Introduction: Women Artists and the 'Empire of Signs' In the continuing re-examination of cultural history that inflects much contemporary art in the People's Republic of China (PRC), there has to date been insufficient acknowledgement that powerful notions of filial duty, self-sacrifice and the equation of femininity with fragility, served to constrain women's participation in the pursuits of the imperial scholar class such as calligraphy, painting and connoisseurship. Craig Clunas' analysis of the 'gendering of the act of spectatorship as male' and 'male anxieties around women and painting in the Ming period' reveals that the act of looking at paintings by the literati was as important as the act of producing them. Similarly, with very few exceptions, women artists have been absent from avantgarde前卫 (qianwei) ink practices that developed in the late twentieth century, as has been their work from scholarly discourses around those practices. Specifically, in the genres of 'unreadable' calligraphy and performative applications of ink in canonical works such as Gu Wenda's 1985Mythos of Lost Dynasties series, Wu Shanzhuan's 1986 Red Humour installations, Xu Bing's c. 1987–91 Book from the Sky and Yang Jiechang's 1989–99 100 Layers of Ink, it is the contention of this article that the appropriation and transformation of previously elite artforms left the historically masculinist nature of literati 文人 (wenren) culture essentially unquestioned. The post–Cultural Revolution re-examination, translation, and transformation of ink and text traditions have been documented and analysed by scholars from various disciplines. Artists were wrestling with their memories of High-Maoist China and the instability of language as part of the revolutionary apparatus of the state—in Barm e's memorable phrase, they were examining the 'empire of signs that had bedevilled so many writers and thinkers in China's twentieth century'. Installations and performance works featuring altered calligraphy, books, and the materiality of ink were not only vehicles for the reassertion of Chinese identity and signifiers of contemporaneity but also reflections on past trauma. Wu Hung's


Donkey-hide gelatin,also known as animal skin glue,to pay caused by glue,is a valuable medicine,said"Chinese ginseng,deer horn Sambo".Its sweet nature,into the lungs,liver and kidney meridians,yin blood,moistening hemostasis,the role of tocolysis.Compendium of Materia Medica,the blood"holy medicine"."Women with blood-based".Therefore,donkey-hide gelatin was promoted as the"gynecological medicine".In this paper,its clinical application in gynecological bleeding disorders are summarized below.


This study aims to determine the effect of (1) the attitude of learning, (2) study habits and (3) the achievement motivation on student achievement in the subject of the research methodology. This research uses a quantitative approach involving 139 respondents of the 2012 Psychology Faculty UIN Syarif Hidayatullah students as the research sample. Data was collected by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by multiple regression techniques, while testing construct validity of measuring instruments using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The results showed that there was an effect of learning attitudes, learning habits and achievement motivation on student learning achievement in the course of research methodology with an influence of 18.2%.


It explains how a new therapy is different from the traditional treatment of maxillofacial wounds bitten by dog with hydrophobia and the superiority of the therapy. It also deals with the principles of the new therapy and attentions of operation on the bitten wounds.


Case A 56-year-old woman presented to the ED with palpitations and lightheadedness, which began upon awakening that morning. The patient had a history of atrial fibrillation (AF), and believed this was the cause of her symptoms. Over the past 18 months, the patient had twice undergone successful cardioversion for AF with a rapid ventricular response (RVR); both cardioversions were performed by her cardiologist. The patient denied experiencing any chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, or vomiting. Her medical history was significant only for AF. Regarding her medication history, the patient had been prescribed metoprolol, but admitted that she frequently forgot to take it. She further stated that she was not taking aspirin or anticoagulation therapy for AF. She denied past or current alcohol consumption or tobacco use. On physical examination, the patient's vital signs were: heart rate (HR), 186 beats/min; blood pressure, 137/82 mm Hg; respiratory rate, 20 breaths/min, and temperature, afebrile. Oxygen saturation was 96% on room air. The head, eye, ears, nose, and throat examination was normal. Auscultation of the lungs revealed clear breath sounds bilaterally. On examination of the heart, the patient had an irregularly irregular rhythm that was tachycardic; no murmurs, rubs, or gallops were appreciated. The abdomen was soft and nontender. There was no edema or redness of the lower extremities. The emergency physician (EP) placed the patient on a cardiac monitor and administered 2 L of oxygen via nasal cannula. An electrocardiogram (ECG), portable chest X-ray (CXR), and laboratory evaluation were ordered, and an intravenous (IV) line was established. The ECG revealed AF with RVR, without evidence of ischemia. The CXR was interpreted as normal. Laboratory studies, including complete blood count, basic metabolic profile, and serum troponin levels, were likewise within normal limits. Based on the patient's history and evaluation, the EP decided to cardiovert the patient rather than attempt rate control with IV medications. The patient consented to the cardioversion, based on the two previous successful cardioversions performed by her cardiologist. The EP gave the patient midazolam 2 mg IV and performed synchronized cardioversion at 200 joules. The patient converted to normal sinus rhythm with an HR of 86 beats/min. She was observed in the ED for 1 hour, given metoprolol 50 mg by mouth, and discharged home with instructions to follow up with her cardiologist the following week. The next day, the patient suffered a large ischemic stroke in the distribution of the left middle cerebral artery, resulting in a dense right hemiparesis. The neurological deficit was significant, necessitating the patient's placement in a nursing home. The patient and her family sued the EP for malpractice for not anticoagulating the patient prior to and following cardioversion. A $3.3 million settlement was agreed upon prior to trial.


Chapter 4 excerpts edited by Marcus Bicknell, 30 De cember 2016, to show Smith's appreciation of Clarence Bicknell's classification techniques. She discusses the way in which rock engravings are interpreted by archaeo logist and other researchers, and criticises (my bold blue below) their "unsystematic approach" such as ignoring the "contemporaneity, scale, or appropriate geometry". Her most telling indictment is "What fits is included; what does not fit is conven iently disregarded". She goes on to praise Bicknell's taxonomical and empirical approac h (my bold brown below) in words which complement and strengthen the praise of Bicknell's techniques by Christopher Chippindale, the Bicknell specialist fr om Cambridge University.


Single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors can be successfully eradicated with thermal ablation (TA). We assessed the validity of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Treatment Response (LR‐TR) criteria with a retrospective analysis of a single‐center database of patients with small HCC tumors (<3 cm in diameter) who underwent both laparoscopic TA and liver transplantation (LT) from 2004 to 2018. Postablation MRIs were assigned LR‐TR categories (nonviable, equivocal, and viable) for ablated lesions and Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) categories (probable or definite HCC) for untreated lesions. Interpretations were compared with the histopathology of the post‐LT explanted liver. There were 45 patients with 81 tumors (59 ablated and 22 untreated; mean size, 2.2 cm), and 23 (39%) of the ablated tumors had viable HCC on histopathology. The sensitivity/specificity of LR‐TR categories (nonviable/equivocal versus viable) of ablated tumors was 30%/99%, with a positive predictive value (PPV)/negative predictive value (NPV) of 93%/69%. The sensitivity varied with residual tumor size. The sensitivity/specificity of LI‐RADS 4 and 5 diagnostic criteria at detecting new HCC was 65%/94%, respectively, with a PPV/NPV of 85%/84%. The interrater reliability (IRR) was high for LR‐TR categories (90% agreement, Cohen's ĸ = 0.75) and for LI‐RADS LR‐4 and LR‐5 diagnostic categories (91% agreement, Cohen's ĸ = 0.80). In patients with HCC <3 cm in diameter, LR‐TR criteria after TA had high IRR but low sensitivity, suggesting that the LR‐TR categories are precise but inaccurate. The low sensitivity may be secondary to TA's disruption in the local blood flow of the tissue, which could affect the arterial enhancement phase on MRI. Additional investigation and new technologies may be necessary to improve imaging after ablation.


ABSTRACT This paper expands upon some of Goldberg's initial reflections regarding the new type of 'subject' that is at the heart of post-raciality. A particular attention is paid to the connection with religion, as many of the current conflicts in Europe have been articulated through the grammar of secularism and religion, especially in relationship to Islam. This observation invites us to consider how this 'racialization of religion' figures as a reminder of the central role of this politico-theological question in the demarcation of who counts as a proper (political) subject, and how the current debates about Islam figure as a reminder of that.


Multiple birth is associated with a doubling of the risk of maternal mental health disorders. This investigation recognises the substantial impact that maternal depression can have on successful parenting, child health, and family functioning. The authors explore whether a supportive/educational midwifery intervention can reduce the risk of postpartum depression (PPD). I provide this commentary believing that nurse midwives bring substantial value to the care of women with twins (Ellings et al., Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:387–91). Unfortunately, the author's results are not conclusive. Women received care in an antenatal multidisciplinary twin clinic with specialist midwives and additional preand postnatal visits. Participants and spouses in the intervention group attended a series of educational programmes on parenting multiples. The intervention group reported greater maternal wellbeing, family support, mood, self-confidence, and felt better prepared for parenting; however, the primary outcome was a reduction in maternal depression as measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The mean maternal EPDS was lower at 26 weeks postpartum, but it was not significantly different from the control group scores. Nor were there any differences in maternal anxiety or parenting stress. Unfortunately, the study was substantially underpowered. A recent meta-analysis of 19 studies (5806 patients), including seven designed to prevent PPD, reviewed the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or interpersonal psychotherapy (Cuijpers et al., Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1272–80). These interventions were associated with an overall 22% reduction in the incidence of depressive disorders. The number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one depressive disorder was 22. Psychological interventions worked best for those at highest risk, and interpersonal psychotherapy may be slightly more effective than CBT. It concluded that prevention of depressive disorders is possible, and is associated with an enormous reduction in public health burden. Another relevant study screened first-time pregnant women and randomised the women who screened positive to a Preparing for Parenthood educational programme designed to increase social support and problem-solving skills. Assignment to the intervention group did not significantly affect postnatal depression at 3 months (Brugha et al., Psychol Med 2000;30:1273–81). In the absence of a specific therapy designed to reduce maternal stress, the likelihood of preventing PPD with education and support alone is probably low. Another systematic review of 15 trials (7697 women) offering psychological interventions revealed a non-significant reduction (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.65–1.02) in the frequency of depressive disorders. The most effective intervention was intensive postpartum support provided by a health professional (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55– 0.84), and individually based interventions were more effective than group interventions (Dennis, BMJ 2005;331:7507–15). Women carrying twins are at high risk for PPD and good candidates for preventative interventions. The development of novel, cost-effective interventions deserves further research attention. This intervention may have shown greater efficacy by focusing on even higher risk multiples such as those with a history of mental illness, prior fetal or infant death, or antenatal depression. CBT interventions designed to reduce postnatal maternal stress and/or anxiety appear to be more effective than education-based interventions. Midwives involved in preand postnatal care could absolutely be trained to provide CBT, and are likely to be more acceptable to parturients than either psychologists or psychiatrists.


To what needs and purposes should the primary curriculum be chiefly directed in the coming decades? In a first step towards revising the primary curriculum, the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) invited responses to an open online call to 'have your say' on priorities for primary education. Respondents were asked to share their views in 100 words or less. Six priorities for primary education were identified across the 960 responses. These focused on developing children's life-skills; communication skills; well-being; literacy and numeracy skills; motivation and engagement; and their sense of identity and belonging. Across the priorities, there is recognition that skills learned in the primary years are related to one another and the extent to which children develop these is likely to have wide-ranging effects on their future experience as learners. Findings call for a revision of traditional, content-based curriculum subjects towards a better alignment with the needs of today's primary school children beginning with a more explicit focus on life-skills, and children's social and emotional development. Finally, we note the common ground across early childhood, primary and post-primary sectors and highlight the potential to align our values and vision for children and young people's education from the earliest years through adulthood.


The development of new scientific tools provides opportunities for progress, but also gives scientists reason to reinvestigate, reconsider, and maybe revise their assumptions about the domain under investigation. In cognitive neuroscience, this has manifested in the debate over "cognitive ontology" – that is, the set of mental functions or faculties investigated by the neurosciences. Psychology comes equipped with a series of intuitive mental categories – perception, cognition, memory, imagination, verbal reasoning, emotion, etc. Cognitive neuroscience has traditionally proceeded under the assumption that these, or some suitably explicated set of these, will be realized in the processes that neuroscientists investigate. For better or worse, however, this assumption sits poorly with the current evidence, which indicates the massive multifunctionality of individual parts of the brain, the wide distribution of activity corresponding to intuitive mental categories, and the importance of global network and ecological context in determining what an individual part of the brain does. These data stress, and perhaps break, the "new phrenological" (Uttal, 2001) approach to cognitive and systems neuroscience, invalidating cherished means of analysis such as subtractive methodology and reverse inference.


The investigation and development of flexible power sources has motivated to develop flexible, light weight, binder free, and current collector free electrodes for lithium ion batteries. We have therefore investigated the alignment and pattern of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) channels in polystyrene (PS) matrix using magnetic field (5 kOe) for lithium ion storage and transport. In the presence of magnetic field, anisotropic MWNTs rotate towards the direction of the magnetic field and stabilized due to its magnetically susceptible nature. MWNTs suspended in PS were trapped and then aligned into the direction of the applied field. The alignment of MWNT channels was optimized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The charging–discharging capacity and rate capability were found to be increased for aligned MWNT/PS nanocomposite electrodes.


Converter-control-based generators exhibit different dynamic characteristics compared with traditional synchronous generators, and thus affect the oscillation modes and small-signal stability of power systems in a different manner. Simplified representation of a great number of grid-connected inverters is indispensable for efficient and accurate dynamic analysis of power systems integrated with large-scale renewable energy generation. This paper proposes a novel dynamic aggregation modeling method of grid-connected inverters using coherency-based equivalence, and validates the applicability of the aggregated model for small-signal stability analysis. Modal analysis and dynamic simulation are conducted on the detailed model and aggregated models of the test system. The frequency-domain results and the time-domain results from PSCAD/EMTDC both verify the adequacy of the coherent equivalence practice in the small-signal rotor angle stability analysis.


At present the International model based on IFRSs has been the foundation of the financial reporting in Mongolia and in most other countries around the world. More than 20 years have passed since the accounting and financial reporting systems of Mongolia was reformed to be in line with international standards, the laws on Accounting and Auditing entered into force, which constitute the appropriate legal framework to enforce implementation of international standards and the country achieved significant advancement in processing and distributing financial information, there is still gap in setting up national financial reporting system fully harmonized with internationally recognized level. Most business entities prepare financial statements, but it is not meet the full requirements of IFRS's which negatively affect the decisions made by accounting information users either internal or external, as well as the policy issued by top and medium level management. This case gives rise to topical issues in social and economic life of the country. In the paper the main tendency for development of dissimilar reporting models, which are Continental, Britain-American, Latin American and International models are reviewed. Moreover, the current status of financial reporting in Mongolia consistence with IFRSs, including accounting and financial reporting system development and the latest survey on IFRS's implementation in financial reporting considered and conclusions and recommendations are analyzed. Based on survey we conclude that Mongolia is on the transition period of implementation IFRSs and the significant improvements in legal environment of accounting and regulating the legal implementation and in capacity building of accounting professionals need as priority in order to end the transition period. First models of financial reporting were developed in the XV century. At present the International model based on IFRSs has been the foundation of the financial reporting in Mongolia and in most other countries around the world.


Of 13 patients who sustained open globe injury, cataract was removed as a secondary procedure in all patients except in one patient in group B, in which cataract extraction with IOL implantation was done as a combined procedure with corneal repair. The reason for performing surgery as early as 0.2 months was presence of freely floating cortical matter in the anterior chamber. One patient (15 years of age at presentation) who underwent cataract surgery after 25 months of blunt trauma had presenting vision of counting finger and gained BCVA of 6/24 after cataract surgery and 6/9 after Nd:YAG capsulotomy.


Focusing on developmental psychology, this work features 12 essays exploring contemporary views and developments in research and theory in the relationship between imagination and cognition in childhood.


The aim of this research was to establish a probabilistic model to predict the growth probability of B. cereus. The five strains of B.cereus were studied and a logistic regression model was chosen to study the interaction of different temperature (10°C, 15°C,20°C,25°C,30°C,35°C), pH(4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5), Aw( 14 levels from 0.992 to 0.932) on the probability of growth. This paper made a fractional factorial design and the experimental data was divided to two parts: 80% of data was chosen as model data and 20% of data was chosen as validation data . At last comparison was made between the predicted values and observed value by choosing 19 experimental data from the published studies. The results showed the concordance index of model data was 0.991 while the validation data was 0.976, indicating that the data was correctly classified and model had a high predictive ability. Also The performance statistics obtained indicate a reasonable goodness of fit of the model obtained, mainly due to the high values of R2-Nagelkerke (0.954) and χ2=0.0119,P=1 of the HosmerLemeshow statistic. A high predictive accuracy is obtained (89.47%) with test data, showing a good predictive ability. In this paper, the growth/no growth model can quantized the combination of environmental factors for B. cereus. This study can help food manufacturers in making decision on the more reasonable and safer formulations for food products in order to prevent the growth of B.cereus along their shelf-life.


Introduction: A significant issue for spacecraft observing planetary surface reflectance spectra is that mineral absorption bands are functions of observation geometry. Mission constraints often require observations to be taken at a wide range of lighting and viewing geometries, making it difficult to determine whether differences in absorption band depths are due to mineralogical variations, particle size differences, or observation geometry[1]. To study this problem, we compared measurements of particulate lazurite, a sample with a deep absorption feature at 0.6 μm (Fig 1), at two facilities. We measured the full bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) at three wavelengths using the Bloomsburg University Goniometer (BUG), and measured high resolution spectra at select geometries using an ASD Field Spec Pro HR spectrometer at the University of Winnipeg. Our goal was to characterize how the band depth varied over the entire BRDF using BUG, and compare predictions from these data to observations acquired with high spectral resolution at a few select lighting and viewing geometries.


In the present day, it can be seen that the existence Arabic is decreasing, because most peopleprefer to learn languages like English, Korean, Chinese, Japanese and others in part. It isregarded as an International Language that is already popular in the world. It is rare to learnArabic. Nowadays Arabic is considered only an old language that has not been polished inthe eyes of the general public and is seen as a religious language. In fact, Arabic is thelanguage that pioneered the Science


Java, Indonesia, has known a fast expansion and intensification of agriculture since the onset of the Green Revolution. This resulted in the multiplication of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use. Because these practices raised environmental and public health concerns, some farmers examined the potential for organic farming methods. This research investigates the effect of organic farming methods compared to conventional soil management on soil microbiological and biochemical properties in the humid tropical climate of Java. A strong negative impact of intensive chemical fertilizer and pesticide use on soil enzyme activities and the microbial community was demonstrated. Conventional soil management alters the composition of the soil microbial community. Organic management with an emphasis on compost application is able to restore the soil microbial community and its functions in a short time span of two years. Although soil enzyme activities under organic management approach those under forest, microbial biomass is still higher under forest. Moreover, the composition of the soil microbial community strongly differs between forest and cultivated soil.


We describe the basic situation,arrangement,task-completing condition pre-and post implementation of major control engineering of soil and water conservation in upper and middle Yangtze River through spot investigation in 22 typical counties of lower Jinsha River,Wujiang River,middle and lower Jialing River,Longnan area of southern Shaanxi and TPG area.We summarize the achievement and experience of soil erosion control,ecological environment improvement,farmland protection,ameliorating agriculture production conditions and increasing farmers′ income,which is significant for ecological construction and development of major control engineering of soil and water conservation in upper and middle Yangtze River in the future.


This study tries to discover the power of the healing as a tourism product in the transformation economy through the field study. The results of the field study show that tourists are more interested in healing related program than the general tourism program. Tourists participating in healing program expressed more positive emotions and more satisfactions. They also spent more money on trip and showed strong intention of revisitation and recommendation to others. This study concludes that healing has a high potential to become important tourism products.


LUWQ 2019: International Interdisciplinary Conference on Land Use and Water Quality. Agriculture and the Environment. Aarhus, Denmark, 3-6 June 2019


This study aims to identify the role of information and communication technology in improving electronic payment methods. The descriptive-analytical approach has been applied. We have learned about the concepts of ICT and electronic payment methods and the impact of ICT on these methods. On the applied side, an El Oued was distributed to a staff sample in the Directorate of the Algeria Poste unite of the State of El-Oued and several its postal institutions. The El Oued included two main axes: the first focuses on the reality of ICT in the organization. We discussed the electronic payment methods and the control procedures on their system on the second axis. Also, the challenges and risks which they face, the study revealed a statistically significant relationship between the variable of ICT and the means of electronic payment through the influence of some dimensions in the first axis on the dimensions of the second axis.


It is now generally accepted 1 that the superconducting state of the optimally doped high-Tc cuprates is characterized by an anisotropic order parameter with dx22y 2 symmetry. This consensus has been reached with the input of different theoretical approaches 1‐3 and the results from many different experimental techniques. 4‐7 Raman scattering has proved to be valuable in this regard and has provided important contributions 8‐12 to the development of the present picture. When interpreted within the conventional model 10‐13 of light scattering from a superconductor the polarization dependence of the Raman continua can be used to directly probe the nature of the superconducting order parameter. In particular scattering from selected parts of the Fermi surface ~FS! can be studied 12,13 by choosing appropriate scattering geometries. Such experiments, carried out on optimally doped samples, have shown that the peak frequency in the B1g spectrum, which samples 12 portions of the FS near


Abstract The failure mode of resistance spot welds (RSWs) (interfacial versus pullout) is a qualitative measure of RSW performance. Considering the adverse effect of interfacial failure mode on the vehicle crashworthiness, process parameters should be adjusted so that the pullout failure mode is guaranteed, ensuring reliability of spot welds during vehicle lifetime. In this paper, the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar RSWs between HSLA420 and drawing quality specially killed low carbon steels are studied with particular attention to failure mode. Increasing the welding current alters the failure mode from interfacial failure mode to pullout mode due to the increase in fusion zone (FZ) size. The minimum required FZ size to ensure the pullout failure mode was estimated using an analytical model. The FZ size proved to be the most important controlling factor of the spot weld peak load and energy absorption.


A fractal is an object that displays self-similarity at various scales. If any portion of a fractal object is zoomed in, it can be noticed that the smaller section is actually a scaled-down version of the bigger one. Another very important quantitative aspect of a fractal is that it has a fractional dimension. Fractals play very important role for applications in earth sciences in the field of geophysics. Automatic detection of phases of the seismograms is developed by using fractal dimension. In this study, the seismograms of Jan Mayen Island earthquake of June 15, 1995 and Redwood City, California of 30 January, 2001 are taken. A relatively robust technique called the correlation integral technique is used to determine the correlation fractal dimension and infer about the presence of different phases of the seismograms. The result obtained in this study shows this new technique to work very well in terms of recognizing the seismic phases both in the presence and absence of noise. The correlation technique can also be used to detect fracture and faults in the subsurface because fractures also show a characteristics fractal dimension as compared to the surrounding and also can be used to infer about the first arrival of a seismic trace and its time of occurrence in the seismic trace.


The efficiency analysis is widely applied in public institutions, but they are still rarely used in case of cultural institutions. The paper deals with the technical efficiency of museums that are characterized by diverse activities and multiple objectives. This multidimensionality complicates the evaluation of efficiency by using traditional economic methods. The paper evaluates the technical efficiency of museums in Slovakia using the method Data Envelopment Analysis. The objective of the paper was to identify key indicators suitable for analyzing efficiency based on available cultural statistics. The appropriate indicators were selected using multivariate statistical techniques - Principal Component Analysis. The findings of the analysis point to significant differences in the efficiency of slovak museums and enable defining the characteristics of the most effective museums. As this is the first analysis of the efficiency of Slovak museums, the findings can be helpful in practice for improving the statistical surveys about museums and their efficiency in Slovakia.


Abstract This study evaluates the relationships between states of the four channel flow model and adventure seeking traits among Whitewater kayakers using a modified Experience Sampling Method. Study hypotheses were concerned with determining whether the interaction between adventure seeking and the four channel flow model predicts differences in dimensions of subjective experience. Questionnaires were administered on‐site to 52 Whitewater kayakers on the Cheat River in West Virginia at eight sites varying in river difficulty (Class I‐V). Data were analyzed at the level of single experience measurements (n = 409 experience observations) rather than per respondent. Statistical analyses (using principal axis factoring and hierarchical linear modelling) confirmed a three dimensional structure of flow indicators, and that the interactions of adventure seeking and the channels of the flow model were significant predictors of an Intrinsic Freedom dimension. Although the adventure seeking trait was a significant predictor of the Affect and Activation dimension, this dimension and the Cognitive Control dimension were not significantly predicted by interactions with channels of the flow model. The significant interaction between the flow state and adventure seeking trait in predicting the Intrinsic Freedom dimension suggests that higher adventure seeking, coupled with entering the flow state, enhances the intrinsic nature of the subjective experience in the Cheat Canyon. Implications of this interaction include a focus on programming for opportunities that inspire intrinsic freedom.


Abstract The objective of these experiments was to assess the possibility that the increase in tail skin temperature (TSK) accompanying administration of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO) was mediated by angiotensin II (Angll) as a result of stimulation of renin release by ISO. Although Angll is known to be a potent vasoconstrictor in mammals, acute administration of this peptide to rats induces a vasodilation of blood vessels in the tail and an increase in TSK. The objective was approached in several ways: (i) use of the nonpeptide Angll receptor antagonist losartan potassium (DuP 753); (ii) use of the peptide Angll receptor antagonist saralasin; (iii) use of the Angl-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, and (iv) chronic administration of Angll. The rationale for these experiments was that blockade of Angll receptors (Experiments 1 and 2), inhibition of the enzyme that converts Angl to Angll (Experiment 3), or down-regulation of the Angll receptors (Experiment 4) would be expected to prevent any contribution to the ISO-induced increase in TSK by Angll. The results of these experiments are consistent in revealing that the response of TSK to ISO administration is due in part (approximately 55%) to a direct effect of ISO and in part (approximately 45%) to an indirect effect resulting from the ISO-stimulated release of renin from the kidneys and the formation of Angll in the blood.


Process simulations provide vital insights to identify the key process steps to dedicate wafer resources for improvement or to determine investment on tool capability. We considered this problem in the context of an industry-like 5nm Back-End-of-Line flow being developed in IMEC and modeled the approximately 150 step process flow in COVENTOR SEMulator3D®. For the first time a one-million wafer Design of Experiments was conducted to sample a 10-dimensional variable space and derive the failure points for each process parameter. A vector based algorithm was used to search the parameter space and derive a hyper-surface to represent the absolute yield limits. The virtual wafers were run to identify process sensitivities and spec limits for expected process variations. This work highlights that process optimization is needed to improve the capability of many processes to the order of 1nm and this methodology should be used to screen standard libraries for process sensitivities.


This study compares LOT between patients discharged from hospitals with FT discharge programs providing NPWT to patients at/before discharge versus those without (non-FT). FT facilities were further segmented: active-FT (≥1 transition order during past 90 days) versus inactive-FT (FT set up but no orders during past 90 days). There were 82 543 billable orders and 92 008 patients analyzed. LOT was 1.8 days shorter for FT versus non-FT facilities (potential per-patient savings of $5071 for FT facilities). LOT was 1.2 days shorter in active-FT versus inactive-FT facilities. This study shows shorter stays and LOT for patients in facilities actively using FT.


Referring to the studies by Shimazu and Kono (1963, '64), two dimensional stress distributions within the unsteady convection cell and their secular variations are calculated. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The stress distribution is strongly affected by the type of boundary conditions at the upper and lower surface, i. e. fixed (rigid) or free. When the upper surface (Moho) is stress free, the stress is concentrated at the rising and sinking areas. When the upper surface is rigid, it is concentrated in the middle of the rising and sinking areas. (2) The patterns and magnitudes of stress within the cell are not significantly varied with time. Based upon the stress distributions thus obtained, the distribution of the deep focus earthquakes and the elastic anisotropy of the upper mantle are discussed. Furthermore, a possibility of stirring of the mantle by convection current is checked. It is concluded that the upper mantle is nearly completely stirred during the one cycle of the convection.


The sheet conductances of top-pinned spin valves and single-material films were measured in situ as the thin-film layers were grown. The data were fit to a Boltzmann transport calculation. The electrical conductivity and electron mean free paths were determined for each material by measuring the in situ conductance of thick single-material films. The electron transmission probabilities were deduced for each interface from the theoretical fits to the multilayer data. From these interfacial transport parameters the ratio of current density to electric field, or effective conductivity, was calculated as a function of position for the completed spin valve. It was found that the distribution of current in the spin valve was not very sensitive to the overall amount of diffuse scattering at the interfaces.


Objective:To discuss the effect of endotracheal lidocaine drips on the patients with acute lung injury.Methods:40 patient with ALI were randomly divided into treatment group(20 cases)and control group(20 cases).The treatment group was treated with 2-3 ml 0.5% lidocaine by intratracheal instillation before sputum aspiration and each one hour interval,or with 3-5 drips of the solution per minute which composed of 500 ml physiological saline,80 ml 5% sodium bicarbonate and 20 ml 2% lidocaine continuously by intratracheal instillation.The control group was given 2-3 ml physiological saline by intratracheal instillation before sputum aspiration and each one hour interval,or with 3-5 drips of the solution per minute which composed of 500 ml physiological saline,80 ml 5% sodium bicarbonate continuously by intratracheal instillation.Degree of blood oxygen saturation and oxygenation index(PaO2/FiO2) were observed in the two groups.Results:There was no statistically significant(P0.05) between the two groups on the degree of SaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 before the treatment.But the degree of SaO2 at 6 hours after the treatment in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P0.05),especially the PaO2/FiO2(P0.01).Conclusion:Intratracheal instillation with lidocaine has exact efficacy on acute lung injury caused by a variety of reasons.It can improve the oxygenation of the patient with ALI and stop the development from ALI to ARDS.


This paper describes the development of a new talking robot WT-2 that improved on WT-1R and has advanced vocal tract mechanisms for the reproduction of human vocal movement. WT-2 consists lungs, vocal cords, a vocal cavity and nasal cavity; the total DOF is 15. The length of the vocal tract is about 175 mm and is almost the same as that of an adult male. Compared to WT-1 or WT-1R developed previously, WT-2 could utter Japanese vowels more clearly, and produce stops, fricatives and nasal sounds by a new flexible tongue mechanism as well as decrease sound leaks from the tongue except those from the lips or nostrils.


PreviewEvery physician who deals with children has seen the infant who "just doesn't look right" Anxious parents want to be assured that nothing—at least nothing serious—is wrong. An early diagnosis of a genetic defect that later proves to be erroneous causes unnecessary grief, while an offhand but ill-founded assurance that all is well can be responsible for future heartbreak. Dr Lubinsky's article provides some helpful suggestions for the clinician facing this unhappy dilemma.


As the airborne air conditioner suffers from the variance of nature of the material, structure features, loads applied and stochastic factors, the fatigue life of its structure tends to deviate from the designed life. Based on stochastic finite element method, a mathematic model of the reliability analysis of fatigue life is established about the structure size, damage, fatigue parameters and load. The reliability analysis of fatigue life problem is transformed into the double objective problems of mean and standard deviation of fatigue life, which is balanced through the power factor. The reliability of fatigue life is improved by adopting this method.


Background: Total hip and total knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) are major surgeries carrying a risk of complications. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), arterial thromboembolic events (ATE), and infections in a non-surgical setting. Objectives: To investigate the risk of VTE, ATE, and non-surgical infection following THA/TKA in patients with RA compared with osteoarthritis (OA); and to explore the impact of biologics treatment. Methods: In a nationwide register-based study, patients with RA and OA who had elective THA/TKA in 2000-2014 were identified in the Danish Hip Arthroplasty Register/Danish Knee Arthroplasty Register and followed up to 90 days after surgery for the occurrence of VTE, ATE, and infections. Cox models stratified on sex and type of surgery (THA vs TKA) and adjusted for age, calendar period, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, VTE and CVD were carried out. Outcome information was obtained through linkage with the Danish National Patient Registry. In DANBIO, we identified RA patients treated with biologics within 90 days preceding surgery and estimated their risk of each outcome compared with non-biologics treated RA patients in a Cox model adjusted for the propensity score (PS) of receiving biologics as a restricted cubic spline covariate. The PS was conditional on age, sex, calendar period, use of methotrexate, other csDMARDs, and/or glucocorticoids, pre-surgical DAS28, HAQ-DI, VAS physician, and COPD, DM, cancer and/or VTE. Results: In total, 2899 and 112,571 patients with RA and OA were followed-up (Table). Table. Patient characteristics and risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and non-surgical infection following total hip or total knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with osteoarthritis (OA), and biologics treated compared with non-biologics treated RA patients. RA OA p Biologics treated Non-biologics treated p N 2899 112,571 411 1391 Female 73% 58% <0.001 73% 74% 0.43 Age at surgery, mean (s.d.) 66 (11) 69 (10) <0.001 62 (12) 65 (10) <0.001 Had TKA surgery 63% 44% <0.001 67% 63% 0.09 Received thromboprophylaxis 99% 99% 0.53 97% 99% 0.002 History of VTE 3% 2% 0.001 3% 4% 0.31 Prevalent CVD 17% 15% 0.01 11% 15% 0.07 History of cancer 6% 7% 0.03 4% 6% 0.05 History of hospitalisation due to infection 10% 4% <0.001 12% 8% 0.02 Outcome Events, n (%) HR (95%CI) Events, n (%) HR (95%CI) VTE 25 (1.0) 1167 (1.3) 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) 8 (1.9) 7 (0.5) 5.5 (1.7 to 18.4) ATE 22 (0.8) 849 (0.7) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) 4 (1.0) 8 (0.6) 2.8 (0.7 to 11.1) Infection 73 (2.5) 2224 (2.0) 1.3 (1.0 to 1.6) 11 (2.7) 35 (2.5) 0.9 (0.4 to 1.9) Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio, 95%CI, 95% confidence interval. RA was associated with an increased risk of infection, but a lower risk of VTE (HRTKA=0.6, 0.3 to 1.0,p=0.04). Compared with non-biologics treated, biologics-treated patients were not at increased risk of infection but had a 5-fold increased risk of VTE. Conclusion: In this nationwide cohort study, RA patients were at increased risk of infection after THA/TKA compared to OA patients, but treatment with biologics did not further increase the risk. As seen in other studies RA patients had a lower risk of VTE following TKA when compared with OA patients, but our finding of an increased incidence of VTE in biologics-treated patients warrants further studies. Disclosure of Interests: René Cordtz: None declared, Lars Erik Kristensen Grant/research support from: UCB, Biogen, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Novartis, Consultant for: Consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma., Speakers bureau: Pfizer, AbbVie, Amgen, UCB, BMS, Biogen, MSD, Novartis, Eli Lilly and Company, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Anders Odgaard: None declared, Søren Overgaard: None declared, Lene Dreyer Consultant for: MSD, UCB and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Speakers bureau: MSD, UCB and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Speakers bureau: UCB, MSD, Eli Lilly and Janssen Pharmaceuticals.


The limited availability of clean water resources in Gaza strip referred to the increase of the salinity of groundwater due to pumping and unbalanced consumption, the severe shortage of electricity. Thus, the proposed work is to use solar energy to generate electricity and distilled water for drinking or agricultural improvement. System was designed from parabolic solar trough and coupled with a steam turbine with a dc generator and custom designed distillation device (solar still-single effect active system). The incoming solar radiation from the sun is focused and concentrated onto a receiver pipe using a parabolic trough, heating the incoming water, then the pure water turns into high pressure steam, the steam with high energy flows and hits the impulse turbine via nozzle, turbine convert potential energy to kinetic energy for generating electricity by DC Generator, then the exhaust steam with low energy that remaining after the turbine is take place at heat exchanging process in the solar still for increasing impure water temp. to make evaporation process as quick as possible, that's guarantee process efficiency, ultimately, the steam after H.E get back liquid and return to the water source as a close cycle system.


Abstract. A silicone rubber-coated Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed and applied to temperature measurement. The MZI is fabricated by splicing single mode fiber between a short section of no-core fiber (NCF) and the ultra-abrupt taper region. The sensing length of MZI is coated with liquid silicone rubber to enhance the temperature sensitivity. Here, NCF is used to excite the higher order cladding mode, the ultra-abrupt taper region acts as a optical fiber coupler, and the silicone rubber coating on sensing length is used as solid cladding material instead of liquid. The enhancement of the sensitivity of a device is due to the high refractive index (1.42) and thermo-optic coefficient (−1.4×10−4/°C) of silicone rubber as compared to liquid cladding temperature sensors. The experiment was performed for both coated and uncoated MZI and the results were compared. The MZI exhibits a high temperature sensitivity of 253.75 and 121.26  pm/°C for coated and uncoated sensing probes, respectively, in the temperature range from 30°C to 75°C.


Distortions and Stabilization of Simple Primitive Calcium at High Pressure and Low Temperature. Yang Ding, Wendy L Mao, Rajeev Ahuja, Hokwang Mao. HPSynC, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Photon Science and d Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park,CA 94025, USA. Condensed Matter Theory Group, Department of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. HPCAT and Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA. E-mail: email@example.com


This article goes over some of the "unique" beliefs of the True Jesus Church (TJC), a Chinese indigenous Christian denomination. The TJC was founded in 1917 by Paul Wei and today has branches throughout China, some of which are registered (TSPM) churches and some of which are not, as well as in other parts of the world. Offered here, from an official church website, is a brief explanation of some of the distinct beliefs of the church and why they hold such beliefs. The translation here is only a portion of the TJC website that outlines the "5 Distinct Beliefs" of the church. The following exposition combines baptism and the holy spirit in discussing these unique beliefs. The footnotes from the original article have been omitted, but the scripture references are included.


It is shown how refinement methods for smooth curve generation can be carried out efficiently through iterated function systems (IFS). Affine transformations are constructed so that, when composed randomly, they generate the desired smooth curve. Underlying this random algorithm is the "tree traversal" property of IFS. Under a refinement method the points on the curve correspond to leaves on some N-tree. IFS theory enables one to generate all of these leaves through a single orbit of an appropriate Markov chain. Applications include Bezier curves, splines, wavelets and various interpolants.


EDITOR, - John Kemm claims that advice about drinking to individual members of the public has been fairly consistent over the past decade.1 This is surprising.

In 1979 a special committee of the Royal College of Psychiatrists stated that the absolute upper weekly limit was about 56 units of alcohol.2 In 1981, however, the Department of Health and Social Security stated that these weekly limits were in fact quite high but declined to give precise …


(57) [summary] The present invention relates to an absorbent article which is intended for women's use. Sanitary napkin according to the present invention, pantiliner or incontinence guard having a size and shape that can be substantially adapted to the crotch region of the panty. Article has a liquid permeable surface (2) and a liquid-impermeable surface (3), also further disposed absorber between the two surfaces (2,3) (15, 23). Kelp with anatomically adapted shape (14) is arranged on the liquid-permeable surface of the article (2), and wherein the reinforcing material (19), the article that the reinforcing material is both in the states of the wet and dry of opposition to the thickness direction compression, spread between the liquid permeable surface (2) and the liquid-impermeable surface (3).


Earlier in 2014, folklore scholar Ron Morse succeeded in publishing on-line The Adventure of Ideas: A Collection of papers on Patterns of Creativity and a Theory of Endogenous Development, a collection of English-language papers by Tsurumi Kazuko* (1918-2006), an innovative sociologist who was a professor at Sophia University for twenty years (1969-89). The book is available for free download here.


Background: CT techniques and procedures have been expanded in the past decades, leading to an increase in the use of CT. At the same time, the radiation dose to the patient and the concern surrounding this issue has also increased. Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess clinical image quality and x-ray dose from various computed tomography (CT) scanners in order to identify the CT scanners that produce the least radiation dose to patients with exact acceptable image quality for diagnosis. Patients and Methods: Non-randomized clinical image data were collected from six hospitals on 16, 32 and 64 slice CT scanners. A total of 900 patients who underwent chest, abdomen, and brain scans were used for image quality evaluation and dose assessment. The image qualities were evaluated by five observers on 1 - 5 visual grading scale. The CT dose volume index (CTDIv) and dose length product (DLP) was documented from the image display. Results: The averaged CTDIv was 64.96, 70.2, and 75 mGy for the brain, 11.65, 15.53 and 17.11 mGy for the chest, and 13.41, 18.44, and 19.42 mGy for the abdomen from 16, 32 and 64 slice scanners respectively. The averaged image quality scores were 3.68, 3.82, and 4.81 for the abdomen, 3.01, 4.27, and 4.42 for the chest, and 4.92, 4.94, and 4.99 for the brain from 16, 32 and 64 slice scanners respectively. Conclusion: Sixteen slice CT scanner delivered the minimum radiation dose to patients in contrast with the 32 and 64 slice CT scanners, and the image quality was adequate for diagnosis. Both 32 and 64 slice CT scanners produced more than acceptable image quality as well as more than needed dose to patients. The patient dose from the 32 and 64 slice scanners may be reduced by dropping their image quality to close to the 16 slice CT scanner.


Demonstrates a bidirectional lightwave distribution system that uses subcarrier multiplexing to transmit data to eight nodes from a single head-end laser. Data for each node (180 Mbit/s) and return date (45 Mbit/s digital video) are transmitted as FSK subcarrier, between 2.5 and 5.0 GHz. Penalties from laser nonlinearities, interchannel interference or bidirectional transmission are negligible. >


...................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................... ii DEDICATION.................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................ iv I. CHAPTER 1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND LITERATURE REVIEW.......... 1 A. Statement of Problem................................................... 1 B. Purpose of Study........................................................ 3 C. Significance.............................................................. 5 D. Literature Review....................................................... 6 1. The principal's influence on student learning.................... 7 2. Central office administrators supporting principals............. 8 3. Effective principal evaluation...................................... 10 4. The development of national principal evaluation standards.............................................................. 12 5. The development of the Massachusetts model system for principal evaluation................................................. 14 a. MMSEE goals.................................................. 16 b. MMSEE design................................................ 17 c. MMSEE Components......................................... 19 i. Standards, indicators, rubric, and rating................ 20 ii. Five-step cycle.............................................. 21 iii. Goals for student learning, professional practice, and school improvement................................ 22 iv. Rating the principal's impact on student learning... 22


Preparation of a photosensitive composite electrode for an electrolytic cell aimed at energy conversion and photoredox reactions was attempted using the method of dispersion plating. Watt's bath containing photosensitive silver bromide powder as the dispersoid was used for dispersion plating. The conditions of current density, pH, and the rotation rate of the plating bath were investigated for the codeposition of matrix and dispersoid for preferable surface of the photosensitive electrode. The AgBr content also changed when these conditions changed. It was proven that were optimum conditions. The AgBr content increased about 1.6 times by addition of cationic surface active agent in comparison with the case that was not added. The composite electrode showed photosensitivity on the cyclic voltammetry under illumination by chopped light of Xe discharging lamp.


Introduction: The main objectives of this inquiry survey were to get information from the participants of 4th, 5th & 6th teachers training workshop about the types of curriculum implemented in medical colleges in Nepal and whether they possess the copy of curriculum and study it.
Methods: Inquiry survey regarding awareness of the faculty members about curriculum was done during 4th, 5th & 6th teachers training workshop held in February 27–March 3, 2016, September 5–10, 2016, and March 25- 30, 2017 respectively at Health Professionals' Education and Research Center, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal. Questionnaire was developed and piloted in 3rd teachers training workshop held in July 26–31, 2015 and subsequently used in 4th,5th & 6th workshop for inquiry survey.
Results: Around 20% participants didn't respond to question 1 (What types of curriculum is being implemented in medical colleges in Nepal?) and 2 (whether they possess the copy of curriculum and study it?), while around 11% and 18% had no idea on question 1 & 2 respectively. Response of around 20% participants on question 1 & 2 was acceptable while response of around 48% and 42% participants on question 1 & 2 respectively was vague. Two of 45 participants possessed the copy of curriculum while seven of 43 participants seen the curriculum. All participants agreed to have copy of curriculum and understand it.
Conclusion: Majority of the participants didn't aware of the curriculum, so authors recommended to management to provide copy of curriculum to faculty members and students too.


Background: The occurrence and development of atherosclerosis are closely related to shear stress on the endothelial cells. However, related molecular mechanisms of controlling mechanical signal transduction in endothelial cells remain largely unknown. Aim of the Study: To obtain this goal, here, a parallel-plate flow chamber was used to impose laminar shear stress (8.4 dyne/cm2 ) on endothelial cells for 0 minute (min), 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min. Subjects and Methods: The RNA interference was employed to down-regulate scavenger receptor class B1 (SRB1) and LY294002 was performed to block the phosphorylation status of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Then, the cell status was observed under the microscope, followed by detection of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), p38, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 and the binding activities of activator protein 1, nuclear factorκB and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOs) by western blot. The results showed that shear stress (8.4 dyne/cm2 ) for 60 min induced obvious cell morphologic changes. Meanwhile, PI3K phosphorylation and eNOS expression were significantly increased by shear stress while reversed by SRB1 si-RNA and LY294002. Additionally, shear stress caused the enhanced binding activity of nuclear transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) to DNA from 10 to 120 min, while only at 30 and 60 min for NF-κB. After treatment with SRB1 si-RNA and LY294002 inhibitor, the binding activities of AP-1 and DNA was significantly decreased, however, there was no effect on NF-κB binding activity. Results: Therefore, SRB1 plays a crucial role in mediating shear stress-induced eNOS activation in endothelial cells via PI3K-AP1 pathway. These findings will provide an important understanding of shear stress-induced cell alterations in clinic detection


Advocacy efforts often contribute to broader Education Diplomacy goals. The Brazilian Campaign for the Right to Education coordinated an effort among diverse civil society stakeholders to ensure their voice was included in developing Brazil's National Education Plan (NEP). As a result of their advocacy strategy, civil society participated in negotiations with the National Congress and the Ministry of Education that resulted in the 2014 NEP. The authors discuss how this participatory process was possible and how Education Diplomacy is being used to implement the policies today to advance the right to education.


New methods and technologies for energy storage are required for the transition to renewable energy sources, in Germany termed the "Energiewende". Subsurface energy storage systems, such as salt caverns for hydrogen, compressed air and methane storage or porous formations for heat and gas storage offer the possibility of hosting large amounts of energy or substance. They can thus be utilized to store energy and dampen the intermittent nature of the renewable sources of energy production. When employing these systems, an adequate system and process understanding is required in order to understand the subsurface formations intended for use as storage sites as well as to predict the complex and interacting effects on the storage formations, neighbouring formations and protected compartments like e.g. shallow ground water, soil, ecological functions and ultimately humans. This process understanding is the basis for assessing the potential of these storage options in the subsurface on the scale required to dampen production fluctuations, as well as to identify the risks connected with these uses. Special attention is turned on possible mutual influences of these intended storage options with existing or planned other uses of the subsurface. Figure 1 shows a schematic subsurface with possible types of use and their possible interactions. Interactions can be manifold and are transmitted by hydraulic, thermal, chemical or mechanical effects.


HCV. However, often the identified genetic associations have not been confirmed in independent cohorts, differ in diverse populations, and the studies are limited by small sample size or varying definitions of HCV outcome; moreover, little is known about their functional basis. The large genome-wide association study performed by Duggal et al. has helped advance our knowledge in this area and highlights the importance of the genetic role of HLA Class II and IFNL3 genotype in spontaneous HCV clearance. Additional research is needed to ascertain the mechanisms through which these genes and others affect the outcome of HCV infection. While the hypothesis posed by the authors that the association of DQB1*0301 and IFNL3 genotype may abolish the observed effect of female sex is interesting, there are no data yet to support this hypothesis and answering this question should be a focus of future studies. In the study by Duggal et al., the HLA class II association was detected in both men and women. The availability from the well-defined cases of acute HCV with spontaneous HCV clearance from the InC Study will form a valuable tool for future research to assess novel genetic markers associated with spontaneous HCV clearance. It is hoped that this information will assist with HCV vaccine design and lead to better global control of HCV infection.


Ionization frequency distributions for 1- to 4-MeV protons have been calculated using Monte Carlo techniques for an absorber site having an effective diameter of 250 nm (unit density materials) and results compared with experiment. For proton tracks passing through the absorber site, the calculated frequency distributions, mean ionization, and relative variance agree very well with experiment. The results suggest that the Monte Carlo method, employing sophisticated source terms, can be used effectively to calculate ionization and energy deposition in sites too small for experimental techniques.


The invention relates to a gas injector for injecting gaseous fuel, comprising a valve body (2) with a first valve seat (21) and a second valve seat (22), and a closure element (3) comprising a first sealing area (31), a second sealing area (32), a hollow region (33) defined by a bottom (34) and a wall (35) is delimited and formed one in the bottom (34) outlet (36), wherein the first valve seat (21) (at the first sealing area 31) seals, and the second valve seat (22) on the second sealing region (32) seals, and wherein in the wall (35) of the closure element (3) at least one passage opening (37) is provided so that the gaseous fuel both (from the inner hollow portion 33) and to the outer region (38) of the closure element (3) can be blown.


aDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. bDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. cResearch Center of Nervous System Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. dDepartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. eDepartment of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Correspondence to Gholamreza Hassanzadeh (email: email@example.com). (Submitted: 14 September 2017 – Revised version received: 27 October 2017 – Accepted: 02 November 2017 – Published online: 26 March 2018)


A drainage tube capable of being readily indwelled in the bile duct or the pancreatic duct without excessive burden on a patient and an endoscope with the drainage tube are provided. The drainage tube (200) is attached to the tip of an endoscope insertion section (15) inserted into the bile duct or the pancreatic duct, along the longitudinal shaft direction of the endoscope insertion section. This drainage tube (200) comprises: a tip-side tube region (51) fixed to the tip section periphery of the endoscope insertion section (15), that does not break when inserted into the duodenal papilla, and which has elasticity in the radial direction; and a rear end-side tube region (53) provided connected to the tip-side tube region (51), with extension lengths separated from the tip section of the endoscope insertion section (15) and less elasticity in the radial direction than the tip-side tube region (51).


The expansion of oil palm agriculture has contributed to biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the tropics. Riparian reserves (areas of native forest along waterways) have the potential to maintain forest biodiversity and associated ecological processes within these agricultural landscapes. Using acoustic sampling, we investigated the value of riparian reserves for insectivorous bats in oil palm plantations in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We compared general bat activity, foraging activity, and species occupancy between riparian areas in forest and riparian reserves in oil palm plantations. Overall bat activity varied little between riparian reserves in oil palm and riparian forest. Rather, activity was greatest in areas with a high forest canopy, irrespective of how much forest was available within or outside the riparian reserve. Bat foraging activity, as well as the occupancy of two species, was greatest in the forest sites, and while bats were detected in the oil palm riparian reserves, both foraging and occupancy were more associated with topographic ruggedness than forest amount or height. Our results indicate that habitat structure within riparian reserves may be more important than reserve size for supporting insectivorous bat diversity within oil palm landscapes. These findings provide important insights into the extent of the ecological benefits provided by conservation set-asides in forest-agricultural landscapes in the tropics.


This report looks at developing homeland security in India through cooperation with the United States and private industry. It focuses on security challenges and opportunities across rail, aviation, and maritime transportation sectors. Recommendations include technological solutions, workforce training and education, and information sharing programs.


Recent studies have demonstrated a striking correspondence between air mass frequencies and the position of the North American forest border. Analysis by principal component techniques demonstrates that relative abundance of certain species in a number of kinds of plant communities found in central northern Canada is strongly correlated with the frequencies of given air mass types. The conclusion is reached that distribution and frequency of occurrence of at least a number of species found in the plant communities of that region are markedly influenced by climate. In addition, the result can be interpreted as evidence supporting the continuum theory of species distribution in vegetation of the region.


The performance and stability robustness of flight control systems for autonomous aircraft is highly dependent upon an accurate knowledge of the aerodynamic coefficients, which are usually estimated from data sheets, wind tunnel testing or numerical flow analysis. However, in-flight values of the parameters may differ significantly from the estimates. This can be due to error in the initial predictions, or through damage to the aerodynamic shape of the aircraft whilst in service. A new approach for estimating in flight aerodynamic derivatives has been devised using artificial neural networks. Results have indicated that the internal behaviour of transformation networks are not conducive to obtaining partial derivatives, and thus a pseudo-inverse approach is devised to estimate the aerodynamic coefficients. In addition, recurrent neural networks are shown to be more suitable for solution of the aircraft parameter estimation problem than their feedforward counterparts.


Paul Haynes and Will Medd will discuss the way in which social scientists have translated aspects of complexity theory into the social world, and offer a critique of some of these translation methods. Their presentation will then bifurcate, with Will developing Luhmann's perspective on complexity and social systems, followed by Paul developing the wider question of modelling in general and cultural adaptation/mutation/transformation in particular. The arguments developed in this second part are intended to offer alternatives through which notions associated with complexity can be brought back into a more informed discussion of social and cultural phenomena.


We live in the age when digital marketing is growing rapidly and new professions are beginning to develop in order to intensify the process of promoting a company. Social media marketing and storymaker have become two buzzwords. The objective of this article is to prove that the newly created jobs in Moldova tend to develop gradually and play a significant role in the growth of the company that tends to reach the highest position.


Observational studies are very important in phar! macoepidemiologic research[ They provide infor! mation that is di.cult to collect during randomized control trials "RCTs#[ For example\ the evaluation of rare side!e}ects is not possible without prolonged follow!up and large numbers of patients and neither of these conditions are usually met in RCTs[ RCTs usually have strict inclusion criteria limiting gen! eralizability\ while observational studies re~ect daily clinical practice[ Observational studies permit the assessment of drug safety under circumstances broader than those studied in RCTs and in high risk groups[ 0 Information on thousands of patients can be collected and analysed in a short period of time[ This is illustrated in the ketorolac post! marketing study[ 1 This study\ in a time fashion\ not only estimated the risk of serious side!e}ects after ketorolac use\ but also identi_ed a high risk group and provided guidelines for drug use[ However\ the lack of randomization in obser! vational studies


We study a series of N−body simulations representing elliptical galaxies with ce ntral masses. Starting from two different systems with smooth centres, which have initially a triaxial configuration and are in equilibrium, we insert to them central masses of various values. Immediately after such an insertion a system presents a high fraction of p articles moving in chaotic orbits, a fact causing a secular evolution towards a new equilibrium state. The chaotic orbits responsible for the secular evolution are identified. Their typica l Lypaunov exponents are found to scale with the central mass as a power law L ∝ m s with s close to 1/2. The requirements for an effective secular evolution within a Hubble time are examined. These requirements are quantified by introducing a quantity called effective chaotic momentumL . This quantity is found to correlate well with the rate of the systems' secular evolution. In particular, we find that when L falls below a threshold value (0.004 in our N−body units) a system does no longer exhibit significant secular evolution.


This work introduces an information visualization component that appears as an additional window in an online collaborative e-learning environment, and can be used for viewing, browsing, editing and manipulating knowledge-based learning information through the LiveNet (http://22.214.171.124:8000/ln4-1) -a knowledge management and enterprise collaboration tool. This visual component employs a new visualization technique, called ENCCON (Nguyen and Huang, 2004), which uses a connection + enclosure layout method and a semi-transparency navigation mechanism to handle large scale of hierarchical learning information and it aims to provide a better assistance to the users of LiveNet for visual manipulation and navigation of knowledge-based data objects. The use of visualization techniques in LiveNet provides users with not only a 2D graphical visual interface for direct data manipulation, but also a set of clear views, the focus+context views, of the interrelations among the data objects which enhances the understanding of relational information that the users want to see. Although the proposed visualization technique ENCCON can be applied in many domains, we only concern its application in the domain of collaborative e-learning through the LiveNet.


We will present the novel experimental far-field optical microscopy technique for detection of single nanoparticles, which weakly absorb a visible light and are characterized by refractive index close to its value in nearby environment (including particles of organic and biological origin: polymer nanoparticles, microand extracellular vesicles, liposomes, viruses etc).


With the increasing intelligence level of the High-Speed Railways (HSR), it is necessary to develop adaptive special mobile communication technologies for the HSR that are adapted to the highly dynamic and complex scenarios. The existing Long Term Evolution for Railway (LTE-R) handover algorithms often rely on limited discrete scene field measurements, making it difficult to cope with the highly dynamic and variable scene characteristics. In this paper, we proposed an adaptive optimization decision mechanism for the handover parameters of LTE-R communication systems based on the Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) theory. We first established a discrete situation awareness mechanism, where the UE senses and acquires the real-time discrete handover situation of the HSR operating environment through collaborative interaction with the eNodeB. Then, we used the GAN to learn discrete handover situation samples and trained the network to generate continuous handover situation, so as to realize the selection of optimal handover parameters and implement the handover of the terminals. Finally, the successful situation samples would be fed back to the GAN to help improving the optimization performance of the GAN. The experimental results showed that the GAN based handover parameter prediction algorithm can find the optimal handover parameters and improve the LTE-R system performance.


Land surface temperature (LST) and emissivity are important variables in land surface modeling and longwave radiation budget calculation. The only practical means of obtaining LST at spatial and temporal resolutions appropriate for most modeling applications is through thermal infrared remote sensing. Multispectral thermal infrared imagery provide us with the excellent opportunity to estimate both LST and emissivity simultaneously, but the challenging issue is that a single multispectral thermal measurement with N bands presents N equations in N+1 unknowns (N spectral emissivities and LST). In this study, we developed a general algorithm that can separate land surface emissivity and LST from any multispectral thermal imagery, such as MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer).


Additional index words. crop water requirements, drainage, evapotranspiration, irrigation scheduling, microirrigation, water use efficiency Abstract. Large, precision weighing lysimeters are expensive but invaluable tools for measuring crop evapotranspiration and developing crop coefficients. Crop coefficients are used by both growers and researchers to estimate crop water use and accurately schedule irrigations. Two lysimeters of this type were installed in 2002 in central California to determine daily rates of crop and potential (grass) evapotranspiration and develop crop coefficients for better irrigation management of vegetable crops. From 2002 to 2006, the crop lysimeter was planted with broccoli, iceberg lettuce, bell pepper, and garlic. Basal crop coefficients, Kcb, defined as the ratio of crop to potential evapotranspiration when the soil surface is dry but transpiration in unlimited by soil water conditions, increased as a linear or quadratic function of the percentage of ground covered by vegetation. At midseason, when groundcover was greater than 70% to 90%, Kcb was '1.0 in broccoli, 0.95 in lettuce, and 1.1 in pepper, and Kcb of each remained the same until harvest. Garlic Kcb, in comparison, increased to 1.0 by the timethe crop reached 80%ground cover, butwithonly 7% of additionalcoverage,Kcbcontinued to increase to 1.3,until irrigation was stopped to dry the crop for harvest. Three weeks after irrigation was cutoff, garlic Kcb declined rapidly to avalueof 0.16 byharvest.Yields of eachcrop equaled or exceeded commercial averages forCalifornia withmuchless water in some cases than typically applied. The new crop coefficients will facilitate irrigation scheduling in the crops and help to achieve full yield potential without overirrigation.


ABSTRACT
The bitter leaf extract (Andrographis paniculata Ness.) has long been known as an anti-malarial.
Our previous research has developed a bitter leaf hydrotrophy extract (BLHE) using a sodium
acetate 2 mol/L as a hydrotop compound solution. The extraction process lasts for 2 hours, faster
than conventional extraction. The result is two types of BLHE with different stirring temperatures,
at 30°C (BLHE1) and 35°C (BLHE2). This study meant to determine and compare the in vitro antiplasmodial activity BLHE1 and BLHE2. The anti-plasmodial activity of BLHE1 and BLHE2 (0.1-
50.0) g/mL performed on a G-2300 strain of P. falciparum (chloroquine-resistant) after incubated
for 48 hours (triplicate). The percentage of parasitemia determined through an examination of
blood smears stained with Giemsa. The percentage of growth inhibition of P. falciparum evaluates
by comparing percentage of growth with the control group and IC50 determine by probit analysis.
The results showed that BLHE1 and BLHE2 respectively were able to inhibit the growth of P.
falciparum of 14.62% - 43.25% (IC50: 59.689 μg/mL) and 24.06% - 49.48% (IC50: 44.541 μg/mL). Based on these data, BLHE should produce with sodium acetate 2 mol/L, with stirring at 35°C,
because this condition will obtain BLHE that active as anti-plasmodial.
Keywords: Anti-plasmodial, bitter leaf hydrotrophy extract, P. falciparum strain G-2300, in
vitro


In indoor space, a key issue that indoor location services need to solve is how to model the indoor space. With the rapid development of personal services in the indoor space, more and more personalized information has emerged. How to integrate this personalized information into the management of indoor space data has become the focus of attention. To solve this problem, considering the geometric, topological and personalized information of the indoor space, an indoor space model based on the knowledge map was established. First, combining people's perceptions of indoor space, the indoor space is divided from both functional and institutional perspectives. Secondly, the new concept, attributes and relations are expanded to build an indoor space ontology based on existing ontology to describe the indoor space characteristic. Thirdly, we build knowledge graph to describe the personalized information of the indoor entity. Finally, an example is proposed to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the indoor space model.


Congestion pricing has been widely regarded as the most effective technique used to manage travel demand. Since congestion pricing is about charging road users to internalize the external cost induced by their travels, there have been concerns about the social equity issues it raises and the political opposition it often faces. This thesis focuses on another travel demand management strategy that is contrary to congestion pricing, a reward-based scheme which provides positive incentives to commuters when they change their travel behavior. More specifically, commuters could be rewarded credits when they travel to work via walking, bicycling, taking public transit or carpooling instead of driving alone. The credits accrued can either be used to exchange for a deterministic cash prize, or a chance to enter a grand lottery draw. This thesis reviews the research literature to explain the influence of lottery schemes on behaviors and modifies a theoretical model to suggest how equilibrium mode choices can be influenced by lotteries. A general framework to design such a lottery scheme is proposed and, based on the framework, several alternatives to implement a lottery-based incentive scheme to manage commuter parking demand at MIT are developed and evaluated. Thesis Supervisor: John P. Attanucci Title: Senior Lecturer and Research Associate of Civil and Environmental Engineering


We fabricated highly doped Si single-electron transistors (SETs) with a series of geometrically defined islands. The conduction mechanism was systematically investigated in the temperature range from 4.2Kto100K. Despite their island size variation, some of the SETs showed clear periodic and quasiperiodic Coulomb oscillations. This is in contrast to the conventional idea that only geometrically uniform islands show periodic Coulomb oscillations. We showed theoretically that periodic Coulomb oscillation appears under the small deviation of gate capacitances with the period determined by the average of the capacitances. We also found that the formed charge soliton that was conducted through the islands was spread over the whole array. This may also contribute to the periodicity of the Coulomb oscillation. The SET with multiple islands was applied to an Exclusive-OR circuit and achieved a room temperature operation.


The Estonian NEO‐FFI was administered to 2650 Estonian adolescents (1420 girls and 1230 boys) aged from 12 to 18 years and attending 6th, 8th, 10th, or 12th grade at secondary schools all over Estonia. Although the mean levels of personality traits of Estonian adolescents were quite similar to the respective scores of Estonian adults, there was a developmental gap in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Three of the five personality dispositions demonstrated a modest cross‐sectional change in the mean level of the trait scores: the level of Openness increased and the levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness decreased between 12 and 18 years of age. Although the five‐factor structure of personality was already recognizable in the sample of 12‐year‐old children, it demonstrated only an approximate congruence with the adult structure, suggesting that not all children of that age have developed abilities required for observing one's own personality dispositions and for giving reliable self‐reports on the basis of these observations. The self‐reported personality trait structure matures and becomes sufficiently differentiated around age 14–15 and grows to be practically indistinguishable from adult personality by the age of 16. Personality of adolescents becomes more differentiated with age: along with the growth of mental capacities the correlations among the personality traits and intelligence become smaller. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this work, the effects of milling techniques on Pr-substituted YBa2Cu3O7-y (YPrBCO) particles were investigated. The Pr-substituted YBa2Cu3O7-y powders were prepared by solid-state reaction method. The stoichiometric mixtures of Y2O3, BaCO3, CuO and Pr6O11 starting powders were calcined at 880 °C for 12 h in air to form respective compounds. The resulting products were milled for 4 – 12 h using the conventional ball milling technique and for 4 h using the high-energy planetary ball milling method. The phase and structure identification of powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The microstructure and chemical composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The XRD patterns indicated that the pure phase of YPrBCO powders was obtained. For this material system, the conventional ball mill technique gave particles having a relatively wide particle size distribution with a maximum size of ~2 μm regardless of milling time. In contrast, the narrower particle size distribution was observed for the YPrBCO powder obtained from the high-speed ball milling method and the largest particle size did not exceed 100 nm. These results showed that the powder produced by the high-speed ball milling technique could have a potential use in colloidal solution for printed thermoelectric film.


Based on the physiological characteristics of the pregnant nurses,this paper analyzed the chemical,biological,physical risk factors and occupational stress which may do harm to the pregnant nurses,and proposed some suggestions to ensure the occupational safety for the pregnant nurses,such as strengthening health education on the occupational precaution during pregnancy,setting up the assessment system of pregnant health and improving the management of high-dangerous departments.


Design thinking as explored by Bernard Roth from the Stanford d.School, Roger Martin from the Rothman School of Management, and the IDEO merger trio by Tom and David Kelley, as well as current its CEO Tim Brown, dominates the narrative of the contemporary schools of design thinking since the late `90s. This article aims to investigate the underlying philosophies, authors, and events that laid the foundation in which these contemporary designers based their strategies on planning for complex environments. To satisfy this intent, the turbulent origin of design methods is explored, following the post-war environment that allowed these ideas to flourish, the generations of methods in design from the `60s to the `90s, and the encroachment of design methods to the embodiment of a commercialized design thinking methodology.


Objective
To explore the effects of rehabilitation gymnastics combined with Taichi exercise pattern on anxiety of patients with breast cancer who had received modified radical mastectomy.

Methods
A total of 160 patients with breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy were recruited and randomly assigned into control group (n=80) and intervention group (n=80). Those in the intervention group attended Taichi exercise 10 days after operation in addition rehabilitation gymnastics training, while the patients of control group received rehabilitation gymnastics training only. Measurement of self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) was taken 10 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the operation respectively in two groups.

Results
The difference of SAS had no statistic significance between two groups at 10 days after the operation (P>0.05); the scores of the SAS in intervention group were lower than those in the control group at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after the operation which showed statistically different between these two groups (t=2.015, 2.458, 2.657; P<0.05).

Conclusions
Rehabilitation gymnastics training combined with Taichi exercise is an effective approach on promoting the mental health status of patients with breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy.

Key words:
Breast cancer; Anxiety; Taichi; Rehabilitation gymnastics training


ABSTRACT The initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Australia's workforce was mitigated by relief measures swiftly announced and implemented by the federal government. However, despite broad coverage for Australian citizens and permanent residents, these schemes were noteworthy for their general lack of protection for migrant workers and other temporary visa holders. State governments moved to address this gap to greater or lesser degrees. This contribution offers an overview of governmental responses and analyses the effect of the lack of federal support.


This paper analyzes social responsibility practices of SMEs, from social responsability theories found in Business Administration to identify tools that enable the development of business competitiveness. That is why we take Lozano s BE (1999) theory from the viewpoint of organizational ethics (individual, organization and system), performing a matrix that represents social responsibility indicators of SMEs to evaluate and determine the level of involment in this area. When evaluating, major flaws are found regarding codes of ethics, relationships with suppliers and community members, which are fundamental as they are part of the final group of its stakeholders.


Hybrid systems are reactive systems that intermix discrete and continuous components. Usually, the continuous components are modeled by differential equations, while the discrete components are modeled by discrete event systems or automata. Several important formal models for specifying hybrid systems are introduces, and a new computational model of hybrid systems hybrid transition system(HTS) is presented by extends fair transition systems(FTS).


Spectroscopy of atoms in Rydberg states was an object of extensive investigation (see for example [1–5] and references therein). Usually necessary population of Rydberg states is achieved by means of multi-stage pulse laser pumping. That is why useful signal of ionization current from Single Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM or channeltron) is also pulse signal. Essential temporal instability of this signal is one of the main problems during its registration. More over in order to investigate Rydberg spectra of elements with high value of ionization potential (Al, Cu, Au etc.) it is necessary to apply high-temperature source of atoms (up to 2000 – 3000K). That is why there appears effect of redistribution of population by means of black body radiation. This effect makes additional difficulties to study ionization spectra.


To have correct and complete information is very important for the prediction and prevention of the complications during pregnancy and determining the optimal therapy. The periodic examinations during pregnancy will prevent the occurance of the serious problems. Although there is some differences for the number of periodic examinations of the pregnant patients among countries, generally there is a standart periodic examination procedure. At least 4 examinations, 2 ultrasonographic (USG)examinations, urine analysis and complete blood count (CBC-at least 4 times), blood group and Rh typing, HBSAg analysis, first or second trimester screening and 50 gr glucose challenge tests are advised for pregnant patients. For high risk patients 12-14 times examinations, CBC and urine analysis and USG examinations more than 10 times is performed during the pregnancy period. Normal pregnant patients are examined 9 times during pregnancy period. For high risk patients the number of examinations, analysis and invasive procedures increases. In the special maternity and children hospitals like us a lot of patient apply to the hospital for consultation and most of them are high risk pregnant patients. For that reason cost per patient prices increase in these hospitals. If we can examine our patients as the advise of WHO, our cost prices may decrease. Another important thing is that as we have a lot of HRP (high risk patients) andfor that reason our cesarean rates will increase. As a result the maternity and children hospitals and the training hospitals have to be supported, otherwise training facilities and the therapy procedures may be inadequate.


In the process of using sealed coring to obtain oil gas and water saturation,because the temperature and pressure of strata and ground environment in different cores,oil and gas step-down loss,direct detection of oil gas and water saturation exists error in real formation with saturation.Through the sealed coring of Z4,establishment the correction method of sealed coring oil gas and water saturation,the adjustment of the interpretation chart,used in oil gas geochemical interpretation and obtained obvious effect.


u1cerative colitits. This holds true for peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results obtained with mono nuclear cells isolated from the gut are highly controversial and at present do not allow final conclusions.


Modelling of concentrating combined collectors (those that produce both electricity from solar cells as well as thermal energy from the sun's rays) is discussed. Particular attention is devoted to accurately modelling the IV curves of present day 2 x 2 cm silicon cells designed for concentration. Also discussed is modelling of storage batteries, regulators and inverters all of which are usually found in photovoltaic systems. The models devised were formalized in subroutines that are compatible with TRNSYS. Some preliminary systems studies for both constant collector inlet fluid temperature and floating temperature systems are reported.


Background.  In Europe, where sunscreens are classified as cosmetics, products may contain one or several of 27 permitted 'ultraviolet filters'. We were unable to find published data on the frequency of usage of individual ultraviolet (UV)‐absorbing chemicals in currently available sunscreens.


The Arcadia Research Project is being conducted by the Arcadia Consortium to develop innovative technology in support of advanced Project Support Environments. The Arcadia Consortium consists of a collection of separately-funded, informally coordinated research and development projects at The University of California at Irvine, The University of Colorado at Boulder, The University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Stanford University, The Aerospace Corporation, Incremental Systems Corporation, and TRW Defense Systems Group1. Some individuals who have moved to other organizations remain active participants in the Consortium.
The Arcadia Project is expected to provide significant advances in the ability to construct environments with such key characteristics as: scalability to the demands of very large projects; adaptability to differences among projects and unforeseen changes; extensibility to accommodate technology evolution; and pro-active support for the automatable aspects of the software life-cycle. Aspects of these characteristics may become available for use in the environments of the mid-to-late 1990s.
Among the research areas being investigated by the Consortium are: a) Environment Architecture, to provide an interaction model and execution framework for all environment components; b) Process Research and Programming, to develop and automate improved software life-cycle models and to devise process programming language capabilities; c) Object Management, to provide enhanced support for advanced typing models and persistent object management; d) User Interface Management, to provide for graphical human-computer interaction interface methodology and system support; e) Language Support, to provide for standard representations and tool-building aids in support of multiple languages; f) Analysis, to provide for improved analytical capabilities in support of software development; g) Measurement and Evaluation, to provide for improved automated support for analyzing and evaluating software processes and environment components. The research approach emphasizes the role of process programming and its impact on both the environment architecture and the user interaction metaphor.
The Consortium members have already made contributions in several of these areas, including (but not limited to):IRIS, "Intermediate Representation Including Semantics", a new intermediate representation for programs that is structurally uniform and can be semantically adapted to accommodate different programming languages;
Chiron, a prototype user interface methodology and system based on the ideas of separation of tool functionality from object depiction and separation of an abstract depiction from the physical depiction of objects;
PGraphite, a prototype application generator for persistent and transient graphical data structures in Ada programs;
APPL/A, a prototype process programming language based on Ada, extending it to include, for example, programmable relations, and triggered effects;
PMDB+, an extension of the Project Master Data Base conceptual model to include behavior of processes; and
Anna, an annotation language and toolset to support formalization in software development practices.
ploiting the advantages of the inheritance relation. Furthermore, particular transitions in the nets (e.g. transitions allocating persons to activities and documents or defining certain preconditions) can be described in a rule-based manner thus exploiting the benefits of declarative programming.

A first and very rapid prototype of an FPE based on the above mentioned ideas about the Process Modeling Language has been developed on top of the AI tool KEE (Knowledge Engineering Environment). However, the current SPECIMEN work is concentrating on developing a stable language definition and an FPE which fits into the framework of the ESF reference architecture.
The current SPECIMEN consortium lead by the University of Dortmund/STZ (D) incorporates as further members Cap Sesa Innovation in Grenoble (F), a Sema-Group branch in Cologne (D), and STC Technology in Newcastle-under-Lyme (GB).