NEUMANN in 1868 proposed the idea that severed peripheral nerve degenerates centrifugally; i.e., the degenerative processes start at the cut end and progress slowly towards the periphery. This view, opposing the conception of simultaneous degeneration advanced by Lent in 1856, started a controversy as yet unsettled. Most of the arguments on both sides have been based on histological evidence-only relatively recently has there been any physiological experimentation on the subject. The early physiological studies were concerned chiefly with the time of disappearance of indirect excitability of the muscles innervated by cut nerves (Bethe, 1903; Courrier, 1926). Apostolaki and Deriaud (1925) found no change in chronaxie following section until the "complete degeneration" of the nerve (i.e., loss of indirect excitability of the muscle). This occurred by 9-10 days in frogs kept at 12-15OC. The nerve's rheobase increased by the fourth day after the cut, but there was no appreciable change in gastrocnemius chronaxie for 20-30 days. Titeca (1932, 1935) confirmed this for frogs kept at 22OC. (no change in chronaxie for 8 days). He also described an early "fatiguability," manifested as an increasing threshold with repeated stimulation. This was found to progress slowly centrifugally and was correlated by him with Parker's observations on centrifugal degeneration of motor fibers of the frog sciatic (Parker, 1933) and of myelin sheaths of the lateral line nerves of catfish (Parker and Paine, 1934). On the other hand, Titeca reported that action potentials disappeared simultaneously all along the degenerating frog nerve. Koch (1925) had earlier shown a uniform loss of resting potential throughout degenerating mammalian nerve. More recent experiments on rats and frogs (Holobut and Jalowy, 1936) again showed no change in chronaxie until loss of indirect excitability, and the uniform loss of action potential along a cut nerve (indirect excitability disappeared at 6-9 days at a temperature of lo-12°C.; Holobut, 1937). In view of the discrepancy between the action potential findings, which indicate simultaneous degeneration of frog nerve, and the evidence for centrifugal degeneration obtained from twitch heights, histology, and fatiguability, it seemed desirable to study several of these attributes on the same preparations .


We discuss a model for treating chemical enrichment by Type II and Type Ia supernova (SNII and SNIa) explosions in simulations of cosmological structure formation. Our model includes metal-dependent radiative cooling and star formation in dense collapsed gas clumps. Metals are returned into the diffuse interstellar medium by star particles using a local smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) smoothing kernel. A variety of chemical abundance patterns in enriched gas arise in our treatment owing to the different yields and lifetimes of SNII and SNIa progenitor stars. In the case of SNII chemical production, we adopt metal-dependent yields. Because of the sensitive dependence of cooling rates on metallicity, enrichment of galactic haloes with metals can in principle significantly alter subsequent gas infall and the build-up of the stellar components. Indeed, in simulations of isolated galaxies we find that a consistent treatment of metal-dependent cooling produces 25 per cent more stars outside the central region than simulations with a primordial cooling function. In the highly enriched central regions, the evolution of baryons is however not affected by metal cooling, because here the gas is always dense enough to cool. A similar situation is found in cosmological simulations because we include no strong feedback processes which could spread metals over large distances and mix them into unenriched diffuse gas. We demonstrate this explicitly with test simulations which adopt suprasolar cooling functions leading to large changes both in the stellar mass and in the metal distributions. We also find that the impact of metallicity on the star formation histories of galaxies may depend on their particular evolutionary history. Our results hence emphasize the importance of feedback processes for interpreting the cosmic metal enrichment.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To allow a network device in which abnormality has occurred to be accurately detected in a network including a plurality of network devices.SOLUTION: In a network system including a plurality of network devices, an abnormality detection device obtains an index value indicating the operation state of a network device such as a data plain index value from each of the plurality of network devices via communication means, calculates the high-frequency components of the obtained index values, and detects abnormality in the network devices on the basis of a correlation among the plurality of high-frequency components.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 7


Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. There has been a considerable imbalance between the availability of conventional building materials and their demand in the recent past. An innovative way to encounter the grave problem of waste plastic and glass present in our environment has been studied during this project. The ingenious idea of utilizing plastic and glass powder as materials for manufacturing bricks will aid in management of plastic waste and will lead to a greener environment. It will also reduce the stress on local bodies in managing and disposal waste. In this project, Plastic sand bricks are manufactured with 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 mix proportion and tested. These are the ratio which represents plastic and M Sand respectively. M Sand in the particular mix proportion of plastic sand bricks with greatest compressive strength is replaced with varying percentages of glass powder that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%.Properties of these bricks are tested. The results shows that an appreciable amount of increase in strength is observed for 40% replacement for M Sand with glass powder. The properties of conventional and plastic sand bricks have been carefully studied to conclude that plastic sand bricks are better in terms of strength, water absorption and hardness. Size of Plastic Sand Bricks manufactured in this project is 19x9x9cm.


This paper describes a system for monitoring bicycle activity in sequences of gray scale images acquired by a stationary camera. The system is suitable for use in applications that aim to increase the efficiency and safety of existing traffic systems. One such application is to determine usage and congestion of bicycle path. The output of the system is a count of the number of bicycles detected in the image sequence. The system is model-based in the sense that it uses a simple model of two circular objects separated by a relatively known distance. Our system uses four levels of abstraction: raw images, blobs, edge images, and the bicycle model. The system was implemented on a dual Pentium computer equipped with a Matrox imaging board and achieved a peak performance of 8 frames per second. Experimental results based on outdoor scenes have shown promising results for a variety of weather conditions.


The invention discloses a virtual reality implementation method and head-wearing virtual reality equipment. The method includes: creating virtual wind, in corresponding interaction with a reality environment, in a virtual reality scene of the head-wearing virtual reality equipment; if occurrence of the virtual wind in the virtual reality scene is recognized, enabling a fan on the head-wearing virtual reality equipment to blow simulated natural wind. By the virtual reality implementation method and the head-wearing virtual reality equipment, the virtual wind in corresponding interaction with the reality environment is created, and the fan is adopted for blowing the simulated natural wind, so that presence and user experience are improved.


An analysis is made of the growth of an instability of a high-power electromagnetic wave in a bounded region of a moving medium with a thermal nonlinearity mechanism. A study is made of the one-dimensional case using the approximation of weak parametric wave coupling. The conditions for an absolute instability in this system are derived.


In an earlier report on the characteristics of transformation of hamster kidney cell cultures by SV40 virus, a continuous cell line (THIK-1) of transformed cells was described.' This cell line showed two unusual characteristics, namely, the con-tinued presence of SV40 in a form or amount difficult to detect, and induction of transplant tumors containing both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. interpretation both of these findings depends on whether the cells are homogeneous in these respects, or whether the findings are the result of mixtures of cell types which are heterogeneous with respect to carriage of virus and type of growth in vivo. To in the presence cell and cell established them. three and the tumors in hamsters by transplantation the cloned three clones have to yield infectious virus when the clone cells are implanted on Cercopithecus kidney monolayer cultures, providing further evidence for the integration of the SV40 viral genome in a subinfectious state in transformed hamster kidney cells. Materials and Methods.-Cloning technique: Cells were cloned from the continuous transformed line THK-1, without the benefit of feeder cells; the cloning procedure of Puck2 employing small cylinders was employed. Cells of the 29th passage were dispersed by trypsinization; a sample was counted in a hemocytometer, and the cells were observed to be monodisperse. One hundred cells in 5 ml of growth medium were dispensed into each of four plastic Petri dishes 60 mm in diameter. The growth medium consisted of NCTC-109 with 15% unheated fetal calf serum, 0.5% heated hyperimmune rabbit


Results: The scoping review shows that older patients (? 67 years), are mainly satisfied with reablement where VCT has been applied. From an employer's perspective, one should take into account that not everybody among the care personnel will be positive towards this type of service, although many studies also show relatively high satisfaction in the aforementioned group. It is essential that necessary support and training is provided to patients and care personnel, before municipalities establish such services.


Complex systems and organizations such as the United States system of health care and its components present a paradoxical challenge to health computing scientists. On the one hand, the unwieldy complexity of the health system infrastructure -especially in its inability to harness its vast information resources for its own benefit -seems such fertile ground for application of the information technologies of computer science and communications. On the other hand, the logistic, socio-political, and knowledge-structure complexities of health care make it almost impossible for these technologies to have measurable impact on the health care system.


There seems an interplay between (i) the interpretation of sentences containing non-increasing modified numerals (e.g., fewer than 4, between 4 and 8) and (ii) the type of predicates in those sentences. For example, (i) fewer than 4 boys smiled, where the predicate is distributive, has no existential entailment, but an upper-bound reading; while (ii) fewer than 4 boys lifted the piano together, where the predicate is collective, has an existential entailment, but no upper-bound reading. Following Brasoveanu (2013)'s post-supposition-style account for modified numerals, here I propose that (I) the semantic contribution of non-increasing modified numerals is twofold: (i) introducing a maximal referent as at-issue meaning in the derivation, and (ii) adding a cardinality constraint as a secondary dimension of meaning, and that (II) it is the type of predicates (distributive vs. collective) that determines the scope of maximization and where to evaluate this secondary dimension of meaning – at the sentential level or within a group-denoting DP.


We have measured the scaling behavior of the turbulent scattering of a beam transmitted through a heated channel flow and conclude that the use of He in a properly engineered channel allows for efficient operation of gas cooled disk amplifiers at average power.


A new boundary element model for simulating the interaction of one or more bubbles and a free surface is described. An important feature of this model is the utilization of a nine-noded Lagrangian interpolation for the computation of surface characteristics and material velocity. Solid angles on the free surface are computed via a direct approach, as opposed to the indirect approach usually employed for closed surfaces. The evolution of the bubble is followed until the point before the reentrant jet impacts on the opposite wall of the bubble. The results of the 3D code are compared against those of a one-dimensional Rayleigh?Plesset model and an axisymmetric code. New results are presented for the interaction of two bubbles and a free surface, where fully three-dimensional features are expected.


[Cs(toluene)3(FIn{N(SiMe3)2}3)], a Fluoroindate with Rectified Cs–F–In Axis

The metalate [Cs(FIn{N(SiMe3)2}3)] has been prepared by the reaction of In[N(SiMe3)2]3 with CsF in THF: The title compound 1 can be obtained by recrystallization from toluene as colorless airsensitive needles. 1 has been characterized by NMR-, IR-, and MS-techniques as well as by an X-ray structure determination. The result of the structure analysis shows an prolated molecule with an almost linear Cs–F–In axis [174.7(1)°]. The Cs+ center is surrounded by the indate ion and three toluene molecules in a distorted tetrahedral fashion.


This article discusses the content of speech development for hearing-impaired children of preschool age through theatrical play. Theatrical play explores ways to improve the speech development of hearing-impaired preschoolers. The article also discusses the didactic basis for the use of theatrical play activities in the educational process of hearing-impaired children of preschool age. Through theatrical performances, the ways of artistic education and upbringing of children, the formation of aesthetic taste, the development of communicative qualities are revealed.


The application of coatings in ballast water tanks is critical for the safety of cargo ships. International Maritime Organization (IMO) has delivered a standard for the protection of water ballast tanks in which new built cargo vessels have to comply with {resolution MSC.215(82)}. In case the procedure of applying coatings differs from the IMO standard, the Performance standard for protective coatings (PSPC) gives an alternative method for approval; in this case equivalence of the protective properties has to be proved. The aim of this work is to investigate the coating performance in ballast water tanks that have serviced for more than 5 years. In this work, three different types of coating systems have been investigated by visual inspection and in situ electrochemical impedance measurements in ballast water tanks. All coating systems include shop primer plus one or two layer epoxy coatings. The results show that the impedance decreases with service time. However, all of them are in high impedance level, which means that they are in good shape to protect the ballast water tank from corrosion.


Objective To screen the serum differential expression protein in breast cancer between the patients with white or yellow tongue coating and normal group so as to seek after the biomarker for the early diagnosis of breast cancer and explore the mechanism of tongue coating formation in traditional Chinese medicine.Methods The patients with typical white thick tongue coating or yellow thick tongue coating were collected from the clinic among the cases of breast cancer,10 cases in each group.Additionally,the people with normal thin white tongue coating were collected as a control group.Blood was collected and protein was extracted from serum.Afterwards,albuminous degeneration,reduction and enzymolysis were performed.Finally,iTRAQ was adopted for labeling and ESI-QTOF-QⅡ mass spectrometer was for identification.The peak figures obtained were searched with DATA AANALYSIS and MASCOTT2.2 and analyzed with Scaffold software so as to achieve the expression difference.Results Totally,335 proteins were identified.Of them,59 proteins reached the strict quantitative standard.Compared with normal group,11 serum differential expression proteins were screened totally from white tongue coating group and yellow tongue coating group for the patients with breast cancer.6 differential proteins were screened in comparison between white tongue coating group and yellow tongue coating group.Conclusion The combination of iTRAQ and LC-MS/MS technology can quickly and effectively perform the study of differential proteomics.Additionally,it is discovered that some proteins are closely relevant with the occurrence of breast cancer and the formation of tongue coating in traditional Chinese medicine.


Objective To observe the effects of puerarin on the type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) accompanying peripheral neuropathy patients. Methods 64 cases of T2DM patient accompanying peripheral neuropathy were chosen and divided into therapy group and control group randomly. Then the symptom changes and MNCV, SNCV of each group before and after treatment, and differences between the groups after treatment had be observed. Results It was observed that the symptom, MNCV and SNCV of the therapy group were better improved evidently than those of the control group (P0.05). Conclusion Good effects and safety could be achieved on curing of diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients by using puerarin.


The programme consists of two parts: a plan for agricultural development, and the redevelopment of settlements or their preservation and rehabilitation. The region had been seriously damaged by an earthquake in january 1968. This plan was developed by the centro studi e iniziative di partinico, under the direction of danilo dolci. With maps and photos.


Observation of immunity and safety in immunized pigs of wild using"O"type FMDV genetic engineering vaccine have been carried, and the increases of antibody valence in some immunized pigs have heen detected. The results indicated good immunity and complete safety of FMDV genetic engineering vaccine in these animals. The index of neutralization test in sucking micee and hemagglutination with immune sera of some immunized pigs post immunization was over 2. 0 and 27.5 for 4 months respectively.


Airline safety research affects policy recommendations, so the scale of a safety index creates important effects. Indices of safety and airline financial health, safety and airline size, safety and government oversight, and the public perception of safety are surveyed. Conclusions depend on data selection and statistical techniques. Aircraft accidents are infrequent and random, making any testing difficult. Overall, time progression and a rough airline size-safety relation, with important qualifiers, are correlated with safety. The literature survey raises recurrent questions that are analyzed further in statistical testing of recent aviation accidents. National Transportation Safety Board accident investigations report data for 1966 to 1990. Statistical tests measure the effects of deregulaion, technological progress, Congess, and FAA in accident prevention. Deregulation and FAA have had positive effects on airline safety above and beyond technological and time improvements, though FAA faces diminishing returns.


For the last 40 years, the presence of Cougars ( Puma concolor ) in eastern Canada has been highly controversial. The purpose of this study was to collect physical evidence of Cougars using a passive detection method. Baited hair-traps combined with camera-traps were installed in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. DNA analyses on two hair samples confirmed that the species was present in southern New Brunswick in 2003. A footprint photographed after an observation of a Cougar by reliable observers was examined by experts and was consistent with a Cougar footprint. Additional data are required to determine the status of Cougars in the northeastern part of its historical range.


In accordance with its mandate to provide guidance to Member States on health policy matters, WHO issues a series of regularly updated position papers on vaccines and combinations of vaccines against diseases that have an international public health impact. These papers are concerned primarily with the use of vaccines in largescale immunization programmes; they summarize essential background information on diseases and vaccines, and conclude with the current WHO position on the use of vaccines worldwide. The papers have been reviewed by external experts and WHO staff, and are reviewed and endorsed by the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE). [1] The position papers are intended for use mainly by national public health officials and managers of immunization programmes. They may also be of interest to international funding agencies, vaccine manufacturers, the medical community, the scientific media, and the public. A description of the processes followed for the development of vaccine position papers is available at http://www. who.int/immunization/position_papers/position_paper_ process.pdf This position paper replaces the corresponding WHO position paper of 2007 and its update of 2009; it summarizes recent developments in the field, in particular the potential of rotavirus vaccines to further reduce mortality by employing more flexible immunization schedules. All WHO recommendations appear at the end of this paper and reflect those offered by SAGE. Rotavirus vaccines were last discussed by SAGE at its meeting in April 2012; evidence presented at the meeting can be accessed at http://www. who.int/immunization/sage/previous/en/index.html.


Terahertz (THz) radiation from a variety of materials excited with a femtosecond laser has been extensively studied. However, the THz radiation excited by the femtosecond laser pulses with a wavelength of around 1.5 /spl mu/m was reported only by Howells et al. (1995) using an InSb wafer. Since the wavelength of 1.55 /spl mu/m is widely used in the optical fiber communication field, the THz radiation with the 1.55 /spl mu/m laser is of a technological importance to realize photonic microwave applications. In the work, we report the THz radiation from a (lll) InAs wafer using 1.55 /spl mu/m femtosecond laser pulses.


There is increasing effort to optimize test methods for evaluation of subgrade. It takes effect in aspiration in replacement of static plate loading test by other faster test methods. One of them is the use of Light Falling Weight Deflectometer. In many countries in Europe both static and dynamic plate tests are standardized. The presented paper introduces results of the research project dealing with the sensitivity of the relationship between static modulus and modulus obtained from the Light Falling Weight Deflectometer on specific types of soil. It is shown that there are significant differences in relationship between moduli values obtained using both methods on different types of soil.


The basic principle and method of neutron detection of possible explosives are introduced in this paper. A neutron generator, sized at Φ76 mm×1100 mm, is designed at CIAP. For installing an α particle detector in the generator, the Penning ion source is applied with high voltage and the target is grounded. In order to improve the detector efficiency, the ion beam incidence to the target is 45°. The test results show that the generator has good stabilization, and generator has been used for over 100 hours in the neutron output from 3×107 to 5×107 n/s.


The effects of salt leaching in soil irrigated with saline waters (ECw.16 dS m−1) of varying Cl:SO4 ratios (3:1. 1:1. 1:3) during rabi, and mulching (black polyethylene), cropping (sorghum) or bare fallowing during monsoons were evaluated on the following Indian mustard crop for two years (1989–91). Calculated amounts of rain water required to leach out 80 per cent of salts were 0.60, 0.89 and 0.92 cm per cm soil depth for soils irrigated with saline water having Cl:SO4 ratio of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively. Keeping the soil mulched did not show much benefit for salt leaching but the improvements in residual soil water storage caused marked enhancements in mustardyields, i.e. of the order of 8.0q ha−1 overbare fallow (14.7 q ha−1). On the contrary, growing of sorghum during kharif reduced yield by 2.2 q ha−1. Mustard yields remained unaffected by different CI:SO4 ratios in saline waters. 20 to 26 per cent of the added salts with high sulphate waters were calculated to be getting precipitated.


Carbon fiber oxidized by KMnO_(4) was combined with ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA) copolymer,the obtained composite shows a fine stability of thermal cycles and nearly unchanged switching temperature under thermal(cycles),at the same time negative temperature coefficient(NTC) phenomenon is eliminated.Solvent-extraction method is used to examine the interaction between EVA and CF and insolublity with the gel structure were found.The crosslinking network in the gel adsorb CF intensely which makes CF disperse in EVA uniformly,orientate consistently,combine with EVA tightly and shows the elimination of NTC phenomenon.The(switching) temperature of the composite in the heating process is not identical with that of the composite in the cooling process absolutely,but the temperatures in the above two processes are consistent with the outset of melting temperature and the end of crystallization temperature respectively.


The prevailing approach for characterizing the Doppler shift (DS) of mobile radio channels assumes the transmission of an unmodulated carrier. This consideration is valid for the analysis of narrowband channels, but its pertinence is questionable in regards to the modeling of wideband channels. In this correspondence, we redefine the DS from a time-frequency analysis perspective that does not depend on the aforementioned assumption. We systematically demonstrate that the DS can be characterized by the instantaneous frequency of the channel transfer function. This generic definition makes evident a fundamental aspect of the DS that is seldom acknowledged, namely, the DS is a frequency-varying quantity. We show that the second-order statistics of wideband mobile radio channels are non-stationary due to the DS's frequency variations. In addition, we present numerical results of a case study showing that such non-stationarities can cause significant system performance degradations.


Synthetic varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) are used either as germplasm sources in breeding programs or, in developing countries, as improved populations. Two methods used for making synthetic varieties were considered, and both methods had the same levels of inbreeding in what is considered the synthetic variety (or Syn-2). In the first method, Syn-0 includes the synthetic components; all possible crosses among the components produces Syn-1; and Syn-2 is produced from randomly mating Syn-1. The second method is based on the concepts of gametic and genotypic arrays. Syn-0 is the genotypic array of the set of parental components and directly from randomly mating the Syn-0 the Syn-2 is obtained; this is the form in which composite varieties are made. Levels of inbreeding in both approaches are the same for Syn-2; i.e., the Syn-2 can be obtained directly by randomly mating the mixture of Syn-0 to obtain a composite variety. With linkage, less genetic variation exists in the Syn-2 by the array method, but this can be overcome by randomly mating the Syn-0 population for one or two additional generations.


We numerically implement a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, where the coherence and oscillatory properties of Bose-Einstein condensates are explored and the system is modeled by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Several time-dependent external trapping potentials were engineered seeking the adiabatic regime which is quantified using fidelity measurements with respect to the actual ground-state of the trap. The dynamics of both conjugate variables, namely density and phase of the matter-wave function, are shown. Moreover, the density and fidelity profiles of the system are presented when the phase-shifter is switching-on and -off, being found in the presented profiles that the system exhibits three different regimes during the recombination stage among them even an orthogonal BEC to the original one is obtained. We achieve the numerical solution through an adequate implementation of the finite-difference method for the spatial discretization and a Runge-Kutta method for the time evolution.


The world systems orientation in the field of international relations is relatively new and complements previous approaches. The contributors to this volume have in some cases reevaluated their own earlier studies to consider transhistorically manifested continuities and pressures for structural change. The major point of agreement presently reached is the perpetuation and endurance of our present world order and certain long-term structures which support it. A healthy debate takes place over the relationship between economics and the state system.


Rigid boundary channels are widely used as water conveyors in surface drainage, sewers and other systems. In order to do optimum and economic design, consideration of the movement of sediment particles is quite important. In this research, experimental data of incipient deposition and incipient motion of sediment particles are used. Applying critical velocity approach, new equations for incipient deposition of sediment particles in rigid boundary channels having circular, rectangular and U-shaped cross sections and also a new incipient motion equation for a V-shaped cross section are presented. These equations are compared with available equations given by critical velocity approach for incipient motion of sediment particles in rigid and loose boundary channels. The present research reveals the difference between incipient deposition and incipient motion, indeed. Herein, the effect of cross sectional shape on incipient deposition and incipient motion of sediment particles in rigid boundary channels are also considered. Analysis of the results using the estabilished equations for incipient deposition of the sediment particles in channels with different cross section shapes shows that rectangular channels require a lower critical velocity and U-shaped channels need a higher amount. This result clearly states the effect of cross sectional shape on incipient deposition for sediment particles in rigid boundary channels. Because of the lack of available data, the present analysis can be usefull for developing numerical models in rigid boundary channels.


Visual cortical circuits show profound plasticity during early life and are later stabilized by molecular "brakes" limiting excessive rewiring beyond a critical period. The mechanisms coordinating the expression of these factors during the transition from development to adulthood remain unknown. We found that miR‐29a expression in the visual cortex dramatically increases with age, but it is not experience‐dependent. Precocious high levels of miR‐29a blocked ocular dominance plasticity and caused an early appearance of perineuronal nets. Conversely, inhibition of miR‐29a in adult mice using LNA antagomirs activated ocular dominance plasticity, reduced perineuronal nets, and restored their juvenile chemical composition. Activated adult plasticity had the typical functional and proteomic signature of critical period plasticity. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies indicated that miR‐29a manipulation regulates the expression of plasticity brakes in specific cortical circuits. These data indicate that miR‐29a is a regulator of the plasticity brakes promoting age‐dependent stabilization of visual cortical connections.


. The double Burnside R -algebra B R ( G, G ) of a finite group G with coefficients in a commutative ring R has been introduced by S. Bouc. It is R -linearly generated by finite ( G, G )-bisets, modulo a relation identifying disjoint union and sum. Its multiplication is induced by the tensor product. In his thesis at NUI Galway, B. Masterson described B Q (S 3 , S 3 ) as a subalgebra of Q 8 × 8 . We give a variant of this description and continue to describe B R (S 3 , S 3 ) for R ∈ { Z , Z (2) , F 2 , Z (3) , F 3 } via congruences as suborders of certain R -orders respectively via path algebras over R .


Abstract : The thesis describes an analysis of a Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) buoy field. The analysis was based on estimates of the probability a submarine would be detected during an encounter with MAD buoy. The estimates were determined by using a simulation of both a crosscorrelation detection system and square law detection system. Using estimates, a random search model was used to determine a lower bound on the search effectiveness of a MAD buoy field. In doing this, the effects of false alarm rate, sweep width, noise level, buoy depth, and target displacement were analyzed. A discussion of the simulation inputs, as well as a program listing are included in the thesis in order to facilitate future use of the simulation. Keywords: Computer magnetic signals, Input parameters.


This paper introduces the carbon nanotube (CNT). After a brief overview of its history, the structure of a CNT is examined at length. The sensitivity of the CNT's electrical properties to its structural geometry is discussed, touching on the band gap properties of graphene and how these differ from those of CNTs. The discussion is rounded off with brief consideration of a developing application of CNTs, the field-effect transistor (CNTFET).


AbstractA novel kind of seismic isolation technique called "Periodic Barriers," which combines trench-type wave barriers and metamaterial, is introduced in this research. Metamaterial possesses a u...


In a study of thin single crystals of cuprous sulphide we found that the high-temperature hexagonal form of chalcosite (Cu2S) can be metastable with respect both to temperature (supercooling) and to composition. In reversible equilibrium with the metastable chalcosite a second metastable phase is formed, resembling djurleite (Cu1.96S), which we propose to call proto-djurleite. When cooled to a critical temperature the crystal suddenly reverts to a mixture of the stable low-temperature forms of chalcosite and djurleite. The boundaries of the metastable two-phase region have been determined between its upper temperature limit, which is 93 °C, and 75 °C.


The population on the island of Ireland is ageing rapidly and the living standards and quality of life of this older population need to be improved and maintained. It is critical that policy-makers, planners and designers create environments that meet the diverse and changing needs of all older people. This research briefing highlights the benefits of universal design for olderpeople, and in particular how the principles of universal design can apply to public buildings and public spaces.Click here to read : Universal Design Research Brief


Using magnetic data from GOES 2 and 3 geostationary satellites for the year from June, 1979 to May, 1980, we found five Pc5 events which lasted longer than five hours. All these Pc5 pulsations were compressional oscillations occurring during the daytime in the recovery phase of large magnetic storms. The amplitude of the pulsations observed by GOES 3, which was located near 5°N magnetic latitude, was larger than those observed by GOES 2 near 10°N. The source region for the Pc5 waves seems to be limited in latitude and extended in longitude. The mean wave period was longer in the morning and evening than near noon; moreover the period changed quasi-periodically with the average period of about one hour. This fact may indicate a Doppler shift in frequency due to the motion of the source or a variation of plasma density at the source.


supposed. and that they led not seldom to serious clinical symptoms. Of these the most important were: (1) Inflammatory troubles in the left iliac region, simulating appendicitis in many instances. (2) General perforative peritonitis. (3) Inflammatory thickening of the s4gmoid, leading to stenosts, tumour formation and the mimicry of carcinoma; and (4) vesico-sigmoid flstulae. Mr. B. G. A. MOYNIEHA agreed with Dr. Telling as to the frequency of the condition, and Its clinical and especially surgical importance. He had operated on cases In whtch both stenosis of the bowel and vesicosigmold fistulae had been the direct result of such multiple false diverticula. Various specimens of the condition were shown by Dr. TELLING, Mr. J. K. JAMIESON, Dr. G. W. WATSON, and Mr. MOYNTHAN. Dr. TREVELYAN showed: (1) A woman, aged 49, who three weeks ago woke up in the night with vomiting and headache, and next morning presented a typical reeling gait. There were no other distinct localizing signe, and the ataxia had since improved. A small Cerebellar haemorrhaye was suggested as the cause. (2) A lad, aged 19, with a tabo-berebellar gait, nystagmau, some tremor, and Increasing defective intelligence, but with exaggerated kuee jerks and ankle clonus. There was no scollosils or deformity of the foot, or family history. The resemblances of the case to FBiedreick's disease were pointed out. Mr. J. F. DOBSON showed a case of Double congenital dislocation o/ tAe hip-joints. In plaster after reduction by Lorenz's method. Dr. WARDROP GRIFFITH showed a specimen of Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Mr. A. L. WHITEHEAD showed a case of Lpmphangioma of the orbit. Cases and specimens were also shown by Mr. H. COLLINSON, Dr. ALLAN, and Mr. MICHAEL TEALE.


The masses of 302 food loads delivered to the nest by 10 Great Cormorants (Phal- acrocorax carbo) and 6 European Shags (P. aristotelis) rearing chicks at the Chausey Islands, France, were assessed to an accuracy of ±10 g using automatic weighing units. We present a model based on time budget and published data that transforms these weighings into the total amount of food taken at sea. Based on this model, the daily mean fresh mass of food acquired by adults, including food brought back to their chicks, was 890 g (n = 16, SD = 361) and 800 g (n = 21, SD = 292) for adult male and female cormorants, and 478 g (n = 14, SD = 207) and 583 g (n = 13, SD = 268) for adult male and female shags.


Generally, a piezoelectric transformer (PT) converter with frequency control has the characteristic which decreases the efficiency of PT in the wide input range. To improve this drawback, this paper introduces a constant frequency PWM control inverter topology for the PT which provides ZVS condition nearly independent of the load and line variation, and line regulation for the universal input as well. The main idea of the proposed PT converter is a buck-boost type driver utilizing the active-clamp circuit, and its output voltage is regulated by controlling the input voltage of PT primary side at the fixed switching frequency. The operation of the proposed converter is analyzed and the performance of the converter is verified by a 40 W hardware prototype.


Purified myofibrils were prepared from samples of chicken breast and thigh muscles and from light and dark portions of pork semitendinosus muscle at death and after storage at 4° and 22°C for 1, 3, and 7 days postmortem. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to examine the effect of postmortem storage of muscle on titin and nebulin. Results indicated that titin and nebulin were more rapidly degraded in light than in dark chicken muscle. In contrast, titin and nebulin were more rapidly degraded in dark than in light pork muscle.


In this book the author has presented an outline of the manner in which to study and interpret an unknown electrocardiogram, and this has been followed by a series of 90 case records. The description and interpretation of each appears on the page opposite to the electrocardiogram and a brief clinical history and series of electrocardiograms taken at different intervals when necessary, are set forth, so that the reader may compare his own interpretation with the author's and correlate the clinical aspects of the cases with electrocardiographic patterns. The interpretations are based on the teaching in the author's book on electrocardiography. The tracings


Guaranteed to alarm and entertain, this madcap collection of weird lists contains thousands of the most peculiar, outrageous, mind-boggling, infuriating, enlightening, and just plain useless tidbits of trivia ever assembled. Subjects range from weird laws concerning women's feet to sexual phobias, from notable criminals' last meals to celebrity sightings of UFOs.


To meet the need of developing knowledge economy, and enormously cultivate new-type telents we should speed up the estabhishment of an innovative educational system in the respects of modes of thinking, methods of education, administratine system, qualfied teachers and necessary facilities.


Offshore outsourcing of administrative and technical tasks and processes ranges from highly commoditized to high added value knowledge intensive projects. Surprisingly empirical findings show that clients rarely switch providers because of dissatisfaction with performance. The dissolution of outsourcing contracts is a rare event and vendor relationships tend to last. This paper advances a model to explain the sustainability of client-vendor relationships in offshoring. We argue that sustainable relationships are promoted by relation specificity in combination with interest alignment between client and provider. In particular, we find that detailed contracts, involvement in staff training, and client-specific investments in software and infrastructure promote contract renewal and long-term relationships. Empirical data is based on a comprehensive survey of offshore service providers and the annual corporate (buyer side) survey conducted by the Offshoring Research Network (ORN). Findings from this study may contribute to recent research on strategic outsourcing and the governance of offshore outsourcing relationships.


Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats(ISSR)is a good molecular marker for revealing genetic diversity. Reaction system differed in different species,so optimization of ISSR-PCR reaction is very important. Factors which affect the ISSR-PCR amplification,such as the concentration of Mg2+,Taq DNA polymerase,dNTP,primer and template DNA with different annealing temperatures,were optimized and selected by using the genomic DNA of Rheum tanguticum as material. Optimal PCR(20 μL)mix contained 1.5×PCR buffer(15 mmol/L Tris-HCl,75 mmol/L KCl),1.00 mmol/L MgCl2,0.6 U Taq DNA polymerase,0.125 mmol/L dNTP,0.5 μmol/L primer and 30ng template DNA. The suitable annealing temperature was 57.4 ℃ for primer UBC888. Establishment of the PCR reaction conditions could favor further studies on the genetic diversity of R.tanguticum by using ISSR molecular marker techniques.


We discuss how data caps may be evaluated under the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order. We find that heavy-users caps on mobile broadband service are likely to satisfy the Order's rules, that profit-maximizing caps on mobile broadband service may or may not satisfy the rules, and that caps on fixed broadband service are unlikely to satisfy the rules.


The article discusses the description of the history of the ethnic composition of Kazakhstan. A large cycle of materials is based on the data from population censuses and materials of Kazakhstani researchers. A special study of the ethno-demographic growth of post-Soviet Kazakhstan was carried out. Ethno-demographic growth is divided into periods based on history. The arrival of many peoples in Kazakhstan and their history, political decisions of independent Kazakhstan on the way to interethnic harmony are considered. The emergence of ethnic groups in Kazakhstan is a great political event. The decline of the Kazakh population and the increase in the number of representatives of other nationalities have led to a change in the ethnodemography of Kazakhstan. The country has created a unique and effective mechanism for implementing national policy, interethnic and interreligious dialogue through the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. Special attention is paid to the description of the activities of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The Institute has come to the conclusion that it ensures the revival of ethnic identity and culture, forms a single political, legal and cultural platform for ethnic processes and contributes to the preservation of peace and harmony in the country. In general, thanks to the work of the Assembly in our country there is a unique model of interethnic and interfaith harmony, a special atmosphere of trust, solidarity, mutual under-standing, where every citizen, regardless of nationality and religion, can fully enjoy the civil rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, all necessary conditions for the development of traditions. It was noted that the activities of the Assembly contribute to increasing the international prestige of Kazakhstan as a country that effectively solves issues of interethnic relations.


Purpose: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with valgus deformities can be surgically challenging (compared to surgery for repair of the more common varus deformed knee) as there are often complex bony deficiencies with soft tissue contracture in the lateral side. The purpose of this retrospective study was to highlight the surgical technique of TKA via a lateral parapatellar approach for valgus deformed knee and present the associated clinical outcomes. Methods: Forty-six knees in 42 patients with valgus deformed knees underwent TKA via the lateral parapatellar approach. Nine tibial tubercle osteotomies were performed. Results: Follow-up duration averaged 30 months (range: 24-84 months). The mean tibiofemoral angle was 17.0±7.6o valgus (range: 2o-36o) preoperatively and 6.8±2.6o valgus (range: 0o-13o) postoperatively. Mean flexion contracture was 9.9±7.7o (range: 0o-30o) preoperatively. The postoperative flexion contracture was 0o in 78.3% of knees, 5o in 6.5% of knees, and 10o in 15.2% of knees. The mean range of motion was 95.0±17.2o (range: 70o-135o) preoperatively and 115.0±12.3o (range: 85o-130o) postoperatively. The average preoperative HSS knee score was 55.0±12.9 (range: 35-80), while the postoperative score was 87.0±8.3 (range: 63-97). The postoperative mechanical axis passed through the central third of the knee joint in 95.7% of knees. Patellar tracking was neutral in 91.3% of knees. There were two complications in this study: one was transient common peroneal nerve palsy with spontaneous recovery within three months post-surgery, the other was wound dehiscence with superficial skin necrosis. This was treated with debridement and STSG and healed uneventfully. There was one case where a constrained prosthesis was required due to a mismatch of the flexion-extension gap and the attenuated medial collateral ligament.


In the shop «Noelio Capote Figueroa» (T-15) of the MINAZ, it is carried out the production and repair of the high ground clearance of the YUMZ-6M tractors for the cultivation of the sugar cane. The Forward high ground clearance is manufactured of bars and tubes of 45 steel, material that possesses an appropriate resistance for these applications; however, the experience of exploitation of these devices demonstrates that during the work deformations take place and even fracture of some of their components. The back high ground clearance is manufactured of sheet of steel of low carbon, but it possesses a bigger resistance and rigidity product of its dimensions and structure, and the experience of exploitation also confirm that their failures are reduced. In the paper was carried out an investigation to evaluate the resistance and rigidity of the high ground clearance under conditions of impact of the pneumatics of the tractor. It is concludes that the forward high ground clearance is much less resistant that the back. It was modified the system placing two connection bars between the forward high ground clearance and the back, elevating the strength of the first one, starting from that of the second one, being achieved excellent results.


Agrobacteriurn tumefaciens-mediated transformation(AtMT) method was used to study the genetic transformation in Rhizopus arrhizus of antisense expression vector pBI121-fad2 of VeFAD2 gene.We studied the key factors influencing transformation,such as A.tumefaciens strains,bacterial cell volume initially used,co-cultivation time,effective period and concentration of AS.The results shows that the ideal A.tumefaciens strain is AGL-1,the optimum bacterial cell volume initially used is 50-100 μL and co-culture 24 hours will get the most transformants.At co-culture period,AS induction is indispensable.It is beneficial to improve transformation ratio by adding to 200 μmol·L-1 AS at preincubate period and increasing AS concentration to 400-600 μmol·L-1 at co-culture period.It determined that antisense VeFAD2 gene has been integrated into the genome of R.arrhizus by PCR-Southern detection.


The principle of the skimming oil and scraping sediment machine and its control system design based on programmable logic controller (PLC) are introduced. The results show that the control system is steady, reliable and convenient.


The impact of the development of Infrastructure development on the Community of Settlement Areas on Jalan Pasar Nambangan, Kenjeran, Surabaya needs to be evaluated on 700 meters of Roads and Channels that have been installed in the location and sought the satisfaction of the local community after the construction of the Infrastructure. By using several methods including looking for quality paving, analyzing rainfall using the Log Person III method, and Seeking Community Satisfaction as a benchmark of this researcher, where the results of each analysis with optimal results, where the Road in the form of Paving blocks using concrete quality I with the crushed voltage is 38.22 MPa which will have an impact on the life of the road and in the good category, then for the channel produce a comparison of Q Channels with Q Plan 0.104237837 m3 / sec: 0.051493258 m3 / sec, which (channel conditions are safe or able to accept Q Plan) which will later has an impact on channel capacity in the next 10 years and the last of the 75 Community Respondents shows 54.22% Very Satisfied from the existence of the Infrastructure which has a good impact to support activities in the daily lives of the community.


As of February 2016 Facebook allows users to express their experienced emotions about a post by using five so-called `reactions'. This research paper proposes and evaluates alternative methods for predicting these reactions to user posts on public pages of firms/companies (like supermarket chains). For this purpose, we collected posts (and their reactions) from Facebook pages of large supermarket chains and constructed a dataset which is available for other researches. In order to predict the distribution of reactions of a new post, neural network architectures (convolutional and recurrent neural networks) were tested using pretrained word embeddings. Results of the neural networks were improved by introducing a bootstrapping approach for sentiment and emotion mining on the comments for each post. The final model (a combination of neural network and a baseline emotion miner) is able to predict the reaction distribution on Facebook posts with a mean squared error (or misclassification rate) of 0.135.


Research shows that Koba–Nielsen–Olesen (KNO)-like scaling is fulfilled inside the jets, which indicates that KNO scaling is violated by complex vacuum quantum chromodynamics (QCD) processes outside the jet development, such as single and double parton scattering or softer multiple parton interactions. In the current work, we investigated the scaling properties of heavy-flavor jets using Monte-Carlo simulations. We found that while jets from leading-order flavor-creation processes exhibit flavor-dependent patterns, heavy-flavor jets from production in parton showers follow inclusive-jet patterns. This suggests that KNO-like scaling is driven by initial hard parton production and not by processes in the later stages of the reaction.


Significance Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) rapidly exchange between conformations of marginal stability. These transient structures are much more sensitive to solution conditions than ordered proteins. Here we reveal that coupled folding and binding of IDPs are affected by the presence of different common salts beyond simple electrostatic effects, such that their affinities are ion-specific, and occur at physiological concentrations. We demonstrate that the phenomenon is rooted in the structural sensitivity of IDPs to co-solutes, which in turn affects binding rates and affinities. We suggest that the sensitivity of coupled folding and binding reactions to the environment might be a functional consequence of protein disorder. Considering the role of ions in biology, it might be a regulatory mechanism of physiological significance. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are characterized by a lack of defined structure. Instead, they populate ensembles of rapidly interconverting conformations with marginal structural stabilities. Changes in solution conditions such as temperature and crowding agents consequently affect IDPs more than their folded counterparts. Here we reveal that the residual structure content of IDPs is modulated both by ionic strength and by the type of ions present in solution. We show that these ion-specific structural changes result in binding affinity shifts of up to sixfold, which happen through alteration of both association and dissociation rates. These effects follow the Hofmeister series, but unlike the well-established effects on the stability of folded proteins, they already occur at low, hypotonic concentrations of salt. We attribute this sensitivity to the marginal stability of IDPs, which could have physiological implications given the role of IDPs in signaling, the asymmetric ion profiles of different cellular compartments, and the role of ions in biology.


The use of advanced pedagogical methodologies in connection with advanced use of modern information technology (ICT) for delivery enables new ways of communicating, of exchanging knowledge, and of ...


In an attempt to constrain the astrophysical conditions for the nucleosynthesis of the classical r‐process elements beyond Fe, we have performed large‐scale dynamical network calculations within the model of an adiabatically expanding high‐ entropy wind (HEW) of type II supernovae (SN II). A superposition of several entropy‐components (S) with model‐inherent weightings results in an excellent reproduction of the overall Solar System (SS) isotopic r‐process residuals (Nr,⊙), as well as the more recent observations of elemental abundances of metal‐poor, r‐process rich halo stars in the early Galaxy. For the heavy r‐process elements beyond Sn, our HEW model predicts a robust abundance pattern up to the Th, U r‐chronometer region. For the lighter neutron‐capture region, an S‐dependent superposition of (i) a normal α‐component directly producing stable nuclei, including s‐only isotopes, and (ii) a component from a neutron‐rich α‐freezeout followed by the rapid recapture of β‐delayed neutrons (βdnrpar; emitted ...


Variability of the Azores Current is investigated by combining hydrographic data collected in March, 1992 with ERS-1 altimeter data from January - March, 1992 and January - early April, 1994. The altimeter surface measurements contain information about both the geoid and the ocean circulation: the geoid signal dominates and is generally not sufficiently well known at the small length scales required to identify the mesoscale ocean signal. In this study we use hydrography to distinguish the mean ocean signal from the geoid and thereby determine the absolute dynamic topography (i.e. the ocean circulation signature). One leg of the ship survey lies along a ground track of ERS-1 while in its 3-day repeat missions (phases B and D). We examine the variability of the absolute surface geostrophic velocity perpendicular to the track. The observed temporal and spatial variability may be indicative of a switch in the Azores Current system from a winter situation to a summer situation.


p300 components were used to investigate the processing of different sounds in the human brain function. Defining the scalp topography of the p300 components by means of reference-independent methods and identifying its electrical cortical generators by using the standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sloreta) are the aims of this study. Compared to the rare non-target tone, the rare target tone elicited a more prominent p300 occurring later than that of the rare non-target one. The rare non-target and rare target stimuli showed different scalp topography and cortical sources. Sloreta computation of the p300 responses yielded clear frontal region in both stimulus types. However, the rare non-target tone electrical filed had a more posterior distribution as compared to the rare target tone and its generators were localized in frontal area. The rare target tone produced p300 maximum over the medial frontal gyrus (mfg), whereas maximum of the p300 activated by the rare non-target tone was observed over the superior frontal gyrus (sfg). Differences in scalp topography and cortical sources suggest that two stimulus types reflect different neural processes. The findings on cortical generators are in line with the hypothesis that p3a reflects the automatic allocation of attention, while p3b is related to the effortful processing of task-relevant events.


Many Internet applications have a need for object-based security
mechanisms in addition to security mechanisms at the network layer or
transport layer. For many years, the Cryptographic Message Syntax
(CMS) has provided a binary secure object format based on ASN.1. Over
time, binary object encodings such as ASN.1 have become less common
than text-based encodings, such as the JavaScript Object Notation
(JSON). This document defines a set of use cases and requirements for
a secure object format encoded using JSON, drawn from a variety of
application security mechanisms currently in development.


biome. Coevolutionary theories in the tradition of Gibson, Boyd, and Richerson and niche-constructive approaches (Sterelny 2003; Weber and Depew 2003) are founded on such corelations, working along feedback loops and feed-forward lines; Kockelman saturates them with signification. His envorganism is the playful avatar of coevolution. Its messages are: affordances are agents, agents affordances; the bond of the one to the other is semiotic; and discerning either is a question of framing and scale. Technology. Another transposition: tools are signs, signs tools. Kockelman's linking of significance and selection asserts the immanent semiosis of technology—and reminds archeologists that hominin industries have never not been modes of storing and transmitting information. Continuity. Kockelman's theory does not evade uniquely human aspects of biosemiosis and technocognition—fundamentally, the symbol and advanced mindreading ("theory of mind"). The capacity for joint attention is crucial to both (Tomasello 1999, 2008), and figure 7 suggests how it starts from the transposability of interpretant and sign in less elaborate communicative scenes. This linking of nonhuman and human is exemplary: Kockelman's approach again and again builds bridges across our customary chasms (nature/artifice, mind/body, thought/affect, etc.). Emergence. The widening of the argument to sieving and serendipity links significance and selection to processes extending far beyond the biome. Kockelman discerns Deleuzian abstract machines (De Landa 1997, 2011; Deleuze and Guattari 1987): patterns in the emergent organization of flows of information (in the biome and its sociocultural outgrowths) and of matter/energy (in the multiverse as a whole). Figures 6–9 present schematics for these machines, each one building from the last to describe distinct semioselective interactions. What is the value of abstract machines in our analysis? First, they avoid transcendentalism and teleology. (Nietzsche glimpsed them in his will to power.) They are not opposed to matter, like Platonic ideas, instead describing immanent trajectories; to render them nonimmanent would be like attributing an idealized design to sodium transfer across a cell membrane. They generalize the dynamic patterns of matter/ energy and information giving rise to complex assemblages, collectivities momentarily stable (at whatever scale), later dissolved into further flows. In their generalization, abstract machines adduce sweeping commonalities behind the emergence of complexity of all sorts—their second methodological advantage. Kockelman demonstrates how a single machine can eventuate in a limitless range of (related) assemblages. Differences among these assemblages arise from the play in particular circumstances of the machines immanent to them; discerning the machines uncovers robust continuities of process. These carry broad evolutionary and historical implications, as a miniature case in point will suggest. The final emergence of human modernity is today the most vexed question in hominin evolution. It has settled all too often into a debate over the emergence of symbolism and its exemplary manifestation, language. This privileging of (linguistic) symbolism has encouraged bad habits: reductive proposals of single-cause selection for complex behaviors; assertions of radical discontinuities at odds with archeological and paleontological evidence; hypotheses of miraculous, symbolism-generating mutations; and even a certain "black-box" mystification of symbolism itself. The best accounts, instead, have begun to introduce into evolutionary discussions the indexical entailments of symbolism and our deepening understandings of emergent selforganization (Deacon 1997, 2003). Kockelman's abstract machines point toward further work along these lines. This will connect ideas of emergent complexity (at scales ranging from neural nets to human populations) to the post-neo-Darwinian coevolutionary consensus mentioned above. It will avoid symboloand linguocentrism, revealing diachronic continuities between modern language and earlier communicative strategies. And, along the synchronic axis, it will uncover, around the Middle/Upper Paleolithic border, the relations of nascent language to several distinct capacities and behaviors of modern humans that are not narrowly symbolic: musicking, "offline" imagining of things beyond sense perception, and the transcendentalizing of social roles and institutions. In doing this, it will carry home Kockelman's lesson that human signification is tied to the broadest informational flows of the biome in ways our focus on symbolism has obscured.


The cause or causes of recently observed mortality and changes in forest composition in eastern mixed-oak forests has been a controversial topic.


NASA aerodynamic research applicable to business aircraft concerning wind tunnel and flight tests, STOL performance and high speed cruise technology


Simple aliphatic aldehydes with a C4 or longer chain undergo 'type 2' photoelimination and photocyclisation as major reactions in solution. Both singlet and triplet nπ* states are direct precursors to products in these reactions. Quenching studies show that the triplet lifetime, governed largely by the rate constant for intramolecular hydrogen-abstraction, varies with the substituent at position 4 in the chain.


The presence of defects in a medium leads to the d~pendence of the plastic properties of the material on the nature of the state of stress and to a sharp change in the moduli of elasticity on transi- tion from tension to compression. Mechanical models of materials sensitive to the nature of the state of stress (variable-modulus models) have been proposed by Novozhilov, Ambartsumyan and Khachatryan,' Jones and Nelson, etc. The most general formula- tion is that given by Rabotnov and Lomakin.


The places where the electrical energy sources can be taken naturally, that is from renewable sources, which are called as green energy. Energy is one of the most important in our life, without electrical energy we cannot do any work. Now a day, most of the energy sources are consumed by us. At the same time the fossil fuel is being consumed in large quantity. After 20 or 30 years the fuels like coal, petrol, may become extinct from this world. So now we are forced to develop new energy sources to minimize our energy consumption.


A clear, straightforward introduction to the reading and understanding of historical documents of all kinds, the text demonstrates techniques in analysis and provides material designed to enable students to practise and develop their methodological skills.


Objective: to evaluate the safety and efficiency of monotherapy with methotrexate (MTX) solution for subcutaneous injection (SC MTX), by using the estimated dosing, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Subjects and methods . A 12-month prospective controlled study enrolled 106 patients with early RA who were given SC MTX was conducted at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology in the framework of the REMARCA (Russian invEstigation of MethotrexAte and biologicals for eaRly aCtive Arthritis) program. Results and discussion. 12-month SC MTX monotherapy could achieve the treatment goal (remission or low disease activity) in 68% of the patients with active RA who did not need biological agents (BAs). In 36% of the patients, the treatment caused adverse reactions (ARs) that were the basis for its complete discontinuation in 8%. The therapeutic effect of SC MTX depended on body mass index (BMI) and was more pronounced in patients with its normal values (≤25 kg/m2) than in those with overweight or obesity. The incidence of ARs did not depend on the duration of the disease and the weight of a patient receiving SC MTX. Addition of BAs to SC MTX monotherapy did not lead to an increase in the frequency of ARs. In early RA, the effect was better when SC MTX was used in combination with lowdose oral glucocorticoids. The findings showed the expediency of intensively using SC MTX at the doses calculated per 1 m2 of the body surface, the dependence of therapeutic action and the independence of the frequency and severity of ARs from the patient's BMI.


High-density polyethylene nanocomposites containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared by employing melt mixing process. The amorphous Fe3O4 nanoparticles with average size about 50 nm were prepared by the conventional coprecipitation method from iron (ΙΙ and ΙΙΙ). Thermal and dielectric properties of high-density polyethylene and its nanocomposites were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The crystalline structure of high-density polyethylene and Fe3O4/high-density polyethylene nanocomposite were studied by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, which confirmed orthorhombic crystalline structure. The results of thermal and dielectric analysis indicated that the addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to high-density polyethylene matrix leads to decreasing degree of crystallinity and improvement of dielectric constant.


(57) Abstract: The present invention, for improving the photostability of cosmetic formulations containing organic light protection filters butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane, relates to the use of insoluble inorganic particles which absorb UVA rays.


The EU has had a significant impact on the regulation of private relationships between traders and consumers, but this has been without differentiating between those situations which involve a cross-border element, and those which are purely domestic. This paper queries whether this 'one size fits all' approach is appropriate, and suggests that there are clear differences between these two contexts which justify limiting the EU's activities to the cross-border context. It would mean that the constitutional constraints on the EU's power to act would be less severe, because, by definition, no single Member State can regulate cross-border circumstances. If consumer protection is the dominant objective, the a more varied approach is needed.


Two-photon vision relies on the perception of pulsed near-infrared laser beams as having colors like their half-wavelength counterparts. The phenomenon is due to two-photon absorption occurring in visual pigments [1]. This study is focused on methods to determine the contrast sensitivity function (CSF) for two-photon vision, which has not yet been investigated. CSF was measured for eight spatial frequencies using the tumbling E letter optotype. The optotype was projected on a white background by fast scanning the retina with a pulsed 1040 nm or 520 nm laser beam, both perceived as green. The contrast threshold was determined for the power of the beam corresponding to a minimum stimulus brightness for which the subject was able to state the correct letter orientation. Because a luminance curve for the two-photon stimulus is not available, expressing the brightness of the infrared stimulus in photometric units required finding a suitable method. Three approaches for determining contrast sensitivity for two-photon stimulus were proposed and tested to overcome this problem. The threshold contrast values, defined as Weber contrast, differ substantially between normal and two-photon vision mechanisms. Each tested method allowed qualitative comparison of the obtained contrast sensitivities. The results show that the two-photon CSF has a significantly broader range than the one-photon CSF. Determining the CSF for twophoton vision will help assess the applicability of this phenomenon to augmented reality displays.


The purpose of this research is to study the implementation of ecological modernization branding in the cities of The Hague, Rotterdam and Utrecht in the Netherlands. These cities use ecological modernization branding to attract people, projects and investments. For example, they may project the image of being 'smart' and commission projects to showcase that they are in fact a smart city. However, the overall image that appears from the literature is that there exists a substantial gap between the brand image and its actual implementation. An assessment framework is synthesized in order to carry out this study, this analytical framework addresses numerous aspects: municipal input, throughput and output factors, the local action arena, projects and outcomes to assess the implementation. To this end, the main research question is: How do the three Dutch cities in the 'Randstad' i.e. Utrecht, Rotterdam and The Hague implement the programs, policies and attract investments that adhere to the city brands they project? A comparative case study approach is best suited as we can identify similarities, differences and themes across regions and cities using the assessment framework to analyze the cases. Methods used will primarily be desk research and interviews to complement the comparative study and will add nuance to our understanding of EM branding. The results revealed three types of EM brand labels present in these cities.


We derive general Novikov-Morse type inequalities in a Conley type framework for flows carrying cocycles, therefore generalizing our results in [FJ2] derived for integral cocycle. The condition of carrying a cocycle expresses the nontriviality of integrals of that cocycle on flow lines. Gradient-like flows are distinguished from general flows carrying a cocycle by boundedness conditions on these integrals. MSC2000: 37B30,37B35,57R70


We investigated the structure of the low density regions of the inner crust of neutron stars using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) model to predict the proton content $Z$ of the nuclear clusters and, together with the lattice spacing, the proton content of the crust as a function of the total baryonic density $\rho_b$. The exploration of the energy surface in the $(Z,\rho_b)$ configuration space and the search for the local minima require thousands of calculations. Each of them implies an HFB calculation in a box with a large number of particles, thus making the whole process very demanding. In this work, we apply a statistical model based on a Gaussian Process Emulator that makes the exploration of the energy surface ten times faster. We also present a novel treatment of the HFB equations that leads to an uncertainty on the total energy of $\approx 4$ keV per particle. Such a high precision is necessary to distinguish neighbour configurations around the energy minima.


We discuss the spin reversal in magnets with random anisotropy in the presence of the dipolar interaction. Past work by different groups is recapitulated. We point out the deficiencies of these works and propose a model to tie these ideas together that provides for an internally consistent framework to describe nanocomposite magnets where both the dipolar interaction and the random anisotropy cannot be ignored.


Expansion joints are important components of bridges that accommodate the movements between deck spans that result from thermal loads, traffic loads, and other environmental factors. Experience shows that joints undergo premature deterioration on a regular basis, which leads to unexpected problems caused by leakage of water and other corrosive chemicals over the components of the superstructure and substructure, which in turn leads to premature deterioration of those components. The Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT) has spent millions of dollars over more than 50 years for repair and replacement of joints. Several types of closed joints have been developed and installed in the past three decades to combat this problem. Jointless details at piers and abutments have also been developed and installed in the past three decades to eliminate the need for joints and the associated deterioration. However, the issue persists. The Virginia DOT's Structure and Bridge Division has developed a new design for a flexible joint system with bonded and debonded zones. An elastomeric concrete material acts as the load-bearing surface as well as the component that allows free expansion and contraction. This joint system has been installed in selected pilot bridges on secondary roads for observation. The performance of this joint system and the challenges faced in its development are discussed.


In Australia, as in the UK, the political, economic and technological contexts within which higher education operates are shifting. Many commentators (e.g. Tiffin and Rajasingham, 1995; Oblinger and Rush, 1997) have predicted that the outcomes for teaching and learning environments will be as shattering to the 'bricks and mortar' universities as the longpredicted tectonic plate shift which will swallow San Francisco. DOI: 10.1080/0968776990070108


This research is focused on randomized designs, two-stage experiments that first randomize treatment of a group, then investigate on the significant factors with economic perspective. It is attempted to map the potential outcomes framework with partial interference to a regression model with clustered errors, calculate standard errors of randomized saturation designs. The objective of this study is to assess the clarity of a photographic image produced by a DSLR camera by varying relevant factors such as image distance, shutter speed, aperture etc with on impact financial support. The criterion for assigning the ranking was the ability of clearly seeing the object in the photographs and the sharpness of the object. Design of experiments (DOE)-based approach allows for an efficient estimation of the main effects and the interactions with minimal number of experiments. This study investigates the factors that are mostly responsible for DSLR image clarity. All the six factors are set in two levels to create a full-factorial 2k design. A residual analysis has been done to test for defects such as non-normality, non-independent and non-constant variance. Based upon this evidence, we assert that (DOE)-based approach valuation information has the potential to negatively impact financial support for the exact resources the information is designed to promote and holds considerable potential for experimental economics, deserves greater attention as a methodological tool, and promises important insights on strategic decision making.


H.264 motion estimation achieves better compression efficiency of video coding than previous video standards (e.g. MPEG-2, H.263, and JPEG). But it leads to higher computational cost and complexity in coding. In this study we propose an efficient early termination searching method to reduce the computational complexity and achieve better compression ratio. Adaptive search strategy is applied to reduce the search point in a search range. Furthermore this study presents an analysis of the performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of motion estimation time, total encoding time, and video quality (PSNR). Simulation result shows that compared to Full Search (FS), this algorithm achieves up to 60% reduction in motion estimation time without degrading the video quality.


With the increasing network security risks, network intrusion detection technology has become more important. At present, machine learning is applied in most advanced traffic anomaly detection algorithms, but these algorithms have three main shortcomings. First, algorithms using deep neural network are highly complex and not suitable for real-time online processing. Second, algorithms based on supervised learning require training on huge labeled data sets, which are limited and insufficient. Third, most algorithms have such poor generalization ability and portability that they are less suitable for real-world environments. Therefore, we propose a novel network anomaly detection model, STRAD. We use Word2vec and Damped Incremental Statistics algorithm for spatiotemporal features extraction, latent space compression (LSC) for feature vectors compression and an unsupervised one-class classifier for anomaly detection. Our evaluations show that STRAD has a better performance than other state of the art algorithms.


Climate change refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly by human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and climate variability observed over comparable time period. Over past hundred years, the global temperature has increased by 0.80 °C and is expected to reach 1.1-5.4 0C by the end of next century. On the other hand, CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased drastically from 280 ppm to 370 ppm and is likely to be doubled in 2100. This change is attributed mainly to the overexploitation and misuse of natural resources for various anthropogenic developmental activities such as increased urbanization, deforestation and industrialization resulting in aberrant weather events like changes in rainfall patterns, frequent droughts and floods, increased intensity and frequency of heat and cold waves. Climate change has been found to bring a number of changes in the insect phenology, distribution, species interactions, biodiversity. Other effects caused by climate change on insects include increase in number of generations, changes in crop pest synchrony, increased over wintering, invasion by migrants, decreasing effectiveness of pest management strategies. The impact of climate change can be positive, negative or neutral, since these changes can decrease, increase or have no impact on insect pests, depending on specific location of each region or period. Temperature affects the larval developmental time, larval survival and adult reproduction depending on the combination of mean temperature and magnitude of fluctuations. Therefore, there is a need to generate information on the likely effects of climate change on insect pests to develop robust technologies that will be effective in future under global warming and climate change.


A mathematical model was built by investigating the relation between N,P,K fertilizers and transplant density for improving the yield of Qianyou 16 effectively.The results showed that the comprehensive cultivation technique for 200 kg/667m~(2) of Qianyou 16 is including 7000~8000 plants/667m~(2) of density,20 kg of urea,40 kg of calciums supper phosphate and 10kg of potassium chloride per 667m~(2)on the middle fertility soil at an elevation of 800 m more or less.


Statistical culture is a kind of industrial secondary culture, which is combined by scientific culture and humanities. During new historical period, statistical culture has rich content and expression, whose core is the deepseated spirit culture. The effect on statistical personnel exists in its professional morality. The construction of statistical culture is a complex system project, which must insist that human beings are the most important.


This article is an attempt to review the varied philosophical and ideational positions on two core tenets of social sciences - justice and rights. Social justice is a term which has origins in Greek thought and later utilitarianism and modernism. Another class of theorists have built on the elements of difference/diversity to conceptualise justice. Later theorists such as Rawls and Freire have brought in elements of criticality through difference and conscientisation principles in the gamut of discourse on social justice. Human rights, as a subset of social justice, is an amalgamated stance finding references in early Greek thought and modern thinkers. However the main focus on human rights has been in the contemporary times with thinkers such as Hart, Cranston, Feinberg, Pogge and Rorty as also non-western thinkers who have placed a premium on the concerns and interests of 'people in struggle and communities of resistance' at the centre stage. There are also antagonisms within an essentially chaste repertoire of rights highlighted through aspects of gendering, universalisms and essentialisms. The central concern of this article is to bring to a common platform some of the varied conceptual positions on justice as rights as the utopian visions of social science endeavours.


This article examines the conditions under which transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves exist in a sourceless medium. It shows that TEM waves can be classified according to whether their Poynting vector is identically zero or nonzero. The former are nonpropagating TEM standing waves with E∥B and the latter are TEM traveling and standing waves with E⊥B and E∥/B. The general condition under which TEM standing waves with E∥B exist is derived. Mathematical examples of these standing waves are given. An experimental configuration to realize one of these examples is proposed. The behavior of these waves under Lorentz transformations is discussed and it is shown that these waves are lightlike and that their fields lead to well‐defined Lorentz invariants. It is hoped that this article will encourage electrodynamics course instructors to include a discussion of E∥B TEM standing waves.


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This paper presents a novel film type of flexible loudspeaker by ultra-thin piezoelectric PZT/Si bare chip integrated on flexible film substrate. The device is designed to operate without a closed membrane offering significant improvements with respect to manufacturability. We have revealed that a fully audible sound pressure level of around 40 dB at 6500 Hz was generated for a film with an ultrathin PZT/Si chip 1 × 5 mm2 in size. This technology is expected to be applied as electronic parts for surround or flexible parametric speakers for electronic paper and smartphones.


Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores displays complex kinetic behavior. While it well established that cytosolic [Ca2+] can modulate release by acting on the InsP3 receptor directly, the role of the filling state of internal Ca2+stores in modulating Ca2+ release remains unclear. Here we have reevaluated this topic using a technique that permits rapid and reversible changes in free [Ca2+] in internal stores of living intact cells without altering cytoplasmic [Ca2+], InsP3 receptors, or sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPases (SERCAs). N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylene diamine (TPEN), a membrane-permeant, low affinity Ca2+ chelator was used to manipulate [Ca2+] in intracellular stores, while [Ca2+] changes within the store were monitored directly with the low-affinity Ca2+ indicator, mag-fura-2, in intact BHK-21 cells. 200 μm TPEN caused a rapid drop in luminal free [Ca2+] and significantly reduced the extent of the response to stimulation with 100 nm bradykinin, a calcium-mobilizing agonist. The same effect was observed when intact cells were pretreated with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM) to buffer cytoplasmic [Ca2+] changes. Although inhibition of Ca2+ uptake using the SERCA inhibitor tBHQ permitted significantly larger release of Ca2+ from stores, TPEN still attenuated the release in the presence of tBHQ in BAPTA-AM-loaded cells. These results demonstrate that the filling state of stores modulates the magnitude of InsP3-induced Ca2+release by additional mechanism(s) that are independent of regulation by cytoplasmic [Ca2+] or effects on SERCA pumps.


To evaluate the effect of overnight wear of the Triggerfish® contact lens sensor (CLS) on central corneal thickness (CCT) using the Visante® anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT).


Purpose: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a major role in oral absorption of drugs. Induction or inhibition of P-gp by drugs contributes to variability of its transport activity and often results in clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cetirizine, a second generation H1 antihistamine, on P-gp function and expression in vitro and in situ. Methods: The in-vitro rhodamin-123 (Rho123) efflux assay in Caco-2 cells was used to study the effect of cetirizine on P-gp function. Western blot analysis was used for surveying the effect of cetirizine on expression of P-gp in Caco-2 cells. Rat in situ single-pass intestinal permeability technique was used to calculate the intestinal permeability of a known P-gp substrate (digoxin) in the presence of cetirizine. The amounts of digoxin and cetirizine in intestinal perfusion samples were analyzed using a HPLC method. Results: The results showed significant increase in Rho123 uptake (P < 0.05) and also P-gp band intensity decrease in cetirizine-treated cells in vitro. Furthermore the intestinal permeability of digoxin was also increased significantly in the presence of cetirizine (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Therefore it is concluded that cetirizine is a P-gp inhibitor and this should be considered in co administration of cetrizine with other P-gp substrate drugs. Further investigations are required to confirm our results and to determine the mechanism underlying P-gp inhibition by cetirizine.


The orchid bee faunas of Floresta Nacional do Rio Preto, Reserva Biologica Corrego Grande, and Reserva Biologica Corrego do Veado, in the northernmost portion of the state of Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil, were surveyed for orchid bees for the first time. A total of 1,603 males belonging to 24 species were attracted to 16 different scent baits and actively collected with insect nets during 100 hours from December, 2009, to February, 2010. One species of Euglossa, known as strongly dependent on well preserved mature forests, once recorded at the region, was not found in this survey and may indicate the first documented local extinction of an orchid bee species. This species, which Atlantic Forest population has been treated as Euglossa analis Westwood, 1840, is here considered a new species, Euglossa marianae sp. n.


- The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the proposed research into business staffing and recruitment decision. The introduction of our research was recruitment and selection is the process by choosing the most appropriate person for a job. The success of any business depend on the quality of its staff, requirement employee with the correct skill can be added value to the business. The objective of our study was to find out the, developing a strategic staffing solution that meets the needs of internal and external customers requires an analysis of organizational competencies and quite possibly external vendor capabilities .This study was conducted from April 2012 to June 2012. A group of 200 employees was take part in this study through a predesigned questionnaire which consists of five portions according to objectives, which was collected from the employees of PEPSI. Regression technique was applied to check the impact of cost, recruitment and staffing decision in an organization. The result shows the significant relationship between an organization and its cost, recruitment and staffing decision.


As robots are leaving dedicated areas on the factory floor and start to share workspaces with humans, safety of such collaboration becomes a major challenge. In this work, we propose new approaches to robot velocity modulation: While the robot is on a path prescribed by the task, it predicts possible collisions with the human and gradually slows down, proportionally to the danger of collision. Two principal approaches are developed-Impulse Orb and Prognosis Window-that dynamically determine the possible robot-induced collisions and apply a novel velocity modulating approach, in which the phase progress of the robot trajectory is modulated while the desired robot path remains intact. The methods guarantee that the robot will halt before contacting the human, but they are less conservative and more flexible than solutions using reduced speed and complete stop only, thereby increasing the effectiveness of human-robot collaboration. This approach is especially useful in constrained setups where the robot path is prescribed. Speed modulation is smooth and does not lead to abrupt motions, making the behavior of the robot also better understandable for the human counterpart. The two principal methods under different parameter settings are experimentally validated in a human-robot interaction scenario with the Franka Emika Panda robot, an external RGB-D camera, and human keypoint detection using OpenPose.


BY NOW, the benefits of deploying a communications system that runs over the Internet Protocol are well documented. Sending voice over the Internet, a process commonly known as VoIP, has proven to save big bucks on long distance, make voice mail more accessible, and enable users to answer their phones from anywhere. As if that isn't good enough, the technology also makes adding and transferring extensions around a district easy. VoIP has become so popular that this magazine saw fit recently to highlight a handful of best practices (see December 2005, "VoIP to the Rescue"). Since then, a select number of districts have embraced wireless VoIP as well. Despite its growing popularity, VoIP has generated a certain amount of frustration. Even though communications tools have proliferated, users' increasing mobility has made the users difficult to reach on the first try. In a January report titled "Unified Communication Application: Uses and Benefits," analysts from Sage Research (www.sageresearch.com) found that the average organization with IP communications utilizes more than six separate communications devices and more than five communications applications. In the K-12 world, this means parents are becoming all too familiar with teacher voice mails. Not surprisingly, those parents aren't happy. In response, some school districts are expanding their IP communications to include a whole host of other technologies in addition to VoIP. Dubbed unified communications, this approach links together a variety of communications applications and runs them over the Internet, providing parents and users alike with virtually limitless ways to get in touch. As indicated by case studies from academic organizations such as Farmington Municipal Schools (NM), the Santa Clara County Office of Education (CA), and the School District of Cheltenham Township (PA), unifying communications has improved communication across the board. "Taken individually, technologies such as VoIP and calendaring are pretty useful already," says Charles Thacker, Farmington CTO. "But when you add them all together, you get a system that's cheaper to operate, and from a functionality standpoint, makes all of the technologies before it seem like a waste of time." What Makes It Unified? No discussion about unified communications can begin without a definition. Here, however, lies a problem. When asked to describe unified communications, vendors and analysts both struggle to come up with a uniform answer. It's much more than VoIP, they say, but far less than exhaustive, network-level applications such as course or network management. It contains calendaring functions, secure chat, and videoconferencing. In a nutshell, unified communications comprises all applications built on an IP communications system, including unified messaging, conferencing, collaboration, enterprise instant messaging, and softphones, to name only a few. Unified communications vendors say one of their biggest challenges is explaining to potential customers exactly what they do, and exactly how their solutions differ from more mainstream applications such as VoIP. Customers, in turn, fail to demonstrate a good grasp of which technologies unified communications encompasses, except to say that the technology helps maximize efficiencies and minimize cost. Gary Bixby, director of Support Services and Facilities at the School District of Cheltenham Township (PA), says his district deployed unified communications as much for teachers as it did for administrators. "I get 50 to 150 messages a day, and I don't have time to go through them one at a time," he says. "A unified communications system gives me a way to manage all of that more efficiently, both for me and for the people who are trying to contact me." Bixby is one of many technologists who hail unified communications systems for their ability to integrate voice, data, and a variety of other applications that facilitate the communication process. …


In liquid nitrogen insulation, the corona inception voltage is high with barrier in the electrode gap. The breakdown voltage of needle-plane gap has increased with barrier positioned near high voltage needle electrode. The current signal injected due to corona discharge in liquid nitrogen insulation, at the point of its inception and during streamer formation, have rise time, in negative and positive cycle of the AC voltage are about 2.9 ns and 2.5ns respectively and the characteristics has not altered due to barrier insulation. The UHF signal generated by corona discharges, in the liquid nitrogen electrode gap (with/without barrier) have frequency contents between 0.5-1.5 GHz. The magnitude of UHF signal formed due to corona activity (with barrier) on inception and at higher voltages (not at point of near breakdown) shows inverse relationship. Corona discharge followed with breakdown studies analyzed using zero span analysis. Phase resolved partial discharge signatures obtained due to corona discharges indicates that phase window at which corona discharge occurs become narrow with barrier in the electrode gap.


As part of the changing national mood, the spring of this year saw throughout the country a new interest in private schools and in independent education in general. The arrival of President Reagan in Washington gave new national attention and prominence to the view of conservatives that, in the words of Milton Friedman, "Our problem can't be solved by government. Our problem is government."1 In schooling, it was said, the only possible alternative to increasingly poor education is greater choice for parents among different schools and types of schools, and some public support through tuition tax credits or vouchers for private schools is therefore needed. James Q. Wilson, writing at this time of the possibility of the adoption of tuition tax credits, commented that "we still do not know whether it is a workable, or even a sound, idea, but we do know that one cannot seriously discuss public education without considering that idea."2 Because tuition tax credits would make possible parental choice of school, either public or private, a correct and careful understanding of the nature of private education and the operation of nonpublic schools is needed to inform the developing national policy debate. It is noteworthy, therefore, and perhaps even extraordinary, to discover that the first Daedalus issue of two dedicated to consideration of America's schools, public and private, should devote so little attention to the latter. True, in his preface to that volume the Editor wrote that reports about certain private schools would be included in this, the second issue, accompanying additional information about public schools, as an aid to improving "description and analysis" of American education. And there are occasional references to private education in the first volume, particularly in Gerald Grant's essay. But in large measure, schooling is considered to be public schooling. Public education appears to be the principal arena, perhaps the only arena, worthy of careful and sustained review. It is not that the private sector of education is small, so inconsequential as not to be noticed. In 1978, 19,668 elementary and secondary schools were under private control, almost 20 percent of the nation's schools. And 5,078,000 students were taught by 275,000 teachers in these schools, which had total annual expenditures that year of $4.2 billion.