In the past twenty years, indigenous populations around the world have stepped up legal efforts to reclaim their ancestral lands. In many post-colonial countries, in which native lands were stolen or expropriated by Europeans and their descendants, judicial action at the highest levels has begun to afford populations property rights and even titles to lands to which they had held rightful claim. Some have even asserted that such property interests are so fundamental as to exist as part of international law, and have pointed to a number of international declarations and treaties that seem to say as much.This Article attempts to assess this claim. Taking account of recent domestic and international jurisprudence and treaty-making, it is the first study in half a decade to apply these and past developments to the core tenets of customary international law: state practice and opinio juris. By focusing on the major post-colonial countries with large indigenous populations, and by looking at how these countries are in fact drawing on each others' jurisprudence in establishing laws recognizing certain indigenous property rights, the Article demonstrates the apparent emergence of a growing international consensus on the need to recognize such native rights to their ancestral lands. Importantly, many of the nations in the consensus are looking to each other – and to international law – in formulating their own protections for indigenous lands.This Article is not prescriptive. Rather, it seeks to settle a lingering question in the debate over indigenous rights in international law, concluding that such a norm is likely emerging, though it remains generalized and unspecific, or in other words another vague yet bind piece of customary international law. Given the attention that this issue has received in recent years – both in domestic courts and in the U.N. and other international organizations – it seems that it is only time before all nations with substantial indigenous populations accept that international law does in fact provide some protections for indigenous peoples ancestral lands. By demonstrating the current near-consensus, and by pointing out signposts that may further indicate such consensus, this Article should provide a point of reference for current and future discussions of indigenous land rights in international law


The premise of the article by Krishnaraj and Pesch (1) is that understanding generational differences in the radiology workforce can influence individual satisfaction and the overall performance of an organization. The authors provide an excellent foundation for understanding three of the four generations that currently comprise the workforce and discuss their impact on culture, recruitment, and training. Baby boomers include most of the current radiology leaders and are idealistic and competitive, with an incredible work ethic and a commitment to institutions, processes, and hierarchy. They may delay retirement and be less likely to relinquish leadership positions. Generation Xers, influenced by factors such as high divorce rates and women entering the workforce, strive for meaningful work balanced with family life. With the emerging trend of dual-income households, men increasingly prioritize child rearing, and both sexes seek flexibility in work hours. This generation of digital immigrants uses technology to improve efficiency. Millennials comprise most current trainees. They seek feedback and are hierarchy averse, technologically savvy, and astute in assessing choices. They place a higher priority on performing meaningful work rather than earning prestige or working for particular institutions. They are more likely than those of other generations to leave jobs that do not align with their values. Generalizations based on any one factor inherently lead to oversimplifications. Are baby boomers really workaholics, unable to relinquish their hard-fought leadership positions? Do millennials really change jobs every 3 years? Is it wrong to want to leave work at 5 PM? Is it inappropriate to wear headphones at work, or is this question about perceived etiquette and institutional norms? We informally asked a number of people regarding the use of headphones and garnered such a variety of opinions that we think it is potentially deserving of its own article. Reactions ranged from a millennial saying it is "unprofessional and makes the person seem disengaged" to a baby boomer saying, "I can think of 100 things more unprofessional than listening to music." These responses show why a transparent dialogue about simple behaviors and established institutional norms can reduce misinterpretation between and within generations. A goal of any organization is to achieve high performance. The authors suggest that understanding generational stereotypes can empower organizations to use the strengths of each cohort and respond to their unique requirements (1). While this is an excellent starting point, we believe that the next steps include shattering these stereotypes to understand the complexity of individuals and establish an institutional culture of psychologic safety that transcends age and background. Results from Google's Project Aristotle, an initiative to build the perfect team, showed groups that shared the following three foundational principles had the highest levels of productivity and satisfaction: (a) providing everyone the equal opportunity to speak, (b) endorsing sensitivity to differences, and (c) establishing group norms based on institutional values (2). Invited commentary on "Navigating Generational Differences in Radiology" From: Aarti Sekhar, MD Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia


The correlation of the diseases of the organs breathing and ecological situation in adult population Chelyabinsk's region is studied. It is established the direct correlation between ecology and diseases of the organs breathing in adult population. In the origin of the diseases of the organs breathing play the role not only the quantity of different polluting materials in atmosphere, but also their spectrum. The points in Chelyabinsk region with high and low risk of the development of the diseases of the organs breathing in adult population are determined.


The invention provides a defect detection method and a defect detection device. In the defect detection device a camera part obtains a checked image of a substrate, and an edge extracting filter extracts the edge by extracting binary from the checked image. Then based on a concentration curve chart of a graph with edge removal from the checked image, the method calculates a checking threshold forgenerating a checking processed image which enable the checked image binarization. In the contentration curve chart, because the edge is removed, a pixel frequency is ''0'' at a concentration belt between a concentration distribution corresponding to a wiring diagram and a concentration distribution corresponding to a substrate body, thereby definitely separating two concentration distributions. Thus the invention can employ the maximum concentration of the concentration distribution corresponding to the substrate body as a checking threshold, and high precisely calculate the checking threshold.


To the Editor: Functional somatic syndrome (FSS) and central sensitivity syndrome (CSS) account for medically unexplained pains and/or medically unexplained symptoms. Although FSS and CSS had been advocated independently, they include similar syndromes such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic widespread pain. The term of FSS is similar to the term of somatoform disorder. Therefore, I am afraid that some patients may misunderstand FSS. Meanwhile, it is easily understood that central sensitization causes CSS. The central sensitization mechanism has been suggested to play an important role in the pathophysiology of FSS. Thus, CSS and FSS are the same pathological condition: having different terms causes confusion. CSS is superior to FSS as it shows pathogenesis. If the term of FSS is changed to the term of CSS, the confusion is resolved and the term of CSS becomes diffusive. Katsuhiro Toda, MD, PhD Department of Rehabilitation, Hatsukaichi Memorial Hospital, Hatsukaichi, Japan E-mail: email@example.com


Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative granulomatous disease caused by an anaerobic Gram positive germ, Actinomyces. From 1994 to 1999, 21 cases of actinomycosis have been diagnosed in our laboratory. The main localisations were cervicofacial and gynecologic the diagnosis relies on histopathologic examination that shows actinomycosic granules.


Despite the growing need for environmental scientists and managers to think with an interdisciplinary perspective, many undergraduate courses are disciplinary in nature and lack adequate exposure to intensive, field-based studies. The winter snow environment provides an excellent setting for interdisciplinary education with a strong hands-on field component. "Snow Systems: Snow Science & Winter Ecology" was designed as an intensive 2 credit hour, five-day, field-based course for undergraduates at Fort Lewis College. The class introduced students to the physical and biological aspects of a winter snow environment while focusing on interactions between physical science and biology, especially those affected by climate change. Students spent a week in the San Juan Mountains based at the Mountain Studies Institute (MSI) field station in Silverton, CO. During the class students: (1) Analyzed snowpack properties, (2) Observed the changes that occur in a snowpack over time, (3) Conducted snowpack albedo experiments by manipulating snow reflectance with screens, (4) Used temperature data loggers to conduct energy balance experiments as related to both the physical environment and organisms, (5) Observed how the physical environment regulates biological patterns and processes in winter snow environments, (6) Discussed winter stress on flora and fauna and adaptations to overcome these stresses, and (7) Identified and analyzed wildlife track patterns and behavior. Our poster at ISSW 2006 illustrated the curriculum, activities, and hands-on studies (including data collected) that constitute this new course. For more information, go to www.mountainstudies.org and click on Education Courses.


Feature selection plays a vital role in promoting the classifier's performance. However, current methods ineffectively distinguish the complex interaction in the selected features. To further remove these hidden negative interactions, we propose a GA-like dynamic probability (GADP) method with mutual information which has a two-layer structure. The first layer applies the mutual information method to obtain a primary feature subset. The GA-like dynamic probability algorithm, as the second layer, mines more supportive features based on the former candidate features. Essentially, the GA-like method is one of the population-based algorithms so its work mechanism is similar to the GA. Different from the popular works which frequently focus on improving GA's operators for enhancing the search ability and lowering the converge time, we boldly abandon GA's operators and employ the dynamic probability that relies on the performance of each chromosome to determine feature selection in the new generation. The dynamic probability mechanism significantly reduces the parameter number in GA that making it easy to use. As each gene's probability is independent, the chromosome variety in GADP is more notable than in traditional GA, which ensures GADP has a wider search space and selects relevant features more effectively and accurately. To verify our method's superiority, we evaluate our method under multiple conditions on 15 datasets. The results demonstrate the outperformance of the proposed method. Generally, it has the best accuracy. Further, we also compare the proposed model to the popular heuristic methods like POS, FPA, and WOA. Our model still owns advantages over them.


Ascorbate peroxidase (Apx) plays important roles both as a reductant and as a H2O2 scavenger via ascorbate (AsA). In this paper, we discuss how a ClApx cDNA (1,068 bp, GQ465430) encoding a putative Apx was cloned from lemon (Citrus limon). The deduced amino acid sequence is similar to the Apxes from other plant species. A 3-D structural model of ClApx was constructed based on the crystal structure of Pisum sativum Apx (PDB code 1APX). To characterize the ClApx protein, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector pYEX-S1 and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant His6-tagged ClApx was overexpressed and purified by Ni(superscript 2+) -nitrilotriacetic acid Sepharose. The purified enzyme showed two prominent bands on 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Michaelis constant (K(subscript M)) values of the recombinant enzyme for AsA and H2O2 were 0.40 and 0.11 mm, respectively. The enzyme was active from pH range 6 to 8. The thermal inactivation of the enzyme showed a half-life of 6.5 min at 45°C, and its inactivation rate constant K(subscript i) was 1.1 × 10(superscript -1) min(superscript -1). The enzyme retained 35% activity after chymotrypsin digestion at pH 8 and 37°C for 40 min.


A record-setting blast of gamma rays from a dying star in a distant galaxy has wowed astronomers around the world.


The surface composition of a Mo containing austenitic stainless steel is analyzed (ESCA) after its dissolution and passivation in a HCl aqueouys solution.


Gear measuring instrument (GMI) is the mainstream equipment for gear measurement. As the measurement accuracy of gears improves and GMI is gradually used in production, thermal errors are becoming an important factor affecting the measurement accuracy of GMI. In the precision measurement of the gears, the parallelism errors between the gear axis and the Z-axis of the GMI are the major error source. This error is usually reduced by mechanical adjustment when a GMI is assembled. When the temperature of the GMI and its environment changes, the thermal deformation will lead to new parallelism errors between the gear axis and the Z-axis of the GMI, which will further cause errors in the GMI. In this paper, the effect of the parallelism thermal errors of the GMI is studied, and the parallelism thermal errors model under room temperature environment was established. First, the temperature field of the GMI and its environment and the parallelism thermal errors were measured; then, the TMP are grouped using the FCM, and the key TMP were selected by optimizing the group of the measurement points using Pearson correlation coefficient method; finally, the parallelism thermal errors were established by RBF (Radial Basis Function) neural network and tested by using the measured data. The experimental results show that the predictive accuracy of the established parallelism thermal error model can reach 60.89% in the X direction and 82.26% in the Y direction, indicating good generalization ability and robustness. The model can be used for subsequent thermal error compensation.


In work various techniques of training to applied navigation are considered by preparation of rescuers of search divisions of Ministry of Emergency Measures performing work in the water environment. The received results allow to reduce terms of preparation of rescuers and to support their constant readiness for professional actions.


How much in!uence do political leaders have on the likelihood of ethnic civil war? Two opposing theoretical positions exist: representatives of the elite manipulation theory argue that leaders incite ethno-nationalism to secure their own hold on power (Snyder 2000, Gagnon 2004). However, political leaders rarely have both the ability and the ideal environment to manipulate identities (Brubaker 1998). Instead, structural forces such as the ethnic security dilemma could be the driving force behind con!ict onset (Posen 1993), leaving elites virtually without in!uence on the probability of civil-war onset. "e present study uses large-N regression analysis to test these two theories and a hybrid alternative focussing on two problematic factors inherent to democratization settings: the need to settle the demos question and the ongoing competition between incumbent and challenging political leaders. Results con#rm that ongoing democratization phases, processes of elite selection and the prior existence of security worries caused by politicized ethnic divisions all have a signi#cant in!uence on the risk of civil war. * Paper prepared for presentation at the workshop "Democratization and Con!ict", Zurich, Switzerland, October 2, 2009. "e author would like to thank Lars-Erik Cederman, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Arman Grigorian, Jochen Hippler, Simon Hug, Judith Vorrath, Hugh Ward and Andreas Wenger, as well as the participants of the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Seminar Series (Netherlands) and the doctoral school NCCR "Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century" (Switzerland) for their helpful comments. Naturally, I remain responsible for any mistakes still present. "is article is based on research done in the project "Democratizing Divided Societies in Bad Neighborhoods" within the Swiss NCCR "Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century". Financial support by the Swiss National Science Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. How In!uential are Political Leaders? 1


Solving inverse scattering problems using layer stripping algorithms is known to be fast and effective when the data are noise-free. However, layer stripping algorithms have a reputation of being unstable when applied to noisy time-domain reflection response data. The reason is that the noisy data may be infeasible; i.e., could not have been produced by an actual media. In this paper, three feasibility conditions are introduced for data from absorbing (lossy) one-dimensional (1-D) media. Satisfying these conditions is both necessary and sufficient for the data to have been produced by an actual lossy media. That is, layer stripping algorithms applied such noisy but feasible data are stable. A methodology for correcting infeasible data is also proposed. Numerical examples illustrate key points and the correction method.


Previous theory of the rubber membrane predicted Laplace's equation to hold only for small inclinations of the membrane to its horizontal undisplaced position. In practice the equation has, however, been found to hold for quite large inclinations. In addition, it has been observed that the motion of any point in the membrane is purely vertical for vertical displacements of the electrodes. This suggested that it is the horizontal component of the tension which remains constant and equal to the tension in the undisplaced position. On this assumption it is found that Laplace's equation holds without restriction. It is interesting to note that this assumption is equivalent to assuming that vertical displacements satisfy Hooke's law, which experiments have shown to hold for quite large inclinations.


The opinions about the grounds of applying penalty always vary from person to person.It is very difficult to decide which opinion is right.In the paper the author probes into the traditional retribution and prevention,attempting to seek two legal values:justice and effectiveness in applying punishment and ujstifying the fact the justice should take priority over effectiveness when in disagreement and the system of passing severe sentences on recidivists in China.


The utility model relates to an internal insulation cylinder structure and an external insulation cylinder structure of a transformer winding. The utility model comprises an iron core, a low voltage coil, a high voltage coil and an internal insulation cylinder. The internal insulation cylinder is arranged outside the iron core, the low voltage coil is arranged outside the internal insulation cylinder, the high voltage coil is arranged outside the low voltage coil, a master control channel is arranged between the high voltage coil and the low voltage coil, and the high voltage coil is externally provided with the external insulation cylinder. By adopting the internal insulation cylinder and the external insulation cylinder, the transformer winding effectively reinforces the anti-short circuit ability of the transformer, thus increasing the reliability of the safe operation of the transformer, being easy to produce, and leading to comparatively low cost.


We study the dynamics of maps arising from the composition of two non-commuting involution on a K3 surface. These maps are a particular example of reversible maps, i.e., maps with a time reversing symmetry. The combinatorics of the cycle distribution of two non-commuting involutions on a finite phase space was studied by Roberts and Vivaldi. We show that the dynamical systems of these K3 surfaces satisfy the hypotheses of their results, providing a description of the cycle distribution of the rational points over finite fields. Furthermore, we extend the involutions to include the case where there are degenerate fibers and prove a description of the cycle distribution in this more general situation.


OBJECTIVE The method of bacterial endotoxin inspection of Clindamycin Hydrochloride Injection was discussed.METHODS The interfering action of Clindamycin Hydrochloride Injection and limulus lysate agent from two manufacturers were investigated.RESULTS and CONCLUSIONThe results showed when the sample was diluted 100 times,there would no interference.


AAS was applied to measure the content of Some Heavy Metals in soil samples of Qing hai lake and Dianchi lake basin. The results indicated that the content of the elements in soil samples of Dianchi lake basin is obviously higher than that of Qing Hai lake basin, and both background values are also higher than that of country and Yunnan Province.


Objective To observe effect of TNF-α on PPARγ2 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells transfected with human recombinant adiponectin. Methods The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were transfected with the recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1+-hADPN.The PPARγ2 mRNA expression was quantitated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results (1)Compared with controls(the 3T3-L1 cells and the 3T3-L1 cells with plasmid), the PPAR-γ2 mRNA expression of 3T3-L1 cells with human recombinant adiponectin was higher(P0.01).(2) In 3T3-L1 cells,3T3-L1 cells with plasmids,and 3T3-L1 cells with human recombinant adiponectin,the treatment with 100ng/ml of TNF-α decreased PPARγ2 mRNA expression compared with untreated controls(P0.05).(3) The effect of TNF-α on PPARγ2 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells was reversed by stably transfected human recombinant adiponectin(P0.05). Conclusions The 3T3-L1 cells stably transfected with human recombinant adiponectin increase PPARγ2 mRNA expression in the 3T3-L1 cells as compared with controls. TNF-α suppresses PPARγ2 mRNA expression in the 3T3-L1 cells.The effect of TNF-α on PPARγ2 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells is reversed by stably transfected human recombinant adiponectin.


In the paper, the topics, associated with the business information protection, are viewed. It is the goal to clear, how by making a ongoing magnetic archive the protection is realized from destroying more technical reasons, what the opportunities for this are, as lending as well how this for optimizing the work of the employees from the company, as time and fiscal means. In the present composition the following possibility - making archive by copying information, making archive by using program tools and online archiving web server of data are included. The advantages and the demerits of each one of these opportunities are viewed, as he is accepting to online the backup. The statement is illustrated with practical cases, the opportunities for online backing their business information in the site xdrive.com gain the performance to which it will permit the users to make a consumer's account as well.


This paper presents a methodology that encourages and fosters proactive student participation in individual and collaborativelearning. The methodology combines Flipped Classroom, Formative Assessment and Continuous Assessment, Project-BasedLearning, and Problem Solving using Simulators strategies, with an integrated teaching and learning system (ITLS), called SIENA.The tool serves to automate some of the processes inherent in the methodology and serves as a bridge across all of the educationalprocess involved. The methodology has been tested in both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in Computer Engineeringstudies, the former in a blended learning subject and the last in an on-line subject findings to date have proven positive. Inaddition, we have applied a unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model to ITLS and it has proven to be a usefultool in the learning process.


The research refers to the study of mediation as conflict resolution technique, from the lived experience in University Extension Project by the Law Course of Unijui. The goal is to showing that the mediation is appropriate to manage and troubleshoot disputes especially in the family environment, without the need to activate the judiciary. As from this intervention, individuals begin to engage in dialogue about the conflict, to understand it in its various dimensions and rescue feelings and interests of paramount importance in facilitating the maintenance of continuing nature relations and encouraging those involved to see the conflict in a positive way.


with exophthalmos and goiter. Exophthalmos persisted and she regularly took desiccated thyroid, U.S.P., 0.2 gm a day. Neonatal thyrotoxicosis was first suspected after the mother's mild exophthalmos was observed by the pediatrician. Noted on repeated examination of the infant were slight exophthalmos, sinus tachycardia (150 to 220), hyperactivity, diffuse goiter and poor weight gain (only 21⁄22 ounces between age three and fourteen days despite good appetite). There was no tachypnea after age two days and no hepatomegaly at any time. Clinical evidence was observed of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (not radiographically confirmed) during the first two days of life. Oral or diaper region moniliasis was noted intermittently from age nine days to two months despite nystatin therapy by ingestion and topical application. Protein-bound iodine at age two days was 19.1 mcg per 100 ml but was reported as iodine-contaminated (although there was no discoverable reason for contamination). At ten days


Substantial cost overruns and schedule delays are traits of the power plant construction industry, specifically the young and controversial nuclear power plant construction industry. These cost and schedule overruns are having a significant effect on the economic feasibility of many power plants, and the future energy supply network of our country may have to be restructured in light of these overruns. A major cause of cost overruns is related to the declining rate of productivity of workers. Marjatta Strandell, an engineering and construction expert for the Pacific Power and Light Company, Portland, Oregon, reports that since 1970 craft productivity in nuclear and fossil-fuel power plant construction has been decreasing at an average annual rate of four percent. The cumulative effect of this indicates that, by 1980, the craft productivity would be a mere sixty percent of the 1970 craft productivity.


Biomaterials with the hydroxyapatite and biopolymers such as chitosan derived of crustaceans are is an alternative for bone repair. Carbon nanotubes have been a focus of interest because they can ameliorate the biomechanical properties of biomaterials. The objective of this study was to evaluate these materials in the repair of cranial defects in rats. The animals were divided in groups: without implant (G1), implanted with the chitosan/carbon nanotube membrane (G2), and chitosan/nanotube membrane mineralized with hydroxyapatite (G3). The animals were sacrificed 5 weeks after surgery and the skulls were removed for analysis of the defect area. The results showed absence of chronic inflammatory and little bone neoformation in the defect area of all groups. In G2 and G3 there was lack of reabsorption of the biomaterial that were encapsulated by connective tissue. In conclusion, the biomaterials were biocompatible, but their specific physicochemical properties did not indicate a considerable osteoregenerative capacity.


Based on the characteristics of Mianning rare earth ore, technological conditions and pricinples of extracting cerium from the ore using oxidizing roasting chemical method were studied.The results show that using ammonium bicarbonate instead of oxalic acid,high purity cerium oxide product containing CeO 2 of 99% could be obtained.


A group additivity approach is applied to the large positive heat capacity changes associated with the dissolution process into water of different classes of organic molecules. The results show that the contribution of nonpolar CH groups is approximately constant for all the organic molecules studied, regardless of their chemical nature and originating phase. Further analysis leads to the conclusion that the unique properties of water are the main physical cause of these results.


The editors of the Pan African Medical Journal retract the manuscript above. The manuscript has been the subject of a protracted and unresolved authors dispute. Not all the authors listed in this manuscript consented to the retraction.


The results of medical rehabilitation treatment of patients with neurosurgery and neurology profiles have been analyzed in St Petersburg. The necessity of innovation technologies implementation in applied medicine institutions is indicated, the results of retooling of city hospitals with modern equipment is estimated, the examples of elaboration of effective correlation methods which improve rehabilitation treatment quality are presented. Innovation technologies usage made it possible to decrease the terms of temporary incapacity of patients and reduce frequency of their disability.


Deep in the suburbs of New Jersey, just around the corner from a tax office, is a Russian bathhouse--a banya. Inside, people don a bathing suit and join a handful of gruff Russians to brave the searing heat. There's a bundle of birch twigs with a duct-taped handle that they can soak in icy water and thrash themselves with. All for just 0.03 bitcoins. Bear and Birch is run by ex-Goldman Sachs equities trader Peter Kizenko. It accepts Bitcoin, and is the luxury stop on a 24-hour Bitcoin road trip from Somerville MA to Wall Street. Here, Hodson goes on a road trip from a New Jersey sauna to Wall Street to find out how many places accept Bitcoin.


This paper highlights challenges in industrial research related to translating research in natural language processing into commercial products. While the interest in natural language processing from industry is significant, the transfer of research to commercial products is non-trivial and its challenges are often unknown to or underestimated by many researchers. I discuss current obstacles and provide suggestions for increasing the chances for translating research to commercial success based on my experience in industrial research.


Previous investigators have shown that the Newtonian viscosity of black liquor (BL), a byproduct of kraft pulping process, can be estimated online from the performance parameters of an installed centrifugal pump (CP). Unfortunately, the existing models from which such estimates can be obtained lack the necessary robustness for process control applications and/or would require a substantial amount of data for periodic updates. This study developed a generalized artificial neural network (ANN)-based model which directly accounts for the effect of aging on the pump performance (hence the model). Simulation results show that ANN predicts BL viscosity better than the existing linear models as the former gives accurate and robust predictions at all practical operating points of the pump. Moreover, the ANN model requires just a single data point for its periodic recalibration as the pump ages significantly. The methodologies presented here can easily be adapted for use in any process industry where Newtonian pro...


We detected off-pulse emission from two pulsars, B0525+21 and B204516, at 325 MHz using the Giant Metrewave radio telescope. Using the instrument as a high time resolution interferometer and off-line gating we imaged the off-pulse and on-pulse sections of the pulsar period separately to detect off-pulse emission at the level of a few percent of the on-pulse emission. These long period pulsars with low spin-down energies were selected to minimise the detection of emission from pulsar wind nebula. Indeed, interpreting our observation in terms of wind nebulae requires very anomalous interstellar medium particle densities. The alternative explanation of magnetospheric emission poses interesting questions to pulsar emission models. We are in the process of repeating the observations with a larger sample of pulsars and at other frequencies to obtain the spectral index, which is expected to provide further diagnostics for the nature of this emission. These are perhaps the first secure detections of off-pulse emission from pulsar magnetospheres and the first use of GMRT as a gated interferometer to image pulsars.


Hello, and welcome to my laboratory. I'm Dr. Seeker, but please call me Grant. Excuse the haze around here. You get used to it in this line of research. I'm a cryptoneuropodiolfactologist-I study the effects of foot odors on the brain. Want to grab some lunch? Nothing for me, thanks. I'm queasy from this morning's study of maze learning in rats forced to sniff sneakers worn by Olympic marathon runners. Today, I'll prognosticate rather than masticate. Here are my humble predictions of the major scientific accomplishments in 2022, when SCIENCE NEWS cel-_ ebrates its centennial:


OBJECTIVES
This article examines recent trends in the incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer among Canadian men and women, then further analyzes trends by three subsites.

DATA SOURCES
Incidence data for colorectal cancer were obtained from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System and from the Canadian Cancer Registry. Mortality data were extracted from the Canadian Vital Statistics Database. Supplementary data on nutrition are from the National Population Health Survey.

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated for men and women. Age-specific incidence and mortality rates were calculated by 10-year age groups. Joinpoint analysis was applied to detect statistically significant changes in linear trends.

MAIN RESULTS
Since the mid-1980s, colorectal cancer incidence has been declining, with steeper rates of decrease among women. Decreasing rates of colorectal cancer are limited to tumours located in the distal colon and rectum; the incidence of cancers of the proximal colon has not changed over time.


Late Quaternary vegetation, fire and climate dy namics were studied by pollen and charcoal analysis on a sediment core from near the summit of the Serra do


The paper presents a parallel method of computing Sticky bits based upon preprocessing and logic conversion,which may improve the performance of floating point units and has been applied to the floating point units of high-performance 64-bit CPUs.


An emerging attack strategy, collaborative attack, is considered the next generation type of attack. There are only a few models quantifying the synergy of a collaborating attack. Further, previous models consider only positive effects regardless of potential disharmonious factors which are common in the real world. Contributions of this work are summarized as follows: first, this paper introduces a mathematical formulation measuring synergy which takes both positive and negative effects into consideration. This model can not only be applied in measuring collaborative attack effectiveness, but also be used to describe the synergy in other teamwork scenarios. The scenario of an applicable cyber-warfare can take place in a wired network, wireless network, or sensor network. Secondly, a meaningful connection between contest success function and Cobb-Douglas function is proposed and integrated in a cyber-attack scenario. Both the contest intensity of the contest success function and the sum of exponents of Cobb-Douglas function reflect an environmental factor regarding whether it encourages investing or not. Lastly, comparisons between the proposed model and the Cobb-Douglas function are also presented with a subsequent discussion of implications. The behavior of the proposed model is closer to reality and less coupled to another exogenous variable, contest intensity.


Continuous varve sequences were taken in 2000 from Lake Fukami, a monomictic lake in the southern part of Nagano Prefecture, central Japan. A total of 196 varve units were recognized in the uppermost 2 m interval of those sequences. The stratigraphic changes in the sedimentation rate have some high peaks, which indicate the increment of clastic particles supplied to the lake owing to natural disasters like floods or earthquakes as well as artificial constructions around Lake Fukami. As a result of correlation between the meteorological records at the nearby Iida meteorological station and the variations in total carbon flux in Lake Fukami based on the varve chronology, it is clarified that the total carbon flux is in inverse proportion to the February mean temperature and precipitation. These indicate that the February mean temperature controls the vertical mixing within the lake water column that affects the productivity of either phytoplankton in the epilimnion or decomposition of organic matter in the hypolimnion. Furthermore, the February precipitation probably affects the activity of denitrifying bacteria during the stagnation periods. Mineralogical investigation detected pyrite and siderite minerals in the sediment by X-ray powder diffraction analysis and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Although either of these iron minerals can precipitate in disaerobic water condition, only pyrite precipitates under sulfate ion rich condition. Considering the physicochemical features in Lake Fukami, pyrite was deposited during the stagnation period from spring to autumn, whereas siderite precipitated during the circulation period in winter.


With the gradual improvement of China's electric power network, increasingly higher requirement is put forward for power network maintenance and power supply quality. Short circuit is one common and destructive fault in power grid. In recent years, a number of power grid accidents occurred in China Southern Power Grid Company, causing considerable short circuit impact on power equipment and seriously affecting the safe and stable operation of the power system. At present, the mechanical fault diagnosis technology of high-voltage circuit breaker has many problems, such as difficult installation, complex wiring and operation, and single diagnosis technology. Moreover, the existing monitoring system cannot comprehensively monitor and diagnose all parts of the circuit breaker, such as secondary control circuit components, spring or hydraulic operating mechanism, operating transmission rod and mechanical components of arc extinguishing chamber, it is difficult to perform intelligent analysis and status assessment of circuit breakers in substations. This paper introduces an intelligent early warning analysis method for circuit breakers based on fault recording, and gives the overall design of online monitoring device for circuit breakers. Through the substation recording data, SOE signal of protection switch action and mechanical characteristic data, the current of opening and closing coils and three-phase main circuit are monitored, and the data are analyzed and the potential mechanical fault of circuit breakers is diagnosed, It provides an effective technical means for condition based maintenance of high-voltage circuit breakers.


The engineering of a software system depends crucially upon the requirements specification of the system. The specification of requirements is a complex and interactive process involving an analyst and a client in a requirements definition activity. The principal medium for this activity is natural language, and we observe that special terms or jargon are used to abbreviate the communication between an analyst and the client. The information available to an analyst during this communication is inherently ambiguous and incomplete and often defined by the client without context. We emphasise the all-pervasive use of natural language during the requirements definition activity. Natural language is used from the very start of a project and used throughout requirements acquisition, expression and analysis for software specification. Furthermore, a substantial amount of relevant information about the client's system is also available in natural language. An analyst performs various tasks to elicit and understand software requirements. We identify a number of techniques to expedite these tasks for an analyst. These techniques have their origins in three different fields: knowledge engineering (for system knowledge acquisition); information science (searching for key concepts underlying the user's domain directly from its text); and natural language studies (schema for formalizing the user's domain knowledge). The main advantage of our framework is that it does not constrain (in the form of arbitrary method constructs) the thinking processes of an analyst. Instead, our framework emphasises the functional behaviour of natural language in a specific domain and allows the analyst to elicit and understand the requirements themselves in natural language.


Medical postgraduate education in China has a long-term gap between basic medicine and clinical medicine.Introduce translational medicine to the concept of medical postgraduate education in order to change the mode of traditional medicine postgraduate education.Beneficial attempt to determine the training objectives and to explore training mode is conducive to the construction of the research and innovation capacity of interdisciplinary medical personnel.


ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on Ayele music and dance of the Unuwazi village in Uromi, Esan North East Local Government Area of Edo State.  It examines the term Ayele, its tradition of origin, its musical instruments, context of performance and performance practices.  So as to be able to elicit data from the field, ethnographic method was employed. This entails the observation, interview and focused group discussion techniques. Other relevant secondary data were sourced from the libraries and the internet. This study reveals that Ayele music is unique in that it is purely instrumental musical genre that has not been influenced by modern day forces of acculturation. It is a social/ritual musical genre whose performance is regulated by a number of factors. This presentation is germane in that it provides a new oeuvre, ritual music even in this twenty-first century epoch, and epitomizes the fact that music in Africa is not simply for the purpose of entertainment. Key words: Music, Ayele, Nigeria, culture


Current trends in particle and particle systems characterisation are driven by the demands for online measurement and nanoparticle analysis. In both cases, measuring methods should tolerate high numbers of particles in the sensing zone. Different physical principles need to be combined to obtain unambiguous information on the disperse state. The Centre for Particle Technology has been devoting its attention to the selection and development of particle analysis methods for 25 years.


This paper completely analyzes the export duties in the WTO. WTO disciplines on export duties are not clearly defined and currently no member assumes the obligations for the scheduling and notification of export duties under the WTO. Even without a definition or an obliga- tion to schedule export duties, the decisions at Marrakesh include a notification procedure that has an indicative list of notifiable measures, which includes "Export taxes."The format of the notifica- tion does not include export duties or taxes, seeming to reflect current disciplines on Article XI and relevant provisions which exclude export duties from the application. Since the creation of WTO, the accession process has provided some disciplines on export duties. Notably in the case of China, 84 specific items have been scheduled, with the commitment to eliminate all export duties except on these items. The economic effects of export duties contain welfare effects, income distribution effects, the burden of export duties, substitute or supplement of export duties and effects of backwards and forward in the production chain. This paper is of great significance for understanding China's gov- ernment levied export tax by specific duties on some textile.


Lateral wedge insoles reduce the peak knee adduction moment (KAM), a measure which has been associated with a reduced risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression. However, the mechanisms by which such insoles have this load reducing effect have not been fully described. This study assessed changes in lower limb frontal plane biomechanics associated with lateral wedges. Seventy three participants with knee osteoarthritis underwent 3D gait analysis with / without 5 deg lateral wedges in their shoes. Wedges significantly reduced peak KAM and KAM impulse by 5.8% and 6.3%, respectively. Reductions in peak KAM were significantly correlated with more lateral centre of pressure (r=0.25), less dynamic knee varus (r = 0.25-0.38), less hip adduction (r=0.24), a more vertical frontal plane GRF (ground reaction force) vector (r=0.67), and reduced kneeGRF frontal plane lever arm (r=0.69) (Figure 1). However only the latter was significantly predictive of KAM change in stepwise regression analysis (R = 0.461, p<0.001). While lateral wedges reduce peak KAM in most OA patients, some patients do not show this reduction. A greater understanding of lateral wedge KAM reduction mechanisms from this study will aid future evaluation of patient lower limb characteristics that may mediate positive or negative lateral wedge effects.


Rational and neural network based approximations are efficient tools in modern approximation. These approaches are able to produce accurate approximations to nonsmooth and non-Lipschitz functions, including multivariate domain functions. In this paper we compare the efficiency of function approximation using rational approximation, neural network and their combinations. It was found that rational approximation is superior to neural network based approaches with the same number of decision variables. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of rational approximation, even when the number of approximation parameters (that is, the dimension of the corresponding optimisation problems) is small. Another important contribution of this paper lies in the improvement of rational approximation algorithms. Namely, the optimisation based algorithms for rational approximation can be adjusted to in such a way that the conditioning number of the constraint matrices are controlled. This simple adjustment enables us to work with high dimension optimisation problems and improve the design of the neural network. The main strength of neural networks is in their ability to handle models with a large number of variables: complex models are decomposed in several simple optimisation problems. Therefore the the large number of decision variables is in the nature of neural networks.


Extracting juice from Jamun is difficult. The fruit consists a seed inside and cell wall consists of high amount of pectin-protein bond which makes the pulp thicker. The Box-Behnken design is a type of response surface design which is as useful as the central composite designs but avoiding treatment combinations that are in extreme. The objective of the study is to develop a process for optimization of process parameter to obtain Jamun juice using pectinase enzyme from the strain Aspergillus niger at different temperature (30–50°C), concentration (0.01–0.1% w/v) and time (40–120 min). Physical parameters (yield, turbidity, viscosity, clarity and color) and chemical parameters (polyphenol, protein, TSS and total solid) were evaluated as response variables. Significant regression models with a coefficient of determination (R2) was established with a value more than 0.9. The recommended enzyme for clarification of juice was 0.09% enzyme concentration at 33°C for 75 min.

Practical Applications

The juice of Jamun as well as the concentrate has a high-therapeutic value. A fresh fruit contains all the nutrients needed for good health, but because it may not always be possible to obtain fresh food, preservation becomes necessary. The cell structure of fruit contains protein-pectin bond and high amount of tannin. Due to this nature removal of juice is difficult. Using of enzyme to clarify the juice not only increase the yield but retained the original physicochemical properties of the juice. To get the juice through out the year and to help the diabetic people this study is useful.


Title of the article: "Cultural plunder of Latin America." Since the Conquest, the plunder of the art treasures and the destruction of documents has caused an irreparable damage for the memory of million of beings. Since more than five hundred years, Latin America has been subdued to the most ruthless looting in its history: its twenty two million of square kilometers have suffered pillaging and destruction of most of its resources. The destruction of Latin America, however, also affected the cultural sectors: the historic memory has been object of manipulation, fire, steal and censorship. The process was slow and systematic, ferocious and implacable: today we know that sixty per cent of the written memory of the region disappeared. A fifty per cent by premeditated destruction and a tenth per cent by carelessness. More than five hundred tongues were extinguished forever. Between the 16th and the 21st centuries, libraries, archives, and unique editions, pieces of pre-Hispanic art or colonial and during the modernist and surrealist epoch, were sank into oblivion or plundered. Dozens of librarians and archivists were assassined from Mexico to the Tierra del Fuego, what makes these jobs the most risky jobs of the continent after that of journalists and priests. During the dictatorships of the 1960s and 1980s, many publishers were victims of violent attacks and thousands of writers were killed or exiliated. In recent times, thousands of books from the 19th century are disappearing due to the lack of budget for their restoration and preservation. The fifty percent of the Latin American libraries suffers the abandonment and indolence, and the same happens with archives. In fact, I think that despite the evident efforts to understand the past from a more plural perspective, Latino Americans still feel vertigo at the time of eximining our history. [Abstract assambled from excerpts taken ad litteram from author's original text, translated by Z.M.Muela-Meza]


1. COMPOUND polybutene-1 substantially comprising: (A) from 60 to 95 parts by weight of a polybutene-1 (A) having: (i) a melt flow rate from 0.01 to 5 g / 10 min. (II) the ratio (Mw / MV) WEIGHT AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW) THE NUMBER AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT (Mn) of 6 or less, and (III) an isotactic VALUE 93% or more and (B) 40 to 5 parts by weight of a polybutene resin (B) having (i) a melt flow rate 20 or higher more times than RESIN polybutene-1. (II) the ratio (Mw / MN) WEIGHT AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW) THE NUMBER AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT (Mn) of 6 or less, and (III) an isotactic VALUE OF 93% OR HIGHER.


The incidence of meningioma shows a recent increase in patients vvith breast cancer. The increased risk of developing men ingioma vvas reported to be 1.57-1.90 times after breast cancer. Carcinoma of the breast is the second most common cause of intracranial metastases (after carcinoma of the lung). İt is therefore important to differentiate a solitary brain metastasis from a meningioma. A revievv of the literatüre vvas presented vvith emphasis on the association betvveen breast cancer and meningioma, vvhich indicates a possible hormonal reiationship. İn this paper vve report a case of meningioma vvhich subsequently developed in a patient vvith primary breast carcinoma.


A catalogue of 14453 radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) with 1.4 GHz fluxes above 3.5 mJy in the redshift range 0.4 < z < 0.8, has been constructed from the cross-correlation of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Very Large Array Sky Survey (NVSS) and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimetres (FIRST) radio surveys with the MegaZ-luminous red galaxy (MegaZ-LRG) catalogue of LRGs derived from Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging data. The NVSS provides accurate flux measurements for extended sources, while the angular resolution of FIRST allows the host galaxy to be identified accurately. New techniques were developed for extending the cross-correlation algorithm to FIRST detections that are below the nominal 1 mJy signal-to-noise ratio limit of the catalogued sources. The matching criteria were tested and refined using Monte Carlo simulations, leading to an estimated reliability of ∼98.3 per cent and completeness level (for LRGs) of about 95 per cent for our new catalogue. We present a new determination of the luminosity function of radio AGN at z ∼ 0.55 and compare this to the luminosity function of nearby (z ∼ 0.1) radio sources from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey main survey. The comoving number density of radio AGN with luminosities less than 10 25 W Hz -1 increases by a factor of ∼1.5 between z = 0.1 and 0.55. At higher luminosities, this factor increases sharply, reaching values of more than 10 at radio luminosities larger than 10 26 W Hz -1 . We then study how the relation between radio AGN and their host galaxies evolves with redshift. Our main conclusion is that the fraction of radio-loud AGN increases towards higher redshift in all massive galaxies, but the evolution is particularly strong for the lower mass galaxies in our sample. These trends may be understood if there are two classes of radio galaxies (likely associated with the 'radio' and 'quasar mode' dichotomy) that have different fuelling/triggering mechanisms and hence evolve in different ways.


The Bcl-2 knockout mice demonstrated fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys, hypopig-mented hair, as well as abnormalities in development, bone formation and life span (Cell 75, 229). These symptoms are typically known as deficiency of kidneys in traditional Chinese medicine. We hypothesize that the Chinese concept of the Kidneys is related to the in vivo roles of the Bcl-2 family and the traditional Chinese herbal formulates designed for affecting the functions of the Kidneys could modulate the expression of this gene family. To test this hypothesis, the blood were collected from the volunteers before and after their taking the Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan (Jin Gui) Pills for Tonifying Kidney-energy, a classic herbal formulates


Presentation of Case First admission. A 6 1/2-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital because of hematuria. He was born of a 23-year-old mother with an uncomplicated first pregnancy and delivery....


It is significant for the reverts to have an existing helping organization. Therefore, this study aims to identify organizational issues that are directly and indirectly involved with counsellors at the Council of Islamic Religious Department in Malaysia. This study utilizes a qualitative approach by using the case study method. This study involved five (5) counsellors from Council of Islamic Religious Department in Malaysia. This study used the N'Vivo 10.0 for the data analysis to develop themes and sub-themes that related to this study. The findings showed that there are two (2) sub themes involved both government and non-government. There are six (6) sub-sub themes for the government which are Jabatan Agama Islam, Jabatan Mufti, Pusat Dakwah Islamiah, Pusat Kaunseling MAINS Negeri Sembilan, Jabatan Kehakiman and Baitulmal. While, non-government has ten (10) sub-sub themes; Lembaga Kaunselor Malaysia, Unit Saudara Baru, Unit Ukhuwah, Pusat Saudara Baru Darul Saadah, Darul Ukhuwah Yayasan Kasih Sayang, Volunteer Body, Malaysian Chinese Muslim Association (MACMA), Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia (PERKIM), PERKAMA and Skuad Mubaligh Seremban. In conclusion, this study could be used as a guide for counsellors to provide guidance and counselling services to revert clients.
Keywords: Organization; support system; revert and client.


Although the topography and direction of the nutrient foramina on the long and elongated short bones are assumed to be constant, this is not invariably so in the human. Many anomalies have been reported in tetrapods (Hughes, '52). The foramina on the human humerus and femur were studied in detail by Liitken ( '50). It therefore seemed appropriate to continue the investigation on other human bones. This report is the first of a series based on a study of representative numbers of bones.


Environment of a market place plays an important role in attracting customers, while at present many market places have much room for improvement.Therefore, it has become anecessity to employ more human-friendly design, fireproofing technology and other security measures.More initiatives are also needed to enhance the attraction to cus- tomers, including store design, window design, props, coloring, lighting, and other gimmicks.


stitution, citing the disappointing 7% of functionally independent survivors, raised the expected concerns for case selection, adequacy of follow-up, and heterogeneous outcome assessments in planning defi nitive clinical trials [5] . The emerging literature of small, painfully acquired series continues to comment on improved survival, and suggests improving outcomes [6] , in some instances measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scores and Barthel Index [7] or the Modifi ed Rankin Scale [8] . However, where cited, also impaired quality of life for many of the survivors was shown [9, 10] which in one study impacted on the decision of patients or family members for or against such a procedure in the future [9] . The current effort for the 25 patients was of Herculean proportions comparable to those recently reported, promoting admiration from this reviewer for the attention to detail, sustained efforts, and assessment of outcomes. Although the results provide ample proof of a high quality of care by the authors, the data for the 25 patients sadly still fail to settle the issue, which is still awaiting the outcome of a large clinical trial. Judging from the lack of publication to date for HeaDDFIRST, the largest planned trial (but no public statement on how many achieved), and the low enrollment plans for the DESTINY, HAMLET, and HeMMI trials (www.strokecenter.org/trials) , even these efforts may prove to be or have been underpowered. The article by Els et al. in this issue [1] , an intervention-oriented randomized study of consecutive patients having 'malignant ischemic stroke' utilized current recommendations for early intervention, cited as 15 8 6 h from clinical onset, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores of 1 15 (right-hemisphere stroke) and 1 20 (left-hemisphere stroke), diffusionand perfusion-weighted MRI showing 1 2/3 of the hemisphere without mismatch, and age ! 65 years with no prior disability. The efforts, which are hugely consumptive of resources, appear to have been applicable to 25 patients in a 3-year period at one institution. Evidence that such interventions can save lives dates back well into the last century. In military practice, the outcomes from penetrating head wounds and the effects of limited or extensive debridement on outcome from associated edema still remain unsettled [2] , but the large Vietnam Head Injury Study suggests less might yield more in functional outcome [3] . In civilian practice, an intense modern effort is being directed at reducing morbidity in a setting of large middle cerebral artery territory infarction, hoping through early intervention to minimize secondary brain damage from the associated edema. Three companion articles in 2003 all generally accepted the favorable vital prognosis but raised issues of the quality of life in survivors, and called for clinical trials [4] . A recent meta-analysis from our inPublished online: November 28, 2005


Last month, the Democratic Left party left Greece's coalition government, leaving PASOK and New Democracy with a razor-thin majority and the expectation of fresh elections for the country. Nikitas Konstantinidis argues that Greece's political system has become much more fragmented in the wake of the crisis, with voters also now paying more attention to populist promises than parties' ability to deliver change. Party competition in Greece has also been further constrained by the intervention of the EU and the Troika into domestic political life, severely limiting policy alternatives.


The altered glucose metabolism in cancer cells, known as the Warburg effect, is a new area of research of anticancer agents [1]. To date, many compounds have been identified that address the glucose metabolism. However, many of them failed at the early stages of clinical trials, demonstrating systemic toxicity [2, 3]. The glycolysis inhibitor iodoacetate (IA) has a good antitumor effect, but, like other glycolysis inhibitors, it has an unsafe profile. Liposomes (LS) are a good element to provide the required targeted delivery and reduce the systemic toxicity of drugs. The aim of our study was to identify the effect of iodoacetate encapsulation in liposomes made on its antitumor properties and assess the systemic toxicity thereof.


Abstract This case study explored asynchronous online discussions, assessment processes, and the meaning students derived from their experiences in five online graduate courses at the Colleges of Education of two Midwestern higher education institutions. The findings suggest that asynchronous online discussions facilitate a multidimensional process of assessment demonstrated in the aspects of structure, self-regulatory activities, learner autonomy, learning community and student writing skills. The students valued the discussions as an essential component of their online learning. Further research is needed to understand the characteristics of online assessment, and what assessment strategies or criteria enhance assessment and learning.


This research studied synthesis of calcium oxide from river snail shells by calcination at 700,800 and 900 °C for 4 h, and its subsequent use as a catalyst for biodiesel production. The calciumoxide fraction in calcined river snail shell was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRF result showed calciumoxide levels of 59.499 %, 70.113 % and 73.88 1%, respectively, at corresponding calcination temperatures of 700, 800 and 900 °C. The SEMimages revealed porous, rough, and fragile surfaces which became agglomerated at elevated temperatures. The calcium oxide obtained from each calcination temperature was utilized as a catalyst in production of biodiesel. The process usedwaste cooking oil and methanol in a molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature 60-65 ̊C for 3 h and 1- 3 % by weight of catalysts. The transesterification reaction using calcined river snailshell as catalyst was compared at three temperature ranges. They results revealed that a calcination temperature of 800 ºC, a catalyst amount of 1 % resulted in maximum biodiesel yield, at 95.91 %. The properties of biodiesel, flash point, heat of combustion, acid value and methyl ester contentwere analyzed. The results found biodiesel from this research was qualified according to the standards of the Department of Energy Business. In conclusion, river snail shell is considered effective as a source of calcium oxide catalyst for commercial biodiesel production in the future.


The article deals with the use of transformation techniques and methods for the development of a rational pregnant woman´s wardrobe. The object of the research paper is a multifunctional clothing for pregnant women. The aim of the work is to develop and test principles of designing multifunctional clothing for pregnant women on the basis of transformation methods. The paper used general scientific theoretical and empirical research methods, principles and methods of transformation, as well as well-known methods and techniques of designing clothing and other items of clothing. It has been established that the basic principle of designing multi-functional clothing for pregnant women is the principle of functional transformation. Analyzed the basic techniques of transformation, providing the opportunity to design multi-functional clothing for pregnant women. In order to assess the possibility of practical use of the developed recommendations offered artistic-decorative and structural-technological solutions of the three multifunctional products that can change your appearance and function and provide an opportunity to meet the needs of carriers of the dress-coats and costumes top clothing range.


Hellenia speciosa (J. Koenig) S.D.Dutta, a clonally propagated plant, widely known as crepe ginger, is an important medicinal plant of tropical Asia. It is a rich source of diosgenin- a phytosteroid sapogenin used in the commercial synthesis of progesterone. Despite clonal propagation, the plant produces a substantial number of viable seeds, which later become short-lived seedlings. Therefore, this research aims to comprehend the phenological behaviour of the seedling and its significance in clonal development. The study will also help understand the role of ramets in establishment vis-à-vis rapid colonization of the plant. Studies on seed germination and phenology of seedling genet have revealed significant phenological and morphological features. Seed germination is of epigeal and phanerocotylar type producing seedling genet with orbicular obovate cotyledon, glabrous hypocotyl and spiromonostichous phyllotaxy. Leaf shape varies from narrowly ovate to lanceolate. Horizontal rhizome develops from the base of the seedling epicotyl and produces 4-5 ramets in the same growing season. Morphometry of leaf length and breadth of seedling is positively correlated with that of reproductive ramet of the previous growing season (leaf length: r=0.99, p<0.001; leaf breadth: r= 0.79, p<0.05). The plant shows rhizomatous dependency for maturity as seedling genets are short-lived. So it could be concluded that the primary role of the short-lived seedling genet is to provide a foundation for rhizome development. Additionally, the seedling appears as a miniature of the adult reproductive ramet. Here, during the first growing season, the species allocate more resources for the vegetative growth of its ramet rather than reproductive development. The reproductive development starts from the next growing season.


Chitosan is obtained by N-deacetylation of chitin,which is extensive,nontoxic and readily biodegradable.It has good adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions because there are a lot of functional groups such as amino and hydroxyl in its structure. It is available to enhance the stability and selective adsorption of chitosan by appropriate modification. In this article,chitosan modification methods were reported. The application of chitosan and its derivatives in food industry was summarized and its use in heavy metal removal from shellfish extraction was reviewed.


s of Interest Aspirin Prophylaxis in Migraine. O'Neill BP, Mann JD, Dept. of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan and Dept. of Neurology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lancet 2:1179-1181, 1978. A prospective double-blind trial of aspirin prophylaxis demonstrated a reduction of more than 50% in headache frequency in nine of twelve migraine patients. Response to aspirin did not correlate with age, duration of headache history, family history, or platelet ultrastructure. There is some evidence that response to aspirin is associated with raised platelet aggregation. This pilot study indicates that aspirin is effective in migraine prophylaxis. Brian P. O'Neill, M.D. Synthetic μ-Adrenergic Agonists are Potent Blockers on Human Platelet μ-Adrenoceptors. Jakobs KH0 Pharmakologisches Institut, Universitat Heidelberg, Heidelberg, West Germany. Nature 274:819-820, 1978. The subclassification of μ-adrenoceptors into μ1-and μ2-subtypes is mainly based on the different potencies of various agonists. Therefore, phenylethylamines, e.g. phenylephrine and methoxamine, and imidazolines, e.g. clonidine and xylometazoline, are assumed to be prototypes of μ1and μ2-agonists, respectively, whereas epinephrine and norepinephrine show similar activities on both types of μ-adrenoceptors. Such a subdivision of μ-blockers cannot be ascertained to date besides an action of prazosin and phenoxybenzamine mainly at μ1-and yohimbine at μ2-adrenoceptors. In human platelets, μ-adrenergic agonists induce aggregation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase. The potency series of μ-blockers suggested that μ2-adrenoceptors are involved in these actions. This assumption was further strengthened by the data obtained in binding studies, inasmuch as imidazolines had much higher affinities to the receptor than phenylethylamines. However, studying the biological responses, we found that besides some catecholamines, all other μ-adrenergic agonists were without intrinsic activity on aggregation and adenylate cyclase, and behaved as potent μ-adrenergic blockers, Thereby, imidazolines showed similar antagonistic potencies as classical μ-blockers, phentolamine and yohimbine. By this spectrum of agonists and antagonists, the human platelet μ-adrenoceptor completely differs from the μ1and μ2-subtypes and may represent a prototype of a third class of μ-adrenoceptors.


The interface between the luminescent polymer poly [2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) and sputter-cleaned indium tin oxide (ITO) was investigated using photoemission spectroscopy in combination with in situ thin film deposition. MEH-PPV was deposited in high vacuum directly from toluene solution on the ITO substrate using a home-built electrospray thin-film deposition system. The deposition was carried out in multiple steps without breaking the vacuum. In between deposition steps the sample was characterized with x-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The evaluation of the spectra sequence allowed the determination of the orbital lineup (charge injection barriers) at the interface, as well as the MEH-PPV growth mode at the interface.


AC algorithm, as a multi-pattern matching algorithm, plays an important role in the intrusion detection system. The efficiency of the pattern matching algorithm directly affects the overall efficiency of the intrusion detection system. But the number of the growing intrusion features and demanding for rapid detection put forward a new challenge to the efficiency of the pattern matching algorithm. In this paper, by analyzing the potential parallelism of the AC algorithm and using SPMD method, we design a parallel AC algorithm based on multi-core processors. The experiment shows that the parallel AC algorithm can greatly improve the efficiency of intrusion detection. Keywords-AC Algorithm; Parallel; SPMD; Intrusion Detection System; multi-core processors


Wisconsin is world-renowned for its diversity of ecological landscapes and wildlife. As climatic fluctuations intensify, the distribution and abundance of these landscapes and associated wildlife populations will be altered. In the following report, we summarize the main issues regarding climate change impacts and adaptation as these relate to Wisconsin's wildlife. In the first part, we provide a general review of Wisconsin's climate and ecosystems, outlining trends in recent and anticipated climate change. The second part provides an overview, based on peer-reviewed research and technical publications, of direct and indirect impacts of climate change on wildlife in Wisconsin. Parts three through five illustrate the impacts of climate change using case studies from three major habitat types in the state (forests, wetlands, and grasslands). This discussion serves to highlight impacts that we anticipate across an array of species. Finally, the last part includes a review of adaptation strategies for wildlife management in an era of global environmental change. Cover photos (top to bottom): Tim Wilder, iStockphoto, Loren Ayers, Gregory Schuurman, and iStockphoto. Climate Change Impacts on Wisconsin's Wildlife: A Preliminary Assessment Olivia E. LeDee, Suzanne Hagell, Karl Martin, David MacFarland, Michael Meyer, Andrew Paulios, Christine A. Ribic, David Sample, and Timothy Van Deelen Technical Bulletin No. 197 Department of Natural Resources PO Box 7921 Madison, WI 53707


Minqin Oasis encircled by the Badain Jaran Desert in north and Tengger Desert in east to south lies in the lower reach of Shiyang River Watershed, Northwest China. The peripheral desert ecological system around the oasis is quite important and absolutely necessary to the oasis economic systems in terms of protecting the oasis from desertification and ensuring sustainable development. However, the peripheral eco-system disturbed by human activities has been changed greatly since 1960s, bringing the great attention to the environment deterioration problems. In this study, Time series of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from seven Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images were used quantitatively to monitor the vegetation change in peripheral regions around the Minqin Oasis. Based on field observation and re-adjustment, the TM-based NDVI values from 0 to 0.21 were classified as natural and artificial vegetation such as herbage, desert shrub, and landscapes such as semi-fixed sand dunes, fixed sand dunes and sand dunes, while the NDVI values more than 0.22 as the crops and shelter belt beside the crops. The variations of NDVI values less than 0.21 indicating the natural and human planted vegetation were analyzed. Results show that the areas of NDVI values ranging from 0.09- 0.14 indicating semi-fixed sand dunes planted perennial herbage and desert shrub have decreased gradually. The human planted shrubs (NDVI 0.15-0.21) have reduced in short time occurring during 1987-1991. While the areas indicating shifting sand dunes and inter-dunes planted annual or perennial herbages and scrubs (NDVI less than 0.09) fluctuated. The correlation analysis between NDVI and annual precipitation shows that NDVI is statistically correlated with the variations in the annual precipitation, implying that the precipitation-controlled natural vegetation coverage in the margins of the Minqin oasis has overshadowed the made-planted vegetation in dominating the ecological landscape since late 1980's.


Municipal waste is a tool for building a pro-social image strategy by creating the conditions of social well-being in a strategic time perspective, especially thanks to the applied processes of the biological-mechanical processing and the closed-circuit economy. But, in the new approach, municipal waste is connected with the notion of "re-use" or reconsumption. It can be stated, that waste value is built in a system of relations between the market entities, the secondary market, business entities, and the involvement of government and non-profit organizations. Therefore, the aim of the article is to demonstrate the value of municipal waste, built through involvement of many entities and technologies. Especially, the strategies of building re-value by trade, on domestic and global scale is the main area of interest of the authors. In the article, conceptual and qualitative research methods of empirical research (case study), mainly were used. The results of the research show that the effective waste management and the subject of research municipal waste has a strategic value and it is certainly a tool of implementation of the concept of social marketing. The research on the issues of strategic aspects of municipal waste in re-value perspective opens up a wide field of possibilities, that have not been sufficiently used, especially in the relations of primary and secondary market entities, firms of the sector under review and "re-life/re-use" points/trade.


After the discovery of Fullerenes, the 60-atom clusters and large carbon-cage molecules,
the attention of scientists and materials scientists has been attracted by the syntheses
of new materials based on the family of Fullerene molecules. Many properties of
Fullerenes are new and unusual. With a better understanding of their chemical and
physical properties, the fabrication of new materials for advanced applications has
emerged as a challenging possibility. As we know that Fullerenes are easily modified,
using organic chemistry and special synthetic techniques, into other molecular structures,
this makes them remarkably versatile. The versatility of Fullerenes gives them enormous
applications. This paper will review on Fullerenes and Fullerene derivatives properties,
what is interesting about these cnewe carbon materials and how their unique properties
can be utilized in potential applications. Applications of Fullerenes and Fullerene
derivatives in areas such as semiconductors, superconductors, polymer-like materials,
catalysts have been reviewed. In the medical field, the potential applications of
Fullerenes and Fullerene derivatives include diagnostic or therapeutic agents, inhibition
of HIV-P, powerful biological antioxidants, antibacterial activity, and DNA photocleavage.


The recent development of large two-dimensional arrays of digital, optically bistable devices has facilitated the construction of test-bed, free-space switching systems1,2. This paper discusses aspects of the design and operation of these systems. Free-space switching systems may ultimately provide larger interconnection density than conventional electronic techniques. It is proposed that they therefore provide the switching fabric. The fabric is the part of the switch which routes data from the input to the required output. The input to the switch is not in a format suitable to send directly to the fabric. It includes the routing information required by the computer controlling the switch, the path hunt processor, and signalling protocol information that must be extracted and processed. The input data must also be re-synchronized and bit-aligned. Therefore, the operating wavelength of the fabric is unconstrained. It does not need to match the transmission wavelength. Similarly, with demultiplexing, the fabric data rate does not need to match the transmission data rate. Each array of logic gates provides data regeneration in a manner similar to electronic gates. Thus, although the devices must switch states at the fabric data rate, high output contrast is not required. Any comparison with systems using data 'transparent' devices, such as lithium niobate waveguides, is complicated since they operate as relational rather than logical devices.


The full Klein–Nishina cross section for the inverse Compton scattering interactions of electrons implies a significant reduction of the electron energy loss rate compared to the Thomson limit when the electron energy exceeds the critical Klein–Nishina energy EK = 0.27m2ec4/(kBT), where T denotes the temperature of the photon graybody distribution. We investigate the influence of the Klein–Nishina reduction on the solution of the steady-state spatial diffusion transport equation for relativistic electrons. The modified electron spectrum at energies below 104 GeV, where only the Klein–Nishina modifications from interstellar optical target photons are relevant, are derived in terms of the Green's function solution for one-, two-, and three-dimensional spatial diffusion. The modifications to the solutions of the one- and three-dimensional diffusion equations are calculated for a single point source of monoenergetic electrons. It is shown that significant enhancements in the local electron intensity occur at electron energies greater than the critical Klein–Nishina energy EK, and that the cosmic-ray electron anisotropy at the solar system resulting from a single steady point source exhibits a sharp drop near EK. These Klein–Nishina enhancements are potentially interesting for determining the contribution of point sources such as dark matter sources and/or electromagnetic particle accelerators (pulsars and micro-quasars) to the local electron intensity and the local positron fraction.


poster session) The Brucella blood agar for disc diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing – reproducibility results for Clostridium difficile ATCC 700057 U.S. Justesen, L.T. Erikstrup*, T.K. Danielsen, E. Matuschek, G. Kahlmeter (Odense, Aarhus, DK; Växjö, SE) Objectives: The EUCAST disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing method for fastidious organisms is based on the Mueller-Hinton fastidious agar (MH-F). In a pilot study, most anaerobic bacteria did not grow well enough on MH-F to permit antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We decided to investigate whether or not the Brucella Blood Agar supplemented with hemin and vitamin K (BBA), recommended for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria with gradient strips, might also be suited for disk diffusion testing of C. difficile. Methods: C. difficile ATCC 700057 was tested with Etest (bioMérieux, Craponne, France) gradient strips (piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, metronidazole, clindamycin, penicillin G, vancomycin, moxifloxacin and tigecycline) on BBA (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The corresponding disk (EUCAST disk strength) was included on each plate (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK). All tests were repeated twelve times. I.e. twelve plates were incubated day 1 at 37°C in an anaerobe environment (10% CO2, 10% H2 and 80% N2) for 24 hours with each antimicrobial agent to assess intra-day variability. This was repeated day 2 to assess inter-day variability. Etest results were compared with the acceptable ranges for ATCC 700057 (reference agar dilution testing, CLSI guideline M11-A7). Twelve plates with disks only were also incubated at 5% CO2 (10% H2 and 85% N2) at 37°C and another twelve plates at 35°C with 10% CO2, 10% H2 and 80% N2. Results: All Etest results were within acceptable ranges and the intraand inter-day variability was <= 1 dilution step. Zone diameter mean values and ranges are shown in the table. The greatest difference between two mean values was 3.2 mm and the greatest range was 3.3 mm. There were small effects of the changes in CO2 levels and temperature on the inhibition zone diameters. Conclusion: Both intraand inter-day reproducibility was excellent with disk diffusion on BBA with the eight tested antimicrobial agents. Studies to decide whether this can be repeated with clinical isolates and whether disk diffusion can distinguish resistant isolates from wild type C. difficile are in progress.


Purpose – Considering the significance of customer satisfaction and commitment in the competitive banking industry of developing countries, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the alternative relationships of satisfaction with various types of commitment, benefits, quality and trust. It also attempts to identify the interrelationships among three types of trust, namely, competence, contractual and goodwill, as well as affective, calculative and normative commitment. Design/methodology/approach – Structural equation modelling (AMOS-based) is used to analyse data collected from a survey of 212 bank customers in Bangladesh. Findings – Findings show that satisfaction has a significant impact on affective, calculative and normative commitment, as well as on competence, contractual and goodwill trust. While core and relational service qualities, and confidence and social benefits influence the level of satisfaction, tangible service quality and special treatment benefit seem to have no significant effec...


Based on recent theoretical and empirical developments this paper proposes an agent-based model for market impact. Three types of agents are present on the market: Liquidity consumers, liquidity providers and noise traders. The first group creates large orders based on portfolio considerations. When they submit an order to the market they split it up into smaller parts to evade price impact costs. The second group of agents acts as liquidity providers which forecast order flow and supply liquidity at both sides of the order book. Noise traders represent the third group of agents which cover all other strategies on the market. The model is able to produce both temporary and permanent market impact while keeping statistical price efficiency as well as concave market impact functions in relative order sizes. The results are insensitive to reasonable parameter variations.


With the continuing miniaturization of electronic and functional devices, nanoscale temperature mapping capabilities are in demand for better thermal design and engineering of the devices. Thermal engineering must consider thermal interface resistance (TIR) since it can significantly influence the thermal conduction and dictate the performance and stability of devices. Quantification of TIR, however, requires very high spatial resolution and precision. Common thermometry techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, timedomain thermo-reflectance and scanning thermal microscopy, are limited to ~100 nanometers in resolution. Non-contact temperature mapping has also been explored in (scanning) transmission electron microscopy [(S)TEM], including binary thermometry utilizing phase change, thermal strain mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy and diffraction analysis achieving ~10 to 100 nanometer spatial resolution e.g. [1]. However, the spatial resolutions of these methods are still insufficient to probe TIR, as the temperature drop at the interface due to TIR is expected to be confined within the regions less than a few nanometer from the interface.


【The purpose of this research is to find the reasons of overcrowding in the emergency department of an hospital, then to shorten the total stay time of patients. The fact that main causes of the overcrowding exist in the process of the emergency department was discovered by analysis of the data. In order to improve these process, simulation model was developed by ARENA 7.0. Staff's service time, staff's organization, process ratio, and patient's waiting time were estimated in the simulation model in consideration of the decision of the patient's course of action. Several scenarios such as the simplification of the process, the setup of dedicated pathology lab, and mixed method were suggested and evaluated. Total stay time of the patients would be reduced up to 28.45%.】


This paper discusses operational and criticality safety experience associated with the Idaho National Laboratory Fuel Conditioning Facility which uses a pyrometallurgical process to treat spent fast reactor metallic fuel. The process is conducted in an inert atmosphere hot cell. The process starts with chopping metallic fuel elements into a basket. The basket is lowered into molten salt (LiCl-KCl) along with a steel mandrel. Active metal fission products, transuranic metals and sodium metal in the spent fuel undergo chemical oxidation and form chlorides. Voltage is applied between the basket, which serves as an anode, and the mandrel, which serves as a cathode, causing metallic uranium in the spent fuel to undergo electro-chemical oxidation thereby forming uranium chloride. Simultaneously at the cathode, uranium chloride undergoes electro-chemical reduction and deposits uranium metal onto the mandrel. The uranium metal and accompanying entrained salt are placed in a distillation furnace where the uranium melts forming an ingot and the entrained salt boils and subsequently condenses in a separate crucible. The uranium ingots are placed in long term storage. During the ten year operating history, over one hundred criticality safety evaluations were prepared. All criticality safety related limits and controls for the entire process are contained in a single document which required over thirty revisions to accommodate the process changes. Operational implementation of the limits and controls includes use of a near real-time computerized tracking system. The tracking system uses an Oracle database coupled with numerous software applications. The computerized tracking system includes direct fuel handler interaction with every movement of material. Improvements to this system during the ten year history include introduction of web based operator interaction, tracking of moderator materials and the development of a plethora database queries to assist in day to day operations as well as obtaining historical information. Over 12,000 driver fuel elements have been processed resulting in the production of 2500 kg of 20% enriched uranium. Also, over one thousand blanket fuel elements have been processed resulting in the production of 2400 kg of depleted uranium. These operations required over 35,000 fissile material transfers between zones and over 6000 transfers between containers. Throughout all of these movements, no mass limit violations occurred. Numerous lessons were learned over the ten year operating history. From a criticality safety perspective, the most important lesson learned was the involvement of a criticality safety practitioner in daily operations. A criticality safety engineer was assigned directly to facility operations, and was responsible for implementation of limits and controls including upkeep of the associated computerized tracking files. The criticality safety engineer was also responsible for conducting fuel handler training activities including serving on fuel handler qualification oral boards, and continually assessing operations from a criticality control perspective. The criticality safety engineer also attended bimonthly project planning meetings to identify upcoming process changes that would require criticality safety evaluation. Finally, the excellent criticality safety record was due in no small part to the continual support, involvement, trust, and confidence of project and operations mana


Moments of the time a diffusion process resides in a particular set of states are calculated and it is shown how these may be used to find the probability distribution function of the occupation time. The local time is defined in terms of the limit where the set of states becomes infinitesimal and its moments are calculated. In the limit t → ∞ it is shown that if the local time exists it is exponentially distributed. The radiation boundary condition is shown to represent killing in local time. The survival probability for a diffusion with reaction at a boundary is related to the transition density for the diffusion in the absence of reaction.


The relationship between God and universe and the issue of whether God contains universe is one of the important problems of philosophy of religion. We see by various philosophers tried to explain the establishment of various philosophical systems bow relationship between infinite being with a finite entity when we examine the history of thougbt. One of these systems is pantheism, which is based on the principle of the identity of being. The same way in the Islamic Sufi tradition doctrine of the wahdat-i wujud, that unity of being founded on the basis is one of the explanations brought the God-universe relationship. These two doctrines is a controversial subject utterance the same doctrine whether the two systems


* Corresponding author Abstract We provide a review of species of the genus Dryopomorphus Hinton, 1936 occurring in Malaysia. Three known species: D. bishopi Hinton, 1971; D. satoi Spangler, 1985 and D. hendrichi iampor Jr & Kodada, 2006 are diagnosed and five new species from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo are described here: D. grandis, D. jaechi, D. memei, D. pekariki and D. sarawacensis. Habitus photographs, drawings of genitalia and diagnostic characters of all species are included.


The issue of the Hadiths that seem to contradict each others, quranic texts or even other facts has been handled by the Hadith scholars. Muslim scholars, whom are being referred to, should ready always to give interpretations, explanations and conclusions to solve these so called 'contradictions' which in reality can cause negative impacts on the accountability of Hadith as one of the main sources for the Muslims civilization. This writing intends to explore the method of al-Jam' that is being used by Hadith theologians to find solutions for contradiction that appeared to happen between a Hadith and another. One of the dominant and chosen methods in solving this problem is by the unification or coordination between the meanings and purposes of the Hadiths that appeared to contradict each others.


The importance and support of higher education in implementing the lifelong learning has been emphasized in Bologna Process, which is really effective in devising higher education programs. In the present study, it is aimed to find out the competencies of the higher education programs which support lifelong learning by examining the program competencies of the master's degree programs under the Graduate School of Educational Sciences within the framework of the key competencies of lifelong learning. In the study, a multiple case holistic design has been used as one of the case study designs. The unit of analysis consists of the key competencies of lifelong learning. The master's degree programs examined in 12 different fields constitute multiple cases. Document analysis has been used as the method in the study. Content analysis has been conducted on the documents by taking the lifelong learning key competencies into account. The data has been encoded by two different encoders having researches in the field of lifelong learning, and the consistency between the encoders has been examined. As a result of the analysis of the data, it has been concluded that the content of the program competencies in the graduate fields examined within the scope of the study is insufficient to include all the knowledge, skills and attitudes that are covered by the key competencies of lifelong learning and the results of the study indicate that in particular, social competency and cultural awareness and expression competency have not been included in the content of the program competencies examined.


This paper addresses the state estimation and control of a robot/prosthesis control system with four joints: vertical hip displacement, thigh, knee and ankle angles. The motivation was inspired by several drawbacks regarding the usage of load cells and/or sensors in robots and prosthetic legs to capture gait data, external forces (GRFs) and moments during walking. We propose the implementation of a high gain observer (HGO) to estimate the prosthesis joint velocities with a time-varying HGO gain synthesized from measurable signals designed to reduce the amount of noise in the control effort while keeping an acceptable tracking error transient performance. Numerical simulations analyze the robustness of the closed-loop control with respect to parametric errors and measurement noise.


Technological advances, such as the podcast, have made the creation of audio drama easier, less expensive, and potentially more accessible and democratic in English-speaking countries such as the US, the UK, and New Zealand in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Using the case studies of Snape's Diaries, Der Tickentocker, and Maudelayne, the article examines whether satellite audio drama will remain free to download and if so, how it will sustain momentum in an increasingly commercialized online world.


The proposed paper will present an overview of how workplace design strategies can positively affect real estate development. The paper will focus on the office building stock. Case studies and numbers will be presented concerning the global discussion for the future of work which implies that there is a shift towards a human-centered approach both in business growth issues and workplace design trends. FACTS – PRESENTING ACTUAL SITUATION There is adequate office building stock. Corporations and real estate companies always seek for ways to optimize space management and space related resources and costs. New technology tools can produce data measurements for space utilization and energy consumption.The co-working phenomenon is in progress. The interest of office building property turns to office building facilities as an offered service. Sustainability is a key design factor which relates to real estate market. The discussion concerning the future of work deals with the impact of digital transformation, the need for flexibility and agility and new workplace design approaches. There is extensive research on how workplace design affects productivity and employees' engagement. The discussion regarding business productivity and performance is shifting towards human-centered approaches. The WELL building standard will be used as an outstanding paradigm. INSIGHTS Smart workplaces with wellness factors are leading the workplace design best practices. Data analytics can be easily gathered thanks to new technology tools. Co-working and shared workplace building developments transform workspace strategies from real estate ownership to services. REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITY Alternative trends on developing and designing existing and new office buildings are being implemented.  Workplace design can offer added value to office building stock. Contemporary workplace design can be used as a strategic tool for real estate development. Case studies will be presented.


At present,the best tool in developing business process is the workflow management system. Exception is very frequent in the application of business process. It is required that application should deal with a various of exception. This paper presents exception handling of fee in telephone business. It adopts JECA rule to model exception handling, and CBR-based to improve capability in exception handling.