For the duration of multihop portable methods, including adhoc and also indicator / probe sites, the prerequisite for cooperation amongst nodes in order to trade one another's offers shows the crooks to numerous security attacks. A particularly damaging attack is called your wormhole attack, where the harmful node documents command and also data traffic at 1 place and also routes that to the colluding node, which replays that locally. This could have a damaging result about Class Company by simply defending against nodes through obtaining tracks which will are far more than 2 trips away. During this paper, we active a light countermeasure for the wormhole attack, known as LITEWORP, which does not involve specific hardware. LITEWORP is quite suitable for resource-constrained multihop portable sites, including indicator / probe networks. Our own selection permits finding of one's wormhole, with rural location of one's harmful nodes. Simulators ultimate effects demonstrate that pretty much every wormhole is available and also remote in very a quick time period greater than a huge selection of scenarios. The final effects also demonstrate your portion with offers missing consequently of wormhole as soon as LITEWORP is used is negligible than the reduction encountered as soon as the tactic is just not applied.


Although it is generally accepted that music is universal, we can imagine that every culture has a way of describing or talking about its music. The purpose of this article is to examine some aspects peculiar to the musical traditions of the Anioma people of Southern Nigeria from indigenous perceptions of their cultural modalities. The focus is on the perspective of Anioma music that represents the voice as the most important asset of its musical tradition. This is explored through the examination of the functions of a traditional musical instrument that relates most closely with the human voice. The results of this study help to bridge a gap in the knowledge of African musical instruments by bringing to scholarly focus a little-known form of communication.


One hundred years ago, in August of 1914, during the first month of World War I, a group of French soldiers attacked German troops and, for the first time in declared warfare, used grenades containing tear gas.[1][1] Thus began the current era of chemical warfare, accompanied by an accelerated arms


We propose a public legacy program of Spitzer IRAC+MIPS imaging of the ~1 square degree UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey (UDS). The UDS is by far the largest, deep near-infrared (JHK) survey in existence, and the first capable of sampling truly representative cosmological volumes (100x100 Mpc) out to the highest redshifts (z>6). The UDS is an uniquely powerful resource for studying galaxy formation and evolution and already contains ~100,000 galaxies (>20,000 at z>2). However, the key to unlocking the full potential of the UDS lies in combining the ground- based near-infrared data with appropriately deep Spitzer imaging. The proposed Spitzer data will be invaluable for providing robust measurements of both stellar mass and starformation rates, and will allow the first statistical study of the evolution of the high-mass end of the galaxy mass function out to z=6. Moreover, the proposed Spitzer imaging will allow the evolution of starforming and passive galaxies to be studied separately, and help delineate the link between stellar mass assembly and starformation at high redshift. The UDS will continue to provide ever-increasing depth for the next 5 years, and will be the deepest, contiguous degree-scale infrared survey for the foreseeable future. This proposal is ideally timed to allow immediate and full exploitation of the first world-public UDS release in January 2008, but will also provide a uniquely powerful data-set of lasting legacy value for future exploitation with JWST and ALMA in the next decade.


A system-based authority control system was essential to support OCLC's large database and the number and diversity of OCLC's users. The authority control system had to be able to (1) identify nonidentical heading entries in bibliographic records of the same name, geographic place, or subject, and (2) maintain a link from the erroneous form of the heading to the valid form


This invention relates to a nucleic acid construct comprising at least a sequence encoding a regulatory protein of the expression of at least one gene of interest, wherein the activity of said regulatory protein is modulated according to the presence or absence of a pharmacologic agent, and the amount of said regulatory protein produced is a function of the oxygen partial pressure.


This research focused on the modification of deterministic mathematical models for tuberculosis with vaccination. It also aimed to see the effect of giving the vaccine. It was done by adding vaccine compartments to people who were given the vaccine in the susceptible compartment. The population was divided into nine different groups. Those were susceptible individuals (S), vaccine (V), new latently infected (E1), diagnosed latently infected (E2), undiagnosed latently infected (E3), undiagnosed actively infected (l), diagnosed actively infected with prompt treatment (Dr), diagnosed actively infected with delay treatment (Dp), and treated (T). Basic reproduction number was constructed using next-generation matrix. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. The results show that the model comprises two equilibriums: diseasefree equilibrium (T0) and endemic equilibrium (T*). It also shows that there is a relationship between R0 and two equilibriums. Moreover, the disease-free equilibrium point is asymptotically stable local when it is R0 1. Furthermore, the parameters of β, ρ, and γ are the most important parameter.


Summary: A concept for a modular multi sensor platform to collect various measurement data at the interface of air and water is presented in this paper. Besides position tracking and wave height measurement, the drifting buoy allows individual integration of different sensors by its scalable design. A wave energy converter and solar modules provide redundant energy harvesting sources for long time applications. The concept was tested in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Fehmarn, by a first prototype equipped with low-cost temperature and salinity sensor. Drifting behaviour was compared to the CARTHE Drifter.


Chemical composition and secretory nature of the fluid the blood-brain barrier the return of CSF to the blood the drainage mechanism the intracranial or CSF pressure. (Part contents).


for a term of seven years. He would be requested to name the other six members of the Council, who would serve for various terms, from one to six years, as determined by lot. Each year in April, at the time of the annual meeting of the Academy, the six members of the Council having unexpired terms would elect the seventh member for a period of seven years. Thus the Council would become a self-perpetuating body. "Rules and regulations. The Council would formulate its own rules and regulations, which could be revoked by a three-fourths vote of the Board of Governors followed by a three-fourths vote of the total active fellowship of the Academy. "Finances. The work of the Council would be financed by the Advancement Fund of the Academy, and by contributions made directly to the Council for its work. "Publication of findings. The New York Academy of Dentistry would have full ownership of the publication rights of the investigation results of the Research Council, but the Council would have full charge of the editing and actual publication of these findings. The reports of the Council would be published in the Journal of Dental Research."


Investigation of possessive constructions in Southeast Solomonic languages offers additional evidence for the validity of the group and one of its primary subgroups, as argued by Pawley (1972). Evidence for Southeast Solomonic is counterevidence to Blust's (1984) claim that the Cristobal-Malaitan and the Nuclear Micronesian languages form a group. The investigation also reveals a gradual reduction in the number of contrasts originally expressed by three subtypes of indirect possessive constructions in Proto-Oceanic, with complete neutralization of the contrasts in some languages.


An intrusion detection system (100) comprises at least two detectors (101, 102). Each detector (101, 102) is configured to produce a detection output (203, 204). At least one information module is configured to produce metadata (207, 208) that relates to the performance of one or more of the at least two detectors (102, 102). An analysis module (205) is configured to produce a combined alarm signal (206). The combined alarm signal (206) is a function of the plurality of detection outputs (203, 204) from the at least two detectors (101, 102) and the metadata (207, 208). The metadata may include information relating to adverse conditions that reduce detection performance of one or more of the detectors (101, 102). The at least two detectors (101, 102) preferably include at least one video motion detector and a passive infrared detector.


Forage kochia [Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.] has been shown to be nutritious fall and winter forage on western U.S. rangelands; however, its utilization by livestock is not well understood. This study compared relative cattle preferences among forage kochia accessions, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and winterfat (Krascheninnikovia spp.), and how they related to nutritional and morphological characteristics. Relative preference was measured as biomass consumed on experimental plots near Promontory, UT, during September of 2002 and 2003. Preference differences (P < 0.01) were found among forage kochia accessions; however, all were consumed to some level, ranging from 71 to 35% of biomass consumed. Traits highly associated with biomass consumed included pregrazing biomass (r = 0.93), phenological maturity (r = −0.85), branch density (r = 0.80), and leafiness (r = 0.70) suggesting that productive, leafy, less mature plants are preferred by cattle. Crude protein, fiber, and digestibility were moderately associated with cattle preference but were not consistent predictors. Overall, we conclude that forage kochia is a palatable shrub for grazing during the fall, with preference and utilization of some entries being comparable to alfalfa and greater than winterfat. Grazing behavior also suggested that forage kochia growing in a mixture with adapted grasses would enhance livestock utilization.


The biogeography of bryophytes present in Serbia is analysed for the first
 time in this paper. Bryophyte spectra in different regions and units within
 the country are compared with each other, as well as with the Southeast
 European spectrum. The obtained results show similarities and differences in
 comparison with Southeast European bryophyte spectra, reveal certain
 biogeographical peculiarities of Serbia?s bryophytes and indicate regions of
 the country with an under-recorded bryoflora. The biogeographical
 characteristics of bryophytes also suggest a strong overlap with local
 climate types. These results should be taken into consideration when
 preparing a national strategy for conservation and management of bryophyte
 diversity.


With the spread of online platforms, problems such as manned/unmanned food delivery, cargo delivery, raw material delivery, are increasing the importance of logistics day by day. Vehicle routing problem, which is one of the most important problems in the field of logistics, is a combinatorial problem and as the problem space grows, it takes a long time to find a solution with human effort and in most cases it is not even possible. Thus, it becomes essential for the solution of this problem to be autonomous. Although it is possible to solve the problem with classical heuristic optimization methods, it takes a long time and sometimes does not give a good enough solution. Deep reinforcement learning models with attention mechanisms have great potential in this regard. However,in case of insufficient training in large problem space, it is possible to get away from the optimal solution. In this study, better results are taken in an acceptable time by using the deep reinforcement learning models with attention-model and heuristic methods in a hybrid way.


The article describes some operation achievements in restructuring of joint-stock cooperation system in Xinqi foundry plant,positive meaning and also shortcoming it shows,puts forward that joint stock cooperation system is a transitional organization mode under special historic condition,it will lead to limited liability company or stock limited company.Establishment of modern enterprise system is for the sake of enterprise long-term development.


In the light of the problem existed in domestic - made 2850 type classifier in Huxian thermal power station, HD - CB - 2850 type classifier is researched, and applied in No. 5 boiler. Good effect has been reached.


ABSTRACT Hotel chains should understand the effectiveness of the benefits offered by their programs and the influence of customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives of individual hotels because of the high operating costs of loyalty programs and the risk of creating an affinity to the rewards they offer rather than to the brand itself. This study determines the effect of the satisfaction of hotel loyalty program members on the benefits they receive, and the CRM efforts of individual hotels on the quality of their relationship with the brand. The sample was drawn from mainland Chinese customers because of the growing importance of the Chinese tourism market. Results reveal that program benefits have no significant effect on the quality of the relationship of the member with the hotel brand. The communication of the program to its members and the customer orientation of individual hotels are the key determinants of relationship quality.


The paper deals with the application of a Reynolds stress closure model of turbulence to the calculation of wall jets developing on plane and convex curved surfaces. Good results are obtained for the mean flowfield, the growth rate of the jet, and, in particular, the distance between the points of zero shear stress and zero meanvelocity gradient, which increases as the result of the suppression by convex curvature of the turbulence in the inner layer. The turbulence field is less well predicted, although the results are not significantly inferior to those obtained previously for curved-wall boundary layers. Deficiencies are identified in the modeling of turbulent diffusion and energy dissipation rate.


An FHWA report, Bicycle/Pedestrian Trip Generation Workshop: Summary (FHWA-RD-97-141), presents the summary of a workshop that FHWA sponsored in November 1996 in Washington, D.C. The workshop was held as a forum for obtaining input from a group of leading non-motorized transportation modelers on various research methods for promoting walking and bicycling as other modes of transportation. FHWA is committed to increasing the current percentage of trips made by bicycling and walking, and to reduce the number of bicyclists and pedestrians killed or injured in traffic crashes.


The European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress will take place from September 28 to October 2, 2019, in Madrid, Spain, and as every year, the rich and diverse programme will be full of opportunities for ERS Early Career Members (ECMs). Alongside all the outstanding scientific sessions, which are aimed at physicians, physician-researchers and basic researchers in all fields related to pulmonary medicine, the Early Career Member Committee (ECMC) also organises several sessions dedicated to the professional development of ECMs. The #ERSCongress is the largest respiratory conference worldwide. This article points out why
@ERSTalk Early Career Members can especially benefit from attending this huge event and gives upcoming fellowship deadlines. http://ow.ly/3GQ530o8Ezh


At present,there have been major improvements in the cross-Straits relations,and the construction of a framework for peaceful development of cross-Straits relations has been put on the agenda.The "One Country,Two Systems" is the best in the existing options.When making political positioning on Taiwan,we must consider both the territorial integrity and the equality between the two existing governments.For the government structure of Taiwan,we may consider the Large Administrative Area System previously adopted in the Mainland.The relations between the three major parties across the Straits will be "Scalene Triangle" relations.


Based on distributed hash tabie(DHT) technology and simple uniformly-random neighbor selection stealegy,this paper explored the design space using the simple uniformly-random neighbor selection strategy,and proposed the RCLOUD network.The RCLOUD was the could network based some P2P ideas that was the first of its kind to resolve requests in d hops with a chosen probability of 1-c,where c and d were constants.A major advantage of it was that the neighbor information maintenance overhead was low when nodes join or leave.The simulation results show that compared with the traditional Chord algorithm a note increases(or dexreases) its number of random neighbors only when the total number of noded(N) doubles(or halves) wiithout sacificing the performance.Note that the location of particular neighbor is independent of N.It can resolve reqests in d hops with a chosen high probability.


The electrical properties and interfacial reactions of Pt/Ru Schottky contacts on n‐type gallium nitride (GaN) have been investigated as a function of annealing temperature. The calculated Schottky barrier height (SBH) of the as‐deposited Pt/Ru Schottky contact is found to be 0.69 eV current–voltage (I–V) and 0.76 eV capacitance–voltage (C–V). Experimental results showed that the SBHs are increased on increasing the annealing temperature. When the contact is annealed at 600 °C, a maximum barrier height is obtained and the corresponding values are 0.87 eV (I–V) and 0.99 eV (C–V). The Norde method was also employed to extract the barrier height of Pt/Ru Schottky contacts and the values are 0.70 and 0.86 eV for the samples as‐deposited and annealed at 600 °C, which are in good agreement with those obtained from the I–V measurement. Shifts of the surface Fermi level are measured with the change in position of the Ga 2p core level peak. Based on the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies, the formation of gallide phases at the Ru/Pt/n‐GaN interface could be the reason for the increase in SBH at elevated temperatures. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed that the surface morphology of the Pt/Ru Schottky contact did not change significantly even after annealing at 600 °C. These results point out that a Pt/Ru Schottky contact may be a suitable candidate for the fabrication of GaN‐based high‐temperature device applications.


An inversion technique is presented for the local poloidal and toroidal rotation velocities and for the ion temperature from line integrated measurements performed on Tokamak de Varennes (TdeV) [R. Decoste and TdeV Team, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Seville, 1994 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1995) IAEA-CN-60/A4-11]. The velocity is obtained using two matrix inversions; the first for the emissivity and the second with the velocity weighted emissivity. The temperature is obtained with three matrix inversions: emissivity, temperature weighted emissivity and rotation velocity squared. The effect of the rotation velocity represents up to 16% in the ion temperature for TdeV plasmas. The local values obtained using the lengths matrix with the magnetic flux lines from the equilibrium code are compared with those obtained by a standard Abel inversion with circular flux lines. Differences up to 20% are observed between the...


Vision guided mobile robot navigation is complex and requires analysis of tremendous amounts of information in real time. In order to simplify the task and reduce the amount of information, human preattentive mechanism can be adapted [Nag90]. During the preattentive search the scene is analyzed rapidly but in sufficient detail for the attention to be focused on the `area of interest.' The `area of interest' can further be scrutinized in more detail for recognition purposes. This `area of interest' can be a text message to facilitate navigation. Gabor filters and an automated turning mechanism are used to isolate the `area of interest.' These regions are subsequently processed with optimal spatial resolution for perception tasks. This method has clear advantages over the global operators in that, after an initial search, it scans each region of interest with optimum resolution. This reduces the volume of information for recognition stages and ensures that no region is over or under estimated.


We investigate experimentally how explicit performance incentives in incomplete employment contracts interact with agents' voluntary cooperation in one-shot and repeated gift-exchange experiments. If contracts are incentive compatible, agents choose their bestreply effort and there is no voluntary cooperation. By contrast, there is substantial voluntary cooperation if the contract is not incentive compatible. Experiencing incentive contracts reduces voluntary cooperation even after incentives are abolished. We then examine the robustness of these findings with regard to two variables: Experience with voluntary cooperation and the possibility of implicit incentives in repeated interactions. We find that incentive contracts have no lasting negative effects on voluntary cooperation if agents experience voluntary cooperation before being exposed to incentive contracts or if there are implicit incentives in repeated interactions. Implicit incentives increase voluntary cooperation strongly and make explicit incentives unnecessary or even counterproductive.


A thin and heavily-boron-doped SiGe:C base was selectively grown by low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD). To achieve high-speed performance, we performed carbon doping in the base region and studied as-grown intrinsic base width scaled-down toward a thickness of 1 nm with high SiGe-epi process stability and high transistor yield. We achieved f/sub T//f/sub MAX/ of 170/204 GHz maximum clock frequency of 16:1 MUX in this HBT.


ed and yet still spectrally present in each and every commodity. Keenan argues that the exchangeability of the commodity is fundamentally a catachrestic process because it ultimately entails that the sphere of the human exchanges for nothing in return. Keenan, "Reading Capital, Rhetorically," 181. 19. It is this pivotal function of form that enables Marx to begin Capital from the analysis of the commodity form; that is, with the confidence that the entire structure


This paper analyzes the failure reasons for leakage relay acting,the feeding breaker not being triggered,and provides the methods of solving the problems


A new method for directional synthetic aperture flow imaging using a dual stage beamformer approach is presented. The velocity estimation is angle independent and the amount of calculations is reduced compared to full synthetic aperture, but still maintains all the advantages at the same time. The new method has been studied using the Field II simulations and experimental flow rig measurements. A linear array transducer with 7 MHz center frequency is used, and 64 elements are active to transmit and receive signals. The data is processed in two stages. The first stage has a fixed focus point. In the second stage, focal points are considered as virtual sources and data is beamformed along the flow direction. Then the velocities are estimated by finding the spatial shift between two signals. In the experimental measurements the angle between the transmit beam and flow vessel was 70° and a laminar flow with a parabolic profile was generated by a flow rig. The flow with a peak velocity of 0.1 m/s was sampled at a pulse repetition frequency of 4 kHz. The signals were transmitted and received by the experimental scanner SARUS (Synthetic Aperture Real-time Ultrasound System). A relative standard deviation of 2.3% and bias of 6.4% at 65° were achieved in the simulations, and 4.3% and 4.2% for the experimental measurements. A color flow map image was made in 48 emissions corresponding to a frame rate of 83 frames/s.


We perform a canonical quantization of gravity in a second-order formulation, taking as configuration variables those describing a 4-bein, not adapted to the spacetime splitting. We outline how, if we either fix the Lorentz frame before quantizing or perform no gauge fixing at all, the invariance under boost transformations is affected by the quantization.


Measurement of the time-response of the excited-state concentration of manganese and neodymium has confirmed our previous hypothesis of fast energy transfer betwen donors and acceptors in fluoride glasses


Objective To compare the outcomes of surgery for upper or mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma by abdominal and right chest approaches.Methods The outcomes of surgery were compared among 82 cases with two-incision via right chest(group A),65 cases with two-incision via left chest(group B) and 106 cases with three-incision via right chest(group C).Results There were no significant differences in the resection rate,the positive surgical margins rate,the mortality and the 5-year survival rate among three groups.The number of lymph nodes resected was more in group C than that in groups of A or B[(13.8±5.5) pieces vs.(9.8±4.5) pieces or(10.3±4.1) pieces](P0.01).The incedence rate of complication was lower in group A than that in group C(37.8% vs.44.8%)(P0.01).The anastomotic leakage rate was lower in group A than that in groups of B and C(2.4% vs.10.8% and 10.3%)(P0.01).Conclusion Two-incision via right chest is suitable for the surgery in patients with upper or mid-thoracic esophageal carcinoma.


We develop the theory of optimal control for a system of integrodifference equations modelling a pest-pathogen system. Integrodifference equations incorporate continuous space into a system of discrete time equations. We design an objective functional to minimize the damaged cost generated by an invasive species and the cost of controlling the population with a pathogen. Existence, characterization, and uniqueness results for the optimal control and corresponding states have been completed. We use a forward-backward sweep numerical method to implement our optimization which produces spatio-temporal control strategies for the gypsy moth case study.


Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common sexual complaint among men, but its etiology is poorly understood. Previous studies on the dual control model of sexuality has revealed that propensities for sexual excitation and inhibition can contribute to sexual dysfunctions, but few studies have included a measure of premature ejaculation. We sought to explore whether PE is associated with sexual excitation or inhibition. We applied structural equation models to data from a large population-based sample of Finnish adult men. The analyses supported a four-factor solution for the sexual inhibition/sexual excitation short-form scale. The clearest result was that increased symptoms of PE were associated with a greater propensity for sexual excitation (β = 151, p < 001, n = 2953). Importantly, this excitation was intrapersonal, as opposed to stemming from social activities. The results imply that men with PE may have stronger and more rapid reactions to sexual stimuli, which in turn may lead to ejaculating earlier than desired.


Digital image correlation (DIC) is widely used in material experiments such as ores; the quality of a speckle image directly affects the accuracy of the DIC calculation. This study aims to acquire high-quality speckle pattern images and improve the calculation accuracy and stability. A gradient-based image quality metric was selected to evaluate the image quality, and its validity was verified by a rigid body experiment and a numerical experiment. Based on the maximum image quality metric, an automatic exposure control algorithm and the control procedure were proposed to obtain the optimal exposure time. Finally, nine sets of images with different poses and illuminations were captured, and displacement and strain fields were calculated at the fixed exposure time and the optimized exposure time. The results of the rigid-body motion experiment show that the calculated data at the optimized exposure time is smoother and less noisy, and the error is smaller, which verifies the effectiveness of the exposure control procedure and its algorithm and improves the accuracy and stability of DIC calculation.


We explore how new institutions can rapidly emerge when there are no common pre-existing institutions in place. Refugee camps - where refugees from different backgrounds can quickly develop institu...


It remained for Hay wood, the Conference organizer and editor of the proceedings, to summarize the volume. He performs this unenviable task with aplomb—the thoughtful and coherent organization reflected in the development of the Conference is again evident in the final summary. Carl Haywood, the Conference participants, NIMH, and Peabody College are to be congratulated for contributing significantly to our knowledge of sociocultural aspects of mental retardation through the publication of the Conference proceedings. The reviewer has already adopted the text for use with a doctoral level seminar on Mental Retardation and recommends its use for similar courses. The "Peabody tradition" first established by Nicholas Hobbs is certainly enhanced by the publication of this volume which portends a continued prominence for the "little giant" of the field of Mental Retardation.


This paper presents the design and evaluation of non-visual multimodal interaction techniques for collecting and storing a sequence of information. This task is representative of multiple contexts including the transmission of an itinerary represented as a sequence of pair direction-distance. Among twenty techniques we had designed, four have been evaluated with users. The results of this study establish the interest of two techniques in terms of perception, memorization and recall of information and a third one appears to be more resistant to interference task.


Since Russia was independent,ruble exchange rate and foreign exchange policy have become changable irregularly.Especially the economic crisis in the 1990s lead foreign trade income to drop sharply. It is necessary for Russia to stablize ruble rate, make a reliable foreign exchange policy and rightly recognize the position of rubles,the US dollars and Euros in Russian economy. In the course of the world economic globalization,ruble should have effect on the world economy and make Russia enter the WTO as soon as possible.


This is a multi-output DC power supply based on the high frequency and high voltage AC bus, for the high switching frequency up to 200kHz, the design of the transformer and inductor becomes much easier and the choosing for the capacitor is easy too. The input isde is a PFC circuit with 400V DC voltage, with a full-bridge MOSFET inverter circuit, at the fixed-frequency PWM generating circuit and IR2110 driving circuit, the input DC voltage is changed to high frequency AC voltage, by only one resonant inductor, the MOSFET can achieve the zero voltage turn-on, this greatly decreases the switching lose and the switching noise. The output is a current doubler rectifier circuit to improve the usage of the primary side voltage and to output low voltage and large current, considering the usage of Schottky diode, therefor the diode lose is acceptable, and also avoiding the difficulty in the circuit organization and driving circuit in the synchronous rectifier circuit.


As brackish water ecotone indicators, oyster reefs are potentially useful for the reconstruction of sea level curves and for determining anthropogenic effects on water quality. Their acute sensitivity to change in water quality also makes them strong indicator species for the assessment of estuarine ecosystem health. For oyster reefs to fulfill this potential, the magnitude of time averaging must be relatively short. If oyster reefs accumulate shell material over long periods of time, their presence might misrepresent the position of sea level or the timing of environmental change. For example, if reefs persist at the sediment-water interface after the brackish water ecotone has transgressed beyond the reef's position, then their location may have little relevance for sea level tracking or current conditions of environmental health. I therefore examined the relationship between taphonomic grade (state of shell preservation), absolute age of dead oyster shells, and the magnitude of time averaging on modern oyster reefs, a previously taphonomically unstudied ecosystem along the Southwest Florida coast.


ABSTRACT The historical review of South African families reveals that the family has undergone significant transformations, resulting in a mosaic of family formations that have had an impact on family functions. Notwithstanding the importance of the family being one of the fundamental social units, however, there is limited data on how these families function in South Africa. This article analyses the change in family structures and community members' perspectives about how these structures and living arrangements of members contribute to family functioning and wellbeing of members, with a specific focus on Mpumalanga, South Africa. Literature searches, quantitative analyses of the 2002 and 2009 General Household Survey, and qualitative analysis obtained through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were used. The results confirmed that there is a disaggregation of families with young adults being heads of smaller families, while ageing parents are in charge of large multi-generational families. The role of the extended family has been diminished, and new forms of support such as churches and neighbours' networks have become more important. The critical role of inter-generational care was confirmed and also the disjuncture between generations attributed to erosion of family norms and values. The results of the study emphasised the importance of attending to a simultaneous and comprehensive family policy that addresses psychosocial and material support, when assessing family wellbeing.


Alongside his poetry, Bernard Noel develops a work in prose that raises questions at a cognitive level, in particular concerning visual perception. The exploration of technological devices (the photographic camera) and the staging of the creative act (the scene of the working painter) is where the pertinence of the poet's intuitions and reflections come into contrast under the spotlight of current cognitive sciences. The transition from the optical to the mental is part of an embodied and gestural understanding of cognition that also points to the emergence of language. His poetry should, therefore, be understood as the final stretch of this process.


Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) system sends messages over unencrypted wireless channels without any information integrity protection measures, and its messages are at risk of interception and tampering, which can easily lead to impersonation and forgery attacks. At present, although the ADS-B data anomaly detection model based on machine learning has excellent performance in predicting normal samples, the machine learning model may face different degrees of risk in each stage of its life cycle due to the existence of a large number of attackers in real scenes. To build secure and reliable machine learning systems, exploit potential vulnerabilities. Aiming at the ADS-B abnormal data detection model based on machine learning, this paper studies a construction method of poisoning data with strong applicability and establishes attack model. By injecting malicious data generated by the Generative adversarial network into the machine learning model, the performance of the trained model deteriorates and data misclassification occurs. Experimental results show that the malicious ADS-B data generation method proposed in this paper achieves good results, which lays a foundation for optimizing system defense technology and guaranteeing ADS-B security.


The nexus of the conceptual domains of cognitive mapping and social ecology offers a constructive methodology for examining some aspects of Young Adult fiction, and in this article I explore what I see as the possibilities of this conjunction. On the one hand, social ecology (also referred to as ecocultural theory or the bioecological model) impacts upon representations of subjectivity within YA fiction, and on the other, the literal and metaphorical interpretations of space and place enabled by cognitive mapping function as a framework to structure discussion of the relationship between ecology and subjectivity. Because mapping is an activity performed both by characters within the text and through narrator–narratee transactions, it has a narrative function that mediates the core social ecology foci of proximal processes, characterisation, ecocultural orientation and the experience of temporality. Taking examples from Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book, David Almond's The Fire-Eaters and John Green's Paper...


In the research the Rise of School Readiness Level programme for children by means of kinesiological exercises «Movements-assistants» is presented. The main task of the programme implementation in the preschool institutions is the realization of the interhemispheric coordination of the brain, which is possible thanks to the relations between the left and right hemispheres and opens for the child the way to master the learning programmes and actions efficiently.


Maternal genes and fetal genes from the mother or father may trigger pre-eclampsia across generations. The heritable aspects of pre-eclampsia are complex. The first pattern identified was the tendency for the risk of pre-eclampsia to be passed from mother to daughter. Recent studies have found an increased risk that it could also be transmitted through the.


Abstract This paper presents high-resolution passive microwave measurements obtained in the western Pacific warm pool region. These measurements represent the most comprehensive such observations of convection over the tropical oceans to date, and were obtained from the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) aboard the NASA ER-2 during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. The AMPR measures linearly polarized radiation at 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHZ. Nadir brightness temperature scatterplots suggest that the three lower frequencies respond primarily to emission/absorption processes. Strong ice scattering is relatively rare, as absolute magnitudes of the ice-scattering signature do not approach those measured in strong convection over land. This is apparently related to the reported weaker updraft velocities over tropical oceans, which would create and suspend relatively smaller graupel or hail particles in the upper cloud. Observations withi...


In the period of socio-economic transformation of the study of regional peculiarities of understanding personal and professional wellbeing of teachers in the North and Arctic territories of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are particularly pertinent given with the increase of dissatisfaction with the social and economic situation of young teachers, a reluctance to carry out their professional activities in remote territorial units of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In modern conditions the welfare of an individual depends not only on the environment, material security, and mental and physical health, but also on the subjective understanding of the professional and personal welfare of teachers. Analysis of domestic and foreign scientific research allows us to note that among some of the main methodological issues of research of a phenomenon well-being is the issue of the understanding of the professional and personal well-being. However, it should be noted that the problem of psychological and pedagogical support of professional and personal well-being is complex and not well understood. Thus, the study of qualitative changes in the Outlook and attitude of teachers in the North and the Arctic gives you a holistic awareness of the impact on human reality transformation processes, and identifying qualitative changes in the personality, allowing to go deeper into issues of professional personal growth in the conditions of modernization of education, contributes effectively to determine strategic goals for professional and personal development pedagogical in terms of additional professional development.


The body part ownership is elicited in 23 s, and the full-body illusion is produced in 5 s. Our previous study has shown that synchronized hands and feet movements produce the full-body illusion at an empty space between the hands and feet in 5 min at most, but the exact onset time is still unclear. This study investigated the optimal learning method and learning time for the invisible body illusion by measuring the onset time of the illusion in active movement and static observation. As a result, the illusion was produced after 6.93 s of synchronized movement or 4.67 s of static observation. These results suggest that both active movement and static observation are effective for the invisible body illusion.


This study aims to analyze the influence of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty which is moderated by customer trust. This study is a quantitative study, which uses data collection techniques through questionnaires with 1-5 likert scale. The study population is all of customers at Starbucks®, while the sample in this study amounted to 100 respondences based on criteria. This study uses a Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Based on the result of the study, the first model show that the customer satisfaction variables positively and significantly affect on customer loyalty. Then in the second model shows that customer trust has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. In the third model shows that customer loyalty is not a moderating variable for the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.
Keyword: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty and Customer Trust.


Photometry and Polarization in Remote Sensing is a textbook that purports to offer quantitative approaches to theory and applications of remote sensing in the 0.185–12-μm wavelength range. Many researchers utilize remote sensing to conduct at least part of their research, including workers in such diverse areas as astronomy, oceanography, meteorology, ecology, hydrology, and geology. As a consequence, an extensive but dispersed literature exists, mostly written over the past decade. A text that begins with theoretical approaches and covers modern examples of research using remote sensing data would be most welcome.


This chapter develops a relational sociological account of the interplay of networks of social relationships with wider culture around the notions of role and institution. Roles mediate between the structure of social networks and institutionalized cultural patterns: On the one hand, they can emerge in small-scale network contexts and crystallize as long as the network structure persists. On the other hand, communication draws on institutionalized models to reduce its complexity and uncertainty. Relational institutions thereby imprint social networks by role categories. Such relational institutions include cultural models for actorhood, for social relationships ("relationship frames"), and for patterns of relationships. The chapter combines the general perspective of relational sociology with arguments from social network research, role theory, philosophical anthropology, and neo-institutionalism.


Decision procedures are algorithms that can determine validity or satisfiability of first-order formulas in a given decidable theory. They can efficiently discharge a large number of formulas in specific theories without any user guidance. Therefore they are at the heart of virtually every verification system, reasoning about the system behaviors, proving their safety or finding situations that could lead to bugs.
This thesis offers novel solutions to an important class of decision problems, the mixed constraints on data structures and their quantitative properties. It includes three major contributions.
(1) Decision Procedures for Term Algebras with Integer Arithmetic. Term Algebras can model a variety of tree-like data types such as records, lists, stacks, etc., which are essential constructs in programming languages. We developed the basic reduction technique, namely, extraction of accurate integer constraints from data constraints. From the construction of accurate integer constraints that precisely characterize data constraints, we can derive decision procedures for combined constraints by utilizing decision procedures for data structures and decision procedures for integer arithmetic.
(2) Decision Procedures for Queues with Integer Arithmetic. Queue is a typical data type of linear structure and is widely used in programming languages and forms the basis for many concurrent algorithms and communication protocols. As a queue can grow at both ends, it does not fall in the category of recursive data structures, which can be modeled as term algebras. For this reason, we have further improved the reduction technique and developed new normalization procedures to handle the distinguished properties of queues.
(3) Decision Procedures for Knuth-Bendix Order. Using quantifier elimination and the reduction technique developed for solving the combined constraints of term algebras and integer arithmetic, we proved the decidability of the first-order theory of Knuth-Bendix Order, thereby solving a long-standing open problem in term rewriting (officially listed as RTA open problem 99 since 2000). Knuth-Bendix order is widely used in term rewriting and theorem proving, along with lexicographic path order. Unfortunately, the first-order theory of lexicographic path order is undecidable. Therefore, our result on the decidability of Knuth-Bendix order may greatly benefit future algorithm design in term rewriting and theorem proving.


In this paper we propose a deep learning architecture to make the best use of global and local information for pixel-wise semantic segmentation. The architecture of three-skips CNN is built with convolutional layers in VGG16 network and its mirrored convolutional layers. Our architecture aims to road scene understanding. In order to save memory and computational time, we use unpooling layers to map low resolution feature maps to the input resolution. We introduce three skip architectures which combine local information and global information to produce accurate and detailed segmentations. Besides, we present the median balance method to deal with class unbalance problem in road scene datasets. Thorough evaluations on CamVid dataset demonstrate our approach has state-of-the-art performance and less computational time.


Let V be a convex vector bundle over a smooth projective manifold X, and let Y be the subset of X which is the zero locus of a regular section of V. This mostly expository paper discusses a conjecture which relates the virtual fundamental classes of X and Y. Using an argument due to Gathmann, we prove a special case of the conjecture. The paper concludes with a discussion of how our conjecture relates to the mirror theorems in the literature.


Manasika Vega is the intensification of Dharaniya Vega – Kama , Krodha, Lobha , Mada, Matsarya , etc. This happens due to the intensification of Raga and Dvesha , which is triggered by the vitiation of Rajas and Tamas due to Asatmyaendriyartha Samyoga , Prajnaparadh a and Parinama . When Raga and Dvesha get intensified, it leads to strengthening of desires, which in turn leads to a series of associated emotions of anger, fear, greed, delusion, etc. Scriptures identify Manasika Vega as a disease in themselves because they affect the functioning and health of the mind when left unchecked and divert the mind from the purpose of life – which is the pursuit of the fourfold goals of Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha . As a result, they cause an imbalance in the three legs of life – body, mind and soul, leading to physiological diseases, psychological diseases and Vasanas , that are the impressions from previous births which affects health as well. Therefore, Ayurvedic and Allied Scriptures recommend addressing the root cause, controlling the senses, cleaning the mind and the intellect through lifestyle modification, diet and psycho spiritual practices. These practices are listed in several different scriptures at philosophical and practical levels and need regular practice to have an effect. With regular practice aimed at restoring Sattva , the third Guna that is considered the purest, Rajas and Tamas can be destroyed, leading to detachment to sensorial pleasures and a steady, well-regulated and healthy mind.


phase of a three-phase study to test candidate variables for future visitor impact monitoring programs at seven important coastal areas managed by the NPS (Table 1). This project is under the auspices of the larger biophysical monitoring effort of the Coastal and Barrier Island Network. We initiated this project with the overall objectives of (1) determining which of the coastal NPS units require visitor impact monitoring programs; (2) developing a clear conceptual model of visitor threats to resources, related vital signs, and relevant indicators of resource condition; and (3) developing and testing accurate monitoring and sampling protocols of the indicators of the visitor-affected resources. Specifically, this paper reports on the results of the initial phase of the study, consisting of site visits to each of the coastal areas and in-depth manager interviews. We had several objectives for this phase of the study. First was to determine which visitor-caused impacts were of concern to managers, and the general magnitude and location of these impacts. Second was to determine a suite of possible indicators to monitor visitor impacts in these environments. And last, we investigated the commonalities of the impact concerns so future protocols could be applied consistently across all network areas. Future phases of this study will develop and field-test specific monitoring protocols.


Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) is the organizer of nuclear matrix domains, PML nuclear bodies (NBs), with a proposed role in apoptosis control. In acute promyelocytic leukemia, PML/retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α expression disrupts NBs, but therapies such as retinoic acid or arsenic trioxide (As2O3) restore them. PML is conjugated by the ubiquitin-related peptide SUMO-1, a process enhanced by As2O3 and proposed to target PML to the nuclear matrix. We demonstrate that As2O3 triggers the proteasome-dependent degradation of PML and PML/RARα and that this process requires a specific sumolation site in PML, K160. PML sumolation is dispensable for its As2O3-induced matrix targeting and formation of primary nuclear aggregates, but is required for the formation of secondary shell-like NBs. Interestingly, only these mature NBs harbor 11S proteasome components, which are further recruited upon As2O3 exposure. Proteasome recruitment by sumolated PML only likely accounts for the failure of PML-K160R to be degraded. Therefore, studying the basis of As2O3-induced PML/RARα degradation we show that PML sumolation directly or indirectly promotes its catabolism, suggesting that mature NBs could be sites of intranuclear proteolysis and opening new insights into NB alterations found in viral infections or transformation.


The project objective is to develop improved generalized predictive models to be used for investigation of reservoir formation damage and control for various fluid and rock conditions and to account for these effects in reservoir simulation. To accomplish its objective the proposed study will first critically study and evaluate the previous modeling efforts and the experimental studies reported in the literature. Then, generalized predictive models will be formulated by combining the previous attempts and by improving and generalizing the modeling approaches to accommodate for a wide variety of conditions encountered in actual field applications. A critical review of the previous work addressing their theoretical basis, assumptions and limitations, and the generalized and improved model developed in this study will be presented in a systematic manner in terms of a standardized definition and nomenclature for direct comparison. Case studies with the generalized model will be presented to demonstrate its capacity and validity. User friendly computer programs implementing the improved modeling approaches will also be supplied. This study will form an assessment of the presently available models and methods for evaluating and predicting formation damage and present improved models. Therefore, it will be an important reference for the petroleum industry. 1 tab.


As a modeltodescribe the relations between concepts,ontology could solve problems about the share and reuse of knowledge.In recent years,ontology is widely concerned and extensively applied in many fields of computer science,suchas digital library,software reuse,the process of isomerous information in web,and the semantic web,etc.The definition,sort and composing of ontology are presented.The step on how to build ontology is introduced.The process of developing ontology is explained in detail with an example.At last the structure chart of ontology is given.


We propose a swarm control algorithm for unmanned vehicles that adapts to unexpected environments while making the optimal formation. Our proposed algorithm, "autonomous and adaptive control", is inspired by the control mechanism of living organisms and reconciles adaptability under a complex and changing environment and optimality for the various purposes of the system. In this paper, we apply the proposed algorithm to a surveillance system using multiple unmanned undersea vehicles that will be used in realistic operations. We made computational simulations of the surveillance system considering a real and complex seabed topography, sound speed profiles, and ocean current. We confirmed that the algorithm can work effectively in a complex and unexpected environment. The result show that the algorithm is can be used effectively in unexpected open-air conditions as well as in specific in-house conditions.


Leadership has been highlighted as an important factor in achieving successful projects in a number of studies. This paper reviews leadership theories and compares their explanations with the empirical findings of research studies in the field of leadership particularly in the construction industry. Situational factors pertinent to the construction managers are presented incorporated with the findings of two case studies.


Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are described as detrimental factors to sow and boar fertility. In comparison, literature reports on the impact of modified forms of DON and ZEN, such as de-epoxy-DON (DOM-1) and hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN), on swine reproduction are scarce. The aim of our study was to compare the effects of DON, DOM-1, ZEN and HZEN on boar semen in vitro. To this end, pooled boar semen ejaculates from two adult boars were treated with either 50.6 μM DON, 62.8 μM ZEN or equimolar concentrations of DOM-1 and HZEN, respectively (dilution volume of v/v 0.7% DMSO in all cases). Effects on semen motility, morphology, viability, hypo-osmotic swelling test reaction and DNA integrity were investigated hourly up to four hours of incubation. DON negatively affected particular parameters evaluated with a computer-assisted sperm analysis system (CASA), such as immotile spermatozoa and progressive motile spermatozoa, whereas those effects were absent in the case of DOM-1 treatment. In contrast to HZEN, ZEN affected almost all CASA parameters. Furthermore, only ZEN decreased the proportion of viable spermatozoa and increased the proportion of spermatozoa with abnormalities. In conclusion, DON and ZEN negatively affected boar semen in vitro, whereas equimolar concentrations of DOM-1 and HZEN did not induce harmful effects.


Sir: I write regarding the two articles on Community Treatment Orders by Moncrieff & Smyth and Burns ( Psychiatric Bulletin , November 1999, 23 , 644-646 and 647-648).

My concern is that occasionally a patient who stops his or her antipsychotic medication, against advice, remains well for some


In this work a statistical model is developed by deriving the probability density function (pdf) of bubble coalescence on boiling surface to describe the distribution of vapor bubble radius. Combining this bubble coalescence model with other existing models in the literature that describe the dynamics of bubble motion and the mechanisms of heat transfer, the surface heat flux in subcooled nucleate boiling can be calculated. By decomposing the surface heat flux into various components due to different heat transfer mechanisms, including forced convection, transient conduction, and evaporation, the effect of the bubble motion is identified and quantified. Predictions of the surface heat flux are validated with R134a data measured in boiling experiments and water data available in the literature, with an overall good agreement observed. Results indicate that there exists a limit of surface heat flux due to the increased bubble coalescence and the reduced vapor bubble lift-off radius as the wall temperature increased. Further investigation confirms the consistency between this limit value and the experimentally measured critical heat flux (CHF), suggesting that a unified mechanistic modeling to predict both the surface heat flux and CHF is possible. In view of the success of this statistical modeling, the authors tend to propose the utilization of probabilistic formulation and stochastic analysis in future modeling attempts on subcooled nucleate boiling.


To make the muzzle velocity of 1 kg projectile shot by a conventional cannon be above 2 000 m/s,a shooting technology with two floating tandem chambers is proposed.The operational principle and the four different stages of the shooting technology are analysed.This paper gives the interior ballistics equations of the various stages,solves the changing laws of projectile's moving and the in-bore pressure distribution by applying the technique,for example,the law of press-time and the law of velocity-time.Several major factors influencing the muzzle velocity of projectiles are analysed,concerning the powder variety and weight of first chamber and second chamber,the diaphragm rupture pressure of two floating tandem chambers and the projectile shot-start pressure.It is concluded that the maximal muzzle velocity of projectiles can reach 2 547 m/s when the second chamber has 1.2 kg 5/7 powder,the diaphragm rupture pressure of two floating tandem chambers is 100 MPa and the projectile shot-start pressure is 180 MPa.


In the article actual questions of development of control-supervision authorities and improvement of different spheres of activity of the Bank of Russia are considered. At present the need in improvement of the normative acts, defining the legal position of the Central Bank of Russian Federation is imminent.


by analysis and research on excellent woman-basketball players′ height, weight and age, authors point out there are features and regulations in body index. On these body index of WCBA excellent basketball players′ are superior to WCUBA players′, especially in age and weight. These differences should be considered the main reason ,improve WCUBA woman basketball teams' level.


The percent conversion of sulfur, nitrogen, vanadium, nickel, aromatics, and CCR (Conradson carbon residue) has been analyzed as a function of residuum conversion for five series of reactions carried out in a batch reactor under nitrogen, hydrogen, or hydrogen in the presence of a residuum hydrotreating catalyst, over residuum conversions ranging from 38 to 86%. Sulfur, nitrogen, and CCR conversions could be divided into three categories, up to 50% residuum conversion, 50-70% residuum conversion, and greater than 70% residuum conversion. Sulfur conversion in the first category was from the distillable liquids and resulted from a combination of thermal, hydrogenation, and hydrogen atom addition reactions. Nitrogen removal in the first category was due to incorporation of nitrogen into reactor solids in the early stages of the reaction and was therefore suppressed by hydrogen in the absence of a catalyst.


Harada, 2007 JPGU showed that the paleomagnetic data of the Hawaii hotspot track by Turduno et al.,2003 is explainable by a true polar wander path model calculated from the Pacific paleomagnetic skewness data and the absolute motion of the Pacific plate. That is, the paleomagnetic data of the Hawaii hotspot is not proper evidence for inter-hotspot motions. We did similar analysis for the new paleomagnetic data sets of Louisville hotspot (Koppers et al., 2012). Paleolatitudinal change of Site U1377 (50Ma), U1376 (64.1Ma), U1373 (69.5Ma), and Site U1372 (74.2Ma) is decreasing about 5 to 10 degrees, and that is in harmony with the theoretical paleolatitudinal change by the same true polar wander path model calculated from the Pacific plate data (figure below). The true polar wander path model calculated from the Pacific data is also in harmony with the true polar wander path calculated from paleomagnetic data around the African plate and the absolute motion of the African plate, therefore the new true polar wander model can be regarded as a motion of the paleomagnetic pole relative to the global hotspot reference frame. We conclude that the paleolatitude data of hotspots above are explainable by true polar wander and are no longer evidence for hotspot drift if any.


Abstract This editorial introduces the eight articles in the special issue on 'Beer, brewing and business history'. Following the BEERONOMICS conference held at the University of York, 2013, and the subsequent approval of the editorial board of Business History, we received many submissions discussing beer, brewing, and their importance to business history (broadly defined). In this editorial we provide a brief overview of the historical development of beer and brewing; explain the appeal to business historians of the principal themes which have emerged in the historiography of this industry, and provide a short introduction to the articles accepted for publication in this special issue.


Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) simulation plays an important role in distributed energy resource (DER) systems design, analysis and development. These DER-based systems utilize interfacing power electronic converter units with primary controllers, connected to the distribution network. Before commissioning these DER units, the performance of each of the converters and control system needs validation both independently as well as in microgrid scenario. In such a situation, Controller HIL based simulation and analysis enables validation of control without need for actual plant hardware development. In addition, this approach accelerates system development time, and also enable ease of portability of the developed control algorithms from testing to implementation phase. In this work, a digital-signal-processor based CHIL test-bed for solar-storage integration has been presented using Typhoon 402 HIL Platform. The design of the power electronic system, interface to digital controller, and its performance has been shown with respect to case studies.


The high-temperature resistance compression material of lightweight porous ceramics and fiber joining is becoming a kind of promising seal parts in high-temperature industries and aerospace field. A combination of the lightweight mullite matrix porous ceramics and the elastic 3-D silica woven fibre, a novel joining material was studied. The low cost fly ash cenosphere as raw materials, mullite porous ceramics with density 0.92 g/cm3, and the thermal conductivity 0.13 w/m.K, were prepared. Using microwave selective heating properties, designing the interlayer composition, the bonding materials were attained by microwave sintering. The flexural strength of joint materials was about 23 MPa, which was higher than porous ceramics matrix.


Have you ever wondered about how children grow? How children think? Learn? See? Feel? Or how children will change from one age to the next? Research with young children is intended to help us learn about their abilities and develop ment. Conducting research, how ever, can be a complicated process, fraught with (mis)understandings and (mis)interpretations. Relation ships between researchers and their research participants (aka subjects) take many forms, varying from the traditional, in which researchers position themselves as expert inquir ers into the experiences of others, to research relationships, in which the researcher and participants are seen as collaborators in the research pro cess, co-constructing understand ing. Variations on these models are used across early child development research, even though questions have been asked about researchers' ability to truly understand the mind of the child or about the feasibility of true collaboration with children in the research process. When the "researched" are chil dren, several complicated issues arise. First, the notions about child hood that we bring from our own experiences as children can project particular understandings onto our interpretations of children's experi ences (Jipson, 2000). For example, individuals who grew up in a rural community, where the entire fam ilyparticipatedin "doing the chores" and the work day ended only when the barn and field work was completed, may possess the intuitive belief is that everyone should inher ently understand the importance of "pitching in" and persisting at a task until it is completed. Do people develop the same understanding if they grow up in the cities and sub urbs, where much paid work takes place in high-rise buildings far from the homes and where children may spend most of their days with other children in schools or child care? As researchers, does our own back ground determine whether we in terpret a child's wandering from activity to activity, for example, as "developmentally appropriate," or as irresponsible, or as an "attention deficit"? And whatabouttheyoung child who persists at a task for long periods of time-is he or she "fo cused," "obsessed," or the holder of good work habits? A second issue that deserves con sideration is the differing social con structions of childhood that researchers in various disciplines may hold, and the ways these con structions are reflected in their re search (Cannella, 1997; James, Jenks, & Prout, 1998). And how might a discipline-related construction dif fer from one that comes from child hood experiences? Both seem to be talking about the researcher's per spective on children. In fact, one is based in experience (memories of one's own childhood), while the other is socially transmitted within academic disciplines and becomes part of an individual's acquired cultural capital. In child care studies or teacher research examining instructional strategies, for example, researchers tend to view children as objects of adult attention and care. Consequently, research sometimes takes the form of looking at the ef fect of teacher behaviors, the cur riculum, and the environment on children, often failing to examine the interactive nature of such en counters. The child, in such research, is believed to be the" object" of adult attention/ intention, the passive re ceptacle for educational transmis sion. In child development research, however, the focus is on children as developmentally maturing organ isms. When researchers take this perspective, they are more likely to focus on identifying children's ways of thinking and acting at particular points in time (as evidenced by stage theories) and/ or on examining lin ear assumptions of development as progressive and generalizable. Both the educational and psycho logical perspectives described above impose limitations and expectations on children. Each also interprets power and privilege in particular ways, thus creating particular so cial contexts and possibilities. For instance, both perspectives may lead to assumptions about children be ing unequally able to participate in rational problem solving or adult discourse, and therefore may con strain researcher understanding of what children are actually able to do and of what meanings their ac tivities have for them. In addition, in each case adult authority is being


We consider the weakly coupled system of reaction-diusion equations1,2 ut ¼ Du þ aðxÞv p ; vt ¼ Dv þ bðxÞu q ; uðx; 0 Þ¼ l m jðxÞ; vðx; 0 Þ¼ l n cðxÞ; where 0a aðxÞ, bðxÞ A CðR N Þ, jðxÞ; cðxÞb 0 are bounded continuous functions in R N , p; q > 1, m; n > 0, and l > 0 are parameters. The existense of solutions, blow-up conditions, and global solutions of the above equations with aðxÞ 1 jxj s 1 , bðxÞ 1 jxj s 2 ð0a s1 < Nð p � 1Þ ,0 a s2 < Nðq � 1ÞÞ are studied by Mochizuki and Huang. In this paper, we consider an estimate of maximal existence time of blow-up solutions as l goes to 0 or y, when aðxÞ; bðxÞ are more general functions.


beta-Trichosanthin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from the root tuber of Trichosanthe kirilowii Maxim, is an isoform of trichosanthin. Here we report its crystallization in two crystal forms using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The form A and form B crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and monoclinic space group P2(1), respectively. X-ray data have been collected to 1.6 and 1.2 angstrom resolution for form A and form B crystals, respectively, using a synchrotron source.


Objective: This literature study aims to analyze studies of progressive muscle relaxation and imaging that are guided as complementary therapies that overcome the negative effects of chemotherapy. Methods: Search of articles and journals conducted in December 2017 using the terms or topic terms of study available on the internet. The search strategy is focused on the PUBMed and Google Scholar databases. Results: This study obtained 9 journals consisting of systematic reviews, RCTs, and experimental quasi-studyafter critical judgments. Discussion: Cancer is a health problem that increases significantly in the world today. It is the second disease that causes death in the world and the seventh in Indonesia. Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most common therapy for cancer patients, it has many side effects. Conclusion: This literature study shows that PMR and GI can reduce the level of pain in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy


Autism is a neuro developmental disorder that appears in children within the age of three. Autistic children lack communicative skills, they have problem with language, behaviour and social skills. Autism is a life long condition and its cause is unknown.


This study evaluated the influence of three porcelain veneering techniques (conventional sintered, heat-pressed, CAD-fused) veneered to three Yttrium stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) core materials (IPS emax ZirCAD (Zz), inCoris TZI (Zi), Cercon (Zc) on flexural strength. Y-TZP blanks (45 each) were prepared and fully sintered into disk shape (10 ±0.05 mm in ɸ, 0.5±0.01 mm thickness). Each type of cores was veneered with IPS emax Ceram (Pc) for conventional sintered technique, with IPS emax Zirpress (Ph) for heat-pressed technique, and with IPS emax CAD (Pf) for CAD-fused technique. Samples were adjusted on the veneer and glaze to result in 10±0.05 mm in ɸ and 1.5±0.01 mm thickness. Flexural strength was performed using piston on three balls technique at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Biaxial flexural strength was calculated using Roark and Young formulas and the reliability was analyzed using Weibull distribution. The biaxial flexural strength (Mean±SD; MPa) and Weibull modulus (m) were: group1) ZzPc= 607.55±60.53, 11.11; group 2) ZiPc= 627.92±62.24, 11.30; group 3) ZcPc= 596.8±68.51, 9.50; group4) ZzPh= 644.31±62.05, 11.20; group 5) ZiPh= 676.3±64.21, 11.69; group 6) ZcPh= 667.28, 12.18; group 7) ZzPf= 914.16±60.94, 16.41; group 8) ZiPf= 837.65±60.89, 14.98; group9) ZcPf=704.78±57.32, 13.79. ANOVA indicated significant differences in flexural strength due to types of zirconia core and porcelain veneering techniques (p<0.05). CAD-fused technique was demonstrated significantly stronger than conventional sintered technique and heat-pressed technique (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in flexural strength among three types of cores except for IPS emax ZirCAD and Cercon (p<0.05). This suggests that CADfused technique and IPS emax ZirCAD are better to select as a porcelain veneering technique to Y-TZP core.


The quasi-one-dimensional molecule-based Heisenberg antiferromagnet Cu(NO3)2(pyz)3 has an intrachain coupling J = 13.7(1) K () and exhibits a state of long-range magnetic order below TN = 0.105(1) K. The ratio of interchain to intrachain coupling is estimated to be |J'/J| = 3.3 × 10-3, demonstrating a high degree of isolation for the Cu chains.


In this article I explore the political event of the Tanzanian government's interdiction of a prominent educational civil society organization in order to theorize the emerging policy heterarchy in Tanzania. In the context of the ensuing public debate about the interdiction, I ask two questions: (1) what tensions are emerging from the democratization reforms embedded in national iterations of international EFA policies and (2) to what end are such reforms taking place? I address these questions with ethnographic, documentary and interview data collected as part of a broader study of participation in development between 2004 and 2007 in Dar es Salaam and the Singida region of central Tanzania. My analysis draws on critical, anthropological and postcolonial theories to explore the tensions of policy making in the context of the Tanzanian postcolony and how such tensions carve out a political topography in Tanzania that delimits and demarcates how policy travels.


Аннотация: The analysis of the image of the Crystal Palace as one of the most settled symbols of Russian intellectual utopia is analyzed in the article as well as the classic texts which initiated the process of destroying the happy utopia in Russia: among them a famous novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky What is to be done and works by first writers-heretics in genre of utopia M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (The History of a Town) and F.M. Dostoevsky (Notes from the Underground ).


The evaluation of the average value of the position coordinate, 〈x〉, of a particle moving in a harmonic oscillator potential (V(x)=kx2/2) with a small anharmonic piece (V(x)=−λkx3) is a standard calculation in classical Newtonian mechanics and statistical mechanics where the problem has relevance to thermal expansion. In each case, the calculation is most easily done using a perturbative expansion. In this note, we perform the same computation of 〈x〉 in quantum mechanics using time-independent perturbation theory and the ladder operator formalism to show how similar results are obtained. We also indicate how a semiclassical calculation using a classical probability distribution can also be used to obtain the same result.


Background and objective Fludarabine in combination with cyclophosphamide (FC) plus rituximab (R) is an effective treatment for newly diagnosed as well as relapsed follicular lymphoma (Tam 2004; Keating 2005; Sacchi 2007). Maintenance treatment with R, after different induction treatments, improves overall and progression-free survival (Forstpointner 2006; van Oers 2006). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the FC-R regime followed by maintenance doses of R. Patients and Methods We present an intermediate report of the one-arm study in which 75 previously untreated patients with a diagnosis of follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Ann Arbor stage II–IV were included between October 2004–2006. Seventy four were assessed for safety after receiving at least one FC-R dose (F: 3x25 mg/m2 and C: 1 g/m2; R: 375mg/m2), and 72 for response to treatment. Patients aged 53.4 years in average, one in five showed bulky disease and 72.2% Ann Arbor IV staging. FLIPI index determined 23.9% patients with low (0–1) score, 38% with intermediate (2) and 38% with poor score (3). A total of 47 patients presented some molecular alteration in PB or BM. Results Induction therapy was delivered throughout 4–6 courses, resulting in 91% complete responses (CR) and 9% partial responses (PR) (Table 1). From the patients who presented monoclonal population at diagnosis, 40 were evaluated for molecular response after induction and only 1 remained MDR positive for bcl2/IgH. Overall survival (OS) at 24 months was 87.5%, and two patients presented progressive disease within this period. The median OS has not been reached at this evaluation. To the date, 262 adverse effects grade 3–4 (32.6%) have been documented (80.9% neutropenias) and 80 infectious complications were recorded (23.8% grade 3–4). Three patients died from respiratory diseases, two from acute leukemia, and six from other causes. Conclusions The FC-R has proven a potent antitumoral activity in untreated follicular lymphoma patients, rendering very high clinical and molecular responses. However, as reported in similar studies (Hochster 2007 ASCO), the high incidence of prolonged neutropenias and lymphopenias developed as consequence of the chemotherapy regime, questions the safety of the induction treatment.


The Ministry of Health has declared that the COVID-19 vaccination is safe for breastfeeding mothers. The COVID-19 vaccine is an effective way to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. The status of the COVID-19 vaccine in Banten Province for COVID-19 in the general and vulnerable communities, one of which is breastfeeding mothers for the first dose 48.70%, the second dose 27.82% of the target of 6,877.059. In this picture, it can be seen that vaccine coverage has not met the target for the general and vulnerable population. This study was to determine the relationship between sociodemography, health status, and theory of planned behavior for COVID-19 vaccination decision making in breastfeeding mothers in Banten province. This research was a quantitative design with a cross-sectional study approach. For data collection by link distribution in the province of Banten. Data analysis used univariate analysis to describe sociodemographic characteristics including age, education, marital status, the socio-economic status, number of respondents' children, and bivariate analysis to determine the relationship between variables used chi-square. Based on the results of the study, it shows that from sociodemography only socioeconomic status has a significant relationship in making COVID-19 vaccination decisions. Meanwhile, from health status and the theory of planned behavior including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and self-efficacy are no significant relationship in making COVID-19 vaccination decisions. Conclusion of this study was only the socio-economic status which had a significant relationship in making COVID-19 vaccination decisions in breastfeeding mothers.


Background: The increase in the number of cases of Covid 19 causes a sense of worry and anxiety in the community of partner groups. Vaccines held by the government have not covered all circles. The results of a survey conducted in Kemiri, Kebakkramat found that there were several who had confirmed Covid 19. The solution for the anxiety and worries experienced by the community was a promotive model, namely by socializing the treatment of the Prophet SAW during the Covid 19 Pandemic to increase body immunity. Results: The targets in this study were the mothers of PKK Kebakkramat members. The output produced through this program is an increase in public knowledge about the medicine of the Prophet SAW. Methods: What is used is health education or socialization about the medicine of the Prophet SAW. which was attended by 19 people. The implementation is at the house of the local RT head. Results: This socialization received a positive and good response from the mothers of PKK Kemiri Kebakkramat members and there was a significant increase in knowledge of the mothers of PKK members about the treatment of the Prophet or Tibbun Nabawi. Conclusion: This outreach received a positive and good response from the target and there has been an increase in knowledge on the target about the treatment of the Prophet or Tibbun Nabawi. so that it can be applied in daily life to increase individual and family immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Abstract In this paper, using the concept of semi-invariant, an algebraic version of the internal model principle is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems, thus extending a similar characterization valid for linear systems.


Mycoflora on the plant Oldenlandia corymbosa was isolated from Non-rhizosphere ,Rhizosphere, Rhizoplane and Phylloplane. About 55 fungal species belonging to different genera are isolated from different niches. The fungal species were isolated using PSA medium they were later related with the physical and edaphic factors.


In modern constructions, service equipment is the most used and complex technology. Air and liquid flow inside piping or conduit provides conditioning, well-being and comfort within buildings. Nevertheless, fluid movements inject both structure-borne and airborne noise, causing annoyance on people living inside edifices. In order to avoid this issue, the model provided by ISO 12354-5 standard could be used. Unfortunately, the standard describes very well the process in order to calculate the resulting noise caused by air flow service equipment, but it does not offer clear definitions of parameters related to waste water installations. As a consequence, very few researches and studies are available at present because of the difficulty on initial data set and on interpretation of requested parameters. In this article, the ISO 12354-5 method for waste water pipe source is critically analysed, modified and then applied to real case studies. Considerations on coupling terms are proposed, discussed and used in the standard equations, calculating the theoretical values and providing possible solutions for all missing data; results demonstrate how the suggested modified models matched very well measurements outcomes.


Objective: To establish a HPLC method for the assessment of the pharmacokinetics of compound paracetamol tablets (Ⅱ) (each containing paracetamol 250 mg, propyphenazone 150 mg and caffeine 50 mg). Methods: 20 healthy male Chinese volunteers received a single oral dose of the two tablets. Plasma samples were collected at certain time-points in 24 hours post the administration of the tablets to measure concentrations of each component in the tablets by HPLC. The HPLC analysis was conducted via a system consisted of Phenomenex Phenyl-BDS column (250 mm×4. 6 mm,5μm) , a gradient eluate of methanol and acetate buffer and a detection waVelength at 260 nm. Results: The main pharma-cokinetic parameters of paracetanol, propyphenazone and caffeine were as followed: Cmax(3. 57±0. 82) vs. (2.50±0.69) vs. (1. 23±0. 33)μg·mL-1; Tmax(0. 43±0.23) vs. (0.54±0.27) vs. (0.45±0.23)h; t1/2(λZ) (4.27±0.76) vs. (2. 01±0. 44) vs. (5. 49±1. 44)h; MRT(5. 05±1. 06) vs. (2.94±0. 58) vs. (7. 85±1. 88) h; AUC0-24h(13. 17±33.27)vs. (6. 37±1. 80) vs. (8.78±3.20) h·μg·mL-1; CL/F (41.64±325.62) vs. (53.68±17.45) vs. (13. 15±4.91) L·h-1 and V/F (166. 57±109. 80) vs. (106. 86±21. 42) vs. (87. 51±15. 06)L, respectively. Conclusion: This established sensitive and reliable HPLC method is applied in the investigations of pharmacokinetics of the compound paracetamol tablets (Ⅱ).


The life tables grouped according to various factors,the index of population trend(I)and the interference index of population control(IIPC)were used as the basic sampling parameters to evaluate the controlling effects of eight common-used insecticides on the natural population dynamics of the citrus leaf-miner(CLM)Phyllocnstis citrella Stainton.Results indicate that petroleum oil,acetamiprid,imidacloprid,carbosulfan,lambda-cyhalothrine and dimthypo present better interfering effects on CLM.Among all the insecticides,97%petroleum oil EC applied with 1/500 concentration shows the best controlling effects on the population dynamics of the CLM,its index of population trend(Ⅰ) of the CLM decreases to 0.0055 from 5.3412 of the control,and its IIPC is 0.0010.The IIPC of 3% acetamiprid EC applied with(1/2000) concentration,10%imidacloprid WP applied with 1/3000 concentration,20% carbosulfan EC applied with 1/2000 concentration,2.5% lambda-cyhalothrine EC applied with 1/2000 concentration,18% dimthypo AS applied with 1/1500 concentration,5% chlorfluazuron EC applied with 1/4000 concentration and 48% chlorpyrifos EC applied with 1/3000 concentration are 0.0025,0.0026,0.0103,0.0273,0.0811,0.4305 and 0.5454,respectively.According to the above results,petroleum oil is suitable for the pesticide application guideline for green food production.Acetamiprid,(imidacloprid,car)bosulfan,lambda-cyhalothrine and dimthypo could be selected as alternative insecticides.Chlorpyrifos and chlorfluazuron are not advocated to control CLM in the grove.


Cyathus lignilantanae sp. nov. is described and illustrated on the basis of morphological and molecular data. Specimens were collected on Santiago Island (Cape Verde), growing on woody debris of Lantana camara. Affinities with other species of the genus are discussed.


This paper aims to describe the development of the recent wave of interest in
 memory and the past in general (so-called "memory boom"), as well as the
 overall cultural climate that encouraged this "invasion" of the past in both
 public and scientific discourses. While the first wave of memory boom was
 supposed to legitimate the emerging nation-states, the second boom signified
 the exhaustion of the old paradigm of nationalism, decline of the
 nation-state, as well as the emergence of a new paradigm: globalization.
 [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 179049: Politike
 drustvenog pamcenja i nacionalnog identiteta - regionalni i evropski
 kontekst]


Thank you very much for reading violence in dating relationships emerging social issues. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their chosen novels like this violence in dating relationships emerging social issues, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious virus inside their computer.


IN 1914 I brought forward evidence to support the view that the eclamptic phenomenon has as its immediate cause a massive damage of the placenta? In the following communication, evidence bearing on the same question has been adduced from an analysis of the cases of recurring toxaemia treated in the Edinburgh Royal Maternity Hospital between the years 1923 and 1926. In previous papers it was argued that this placental conception of eclampsia is in accord with the clinical and pathological data, and that it explains the specific characters of the disease by means of an equally unique and specific morbid process. For the placental arrangements are such that localized damage or death of any one part implies a mass of disentegrating matter lying directly in the blood stream of the mother, a pathological process which finds no parallel in the whole range of disease. I t \\as urged further that the assault on the placenta, which underlies the process, is of such a kind that i f operating over a considerable area of the organ it can lead to an immediate ending of pregnancy without toxzemia, but that, when i t is less marked, i t is consistent with continued life of the f e t u s and with the development within the disintegrating tissue of the toxic elements responsible for the eclamptic attack. In other words, an essential factor is sufficient time for the formation of the poisonous ingredients and their leakage into the maternal blood stream, which bathes the surrounding surfaces of the affected area. Such a view is in harmony with the well-known facts that n c essential part of the eclamptic process is direct damage of the fmtus, the life of which may be unharmed in the most fulminating case, and that, on the other hand, a severe eclampsia may suddenly subside after the intrauterine death of the f e t u s and the consequent complete detachment of the placenta, or a t least, the shutung off of the placental circulation.


Objective To study the main bacterial species,distribution and drug sensitivity of nosocomial bacterial infections after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children.Methods The clinical data of the incidence,pathogen distribution and antibiotic-sensitivity of early postoperative bacterial infection occurring in 41 cases of LDLT were retrospectively analyzed.Results The bacterial infections rate after LDLT was 80.5%,and 71.3% of bacterial infections occurred in the first two weeks after LDLT. The most common sites of bacterial infection were lower respiratory tract,abdomen and biliary tract, and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli were the most common bacterial pathogens. 101 microorganisms were found and gram-negative bacteria (73.3%) predominated over gram-positive bacteria (26.7%).The detectable rate of ESBLs in gram-negative bacteria was 81.1%.Moreover,the detectable rate of MRCNS in gram-positive bacteria was 59.3%,and 11.1% of gram-positive bacteria were HLAR Enterococcus.Most gram-negative bacteria had high drug-resistance rate of β-lactam inhibitors and cephalosporins (more than 60%),but were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem (less than 10%). ESBLs and AmpC-lactam,mediated by Chromosomal and plasmid,could not damage the structure of imipenem and meropenem.Pseudomonas aeruginosa was highly resistant to imipenem,meropenem,and most antibiotics used for pediatrics. Coagulase-negative staphylococcus was sensitive to vancomycin,linezolid,quinupristin/dalfopristin.Conclusion The bacterial infection rate was high after LDLT in children.Most of the pathogens were antibiotics multi-resistant.Effective prevention of infection,early diagnosis and appropriate use of antibiotics are the key to control the infection.

Key words:
Liver transplantation ;  Child ;  Bacterial infections


This literature review shows the essence of the problem of extracranial carotid artery stenosis, since this disease is a treatable cause of ischemic stroke and can be reliably detected and assessed by using vascular ultrasound. In Kazakhstan, due to acute disorders of cerebral circulation, 11.1 thousand patients die every year. The reliability of the information in the article was obtained by using the literature data of the last 10 years. The reflection of the criteria for diagnosing stenosis of the extracranial carotid artery, the use of which, in conjunction with standard tests and other sensitive methods, makes it possible to determine the lesion of the extracranial carotid artery at an early stage, as well as a detailed description of diagnostic methods of this complication and evaluation of their effectiveness. Screening for carotid stenosis is important, and whether routine carotid ultrasound is recommended in general population for the prevention of ischemic stroke remains controversial. Screening for carotid stenosis by ultrasound is crucial not only for the daily clinical setting, but also for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke.


A cosmetic composition includes comprising a blend of cycloalkylmethicones comprising at least two different cycloalkylmethicones having general formula I: (I) where R1 is a hydrocarbon radical containing about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms; R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon radical containing about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; a is a positive number between 0 < a < 5; b and c are independently selected from 0 to 5 wherein (a + b + c) = 5; and wherein the rates of evaporation of the composition as measured in accordance with Standard DIN 53249 test is from about 80% to about 99% by weight loss in about 200 to about 6000 minutes, more preferably in about 200 to about 1000 minutes, and even more preferably in about 200 to about 500 minutes.


The Future of Computer Networks will be Software Defined Networks (SDN) as it is efficient and has the capabilities to replace the Traditional Networks due to the increasing number of nodes connected to the internet, it is becoming more difficult to adapt to the latest technology in order to maintain its scalability. This is why it is important that the research community is able to test the various aspects of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to ensure that it can meet the requirements of the industry. Besides being able to provide a solution that can overcome the traditional network limitations, it also allows the researchers to develop a more robust and resilient network. One of the most common controllers used for implementing SDN features is the Ryu Controller. This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the performance of this component in terms of load balancing, through a simulation tool known as Mininet, the researchers were able to perform various tests on the system. The framework known as the Ryu is a software-defined networking framework that is built on components. It allows developers to create easy-to-use control and management applications for network devices. It supports various protocols such as OpenFlow and OVSDB, Ryu fully supports OpenFlow versions 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and Nicira Extensions.


By the spine distribution and the spine density of layer V pyramids in albino rat sensorimotor cortex the following GOLGI methods are compared with together quantitatively: GOLGI-KOPSCH, GOLGI-BUBENAITE, GOLGI-Rapid by Virktorov and GOLGI-COX by Ramón-Moliner. Whereas the Kopsch, Bubenaite and Ramón-Moliner impregnations obtain the same results in all signs examined here (with the exception of a higher number of dendritic spines in the first 50 microgram of apical dendrites using the Ramón-Moliner procedure), the GOLGI-Rapid method diverges considerably from the other GOLGI procedures. Using the GOLGI-Rapid method remarkable fewer spines are impregnated. So the results of GOLGI-Rapid cannot be compared with the other GOLGI procedures events.