The High Energy cosmic Radiation Detector (HERD) is a prominent space-borne instrument to be installed on-board the Chinese Space Station (CSS) around 2027, resulting from a collaboration among Chinese and European institutions. Primary scientific goals of HERD include: precise measurements of the cosmic ray (CR) energy spectra and mass composition at energies up to few PeV, electron/positron spectra up to tens of TeV, CR anisotropy, gamma ray astronomy and transient studies, along with indirect searches for Dark Matter candidates. The detector is configured to accept incident particles from both its top and four lateral sides. Owing to its pioneering design, more than one order of magnitude increase in geometric acceptance is foreseen, with respect to previous and ongoing experiments. HERD is conceived around a deep (∼55 X 0, 3 λ I ) 3D cubic calorimeter (CALO), forming an octagonal prism. Fiber Trackers (FiTs) are instrumented on all active sides, with a Plastic Scintillator Detector (PSD) covering the calorimeter and tracker. Ultimately, a Silicon Charge Detector (SCD) envelops the above-stated sub-detectors, while a Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is instrumented on one of its lateral faces, for energy calibration in the TeV scale. This work illustrates HERD's latest advancements and scientific objectives along with an overview of upcoming activities.


Introduction Biomedical waste is a hazardous waste material that is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings. Hence, it needs special attention and appropriate management before disposal. Objective This study aimed to assess the biomedical solid waste management system in Jimma Medical Center, Jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia, 2020. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the biomedical solid waste management system from May 12 to 25, 2020. The quantity of biomedical solid waste generated was measured by using a calibrated weight balance. An observational checklist and a semi-structured interview guide were used to assess the current practice of biomedical solid waste management. In addition, during combustion, the concentration of pollutants emitted from the incinerator was measured at a different distance from the source. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean waste generation rates among wards and the contribution of incinerator emissions at different distances was analyzed by regression. Result The average daily biomedical waste generation rate was determined to be 0.92kg/bed/day and/or 0.75kg/patient/day. There was limited segregation of biomedical waste by type at the point of generation. Mixed biomedical waste was collected and transported using substandard open plastic bins. Moreover, the incinerator was operated at a low temperature and high peak average concentrations of PM2.5 (21.7–999.9 μg/m3) and PM10 (31–1999.9 μg/m3), total VOC (736–4754mg/m3), NO2 (0.00–600 μg/m3) and SO2 (0.00–300 μg/m3) were recorded at different distances downwind from the incinerator. Conclusion The average biomedical waste generation rate was above the threshold value set by the World Health Organization in low-income countries. Its management was also limited. The high concentrations of pollutants released from the incinerator affect the nearby air quality and hence interferes with the health of the local community.


(1978). Metalevel Product-Portfolio Analysis: An Enrichment of Strategic Planning Suggested by Organization Theory. International Studies of Management & Organization: Vol. 8, New Challenges For Strategic Management, pp. 35-66.


Aim to evaluate the effect of five new 3-substituted chromone derivatives on changes in mitochondrial function and the development of tau pathology in animals under experimental chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
Material and methods. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy was modeled in Wistar rats by repeated exposure to a shock wave (2 atm.) on the animal's head for seven days. The studied compounds (X3A1 X3A5) and the reference citicoline were administered 60 minutes after injury at doses of 40 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg orally. On the eighth day of the experiment, changes in the mass coefficient of the brain, the concentration of phosphorylated tau protein in brain tissue and changes in the activity of cytochrome-c-oxidase and succinate dehyrogenase were evaluated in animals.
Results. The use of compounds X3A4 and X3A5 equally to citicoline reduced the development of tau pathology, increased the activity of mitochondrial enzymes: cytochrome-c-oxidase by 14.5% (p0.05), 41.9% (p0.05) and 22.6% (p0.05), respectively; succinate dehydrogenase by 28.6% (p0.05); 33.2% (p0.05) and 22.8% (p0.05), respectively. As a result, against the background of the administration of these compounds, an increase in brain mass coefficient was noted in relation to the animals that did not receive a pharmacological support.
Conclusion. Administration of chromone derivatives X3A4 and X3A5 to animals with experimental chronic traumatic encephalopathy prevents the development of tau pathology and atrophy of brain tissue, probably due to metabolic action, expressed in the restoration of mitochondrial function.


In Japan, there are many signs unrelated to safety and evacuation in buildings, because of insufficient regulation on advertisement placement. We comprehended the effects of setting conditions of signs on evacuee's ability to distinguish needed information.. We measured the amount of sign's information represented by configuration factor in the visual field with 1.0 m interval. In the results, the value of configuration factor of advertisements was greater than the others, and the one of evacuation guidance was extremely limited. We also examined the difference of results among interval levels and found out that the results with 5.0m interval could be treated almost the same as the one with 1.0m interval.


Preliminary research study to evaluate the potential and need for virtual reality in the mental health sector specifically focusing on the treatment of agoraphobia. A survey was sent to numerous partici-pants that have been diagnosed and currently receiving treatment for agoraphobia. Results have concluded there is a demand for virtual reality treatment for agoraphobia and this in turn can lead to future studies into the VR therapy.


Abstract A combined experimental and simulational work was carried out in this paper to investigate the kinetic effects of non-equilibrium excitation by direct electron impact on low temperature pyrolysis of CH4 in a RF dielectric barrier discharge. Special attention was placed on the vibrational chemistry of CH4 and some other important products including H2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6 and C3H8 largely produced in CH4/He discharge under an intermediate reduced electric field ranging 51–80 Td. A detailed kinetic mechanism incorporating a set of electron impact reactions, electron-ion recombination reactions, negative ions attachment reactions, charge exchange reactions, reactions involving vibrationally excited molecules and the relaxation process of vibrationally excited species was assembled and experimentally validated. The modeling results showed a reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured results in terms of CH4 conversion and products production including C2 hydrocarbons and hydrogen. A linear increasing trend of methane conversion with increasing plasma power input was discovered, which suggested a strong dependence of molecular excitation on energy input. Both the CH4/He mole ratio and the reactor temperature play significant roles in CH4 conversion and major products production. The experimental results showed that the selectivity of value-added products C2H4 and H2 keeps essentially unchanged with increasing energy input, mostly because the contribution CH4 ionization and He excitation effectively compete with vibrational excitation and dissociation of CH4 molecule with the E/N value increasing. The calculated results showed that the typical relaxation time of vibrational states is comparable to the gas-kinetics time in a CH4/He discharge mixture, thus the vibrationally excited molecules can significantly accelerate chemical reactions through an effective decrease of activation energy. The path flux analysis revealed that the vibrationally excited molecules CH4(v) and H2(v) enhanced chain propagation reactions, such as CH4(v)+H→CH3+H2, CH4(v)+CH→C2H4+H, and H2(v)+C→CH+H, further stimulating the production of active radicals and final products. Specifically, H2(v)+C→CH+H was responsible for 7.9% of CH radical formation and CH4(v)+CH→C2H4+H accounted for 31.4% of total C2H4 production. This kinetic study provides new sights in demonstrating the contribution of vibrationally excited molecules in RF plasma assisted methane pyrolysis.


We investigate an amplify-and-forward(AF) twohop multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) relaying system where the source transmits to a destination with the help of a relay. The bit error rates (BERs) are presented when a maximum ratio transmission/receive antenna selection (MRT/RAS) or a transmit antenna selection/maximum ratio combining (TAS/MRC) is used for each link of source-relay and relay-destination through simulation.


Abstract The solid-liquid wetting factor, f, for solid dissolution in a liquid with and without chemical reaction was experimentally determined in a fixed bed three-phase reactor with downward concurrent gas and liquid flows (Trickle Bed Reactor). The method employed consisted of comparing the volumetric solid-liquid mass transfer coefficient obtained when two phases (liquid and gas) circulated through the bed, with those coefficients obtained at liquid full bed conditions, maintaining the intrinsic liquid velocity constant. The chemical system selected was benzoic acid and acetylsalicylic acid as solid phases, water and sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution, and atmospheric air. Experiments were carried out in which the flow of both phases was modified, obtaining a direct dependency of f with the flow and holdup of liquid. The gas flow effect over f was not important in the flow regime studied, defined as the low interaction regime. Furthermore, the wetting factor is not affected by the nature of the solu...


Computer-mediated communication is being used by peace workers and aid agencies as part of their work in the Balkan war zone. The ZaMir Transnational Net work (ZTN), a member of the Association for Progres sive Communications (APC), has established a com muni-cations infrastructure that crosses boundries and ethnic barriers. This appplication of the new informa tion technology consists of refugee mail services, coor dination of humanitarian relief efforts, media subsitu tion and the creation of a cross-national anti-war coali tion.


We study classes of logical calculi which have the same inconsistent sets of formulas. We investigate the algebraic structure of these classes as well as general properties of logical calculi in these classes in the context of the search for efficient resolution based automated reasoning methods.<<ETX>>


Summary Embul banana hands were sprayed with emulsions of the essential oils of Ceylon citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) (0.4% v/v) lemon grass Cymbopogon flexuosus (0.16% v/v), or Indian sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) (0.16% v/v) and stored cool (13.5 ± 1°C) or at ambient temperature (28 ± 1°C) at 94% relative humidity. A benomyl spray (0.1% w/v) was included as a standard fungicide control treatment. The effects of the essential oils on post-harvest diseases, and on organoleptic and cosmetic quality and various properties of the fruit (percentage weight loss, changes in fruit firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity) were determined. Treatment with Ocimum basilicum oil controlled crown rot and anthracnose, enabling bananas to be stored for up to 21 d at 13.5 ± 1°C without any detrimental effect on their organoleptic properties; results were comparable with treatment with benomyl. Rapid-ripening induced by ethral after cool storage resulted in better quality bananas. The oil of C. nardus affected the texture and flavour of the fruit and that of C. flexuosus did not give complete control of crown rot. Spraying Embul bananas with emulsions of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum prior to cool storage can be recommended therefore as a safe, cost-effective method, with commercial potential, for controlling post-harvest diseases and extending storage life.


at 1 in 15,000 to 20,000 live birth [2,3]. It can be completely idiopathic and can also be a result of passive autoimmunity with cardiac ailment in response to active transport of maternal IgG autoantibodies to fetal circulation, as in SLE. The history of CHB begins in utero and there is a tendency for female preponderance [2-4]. One study group followed up 102 subjects with CHB during adulthood and observed in lifelong perspective and explained it to be a life threatening disease with significant morbidity and risk of Stokes Adams (SA) attacks and sudden death at any age could be anticipated even in the absence of poor prognostic signs [5]. Patients with isolated CHB, who survive infancy are usually asymptomatic and achieve normal growth and development although mortality in this period is 8% [2]. Thus cases associated with pregnancy may be observed. CHB is rare and relatively serious problem in pregnancy as feto-maternal outcome is concerned. A normal physiologic response to pregnancy creates an increased cardiac output by 30 to 50% by increased heart rate and blood volume. These alterations pose a substantial challenge in the setting of fixed maternal heart rate. As pregnancy and CHB is a rare association and reported in the literature as small series or isolated case reports, there are no established guidelines regarding management.


Nasal brushing and nasal biopsy are well‐tolerated sampling techniques. Seasonal grass pollen‐induced rhinitis is characterized by epithelial mast cell infiltration and seasonal increases in both epithelial and sub‐mucosal eosinophils.


In this article, findings are presented from a recently completed study conducted with teacher candidates from an educational foundations course in which films were used as part of the text to encourage critical discussion. The work explores teacher candidates' experiences with using films as means to develop critical and creative thinking about teaching practices, democracy, power relationships, and ethics in classroom teaching. Implications and means through which teacher educators can use films in their daily work are also discussed.


In order to screen out the most effective water-saving irrigation patterns suitable for orchards in gneiss areas of the Taihang Mountains,a field experiment was conducted there with Changfu-2 apple as tested material to evaluate the effects of different irrigation patterns,i.e,drip irrigation,micro-sprinkler,small-pipe flow,flood irrigation and non-irrigation on roots activity,new shoot growth,fruit yield and quality of red Fuji apple.The results showed that,in the case that the total irrigation amount of drip irrigation,micro-sprinkler and small-pipe flow were respectively reduced by 54.2%,53.1% and 54.8% compared to that of flood irrigation,the root activity under small-pipe-flow irrigation reached the highest in June 22 that was up to 276.20 μg/(g·h),and the root activity under drip irrigation,flooding irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation reached the highest in July 21,while that of non-irrigation reached the highest in May 20 then decreased gradually with the treated time going on.And the average root activity under small-pipe flow was the highest that up to 260.19 μg/(g·h),which was significant higher than that of other treatments;in the end of September new shoot lengths under flood irrigation,micro-sprinkler irrigation,drip irrigation,small-pipe flow and non-irrigated were respectively up to 60.86 cm,48.25 cm,40.84 cm,41.65 cm and 31.81 cm;the maximum of yield per plant was appeared at flood irrigation treatment and the amount was 50.33 kg,there was no significant difference with small-pipe flow and drip irrigation,the maximum of sugar-acid ratio was appeared at small-pipe flow and the number was 44.28,significantly higher than under other treatments.The experiment demonstrated that small-pipe flow irrigation was a high-quality efficient irrigation pattern in gneiss mountainous orchards,which could maintain higher root activity,balance growth and keep higher yield and quality of fruit.


The differences and similarities in the physical behavior of enantiomers and diastereomers can easily be demonstrated using the commercial stereoisomers (?)-menthol, (+)-menthol, (+)-isomenthol, and (+)-neomenthol. Thin-layer chromatography and melting point determinations clearly show that diastereomers have different physical properties from enantiomers and each other, but that enantiomers have identical physical properties in achiral environments. By obtaining a mixed melting point and optical rotations the difference in enantiomers can be observed. The exercise serves to reinforce the consequences of stereochemistry in terms of physical properties, as well as relating the differences in structure that lead to different types of stereoisomers. An attention-getting demonstration, suitable for the classroom or laboratory, of the melting point depression of a mixture of two enantiomers is also featured.


Ely Lecture prepared for the January 2009 meetings of the American Economic Association. Some of this findings reported here are taken from an ongoing collaboration with Giovanni Peri and Steven Raphael: I am extremely grateful for their input. I also thank Larry Katz for detailed comments, and Christian Dustmann for helpful discussions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.


This article is a critical analysis of the role of applied anthropology used in the elaboration of state policies towards indigenous peoples on the Southern Mexican border. Based on extensive field and archival research in a Maya region of the state of Chiapas, the author analyzes the role of anthropologists in the formulation of official indigenismo and its impact on the cultural, social and economic life of the indigenous peoples of this area. The case study about the Mam people that is analyzed in this article is an example of the negative impact that applied anthropology can have when it is used in service of the nation-state.


Apollo 16 double drive tube 68002/68001 has been opened, and information on its contents and structure is now available. The sample was taken in Apr. 1972 at Station 8, a gently undulating surface of South Ray Crater ejecta material. The tube was driven into the surface about 2 m from the edge of a 10-15 m diameter crater in an area where small (less than 0.5 m diameter) craters are common. Fragments of the less than 1 cm diameter size are most abundant in this area. The top section, 68002, and the lower section, 68001, have a combined length of about 61 cm.


For investigating the circulatory rate in the arteries a good many different methods have come into use. So for example has one tried to estimate the rate of blood-flow by recording the distance covered by a, blood corpuscle in a definite period of time in the pre-capillaries by direct observation of the blood corpuscles in these vessels. For estimating the so-called circuit time, i. e. the time taken by some particle in the vascular system to travel from one selected point to another, various methods of infusion have been employed. Thus KOCH injected a dyestuff, fluorescin, into a brachial vein and tried to observe when the dye appeared in the veins of the other arm. By this method KOCH estimated the circuit time in man which he found to vary between 12 and 26 seconds or an average of 20 sec. Another way is to inject into a brachial vein some substance producing a definite and strong taste and then recording the time when the subject indicates the taste of this substance. For this purpose many different substances have come into use. Thus NYLIN has been using 20 %decholin. This method gives the time occupied by the injected substance for passing from the brachial vein to the right auricle, through the right ventricle and the lesser circulation and further via the left side of the heart and the arteries to the capillaries


When interconnects for integrated circuits have been modeled, it has been normal to consider them only as straight tracks. In any practical circuit this is not the case and a more rigorous analysis is performed by the authors. The effects of corners and T-junctions are analyzed using finite elements and some models are presented which can be used by circuit designers to simulate circuit performance.


A hedging portfolio may be terminated by a counterparty when a firm experiences an "event of default," such as a credit downgrade, non-payment, or bankruptcy filing. Counterparties often exercise such termination right and are more likely to do so if the firm owes them money, leaving the firm exposed to risk at the worst possible time. We build the theoretical model and show that although the termination right reduces the costs of hedging, it is inefficient because the counterparty exercising the right does not consider the externality imposed on a firm. Firms hedge less because of the termination right, particularly when bankruptcy costs are high, and have a lower probability of survival. Our results help explain why firms in distress reduce their derivative portfolios and why they may shift to physical delivery contracts. Using hand-collected data and textual analysis, we find that the termination rights are exercised in 62% of default cases and that the key predictions of the model are supported by the data. JEL codes: G30, G32


The present study was established to evaluate and compare stress response to anesthesia as well as surgery in sheep and goat. For this purpose, 5 rams and 5 bucks underwent anesthesia alone followed a week later by anesthesia with rumenotomy. Serum cortisol levels as well as differential leucocytic count were assayed just prior to anesthesia (0 time) and then after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours post anesthesia. In the second experiment, blood samples were collected just prior to anesthesia (0 time) then after half an hour (0 time post rumenotomy) then after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours post completion of rumenotomy. Serum cortisol levels in both species increased significantly and reach its peak one hour following anesthesia (3.31 ± 0.17 and 4.09 ± 0.12, respectively) which were higher than subsequent cortisol levels. In addition, Peak cortisol level in sheep obtained at 0 time post rumenotomy (4.39 ± 0.13) and 1 hour following rumenotomy in goat (3.45 ± 0.16). The significant increase in cortisol level persists for 6 hours and returns to normal level 24 hours following surgery.


The aim of this research is to identify the digital competence in the use of internet tools in firstyear students of Preschool and Primary Education Teacher Training Degree at the University of Zaragoza in the academic year 2014-2015. The sample included a total of 960 students, from which 240 were enrolled in the Faculty of Human Sciences and Education of Huesca, 240 in the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences of Teruel and 480 in the Faculty of Education of Zaragoza). They were given a questionnaire, specifically designed by teachers of the Departments of Educational Sciences, Computer Science and Systems Engineering of the University of Zaragoza and by teachers of Technology and of Mathematics of two Secondary Education Schools of the Autonomous Community of Aragon. The results indicate that students arriving at University for the first time, despite belonging to the digital era, have serious weakness in digital skills, in the use of the internet tools analyzed in this study. The qualitative analysis of the results shows that the majority of students knows and uses frequently only four of twenty tools considered in this research.


Based on the density function theory, the electronic structure, densities of states, and optical properties of gamma-AlON are calculated by using the local density approximation and plane-wave pseudoptential method. The complex dielectric functions and the optical properties including refractive index, reflection spectra, absorption spectra of gamma-AlON are analyzed in terms of calculated density of state. As shown by the theoretical calculation, the static dielectric function of gamma-AlON is epsilon(1)(0) = 2.60, and the refractive index is n(0) = 1.61, its absorptions in a range from IR to NUV and a UV range up to 20.23eV all approach to zero, showing the optical transparent behaviors. The calculated results are consistent with relevant experimental values, providing theoretical basis and reference for the application of the optical material to windows and domes.


This paper designs a indoor environmental quality monitoring system, in which indoor environment parameters, such as temperature, humidity and PM2.5 density can be gathered, transmitted and displayed. Arduino, a open-source hardware and software platforms, is used to access sensors. With the help of ZigBee, which is a new wireless communication protocol characterized by low-power, devices composed of Arduino and sensors are placed in different rooms so that the energy consumption can be effectively reduced. In addition, an specific transmission protocol is also be defined for this system. Finally sensor data are transmitted to the internal server and then a cloud platform via WiFi. The result shows that this system is stable and easy to build and change network. Keywords-indoor environmental quality monitoring system; wireless sensor networks; ZigBee; arduino


Causes of the eccentric compression reinforced concrete elements fixed joint stanchion and
rafter gable frame of agricultural buildings / A.V. Hasenko, I.A. Yurko, O.G. Fenko,
P.A. Yurko // Scientific journal «Modern engineering and innovative technologies». –
Karlsruhe, Germany, 2017. – P. 125-132.


In 2002, the European Commission recommended that member countries use formula apportionment procedures to tax multinational companies. This departure from the standard separate accounting (transfer pricing) approach is an attempt to reduce the costs and distortions associated with auditing transfer prices. Unfortunately, apportionment formulas create their own economic distortions and, contrary to popular belief, they do not eliminate distortions due to asymmetric information between the multinational and the national tax authorities. In this paper, I explicitly model the role of private information in two tax competition games: one in which tax liabilities are calculated under formula apportionment and one in which tax liabilities are calculated under separate accounting and transfer prices are audited. Switching to a formula apportionment system affects the after-tax profit of multinationals and the tax revenues paid by both domestic and foreign firms. The direction and magnitude of the changes depend on the accuracy of the auditing technology and non-monotonically on multinational costs. The switch will have different effects on the tax receipts from domestic and foreign firms.


Objective: To report a case of bacteremia in a woman living in close contact with dogs infected with Brucella canis. Methods: Previous written consent of the woman a blood sample was taken to perform rapid agglutination test, immunofluorescence, and hemoculture. Results: Brucella canis was isolated and the isolation was confirmed by the Instituto Nacional ANLIS «Carlos G. Malbran» from Argentina. The woman did not present any symptoms associated with brucellosis. Conclusion: There is a risk of contamination by B. canis for people keeping tight contact with infected dogs.


Forty five years after Medicare became Federal law it appears that the program is more of a boondoggle than could have been imagined by many Americans. As we have seen, there were those who recognized the problems with Medicare at the time that it was being debated and discussed in Congress; however, President Johnson and his supporters were bound and determined to see that this would become the law of the land, even to the point of pressuring insurance companies to stop offering coverage to their elderly customers to insure that they would be forced to take part in the program.


Objective To review the false-negative cases in cervical liquid based cytological test and analyze the causes of the false-negative results.Methods The outcome of 92 cases,with negative result in cytological diagnosis but positive in biopsy diagnosis,were retrospectively analyzed.Cell amount,endocervical column cells,metaplastic cells,smear with blood cells,serious inflammation and distance from the lesion to endocervical tube were recorded in all the cases.Results The positive cases after review,cellular rate less than 40%,Absence of endocervical transformation zone,stain with blood cell,serious inflammation and distance from the lesion to endocervical tube were 7.61%,8.70%,11.96%,27.17%,22.82%,and 21.74%,respectively.The test of TCT has significant difference between smear with blood cells and smear without blood cells(χ2=34.040,P=0.000).Conclusion A satisfied cytological smear,the improvement of smear preparation,understanding the particularity of the disease and skill of cytologists in diagnosis are critical to decrease the rate of false-negative results.It's important that gynecologis do multiple biopsies under vaginoscope to the patients who are suspicious of cancer but negative cytology.


Objectives : The purpose of this study is to introduce an exhaust induction device (EID) for the improvement of combustion efficiency of internal combustion engines and to analyze fuel consumption savings with the installation of EID. To show the effectiveness of EID, The carbon footprint (CF) and particulate matter footprint (PMF) were calculated and compared before and after the EID installation and utilization.Methods : Firstly, the EIDs were installed in 39 Taxi vehicles that use LPG fuel. The monthly fuel consumption data were collected before installation and compared with three months after the EID installation. With the fuel consumption data, CF and PMF were calculated and compared.Results and Discussion : There were a few differences between EID installation Taxi vehicles. The results show that CF was 2.12E+00 kgCO2 eqv., and PMF was 4.54E-03 kgPM2.5 eqv. per 1 km vehicle driving before EID installation. After EID installation, the three-month CF and PMF were reduced to 7%, 4%, and 8%, respectively. The CF and PMF result in each Taxi vehicle reduced from 1% to 27%. The overall results show that the EID installation can improve the combustion efficiency of internal combustion engines and reduce CF and PMF.Conclusion : The carbon and particulate matter footprint should be studied and reduced continuously in the transportation sector. In this study, a new EID for the improvement of the combustion efficiency of internal combustion engines was introduced. Also, CF and PMF were calculated using LPG fuel consumption before and after the EID installation. The results show that the EID installation can reduce fuel consumption, CF and PMF. The EID can significantly reduce fuel consumption, CF, and PMF in gasoline and diesel vehicles, fishing boats etc., producing more emissions. Further studies are needed considering drivers' driving patterns, weather conditions, etc.


This article is dedicated to Nikola Tesla, who created a technically and intellectually highly developed civilization and who is a true companion to humanity in the historical process. The significance of its motives is a need, which drives to the activity towards a specific goal in favour of technical achievements applicable in practice. Of particular importance for understanding Tesla's actions is a moral awareness that represents the adopted principles of his thoughts that are logical, impeccably clear, and they are the proof that on their basis he made arguments and achieved new results.


Abstract Three periods within the life cycle of Hurricane Camille (1969) are examined with radiometric and camera measurements from Nimbus 3 and camera information from ATS 3 in conjunction with conventional information. These periods are the deepening phase, the interaction of Camille with mid-latitude westerlies, and the excessive rain-producing period when the cyclone was over the central Appalachians. Just prior to significant deepening, the Nimbus 3 Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR) window and water vapor channels showed a band of developing convection that extended to the cirrus level in the southeastern quadrant of the storm which originated from the ITCZ. Low-level wind fields were derived from conventional sources as well as from cumulus clouds tracked from a series of ATS 3 images. Within this band were low-level 30 kt winds that supplied Camille with strong inflow where the air passed over sea surface temperatures that were 1–3 standard deviations above normal. At the beginning of th...


This chapter employs a cross-theory perspective by combining the four theories of agency theory, resource-dependent theory, resource-based theory, and knowledgebased theory, intending to explore the impact of inter-organizational strategic alliance on organizational value-based decision-making model and intellectual capital. Drawing the related variables upon making the literature review, analysis and inference, it infers 18 propositions and builds up a conceptual model. As a result, it is found that different formation factors of inter-organizational strategic alliance not only have significanty impact on an agency problem, but also have positive or negative impact on core resource and core knowledge strategic alliance. It is also found that IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Computational Economics: A Perspective from Computational Intelligence edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Lakhmi Jain & Chung-Ching Tai © 2006, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB11873 Reducing Agency Problem 291 Copyright © 2006, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. when there is an inter-organizational agency problem, it will further increase the agency cost, and impact on the organizational value-based decision of interorganizational strategic alliance in the future. Furthermore, the authors hope that researchers understanding through the governance mechanisms of inter-organizational core resource alliance and core knowledge strategic alliance are more matured, it will be more effective to prevent the appearance of agency problem and reduce agency cost and will be more helpful to the increase of organizational intellectual capital and the creation of organizational value. INTRODUCTION As there is a tendency towards global economization, many researchers are concerned about the issue of inter-organizational strategic alliance. First, when citing resource-dependent theory to study the issue of strategic alliance, Boyd (1990) found that when external environment uncertainty is raised, an inter-organizational merger is encouraged, ensuring the acquisition of rare resource. Second, the problem of how an organization uses the mechanism of strategic alliance to increase asset return ratio, reduce cost and raise organizational efficiency can be studied from a transaction cost perspective (Hennart, 1988; Oliver, 1991; Williamson, 1981). Third, some researchers adopt the perspective of strategic behavior theory to explore how the mechanism of interorganizational strategic alliance increases organizational competitive advantage (Davlin & Bleackley, 1988; Kanter, 1990; Porter, 1990). Fourth, the perspective of unified theory has been taken to integrate internalization theory, market failure and transaction cost theory, proving organizational strategic alliance to be the best choice of business operation model (Contractor, 1990). Fifth, from the perspective of network theory, some researchers explore how an organization merges with other organizations through network relationship alliance so as to obtain competitive advantage (Jarill, 1988; Johanson & Mattson, 1987). After literature reviews related to inter-organizational strategic alliance can be derived, it is clearly understood that most of the researchers have agreed with the argument that if an organization adopts appropriate strategic alliance, it is helpful to the reduction of operation cost, enlargement of economic scale, development of new product, acquisition of low capital cost, increase of profit and after-tax earnings, and improvement of financial performance (Auster, 1989; Contractor & Lorange, 1988; Souder & Nassar, 1990). Besides, strategic alliance enables the development of new market and new product, and the increase of market share and sales growth ratio in terms of marketing performance (Badaracco, 1991; De La Sierra, 1995; Harrigan, 1987). Furthermore, through the resource integration and synthetic organizational development of strategic alliance, an organization can undertake some general research and development (R&D) projects, obtain new knowledge or new technology and increase its competitive capability (De La Sierria, 1995; Gulati, 1999; Harrigan, 1987; Porter, 1990). As we know, most of the researchers in the past agreed with the argument that strategic alliance can improve an organizational performance. But after examination of the evolution indicator of strategic alliance performance from the literature, this chapter finds that most of the literature uses either subjective or objective methods to measure the strategic performance. Thus, many controversial arguments on this issue are found: 16 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the product's webpage: www.igi-global.com/chapter/reducing-agency-problemimproving-organizational/6792?camid=4v1 This title is available in InfoSci-Books, Business Intelligence, Business-Technology-Solution, InfoSci-Business Technologies, Business, Administration, and Management, InfoSci-Business. Recommend this product to your librarian: www.igi-global.com/e-resources/libraryrecommendation/?id=1


The incidence of planetary systems orbiting red dwarf stars with masses less than 0.4 solar masses provides a crucial observational test for the Self-Similar Cosmological paradigm. The discrete self-similarity of the paradigm mandates the prediction of anomalously few planetary systems associated with these lowest mass red dwarf stars, in contrast to conventional astrophysical assumptions. Ongoing observational programs are rapidly collecting the data necessary for testing this prediction and preliminary results are highly encouraging. A definitive verdict on the prediction should be available in the near future.


Heat and moisture transfer between supply and exhaust air streams are investigated for a run-around system in which the coupling material is a desiccant coated solid that is transported between two exchangers. The finite volume method is used to solve the governing partial differential equations of the cross-flow heat exchangers in the supply and exhaust ducts under steady state operating conditions. The outlet air properties are calculated for several inlet air operating conditions and desiccant properties. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing the simulations with well-known theoretical solutions for a single cross flow heat exchanger and a liquid coupled run-around system. The difference between the analytical predictions and numerical model for sensible effectiveness for each exchanger and the run-around system were found to be less than 1% over a range of operating conditions. The model is also verified by modifying the boundary conditions to represent a counter flow energy wheel and comparing the calculated sensible, latent and total effectiveness values with correlations in the literature. Part II of this paper will investigate the sensible, latent and total effectivenesses during simultaneous heat and moisture transfer.


With the gradual development of the domestic economy, increased demand for public consumption, consumer credit card payment transactions to the proportion gradually increased, so the daily credit card transactions has become the main public means of payment in the credit card market is highly saturated era, all financial institutions To fight card volume, we must strive to enhance corporate image, and strive to provide good service quality, perceived value to cardholders identify with the product, thereby enhancing their customer satisfaction and to retain existing customers, build good word of mouth and by virtue of both the open wind assessment new card account, in fact, urgent task. In this study, a questionnaire survey to explore the use of credit card users in the actual credit card, the card-issuing bank's corporate image awareness, perceived value of credit card and customer satisfaction and other factors affecting the in-depth research and discussion. In this thesis, Taichung City, between the ages of 20 years of age to 60 years of age have the economic ability of residents to study, issued a total of 441 questionnaires were returned 420 copies, excluding 18 invalid questionnaires, 402 valid questionnaires were returned by 91% It was found, corporate image awareness, perceived value of the credit card customer satisfaction Jieyou significant positive impact. The difference between the user's demographic analysis revealed that two variables which are more significant, namely, wage income, age, engaged in credit card issuing bank to promote the future of marketing planning, can significantly affect the population for these variables, in the market area and lock for every target market, in marketing activities.


Few people would disagree about the need for a sustainable energy transition, and sooner rather than later. Many also agree that technology and economics are not all that matters, and that politics, institutions, and culture too often are neglected. But there is far less agreement on how the energy transition is to be achieved and how wide-ranging the changes need to be for it to happen. These three books illustrate exactly the latter point. They all touch upon many of the same topics, address the political economy of energy, and identify more or less the same obstacles to change, but they vary greatly in their recipes and approaches. Two of the books, Anthony Patt's Transforming Energy and Princen, Manno, and Martin's Ending the Fossil Fuel Era, take on more or less exactly the same problem. As the titles suggest, these are climate change books about ending the fossil fuel era by transforming energy. Halff, Sovacool, and Rozhon's Energy Poverty touches on climate change to a far lesser extent. Instead, this is a book on how to achieve energy access in the energy-poor world—yet another energy transition. Thus, the three books primarily overlap with respect to the political economy of sustainable energy transitions, identifying both obstacles to such transitions and the means to overcome them. The Energy Poverty volume aims "to offer the first authoritative resource documenting all aspects of energy poverty, a state-of-the-art reference tool for energy entrepreneurs, policymakers, NGOs, development economists and all


Iain Chambers' essay challenges explanations of the Arab Spring emerging from the Occidental media, arguing that the terms of engagement set by the Arab revolts can no longer be unilaterally defined by the West. Chambers stresses the centrality of the Mediterranean as an increasingly evident site of confluence between East and West and between North and South. He goes on to argue that the events of the Arab Spring reopen the Western cultural and political lexicon, and put into question the historical alliance between Christianity and the universalising discourses of modernity. Ideas regarding the individual, the public sphere, political agency, religion, secularism and the state are necessarily being renegotiated in the context of the uprisings. The lived experiences of the Arab Spring slip beyond Western constructions of the events to expose the political and cultural burden of a modernity that may no longer be determined or managed single-handedly by the West. The Arab uprisings have occurred in the sam...


Corrosion of the components is a predominant factor which controls the life of metallic parts. Metals parts of various structures are often subjected to damage due to corrosion driven failures causing loss of functionality and dimensions. In order to reduce corrosion, there are two ways one is introducing new materials and the other is improving the existing materials by adding alloying materials or by surface coating techniques. Surface coatings are a feasible way to enhance the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, thus expanding the life span of the metal components. Aim of this paper is to draw comparison between various coating techniques and analyze which surface coating technique and coating materials improves the corrosion resistance of the materials. Further, in this review paper coat materials on the base material by mostly cold spray and plasma spray techniques. So, these two surface coating modification techniques are discussed in detail.


Background: One of the most common hospital acquired infections is Ventilator- associated pneumonia (VAP). According to a systematic review carried out between January 1966 and June 2007 is frequently diagnosed illnes in intensive care units affecting 8-20% of patients. (Rea Neto, 2008)
Methods: A cross- sectional study was carry out to measure the incidence of VAP in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Quito in a six month period to know the etiological agents of VAP and their antibiotic susceptibility profile.
Results: The incidence of VAP in our study was 13.2% (95% IC 7.0- 21.9). The majority of bacterial isolates causing VAP were Gram-negative bacilli (84.2%).
The most frequent microorganism isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae (31.6%) followed by Escherichia coli extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) (15.8%). Gram-positive coccus was isolated in two patients (Staphylococcus aureus 10.53%). Out of the total of 19 isolates, 6 (31.6%) were multidrug resistant while 13 (68.4%) were sensitive to a wide range of antibiotics.
Discussion: The majority of bacteria causing VAP were sensitive to a wide range of antibiotics. 6 (31.6%) bacteria isolates were multidrug resistant. 3 isolates of E. coli were ESBL and one isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing bacteria. Colistin, Piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem and meropenem were found to be highly effective against multidrug resistant bacterial isolates in our study.


The practice of conditional capital that occurs in Empagae Village is an economic activity that involves two parties, namely: the lender and the borrower. This conditional capital loan started from a borrower who needed capital to purchase seeds and farm fertilizers, who then borrowed a sum of money by offering conditions for the loan that had been given, namely "if the borrower lends one million, he will give one pikul of rice as long as the loan has not been paid. returned". The purpose of this study is to analyze the conditional capital system that occurs in Empagae Village from the perspective of Islamic Economic Law. The research method used in this study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. In collecting data, the methods of field observation, interviews, and documentation were used. The results of this study indicate that 1) The form of conditional capital practice in Empagae Village has two parties, Wa'Tati as the borrower makes a loan by providing conditions in the form of giving one pikul of rice for each loan with a value of one million he does. The existence of additions in debts according to Islamic economic law is not allowed if there is an addition that exceeds the principal loan or the addition is a condition of the loan. 2) Judging from the number of additions in this conditional lending practice, it can contain an additional element or usury, due to the benefits that are almost equivalent to the amount of the loan that has been borrowed, of course this is not in accordance with Islamic law.


Simulated and real tri- and tetrachromatic light-emitting-diode (LED) clusters were optimized for luminous efficacy of radiation (LER) and the memory colour quality metric developed by the authors. The simulated clusters showed no significant differences in achievable colour quality and LER between the different cluster types investigated. The real clusters (composed of commercially available LEDs) showed substantial differences in achievable colour quality and LER between the different cluster types investigated. The real clusters also exhibited a large drop in LER and memory colour quality compared to the simulated clusters due to the limited range of available peak wavelengths and spectral halfwidths. A real tetrachromatic LED lamp, constructed with commercial red, green, blue and warm white LEDs, was optimized for LER and colour quality. In a psychophysical experiment, several aspects of the colour quality of the LED lamp (optimized for 2700 K) and an incandescent lamp were assessed by 18 observers. The visual appreciation (in terms of attractiveness, preference, and memory colour similarity) of the LED lamp was rated significantly higher than the incandescent lamp.


The specific problem studied involves a procedure to determine which computer service alternative is the best choice for a given user situation. The general problem addressed is the need to choose computing hardware, software, systems, or services systematically from a user perspective, considering cost, performance, and human factors. Most existing methods consider only cost and performance factors, combining these factors in ad hoc, subjective fashions to reach a selection decision. By not considering factors that measure effectiveness and functionality of computer services for a user, existing methods ignore some of the most important measures of value to a user.
In this work, a systematic and comprehensive approach to computer service selection has been developed and is presented. Methods for selecting and organizing evaluation criteria are shown. Techniques for the measurement of both quantitative and qualitative service attributes are developed. Also discussed are ways to assess the importance and value of different service attributes to a user. Procedures for combining evaluation measurements into a well-founded decision are illustrated. Finally, a computer-based decision support system is described that provides a powerful, flexible decision environment for the storage and processing of evaluation information.
This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of a systematic approach to computer service selection. The general methodology is established and specific applications are demonstrated.


Heterogeneous computing systems can dramatically increase the performance of parallel applications on clusters. Currently, most applications that utilize OpenCL devices (CPUs, GPUs, Accelerators), run their device-specific code only on devices of the same computer were the application runs. This paper presents the VirtualCL (VCL) cluster platform, a wrapper for OpenCL that allows most unmodified applications to transparently utilize many OpenCL devices in a cluster as if all the devices are on the local computer. VCL benefits applications that can use many devices concurrently. Such applications benefit from the reduced programming complexity of a single computer, the availability of shared-memory, multi-threads and lower level parallelism, as in openMP, as well as concurrent access to devices in many nodes, as in MPI. The paper presents the components of VCL and its performance.


The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new beamforming method for sonar imaging, which is proposed based on the plane wave decomposition combine with back-propagation method and with transverse oscillations. This method was initially proposed for ultrasound Doppler imaging using transverse oscillations in linear geometry. The plane wave decomposition theory is used to decompose in different directions an acoustic field into a set of plane waves. By back-propagating the plane waves to the transducer array and after summing up all the back-propagated signals, we get one signal for each transducer. Transverse oscillations (TO) technique produces sonar images featuring oscillations in both spatial dimensions. This is natural for axial direction but necessitates specific beamforming for transverse direction. Thus this paper is aiming at improve sonar imaging quality in terms of lateral direction and adapting it to sonar sector scanning.


Foreword - James A Beane Integrative Teaching and Learning through Real-World Problem Solving Why Implement an Integrative Teaching and Learning Model? Looking in the Classrooms Case Studies Introduction Assessing Integrative Learning Looking Back What We Have Learned Looking Ahead Suggestions for Implementation Making Integrative Teaching and Learning Happen


Growing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) market trends and interest in potential uses such as monitoring, visual inspection, object detection, and path planning have shown promising results using machine learning techniques. However, UAV adoption faces several challenges in real-life scenarios as lowaccuracy sensors are involved in the identification, tracking, and localization of UAVs. In order to overcome the aforementioned challenges, this paper proposes an intelligent machine learningbased system coupled with computer vision (CV) to detect objects and localize UAVs equipped with just a monocular camera. The experimental results using the Telo DJI drone demonstrate that the proposed methodology can detect, track objects, and localize the drone with high accuracy. The system's ability for automated monitoring in real environments can lend its uses for urban traffic, logistics, and security applications.


In the traditional cheese production standardisation of milk is not a common procedure. The consequence of avoiding this step could be a lesser financial profit for the farm, due to reduced: proteins and fats utilisation, firmness of the curd and cheese yield. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the effect of the milk standardisation on the chemical composition of Skripavac cheese and whey, as well as on the cheese yield. For the needs of the experiments, in the small scale dairy, 8 batches of Skripavac cheese were produced. The milk of each batch was divided into three categories: milk for cheese production without standardisation (control group) ; milk for cheese production with standardised ratio protein : fat = 0.9 : 1 by the addition of skimmed milk powder (SMP) ; milk for cheese production standardised to the ratio of protein : fat = 0.9 : 1, by skimming the part of milk fat. Adding of SMP or skimming the part of a cream had a significant effect on the content of fat (P < 0.01 ; P = 0.01) and proteins (P = 0.09 ; P < 0.01) in the cheese. The content of milk fat decreased after milk standardisation and the content of proteins increased in comparison to the control batch. Addition of the SMP did not result in a better utilisation of milk fat and proteins as expected, but the cheese yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the control cheese. Milk standardisation by skimming the part of the cream caused better utilisation of milk fat (P = 0.08), but the lower cheese yield resulted in the lesser utilisation of proteins and therefore in a lower cheese yield (P = 0.08). Milk standardisation by addition of SMP can provide the economic benefits in the production of traditional cheeses. On the contrary, the process of milk skimming can have a negative influence on the cheese yield due to the mechanical treatment of milk (separation), which is not usual in a traditional cheesemaking.


Neurodevelopment
Early on, cerebellar development shares similarities across humans, nonhuman primates, and even mice. But differences emerge while development progresses, as cellular and molecular analyses by Haldipur et al. now reveal. The rhombic lip persists longer during cerebellar development in humans than in either the mouse or the macaque and generates a pool of neuroprogenitor cells. Similarly, the ventricular zone of the human cerebellum goes a step further than that of the mouse in developing an additional proliferative layer with outer radial glia cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed detailed similarities and differences between progenitor cells of the developing human cerebellum and neocortex.

Science , this issue p. [454][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aax7526


The global prevalence of fungal diseases has escalated in the last several decades. Currently, it is estimated that fungi infect 1.7 billion people annually and result in 1.5 million deaths every year1. Deaths due to fungal infections are increasing, with mortality often exceeding 50%, further increasing to 100% if treatment is delayed1. Despite these staggering figures, the contribution of fungal infections to the global burden of disease remains under-recognised. In Australia, over a 5-year period fungal infections cost Australia an estimated $583 million2. The median cost for one invasive fungal disease (IFD) is AU$30957, increasing to AU$80291 if the patient is admitted to an intensive care unit3. Treatment of fungal infections poses significant challenges due to the small number of safe and effective antifungal drugs available and emerging antifungal drug resistance. Resistance to every class of antifungal drugs has been described and for some drug classes is extremely common4,5.


Peptococcus indolicus was isolated from a skin lesion of a sheepherder. A case report is given, and microbiological features of this organism are described.


AIM: To analyse the changes of foreign plasmid copies in different tissues after uptake via gastrointestinal tract and to evaluate the possibility of foreign plasmid integrating on the host genome. METHODS: Samples including lung, kidney, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, thymus, gonads, feces, duodenum, large intestine, blood and liver were obtained 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h and 3, 6 wk after oral administration of 200 μg plasmid pcDNA3s. PCR technique was used to detect the distribution and kinetics of plasmid in different tissues. Genomic DNA was assayed for integrated plasmid by PCR after purification of high-molecular-weight genomic DNA away from free plasmid by using gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Plasmid could be detected in almost all tissues 1 h after oral administration and the copies of plasmid in tissues changed with time. Foreign plasmid could be detected only in kidney and blood at sixth week time. Foreign plasmid mainly as fragment survived in vivo.


AbstractNowadays, pyrohydrolysis techniques are widely applied for regeneration of spent pickling liquors providing an excellent environmental and economical strategy to the problem of waste disposal/recovery, also thanks to the high acid recovery efficiencies (>99%) achieved. In fact, in these processes, iron chlorides are converted into iron oxides and hydrogen chloride at high temperature in spray roasting or fluidized bed reactors. Though the state-of-the-art technologies have been successfully applied only to large-scale plants, the development of small-scale units, able to perform a delocalized regeneration of spent solutions where these latter are actually produced, would be strongly needed in order to minimize the transportation of hazardous spent pickling and fresh HCl solutions to/from pickling factories from/to large centralized regeneration plants. In the present work, a steady-state simulation model for regeneration of spent pickling liquor via spray roasting has been developed, aiming at the...


In this work we describe the concept of a stereoscopic multi-focal head mounted display for augmented reality applications as a means of mitigating the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC).Investigated are means of a practical implementation of data transfer between the rendering station and direct control logic within the headset. We rely on a DisplayPort connection as a means to transfer the necessary multi-focal image packets in real time, whilst at the receiving end – the control logic is based on an FPGA architecture responsible for decoding the DisplayPort stream and reformatting data according to the optical layout of the display. Within the design we have chosen to omit local frame buffering which potentially can result in misrepresented data, nevertheless, this approach gains a latency reduction of about 16 ms as opposed to single-frame buffering.


1981–82 was a time of changes for the Waterways Bird Survey. More stretches of river and canal were surveyed than ever before. more species were monitored and (in the wake of the most severe winter for two decades) the WBS index for several riparian birds plummeted to a record low.


Abstract We study theoretically the anomalous Hall effect due to the vector spin chirality carried by the local spins in the s-d model. We will show that the vector spin chirality indeed induces local Hall effect in the presence of the electron spin polarization, while the global Hall effect vanishes if electron transport is homogeneous. This anomalous Hall effect can be interpreted in terms of the rotational component of the spin current associated with the vector chirality.


The basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat. is a serious problem in oil palm plantation. Naturally, plant cells produce chitinases to protect themselves from chitin-containing parasites, particularly fungi. This study employed the advance of sequencing technology and availability of oil palm genomic and transcriptomic data to identify all chitinases in oil palm genome. Homology study using the combination of BLAST and HMM methods successfully identified 35 chitinases in oil palm which comprised of 22 GH18 and 13 GH19 family members. A multiple sequence alignment method classified those chitinases into class I, II, III, IV, V, VII and an unknown class. Chitinase domains analysis against PFAM databases showed more than half of chitinases possess partial domains of GH 18 or GH 19 in their sequences. Transcriptome analysis revealed that most of GH 18 family members were expressed specifically in roots under G. boninense infection treatment. Differently, most of GH 19 members were expressed constitutively in any tissues and under biotic stress conditions. This suggests that some GH 18 members might play an important role during host defence mechanism


The NASA Ares Projects Office is developing the launch vehicles to move the United States and humanity beyond low earth orbit. Ares I is a crewed vehicle, and Ares V is a heavy lift vehicle being designed to launch cargo into LEO and transfer cargo and crews to the Moon. This is a snapshot of development and capabilities. Ares V is early in the requirements formulation stage of development pending the outcome of the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee and White House action. The Ares V vehicle will be considered a national asset, creating unmatched opportunities for human exploration, science, national security, and space business.


The topography and abundant moisture supply of the Maritime Continent (MC) combine to produce copious precipitation amounts as sea breezes converge and interact with mountains. Therefore, the MC is a good region to study the topographical effects on precipitation. To do this, two sources of monthly precipitation data from 1998-2007, were used for the MC: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and the APHRODITE system of rain gauges (APHRODITE: Asian Precipitation – Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources). The highest density of rain gauges was on the relatively flat Indochina Peninsula (approximate maximum elevation of 1500 meters), while the lowest density was on the island of New Guinea (mountainous with approximate max at 4000 m). Because of this, rain gauge measurements showed minimal evidence of topographic influence, while the TRMM data showed significant evidence, especially over New Guinea, where patterns of sea breeze convergence along mountain slopes could be seen. By using the root mean square error and the correlation between TRMM and rain gauge measurements at different elevation intervals, a transition between topographic influence on precipitation and insufficient rain gauge density could be seen at the 1350-1500 meter interval. With these limitations in mind, several conclusions were made. Mountainous terrain receives higher precipitation amounts than flat land, and, in the case of the MC, mountains only enhance precipitation. The TRMM satellite gives higher precipitation values than rain gauge measurements, notwithstanding whether the rain gauge density is high or low, and, therefore, more rain gauges are needed, especially in the higher elevations, to improve climate models and forecasts. INTRODUCTION The Maritime Continent (MC) is the area of land and sea located just north of Australia at the equator between the western Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean. It is made up of island nations, including Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, several other countries, and the countries of the Indochina Peninsula: Vietnam, Laos, and others. Precipitation on the MC is mainly due to sea breezes and orographic lifting (Neale, 2003). The sea breeze brings moist surface winds from the ocean to the land. When wind is forced up a mountain (orographic lifting), the air cools and water vapor condenses, forming clouds and, if enough moisture is present, precipitation in the higher elevations. Sea breezes can also converge over mountains, reducing rain shadows and enhancing precipitation over land (Qian, 2008). DATA and METHODS To see the effects of topography on precipitation, two sources of monthly precipitation data (in units of mm/day) were used: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and the APHRODITE system of rain gauges (APHRODITE: Asian Precipitation – Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources). The grid resolution of both data sets was 0.25° × 0.25° in an area of latitude -15° to 20° and longitude 90°E to 160°E, averaged from 1998-2007. The TRMM satellite passed over the MC twice per day at different times each day, using microwaves to sense precipitation. The APHRODITE data set used interpolation methods that were described by Yatagai et al. (2012) to fill in the spaces where there were no rain gauges. Topography data were from the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). RESULTS and DISCUSSION The highest mountains on the MC are on the island of New Guinea (max elevation: 4000 meters), while most of the Indochina Peninsula is relatively flat (max 1500 m; see Figure I). The highest number of rain gauges are found on the Indochina Peninsula, while the lowest number are on New Guinea (Figure II). Figure III reveals that the precipitation differences are greatest (least) where the rain gauge density is lowest (highest). Because of this low density on New Guinea, APHRODITE showed minimal evidence of topographic influence, while the TRMM data showed significant evidence, seen as patterns of sea breeze convergence along mountain slopes. The precipitation amounts can be seen in 150-meter increments in Figure IV. Because most of the rain gauges were on the Indochina Peninsula (max 1500 m), the transition between topographic influence on precipitation and the influence due to an insufficient rain gauge density appears to happen at the 1350-1500 meter interval. The root mean square error (Figure IV) and the correlation (Figure V) show this transition point. Figure I: Topography of the Maritime Continent (latitude -15° to 20° and longitude 90°E to 160°E). Elevations are in meters. Average Rainfall (mm/day)


Nowadays, the matter of global dialogue is a subject of great relevance for the legal education and has special key words. We live in a world which moves towards an heterogeneous pluralism that must be harmonized as an expression of globalization and, more specifically of phenomena such as the creation of the European Union, Mercosur or the Free Trade Agreement. The migratory movements and the resurgence of nationalisms make the situation become more complex, with certain consequences in sovereignty's traditional concept, in Law's production sources and in the creation of new jurisdictional bodies. For these reasons, the reality of Law demonstrates a number of problems which need to be overcome through a new understanding and the implementation of new legal techniques for the professionals. The article concludes with a discussion about whether this system would solve the problems that it was designed to remedy.


To investigate the magnetic properties of the Hf-rich side (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) of Cu(Cr1-x:Hfx)2S4 from a microscopic point of view, 63Cu NMR has been performed at temperatures between 4.2 and 300 K. Temperature dependencies of the Knight shift and spin- lattice relaxation time (T1) have been measured. As for 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0, the Knight shift gradually shifts to a negative side with decreasing temperature due to the core polarization of d conduction electrons. The temperature dependence of 1/T1T in this range of x indicates that the T1T is constant in all temperature region. On the other hand, in the range of 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.7, the Knight shift rapidly shifts to negative side below about 130 K because of the core polarization of d conduction electrons. In this range of x, the values of 1/T1T at high and low temperatures take constant values. The value at low temperatures is approximately twice compared with those at high temperatures. The density of state at the Fermi level in the low temperature region would be about 1.3 times larger than that in the high temperature region.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among HIV‐infected antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve patients in Mainland China.


Abstract A microsporidian of the genus Loma was noted in the gills of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from a state hatchery (Buford Trout Hatchery) in Georgia. Mortalities of varying severity occur at this hatchery every fall, and the microsporidian was noted during an experiment from August 1991 to January 1992 to determine the effects of water source on disease. Infections first appeared to be systemic in the October sample; xenomas were observed in heart, spleen, and peripheral vessel walls. The presence of unidentified intracellular material preceded the appearance of xenomas in all tissues, but whether this material was associated with inflammation or represented immature stages of the parasite has yet to be determined. These structures were also noted in the intestine and liver, although xenomas were not noted in these organs. Mature xenomas did not elicit an inflammatory response but appeared to be short-lived. When the xenoma wall ruptured and released spores, an inflammatory response was again ...


IPsec is one of the most widespread protocols to establish secure communication for the Internet Protocol. Besides the fact that this protocol is fully integrated in the Internet Protocol suite, the main advantage of using secure tunnels for IEEE 1588 clock synchronization is the reduced maintenance effort. Instead of requiring, e.g., different key management or connection setup protocols for each application a single tunnel can be used to protect underlying services such as clock synchronization by IEEE 1588 and many other applications. This paper analyzes the usage of IPsec security mechanisms to protect the IEEE 1588 clock synchronization protocol and, in particular, its impact on the precision of clock synchronization. Straightforward application as well as dedicated designs to integrate high-precision, hardware-supported clock synchronization are investigated. Measurements show that for lower precision IPsec can be applied straightforward, for high precision dedicated modification on hardware and algorithms are required.


This paper investigates the problem of model predictive control (MPC) for systems with polytopic uncertainties under the event-triggered communication mechanism. To save network resources, a new dynamic event-triggered mechanism (DETM) is proposed, which contains an adaptive internal dynamic variable (IDV) and a time-varying parameter. A "min-max" optimization problem is put forward to dealing with the MPC problem for systems with polytopic uncertainties. With the aid of a Lyapunov-like function dependent on the IDV of the DETM, an auxiliary optimization problem is devised with constraints in terms of linear matrix inequalities. By solving such an auxiliary optimization problem, sub-optimal feedback gains are obtained which ensure the input-to-state practical stability of the closed-loop system. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the devised MPC algorithm.


The article is devoted to the consideration of the general principles of understanding of human development by N. F. Fedorov and F. Nietzsche. The article considers Fedorov's philosophy of the common task to be a partial continuation of the general contours of Nietzsche's thought about the will to power. Nietzsche's position is viewed through the prism of the concept of the will to power as a vital force overcoming the nihilistic devaluation of values (the ethics of vitalism). The concept of Fedorov is considered, first of all, from the point of view of his understanding of human self-improvement as the elevation of the power of human will over the blind natural elements. In this context, the question of the legitimacy of understanding Fedorov as an advocate of scientific and technological progress is considered. In the article, along with the parallels between Nietzsche and Fedorov, another idea of kinship of their philosophical optics through the understanding of philosophy as ethics is also carried out.


In this letter, a dual-hop detect-and-forward cognitive relaying system with interference constraints over general α-μ fading channel is studied. The contribution is first described by the exact closed-form expression for the outage probability and later extended to the symbol error rate calculation. Both analytical and simulation results show how the outage saturation paradigm appears when the interference level is constrained. Also, it is shown that the system achieves a better performance when higher interference constraint is employed.


In this paper, we design a voltammetry potentiostat for the signal processing of electrochemical biosensors. Based on the sigma-delta modulator approach, the measured sensor current can be converted to the number of digital pulse. The measured results can be digitized by a simple counter without using a high resolution ADC. The proposed potentiostat is designed by the process of 0.35 m CMOS technology, and the chip layout area is 1 mm x 1 mm. In the proposed potentiostat, the maximum range of the measured sensor current is 10 nA under the resolution of 10 nA. In the further applications, the potentiostat can be integrated with microelectrodes of biosensors on a small chip area.


In the past, magnons have been shown to mediate thermal transport of spin in various systems. Here, we reveal that the fundamental coupling of scalar spin chirality, inherent to magnons, to the electronic degrees of freedom in the system can result in the generation of sizeable orbital magnetization and thermal transport of orbital angular momentum. We demonstrate the emergence of the latter phenomenon of orbital Nernst effect by referring to the spin-wave Hamiltonian of kagome ferromagnets, predicting that in a wide range of systems the transverse current of orbital angular momentum carried by magnons in response to an applied temperature gradient can overshadow the accompanying spin current. We suggest that the discovered effect fundamentally correlates with the topological Hall effect of fluctuating magnets, and it can be utilized in magnonic devices for generating magnonic orbital torques.


The first mixed problem is investigated for a certain class of parabolic equations with double non-power-law nonlinearities in a cylindrical domain of the form 0)\times\Omega$?>. The domain can be unbounded. The existence of strong solutions in a Sobolev-Orlicz space is proved by the method of Galerkin approximations. A maximum principle is established, and upper and lower bounds characterizing the power-law decay of solution as are proved. The uniqueness of the solution is proved under certain additional assumptions. Bibliography: 29 titles.


Fumed silicas are common and convenient fillers for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers. A difficulty encountered is the slow hardening of an uncured PDMS/silica mix during storage. This phenomenon can be suppressed by a controlled partial silylation of the silica surface. Using gas adsorption of hexamethyldisiloxane at 303 K, the residual surface activity of trimethylchlorosilane modified silicas was studied. The main adsorption parameters such as Henry's constant, BET constant, BET surface area and distribution functions of adsorption energies were determined from the isotherms. The variations of the previous quantities with the silica surface coverage by trimethylsiloxy groups will be discussed.


century by an extreme Florentiocentricism that is only recently beginning to give way to a more balanced approach. For many years it was accepted that in the fifteenth century Venice lay outside the mainstream of innovative architectural ideas; in this view the Renaissance spread over Italy like an oil slick from Florence to less advanced centres, and anything that implied progress was attributed to Florentine influence. That so knowledgeable an architectural historian as Nikolaus Pevsner, who recognized that the gateway of the Arsenale (P1. 30) was one of the 'first serious Renaissance structures' in Venice, could describe it as 'Tuscan' in style' is evidence that a fruitless view of Venice-and of Tuscany, for that matter-was deeply entrenched. Although it is unlikely that anyone today would describe the Arsenale gate as Tuscan, it continues to be true that Quattrocento monuments from other parts of Italy are often considered less positively and less carefully than they would be if they were in Florence, and judged by inappropriate criteria. There is still a tendency even for scholars who work on Venice to dwell on the classically unorthodox or 'incorrect' aspects of such buildings as the Scuole Grandi di San Marco and San Rocco-at times almost to apologize for them.2 The detrimental effect of this bias on our understanding of architecture in Venice has been very great, and one of the works in Venice that has never received the attention it merits is the Arsenale gate. This large, two-storey portal (P1. 31b), the major land entrance to the Arsenale -the Venetian navy yard-was begun in late 1457 or early 1458 and completed in 1460, extensively redecorated in the late sixteenth century, and added to several times later.' It has long been recognized that its lower storey is based on the Arch of


Which is more important: exercise amount (i.e., duration) or exercise intensity? To investigate this issue, researchers conducted a 6-month trial in which 300 abdominally obese adults were randomized to one of four groups:


In 1873 an exhausted Catholic priest who had completed a successful mission reported to his bishop. Pleased with his priest's achievement, the bishop mused, "now that they are all in the grace of God, drown them in the river before they lose it." How should we interpret this joke? It plays upon the belief that earthly life pales in importance to life after death. Even a cruel end such as drowning would be a small price to pay for eternal life. The joke also toys with the burdensome duties of the missionary as a supernatural agent of redemption. A mission demands exhausting days of preaching, exhortation, prayer, hearing confessions, and offering the Eucharist. The task, to lead sinners toward a state of grace, is onerous. So bishop and priest chuckle together. Murdering the laity—at the proper moment, before they sin again—would ease their pastoral load.


Application of radiocarbon dating to a short chronology is often limited by the wide probability ranges of calibrated dates. These wide ranges are caused by multiple intersections of the 14C age with the tree-ring curve. For a single unrelated 14C date, each intersection presents a probable solution. When several dates on different events are available, identification of the most probable solution for each event is possible if one can obtain some information on the relation between these events. We present here a method for such identifications. To demonstrate the method, we selected a series of 14C dates from mortuary monuments of the Egyptian Old Kingdom. Corrected 14C dates from seven monuments were used. Calibration of these dates produced three absolute ages with single intersections and four ages with 3–5 intersections. These data are compared to a historical chronology, which places the dated events at a younger age. If each intersection is chosen as a potential anchor point of the "correct" chronology, 17 solutions must be tested for the best fit against the historical chronology. The latter is based on the length of the reign of each pharaoh during the studied time span. The spreadsheet has the function of determining the probability of fit for each of the solutions. In a second step the 17 probability values and their offset between the historical and the 14C chronology are graphically analyzed to find the most probable offset. This offset is then applied as a correction to the estimated chronology to obtain an absolute time scale for the dated events.


The fractionation and the bioavailability determination of Pb and Cr in sediment of Benoa Bay have been studied. This study was aimed to determine the metals concentration in their various chemical forms. A 63 µm nylon mesh screen was used for wet and dry sieving the sediment samples. Through fractionation, the bioavailabilities of both metals could  be determined. For the total metals determinations, the samples were digested with aqua regia which is the mixture of HCl and HNO 3 (3:1).  Fractionation was done with the application of the four steps sequential extraction technique. All metals measurements were carried out with the use of the technique of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The total concentrations of  Pb in sediments sieved in wet and dry conditions were 18.4852 mg/kg and 23.3974 mg/kg, respectively, whereas the total concentrations of Cr in those of wet and dry conditions were 17.7131 mg/kg and 24.9371 mg/kg, respectively. The fractionations of Pb in sediments sieved in wet and dry conditions showed the same paterns which were as follow: freely, leachable, dan exchangeable (EFLE) fraction <  Fe/Mn-oxide fraction < resistant fraction < organic dan sulfide fraction. The fractionation of Cr in wet sieved sediment was as follows: EFLE fraction < resistant fraction < organic and sulfide fraction < Fe/Mn-oxide fraction whereas that of Cr in dry sieved sediment was as follows  EFLE< Fe – Mn oxide fraction < resistant fraction < organic and sulfide fraction. The bioavailable  and resistant fractions found for Pb in wet sieved sediment were 74.13% and  22.88%, respectively, whereas those of Pb found in dry sieved sediment were 82.84% dan 13.85%, respectively. The bioavailable  and resistant fractions found for Cr in wet sieved sediment were 77.59% and 11.23%, respectively, whereas those of Cr in dry sieved sediment were 90.55% and13.21%, respectively.


The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a cosmopolitan pest of many crops, is considered a major pest of low tunnel and greenhouse strawberries. The extent of damage to strawberry is unclear because different studies have produced contradictory results. Also, economic thresholds published for WFT in strawberry vary greatly, and most fail to incorporate economic factors. This study was aimed at developing a decision‐making tool for WFT management in strawberries in Israel. Toward this end, economic injury levels (EIL) and economic thresholds were calculated, based on target markets (export vs. domestic). Results indicate that serious infestation of ripe berries may cause a dull, rough appearance, and the fruit may be soft and have a reduced shelf life, rendering it unsuitable for export. Most fruit damage occurred at green and turning‐red stages of development. Two decision‐making tools were developed, one for winter, when WFT populations increase slowly but crop value is high (export market); and the second for spring, when the pest increases rapidly but crop value is low (local markets). Economic thresholds of 10 and 24 WFT/flower were calculated for winter and spring strawberries, respectively, based on direct thrips damage to fruit. This calculation does not take into account the recorded WFT damage to flowers, or its role in facilitating Botrytis cinerea fruit infection. Western flower thrips has proved only an occasional economic pest in Israeli strawberries, and no routine control measures are warranted. Furthermore, augmentative releases of Orius laevigatus or Neoseilus cucumeris against WFT are not justified in this system, because Orius colonizes strawberry fields spontaneously in high numbers when no broad spectrum insecticides are used.


Much has been written about the value and use of theory in management and organizational studies. Many have also complained about the lack of clarity associated with a concept so central to our fie...


The paper is based on the project examples and uses the ANSYS to build a model. By the method of the finite element, the paper analyses the influence of medium and small span curved bridge deformation of structure and bearing force created by the change of bridge radius, then gets the variation rule. It has a high reference value.


Examination of the photochemical extractions of the four Argonne Premium Coal Residues has been under way in a routine manner during this last quarter. An unexpectedly great effort last quarter had been necessary to find extraction solvents and photochemical reagents that were photochemically stable and inert. While it is a rather poor thermal extraction solvent, acetonitrile has proven to be the best solvent the authors have examined. In addition to runs with only the acetonitrile solvent present, experiments were performed with the photochemical reagents, benzophenone and pyridine. Both ketone and pyridine triplet states are well-known for their hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer capabilities. The photochemical reagents were used at concentrations resulting in 50% transmission of the light across the reactor pathlength at 320 nm. Experiments with the quartz cutoff filter remain to be completed at concentrations resulting in 50% transmittance at lower wavelengths. Changes in the transmission of light by the column effluent were monitored continuously and the extraction yield by weight was measured by evaporation of the solvent and subtraction of reagent weight. Thermal extraction yields without light under otherwise identical conditions were measured for comparison. As a check on undesirable effects, such as solvent photochemical degradation, otherwise identical light and dark experiments were also done without the coal on the column.


Disclosed is a system, method and computer application for electronic equipment 10 having a user input device that outputs information indicative of a location and an applied pressure of an object touching the user input device. Based on a change in the location and/or applied pressure of the object touching the user input device 20 , information is processed move a cursor or other object displayed on a screen. Exemplary movements include zooming in on a portion of the display or zooming out on a portion of the display based upon detected asserted pressure on the user input device. In another embodiment, an object displayed on the display may be manipulated in a predetermined manner based on the signal received from the touchpad, which allows the display to be utilized in three-dimensional manner.


In this paper, a gateway OPC unified architecture (UA)/Modbus that runs on a Raspberry Pi 2 is presented. This piece of software allows using a PLC or other low-cost hardware in applications that were banned for this type of devices. In this way, the possibilities for instrumentation and control applications are expanded. As an application tool, data acquisition by means of the OPC UA/Modbus gateway, in this work, is used in the identification of an energy recovery system. The energy system consist in using a centrifugal pump in a twofold way. In the first one, the pump is used as a device controlling the water distribution pressure, and, in second place, the asynchronous motors is used as a generator which gives back electrical energy to the grid.


I found it challenging preparing this presentation about best practice in early intervention for whanau violence. Challenging because this topic is very current and present in many minds and lives, whether personally, in our whanau or friends, or on our TV or radio. It certainly feels 'right here, right now'. Challenging also, because this research is still very much in development, and because I have thought about how presentations on research which is still developing often aim to be interesting and dynamic, visually stimulating and attention grabbing. And therein lay my dilemma. I know I have had my attention grabbed by recent (and not so recent) images of children whose short lives have ended in tragedy. I have been to presentations where pictures of those children were shown, so that by the end there was little doubt that every person watching understood, or at least felt something, about the magnitude of family violence. I think those presentations were excellent in their effectiveness and they worked, like they should have. However, for this presentation I decided I did not want to grab your attention with those images. That is not to minimise the tragedy or pain represented by them, but rather to shift the focus slightly and instead share some interesting early ideas and discoveries of this research that I'm working on.


Personal Archives and a New Archival Calling: Readings, Reflections, and Ruminations by Richard J. Cox. Duluth, MN: Litwin Books, 2008. 418 pp. ISBN 978-0-9802004-7-8. Within the archival community, the concept of personal archives has evolved from that of the private papers of well-known and/or powerful individuals (literary manuscripts, private diaries of administrators, etc.) to incorporate the daily recordkeeping and memory practices of potentially all individuals, regardless of their status. With the advent of digital technologies, the ability to create and share evidence of self, family, and community has grown in the public consciousness. Richard Cox's new book Personal Archives and a New Archival Calling is an appeal to archivists to tap into this increased awareness and to develop a "new partnership" with the public. Throughout the book, Cox calls attention to what he calls "citizen archivists": those members of the general public who are interested in and attempting to preserve, collect, and/or organize personal and family records. Cox's central argument, articulated at the outset, is that personal archives are becoming more significant due to improved technologies and an increased desire for a personal connection to the past. Consequently, he urges archivists to adopt new roles as scribes-for-hire (p. 77), educators, or consultants, with a concomitant shift in emphasis from primarily serving the needs of academic researchers to equipping amateurs (citizen archivists) to archive themselves. For Cox, a chief effect of this newly envisioned role is what he perceives as the opportunity for archival advocacy and public consciousness-raising about the archival mission. As he points out throughout the text, more and more "citizen archivists" are becoming aware of, and in need of, recordkeeping and archiving skills. Archivists are best equipped to meet these needs, and can position themselves as experts in this area while simultaneously exposing the significance of archival services and repositories in society. One of the strengths of this book is its close examination of emotion, sentimentality, and the personal subjective response to and desire for the record. The first part of the book explores these issues in terms of the impulse to preserve records as evidence of self, and family records as private windows to the past. In chapter 1 Cox points out that the average citizen has always played a role in the development of the public archive. Specifically, many collections only come to the archive after an individual or family has invested in collecting and preserving the documents. He states that "personal recordkeeping is linked to the human impulse for resisting oblivion," (p. 3) and he argues for a universal wish to leave evidence of the self. Although this chapter is framed within a context of a global desire for record-making and recordkeeping, he stops short of proclaiming that everyone will collect and use records in the same way. Chapters 2 and 3 are


STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production) is an alternative solar energy conversion process. New and original, unpublished STEP results are compared with other STEP results. The STEP process uses semiconductors, solar energy and electrochemistry to generate a wide range of useful chemicals, rather than electricity, as the product. Using both subgap (to generate heat) and super bandgap (to generate electrons) insolation, STEP is more efficient than either photovoltaic or photoelectochemical solar energy conversion. STEP theory is derived and experimentally verified for the electrosynthesis of energetic molecules at high solar energy efficiency. In STEP the efficient formation of metals, fuels, chlorine, and carbon capture is driven by solar thermal heated electrolyses occuring at voltage below that of the room temperature energy stored in the products. As one example, CO2 is reduced to either fuels, or storable carbon, at solar efficiency over 50% due to a synergy of efficient solar thermal absorption and electrochemical conversion at high temperature and reactant concentration. CO2 is efficiently transformed to carbon nanotubes (C2CNT) with or without solar energy. New results on CO2-free STEP ammonia, iron and cement production are delineated. Water is efficiently split to H2 by molten electrolysis. A pathway is provided for the STEP decrease of atmospheric CO2 levels to pre-industial levels in 10 years.


The Spallation Neutron Source storage ring, designed to accumulate up to 1.5e14 protons per pulse, was commissioned in January of 2006. During the run, over 1.e14 protons were accumulated in the ring in the natural chromaticity state without any sign of instabilities. The first beam instabilities were observed for a high intensity coasting beam with zero chromaticity. Preliminary analysis of data indicates instabilities related to extraction kicker impedances, resistive wall impedances, and electron-proton instability. Here we review the background theory and design philosophy of the ring, as it relates to instabilities, and compare the precommissioning predictions with the experimental measurements.


Abstract. Chemical learning for students in schools tends to focus on the performance of the left brain only. Motivation to learn to be low. Another impact is students have difficulty in understanding the concept of chemistry that is generally abstract. Concepts of chemistry is abstract, include depiction of space (macroscopic and microscopic) and symbolic. This chemical characteristic is closely related to right-brain intelligence that tend to be artistic feeling, color sensitivity, space depiction, symbolic, synthesis and creation. Therefore the learning of chemistry requires the optimal potential of both parts of the brain, left and right hemisphere. Implementation of brain based learning is a concrete solution to optimize the performance of left and right hemisphere of students in chemistry learning activities. Keywords: right brain, brain based learning, motivation


The body of the new typical dry gasholder is a large stiffened cylindrical shell. Under the constraints of experimental and economic conditions, buckling characteristics of the body of gasholder are generally studied by scaled model experiments. Taking discrete orthogonally [Formula: see text]-shaped stiffened cylindrical shells as the research object, generalized similitude requirements and scaling laws of the structure under external pressure are presented based on discrete stiffened theory and energy method. For partial scaled models with dimple/eigen-mode imperfection and material properties, partial similitude for nonlinear buckling of discrete stiffened cylindrical shells under external pressure is mainly investigated. The results show that using scaling laws for nonlinear buckling of stiffened cylindrical shells under external pressure, scaled models can accurately predict nonlinear buckling characteristic of prototypes. As the deviation of Poisson's ratio between materials of the model and the prototype increases, the deviation of nonlinear buckling characteristic between the predicted prototype and its prototype increases gradually. At the same time, scaled generalized similitude requirements and scaling laws can provide useful reference for the model design and experimental verification of nonlinear buckling of discrete orthogonally stiffened cylindrical shells with initial geometrical imperfection under external pressure.


Computer laboratories in a university campus should be open exercise enviroments to users.In this paper,a distributed management system model was designed and some problems in its implementation were discussed.


AN account is given or the principle of a three‐dimensional shadowgraph recorder, its exemplification in the laboratory and its application to models in open and closed jets. Details are given of photographical, mechanical and graphical methods of reconstruction of the form of the shock wave from the records obtained, including correction for refraction due to thick glass walls of tunnels.