Recently, pre-trained language models such as BERT have been applied to document ranking for information retrieval, which first pre-train a general language model on an unlabeled large corpus and then conduct ranking-specific fine-tuning on expert-labeled relevance datasets. Ideally, an IR system would model relevance from a user-system dualism: the user's view and the system's view. User's view judges the relevance based on the activities of"real users"while the system's view focuses on the relevance signals from the system side, e.g., from the experts or algorithms, etc. Inspired by the user-system relevance views and the success of pre-trained language models, in this paper we propose a novel ranking framework called Pre-Rank that takes both user's view and system's view into consideration, under the pre-training and fine-tuning paradigm. Specifically, to model the user's view of relevance, Pre-Rank pre-trains the initial query-document representations based on large-scale user activities data such as the click log. To model the system's view of relevance, Pre-Rank further fine-tunes the model on expert-labeled relevance data. More importantly, the pre-trained representations, are fine-tuned together with handcrafted learning-to-rank features under a wide and deep network architecture. In this way, Pre-Rank can model the relevance by incorporating the relevant knowledge and signals from both real search users and the IR experts. To verify the effectiveness of Pre-Rank, we showed two implementations by using BERT and SetRank as the underlying ranking model, respectively. Experimental results base on three publicly available benchmarks showed that in both of the implementations, Pre-Rank can respectively outperform the underlying ranking models and achieved state-of-the-art performances.


"The story of the casualties that have happened to the fleet that has been plying on this course for over half a century is a long one."


A year-long programme of screenings, discussions and workshops centred on film and video by African artists.

Contemporary Africa on Screen explores the global relevance of African creative expression and experience through film, video and new media. Through the images and voices of artists living and working in Africa and throughout the African diaspora, it raises the issues that matter most in Africa today.

The programme brings new work from Africa to London, screening rough cuts and rare material. New work will also be made and shown, produced by artists working with local communities in south London, with outdoor screenings on Sceaux Gardens estate in Camberwell and debates co-facilitated by artists, academics and members of London's diverse African communities.

Curated by Jennifer Bajorek (Goldsmiths, University of London) and the SLG in partnership with Juma Bah (Community Action Southwark).


In this situation, most of students have been feeling difficulties like lack of vocabularies and misunderstanding in grammatical of learning English as foreign language. Then, the researcher did preliminary research that the researcher tries to apply corrective feedback in English Class. Students were more concentration and more interested in teacher's feedback than they evaluated their work by themselves so that the researcher demonstrated two research questions to be investigated (1) what types of corrective feedback applied by the teacher in English Class of Xth grade in MAN 1 Surabaya? (2) How do learners perceive on corrective feedback in English Class of Xth grade in MAN 1 Surabaya?. This research used descriptive-qualitative method. The research was taken place in MAN 1 Surabaya, Xth grade has been applying corrective feedback with 12 students as samples to make an effective time. The data collected by using interview and observation students and teacher. The result of this research showed that (1) the teacher chose oral corrective feedback in group to be applied in teaching learning process, (2) most of students stated that there are many benefits in applying corrective feedback exactly oral corrective feedback in teaching learning process for example students' score will upgrade and increase than before getting oral corrective feedback, most of students will pay attention with teacher's explanations, and students can assess their assignment to be better than before. Therefore the researcher suggested that students must focus not only in upgrading the score, but also in teacher's corrective feedback and for the teacher must create creative strategy in applying corrective feedback. Finally, it will be beneficial for students, teacher, and further researcher dealing with applying corrective feedback in EFL classroom.


In the teacher student relationship, the type of discourse or speech used by the teacher is definite not only for the quality of the transmission of information, but also to motivate the learning. The very low level of receptivity of the students with respect to the messages that come from their teacher, the absence of richer discursive strategies, that are more calling, more colorful to the world and to actual life, justify the exploration into the world of narrative. Fiction can offer the educator a spring or fountain of possibilities to enhance and improve his or her communication in the classroom, while favoring new ways of learning , focused around the imaginary creation and development. From a search into the fiction and establishing its relations with categories like reality, lie and probable, the essay suggests a manner of understanding the narrative from the relation of what is known and the unknown. We also find here, some practical suggestions to take the narrative into the classroom, and some concrete examples in different areas of knowledge are given such as Mathematics or Chemistry, where the narrative begins to delete the boundaries between natural sciences and human sciences.


This essay examines Jorge Isaacs's María (1867), arguably Spanish America's most famous nineteenth-century novel, as a literary treatise on the spatial and temporal contradictions arising from the expansion of global markets, as experienced from within peripheral nodes in that system. More specifically, I examine the novel's staging of the irreducible difficulties of properly managing the temporal and spatial relations that link remote locales such as the Cauca Valley in Colombia to imperial centers of accumulation such as London. In this manner, I argue that the novel, though written from a peripheral locale, offers a timely reflection on an expanding world-system centered in nineteenth-century England.


PROBLEM
Little is known about the acceptance and effectiveness of aromatherapy as a complementary support for agitated and aggressive adolescents.

METHODS
Chi-square test was applied to satisfaction surveys, administration records of p.r.n. medication, aromatherapy, and seclusion/ restraint data.

FINDINGS
Seventy-seven percent of the population accepted and used aromatherapy for crisis management. A trend indicates this population uses less p.r.n. medication for crisis management.

CONCLUSIONS
This adolescent population was receptive to using less invasive tools for crisis management. A longitudinal study is needed to determine the long-term efficacy of this treatment modality.


The social aspects of choral singing appear to contribute in a significant way towards its popularity as a community activity, with numerous studies reporting on the positive social, health and psychological benefits to be gained from partaking in community singing. Previous studies, for example, have listed increased levels of wellbeing and positive changes to lifestyle, along with decreased feelings of social isolation and levels of depression as being amongst the possible benefits to be gained from weekly singing sessions (Sanal, & Gorsev, 2014). Similarly, Joseph & Southcott, (2015, 2018) found that having a desire to feel less isolated, a need to interact more with others, expanding a social or spiritual identity, meeting with like-minded people, and achieving something greater than can be achieved alone to be popular motivations for joining community choirs. Given the idea that friendship, social interaction and companionship often appear to be considered either more important, or at least as important as the singing and musical participation, this project explores the experiences of adults who sing on a regular basis with a community choir during an extended period of lockdown. The study involved collecting data through an on-line instrument from adult members of seven community choirs in different parts of England. Initial findings suggest that the main factors attracting singers to join a choir appear to be the social aspects, enjoyment, and the aesthetic experience, together with the joy and achievement gained from taking part in a joint activity. As a result of the lockdown, participants appeared to reflect deeply and re-evaluate the meaning of the choir in their life, its contribution to their musical identity and in some cases, had experiences akin to bereavement. Among the positive benefits of lockdown were increased opportunities to be creative and to experiment, to learn more about individual voices and the role they play in the music, and to increase support for the sustainable nature of the positive wellbeing that singing together can produce.


The process formula and flows of colour electrophoresis finishing on the fan blade of nickel-plated aluminum wheel, the stripling of substandard film and the advantage of colour electrophoresis finishing were introduced. The influencing factors on the quality of electrophoresis finishing were studied. The methods of maintenance for the electrophoresis bath were investigated. Good finishing effect can be gained by following the steps below: bath conductivity from 5 μs/cm to 20 μs/cm prepared using distilled water, content of solid component being controlled between 8%~10%, pH value between 7.5~8.5, voltages between 30~80 V of bright nickel deposit and 40~90 V for bright aluminum parts, content of solvent from 2% to 3%, electrophoresis time from 60 s to 150 s, temperature in the range from 20 ℃to 30 ℃, continuous cycled filtering and suitable content of dye etc.


This paper deals with overlapping clustering, a trade off between crisp and fuzzy clustering We show that the problem of finding a suitable coverage of the data with overlapping clusters is not a trivial task and we propose the algorithm Okm that generalizes the k-means algorithm combining a new objective criterion definition coupled with an optimization heuristic. Experimental results in the context of document clustering show that the classification obtained with Okm outperforms the classifications obtained with a single k-means method or with a fuzzyk-means approach.


Online shopping is one of the dividends of the Internet technology. Online shops give shoppers the privilege of getting some benefits that cannot be offered in a physical store. Despite this, many potential customers have not embraced the technology, due to varying factors. The present article adapts the Theory of Reasoned Action and Technology Acceptance Model to investigate factors affecting the adoption of online shopping by Nigerian undergraduate students, using the University of Ibadan as a case study. Employing the quantitative research approach with survey method, it was discovered that a perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness significantly influence students' attitude to online shopping. Attitude, trust and subjective norm were found to influence behavioural intention to adopt online shopping, which in turn affects students' adoption of online shopping.


Discloses a high-quality crystal of the present invention is an infrared light emitting diode are sequentially formed over the substrate a buffer layer, an etching stop layer, an ohmic contact layer, the current transport layer, a roughened layer, a first conductive type layer, an active layer and a second a conductive layer type; an active layer of a plurality of sets of quantum barriers, the quantum well layer, and a cooling cycle comprising the three-layer structure, the cooling layer is located between the quantum wells and quantum barriers. The crystal quality of the epitaxial layer there is a difference mismatch problem, the present invention addresses the cause of the quantum well active region and the other the epitaxial layer, to improve the quantum efficiency of the infrared light emitting diode.


This report discusses biologic and biosimilar medicines and their production and approval by the FDA. Recent legislation regarding FDA approval regulations and federal research and drug development are also discussed.


This, the third essay on the attempt to find the site of Boudica's last battle, improves on previous techniques. A terrain model of the southern UK was searched, by use of a template matching algorithm, to find all the topographic depressions of width approximately 500 to 2000 m and depth 15 m or greater (other attributes were applied) that matched Tacitus' description of the battle-site. After some initial editing of the original sites (2700) to remove those with selection errors and the most obvious of faults, the candidate battle-site list was reduced to 862. These were then subjected to a weighting and ranking process via the application of ten attributes. A crucial step was to examine the choice of routes available to the Roman commander, Suetonius Paulinus, as he considered withdrawal from London after Boudica's destruction of Colchester and the rout of the 9 Legion. The pros and cons for each route are described, discussed and the results compared. The findings were: that Suetonius did not march north-east towards Boudica; that the London to Lewes road to the southern coast would not have been chosen as all the prospective battle-sites are less than one day's march from London; that taking Watling Street to the Kent ports would have been a strategic and tactical error; that marching further north than St. Albans along Watling Street could have led to conflict with flanking and rearward attacking rebel forces; that turning west at St. Albans to follow Akeman Street was a superior choice but one limited to prospective battle-sites (3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 etc.) in the Bulbourne river valley, south-east of Tring, if the absence of burning and destruction at Alchester Roman fortress is correct; that the other southern route from London via Stane Street was strategically sound, and that tactically the prospective battle-sites at Dorking (1 and 2) were outstanding; and finally, that taking the Portway directly west out of London was strategically the most suitable of routes and one Suetonius would probably have viewed most favourably. A simple combination of the ranked sites and the most likely choice of route from London would logically indicate that the actual battle took place in the west at Ogbourne St. George (4), Donhead St. Andrew (6), or Shalbourne (9). However, in acknowledging that not all events, dispositions, circumstances etc. were known, it was concluded that the next investigative phase will be best served by examining not only the western Portway locations but also those along Stane Street at Dorking, and the higher ranking sites within the Bulbourne river valley along Akeman Street.


The invention provides a preparation method of an organic slow-release fruit fertilizer. The organic slow-release fruit fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: 25-50 parts of organic components, 3-10 parts of synergistic component, 5-10 parts of slow-release component solid amount, 3.5-9 parts of liquid amount, 0.5-5 parts of trace elements, 55-75 parts of inorganic nutrients and 2-7 parts of additives, wherein the organic component comprise 2-5 parts of fulvic acid, 15-35 parts of microorganism bacteria, 5-10 parts of processed sewage sludge and 5-10 parts of amino acid; the synergistic component comprises 5-15 parts of synergistic agent; the slow-release components comprise 2-5 parts of turface powder, 1-5 parts of kaolin, 1-4 parts of ammonium magnesium sulfate, 0.02-0.1 part of nitrification inhibitor, 2-6 parts of urease inhibitor and 2-6 parts of polyaspartic acid; the trace elements comprise 0.1-1 part of zinc sulfate, 0.1-1 part of manganese sulfate, 0.1-1 part of borax, 0.1-1 part of copper sulfate and 0.1-1 part of ferrous sulphate; the inorganic nutrients comprise 2-7 parts of ammonium nitrate, 2-7 parts of ammonium sulfate, 5-25 parts of triple superphosphate and 10-32 parts of potassium sulphate; and the additives comprise 1-7 parts of calcined gypsum and 1-5 parts of smectite. The product is obtained by air-cooled granulation.


Herbert Gambrell, Claude Albritton, Jerry Bywaters, and Lon Tinkle. Although he modesdy does not do so, Professor Terry might also have included himself as a significant factor that has created the modern academic program. Given the distinguished history of SMU, this reviewer supposes that an academic historian will eventually embrace the researching and writing of a comprehensive history of die school. Until that occurs, this very readable and informal history will suffice.


The meaning and purpose of marriage is a topic of intense debate, in large part because of the challenge that the legalization of same-sex marriage poses to the traditional definition of marital unions. Scholarly interest on the consequences of legalized samesex marriage for the development of children and the well-being of the family unit is apparent, given the number of studies in the sociology of family/family studies literature. What is not so clearly understood, however, are the motivating factors that lead gays and lesbians to marry. Do gays and lesbians seek to marry in order to contest the heteronormativity of marriage or are they driven purely by a desire to reap the social and legal benefits of marriage? In Queering Marriage: Challenging Family Formation in the United States, Katrina Kimport conducts a series of in-depth interviews with individuals who were married in 2004 during the so-called ''Winter of Love'' to better understand why gays and lesbians desire to get married. Moreover, Kimport discusses what happens to the meaning of marriage. Perhaps the most important finding from this work is the degree of heterogeneity among the gay and lesbian community with regards to why it is desirable to be wed. Indeed, Kimport identifies three motivating factors: (1) those who marry for the movement, (2) those who marry for legal rights, and (3) those who marry for love. Though there are three reasons identified, Kimport finds that a number of individuals are motivated by a combination of reasons for wanting to get married. Further, the motivating factors for marriage varied by parental status and gender. The book moves from a discussion of each motivating factor to a discussion of why marriage remains significant in today's society, and for the queer community specifically. She ends with a thoughtful discussion of what this means for the future of marriage. This work is highly recommended for individuals interested in the broad and interdisciplinary field of queer studies. However, it should be noted that the methods, analysis, and prose are accessible to the general public; therefore, it is appropriate for any individual with an interest in the topic of marriage, family, and/or LGBT issues.


Nowadays, the wind energy running cost is the cheapest renewable electrical energy. This paper describes the various power quality solution-based static power converter for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The latest isolated & grid-connected converter employed like AC-DC-AC bidirectional converter used for active and reactive power compensation, without dc-link AC-AC converter for voltage swell and swag, Multilevel inverter for voltage improvement, and facts devices D-STATCOM, UPQC, UPS, STATCOM, SDVR mitigatory for the power quality problem. Various topology is discussed for mitigation of power quality through the grid code. On the other hand, the various controller has coupled to the power electronics converter play an important role in solving sag, swell harmonics, flicker, noise, spinning reverse, and so on. This paper investigates the various power converter and an electronic controller for DFIG. In the end, different power quality indices and problems are discussed for faulty operating conditions.


The article is devoted to the use of a promising traction electric drive on shunting diesel locomotives. The current state of rolling stock along with a significant increase in the cost of energy sources requires measures to improve the energy efficiency of rail traction. One such measure is a using of power switched reluctance traction actuator, which has a large number of advantages. The paper presents a developed physical model of the operation of such an electric drive as traction for railway transport.


The present device relates to means for the individual training of highly-qualified athletes in cyclic sports. The technical result is the more reliable transfer of power from a drive to a working mechanism with the possibility of smoothing out ultrashort fluctuations (0.3-0.7 seconds) in force. The athlete training device comprises two spaced-apart bases, each having a pulley attached thereto for rotation in a single plane. An annular cable track is fastened between the pulleys, to which track a lanyard is secured by one end, the other end of the lanyard being fastened to a device for attaching the athlete. With the aid of a motor, a rotation rate is transmitted to one of the pulleys via a shaft. The shaft, which consists of a driving part and a driven part, has mounted thereon an adjustable transmission for controlling torque. The adjustable transmission is in the form of an electromagnetic powder clutch, consisting of a driving part, connected to the driving part of the shaft, and a driven part, connected to the driven part of the shaft. The driving and driven parts of the clutch are configured in the form of steel cylinders. An annular groove in the driven part contains an excitation winding, which is connected via slip rings and brushes to a dc power supply. The driven part of the clutch is mounted with clearance in a coaxial cavity in the driving part, the clearance gap between the driving part and the driven part of the clutch containing a ferromagnetic powder, the viscosity of which is adjusted by a clutch controller.


To a western dry kiln operator accustomed to drying only softwood species, the drying of hardwoods--particularly a refractory wood such as oak--poses a difficult problem. The entire philosophy of drying must be reexamined. Whereas the structural softwoods of the West are dried predominantly with time schedules, oak should be dried by a moisture content schedule if costly degrade is to be avoided. The dry kiln operator must concern himself with the moisture content of the oak as it dries, making his schedule changes only as indicated by the changes in moisture content of the load. Preliminary to the drying itself, careful sampling of the material going into the kiln is necessary. Samples of wet, dry, wide, narrow, thick, thin, sap, and heart material must be selected which will be used to monitor the drying conditions in the kiln. The successful drying of the charge will be largely influenced by the type of kiln samples chosen. This system is called the sample-board method and moisture contents are calculated periodically by weighing the sample boards during the kiln drying--the calculated ovendry weight of each sample board being previously determined by cutting small moisture sections from each board. The moisture content of the wettest half of the kiln samples will determine the step in the kiln schedule. More detailed information on the sample-board method of drying is found in Agriculture Handbook No. 188 entitled "The Dry Kiln Operator's Manual."


When faced with the strategic choice of going direct to market versus the opinion of using intermediaries, a firm is posited to evaluate the benefits to customers from going direct to market, and the transaction costs involved in using intermediaries. In this paper, we discuss how these evaluations might differ depending upon the microcharacteristics of the exchange domain. Based on these theoretical considerations, specific propositions are offered regarding the conditions under which firms might rely more heavily on direct channels. These propositions are tested by conducting a cross-sectional empirical analysis using a large sample of manufacturing firms operating in diverse exchange domains. We also control for the impact of macrolevel environmental characteristics, as well as firm-level characteristics that may influence the direct to market decision. Our empirical results confirm that customer benefits and transaction costs are important considerations in going direct to market


Microwave ablation is a stand-alone therapy which is used to remove pathologic tissues by locally increasing the temperature up to 50 ─ 90°C, for a short time (a few minutes). It is employed for the treatment of several cancer types, cardiac arrhythmia, and endometrium disorders. In this paper, a newly developed interstitial antenna for microwave ablation therapies is proposed, and its performances are studied both numerically and experimentally.


Accelerated testing of physico-chemical erosion phenomena in limestone is compared to real erosion processes by means of microscopic examination of changes in crystallographic structure. Frost-thaw action, crystallization and hydration, and sulfation are examined. The microscopic analyses were made by the thin section technique, using a polarization microscope.


An essential component of neurosurgical critical care and routine delivery of neurosurgical services is an understanding of bleeding and clotting disorders. Patients with coagulopathies can present with difficulty forming or maintaining normal clotting or show a hypercoagulable state. Any coagulopathy can have serious consequences in the setting of neurosurgical care including cranial or spinal surgery, trauma, or spinal cord injury. On the basis of the most current peer-reviewed literature, we present recommendations for assessment, treatment, and surveillance of coagulopathy in the neurosurgical patient.


................................................................................................................. 5 1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 6 1.1. DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA: A MULTISYSTEMIC AND GENETICALLY HETEROGENEOUS SYNDROME ............................................ 6 1.2. GENES BELONGING TO THE Cbf5/DKC1/MFL FAMILY ARE INVOLVED IN A WIDE SPECTRUM OF BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS ........... 9 1.3. THE STRUCTURE OF snoRNPS OF THE H/ACA CLASS ................... 12 2. AIMS OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................... 15 3. MATHERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................... 16 3.1. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS ............................................................... 16 3.2. RNA EXTRACTION ................................................................................... 16 3.3. BASIC CLONING AND MANIPULATION TECHNIQUES................... 16 3.4. PCR .............................................................................................................. 17 3.5. qRT-PCR ..................................................................................................... 17 3.6. DNA EXTRACTION FROM AGAROSE GEL ......................................... 18 3.7. CLONING IN THE pGEM T-Easy VECTOR ........................................... 18 3.8. CLONING IN THE p3XFLAG-CMV-10 VECTOR .................................. 18 3.9. MIDI PLASMID DNA EXTRACTION FOR CELL TRANSFECTION . 18 3.10. CELL COLTURE AND TREATMENT ................................................. 18 3.10.1. Cell culture .......................................................................................... 18 3.10.2. Cell treatments and differentiation ..................................................... 19 3.10.3. Cell transfection .................................................................................. 19 3.11. PROTEIN EXTRACTION AND QUANTIFICATION ......................... 19 3.12. WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS ............................................................... 19 3.13. FLUORESCENT IMMUNOLOCALIZATION ..................................... 20 3.14. HISTOLOGICAL STAININGS AND IMAGE ANALYSIS .................. 20 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 21 4.1. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS ............................................................... 21 4.2. IDENTIFICATION OF DKC1 ALTERNATIVE TRANSCRIPTS .......... 21 4.3. CODING POTENTIAL OF THE NEWLY IDENTIFIED DKC1 TRANSCRIPTS ....................................................................................................... 22 4.4. QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF DKC1 ISOFORM EXPRESSION UNDER NMD INHIBITION ................................................................................. 25 4.5 EXPRESSION OF DKC1 ISOFORMS DURING IN-VITRO CELL DIFFERENTIATION ............................................................................................ 27 4.6 OVEREXPRESSION OF ISOFORM 1 AND 7 IN TRANSIENTLY TRANSFECTED HeLa CELLS ............................................................................. 29 4.7 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STABLY TRANSFORMED CLONES OVER-EXPRESSING DKC1 ISOFOM 7 .............. 31


This article analyzes the qualitative characteristics of labor potential in Russia. It concludes that the decline in the working age population, which has begun recently, hampers the reproduction of labor resources in Russia. The factor impeding the development of labor resources is the low remuneration of labor, which, given the high quality of formal education of working population, causes the degradation of their labor potential. The study shows that the Russian labor market is characterized by one of the global problems gender wage inequality. The authors compare several countries by the main indicators characterizing the reproduction of labor resources. They review factors such as low wages, low labor productivity, and the quality of professional training. They also analyze the implementation of several indicators set out in the presidential decrees of May 07, 2012 and point out what has been actually done with regard to human potential quality enhancement. The article concludes that the Russian economy is unable to move along the innovative path without the transformation of the Russian workers and improving their quality; the latter is impossible without overcoming the phenomenon of the 'working poor', which to a great extent destabilizes the socio-economic development of the country.


Understanding Earth's interior dynamics, the origin and factors of which maintain the present-day plate-like behavior of the lithosphere on our planet, is one of the main goals of geosciences [...]


Soils in the alluvial plains of Ghaggar river in Patiala tehsil are characterised . . The physiography of the area is classified as: recent flood plains, meander plains and old flood plains. Soil variability was mapped by conducting high intensity detailed soil survey in three sample areas of Sanaur, Kapuri and Bahal. Recent flood plains and left - out meander plains occupy majority of the soil series in heterogeneous pattern, while that of old floodplains giving a homogeneity to the land occupy four soil series. Ofthe seven soil particle size families in the area, three were mapped in the old flood plain, four in the recent flood plain and five in meander plain. The recent flood plain have 13 mapping units with 21 polygons, while meander plain have 10 mapping units with 54 polygons. However, old flood plain have 4 mapping units and 6 polygons. The spatial variability can be generalized in the following order: meander plain> recent flood plain >old flood plain. Wide textural differences have influenced the available moisture in various soil horizons. The soils have been classified as Entisols and Inceptisols, and further upto family level. Two contrasting particle size classes viz. coarse-loamy over fine-silty and fine-silty over coarse-loamy have been suggested. A subdivision in coarse loamy particle size class also needs consideration.


As activities and convenience of residents in outdoor spaces in apartment houses have been considered important, strategies for making outdoor spaces in apartment houses healing spaces have emerged as a major interest. The purpose of this study is to draw elements for planning healing to create healing spaces in collective housing areas and to present design guidelines. The findings of this study are as follows. Functional elements of a healing environment were classified into safe environment, therapeutic environment, ancillary environment, orientation-reinforcing environment, amenities, and social environment. Outdoor spaces in collective housing areas were divided into collective housing entrance areas, internal and external spread areas, outdoor activity areas, and areas by theme. First, collective housing entrance areas should be planned in such a manner that residents can feel the area is private and easy to recognize. Second, internal and external spread areas should be planned in such a manner that they are easy to access and communicate with neighbors. Third, outdoor activity areas should be divided into an open space, resting space, playing space, and sports space. Open spaces should be planned in such a manner that they can command a fine view and respect the privacy of nearby residents. Resting spaces should be equipped with a shelter that protects users from direct sunlight, rain, and snow as well as include a movable bench. Playing spaces should be built considering development of children's curiosity, adventurous spirit, character, stimulation, and physical health. Playing spaces should be designed in such a manner that roadways and sidewalks can be separated for safe traffic. Sport spaces should be planned in such a manner that they can be associated with a pavilion and trail that provide residents with an opportunity to communicate with each other and rest. Fourth, spaces by theme are classified into sense garden, therapeutic garden, experiential garden, and learning garden. Sense gardens are a small garden based on the five senses. Sense gardens should be designed in such a manner that they can improve users' mental and physical health through programs that stimulate the sense of sight, auditory sense, and olfactory sense. Therapeutic gardens should be designed in such a manner that they can provide a comfortable and relaxing space by minimizing noise. It is advisable for therapeutic gardens to be equipped with a medicinal herb garden, meditation garden, and sense garden. Experiential and learning gardens should be designed in such a manner that they can provide users with a space in which 공동주택에서 치유조경계획을 위한 가이드라인 연구 Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 177 한국조경학회지 제 44권 5호(2016년 10월) 27 they can enjoy nature and leisure activities. It is advisable for experiential and learning gardens to be equipped with a tea garden, vegetable garden, and camping garden. Healing programs should be designed in such a manner that users can feel relaxed by providing a healing environment, making the most of the natural environment. Further research on evaluating whether the findings of this study are effective in healing in a qualitative and quantitative manner is needed.


To redefine the empowerment of art and local culture by combining them together in the process of rural construction in China. Participatory art and interventional art both emphasize art and community, problem-oriented and realistic participation, cooperation, dialogue and negotiation through the whole development of postmodernist art. In the special context of the combination, collision and experiment between postmodernist art and the process of rural construction in China, and the combination of Chinese local culture with participatory art, art works have implied more humanistic care, which is closely related to the empowerment of artists and art in the context of Chinese local culture. Compared with the confrontational, reflective and critical participatory art in the United States and Europe, Chinese participatory art is more like a lyrical, guided and caring artistic practice. Therefore, in the context of Chinese rural construction, Chinese participatory art presents special art forms and artistic expressions, and the art empowerment is not only faced with the review of the development of art, but also tested by community and realistic context.


Objective: To investigate the predictive value of PAPP-A and ADAM12 to the growth of embryo.Methods: Retrospectively analyze pregnants of 31 premature infants,25 full-term infants and 60 giant infants who were born in our hospital from January 2008 to January 2009,and pregnants of 120 normal-weight infants were chosen as control group.Results: The density of PAPP-A and ADAM12 in serum of pregnants of full-term infants and premature infants are obviously lower than pregnants of normal-weight infants and the difference has statistical significance(P0.05);The density of PAPP-A in serum of pregnants of giant infants are higher than pregnants of normal-weight infants,but the difference has no obvious significance(P0.05).While the density of ADAM12 are obviously higher than pregnants of normal-weight infants and the difference has statistical significance(P0.05).Conclusion: PAPP-A and ADAM12 in pregnants′ serum have some significance to the prediction of the growth of embryo.


We reconsider quantum gravitational threshold effects to the unification of fermion masses in Grand Unified Theories. We show that the running of the Planck mass can have a sizable effect on these thresholds which are thus much more important than naively expected. These corrections make any extrapolation from low energy measurements challenging.


The small structure survey problems should be solved in the project performance and the geological disaster investigation.The transient electromagnetic method volume effect of loop-source is small.The equivalent action sphere is narrower than the galvanic resistivity sounding method and the frequency sounding.So the transverse and the longitudinal resolution is high.The application of the TEM to detecting the faulted structure fracture zone and the coalfield mined-out zone can yield good effects.


It is often desirable to obtain bacterial cultures in mass for chemical analysis, for purposes of inoculation, or for use in agglutination tests. In the case of m a n y organisms, pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic, the usual nutrient agar and broth media of our laboratories furnish, under proper temperatures and life conditions , all requisites for abundant growth, and these organisms may thus readily be obtained in mass. On the other hand, cer-t a n pathogenic bacteria grow poorly or after slight initial growth die off in the usual artificial media, and it is with much difficulty that these can be obtained in sufficient quantity for chemical study or inoculation, or in the proper conditions for studies in agglutination. This is often due either to a lack of the proper nutriment, or, if this be present, to the accumulation of products of metabolism (principally acids) which either inhibit further growth or actually bring about the death of the organisms. Often one of the prerequisites of the abundant growth of organisms in our artificial media, either with or without free access of oxygen, is the presence of some carbohydrate or allied substance available in their metabolic processes ; and all bacteriologists are familiar with the differences in amount and rapidity of growth of certain organisms in media containing available sugars as compared with the growth in the same media when such sugars are absent. When, however, the acid given rise to by the action of the organisms on the sugar reaches a certain percentage , varying in the case of different organisms, cessation of 223


Technological research and development are radically altering all aspects of everyday life. In order to continue functioning as interpreters of culture, artists will need to address these developments as sources of ideas and inspiration. To stimulate artistic reflection, this article reviews new input and output possibilities created by developments in display technologies and image sources, digital control of object making and sensor/actuators related to touch, motion, biological functions and speech.


The utility model discloses a standby antenna in a mobile phone housing, which comprises a mobile phone side key, a standby antenna, an antenna chute, a mobile phone casing, a main antenna metal elastic pin and a mobile phone main antenna, wherein the side key is arranged on the mobile phone casing and exactly in the antenna chute and connected with the standby antenna; and the standby antenna and the mobile phone main antenna are in contact with each other through the main antenna metal elastic pin. The utility model has the benefits that the effect of the antenna can be compensated in a place where the effect of the antenna is poor, so that the signal of the mobile phone can be maintained in a good communication environment. The standby antenna provided by the utility model can be particularly applied to multi-band mobile phones and multimode mobile phones on the present market, and the position of the antenna can be determined according to different markets, so that emphasis can be placed on compensation of both the high band and the low band of the antenna.


A method is developed to capture the distribution of surface temperature while simultaneously imaging the bubble motions in diabatic flow boiling in a horizontal minichannel. Liquid crystal thermography is used to obtain highly resolved surface temperature measurements on the uniformly heated upper surface of the channel. High-speed images of the flow field are acquired simultaneously and are overlaid with the thermal images. The local surface temperature and heat transfer coefficient can be analyzed with the knowledge of the nucleation site density and location, and bubble motion and size evolution. The horizontal channel is 1.2 mm high × 23 mm wide × 357 mm long, and the working fluids are Novec 649 and R-11. Optical access is through a machined glass plate which forms the bottom of the channel. The top surface is an electrically heated 76 μm-thick Hastelloy foil held in place by a water-cooled aluminum and glass frame. The heat loss resulting from this construction is computed using a conduction model in Fluent. The model is driven by temperature measurements on the foil, glass plate and aluminum frame. This model produces a corrected value for the local surface heat flux and enables the computation of the bulk fluid temperature and heat transfer coefficient along the channel. The streamwise evolution of the heat transfer coefficient for single-phase laminar flow is compared to theoretical values for a uniform-flux boundary condition. Examples of the use of the facility for visualizing subcooled two-phase flows are presented. These examples include measurements of the surface temperature distribution around active nucleation sites and the construction of boiling curves for locations along the test surface. Points on the curve can be associated with specific image sequences so that the role of mechanisms such as nucleation and the sliding of confined bubbles may be discerned.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


The present mini-review describes newer methods and strategies, including transposon and T-DNA insertions, TILLING, Deleteagene, and RNA interference, to functionally analyze genes of interest in the model plant Arabidopsis. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the systems are also discussed.

(Managing editor: Ping He)


In this paper, we investigate the periodic wave solutions and solitary wave solutions of a (2+1)-dimensional Korteweg-de Vries (KDV) equation by ap-plying Jacobi elliptic function expansion method. Abundant types of Jacobi elliptic function solutions are obtained by choosing different coefficients p, q and r in the elliptic equation. Then these solutions are coupled into an auxiliary equation and substituted into the (2+1)-dimensional KDV equation. As a result, a large number of complex Jacobi elliptic function solutions are obtained, and many of them have not been found in other documents. As 1 m → , some complex solitary solutions are also obtained correspondingly. These solutions that we obtained in this paper will be helpful to understand the physics of the (2+1)-dimensional KDV equation.


: This thesis aims at studying the conception of nature in William Wordsworth's poetry. As one of the remarkable representatives of the romantic period, William Wordsworth played an incomparable significant role in the development of English romantic poetry, and also laid a foundation for its further development. Influenced by social background and personal experience, Wordsworth's natural poetry broke through the shackles of neoclassical literature and gradually formed his own unique conception of nature. Wordsworth's conception of nature was based on the relationship between man and nature, and it emphasized the role of nature in social life and spiritual redemption. By analyzing the relationship between man and nature and constantly seeking the essence of life in nature, the poet attempted to find a way to solve human's problems. Although there have been a lot of researches on Wordsworth and his poetry, there are few studies that systematically analyze the conception of nature in William Wordsworth's poems by integrating his natural poetry into a whole. Based on William Wordsworth's personal experience and social background, this thesis attempts to analyze the causes of the formation of Wordsworth's conception of nature. Through the careful interpretation of Wordsworth's natural poetry, this thesis summarizes his conception of nature and its characteristics. It was found that in William Wordsworth's natural poems, nature was the unity of human nature, rational nature and divine nature, and the combination of the three was the highest attribute sought by human beings. Mastering these characteristics is of great reference values for the study of romantic natural poetry and Wordsworth's conception of nature.


WILLIAMS, P.B. and FABER, P.B., 2001. Salt marsh restoration experience in San Francisco Bay. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 27, 203-311. Royal Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Efforts to restore ecologic functions in ten major tidal wetland restoration projects implemented in the San Francisco Bay over the last 25 years have had variable results. Although almost all restoration projects constructed do now support important wetland functions, in a number of cases they have performed or evolved in ways that were unanticipated at the time they were planned. This extensive restoration experience has provided important lessons for restoration planning and design that can be applied in other estuaries. These lessons include: 1) the need for well thought out, explicit, restoration objectives; 2) developing an understanding of restored salt marshes as evolutionary systems that have changing wetland functions as they mature; 3) the need to incorporate an understanding of the morphodynamics, or interaction of key physical processes in restoration design, and 4) the need to fully integrate monitoring into the restoration plan in order to institute a learning curve so that practitioners can build on the experience of earlier projects.


more than fifty years of statehood there persist many important elements of social instability. On account of the peculiar industrial conditions existing in Nevada, there is an unusually large number of homeless migratory workers with no permanent interests in any community, while the number of home-owning farmers and other small property-owners is relatively small. There has been a certain development, however, in the direction of greater social stability. Just how far it would go to justify the state in liberalizing its constitution in removing restrictions on the action of the Legislature and of the people is not certain.


Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem throughout the world. About a third of the world's population is estimated to be infected with TB and hence at risk of developing active disease. Ethiopia ranks seventh among the world's 22 countries with a high burden of TB. This study was aimed at assessing the predictors of poor TB treatment outcome at Arba Minch General Hospital (AMGH), Southern Ethiopia.Methods: A case-control study comprising simple random sampling was conducted from Jan to Feb 2014. Cases were patients registered as treatment failures, defaulted or died during TB treatment follow up; and controls were patients registered as cured or completed the treatment in the period of 1st Jan 2009-30th Dec 2013 in AMGH. A prepared standard checklist adapted from WHO was used to assess the predictors of poor treatment outcome. A chi-square test and a paired T-test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables in cases and controls, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used in the final model.Results: The case group was composed of 224 patients with poor treatment outcome while the control group was composed of 448 patients with successful outcome. Male sex (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=1.6; 95%CI: 1.1-2.3), age >35 years (AOR=2.4; 95%CI:1.6-3.4), rural residence (AOR=1.5; 95%CI:1.0-2.2), retreatment category (AOR=3.3; 95%CI:1.3-8.4), smear negative Pulmonary TB (AOR=2.4; 95%CI:1.4-4.1), Extra-pulmonary TB (AOR=2.5; 95%CI:1.3-4.6), HIV positives (AOR=2.4; 95%CI:1.6-3.5) and TB treated (unknown HIV status) in the year before 2011 (AOR=2.5; 95%CI:1.3-5.1) were found predictors of poor TB treatment outcome.Conclusion: Male sex, rural residence, older age, previous treatment, smear negative PTB and EPTB, HIV coinfection, unknown HIV status but treated for TB before 2011 were found significant risk factors for developing poor treatment outcome. Targeted measures should be considered to reduce the proportion of poor outcome among highrisk groups.


The modernization of national governance system requires State-owned power grid enterprises to fully fulfil the three major responsibilities of politics, economy and society. This paper discusses the specific roles that the power grid enterprises should play in the modernization of national governance. It is to help build a modern economic system, promote the construction of a clean, low-carbon, safe and efficient energy system, ensure and improve people's livelihood, and support government governance.


Aims: To assess the implementation of the "Selective Neonatal BCG Immunisation Policy", and to study the causes of non‐compliance, or failure of uptake of BCG immunization. Methods: The Birth Register data were used to generate a list of babies born in the catchment area of Basildon and Thurrock NHS Trust between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2001 who were eligible for BCG immunization. The Community Child Health computer was used to generate information about their BCG immunization status. Results: 201 children were included in the study. One hundred and seventy‐one children had received BCG immunization in the neonatal period, out of which 169 had received it before discharge from the hospital. Two children were immunized in the community in the neonatal period. Thus, 85% of the newborns eligible for BCG immunization received their vaccination in the neonatal period.


Tooth Necklace takes inspiration in the act of consumption (both metaphorical and literal). Therhythms and timbres are taken from transcribing source recordings of chewing and swallowing andthe resultant texture is orchestrated "hocket-like" throughout the ensemble. The unrelenting nature ofthis music creates this image in my mind where the ensemble functions as some imaginary creature orbeing that is consuming the audience.


The investigation of the Launton, Warbreccan, and Cronstad meteorites was undertaken with the object of placing on record descriptions of these stones. Launton and Warbreccan were found to conform very well with the type of Baroti and Wittekrantz, containing from 7-9 per cent. of nickel-iron, described in a previous paper. Cronstad, however, which contained as much as 18 per cent. of nickel-iron, showed so much variation from that type as to suggest a passage towards the rare Hvittis class of chrondritic stone containing even larger amounts of nickel-iron.


Objective
To investigate the incidence of nutritional risk and nutrition support in elderly hospitalized patients in Hubei province.

Methods
Elderly inpatients aged 70 years and over in seven research centers who were admitted in hospital after Dec.2013 were enrolled.Clinical data were recorded with a special designed form.The malnutrition and nutritional risk were screened using Nutritional Risk Screening 2002(NRS2002)and Mini Nutritional Assessment(MNA)separately.

Results
A total of 507 patients were enrolled in this study.The overall prevalence of nutritional risk was 60.9% and 66.4% by NRS2002 and MNA respectively.Two methods comparison were consistent without statistical differences(χ2=3.344, P>0.05). The nutrition risk was increased along with ageing(χ2=15.828, P 0.05). Patients with nutritional risk who suffered from comorbid conditions accounted for a major part.Only 18.7% of patients received nutrition support, hereinto, the levels of nutrition support in cardiovascular and diabetic patients were 13.8% and 15.8% respectively.Merely 14.3% of patients with liquid diet obtained nutrition support.Furthermore, 33.3% of constipation sufferers and 22.9% of diarrhea patients were given nutrition support.The rate of nutrition support was 19.5% and 35.3% separately in patients with the behavioral capacity level 3 and 4.

Conclusions
The prevalence of nutritional risk in elderly inpatients in Hubei province is high, which is closely related to age, gender and the number of coexistent diseases.The rate of nutrition support is much lower in patients with high nutritional risk, and they receive an insufficient nutritional treatment.

Key words:
Nutrition assessment; Nutritional support; Inpatients


Objective: To compare the efficacy of a high-dose, pancreatic enzyme supplement Creon Forte to that of a standard pancreatic enzyme supplement Cotazym S Forte in a group of children with cystic fibrosis. Methodology: 18 children with cystic fibrosis were enrolled in a 4-week open-labelled, randomised, two-period, crossover study in which equal doses of lipase were provided by either Creon Forte or Cotazym S Forte. Efficacy was determined by a 4-day faecal fat study at the end of each 2-week period. Patients were also asked to record daily the degree of abdominal symptoms including abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Results: No significant differences were found between the two enzyme preparations as assessed by fat absorption studies when equivalent doses of lipase were used. The mean fat absorption for Creon Forte was 89% and 91% for Cotazym S Forte (p>0.05). This allowed a 2.5-fold reduction in the number of capsules taken per day with Creon Forte compared to Cotazym S Forte. Scoring of abdominal symptoms were not significantly different between the two medications. The 14 patients who completed the trial preferred Creon Forte. Conclusions: Creon Forte is as effective as Cotazym S Forte in improving fat absorption in children with cystic fibrosis when equivalent doses of lipase are used with a lower number of capsules. (author abstract)


Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the detection rate among diagnostic methods used for preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM). Methods: The study population was composed of pregnant women who visited delivery room at our hospital due to vaginal watery discharge from 1 March 2002 to 28 February 2003. The gestational age was between 15 and weeks of gestation. The study group was composed of 74 pregnant women. The rupture of membrane was tested by nitrazine test, ROM-check test and actim PROM test. It was regarded true positive that normal spontaneous preterm delivery was occurred within 72 hrs. The detection rates of each test were analyzed. Results: There were positive results in 65 cases of nitrazine test, 23 cases of ROM-check test and 53 cases of actim PROM test. Of these positive cases, cases that delivered within 72 hours were in 33 cases of nitrazine test, 13 cases of ROM-check test and 30 cases of actim PROM test. Among three diagnostic methods, the sensitivity is highest for nitrazine test (86.8%) and the specificity is highest for ROMcheck test (72.2%). The positive predictive value shows no significant difference among three methods and the negative predictive value is highest for actim PROM test (61.9%). The combination of ROM-check test and actim PROM test shows most accurate detection rates for diagnosis of preterm premature rupture of the membranes (sensitivity 84.2%, specificity 42.3%, positive predictive value 56.1%, negative predictive value 64.7%). Conclusion: Our data shows that combination of diagnostic methods might improve detection rate for PPROM. Future studies remain to improve detection rate of PPROM.


Good morning, everyone. It is my pleasure to welcome you to Kansas City, to welcome you to the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, and to our payments conference today where we will focus on consumer payments, innovation, and what we are calling the connected age. This is our fourth such conference on payments that we have hosted. It has certainly proven to be an important forum for policymakers, for industry leaders, and financial institutions—both in the United States and abroad as we talk about emerging issues facing the payments system. I expect this year's event, which focuses on the role of the consumer, is going to continue in that tradition. Certainly we live in an increasingly connected world. Smartphones and social networks are allowing us to exchange information with each other more freely, more quickly, and from a wider variety of locations. This increased connected-ness has important implications for our society and for our economy. So we have designed this conference to focus on the questions of how these developments will affect the consumer in the days ahead. The Federal Reserve, I believe, should take a strong interest in these developments in consumer payments. As part of its mission to promote economic growth and financial stability, the Federal Reserve has a mandate to foster the efficiency, safety, and accessibility of the payments system. Most people agree these are important and appropriate goals for the Federal Reserve. Yet, as the payments system becomes more electronic, views will differ on how the Federal Reserve should go about achieving these goals. My own view is the central bank has a clear and compelling role in assuring the financial stability of the payments system. This responsibility has always and understandably included both wholesale and retail payments. Their safety and reliability, including reliability of access, are essential to the smooth functioning of the nation's payments and therefore its economy. Each involves significant volumes. Each involves the


This course guide was created for Dr. Jiyun Kang's FM 4339 (Fashion Economics) class. Research particular companies or business sectors.


Fruits and vegetables owing to their highly perishable nature need to be processed to reduce wastage and also to make them available for off‒season consumption. Dried fruits and vegetables are an important sector in the food ingredient market.1 Dehydrated fruits and vegetables such as mushroom, carrot, corn, pineapple, banana, garlic, and so on are extensively used in a variety of food formulations. Mushroom export from India increased from 4000tons in 1985‒86 to 30,000ton in 1996‒97.2 Mushrooms are mostly traded in the processed form3 and serve the nutritional needs of the population in a developing country. This is attributed to their delicious flavor, low calorific value, high protein content (20‒40% dry basis), richness in vitamins of B‒group (B‒12), minerals and zero cholesterol content.4 Out of 38,000 varieties of mushroom known to human, at least 25 of the known species have been considered as edible food. White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is the most widely cultivated and consumed mushroom throughout the world and contributes about 40% of the total world production of mushroom.3 The perishable nature of mushroom leads to numerous morphological and physiological changes causing enormous economic losses to the producers.


Background: De tailed information on the severity of malaria and other diseases across operational areas is a prerequisite to the judicious utilization of limited effective tools for the control in Africa. Methods: Records of Patients, from the 18 Local Government Areas (LGAs), who visited Health Centres across Edo State, 2006 - 2013, and stored in the Ministry of Health database in Benin City were analysed . Patients were placed in 3 groups (out - patients, In - patients, Pregnant Women). Human population data, in the 18 LGAs o ver the period were obtained from the National Population Commission. Malaria incidence rates were estimated. The proportions of patients in the 3 categories annually across LGAs were determined. Results: Malaria Incidence rates increased 2 - 13 folds over the period in all LGAs, except in Esan West where there was a significant reduction in 2011. The highest rates were recorded at Esan


This article reports on an analysis of both the real and perceived traffic noise and the effectiveness of noise abatement barriers on both sides of a chosen section of Boundary Road in Vancouver, B.C. Its objectives include: (1) identification of traffic noise problems in the urban planning context; (2) analysis of real and perceived noise levels; (3) examination of noise abatement techniques and assessment of their relative effectiveness; (4) evaluation of the traffic noise on Boundary Road based on accepted standards; and (5) consequent planning implications.


Research of features of financial and legal incentives of investment activities in the regions. Methodological basis of the study raised issues were the following: general scientific methods of cognition generalization, analogy, analysis and synthesis, elaboration, comparison, logical method, etc. Conducted interdisciplinary analysis of literature and sources on stimulating investment activities, with particular emphasis given to the Institute financial and legal incentives. Formed the author's definition of the term 'financial and legal stimulus of investment activity of regions'. Studied types of financial and legal incentives of investment activities of the regions. Analyzed regional legislation and judicial practice on the subject of study places financial incentives in the legal field of regional legislation. Identified conflicts in the system of financial and legal incentives of investment activities of the regions. A proposal to optimize the preliminary control of the Prosecutor's offices of the legality of the investment legislation, in particular, the structure of which has different financial and legal incentives of investment activities in Russian regions.


Most of the Brushless DC (BLDC) motors drives take up proportional integral (PI) controller and pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme for speed control. BLDC motor drive has strong saturation characteristics and saturation results in a windup phenomenon. This paper presents an Anti-windup drive for BLDC motor. An Anti-windup controller (AWC) with tracking has been employed and which has been modeled in MATLAB / Simulink and comparison has been done between conventional PI controller and AWC with tracking at different starting loads. In this paper, dynamic characteristics of the BLDC motor drive have been examined and results are validated with FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) based experimental set up.


When a farmer has a problem with a crop, his first inclination is to turn to someone he considers knowledgeable about cropping. However, the farmer himself is often the best person to identify the problem!


to miniaturization of liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). This was originally initiated by the development of single-drop microextraction (SDME) (1,2), where target analytes are extracted from an aqueous sample and into a small droplet of organic solvent suspended from the tip of a micro-syringe. After SDME, the droplet is retracted into the micro-syringe, and subsequently injected into a gas chromatography (GC) system. The justifications for the development of SDME were to (i) reduce the solvent consumption, (ii) increase the preconcentration, (iii) eliminate the need for evaporation, and (iv) improve the compatibility of the sample with miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) systems. SDME can provide very high enrichment, efficient sample cleanup, and can be fully automated. Thus, many research papers have recently been published on SDME (3). Unfortunately, the droplet in SDME may be unstable when in contact with complicated sample matrices, and may be lost during extraction. To circumvent this problem, hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) was proposed (4), where target analytes are extracted from aqueous sample, through a thin supported liquid membrane (SLM) immobilized in the pores in the wall of a porous hollow fibre, and into an acceptor solution located inside the lumen of the hollow fibre. This arrangement was found to be more stable because the acceptor solution was protected by the SLM comprising a water-immiscible organic solvent. Thus, HF-LPME is compatible with complicated biological and environmental samples (5,6). Similar to SDME, HF-LPME can provide very high enrichment, good sample cleanup, and the consumption of hazardous organic solvents is reduced to a minimum. Thus, HF-LPME has been used for a broad range of applications (5,6). For future implementation of miniaturized liquid–liquid extraction into research and routine laboratories, the availability of robust commercial products for semior full automation in the 96-well format is necessary. To address this, the HF-LPME principle was recently transferred to 96-well plates using flat porous filters (membranes) for support of the SLMs. This concept used commercial 96-well filter plates originally intended for filtration, and was termed parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) (7). While the first PALME experiments were performed in the university laboratory (School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo) (7–10), a collaboration with a contract analytical services laboratory (VITAS) was recently established to identify and address the critical factors for successful operation in laboratories with no previous PALME experience. This article summarizes the major experiences from this collaboration, and details earlier experiences with the extraction of basic and acidic drugs from human plasma (7,8,10). The article is focused on (i) the principle of PALME, (ii) typical performance data, and (iii) how to perform the extractions successfully from a practical point of view.


An experimental study of the extents and rates of adsorption of several polymers from various solvents onto activated carbon has been carried out. The polymers studied included polystyrene, polybutadiene, butadiene–styrene copolymers and poly(methyl methacrylate). The solvents included toluene, cumene, decalin, 2-pentanone, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Polystyrene is adsorbed from the different solvents in the order MEK, 2-pentanone, cumene, toluene, decalin. The adsorption from toluene, decalin, and cumene is in the order polystyrene, polybutadiene butadiene—styrene copolymer. The fact that the copolymer is adsorbed less than either homopolymer is striking. The variation of molecular weight distribution with extent of adsorption has been studied. It was found that low molecular weight polymer was preferentially adsorbed in the early stages of the experiment, but high molecular weight polymer was adsorbed at longer times. The apparent adsorption rate constants have been evaluated for the various systems and resolved into external mass transfer, internal (intraparticle) mass transfer, and adsorption rate constants. The experimental data have been applied to the prediction of the elution of the polymers from chromatographic columns packed with activated carbon.


Pulse interval and width modulation (PIWM) is viewed as a period-modulated square wave (PMSW) and a general expression for its spectrum is derived using a pseudo-static approach. Experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed method.


Discloses an apparatus, system, method, and machine-readable media. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes an address swap cache. Device also includes swap logic memory segment, the memory segment swap logic error can be detected at a first address can be copied to the target storage segment. Once detected, the logic further storage segment for targeting the second address to the first address remapping error memory segment targeted. The logical address in this entry in the exchange of the two addresses stored in the cache. Then memory segment swap logic receives a first physical address of the target memory transaction, and uses the address in the address swap cache lookup process is performed to determine whether the address entry has an error exists. If an entry for that address does exist, then the switch of the logical address to the second address of the first memory transaction.


From the Publisher:
Photoshop 5.0, Adobe's powerful image manipulation tool, continues to set the industry standard for graphics professionals and hobbyists alike. New features, such as the History Palette, spot color channels, and an automated effects function, make the latest version even richer than before.
The best selling Photoshop tutorial, Adobe Photoshop 5.0 Classroom in a Book, has been revised to cover all the new Web graphics features of Photoshop 5.0, and to deepen the instruction in creating and optimizing images destined for the Web.
Beginning to intermediate users of Photoshop will find the basics covered in the introductory lessons: getting comfortable with the Photoshop interface, using the toolbox and palettes, and working with layers and filters. Using the building-block approach, the Adobe Development team then leads readers into more complex tasks of image editing and photo retouching. Production issues, color management, working with other Adobe applications in the Photoshop environment, and the new Web material, are covered in short, focused lessons that lead users into mastery of this popular graphics program.


GHG emissions and Energy Payback Time for AC electricity generated by the SunPower® Oasis® ground-mounted solar power plant were evaluated through a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a 579MWp solar plant in California. The combination of the high efficiency SunPower® solar panels and the smart Oasis ® tracking technology generates AC electricity at only 19g CO2eq/kWh AC and 0.32MJ/kWh AC over a 30 year lifetime. The high electricity generation of this plant allows for a reduced Energy Payback time in AC electricity to 9 months.


Consumer demand for high speed data communication system is increasing day by day. However the major challenges for wireless communication system are Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) that occur during data transmission. This interference will distort signal and increase error rate in the system. Combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) give a reliable high data rate. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-based channel estimation is used in STBC MIMO-OFDM and simulated using MATLAB software. The system performance is compared with multiple antenna configuration and different modulation technique. Multiple antenna configurations that involve during simulation are 2x2, 4x4 and 6x6 while modulation techniques are Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). This simulation will prove that the higher number of transmit and receive antenna, the lower BER for the system.


With California targeting all drayage trucks operating in the state to be zero-emitting by 2035, it is critical to model the quantities, locations, and load curves of medium-duty (MD) and heavy-duty (HD) electric vehicle (EV) chargers. This paper generates home-base charging load profiles using real-world activity data for a drayage truck fleet operating in Southern California. As a likely scenario, trucks with a battery capacity of 565 kWh were modeled charging at their home-base (i.e., fleet depot) at two power levels. We then consider constraints of energy needed to complete the next subsequent tour and Time-of-Use (TOU) energy rates. An uncontrolled baseline charging scenario was also modeled for comparison. Results suggest that a decrease of about 21% in energy charging cost can be achieved when comparing the baseline vs. constrained scenarios using a 50 k W power level. A similar decrease in cost was found when modeling a power level of 150 k W. In addition, the percentage of tours completed increased approximately by 10-12%, just by adjusting the charging power level. Finally, the proposed constrained scenarios decreased the number of required chargers by 2–3 on average when compared to their baseline cases.


Abstract 471 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy associated with the activation of oncogenic transcription factors. Thus, 5% to 10% of pediatric and up to 30% of adult T-ALL patients show aberrant expression of the TLX1 transcription factor oncogene. Aberrant expression of TLX1 in Lck- TLX1 transgenics induces transformation of T-cell progenitors and the development of clonal T-cell lymphoblastic tumors with over 80% penetrance and a latency of 29 weeks. The prolonged latency before T-ALL development in TLX1 transgenic mice and the clonal nature of these tumors suggested the presence of cooperating mutations involved in the pathogenesis of these leukemias. Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) analysis identified several recurring chromosomal alterations in these tumors including three heterozygous deletions on chromosome 12, with a common deleted region containing only the Bcl11b gene. Moreover, DNA sequence analysis of Bcl11b showed the presence of Bcl11b mutations in 4/15 (27%) mouse TLX1 induced T-ALLs, which together with the 3 Bcl11b deletions identified in our aCGH analysis brings the prevalence of Bcl11b alterations in mouse TLX1 induced tumors to 7/15 (47%). Notably, mutation analysis of Bcl11b in a panel of 21 non TLX1 -transgenic mouse T-ALL tumors failed to detect any Bcl11b mutations (P Bcl11b encodes a zinc finger transcription factor with a critical role in the differentiation and survival of T-cell progenitors in the thymus. Given the similarities between our mouse model of TLX1 -induced leukemia and human T-ALL, we hypothesized that BCL11B alterations could also be implicated in the pathogenesis of human T-ALL. Most notably, aCGH analysis of human T-ALL samples showed the presence of focal heterozygous deletions encompassing the BCL11B locus in 2/69 (3%) T-ALL cases. In addition, mutation analysis of BCL11B in human T-ALL demonstrated the presence of somatic truncating frameshift mutations and somatic missense point mutations in 9/71 (13%) cases analyzed. Interestingly, all 6 BCL11B missense mutations involved zinc finger domains. One sample showed compound heterozygous BCL11B mutations while the remaining cases harbored heterozygous BCL11B lesions. Finally, expression analysis of TLX1 or TLX3 in 8 T-ALLs harboring mutations or deletions in BCL11B with RNA available showed aberrant expression of these transcription factor oncogenes in 5/8 (63%) [ TLX1 (4/8); TLX3 (1/8)] of these samples. The identification of a high prevalence of Bcl11b mutations and deletions in TLX1 -induced tumors suggested a specific genetic interaction between these two genes in T-cell transformation. We contemplated two alternative scenarios. First, TLX1 could induce partial inactivation of BCL11B in T-cell transformation, an effect that would be reinforced by secondary genetic alterations in the BCL11B locus during tumor progression. Alternatively, BCL11B mutations and TLX1 overexpression could operate in parallel pathways that contribute to distinct but complementary aspects of tumor development. To test if BCL11B could be a direct transcriptional target of TLX1 in T-ALL, we analyzed the binding of TLX1 to the BCL11B promoter via chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in ALL-SIL, a T-ALL cell line expressing high levels of TLX1 as result of the t(10;14)(q24;q11.2) translocation. This analysis revealed that indeed TLX1 binds to the BCL11B promoter. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of TLX1 in this cell line resulted in transcriptional upregulation of BCL11B , indicating that BCL11B is a direct transcriptional target downregulated by TLX1 in T-ALL. The model that emerges from these results is that the TLX1 oncogene directly downregulates the BCL11B tumor suppressor gene, and that the oncogenic effects of this transcriptional regulatory axis can be fixed and reinforced by secondary deletions and mutations in the BCL11B locus acquired during tumor progression. Altogether, these results highlight the power of integrated genomic analysis of human and mouse leukemias, identify a TLX1 - BCL11B transcriptional regulatory axis in the pathogenesis of T-ALL and define BCL11B as a tumor suppressor gene recurrently deleted and mutated in 16% of human T-ALL patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Abstract In previous work by the author, a class of finite-dimensional semisimple Hopf algebras was considered with respect to the question under what condition all but one isomorphism class of simple modules are one-dimensional. The group theoretical answer given there asks for a classification of certain matched pairs used for the construction of these Hopf algebras. This classification is the content of this paper.


This final work is dedicated to the issue of legal protection of computer programs and databases. The aim was to describe a computer program as authorship work, and then show that rights, i.e. Copyrights of computer programs, both in Croatia and in the European Community. Nowadays technology occupies a huge part in social activities, and also in the economy. Through the years, increasing the number of authors of computer programs and databases, leads to violation of the rights of copyright authors works, and the legislation necessary to spread. This work contains the elements of the Copyright work and related works, which is actually about protecting the rights of computer programs and databases. A computer program belongs to one of the literary works, and it has copyright protection and intellectual property rights. For computer program to be under copyright protection, it must be original, innovative creations of one or more authors, which serves a purpose. The database is consisted of a set of computer programs and databases that are also contained in the "Law on Copyright and Related Rights". Initially, the entire software was not appreciated, and it was free, unlike the hardware. Today we see that each device has its software. Software cannot be bought; it can only be acquire the right to use. If there is a misuse of computer programs in any way, whether it is disclosure to the public without the author's name or copying and copying its name, then it comes to financially and legal sentences. If a computer program is created while the employed is under contract with the employer, the employer has a right to use a computer program, unless the contract is otherwise contained. Information technology is the future of our society, and the authors of computer programs and the right of a computer program must be protected under authorship protection. The Republic of Croatia modelled on the EU Member States; each year extends further the Law on Copyright and Related Rights.


The article presents the results of studies on the influence of intensification methods on the structural state of leached chernozem of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe during the cultivation of spring wheat. It is shown that blocky > 10 mm (26-38%) and lumpy-granular units 2-1 mm in size (15-21 %) predominated in the structural composition of chernozem. The use of the biological stimulant Lignohumate AM in the complex protection of spring wheat against the background of the pre-sowing introduction of ammophos in doses of N5P20 and N12P50 contributed to an increase in the number of 2-1 mm aggregates by 4-5 % compared with the control and the formation of an excellent structural state of chernozem containing aggregates of a valuable size 72- 74% during the growing season. Keywords: BIOLOGICAL STIMULATOR, HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, CHERNOZEM, SPRING WHEAT, STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION


Background: Dermatologic comorbidities can be the clue for the diagnosis and treatment of systemic conditions and a need for dermatological expert opinion is increased. Objective: To analyze the patterns and to quantify the dermatologic consultations referred by the department of obstetrics and gynecology (OBGY). Methods: We retrospectively studied the data from 479 cases referred by OBGY for a dermatologic consultation during a three-year period in a tertiary hospital. Results: The most common skin disorder was pregnancy-related dermatoses (29.77%) in obstetric inpatients, while cutaneous infection (33.33%) was the most frequent in gynecologic inpatients. The distribution of the skin disorders in consulted OBGY inpatients was consistent with the previous reports. However, there were some differences, such as high proportion of infectious disease. Infectious skin diseases were significantly more frequent (p<0.001) in the chemotherapy group of gynecologic inpatients compared to that of the non-chemotherapy group, viral infection being the most common. In addition, superficial fungal infection accounted for the same proportion as the viral infection (37.50% each) among obstetrical inpatients. Maculopapular or urticarial eruption (51.52%) was the most common type of chemotherapy-related adverse drug reaction. Conclusion: This study revealed the distribution of skin disorders in patients referred by OBGY for dermatologic consultation. Furthermore, it could be helpful as an educational material to assist cooperation between dermatology and OBGY. (Korean J Dermatol 2012;50(11):951∼958)


There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C37H26N2O2. The crystal structure is stabilized by a weak intramolecular hydrogen bond as well as C—H⋯π interactions.


Drug treatment for opioid dependence is poorly marketed. Research amongst hundreds of opioid dependent clients in treatment identified myths and misinformation about treatment and a lack of understanding about how prescribers determine treatment provision for injecting drug users. Through consultation with user organisations across Australia easy to use resources that make treatment transparent were developed. The aim of this DVD is to develop a resource for both in and out of treatment drug users (especially heroin users) that will assist them in accessing treatment by ensuring they are accurately and fully informed about; available treatment options; the process of treatment; its benefits; side effects and; possible risks. It aims to explain treatment options for opioid dependence including methadone and buprenorphine and the treatment of other drug related problems and health issues such as dental care, hepatitis, mental health, and overdose. The DVD may also be used as an aid to teaching clinical students. Abstract The Sleeping Giant video was launched with resounding acclaim to community members, policy and front-line stakeholders at a Think Tank to introduce the document 'Best Practice Recommendations for Needle Syringe Programs (NSPs) in Ontario.' Sleeping Giant guides viewers through a day in the life of a harm reduction program in Thunder Bay, Ontario. The video drives home the effectiveness of NSPs in connecting users to much-needed services and decreasing their risk for HIV and other blood-born pathogens. It is an essential tool for front-line workers in the harm reduction sector, for policy-makers and for others working in public health. As such, it has significant and practical applications at the national and international level. Abstract La implementacio de les sales de venopuncio assistida en alguns punts de Barcelona, ha vingut acompanyada del rebuig per part d'alguns veins. El ocumental mostra una excepcio. L'equipament socio-sanitari del barri de La Mina de Sant Adria de Besos, al costat de Barcelona. La veu dels propis usuaris, dels professionals que hi treballen i d'alguns veins, defensant un model, que ha millorat les condicions de vida dels toxicomans i del barri en general. Many neighbours have reacted against the implementation of assisted venopuncio "venopunction"? rooms in certain areas of Barcelona. This documentary shows us an exception: the health and social equipment in the La Mina neighbourhood in Sant Adria de Besos, next to Barcelona. We will hear the users , the professionals that work with them and some of the neighbours defend this model which has improved the life conditions of the drug addicts and the neighbourhood in general. Abstract Miradas y drogas es un film documental de genero educativo-didactico que, a traves de un periplo por algunas de las diversas realidades ibericas de ocio nocturno, realiza una mirada etnografica sobre el trabajo que desarrollan algunos de los principales grupos de Reduccion de Riesgos del Estado espanol. En este pais la Reduccion de Riesgos se ha desarrollado enormemente en los ultimos anos, y sus actividades y practicas de atencion al publico son periodicamente evaluadas; Miradas y drogas muestra este proceso y, a su vez, deviene un documento grafico de otra forma de abordar el llamado «problema de las drogas», mediante un acercamiento que promueve la sensibilizacion personal y grupal, la asuncion de responsabilidades y la maduracion de los procesos de toma de decisiones.


We present a new method for automatic test data generation (ATDG) applying to semantically annotated control-flow graphs (CFGs), covering both ATDG based on source code and assembly or virtual machine code. The method supports a generic set of test coverage criteria, including all structural coverage criteria currently in use in industrial software test for safety critical software. Several known and new strategies are supported for avoiding infeasible paths, that is paths in the CFG for which no input exists leading to their execution. We describe the implementation of the method in CHR∨ [1] and discuss difficulties and advantages of CHR in this context.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nonrandom allocation of organisms to treatments in aquatic toxicity tests on lethal concentration estimates. Random allocation of organisms is prescribed to avoid the introduction of systematic bias in these tests; however, completely random assignment is usually impractical. A source of systematic bias in a nonrandom allocation scheme is the potential inverse relationship between organism hardiness and the order in which organisms are captured for assigning to treatment (i.e., less hardy and hence more sensitive individuals are captured first). A Monte Carlo simulation experiment was performed to examine such an inverse relationship for a variety of random allocation schemes, focusing on the mortality endpoint in the fathead minnow larval survival and growth toxicity test. Results of the computer simulation experiment indicated that nonrandom allocation of organisms can produce significant bias in estimates of lethal concentration values. Any attempt at randomization resulted in approximately unbiased estimates of lethal concentration values; however, variance of the estimates increased as allocation schemes deviated from the completely random allocation. This study illustrates the importance of proper training of laboratory personnel to implement some form of random organism allocation. Furthermore, many partial random allocation schemes (i.e., those allocating more than one organism at a time) may still yield unbiased estimates of potency endpoints.


The invention relates to a front support (108) for a motor vehicle (100), wherein the front support (108) is in one piece and is composed exclusively of plastic.


Aim: This study was carried to determine the prevalence of HIV and the acceptability of HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) in pregnancy as a strategy for the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT). Methods: Group and individual pre and post-test counseling were performed by trained field workers. Screening for HIV infection was based on two sequential rapid HIV tests. Focus group discussion was also held among HIV positive pregnant women. Results: 587 (80.6%) pregnant women underwent the test after pre-test counseling. Sixty-nine women (9.5%) had a positive result. The women were counseled on the need for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV infection. Thirteen (18.8%) of the women accepted to utilize PMTCT facilities. Reasons cited for non-utilization of PMTCT facilities mainly bordered on the belief that they could not transmit HIV to their unborn children. Significant associations were found between HIV positivity and marital status, low educational status, low social class and high parity of the study subjects. Conclusion: The study suggests that a successful integration of VCT into the existing primary health care services is feasible in developing countries like Nigeria, though; there is a need to create more awareness on the effectiveness of PMTCT.


Conventional hydrothermal ("low enthalpy") geothermal reservoirs are already being developed in the Netherlands as a source of heat for greenhouses, district heating. Many of these wells are left with a positive skin after being drilled, and could therefore benefit from stimulation. In order to evaluate the potential benefit of propped fracture stimulation for this type of reservoir, a history match of a real geothermal injection and production doublet was made using an industry standard 3D reservoir simulation model. This model was then used to perform production and injection forecasts for different completion scenarios, including propped fracturing.
 All available data (logs, PLT, welltests) was used in creating and history matching the reservoir simulation model. The model was history matched to the individual welltests for both the production and injection well and to a 3 year data set of production and injection data. In order to match the long-term pressure trend, an increase in the size of the thermal fracture in the injection well was needed. The history matching results were compared to the predicted increase in the size of the thermal fracture using a new 3D FEM fracture model. The same model parameters were also used to design propped hydraulic fracturing treatments. The propped fractures were also placed in the reservoir simulation model for both the production and injection wells, to predict the performance of the wells with fracture stimulation.
 Although the actual wells used in this study had negative skins to begin with (after drilling), many wells drilled in the same reservoir (Rotliegend in the Netherlands) have positive skins to begin with. Our simulations showed significant improvement in well injectivity and productivity using propped fractures, compared to a well with a typical initial skin of +2 seen in new open-hole wells in this reservoir. Injection pressure was also reduced significantly, to below the regulatory limits on "safe" injection. The new 3D FEM model showed that injection well thermal fracture propagation was strongly affected by small differences in the Young's modulus between the higher and lower porosity layers in the reservoir.
 This paper shows, based on actual well data from a real geothermal doublet, the expected benefit from hydraulic fracture stimulation is significant, especially when the wells have a positive skin after drilling. The effect of small differences in rock stiffness on thermal fracture propagation in a geothermal injection well is also a new and surprising result.


Citrus reticulata (Blanco) fruit is native to South East Asia which owns many of the nutritional, medicinal and economic advantages, locally known as "Kinnow" and one of the priced mandarin varieties (Dancy, Fuetrell's Early and Honey) of Citrus genera renowned for its exclusive taste, vitamin richness, thin peel, long shelf-life and seedless characteristics in Pakistan. However, genetic improvement and breeding strategies of this valued variety are lacking due to the in-housed insufficient genomic and technical resources. Therefore, the current research was initiated to provide the base-line de-novo genome assembly of C. reticulata (seedless kinnow) at a depth of 151x with Illumina paired-end short-read sequencing technology using HiSeq 2500. Whole-genome sequencing resulted in 139,436,350 raw reads (∼20.09 GB) of data, however, after removing the low-quality reads (1.08%), duplicated sequences (10.5%) and Illumina adaptors, 137,901,462 clean reads were obtained with (∼18.87 GB) of clean data which was further used for downstream variant calling analysis. In total, 348,861 scaffolds were generated with N50 value of 4827 which constitute 263,018,9 contigs ranging from 71-36,213 with total of 179,984,763 nucleotides. The GC content of the final draft assembly at 71-mer was 34.1%. Moreover, annotation was performed with "Hayai-Annotation Plants" tool which marked the whole-genome mapping with three main functional databases of interpro, Pfam and gene ontology. Additionally, in-silico identification of 111,032 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) was also accomplished with the help of GMATA tool, which may be used for further screening and genetic improvement of the citrus varieties by means of this current assembly as a resource of local reference genome.


Loading Using Modeling and its Abstract In this study, to trace the influence of copper pollution sources on sediments, the copper distribution in Lijiang River was studied with water quality model tools. In addition, the effects of velocity, sources, and hardness on the characteristic parameters of copper were investigated. The goal is to quantitatively reveal the space-time evolution law of copper in the surface sediments of Lijiang River during the period of over exploitation of the surrounding metal industry from 2005 to 2015 through model simulation, and to reveal the mechanism of its influence on the copper footprint. Assess the impact of potential causes, such as speed, resources, organic load, and hardness, and provide pollution prediction for critical areas and nature reserves that protect river ecosystems. The results show that the increase of copper pollution is due to the decrease of flow rate, increase of organic load, non-point source and increase of hardness.


From October 1964 to September 1965 for one year the author experienced 8 cases of transient pneumonia like X-ray shadows out of 1,000 cases of USA visa medical examination. These cases were at first diagnosed as minimal pulmonary tuberculosis but had to change the diagnosis as pneumonia after one to two weeks or 3 weeks because of complete disappearance of the precious shadows. The exact nature of these shadows could not be definitely determined. However 6 cases stated that they had a cold for several days and all of hose cases showed no tuberculosis bacilli in sputum on examinations of throat swab smear and culture. Cold agglutinin test was done on only 2 cases and it were also negative. The relationship with influenza also was not directly conformable. Although the incidence of these pneumonia was only 0.8% of total 1,000 examinee, when compared with the fact that there were only 4 cases whom were de initely diagnosed as minimal pulmonary tuberculosis the frequency rate of pneumonia against initial minimal pulmonary tuberculosis would be 2 to 1 in this visa medical examination. From this experience the author emphasized that before the initial diagnosis of minimal pulmonary tuberculosis is made in these sort of physical examination, should have another chest X-ray after 2 to 3 weeks of the first chest X-ray to differentiate the transient pneumonic shadow from tuberculosis. The size and the location of the shadows were various and there was no distinguishable point on X-ray picture between these pneumonic cases and tuberculosis.


The study on signal transduction i s one of the popular fields in cell biology,molecular biology as well as medici ne because the disorder of signal transduction is directly related to the occurr ence,development and prog-nosis of many diseases.This article summarized sev eral pathways relevant to cancers,which has great significance not only in cla rifying the etiology of cancers but also in capturing cancers.