavage plane between the tissue proliferation and the inner retina. In the reported case, the procedure was found to be safe and associated with macular anatomical improvement and vision recovery.


The use and occupation of land by human population substantially influence environmental variables and fish assemblage in streams. However, there is little knowledge on how these changes affect the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in mesohabitats. Therefore, we aim to assess whether the land-use types affect the ecomorphological structure of fish assemblage in distinct mesohabitats. Environmental and ichthyofaunistic data were collected in three mesohabitats (rifles, runs, and pools) of five rural and five urban streams. Twenty-one ecomorphological indices were obtained from the mean of linear morphological measurements and areas of the fishes. Subsequently, the Euclidean distance was calculated, based on the ecomorphological indices, between each pair of species, to measure the ecomorphological distances for the mesohabitats of the rural and urban streams. The results show that the urban environment is more harmful to streams than the rural one, due to changes in the environmental variables and decrease in species richness. The main environmental changes found in urban streams were the decrease in canopy cover by riparian vegetation and dissolved oxygen, and the increase in electrical conductivity and bed silting. Also, there was a significant decrease in the morphological similarity between fish species in the mesohabitats of urban streams compared to rural ones. Therefore, we can conclude that the urban environment leads to the loss of morphologically similar fish species in the mesohabitats, with only a few functionally distinct species remaining.


The article considers technical devices that are used in sports with complicated coordination. It has been observed that training apparatus usage enables purposeful control of changing the characteristics of competitive sports exercises with the help of modeling certain movements in specially created artificial conditions. Training simulators' types, their characteris- tics and methods of their application in the training process were concerned. A training simulator for improving of technical skills in sports aerobics and fitness is proposed. The training apparatus is produced in the form of a laminated platform with light-emitting diodes (LED), with the help of which successive flashes occur in the given direction and rhythm. This design makes it possible to simulate the competition exercises. While practicing certain elements, practically complete reali- zation of motor capabilities of an athlete is allowed. Method of the training apparatus implemen- tation into the training process has been developed.


Although much in twenty-first century K-12 education still needs to be figured out, such as creating a generally-agreed-upon twenty-first century curriculum, one goal is, I think, now clear – the pedagogy with which our kids should be taught. Although it can be stated in many ways, the basic direction is away from the "old" pedagogy of teachers "telling" (or talking, or lecturing, or being the "Sage on the Stage") to the "new" pedagogy of kids teaching themselves with teacher's guidance (a combination of "student-centered learning," "problem-based learning," "case-based learning," and the teacher's being the "Guide on the Side.")


This paper considers cases where a specific number of nodes in an ad hoc network broadcast video and audio streams over the entire network, and proposes Load and Battery Charge Oriented Flooding (LBF), which reduces degradation in delivery quality, lowers energy consumption, and prevents nodes from being interrupted due to the complete discharge of their batteries. It also describes an evaluation of the proposed method through network simulation, and confirms its effectiveness. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(6): 57–66, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11567


One problem web users often face is that of remembering which previously visited page is likely to contain some particular piece of information they are now interested in. To ease this revisitation task, we propose a novel approach: using "live" thumbnails, or small video-like animations of a web page. Our approach is grounded on a two-fold notion: (1) live thumbnails should be more informative than their static counterparts, and (2) live thumbnails can help the user disambiguate among perceptually similar pages. We evaluate a proof-of-concept prototype with 13 users. Preliminary results show that our approach has an interesting potential to enhance web page revisitation in a visually compelling way.


The embodiment of the invention discloses a data writing-in method, system and device. According to the technical scheme, when clients write data into files of a data storage server, it is guaranteed that only one client writes the data into the files by carrying the sequence number corresponding to the files allocated to the clients in a mode that the clients race to control the sequence number, and therefore safety of the data is guaranteed. Compared with an existing lease management mechanism, loads of the server is reduced, performance of the system is improved, higher response speed can be achieved, and recovery time delay is very short.


This paper discusses the problem of positive periodic solutions for a class of nonlinearsecond order ordinary differential equations. By utilizing a fixed point theorem on cone, some exist-ence and multiplicity results of positive periodic solutions are derived. Our results improve theoremsin the literature.


Abstract The potential differences observed at metal liquid interfaces arise as a result of two distinct phenomena: 1) at reversible electrodes, phenomena associated with Faraday's Law; 2) at polar...


THE South Birmingham Coronary Prevention Project is described, in which health checks by practice nurses in GPs' surgeries are combined with direct patient access to a secondary referral system. Where appropriate, health check attenders are offered the choice of either counselling by the practice nurse, direct referral to their GP, or direct referral to second ary intervention, including dietary advice for patients with high serum cholesterol, stress manage ment training for mild hypertension, and smoking cessation groups run by specialist workers. Further developments of the project may be toward increas ing areas of nurses intervention, for example running lipid clinics, and combining with Look After Your Heart! in the workplace. Progress in each of these areas is described and discussed.


A new class of enamino esters has been isolated in excellent yields from the 1:1:1 addition reaction between phenanthridine or isoquinoline and acetylenic esters such as ethyl propiolate or dialkyl acetylenedicaboxylates in the presence of heterocyclic NH compounds (succinimide, indole, 2-methylindole, 2-benzoxazolinone, 6-chlorobenzoxazolinone, carbazole and 3,6dibromocarbazole) or 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds like 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, acetylacetone and dibenzoylmethane.


This paper examines the behavioural implications of listing on the Shenzhen stock exchange (SZSE). In contrast to the Shanghai stock exchange (SHSE), where most initial public offerings emanate from former state enterprises, the majority of SZSE IPO's applications come from successful high-tech private companies seeking wider share ownership. The contrast in subsequent price volatility on the two exchanges suggests a reason as to why after a short lag they can differ so markedly. The authors propose that behavioural finance issues can be expected to exacerbate share market valuations beyond that which can be explained by traditional two-factor capital asset pricing modelling alone. It is suggested here that some of this 'irrational' divergence can be attributed to the behavioural dynamics of recent and unexpected news impacting share values differentially depending on the temporal dimension involved. Evidence for this claim is supported by field interviews with top management of five recently floated companies in observing their reactions to unexpected news pertaining to corporate governance, investor relations and the new institutional environment they now face in having successfully floated.


Script node embedded JavaScript program can model the natural movement of an object. The paper, based on the VRML technique, introduces the method to display the special effects, such as water-waving, water-flowing and planar imaging and so on.


pathology research. Optimization of fixation and transportation of surgical thyroid biopsies provide high-quality histological sections and complete assessment of major morphological changes of the thyroid gland tissue.


Provincial education departments in South Africa have the mandate to implement educational policies for their institutions. In order to guarantee teen mothers a right to remain in public schools in the Western Cape, the Education Department formulated the Managing Learner Pregnancy Policy (MLPP). According to the policy, schools should ensure that education of teen mothers continues with as little disruption as possible. Recent research (Chigona and Chetty 2007) has shown that schools are doing very little to reduce the disruptions of adolescent motherhood. As a result many teen mothers fail to succeed with schooling. This paper aims at analysing the MLPP and determining why schools are using it ambivalently resulting in the policy not achieving its intentions. Interviews were used to gather information about the policy and a feminist genealogy approach (Pillow 2004) was embraced in the analysis of the MLPP. The analysis revealed that it is the lack of precision in the policy has resulted in the schools adopting and using it ambivalently. Hence there is limited facilitation of teen mothers' schooling processes in public schools.


Trip generation rates play an important role in transportation planning, which can help in making informed decisions about future transportation investment and design. However, sometimes the rates are derived from small sample sizes or may not be reflective of the size of the location under consideration. While using local data in the planning process is desirable, it is often difficult to obtain a sufficient, useful sample size. From a modeling standpoint, rates have historically been focused on productions rather that attractions—principally due to larger, more reliable production rate samples being available.


The invention belongs to the technical field of buildings, relates to a plug connector for a clamping type connecting piece, and solves the technical problem of inconvenient regulation of the prior art. The plug connector comprises a plugging end and a connecting end, wherein the connecting end is cylindrical and is provided with an external thread; the plugging end comprises a plurality of clamping column arranged in the circumferential direction, and the end part of each clamping column is expanded to form a clamping head; a gap is formed between every two adjacent clamping columns, and a channel is formed in the center of each clamping column; a clamping hole sunk to the inner part of each clamping head is formed the connecting position of each clamping head and each clamping column and positioned in the upper surface of the clamping head. The plug connector can be directly connected with a connecting nut and does not need other parts, and the connection is firm and reliable.


Abstract Background: Correct information provided by guidelines may reduce laboratory test related errors during the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phase and increase the quality of laboratory results. Methods: Twelve clinical practice guidelines were reviewed regarding inclusion of important laboratory investigations. Based on the results and the authors' experience, two checklists were developed: one comprehensive list including topics that authors of guidelines may consider and one consisting of minimal standards that should be covered for all laboratory tests recommended in clinical practice guidelines. The number of topics addressed by the guidelines was related to involvement of laboratory medicine specialists in the guideline development process. Results: The comprehensive list suggests 33 pre- analytical, 37 analytical and 10 post-analytical items. The mean percentage of topics dealt with by the guidelines was 33% (median 30%, range 17%–55%) and inclusion of a laboratory medicine specialist in the guideline committee significantly increased the number of topics addressed. Information about patient status, biological and analytical interferences and sample handling were scarce in most guidelines even if the inclusion of a laboratory medicine specialist in the development process seemingly led to increased focus on, e.g., sample type, sample handling and analytical variation. Examples underlining the importance of including laboratory items are given. Conclusions: Inclusion of laboratory medicine specialist in the guideline development process may increase the focus on important laboratory related items even if this information is usually limited. Two checklists are suggested to help guideline developers to cover all important topics related to laboratory testing.


We can divide the humanity into 5,000 ethnic groups who reside in 160 distinct states in the world. On an average this implies that only one randomly picked state out of every 10 states is ethnically homogenous. In other words the borders between different ethnic groups do not accord with national borders. We, hence, live in a melting pot of ethnicity and most countries are ethnically heterogeneous. In an alternative fashion, we can make a statement about our ethnic diversity by making a simple observation that there are over 600 living language groups in 184 states in the world. There is thus a reason to believe that the human race confronts a serious and endemic ethnic diversity, which is also increasingly accompanied with unprecedented ethnic rivalry, competition, conflicts, violent clashes and all-out wars. Our chapter provides a comprehensive investigation into the economic causes and consequences of ethnic heterogeneity in our modern world. In order to understand the basic economics of ethnic diversity, we will focus our attention to what is commonly known as 'global firms' who employ people from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The consequences will be examined in the context of modern societies where the global firms play an important economic role.


In this paper, we study in detail both the trapped surface wave and lateral wave excited by a dipole antenna parallel to the plane boundaries of a three-layered region in spherical coordinate. An approximate formula is obtained for the solution of the electric-


Abstract

An integrated bearing prognostics method for remaining useful life prediction

Nowadays, in order to improve the productivity and quality, more and more resources are invested in maintenance. In order to improve the reliability of an engineering system, accurate predictions of the remaining useful lifetime of the equipment and its key parts are required. Bearing plays an important role in the rotating machines. The purpose of using a bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support the load imposed on it in radial and axial directions.
The common types of bearing defects include damage in rolling elements, inner and outer races, etc. In this thesis, we focus on the spall propagation caused by rolling contact fatigue. The existing bearing prognosis methods are either model-based or data driven. In this thesis, we develop an integrated bearing prognostics method, which utilizes both physical models and condition monitoring data. In the physical model part, a Hertz contact model is used to analyze the stress developed from the contact point between two curved surfaces which are pressed together, the ball and the deep groove. Based on Paris' law, a damage propagation model is used to describe the spall propagation process. It is difficult to measure a defect size when the machines are running. Therefore, online data is obtained and processed to transform raw signals into useful information. In this thesis, the uncertainty factors are considered, including material uncertainty, model uncertainty and measurement error. A Bayesian method is used to update the distribution of this uncertainty factor by fusing the condition monitoring data, to achieve updated predictions of remaining useful life.
Finally, two sets of data are used to verify and validate the proposed integrated bearing prognostics method. The first set of data includes a group of simulated bearing degradation histories. The second set of data were collected from lab experiments conducted using the Bearing Prognostics Simulator. These examples demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The key contribution of this thesis is the development of an integrated bearing prognostics method, where the uncertain model parameters are updated using the collected condition monitoring data, while the existing bearing prognostics methods are either model-based or data driven. Both the development of the method and the experimental validation are significant contributions to the field of bearing prognostics.


Heat storage particles for gas decontamination process (gas depollutant process) of the present invention a moving bed apparatus includes a plurality of reproduction particle material, heating the purification unit, the heat-purification unit comprises a-reproducing unit, and the particle material. The heating unit is heated further purification of polluted gas, to remove the contaminants of the gas, and collected (detaining) the contaminants or particles at the time of decontamination. Heating - heating is installed on the top of the purification unit-reproduction unit may be a decontaminated gas flowing into the high-temperature heat exchanger and upstream of the low-temperature particulate material flowing downwardly. Particle material - it can be activated - heating from the lower end of the purification unit-purification unit is heated to the upper end of the reproduction unit and transfer the particle material, the particle material in the material feed. Heat storage particles by providing a moving bed apparatus, the heating of the gas, and the decontamination and filtration can be carried out in a single unit, can be saved to the transmit energy of the decontaminated gas, pre-heating the low-temperature particle material . Heat storage, particles, heat-play, purification, decontamination


This paper reports on an experiment in which a whole semester course in psychology was replaced by a mixed formula consisting of a CD-ROM complemented by a series of seminars and workshops. The CD-ROM was conceived as a collection of documents (hypertexts, research data, references, videos and activities) linked together with genuine Netscape facilities. Students were invited to search through these documents for information to answer questions (called challenges) on the topic. A multiple-choice questionnaire accompanied each challenge in order to foster students' self-evaluation. The seminars, held every other week, served both as forums to discuss each of the topics under the guidance of an expert. Careful analysis of students' answers to two questionnaires at the beginning and end of the course and during interviews, showed that such a formula was favourably accepted by a large majority of students, although it lead to more anxiety and work load than a traditional course. Positive effects were also observed on learning.


Femtosecond pump-probe microscopy of individual semiconductor quantum dots reveals energy shifts induced by coherent strain waves and the transition to incoherent heating at the nanoscale.


This paper formed the basis of the presentation delivered during a conference organised by the Malta Council for Economic and Social Development on 23 October 2015 Grand Hotel, Gozo


the case of a 52-year-old with seronegative arthropathy elective scarf osteotomy deformity. On airway the epiglottis a high-rising epiglottis This rare anatomical variant has been described in previous case reports [1 – 3]; however, this example is particularly striking, with not only the epiglottic tip visible, but a signi fi cant proportion of the epiglottic lea fl ets alsoapparent.


This document describes some scenarios and requirements for Internet
hardening by creating what we term a shadow Internet, defined as an
infrastructure in which the ability of governments to conduct
indiscriminate eavesdropping or censor media dissemination is reduced.


Introduction Parsons's first major opus, The Structure of Social Action , did not become a classic of sociology when it first appeared in 1937. Although it was reviewed in both The American Journal of Sociology and the newly established American Sociological Review , and even featured in the widely read The Saturday Review of Literature , such recognition did not produce much acclaim for the book. The review in The Saturday Review of Literature entitled "Is Homo Sapient?" an essay by Robert Bierstedt, who was then based at Columbia University's Department of Philosophy, addressed Parsons as "a young Heidelberg-trained sociologist at Harvard". Bierstedt found the book opposed to an objective empiricist approach, which, he said, presumably made it unlikely that "such hard-headed empiricists as the authors of 'Middletown in Transition' would bother to read The Structure of Social Action" . In his view, it proposed a subjective approach which was "the 'voluntaristic theory of action' growing out of … theoretical convergence" that claimed to be able to "give sociology a well-defined field of its own". Bierstedt did not recommend Parsons's book. He could not see in it an answer to the problems of sociology, let alone a "charter for sociology" as it would be hailed at the end of the 1980s, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of its publication. In the late 1930s, Structure appeared to Bierstedt, who himself had studied with Parsons, a far from satisfactory solution.


ABSTRACT The safety of northeast sauerkraut (NS) has always been a concern in China. In the present study, the nitrite and biogenic amine (BA) contents in 378 NS, collected or purchased from Chinese families and markets (including morning markets and local supermarkets), were measured. The results showed that the nitrite and BA contents of samples from Chinese families and some morning markets were higher than those from local supermarkets. The highest level of nitrites was 38.5 ± 5.2 mg/kg in unpackaged NS from Chinese families, and the lowest was 17.2 ± 2.1 mg/kg in packaged NS from local supermarkets. The highest levels of tyramine and tryptamine were 203 ± 3 and 28.1 ± 4 mg/kg in unpackaged NS from Chinese families, respectively. The highest levels of histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine were mainly found in Chinese families and morning markets, and the lowest level of BAs was from local supermarkets. The results suggest that improving the safety of NS by controlling environmental sanitation and strengthening standardised production is a top priority at present in China.


Abstract The solubility-limiting solid phases in the ternary aqueous systems of Zr(IV)/OH/oxalate, Zr(IV)/OH/malonate, Th(IV)/OH/oxalate and Th(IV)/OH/malonate were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. The ternary solid phase of M(IV)/OH/carboxylate was observed to form, even under acidic conditions, depending on the pH and the concentration of carboxylate ligand. In the presence of a large excess of carboxylic acid, however; the binary M(IV)-carboxylate solid phase formed.


The effect of changing wetland forest to sago palm plantations on methane gas flux and organic carbon dynamics in tropical peat soil was studied in the field and the laboratory using soil samples from the Peat Research Station, Sarawak, Malaysia. A small amount of methane was released from the soil surface of both the forest and plantation field, with no significant difference between the two sites (1.1 ± 0.61 and 1.39 ± 0.82 mg CH 4 m -2 hr -1 , respectively); thus, the amount of methane emission from the total area of tropical peat soil was estimated, preliminarily, as 2.43 Tg yr - 1 , contributing 0-45% of the total global methane emission and 2.1% of methane emissions from global natural wetland. However, large amounts of methane were accumulated in the deeper soil layers. Sago palm contained much less carbon as biomass, but lost more as the carbon dissolved in groundwater. Laboratory experiments showed that incorporation of rice straw into tropical peat soil increased methane formation significantly. Conversely, ammonium sulfate suppressed methane formation in tropical peat soil.


A procedure is described for the quantitative transfer of fibers and particulates collected on membrane filters to electron microscope (EM) grids. Various Millipore MF filters (Millipore AA, HA, GS and VM; 0.8, 0.45, 0.22 and 0.05 µm mean pore size) have been used with success. Observed particle losses have not been size dependent and have not exceeded 10%. With fibers (glass or asbestos) as the collected media this observed loss is approximately 3%.


In wireless sensor network, most of the queries are issued at the base station or gateway node the network. However, there are some critical WSN applications where real-time data are needed. But data at base station may not be real-time because of communication delay or periodic nature of data collection. So, real-time data can be accessed from the sensor nodes directly on demand. Before allowing the user to access real-time data from the sensor node, authentication of user must be ensured. But user authentication in case of wireless sensor network is a very critical task, as sensor nodes are deployed in unattached environment and are prone to possible hostile network attacks. Any authentication protocol in WSN must be designed keeping the fact that sensor nodes have limited computing power, memory, energy and communication capabilities. In this thesis, an improved user authentication protocol based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) has been introduced for hierarchical wireless sensor networks (HWSN). This thesis shows that the ECC based protocol is suitable for wireless sensor networks, where higher security is demanded. Besides this the proposed scheme provides mutual authentication and a secret session key for communication between the user and the cluster head. It also provides an option for addition or replacement of cluster head in the network whenever there is a need. Then a comparative study of the proposed scheme with various existing is presented.


66 of the more important works in recent years integrating major areas of psychology, religion, and spirituality. Another one that comes to mind is Pargament's integration of the psychology of coping and religion. As such, this book is a must-read for anyone who takes the integration of psychology and religion seriously. What is particularly interesting about Emmons's book is that he did not set out to achieve the integration he presents. He was led to it the "old fashioned way," he discovered it. As he says in the introduction to the book,


We propose a universal characterization of intra-channel nonlinear effects in multi-span transmission systems by introducing the concept of "nonlinear diffusion bandwidth". We show that transmission lines having identical "nonlinear diffusion bandwidth" generate similar nonlinear degradations. (2 pages)


Findings
Major constitutional change is rare and thus has unknown implications for supply chain partners. Member firms within local food supply chains in the UK can best protect their interests in the wake of Brexit through close collaboration and by identifying and exploiting key dynamic capabilities. This can increase their individual and collective resilience and potential ability to influence future decisions relating to the constitution.


Energy harvesting is increasingly used as a long-term energy supply for the Internet of Things, wireless sensor networks, and cyber-physical systems. However, the challenge of mitigating the variability of energy harvesting sources needs to be addressed before ubiquitous adoption can happen. Otherwise, an unreliable operation of devices with frequent shutdowns during times of energy scarcity would be encountered. One finds probabilistic performance metrics helpful in designing power management solutions for the long-term operation of energy harvesting nodes. These metrics include the probability of battery depletion, expected energy consumption, expected battery level, and similar. This article proposes a stochastic modeling technique and corresponding analysis which can provide such metrics. Our advanced analysis is based on Markov chains. By modeling harvested energy with random variables, new and existing energy management policies are analyzed and compared. We propose an adaptive energy management strategy inspired by mixed-criticality systems. In the proposed strategy, the system can degrade or drop less essential tasks in real time to ensure a graceful degradation of service in adverse harvesting conditions. We compare the proposed energy management approach to several existing alternatives. To this end, we conduct extensive simulations for indoor and outdoor environments, where our strategy matches or outperforms the state of the art. Initial results also validate the high precision of our stochastic model and analysis in comparison to simulations using real-world data.


A command pattern oriented distributed system is proposed. This pattern's high-level framework is designed. In this framework, imported some components, such as command bus, command executor ect. According to the framework, the structure class diagram of the pattern is designed. Components'specific fuction is expatiated, and the command execution process is analyzed in the pattern. Based on the pattern, when developers design command classes, there is no need to consider how to sequence the command object and send it to server, and they don't worry about receiving data from server and anti-serialize from the received data. Concluded that this pattern shielded the communication complexity of the distributed environment, so that developers can use command pattern in a network transparent manner in accordance with the original way.


The strength of massive jointed rock mass can be estimated based on Mohr-Coulomb criterion and Hoek-Brown criterion without making expensive experiment of massive jointed rock mass in site. Only using regression analysis, through transformation,Mohr-Coulomb criterion is compared with Hoek-Brown criterion, the strength of jointed rock mass can be economically obtained. In this paper, based on Geological Strength Index GSI and parameter Jv(Joint/m3), the strength of massive jointed rock mass can be obtained. As an example of GSI 24 for massive jointed rock mass is taken, generalized Hoek-Brown criterion is analyzed linearly and approximately using regression analysis, strength of jointed rock mass can be economically obtained That provide economical and effective method for practical engineering analysis


The production of tongue twisters has been used to study the planning and organization of speech production in both adults and children. In general, temporal measures have differed as a function of age with older children (10+ yr) showing more adult‐like productions than much younger children. In this study, five children, 8 years of age, were audio‐tape recorded producing tongue twisters and control stimuli following Smith [B. Smith, Appl. Psycholinguist. 11, 131–144 (1990)]. Phonetic transcriptions of the children's productions will be presented. Measures of VOT, stop consonant closure, and vowel duration will also be presented. Preliminary analysis of VOT, stop consonant closure, and vowel duration will also be presented. Preliminary analysis of VOT measures show that the twister VOT means were longer than the corresponding control VOT means, as have been reported for adults. These results will be compared to the data reported by Smith.


This paper uses research undertaken in the UK Football Industry to explore how Premier League Football Clubs are addressing issues of environmental sustainability in the context of CSR. Professional football clubs certainly recognize that they are an important part of the community and alongside this comes certain relationships with and responsibilities to the community- be it the local population, local authorities, other businesses or the environment. How clubs discharge these relationships and responsibilities and how they manage the inevitable conflicts with the club's commercial objectives is not well understood. This research seeks to understand the nature of these relationships and explores which responsibilities UK Premiership Football clubs are addressing and how. Environmental practices in professional sport are driven by two important considerations – the desire to achieve legitimacy and the strategic or competitive advantages that these types of activities might provide (Babiak & Trendafilova, 2011). This research seeks to investigate what motivates clubs to achieve such legitimacy and how they may benefit from and seek opportunities arising from better environmental performance. The paper is based on extensive web based research, and semi-structured interviews with key managers at UK Premier League Clubs


Spatial association rule mining is a useful tool for discovering correlations and interesting relationships among spatial objects. Co-locations, or sets of spatial events which are frequently observed together in close proximity, are particularly useful for discovering their spatial dependencies. Although a number of spatial co-location mining algorithms have been developed, the computation of co-location pattern discovery remains prohibitively expensive with large data size and dense neighborhoods. We propose to leverage the power of parallel processing, in particular, the MapReduce framework to achieve higher spatial mining processing efficiency. MapReduce-like systems have been proven to be an efficient framework for large-scale data processing on clusters of commodity machines, and for big data analysis for many applications. The proposed parallel co-location mining algorithm was developed on MapReduce. The experimental result of the developed algorithm shows scalability in computational performance.


Rational utilization of the rich light-bio-matter interplay taking place in single-cell analysis is debuting and represents a new technological direction in the arena. Light-fueled operation is expected to achieve advanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) single-cell analysis with unknown possibilities. Here a PEC nanoreactor capable of single-cell sampling and near zero-background Faradic detection of intracellular microRNA (miR) is devised by construction of a small reaction chamber accommodating the target-triggered hybridization chain reaction for binding the metallointercalator of [Ru(bpy) 2 (dppz)] 2+ as the signal reporter. Light stimulation of the dsDNA/metallointercalator adduct will induce the generation of photocurrents, underpinning a zero-biased and near zero-background PEC methodology toward Faradic detection of non-electrogenic miR at single-cell level, and lower miR concentration in the near nucleus region than that in the main cytosol was revealed by this nanotool.


Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the recent development of Chinese vocational colleges from two perspectives: the adoption of employability as a new institutional mission and organizational changes in six areas. The analysis is based on a multiple-case study. The analytical frameworks are developed from sociological theory and organizational theory. This study argues that vocational colleges in China are experiencing substantial transformations. At the macro level, they are transforming from a social institution to industry under the neoliberal argument for globalization. Colleges adopt employability as their new mission. At the micro level, there are considerable changes under the influence of the new mission, in terms of program goal, program development, curriculum development, dominant pedagogy, faculty development, and internal management. The changes fit the rhetoric of employability as a core competency. There is a tendency that Chinese vocational higher education institutions will degenerate into training organizations for employment.


A thienylsilane molecular layer is self-assembled onto vertically aligned ZnO nanowire templates for promoting in situ electrochemical polymerization of P3HT. The silane functionalization on ZnO surface is investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle measurements. The silane-based surface modified layer acts as a favorable nucleation site for electrochemical polymerization. We find that the oxidation potential for electrochemical polymerization is obviously decreased compared to that without a surface modifier. The UV-visible absorption in the ZnO nanowire/P3HT film with thienylsilane molecular layer is much stronger than that without surface modification.


Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) show tremendous applications in micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems. In order to fulfill their promising applications, an understanding of the mechanical properties of NWs becomes increasingly important. Based on the large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, this work investigated the tensile properties of Si NWs with different faulted stacking layers. Different faulted stacking layers were introduced around the centre of the NW by the insertion or removal of certain stacking layers, inducing twins, intrinsic stacking fault, extrinsic stacking fault, and 9R crystal structure. Stress–strain curves obtained from the tensile deformation tests reveal that the presence of faulted stacking layers has induced a considerable decrease to the yield strength while only a minor decrease to Young's modulus. The brittle fracture phenomenon is observed for all tested NWs. In particular, the formation of a monatomic chain is observed for the perfect NW, which exists for a relatively wide strain range. For the defected NW, the monatomic chain appears and lasts shorter. Additionally, all defected NWs show a fracture area near the two ends, in contrast to the perfect NW whose fracture area is adjacent to the middle. This study provides a better understanding of the mechanical properties of Si NWs with the presence of different faulted stacking layers.


Article analyzes the geoinformation system as a complex system. It is shown that the system analysis has developed in geoinformatics. This article describes the different aspects of the review of geographic information system. It describes the characteristics of GIS subsystem, communication elements, the state and the interaction


Aim To reveal the role of bacterial translocation (BT) and autophagy in severe acute pancreatitis-induced acute lung injury (SAP-ALI). Methods Rats were separated into a control (sham-operation) group (n = 10) and a SAP group (n = 10) and a SAP group ( Results Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, lipase, and amylase in the SAP group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Histopathological score and W/D ratio of the lung in the SAP-BT(+) group were significantly higher than that in the SAP-BT(-) group (P < 0.01). Histopathological score and W/D ratio of the lung in the SAP-BT(+) group were significantly higher than that in the SAP-BT(-) group (P < 0.01). Histopathological score and W/D ratio of the lung in the SAP-BT(+) group were significantly higher than that in the SAP-BT(-) group (P < 0.01). Histopathological score and W/D ratio of the lung in the SAP-BT(+) group were significantly higher than that in the SAP-BT(-) group (P < 0.01). Histopathological score and W/D ratio of the lung in the SAP-BT(+) group were significantly higher than that in the SAP-BT(-) group (P < 0.01). Histopathological score and W/D ratio of the lung in the SAP-BT(+) group were significantly higher than that in the SAP-BT(-) group ( Conclusions BT can aggravate SAP-ALI with the increasing oxidative stress level, which may be related to the decrease of autophagy level.


Potential effects of climate change include loss of biodiversity and ecodiversity due to direct influences and habitat changes and impacts on agricultural systems resulting into the decrease of productivity. While direct assessment is rarely possible, the evaluation methodology focused on statistical modelling. This study used the Geographical Information Systems to look at the spatial distribution of 2100 predicted temperatures in Romania by landform and biogeographical regions, assess their potential influences on natural protected areas, and model the shift of biogeographical regions under the hypothesis according to which increased temperature result into the expansion of warmer regions over the colder ones. Results suggest that, according to the predictions, the most important threats occur in natural protected areas from the mountain regions and in agriculture, and that the Steppic region could expand over the Continental and Black Sea ones, with caveats due to the hypothesis and methodology.


Basing on the original mechanical structure of arc-submerging welder for flat fillet seams, this article designs an arc-submerging welder control system for large steel structures flat fillet seams, such as blast furnaces, oil tanks, and so on, and expatiates on the working principle by circuit designing and testing in detail. This control system has been used greatly in DongYing, DaGang and other construction site for large steel structure.


In this paper we discuss the problem on parametric and non parametric estimation of the distributions generated by the Marshall-Olkin copula. This copula comes from the Marshall-Olkin bivariate exponential distribution used in reliability analysis. Through this copula we can extend the Marshall-Olkin distribution in order to construct several bivariate survival functions. The cumulative distribution functions of these distributions are not absolute continuous functions and they unknown parameters are often not be obtained in explicit form. In particular we consider the IFM method to find the Marshall-Olkin copula estimator, presenting the copula likelihood function. We compare this procedure with a non parametric estimator of the copula, the bivariate empirical copula, used to evaluate the copula goodness of fit. The estimate procedures described are verified through several simulation. One data-set is analyzed for a illustrative purpose.


Aim: The aim of this study was to describe musculoskeletel disorder (MSD) symptoms in nurses and etiological factors.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a government hospital in the West of Turkey between March and June 2018. The population was composed of the 608 nurses working in the hospital. All of the population were invited to participate, and the research sample was formed from the 498 nurses who met the research inclusion criteria (participation rate 82%). Data were collected by researchers with technique of face-to-face interviews, using a nurse descriptive form and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 16.0). Numbers, percentages, means and chi-squared tests were used in data analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
Result: The nurses' mean age was 34.78±8.60 years (min: 18, max: 58) and most of them (75.5%) were females. The results showed that 87.3% of the nurses had reported MSDs symptoms in at least one body region during the past 12 months. The greatest prevalence of MSDs symptoms by body regions were in the lower back (78.5%), the back (74.9%), the knees (63.1%), the neck (61.2%) and the shoulders (59.6%). The study was found that MSDs symptoms were more frequently seen in those aged over 40, those who stated that their health was poor or very poor, those who had been working as nurses for more than 20 years, those with chronic illnesses, those who slept little, and those who worked more than eight hours a day or 40 hours a week (p


Legal Politic in the Indonesian transision period is still inspired by some elements. Firstly, the political basis in Indonesia is elite politic. Secondly, political transision in Indonesian is still on the domination of the capital power. Thirdly, the transision process is pracmatic political process which indicates by the fighting of power among the  groups. Fourthly, the official governments who uphold the law has a srtategic  roles and functions to support the creation of national legal politic which craetes sosial  justice to Indonesian people.


This article discusses one of the problems with the current condition of the international attribution regime. The rise of non-state actors in international and internal conflicts has created many problems for the international community. This is especially true in the case of cyber attacks. The tests for attributing the actions of a non-state actor to a state were devised before the age of the Internet and before cyber attacks accompanied armed attacks. The entities that conceived the attribution tests were unable to factor cyber attacks into their considerations because, in large part, the ability to conduct a cyber attack had yet to be developed. Cyber attacks can have a devastating impact on a state's economy and infrastructure. Because new technological developments allow non-state actors to launch cyber attacks, especially those implemented in conjunction with armed attacks, as was the case in Georgia in 2008, the international community should reassess where it stands on the issue of attribution.This article uses the Georgia-Russia conflict as a window into the problems of attribution. It examines the attribution tests set forth in the International Court of Justice's Nicaragua decision, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia's Tadic decision, and Article 8 of the Draft Articles on Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts. This article calls on the relevant parties to set a lower standard for attribution, especially when a cyber attack occurs in conjunction with an armed attack.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to identify job stress level and to elucidate the factors associated with job stress among female golf caddies as a specific job group in South Korea.

PARTICIPANTS
The sample included 228 female caddies from 9 golf resorts in this descriptive cross-sectional study.

METHODS
Descriptive analysis and hierarchical regression were conducted to examine significant correlations between variables.

RESULTS
The hierarchical regression model for job stress explained 26.8% of the variance among those with a low monthly income (β =-0.151, p=0.021), an irregular diet (β=0.165, p=0.014), and high daily work hours (β=0.380, p=0.000), showing that these respondents were more likely to report high job stress levels.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study underscore the urgent need to improve job stress levels and factors related to job stress among female golf caddies. Future intervention programs for this job of specific case should focus on improving job stress and coping strategies.


This paper seeks to understand how projects can make an increased impact on the United Nations (UN) 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDSs). The paper proposes Creating Shared Value as a synergistic method of achieving economic business success on projects, whilst also delivering wider benefits to society and the environment. The use of this 'Triple Bottom Line' can link SDGs to normative project success criteria. The paper provides a comparative study of literature with synthesis of findings and development of a conceptual model to guide future research.


Empirical data exhibit a common phenomenon that vegetation biomass fluctuates periodically over time in ecosystem, but the corresponding internal driving mechanism is still unclear. Simultaneously, considering that the conversion of soil water absorbed by roots of the vegetation into vegetation biomass needs a period time, we thus introduce the conversion time into Klausmeier model, then a spatiotemporal vegetation model with time delay is established. Through theoretical analysis, we not only give the occurence conditions of stability switches for system without and with diffusion at the vegetation-existence equilibrium, but also derive the existence conditions of saddle-node-Hopf bifurcation of non-spatial system and Hopf bifurcation of spatial system at the coincidence equilibrium. Our results reveal that the conversion delay induces the interaction between the vegetation and soil water in the form of periodic oscillation when conversion delay increases to the critical value. By comparing the results of system without and with diffusion, we find that the critical value decreases with the increases of spatial diffusion factors, which is more conducive to emergence of periodic oscillation phenomenon, while spatial diffusion factors have no effects on the amplitude of periodic oscillation. These results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the spatiotemporal evolution behaviors of vegetation system.


This study aims to determine the effect of profitability and liquidity on firm value in food and beverage sub-sector manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for the 2015-2019 period. In this study using quantitative descriptive methods. The type of data in this research is secondary data. The data collection technique used was purposive sampling. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that profitability had a significant positive effect on firm value. Meanwhile, liquidity has no effect on firm value.


The capability of nodes to broadcast their message to the entire wireless network when nodes employ cooperation is considered. We employ an asymptotic analysis using an extended random network setting and show that the broadcast performance strongly depends on the path loss exponent of the medium. In particular, as the size of the random network grows, the probability of broadcast in a one-dimensional network goes to zero for path loss exponents larger than one, and goes to a nonzero value for path loss exponents less than one. In two-dimensional networks, the same behavior is observed for path loss exponents above and below two, respectively.


The neutral atmospheric refraction-delay is an important error-source in space geodetic surveying.A theoretical formulation for the atmosphere curving path correction is given.Based on the analysis of the magnitude of various factors which make contribution to the errors,a new series expansion model with sub-millimeter accuracy is obtained.This series expansion model is expressed by the product between tangent and secant of apparent zenith distance as argument.The research shows that the new series expansion formula has sub-millimeter precision.According to the sphere-symmetrical troposphere model,theoretically,the correction model can be expanded to an infinite series and the angle of altitude can be allowed to be as small as 5°.


We utilize a central-gate vertical molecular transistor to evaluate the leakage current in such devices. We investigate the effect of the gate-oxide width on the leakage current and on the degree of the penetration of the gate-induced electric field through the molecular channel. It is shown that though widening of the oxide layer reduces the source–gate leakage current dramatically, it results in the reduction of the gate-voltage effectiveness.


A firing squad executed Qu Qiubai in 1935 as he sat in the lotus position in Zhongshan Park, Changtian City, Fujian Province. Qu was thirty six years old. In over fifteen years of staggering labour, Ou established Chinese sociology as a Marxist discipline, translating and drawing from sociology of the USSR and elsewhere. He embraced social science in a hope to locate truth and amass accurate knowledge, with his cohorts even receiving graduate education in the United States, engaged in an unrelenting translation into Chinese written languages of the experience and literatures of other peoples in search for accuracy. Qu's focus on translations, truth, language, and the role of social science in societal change helps us see the kinds of social science that developed in counter-pose to the sociology of Pax Americana.


In spring 2019, the North Carolina Institute of Medicine, in partnership with agencies and organizations that provide care and advocacy around issues of palliative care, hospice care, aging, and long-term supports and services, convened the Task Force on Serious Illness Care.


This model deals a continuous review (s, S) inventory system with two heterogeneous servers (server-1 and server-2). Server-1 serves for primary and feedback customers. The primary customers arrival according to a MAP. Service time for both servers, lead time and feedback customers service have exponential distribution. The Primary customers, who finds either two servers are busy or no item is in stock, waits in the finite waiting hall. If the waiting hall is full, then the arriving customer consider to be lost. After the completion of service, the primary customer will decide either to join the orbit (infinite size) for additional service or leaves the system according to a Bernoulli trial. These orbiting customers compete for their service according to a constant retrial policy. Orbital search for server-2 follows a Bernoulli trial. The results are illustrated numerically.


Objective To assess the effect of flumazenil on severe hepatic encephalopathy(stage III and IV).Methods72 patients with hepatic encephalopathy(stage III and IV)were randomly divided into 2 groups,the treatment group was treated with flumazenil,and control group was treated with saline.The improvements of clinical symptoms and electroencephalograms 2 hours after treatment were observed,and 2-week survival rates were also calculated.ResultsImprovement rates of clinical symptoms and electroencephalograms were 43.6% and 48.7% in treatment group,which were greatly higher than those of control group.There was no difference between 2-week survival rates of the 2 groups.ConclusionFlumazenil can improve the level of consciousness and the abnormalities of EEG of patients with hepatic encephalopathy,however,the survival rates can not be increased by it.


This sketch presents a series of multiperspective collages I created over the last four years. Two examples of these works can be seen in the SIGGRAPH 2005 Art Gallery. Here, I describe my process and tools, demonstrate a custom image editing system I created for the project, and show some resulting images. I will also briefly outline some of the theoretical underpinnings to the work and mention some of the history of multiperspective imagery.


Abstract: Reproduction of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus pfeili (Ratzeburg), in relation to galley formation, was examined by artificial rearing in test tubes. Unmated females produced only male offspring, while broods that originated from fertilized females had strongly female‐biased sex ratios. Thus, the reproductive process of X. pfeili is arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Oviposition took place over a long time, as eggs were present in the tunnels throughout the experiments (up to 40 days after inoculation). Total length of a gallery system and number of offspring per tube were positively correlated. Pupation and eclosion of males were later than those of some females. In the case of two males (offspring in pupal and/or adult stages) in the same gallery system, most of the males coexisted in the condition of both different stages and different branch tunnels. These results imply that a mother beetle of X. pfeili determines the number of her eggs in response to the size of each branch tunnel (= amount of ambrosia fungus), and produces at least one male egg in the tunnel after laying some female eggs.


Objective:LAPTM4B is a novel gene which is over expressed in HCC.To evaluate LAPTM4B gene promoter on gene transcription,we construct luciferase reporter plasmid pGL3-LAPTM4B-Luc.Methods:The LAPTM4B cDNA was used as a template in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify its upstream regions from the translation initiation codon.The PCR product was directly cloned into the luciferase reporter vector pGL3-Basic.Results:Restriction enzymes digestion and nucleotide sequencing confirmed that the recombinant plasmids were correct without base mutation and deletion.Conclusion:A known gene promoter sequence could be freely obtained from Genbank database.This is very useful for the gene promoter cloning and promoter vector constructing.The construction of LAPTM4B recombinant plasmid lay a foundation of the analysis of promoter activities.


This research aimed to study schools administration relevant to the multiculturalism in the three southernmost provinces : a case study of public secondary schools. The samples were 248 teachers from public secondary schools in the three southernmost provinces in academic year 2014. The sample size was calculated by using Ray and Lee. The research instrument was a five-rank-rating-scale questionnaire. The statistics were used frequency, percentage , mean, standard deviation, t- test, F-test and person product moment correlation. The results showed that only two variables (religion and location) were statistical significant at .05 and .001 respectively and the hard ware factors were positive correlated at a statistically significant level .01 to the soft ware factors as high levels. (r = .871)


Abstract : The report covers the design, development, fabrication, test and evaluation of joints applicable to large rocket propellant containers. The joints were fabricated by explosive welding techniques and were made from 18% Nickel Maraging Steel Grade 250. The objective of this program was to show feasibility in bonding this material into joints having zero leak potential and possessing parent material strength. (Modified author abstract)


Abstract The manganese lump ore from Morro da Mina mine is typically silicate car-bonated and presents a great economic potential for the ferroalloy companies in-stalled in Minas Gerais. However, its low manganese content, associated with the lack of knowledge about its metallurgical properties makes it difficult for large scale application. This pioneering study aimed to amply investigate this lump ore's par-ticle disintegration. One ton of ore from the mine was homogenized and quartered. Representative samples were characterized by different techniques, such as ICP-AES, XRD, SEM, BET and OM. Aiming to characterize particle disintegration, three pa-rameters were proposed: Cold Disintegration Index (CDI), Decrepitation Index (DI) and Heating Disintegration Index (HDI). By using these indexes, it was possible to conclude that this manganese lump ore did not present significant disintegration at room temperature. At medium temperature test, slight decrepitation occurred, and at high temperatures, intense disintegration was detected. The carbonate decomposi-tion and porosity growth were the main responsible factors for the ore hot particle disintegration.


- Congenital anomalies (CAs) are a major cause of stillbirths and neonatal mortality in India. The extent and patterns vary over time and across different geographical locations. The objective of the study was diagnosis of CAs using ultrasound (USG), different demographic patterns, types of CA, mode of delivery, gestational age and associated maternal risk factors in both booked and unbooked urban and rural pregnant women at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lal Ded Hospital (tertiary health care setting), Government Medical College (GMC), Srinagar. Pregnancy outcome of both booked and unbooked pregnant women were followed till delivery for the ascertainment of CAs. The congenital abnormalities were detected during antenatal period using ultrasonography (USG), after delivery and abortion. A total of 5539 mothers were followed till their pregnancy outcome was recorded. Among them 5500 live births were recorded. Rate of incidence of CAs were 0.9/1000 live births. The unbooked women showed indices of 64%, while as, the


Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) optical fiber inherently responds to the changes of temperature and relative humidity. PMMA optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) has been reported with diverse temperature and relative humidity sensitivities. These results cannot present the full performance of a POFBG sensor, as they are measured at limited environmental conditions. In this letter, we systematically investigated the POFBG temperature and relative humidity sensing responses. We found that POFBG temperature/relative humidity sensitivity is the function of both temperature and relative humidity. In the experiments, POFBG sensing responses vary linearly with temperature/relative humidity at fixed relative humidity/temperature. Based on this linearity, a general expression of POFBG sensing response to temperature and relative humidity has been obtained and verified for the first time to describe the POFBG performance in the desired operation range. The anisotropy in POF induced by drawing history could induce uncertainty in POFBG response but pre-straining POFBG overcomes this problem.


While historians and management students are familiar with the lore of how an internal memo at Procter & Gamble 'invented' brand management in 1931 (Fullerton, Low 1994; Dyer et al. 2004), little is known about how advertising agencies conceptualised and practiced branding during the early parts of the twentieth century. This paper presents evidence that by the 1920s advertising agencies drew on shared forms of implicit knowledge about consumer psychology which anticipated post-1950s debates about brand image, brand personality, brand identity, lifestyle brands and the global brand. I argue that large-scale, international advertising agencies discovered the symbolic and emotional capacities of brands in building consumer loyalty and in forming certain consumer identities much earlier than usually acknowledged. American and British agencies developed the field of tacit knowledge about the brand-consumer relationship as a source of competitive advantage in the competition for clients which increasingly sought consumers in overseas markets.


Composite absorbers based on conducting fabrics possessing moderate conductivity and dielectric/magnetic properties were prepared by in situ incorporation of nanoparticles of BaTiO3 (15–25 nm) or Fe3O4 (25–40 nm) within coated poly(aniline) (PANI) matrix. The X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the formation of PANI coating and incorporation of BaTiO3 or Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy images show formation of thick and uniform coating of PANI over individual fibers and in interweave regions. The dielectric studies show that incorporation of BaTiO3 lead to enhancement of dielectric properties of PANI whereas magnetization measurements revealed that incorporation of Fe3O4 resulted in noticeable improvement in magnetic properties with saturation magnetization of 17.9 emu/g. The Ku-band (12.4–18.0 GHz) shielding studies revealed that pure PANI-coated fabric show total shielding effectiveness (SET) of −15.3 dB which enhanced to −16.8 and −19.4 dB ...


Fungi are of fundamental importance in terrestrial ecosystems, and their roles and importance are usually overlooked or underestimated by ecologists who study plants or animals. Filamentous fungi with a habit of exuding adhesive extracellular polysaccharides or mucopolysaccharides are important in soil stabilization through the formation of microaggregates and the binding of aggregates and particles. In the human environment, fungi are important in many food and industrial fermentations, but they also cause food spoilage and grow unwanted in our living and working spaces, creating problems of environmental health. This chapter highlights the fundamentals of discovering and identifying fungi in these diverse environments. The fundamentally different biologies of different groups of fungi mean that no single method will work to discover or isolate all fungi in any material or area. For this reason, some general methods are presented, which users may need to modify to study their fungi of particular interest. Biodiversity of Fungi presents an extensive review of this topic.


Objective To report five cases of puerile ( 9 year) atlantoaxial instability which underwent C1-C2 pedicle screw internal fixation by posterior approach, and to introduce the surgical technique and the key point of intra- and post-operative management. Methods The average age of the five cases (1 male and 4 female) was 77.6 months (2 year to 9 year 8 month old). All cases had atlantoaxial instability, one with dens tumor, one with atlantoaxial trauma, and three with dysplasia. All of the cases had syndromes of neck pain, limitation of cervical motion, and tetraparesis in different degrees due to the compression of spinal cord. Cervical X-ray including dynamic position, MRI, and three-dimension CT scanning were performed preoperatively. The computer aided design-rapid prototyping (CAD-RP) technique was utilized with the data from the three-dimension CT to create the atlantoaxial and pedicle screw drill models. The screw placement procedure was monitored by fluoroscopy. The case with dens tumor underwent posterior instrumentation followed by transoral tumor resection. Results All of the operations were successful with no complications. The average estimate blood loss was 100-300 mL. The CT scanning showed the screws were in good position. Follow-up at 3-6 months demonstrated all of the patients significant recovery and no complication happened. Conclusions The technique of pedicle screw internal fixation with 3.5 mm screw could be applied on the atlantoaxial instability of children. With the help of C-arm, 3D CAD and drill guide models, the anchor of the screws would be more accurate.


In this work we analyze the kinematics of the Alhama de Murcia Fault in the area of Lorca-Totana, from Upper Pliocene to Presento In this analysis we make use of the information given by pliocene and quaternary sediments. An alternance of thrust and sinistral kinematics behaviours of the Alhama de Murcia Fault can be recognized. This behaviours broungt about for two shortering directions: NNE-SSO and NNO-SSE that control the structure and evolution of Guadalentin Basin and recent sediments. We also study the disposition of more significative earthquakes and its relations with principal shears. The Alhama de Murcia Fault control parcially that disposition and the kind of earthquakes.


An intelligent control system of lighting equipment comprises of N controllers and PC in connection by RS485 network and a RS232-RS485 converter at PC terminal, wherein, N is the natural number greater than two. The single controller includes a single chip, a photoelectric detection module, an infrared pyroelectricity human body detection module, an isolating circuit, a drive circuit and a relay set. The photoelectric detection module comprises a silicon photocell and a fine operational amplifier MAX4236. A human body sensor module in the infrared pyroelectricity human body detection module adopts a special infrared chip BISS0001 and a PIR and a few outward elements forming passive pyroelectricity infrared switch; a human body detector consists of the PIR and a rotary tripod head. The invention realizes the intelligent control on light equipments by a plurality of sensors collecting light, temperature, indoor people number and other information, solves the problem of building lighting real time control management and can effectively save electric energy and prolong service life of the lighting equipments.


The future development of the global banking business will represent such a trend that the competition will be more drastic, the supervision will be more normal, the trade will be freer, and the scale benefit will be more extensive. Along with the quickening of the steps of the reform of our country's financial system and the increasing of the opening extent of our country's financial business, the domestic banking business faces the severe challenges of participating in the international competition. Therefore, our country's commercial banks must use the managerial experiences of advanced commercial banks in the world as reference, strengthen the risk management, and develop suitable managerial model of the commercial banks.


Antimicrobial phosphate glass having the following composition in wt .-% on oxide basis: P > 66-80 wt .-% SO 0-40 wt .-% B 0-1 wt .-% Al > 6.2 to 10 wt .-% SiO 0-10 wt .-% Li 0-25 wt .-% Na ≥ 9.0 to 20 wt .-% K 0-25 wt .-% CaO 0-25 wt .-% MgO 0-15 wt .-% SrO 0-15 wt .-% BaO 0-15 wt .-% ZnO 0-25 wt .-% Ag 0-5 wt .-% CuO 0-10 wt .-% 0-10 wt .-% 0-15 wt .-% Cr 0-10 wt .-% J 0-10 wt .-% F 0-3 wt.%


We address H-infinity structured static state feedback and give a simple form for an optimal control law applicable to linear time invariant systems with symmetric and Hurwitz state matrix. More specifically, the control law as well as the minimal value of the norm can be expressed in the matrices of the system's state space representation, given separate cost on state and control input. Thus, the control law is transparent, easy to synthesize and scalable. Furthermore, if the plant possess a compatible sparsity pattern it is also distributed. Examples of such sparsity patterns are included. Furthermore, we give an extension of the optimal control law that incorporate coordination among subsystems. We demonstrate by a numerical example that the derived optimal controller is equal in performance to an optimal controller derived by the riccati equation approach.


The purpose of this study is the analysis of the research carried out in the last twenty years about the assessment and treatment of the spastic pelvic floor syndrome. To reach this aim a bibliometric study of the articles published in specialized joumals included in MEDLME and PSYC-LIT basis was ellaborated, being an analysis done afterwards, not about the summaries, but about the complete version of the works. Once completed the general exploration of the studies, a total of seven relevant characteristics was analized, characteristics includmg participant subjects, assessment techniques used, experimental design, characteristics of the therapeutic intervention (type of treatment, simple «versus» complex treatment, treatment components and duration of the intervention), dependent variables, results and follow-up. The results of the bibliometric study not only give us specific data about the situation of current research, but also suggest important future trends in this area.


B ST R A C T The main aim of this research work is to develop a suitable LC method for the quantitative determination of genotoxic impurities contains in Salbutamol Sulphate which is coming from the chemicals used during the manufacturing process. In manufacturing process many unwanted chemical materials are being used and out that many are following under Genotoxic category. After screening and doing the assessment on the genotoxic predication in salbutamol sulphate. The [1][2][3] possible genotoxic impurities identified and likely to present in salbutamol Sulphate as Salicylic acid, Acetyl methyl [4][5][6] [7] [8] [8] Salicylate (AMS), Benzyl methyl salicylate (BMS), Bromo-compound and Dibromo-compound . The main [19][24] challenge is to separate all impurities from each other to get better resolution and response. As genotoxic impurities estimation limit in final molecule is very minute and low it is not easy to quantify at ppm level present in Salbutamol sulphate in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Hence the LC method was developed on Waters HPLC system (Water's Ltd, USA) with 2995 UV detector at 273 nm as wavelength and 1.0 ml/min flow rate by using Spherical end-capped octylsilyl silica gel for chromatography (l = 0.15 m, Ø = 4.6 mm, 3μm) long with gradient system. The chromatographic and integrated data were recorded using Empower -3 data acquisition software. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation for the impurity were established. Validation of the developed LC method was carried out as per ICH requirements and the data shows that the proposed method is specific, linear, accurate, precise and robust. This method has been tested in a number of Salbutamol Sulphate and used successfully for quantification of the reported impurities at ppm level. The developed LC method was found to be suitable to quantify the genotoxic impurities Salicylic acid, Acetyl methyl Salicylate (AMS), Benzyl methyl salicylate (BMS), Bromo-compound and Dibromo-compound at ppm level present Salbutamol Sulphate. ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Chemistry


BACKGROUND
The overall success and predictability of dental implant treatment hinge on the primary stability, direct bone-to implant contact formation, and quantity and/or quality of residual bone. Pulsed electromagnetic field has been reported to increase bone regeneration in various clinical situations. Therefore, it was hypothesized that devices which could locally generate a Pulsed electromagnetic field would stimulate bone healing and increase bone density surrounding implants.

OBJECTIVE
To retrospectively assess the effects of the miniaturized electromagnetic device (MED) on the implants stability for the first time in human subjects, in a prospective case controlled series.

METHODS
Twelve consecutive patients (28 implants) were included in the study.Twelve MED healing caps and 16 regular control healing caps were inserted. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was performed at implant placement and abutment connection and an implant stability quotient value was given for each implant.

RESULTS
Twenty-eight dental implants were included in the current study. Maxillary implants stability was significantly higher with MED healing cups compared with controls at 15 days postimplantation (66.2 vs 62.1, P = .0008). Resonance frequency analysis test performed at 30 days postimplantation demonstrated significantly increased stability in MED as compared with the control 73.5 ± 3.2 vs 66.7 ± 4.8 in mandibular implants and 74 ± 1.7 vs 65 ± 2.3 in maxillary implants. At the 50 days postimplantation, RFA tests revealed markedly higher stability of the maxillary implants with MED active healing caps compared with nonactive 75.4 ± 5.1 vs 68.5 ± 8.5, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that MED-abutment implants demonstrated a superior stability during the early phase of healing as compared with standard implants.


The invention relates to a method for preparing portable fresh-keeping sweet wine, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: 1, preparing fumet sweet wine; 2, preparing a massive solid matter of the sweet wine; 3, preparing a seasoning bag; and 4, packaging a finished product. The sweet wine prepared by the method is portable and convenient; and the fresh-keeping period can reach 12 months.


The applications of #1和#2 super-fine powdered gold on electronic paste are discussed. #1 is designed for printing conductors and #2 for welding. With #1 powder, the conductor line resolution goes higher; and with #2, ohm contact and adhesion meet the requirements.


Originated from two kinds of volcanic ashes from Jingyu County,Jilin Province,five samples are prepared according to different grain size distribution.The specific gravity,mineralogy chemical composition,particle shape are examined in laboratory.The shear strength and compressibility of those samples are tested by direct shear tests and one dimension consolidation tests,and the influence of grain size distribution on shear strength and compressibility is also analyzed.Volcanic ashes in Jingyu County are mainly composed of volcanic glass,and the particles are angular because they have never experienced a long-term hydro power or wind rounding.The shear properties are similar to that of dry sand with low cohesion and the shear strength is influenced greatly by grain size distribution.The internal friction angle of the samples increases with the increase of median grain size d50,but is less influenced by the nonuniform coefficient cu.


Abstract Evidence from locations in the north central region of the United States indicates that a rainy spell is more likely to terminate after at least two wet days than after one wet day during early spring. However, the departure from a first-order Markov chain model has only minor effects when estimating probabilities of specified sequences of wet and dry days.


There are numerous design details requiring careful planning in order to maximize the effectiveness and minimize the cost of a modern EMC lab. In addition, the construction fit-up costs can easily equal or exceed the cost of the chambers. In order to optimize the investment, appropriate consideration should be given to facility design and construction techniques. This paper discusses EMC facility design, chamber design and construction issues. Additionally, the areas of cost savings, various designs and feature pros and cons, and several pitfalls that can be avoided are reviewed.


In this paper, the working mechanism of SPMA protocol in wireless Ad Hoc network is described in detail. The M/G/1 priority queue is used to model the SPMA priority queue. Considering the transmit-to-receive interference and the multiple access interference, the probability of successful message reception is analyzed. Aiming at the problem of SPMA threshold setting, an innovative joint derivation method combining theoretical modeling and simulation correction is proposed. Firstly, the relationship between the duty cycle and burst success probability is derived through mathematical modeling, and then the relationship is modified in combination with simulation. Finally, the setting principle of threshold is discussed, and the problem of SPMA threshold setting is solved, It provides theoretical support for subsequent SPMA key parameter design and performance analysis.