IN 1929 Professor Victor Martin published, under the title 'A Letter from Constantinople', the text of the Papyrus Geneva Inv. 210. 1 One year later Sir Harold Idris Bell published a facsimile of the original, with a new transcription and some remarks in addition to Professor Martin's commentary.' It is a letter of a very high official in the central government, perhaps the praefectus praetorio Orientis, to an almost equally high official in Egypt, probably the dux of the Thebaid. The date, according to the editors, is about A.D. 551. The letter requires the recipient to give assistance to its bearer, one Dioscorus who was identified with the Egypto-Greek poet of this name.> The names of sender and recipient are not mentioned in the text; the address on the verso which could have given full information is so obliterated as to be illegible. Formally, the letter is a private communication in polite style. The sender speaks of himself in the singular but allows the honorific plural for the addressee. As Professor Martin pointed out, however, a commanding tone is easily perceptible under the flourish of friendly words; in fact the letter is a 'directive', an order to pay special attention to an imperial rescript «()E'iat CTv).,).,a{3al) , which Dioscorus succeeded in obtaining from the Emperor in order to get justice from the local authorities in his village. The Geneva papyrus belongs to the well-known large group of the Aphrodite papyriwhich have been discovered since 1905 at K6m Ishgau on the site of the old village of Aphrodite in the nome of Antaiupolis. The largest part of them came into the Cairo Museum and were published by Jean Maspero s others are in the British Museums and in Florence," Papyri written in Constantinople are very rare. Before the discovery of Geneva 210 only two were known, both of them private legal documents from Justinian's time: the two contracts Cairo 67032 and 67126. The Geneva papyrus was especially welcome as a sample of the type of script used in the government offices of Constantinople at the same time.


We thank Evans and Lambrinudi for sharing their thoughts and ideas on our article "Factors influencing the educational impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS: A qualitative synthesis" (L€ orwald et al. 2017). One aspect in their letter struck us as particularly noteworthy. The authors observe how in the program in which they are enrolled, students regularly reflect on their clinical encounters from their first year of training, until this reflection seemingly becomes almost a second nature to them. They then hypothesize that this "entrenched need to reflect on all experiences" improves their attitudes and perceptions toward completing assessments such as Mini-CEX and DOPS. There are, in fact, hints in the literature that support their hypothesis. Back in 1986, Dweck studied how motivational processes affect learning (Dweck 1986). She found that one's goal orientation determines one's learning behavior. She distinguished between two kinds of goal orientation: people with a performance goal orientation aim to receive positive judgments and avoid criticism; people with a learning goal orientation instead aim to increase their competence. This translates to the assumption that students with a learning goal orientation persistently seek new challenges, while students with a performance goal orientation might prefer easy tasks for their workplace-based assessment in order to demonstrate their competency and avoid new challenges. Reflecting upon clinical encounters might foster students' learning goal orientation, encourage them to seek new challenges and welcome feedback, and increase the impact of Mini-CEX and DOPS (Sargeant et al. 2009; Ramani et al. 2018). We would like to congratulate the authors, their teachers and their program directors for having achieved a program that fosters reflection and nourishes students' feedback-seeking behavior.


, College success is not only influenced by cognitive and psychomotor abilities, but also by its affective capacity. Affective ability is not only seen from the attitude of students during the face-to-face lecture process but also how their attitude or behavior is in responding to the burden and work internshipassignments on campus. Work stress is a condition of tension that creates physical and psychological imbalances, which affect one's emotions, thought processes, and conditions (Rivai, 2004). Too much work stress can threaten a person's ability to deal with and adapt to his environment. In this study, it will be revealed the relationship between work stress and student practice with the achievement of the cumulative achievement index in study programs majoring in Family Welfare Education (PKK). The purpose of this study is to find out 1). the students' level of stress in work internship in PKK majors, 2). the cumulative achievement index of students majoring in PKK, and 3). whether there is a relationship between the stress on work internship of students in the PKK majors with the cumulative achievement index achieved.


Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the alternative technologies to conventional CMOS. As CMOS technology continues its constant shrink, the scale down problems become more predominant and unavoidable. Computing with quantum dots remains a viable goal in nanotechnology research and development. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a paradigm for low-power, high-speed and highly dense computing that could be realized in a variety of material systems. This paper reviews the basic paradigm of QCA and presents a design and layout of an 8-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) based on QCA. In the present work the divide and conquer method is used to develop the design. The design problem was first considered for 1-bit quantities and then these solutions were combined in designing an 8-bit ALU.


According to recent estimates, the continental mid-crust contains 35–40 per cent amphibolites. Heating of the crust by an underlying mantle plume, for example beneath continental rifts, high plateaus, and areas of intraplate volcanic activity, releases water. Dehydration of amphibole-bearing rocks at depths of 20–40 km occurs mainly in the temperature range 650–700 °C, and this releases about 0.4 wt per cent of water.

 Seismic tomography studies of the crust in the Kirgyz Tien Shan Range, where the age of the tectonic activity is less than 30 Ma, revealed a low-velocity zone in the mid-crust. The velocity of P waves was 0.4 km s−1 lower than in normal crust. MT sounding data in the region show the existence of a low-resistivity layer with an average resistivity of about 25 Ω m at the depth of the low-velocity layer. The spatial correlation of the observed anomalous layers and calculated effect of fluid phase on seismic and electric parameters of rocks suggests the presence of aqueous fluids released by the heating of the mid-crust.


The civil-industrialized society constructed by modern abstract systems (technological, expert and knowledge systems) is encountering great challenge. The civil risks, such as global ecological disasters, disputes on ethics, health risks and issues of social inequality, derived from the society, reversely lash and corrupt the self-legitimacy of the society and shake the relations of reliance of modern people. This article proceeds from the abstract systems formed by knowledge, technology and experts, then, it critically discusses the knowledge and technological controlled problems which they are based on and continuously points out the technological risk problems derived from scientific uncertainty. Meanwhile, from the aspect of the influences of the risk blindness of various unaware actors, this article analyses the lashes of the legitimacy of scientific and technological system operations and the distrust and disputes on science of the public. Eventually, it initially proposes the development of new knowledge and operative guidelines, and the establishment of the platform and mechanism of the communication between technology and the society to provide the democratic foundation of corporate-thinking for the environment of increasingly widen knowledge gap and the disputes on social ethics.


Asymmetry study , also called asymmetry research , refers to the antonyms in antisense meaning field in meanings,formation and pragmatic frequency is not equal , thus formed the antonym asymmetrical phenomenon. This paper aimed to study aspects of asymmetry description and comparison of the antonyms " duo " ( 多 ) and " shao "(少) from the synchronic and diachronic. From synchronic description and comparison of lexical and syntactic level, it is concluded that " duo "" shao " and the word formation in vocabulary level the overall characteristics of asymmetry, the "duo" and "shao" do different syntactic constituents present a number of symmetrical and asymmetrical, and both on the syntactic level has both symmetry and asymmetry. Form the semantic description and comparison of diachronic evolution level, the original meaning of "duo" and "shao" are the most frequently used, and the meaning of "duo" "shao" semantic shift is different.


A single-phase sample of Mg10Ir19B16 was prepared from the elements by high-temperature treatment in sealed Ta containers. The crystal structure of Mg10Ir19B16 (space group I3m, a = 10.5657(2) A, Z = 2) was solved and refined using X-ray single crystal diffraction data. The chemical composition was confirmed by WDXS analysis. The absence of any significant homogeneity range was proven via lattice parameter determinations for samples of different nominal compositions. Electronic structure calculations and chemical bonding analysis by the ELI/ED approach revealed that the basis of the Mg10Ir19B16 structure is formed by a 3D anionic framework of covalent polar B–Ir bonds. Mainly ionic interactions were found between the Mg cations and the anionic framework, supported by additional dative Ir−Mg bonding.


Administration of lipophilic drugs is often restricted by poor aqueous solubility (especially in blood), limited membrane permeability, uncontrolled drug leakage, and aggregation of lipophilic drugs. As a new nanocarrier concept, LC@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO4) core@shell nanocontainers (LC: lipophilic cavity; mdp: monododecylphosphate) are presented. As a proof of concept, the nanocontainers are used to encapsulate different types of lipophilic molecules such as the fluorescent dye lumogen red (LR), the cytostatic drug irinotecan (ITC), the insecticide cypermethrin (CM), and the tuberculosis antibiotic benzothiazinone‐043 (BTZ). Synthesis strategy and material structure of the nanocontainers are discussed in detail. LR@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO4), as the first example, shows intense red emission and successful incorporation of LR into the nanocontainers. As ex vivo application, CM@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO4) nanocontainers can be used to repel and even kill mosquitoes or flies being in contact with the insecticide‐loaded nanocontainers. The drugs ITC and BTZ—after encapsulation in ITC@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO4) and BTZ@ZrO(mdp)@ZrO(HPO4) nanocontainers—show high activity at low cytotoxicity in in vitro studies against tumor cells (HeLa, SK‐Mel‐28, HTC116, A549, RAW264.7) and tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐infected macrophages). Taken together, the different lipophilic molecules (LR, CM, ITC, BTZ) point to the adaptability and performance of the novel zirconyl hydrogenphosphate nanocontainer concept.


Processed meatball products were packaged in a passive package without oxygen scavenger as 1 control and 3 active packages of which have PP-based oxygen scavenger master batch materials (OSMB) of 40, 80, and 100%(w/w) in the middle layer and stored at 23 and 30℃ up to 9 months. Quality changes of packaged products were evaluated by measuring the oxygen concentration of the headspace in containers, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), color, and flavor. The oxygen concentration of the package having 100% OSMB was lower than those of 40 and 80%. The color changes and TBA values of the meat ball in the package containing 100% OSMB were the least among the treatments. Using principal component analysis (PCA), the control showed more flavor change than the packages containing oxygen scavenger. As a result, all active packages could extend the shelf life of the meatball products compared with that of the passive package.


New exotic materials such as titanium alloys and carbon fiber reinforced plastics require strong hard cutters made of cubic boron nitride or polycrystalline diamond. However, the traditional mechanical diamond grinding process is slow and causes damage to the workpiece. This chapter examines the design requirements of an electrical discharge machining system that can be used to machine polycrystalline diamond tipped carbide drills. A preliminary theoretical model is described but the system complexity requires a gain scheduling approach to the control system design.


The invention discloses an organism-falling detection device and method. The device comprises a falling motoring unit, a blood-pressure monitoring unit, a body temperature monitoring unit and a micro-processing unit, wherein the falling motoring unit is used for collecting the acceleration information of an organism; the blood-pressure monitoring unit is used for collecting the blood pressure and/or pulse information of the organism; the body temperature monitoring unit is used for collecting and processing the body temperature information of the organism; and the micro-processing unit is used for controlling the falling motoring unit to start and receive the acceleration information of the organism, analyzing and judging the acceleration information, starting the blood-pressure monitoring unit and the body temperature monitoring unit according to a judged result, detecting and analyzing the blood pressure and/or pulse information and the body temperature information of the organism, and generating falling alarm information or disease alarm information according to a processed result. According to the device and the method, the type of falling can be accurately and effectively judged.


NHS trusts were told last week that their records must meet standards set by the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE).


Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-hodgkin lymphoma. It is subdivided into two molecular subtypes called germinal center B cell-like (GCB) and Activated B cell-like (ABC), deriving from different stages of B-cell differentiation. Recent studies have shown that ABC DLBCLs, which are associated with inferior survival, could benefit from new therapies targeting the NFkB pathway. Unfortunately, gene expression profiling methods to distinguish these lymphomas are not available in routine diagnosis and alternative immunohistochemical algorithms are often considered poorly reproducible. To circumvent these limitations we have developed a simple assay which allows a rapid and efficient classification of these tumours. By comparing gene expression data from the literature and from our own studies, we established a 10 genes expression signature which discriminates ABC from GCB cases (ABC: IRF4 , FOXP1 , IGHM , TNFRSF13B , CCND2 ; GCB: LMO2 , MYBL1 , BCL6 , NEK6 , TNFRSF9 ). These genes were incorporated into a Reverse Transcriptase Multiplex Ligation-dependant Probe Amplification assay (RT-MLPA), together with cMYC and BCL2 , whose co-expression was recently shown to be prognostic in these diseases, and the CCND1 and MS4A1 (encoding CD20) genes used as controls ([Figure 1A-B][1]). We next applied this assay on a training series of 50 cases previously identified as belonging to the ABC or GCB subtypes by gene expression profiling using the Wright's algorithm to construct a Bayesian predictor. Within this first series, this predictor classified 44 cases within the expected subtypes, 5 were considered unclassified and only one ABC case was misclassified. The efficiency of this predictor was next verified on an independent validation series of 50 cases, where 46 cases were classified within the expected subtype, 3 were considered unclassified and again only one ABC case was misclassified. To test the prognostic strength of this assay we next included 85 additional cases, to reach a total of 185 DLBCLs ([Figure 1C][1]). 141 of these tumours, all treated between 2001 and 2011 at the centre H. Becquerel, Rouen, France, by a combination of Rituximab and chemotherapy, were retained for this analysis. Within this series, the RT-MLPA predictor identified 49 GCB and 64 ABC DLBCLs, and 28 cases remained unclassified. As expected, ABC cases were significantly associated with a worst event free survival (EFS)(P=0.015) and showed a trend toward a lower overall survival (OS)(P=0.060). Univariate analysis confirmed that the expression of several individual genes within this signature is significantly associated with poor prognosis (LMO2 low: OS P=0.005; BCL6 low: OS P=0.012; IRF4 high: OS P=0.008; TNFRSF13B high: OS P=0.004). We could also verify that the double MYC+/BCL2+ signature is significantly associated with a worst outcome (OS P=0.012) and identified a group of patients with particularly poor prognosis within the ABC subtype (OS P=0.004). Finally, we could demonstrate the robustness of our assay by classifying correctly 12 DLBCLs (6 ABC and 6 GCB) starting from RNA extracted from paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies. In conclusion, our RT-MLPA assay is a rapid (it can be achieved in less than one day, and we repeatedly tested up to 40 patients in parallel), cheap (the cost of one test is less than 5 dollars), and efficient gene expression profiling method to discriminate ABC from GCB DLBCLs and to obtain important information on others prognosis markers. It does not require specific equipments (only one conventional PCR module and one capillary genetic analyser), can be achieved from FFPE samples, and could easily be transferred in many routine diagnosis laboratories.

![Figure][2]

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

 [1]: #F1
 [2]: pending:yes


The object of the study is the legitimate interest of the victim and its reflection in the right of the victim to know about the suspicions and charges brought against him in a criminal case. The victim is interested in being informed in a timely manner about procedural decisions that determine the scope of suspicion and accusation, so that they are confirmed. This need of the victim is not sufficiently reflected in the criminal procedure law: they are not informed about the suspicions and charges formulated by the body conducting the criminal procedure. In fact, the victim receives relatively complete information about the charges against them only at the stage of completion of pre-trial proceedings, namely familiarization with the case materials. In this regard, the paper proposes to introduce into the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan the norms fixing the notification of the victim about the date, time and place of the announcement to the suspect of the decision on the qualification of the act, handing him a copy of this decision, a copy of the report on the criminal offense after its approval by the prosecutor. Insufficient awareness of the victim about the quality of the investigation at the stages following the bringing of the accused to trial by the prosecutor creates conditions for setting charges that do not meet the interests of the victim and leads to judicial errors. A change or waiver of charges in court is accepted by the public prosecutor without taking into account the position of the victim. These problems are proposed to be solved by postponing the consideration of the case and issuing by the court an order to the pretrial proceedings to eliminate the gaps in the investigation, and if it is not fulfilled, to make a decision based on the available evidence.


The contribution that I am going to develop on these pages, will be about different aspects of the subject. On the one hand I will concentrate in setting out two directions of the Didactics of Flamenco. Today the "didactic" term is used whether we talk about the didactics we use to teach the flamenco art in any of its three facets (singing, guitar-playing and dancing), or allude to the inclusion of the flamenco art in de classrooms at any educative level. First of all I will try to clarify these two ways of considering the subject, proposing the second one like the most suitable to spread  Flamenco art to most of the population.I will continue, giving you my annotations on the initiatives that the teaching staff has developed on including flamenco art in the classrooms. I could not forget to give the broad outlines of the way educative administration contemplates the fact of including the flamenco art in the classrooms and in which levels and subjects, it could be taught.Finally, I will concentrate on describing briefly my contributions for the last twenty years in order to help to make "the flamenco art in school" successful: production of materials, courses, coordination of projects, etc. I will pause in the didactic units that I have published and are at the disposal of the teaching staff at the moment.


We present the working principle of CATV's satellite receiving antenna and lead-in antenna,discuss the relation between the size and spacing of active oscillator and the channel,and introduce a series of reference data for three kinds of multi-unit antenna.


The subject is a comprehensive research on issues of power electronic converters operating at very high switching frequency. This is a group of inverters applicable particularly in the power supply, respectively automotive products. The main purpose of the use of high switching frequency is a high value of power density and reduced weight and dimension parameters of the device. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.18.8.2606


The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of oral contraceptives on gingival tissues, correlating the clinical parameters observed with the total duration of continuous oral contraceptive intake. Twenty-five women oral contraceptives users and non- oral contraceptive users were included in the test & control group respectively. Clinical parameters investigated included gingival index (GI), gingival bleeding index (GBI) and plaque index (PI). Contraceptive users (n=25) and non-users (n=25) had similar oral hygiene levels; yet the contraceptive users had a significantly higher level of gingival inflammation, com- pared to the non-users (p, 0.001; one-way ANOVA). Gingival Index and Gingival Bleeding Index scores were higher in the test group when compared to the controls suggesting an exaggerated expression of gingival inflammation. The negative correlation between Plaque Index and Gingival Bleeding Index supports that above findings are independent of the plaque accumulation.


The development of novel pharmaceutical compositions, which are effective in the treatment of different inflammatory diseases and have a minimum number of side effects is very relevant. The aim of the present study was biochemical confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of new pharmaceutical compositions comprising coxibs and caffeine. The level of conjugated dienes as primary products of lipid peroxidation has been evaluated in the plasma of rats at the acute inflammation caused by formalin. The white male rats of WAG line were used. The content of conjugated dienes was determined by spectrophotometric method. It was shown that combinations of caffeine and coxibs showed statistical significant decrease in the content of conjugated dienes in the rats' blood plasma. Caffeine enriched anti-inflammatory action of coxibs effectively.


THE 3 HOURS-HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF HIGH SURFACE AREA SUPERPARAMAGNETIC Fe 3 O 4 CORE-SHELL NANOPARTICLES. The monodisperse core-shell Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by short times (3 hours) hydrothermal method at 220 C from FeCl 3 , citrate, urea and PEG. The as-synthesized samples have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Bruneur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The XRD result shows the as-synthesized products are pure Fe 3 O 4 . The TEM image shows the magnetite nanoparticles have monodisperse core-shell shape. The BET result shows the magnetite nanoparticles have 650.757 m/g surface area. The hysteresis curve shows the magnetite nanoparticles exhibit super paramagnetic properties. This simple method obtained 60 nm core-shell Fe 3 O 4 particles with super paramagnetic, high surface area as well as hydrophilic properties. Those properties are promising for various biomedical application. The advantages of simple and short times methods with high quality of product make this method very promising to be applied.


The article explores the essence of the concept of «sustainable development», analyzes the components of sustainable development. Also, the article shows the similarity of existing approaches to the introduction of sustainable development. The composition of a holistic, balanced system of sustainable development of the national economy is revealed. Particular importance is attached to the study of the steps towards the implementation of integrated sustainable development. The author comes to the conclusion that conceptual aspects are key in the creation of a fully-fledged integrated system of sustainable development. And regulation and coordination of the interaction of its subsystems will provide the basis for the passing to higher levels of sustainable development, provided that the actual issues arising in the process of development of the environment are addressed. The author concludes that in our country, the notion of sustainable development is often used to determine the growth of economic indicators of the country, regions, individual industries, enterprises. At the same time, little attention has been paid to the social and environmental components of sustainable development, which indicates an inadequate understanding of the true nature of the concept, namely the balance of all its components.


Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have become overwhelmingly popular in the last few years as a means to elucidate associations between particular alleles in one's DNA and a predisposition to disease, using genetic data from unrelated individuals randomly sampled from a population (Balding, 2006; WTCCC, 2007). The recent availability of large amounts of such population genetic data necessitates the need to efficiently and accurately test for diseasesusceptiblity loci in a computationally viable manner. Single-marker-analysis (SMA), i.e. testing each DNA marker for disease association without including any information from additional DNA markers, has thus far been the primary tool for many GWA studies. However, ignoring the information from neighboring markers may significantly decrease the power to find associated markers. In particular, it is well known in population genetics that allelic types from nearby markers can be correlated, a phenomenon known as linkage disequilibrium (LD). Scientists have tried to exploit ideas of LD to increase the power for finding markers associated with disease status. The power gained by considering multiple markers in such a manner versus using simple SMA has been demonstrated in much recent literature (Zöllner and Pritchard, 2005; Minichiello and Durbin, 2006; Mailund et al., 2006; Marchini et al., 2007). The thus far most powerful of these methods (Zöllner and Pritchard, 2005) has used the notion of the coalescent to capture LD. The coalescent is a welldeveloped model that captures how the DNA of "unrelated" individuals may nonetheless be correlated due to the individuals' shared ancestral history far enough back in time. Such methods attempt to reconstruct the ancestral recombination graph (ARG) of a sample, which represents the complete evolutionary history of the DNA of all the individuals in the sample. If the ARG can be accurately reconstructed for any particular region of the genome, one can check if the ARG has a tendency to cluster disease individuals and non-disesase individuals separately, which would be indicative of a potential disease-associated locus (or loci) in the region. While the method of Zöllner and Pritchard (2005) has proven highly accurate towards achieving this goal, its techniques for reconstructing the ARG are computationally expensive, so that the method cannot be applied to the large amounts of available genetic data we have today. Therefore, several new methods have been recently developed that less rigorously reconstruct the ARG (Minichiello and Durbin, 2006; Mailund et al., 2006). Such methods attempt


ni cs .c om An obstetric brachial plexus lesion (OBPL) is thought to be caused by traction to the brachial plexus during labour. In most cases, delivery of the upper shoulder is blocked by the mother's symphysis (shoulder dystocia). If additional traction is applied to the child's head, the angle between neck and shoulder may be forcefully widened, further stretching the ipsilateral brachial plexus. The incidence of OBPL varies from 0.42 to 2.9 per 1000 births in prospective studies. Risk factors that have been identified for the occurrence of OBPL reflect the disproportion between the child and the birth canal. The main fetal risk factor is macrosomia; maternal factors include gestational diabetes and multiparity. Shoulder dystocia and assisted delivery by forceps or vacuum cup are well-known risk factors for the development of OBPL. A less common delivery pattern concerns infants, usually with low birth weight, born in a breech position. This pattern carries a high risk for root avulsion. The debate is ongoing about whether OBPL is preventable and whether the obstetrician can be held responsible. This debate is fed by numerous malpractice suits in which large sums of money are compensated. Case reports of spontaneous deliveries without traction applied to the child during labor with the occurrence of brachial plexus injury have been reported, suggesting that these injuries may occur in the absence of negligently performed delivery maneuvers. The upper brachial plexus is most commonly affected, resulting in paresis of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoid, and biceps muscles, as first described by Erb and Duchenne. Typically, in the C5-C6 lesion type, the affected arm is resting on the


In the wake of the recent upsurge in the number of nuclear, single-parent, low-income, multicultural, and double-income families, various sectors of society are looking to afterschool care in elementary school as a means of providing safety and education to families struggling with childcare. However, although afterschool programs provide for physical activities on paper, in reality afterschool care does not integrate any physical education programs. Thereby, this study aims to take a look at four basic directions that physical education programs in afterschool care should take, and set out attainable goals upon a review of the options and realities on providing physical education programs in afterschool care. Focus groups, expert meetings, literature reviews, and in-depth interviews were part of this research. Focus group consultations were held with elementary school teachers in charge of after-school activities, teachers specializing in physical education, and researchers specializing in elementary physical education. In-depth interviews were conducted with elementary physical education experts and practitioners. Building on a preliminary rough draft, a final draft of the guideline on physical education programs in elementary afterschool care was drafter upon expert meetings. This guideline provides an outline for safe physical education programs that can foster creativity and character, and recommendations on programs first and second grade students, and third and fourth grade students, respectively.


2013 Hengshan granulite facies terrane consists of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses and minor high-pressure mafic granulite blocks. LA-ICP-MS zircon dating for two TTG gneiss samples indicates metamorphic ages of 1916.7±9.9 Ma and 1850–1930 Ma, and magmatic protolith age of ca. 2.5 Ga, with similar HREE-rich patterns. Phase equilibria modelling in ZrO 2 bearing system reveals that zircon abundance varies inversely with melt abundance in suprasolidus metamorphism, zircon growth occurs with melt crystallization during cooling, and thus, the newly grown zircon can only record the age of retrograde metamorphism. Consequently, we suggest that the Hengshan granulite facies terrane experienced slowly uplifting and cooling during 1.85– 1.93 Ga in an extensional setting under middle-crust, while the collision orogeny corresponding to peak stage of high-pressure granulite may have happened much


Objective:To master extraction、cultur e and appraisal of the rat embryo neural stem cells initially by experiment,In t his paper the growth rule and apoptosis of embryo neural stem cells were studied .Methods:the growth cycle and growth state for primary culture n eural stem cells were observed carefully,and apoptosis was analyzed with histoch emistry identitication and FCM(flow cytometry) as well.Results:i nvestigated thororghly The neural stem cells were abstracted accurately, and the ir development cycle and apoptosis condition were investigated thoroughly. Conclusion:The result above can provide reliable evidence to obtain a great quantity of neural stem cells.


Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen Norwegian School of Sport Sciences aaa "I solved the problem. All they have to do is put on the side of the helmet, 'The Surgeon General has determined that playing football is hazardous to your health'" stated Dr. Bennet Omalu, played by Will Smith, in the movie (Concussion 2015). Sport-related concussions receive much attention from the scientific and sports communities; and rightly so, given the impact on athlete health. Butwhat about the issue of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDS)? Does RED-S also need a dramatic event or a Hollywood ambassador to draw attention to the hidden danger it poses to an athlete's health and performance? A recent survey of the summer Olympic International Sports Federations (IFs) showed that, although athlete health is an important priority for IFs, only two out of 27 IFs reported having activities (e.g., programs, guidelines, research) related to RED-S (Mountjoy et al., 2018a). This finding is in stark contrast to the recognition that 44% (n = 12/27) of the same IFs have sport-specific return–to-play concussion guidelines (Mountjoy et al., 2018a). The problems associated with RED-S resemble an iceberg: its true magnitude is largely hidden, and its devastating impact is likely underestimated. What will be the "Titanic" that illustrates the true submerged and underestimated danger of RED-S? Much more needs to be done to increase awareness of the importance of RED-S for health and performance of both female andmale athletes and to catalyze the implementation of prevention and treatment programs from IFs all the way down to grassroots sports. The term "RED-S" was coined by the International Olympic Committee in 2014 (Mountjoy et al., 2014), expanding the female athlete triad model to recognize that low energy availability (LEA), which underpins both the triad and RED-S, affects (a) both female and male athletes, (b) individuals who do not identify as athletes, such as performing artists, and (c) numerous health and performance parameters in addition to the bone health and menstrual dysfunction depicted in the triad model (Mountjoy et al., 2014, 2015). The authors have reconvened to provide an updated consensus of RED-S, which features in this edition. This article outlines the interim scientific evidence on the illness/injury and performance impacts of LEA (Mountjoy et al., 2018b). Since the publication of the original International Olympic Committee consensus paper, we have learned much more about the far-reaching prevalence and the health and performance implications of LEA in both male and female athletes. Ackerman et al. (2018b) recently outlined the prevalence of RED-S in a cohort of 1,000 athletes attending a sports medicine clinic. This descriptive clinicaland questionnaire-based study identified associations between surrogates of LEA and the health and performance factors depicted in the RED-S models. The health parameters significantly associated with LEA included poor bone health, metabolic abnormalities, menstrual dysfunction, hematological detriments, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and cardiovascular deficits. The psychobiological and performance factors significantly correlated with LEA included impairments to judgment, mood, concentration, coordination, training response, and endurance performance and an increase in irritability (Ackerman et al., 2018a). To date, there have been no publications investigating the prevalence of RED-S in team sports. Could it be that RED-S will eventually be found to affect a greater number and range of athletes than concussion?


The invention relates to a method for preparing a polyvinyl alcohol/polyether sulfone (PVA/PES) pervaporation composite membrane. The method comprises the following steps: placing and soaking PES in 0.05 to 5 weight percent borax aqueous solution for 6 to 12 hours; dissolving PVA dissolved in deionized water at a temperature of between 80 and 95 DEG C to prepare casting solution of which the mass concentration of the PVA is 1 to 7 weight percent; cooling the casting solution to between 20 and 25 DEG C; placing the treated PES in the PVA casting solution; preparing a PVA separation layer with the thickness of 1 to 8 microns on PES base membrane and then drying at a temperature of between 20 and 25 DEG C so as to obtain composite membrane; and placing the obtained composite membrane in acetone solution containing glutaraldehyde accounting for 5 to 20 volume percent of the total volume and HCl accounting for 0.1 to 0.15 volume percent of the total volume and treating for 0.5 to 5 hours at a temperature of between 20 and 50 DEG C. The preparation method has the advantages of simple process and easily controlled condition. The membrane is applicable to the separation of water/glycol mixture, and the permeation flux of the composite membrane can be up to 445 g/(m h).


In this paper, the chaotic behavior of a driven planar system with two discontinuous terms and a pseudo-equilibrium point in the intersection of the discontinuity surfaces is analyzed. This scenario is not covered by smooth techniques of chaos analysis or other techniques like the extension of Melnikov's method for nonsmooth systems. In consequence, we propose to use an approximate model of the discontinuous system for which this technique can be applied, and compare the responses of both systems, the discontinuous and the approximate, when this last model is close, in a certain way, to the discontinuous system. One of the discontinuous terms, given by a sign function, is approximated by a saturation with high slope at the equilibrium point. Some conditions that determine the chaotic behavior of the approximate system are formally established, and the convergence of its chaotic orbits to some orbits of the discontinuous system, when the slope of the approximation is large enough, is shown. In particular, we show the similarity of the dynamical behavior of both systems where a chaotic behavior can be displayed, for a parameter region determined by the application of the Melnikov technique to nonsmooth systems. A comparison of the Feigenbaum diagrams, for a parameter range obtained from the application of this technique, shows the similarity of their dynamics and the chaotic nature of the discontinuous system.


Introduction Phycotoxins ([phyco = seaweeds and algae] plus toxins) are a diverse group of poisonous substances produced by various aquatic plants in marine and fresh waters throughout the world. Not all aquatic plants produce toxins; and among those that do, not all, even from the same genera and species, produce toxins at all times and under all circumstances. In addition, problems with toxins occurring in shellfish are experienced commonly when no algal blooms have been noted, e.g. much of the chronic Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in the Bay of Fundy, the recorded instances of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning on the Nova Scotian south shore, and the domoic acid in scallops from Georges Bank in 1995 to name a few. The problems caused by phycotoxins in freshwater are often the result of blooms of cyanobacteria (formerly known as bluegreen algae) which make the waters toxic, resulting in large losses among wildlife and domestic animals. In the marine environment the most newsworthy occurrences have been major intoxications among people who have eaten filter-feeding shellfish (molluscs) which have fed on toxigenic algae, thereby accumulating large amounts of the toxins. Many of these toxic episodes have resulted in fatalities and others in temporary and permanent disabilities. In addition, a number of studies have implicated marine toxins in large fish kills in the wild (adult and larval fish), major kills of marine mammals (whales, porpoises, and seals), as well as threats to cage cultured finfish, e.g. the microcystin-like toxin causing Netpen Liver Disease resulting in serious mortalities among farmed salmon.


The development of automatic meter reader using zigbee is presented in this paper. This system consists of zigbee digital power meter installed in every consumer unit and electricity e-billing system at the energy provider side. The zigbee digital power meter is a single phase digital kWh power meter with embedded zigbee modem which sends the power usage reading using information back to the energy provider wirelessly. The power provider side an e-billing system is used to manage all received meter reading, compute the billing cost, and update the data base and to be published billing notification to its respective consumer through wireless. The working principle, hardware and software tools are also explained in detail. A system of automatically interrogating metering without the need for site visitation has many advantages, both to the supplier and to the consumer. This paper presents a case study of the design of such a system starting from scratch. The system design begins with interfacing the metering to a communications system. The development of an interface for an automatic meter reading system is described. In this case study, the power lines in a power system are used as the communications channel. A smart meter is the source of power data and communicates with a logging PC when interrogated. What is involved in the initial design process is described. Serial communication is used to collect the instrument data and to communicate with the logging PC. Specialized circuits in this design that make use of FSK are identified and the entailed implementation problems are described. Measurements of the interface's output are given.


This paper aims to identify how the United Nations works through its website in prioritizing audiences towards international issues، by identifying the digital PR mechanisms used in digital PR contents in prioritizing audiences towards the international issues they deal with. To achieve the objectives of this paper, the researcher used the survey method and content analysis tool with a view to identifying the ranking of international issues on the website of health، peace and security، humanitarian assistance، human rights، women، migrants، refugees and displaced persons، economic development، United Nations affairs، culture and education، environment and climate، sustainable development, and law and crime prevention. One of the most important findings the researcher reaches at is the attempt by the United Nations، through its communication contents to prioritize audiences towards international issues by highlighting important international issues of lesser concern. Thus, in order to prioritize audiences towards these issues، the United Nations has tried through digital video to prioritize audiences towards international issues which has important advantages of having the element of movement that the audience feels at the heart of the event; this brings to the fore important international issues of lesser concern. Thus, prioritizing the public towards these issues.


Hydrogen could play a key role in decarbonising certain industry segments and long-distance transport in Europe. However, associated technologies are largely at an early stage of deployment and are not very competitive with fossil fuel alternatives, and the hydrogen consumed today is mostly derived from fossil fuels. Public policies to drive the deployment and cost reduction of certain technologies therefore seem unavoidable.


The results of application of differential geometry in the processing of human biosignals are presented. Using accelerometric sensors placed under the mattress the ballistocardiogram was measured together with the related ECG signal. The R-R intervals were calculated and compared with the accelerometric data. We shown, that the accelerometric sensors acquire sufficient accuracy to acquire the heart rate with an accuracy comparable to the classical ECG devices.


Background: These days, in higher education institutions, teaching evaluations are compulsory for academics. They are used as a measure of the quality of teaching provided by the academics to students. However, teaching evaluations can be affected by many variables over which academics may not have any control. These can either be the nature of a unit (the level of mathematical knowledge required for a particular unit in an engineering course), interaction between students and the lecturer, the profile of students (gender, academic and cultural background), or the profile of lecturers (personality, expertise, gender, cultural background and general appearance). In addition, assessment tasks developed by academics aimed at improving the standard of units can also have an impact on teaching evaluations as they will increase the workload of a particular unit relative to the other units for the same cohort of students. Therefore it is questionable whether teaching evaluations provide a true picture of a lecturer's ability or effectiveness in teaching. Purpose: This paper investigates the influence of student profile, student-lecturer interaction and increased student workload on teaching evaluations. Also, the paper investigates whether there is any correlation between teaching evaluations and student grades. Design/Method: Teaching evaluations received by a lecturer while teaching at two Australian universities are used for this study. These evaluations are collected for two units in the Engineering program with similar content. Also, student grades are collected for these units at the end of semester during the same period over which teaching evaluations were obtained. The student entry requirements and demographics of the two universities are used to define the profile of students. Hence the profile defined is merely an indicator of the academic achievement of students before gaining entry to each university and the cultural background. Also, the profile of the lecturer is not included because the collected teaching evaluations are for one lecturer. The influence of student workload is assessed based on the assessments given to students during the semester which contribute to the final grade, and the student-lecturer interaction is studied using teaching evaluations for small and large classes. Results: The data collected during this investigation clearly demonstrates that there is a correlation between student profile, student workload for a particular unit, student-lecturer interaction and the teaching evaluations. Conversely, there is no correlation between student grades or pass rate and the teaching evaluations. Conclusions: It appears that the profile of students, workload and student-lecturer interaction may have a significant influence on the teaching evaluations. Use of this data to measure the quality of teaching provided by academics may not be ideal. Hence other measures such as peer review processes by colleagues, and questionnaires with open ended questions rather than quantitative measures need to be integrated with traditional teaching evaluations.


Falcaria vulgaris is an important medicinal plant belonging to the family Apiaceae. The leaf of explants of this plant was cultured for callus induction and plant regeneration. The explants of this plant were cultured onto Murashig and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of (alpha)-naphtalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), thidiazuron (TDZ), alone and in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BA) for callus induction. The highest callus was induced in medium containing (0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) 2,4-D in combination with BA. These callus and leaf segments were transferred to MS medium supplemented with different combination of NAA and BA for indirect and direct regeneration, respectively. The medium containing (1.0 mg L-1) NAA in combination with (0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) BA showed the highest number of shoot and root formation in plant regeneration through the callus. In direct regeneration, NAA with 1.0 mg L-1 concentration was observed to be more potent than with concentration of 0.5 mg L-1 and showed highest root regeneration frequency (15.7%). In vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized onto natural condition with 90% survival. These results provide a basis for future studies on genetic improvement and could be applied to production of secondary metabolites through cell culture in Falcaria vulgaris.

 Key words: Falcaria vulgaris, plant growth regulators, callus induction, in vitro propagation, direct regeneration.


Computations with magnetohydrodynamic z-pinch models have been compared with experimental results obtained from a CERN plasma lens prototype designed for antiproton focusing in the antiproton collector ACOL. The focusing azimuthal magnetic field is generated by a z-pinch discharge. Typical pinch parameters are microsecond pinch times, pinch radii of 20 mm, a 250-mm-long plasma channel, and a maximum current of 300 kA. A model whose analysis includes the motion of shockwaves has been improved by taking into account energy losses due to dissociation and ionization of neutrals and by introducing a variable ionization degree. Parameters extrapolated for a final plasma lens scaling that should fulfil the ACOL requirements, e.g. magnetic field strength of about 4 T and pinch duration of at least 0.5 mu s, are represented in the model.<<ETX>>


The piezoelectric photoacoustic spectroscopy of multilayered structures was studied both theoretically and experimentally. We calculated the one-dimensional temperature moment caused by light absorption and heat diffusion. It was found that the temperature moment is able to explain the basic feature of the photoacoustic (PA) signal of bonded Cu plates including an air gap detected by a PZT transducer attached to the back surface of the plate. The phase of the PA signal at low frequencies is very sensitive to the thickness of the air gap between two Cu plates.


The information in the construction of coal enterprises in coal transportation management sysetem construction and development is a very important aspect.Distribution is mainly responsible for the transportation of caol production and salse,involiving enterrisen in the transport sector and sales depatments.the large output of coal enterprises,storage capacity is limited,so once a problem marketing liks,that companies will suffer huge losses.This paper will analyze the management of coal enterprises come of the pitfalls of traditional distribution,based on JSP trchnology development proposed coal transportation management system desigh.The proposed design is feasible,the construction of coal enterprise information management system development in the marketing operation of practical significacnce.


Organizational cybersecurity landscapes changed as a result of employees working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Abruptly sending employees to work from home resulted in many quickly implemented changes. This research is a review of the cybersecurity landscape of the transformed workforce. This includes the scope of pandemic telework, how threats changed, and the cyber-attacks observed. Organizations need to continually evaluate how they secure their environment to allow for remote work and ensure best practices are in place.


Wireless sensor network technologies are considered as one of the promising research area in healthcare systems which are currently growing at rapid pace. The home healthcare applications are used to monitor elderly patients where human life is more critical and vital. The quality, security and privacy have become vital requirements and are integral in health care sector applications and appliances. If the security services and server functions become untrustworthy and compromised then the whole system becomes vulnerable which makes patients' privacy on threat. This paper highlights that with multi–server protocols, it may still be possible for the sensor nodes to establish a good session key, even if one or more servers become unavailable or untrustworthy. This research represents a comparison on different multi-server protocols and analyzed more suited protocol for home health care system.


The Mandelstam-Tamm and Margolus-Levitin quantum speed limits are two well-known evolution time estimates for isolated quantum systems. These bounds are usually formulated for fully distinguishable initial and final states, but both have tight extensions to systems that evolve between states with arbitrary fidelity. However, the foundations for these extensions differ in some essential respects. The extended Mandelstam-Tamm quantum speed limit has been proven analytically and has a clear geometric interpretation. Furthermore, the systems that saturate the limit have been completely classified. The derivation of the extended Margolus-Levitin quantum speed limit, on the other hand, is based on numerical estimates. Moreover, the limit lacks a geometric interpretation, and there is no complete characterization of the systems reaching it. In this paper, we derive the extended Margolus-Levitin quantum speed limit analytically and describe in detail the systems that saturate the limit. We also provide the limit with a symplectic-geometric interpretation, indicating that it is of a different character than most existing quantum speed limits. At the end of the paper, we analyze the maximum of the extended Mandelstam-Tamm and Margolus-Levitin quantum speed limits, and we derive a dual version of the extended Margolus-Levitin quantum speed limit. The maximum limit is tight regardless of the fidelity of the initial and final states. However, the conditions under which the maximum limit is saturated differ depending on whether or not the initial and final states are fully distinguishable. The dual limit is also tight and follows from a time reversal argument. We describe all systems that saturate the dual quantum speed limit.


* NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, U.S.A. Abstract Response construction methods using Moving Least Squares (MLS), Kriging and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) are compared with the Global Least Squares (GLS) method in three numerical examples for derivative generation capability. Also, a new Interpolating Moving Least Squares (IMLS) method adopted from the meshless method is presented. It is found that the response surface construction methods using the Kriging and RBF interpolation yields more accurate results compared with MLS and GLS methods. Several computational aspects of the response surface construction methods also discussed. I. Introduction: Structural reliability engineering analysis involves determination of the probability of structural failure taking into account the uncertainty in the geometric parameters, material properties and loading conditions (1). The uncertain quantities are treated as random variables, and often a large number of simulations (structural analyses) with different sets of random variables are necessary to estimate the reliability of a structure. Hence, the computational effort required to perform a structural reliability analysis can be very high. In order to minimize the computational time, response surface functions are often used as simple and inexpensive replacements for computationally expensive structural analyses in reliability methods. Most of the response surface construction methods use Global Least Squares (GLS) methods. The GLS methods use a single quadratic or cubic polynomial representing the entire parametric space of the random variables. In general, a single polynomial to represent the entire parametric space introduces large errors in the response estimation or limits the size of the parametric space. In order to overcome such difficulties, local (piecewise) polynomial functions with higher order derivative continuity were used in response surface approximation (2-4). In arriving at an interpolated value at some point in the parametric space, the local methods more heavily weight data samples that are "nearby" rather than giving all data samples equal weight. It is found that higher order derivative continuity methods require fewer sampling points for the same accuracy (2) compared to GLS methods. A new local Moving Least Squares (MLS) response surface construction method was developed in reference 2. The MLS method was compared with other local methods such as Kriging (3) and found to be more accurate and computationally effective for the examples considered. Another class of local response surface construction using Radial Basis Functions (RBF) was proposed in reference 4. Along with the classical RBF, polynomial augmented RBF and compactly supported radial basis functions (5-7) were used for response surface construction in reference 4. The methods based on MLS, Kriging, and RBF were compared in two numerical examples in references 2 and 4 and found to predict the response almost with the same accuracy. Even though the MLS, Kriging, and RBF methods produce higher accuracy in response prediction compared to the GLS methods, the computational efficiency or the ability of these local methods to reproduce derivatives is not investigated in the literature. The ability to estimate the derivatives accurately is very critical for the response construction methods in optimization and reliability studies. Hence, it is necessary to examine the local methods for derivative generation capabilities. The purpose this paper is to study and compare the computational efficiency and derivative generation capability of the local MLS, Kriging and RBF methods by applying these methods to several numerical examples. Also, a new Interpolating Moving Least Squares (IMLS) method adopted from the meshless method is presented.


Author(s) Title Number of Pages Date Karthik Muthukrishnan Automating Cloud Security Governance 57 pages + 3 appendices 14 May 2017 Degree Master of Engineering Degree Programme Information Technology Instructor(s) Janne Salonen, Principal Lecturer Adopting cloud infrastructure in a large scale is a challenging proposition for companies. One of the key challenges is adopting the organization's existing infrastructure and security governance to the cloud operations. Scalability, agility and distributed computing are inherent properties of cloud infrastructure. These precisely are the challenges faced on governing cloud security. Existing procedures that depended on manual intervention are not feasible when the infrastructure is almost infinitely (compared to human resources at disposal) scalable. Parts of the infrastructure can change abruptly within minutes. How does one deploy audit processes with such agile infrastructure? What if the infrastructure changes even before the audit is complete? How to provide security assurance to higher management while following rapidrelease cycles in DevOps mode? This project is a series of governance learnings, tools prototyping and experimentation done on job. Infrastructure governance policies, procedures and tools were created specifically for the cloud. Parts of the cloud infrastructure such as the OS were customized to meet the governance policies. Asset and identity management were achieved by centralizing cloud service accounts. This enabled a central team to use cloud APIs to manage assets and users. Automated tools were deployed centrally to audit cloud assets and user accounts for security issues. The results strongly indicate that security automation and self-certification are key components of security governance of cloud and DevOps.


Following a brief history of insolvency law, including a summary of a provision (Section 1110) of the US Bankruptcy Code that inspired Alternative A of Article XI of the Aircraft Protocol to the Cape Town Convention, the authors outline the content, development, and intended impact of Alternative A. Section 1110 and Alternative A are then compared, as an aid to interpretation of the latter. Finally, the authors provide a case study applying Alternative A, designed to set out the intended application, interpretation, and effect of Alternative A. That case study – and such intended outcomes – underscores that the economic value of Alternative A is linked to the commercial predictability it provides, which is the main reason why courts have no discretion to modify its terms.


The three-dimensional space around us is conveniently and reasonably Euclidean. Can we assume our perception of this space, and of objects in it, would follow suit? This assumption is quite natural, but empirical results suggest that it is also quite wrong, except in narrow circumstances. Perceptual space grades from being nearly Euclidean within a meter of our eyes to being affine and foreshortened at increasing distance, although considerable variation occurs across task, environments, and individuals. Compression with distance is steeper than one modeled by an exponent. Since pictures are most typically composed with distant content, similar perceived distortions should and do occur in pictorial, particularly photographic, space. One can think of perceived space—even at is articulated, near-Euclidean best—as built up incrementally from constraints of ordinality. These constraints, when sufficiently rich, converge on a nearEuclidean framework.


Some kinds of speed control loops can be easily designed based on simple mechanical dynamics by using reasonable assumptions in AC motor control systems. However, these simple approaches give undesired performances under mismatches of model parameters, external load conditions and unknown dynamics. Moreover, in real systems as well as during analysis, speed estimation error is inevitable and should be considered from the viewpoint of the stability of the whole feedback control system. To cope with the robust characteristics under inherent uncertainties, a nonlinear uncertainty observer using the radial basis function networks (RBFNs) is proposed. A control law for stabilising the system and adaptive laws for updating both weights in the RBFNs and a bounding constant are established, so that the whole closed-loop system is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. Additionally, stability proof of the whole control system including the speed estimation error is presented. The proposed approach is applied to a three-level inverter-fed induction motor direct torque control (DTC) system, and computer simulations as well as experimental results are presented to show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed system.


Biofortification increases the micronutrient content of staple crops through plant breeding. Maize is a staple crop in Africa and Latin America where vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is also a public health problem. Provitamin A carotenoids such as α‐carotene (α‐C), β‐cryptoxanthin (β‐Cr) and β‐carotene (β‐C) in Biofortified Yellow Maize (BYM) may lead to a reduction in the prevalence of VAD. However, carotenoids degrade when exposed to excessive light, moisture, and heat. It is imperative to establish the extent of post‐harvest losses of carotenoids in BYM under simulated tropical storage conditions. BYM maize was stored for 4 months at I) ‐ 80°C in the freezer, II) 4°C in the fridge, III) 25°C + 50% humidity in an incubator and IV) 20°C at room conditions. The provitamin A carotenoid contents were determined at baseline and monthly for 4 months by HPLC with a C30 column. BYM β‐C content at baseline was 15.2 ±0.6 μg/g dry wgt. At endline the β‐C content loss was 18.6, 52.7, 73.9 and 79.5% for conditions I–IV. The α‐C content loss was 23.4, 35.0, 57.0 and 63.9% for conditions I–IV. For β‐Cr, the loss was 10.6, 30.1, 46.1 and 57.6 % for conditions IIV, respectively. The provitamin A carotenoid losses in BYM are >; 45% at temperatures >; 20°C. These losses should be addressed to retain the vitamin A value of BYM over long periods of storage under tropical conditions, in order to control VAD effectively.


In this paper, we provide an overview and results of a long-term field study that captured network interface traffic on-device for 30 participating mobile devices. For the involved devices, the majority of applications installed are found to exhibit network activity, resulting in a high traffic variability. Bursts of data are observed for about 20 minute durations, with an overall average volume of 317 kByte in a two-minute time frame, while exhibiting an average inter-arrival of observed bursts of about 18 hours. We discover a significant dominance of the download direction of network traffic, to a majority on wireless LAN interfaces. We attribute this behavior to the common practice of mobile data offloading. We furthermore find a lack of distinct long-range dependence or self-similarity in the analyzed traffic, across interface types as well as directions. Our findings could impact the ongoing efforts to decrease networking battery impacts on mobile devices, such as through anticipatory resource optimization, as little correlation between directions and interfaces were observed in this data set.


Abstract : This study evaluated the roles of geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics in determining physical stream habitat in Bear Creek, a 239 km2 watershed in the Ozarks in northern Arkansas. During a relatively wet 12-month period, Bear Creek was altered by a series of floods, including four with discharges exceeding a 1-year recurrence interval and one with an estimated 2- to 4-year recurrence interval. These floods eroded sediment from the study reach at rates in excess of other sites previously studied in the Ozarks. The 2- to 4-year flood scoured gravel from pools and deposited it in riffles (areas of swift, relatively shallow water). The smaller floods eroded gravel from the riffles and deposited it in pools. A two-dimensional hydraulic model was compiled to assess habitat variation with hydrology. Depths and velocities simulated for discharges of 0.1 to 556 cubic meters per second were classified into habitats using hydraulic criteria. Races (areas of swift, relatively deep water downstream from riffles) disappear completely at the lowest flows and riffles contract substantially in area. Pools also contract during low flow, but deep scours adjacent to bedrock outcrops sustain some pool area even at the lowest modeled flows. Magnitude and frequency of bed-sediment entrainment show that most habitat maintenance results from flows that occur about 4-7 days a year. The analysis documents the geomorphic and hydrologic dynamics that form and maintain habitats in a warm water stream in the Ozarks. The range of flows that occurs on this stream can be partitioned into flows that sustain habitat by providing the combinations of depth and velocity that stream organisms live with most of the time, and those flows that surpass sediment entrainment thresholds, alter stream geomorphology, and therefore maintain habitat. The quantitative relations show sensitivity of habitats to flow variation, but do not address how flow may vary in the future. (7 tables, 93 figures, 50 refs.)


The coupled radiative transfer - diffusion model can be used as light transport model in turbid media with non-diffusive regions. In the coupled radiative transfer - diffusion model, light propagation is modelled with the radiative transfer equation in sub-domains in which the approximations of the diffusion equation are not valid and the diffusion approximation is used elsewhere in the domain. In this work, the image reconstruction problem of diffuse optical tomography utilising the coupled radiative transfer - diffusion model is considered. Absorption and scattering distributions are estimated using the coupled radiative transfer - diffusion model as a forward model for light propagation. The results are compared to reconstructions obtained using other light transport models. The results show that the coupled radiative transfer - diffusion model can produce as good estimates for absorption and scattering as the full radiative transfer equation also in situations in which the approximations of the diffusion equation are not valid.


In-flight icing occurs when aircraft fly in regions where supercooled cloud, freezing rain, and especially freezing drizzle are present. Work on the detection of such conditions by remote sensing is being sponsored in many countries and resulted in dedicated field experiments such as the Alliance Icing Research Study (AIRS) that occurred in the Montreal area during the 1999-2000 winter. Detection of supercooled cloud and drizzle is particularly difficult, especially in the presence of ice crystals of much larger size and stronger reflectivity (Table 1).


The ancient Greeks believed that all matter was composed of four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. Today, we know that there are four states of matter that are remarkably similar: solids


We observed three occasional predations of bats captured in mist nets by marsupials and a frog during studies in a varzea forest in the Amapa state. Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823) (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) was preyed upon by Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 and Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae). Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) was preyed on by Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768) (Anura, Leptodactylidae). The bats vocalizations probably attracted the marsupials and a frog to the mist nets where they preyed. This interaction form can occur naturally, however, are more difficult to observed.


Background Experimental investigation of cerebral mechanisms underlying pain and analgesia are important in the development of methods for diagnosis and treatment of pain. The aim of the current study was to explore brain metabolites in response to pain and treatment with morphine. Methods Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulate cortex was performed in 20 healthy volunteers (13 males and seven females, aged 24.9±2.6 years) during rest and acute pain before and during treatment with 30 mg of oral morphine or placebo in a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study design. Pain was evoked by skin stimulation applied to the right upper leg using a contact heat-evoked potential stimulator. Results Data from 12 subjects were valid for analysis. Painful stimulation induced an increase in N-acetylaspartate/creatine compared with rest (F=5.5, P=0.04). During treatment with morphine, painful stimulation induced decreased glutamate/creatine (F=7.3, P=0.02), myo-inositol/creatine (F=8.38, P=0.02), and N-acetylaspartate/creatine (F=13.8, P=0.004) concentrations, whereas an increase in the pain-evoked N-acetylaspartate/creatine concentration (F=6.1, P=0.04) was seen during treatment with placebo. Conclusion This explorative study indicates that neuronal metabolites in the anterior cingulate cortex, such as N-acetylaspartate, glutamate, and myo-inositol, could be related to the physiology of pain and treatment with morphine. This experimental method has the potential to enable the study of brain metabolites involved in pain and its treatment, and may in the future be used to provide further insight into these mechanisms.


The spreading of geo-location technologies embedded in digital devices and their use on social media platforms has made many location-related data available, enabling the digital study of social phenomena. Due to the COVID-19 health emergency, the reality of lockdowns in many countries prevented people from meeting and aggregating in real places. Expressive geo-tags such as fictitious quarantine places sprung on Instagram as a means to create a new kind of aggregation. Design techniques and methodologies have proven to adequately translate available data sources into usable knowledge by visualising the data and information in moderately effective ways. Thus, by exploiting the Instagram platform's affordances, the paper proposes a data visualisation approach that gives dignity to the expressive quarantine locations and enables lay users to understand the observed phenomenon's thought, process, and implication.


Allergic inflammation is a common feature of asthma and may contribute to both development and perpetuation of disease. The interaction of antigen‐presenting cells (APC) with sensitized helper T lymphocytes (TC) producing Th2 cytokines may determine the inflammatory response. Recruitment of APC and TC to the lung during allergic responses has been demonstrated, but functional studies in humans have been limited.


In a widely discussed article (Frankfurt 1969), Harry Frankfurt argued against, and claimed to have refuted, PAP. But he denied (1988: 95-96) that his rejection of PAP commits him to rejecting OIC. Presumably his position would appear less attractive if it were perceived as opposing not only the intuitions behind PAP, but also those behind OIC. David Widerker (1991), however, argued that OIC entails a component part of PAP (i.e. the part concerning blameworthiness), and that since Frankfurt's argument, if sound, would refute this component of PAP, Frankfurt is logically committed to rejecting OIC. Gideon Yaffe (1999) has come to Frankfurt's defence, claiming that OIC does not entail PAP, and arguing that Widerker's attempt to derive (part of) PAP from OIC is fallacious. Alex


Reported here is a study of an interactive component to General Chemistry I and General Chemistry II where a new pedagogy for taking notes in class was developed. These notes, called key word created class notes, prompted students to locate information using the Internet guided by a key word. Reference Web sites were added to a next generation of key word creation class notes. It was shown through surveys that students felt it was easy to find the required information, and they felt confident that they located the correct information using the Internet. With the addition of the key word creation class notes, the number of students receiving grades of D or F, or withdrawing from the course, dropped 30.9%, which thus reduced attrition rates.


The introduction of distributed generation has affected power systems. The hosting capacity is used to determine the amount of generation that can be connected to the system without deteriorating its performance. This paper proposes the analysis of the hosting capacity regarding the inclusion of wind turbines considering different background distortions. A case study is performed on a Brazilian university distribution grid. The results shown that the hosting capacity varies significantly with the background distortion and becomes an important parameter when considering the inclusion of distributed renewable generation with non-linear characteristics.


Sufficient conditions are found in the work that the kernel satisfies for the singular integral φ – to be strongly summable by regular methods.


Efficiency optimization of dual-active-bridge (DAB) converters involves the minimization of both conduction and switching losses. However, it is challenging to achieve these two objectives simultaneously due to their conflicting nature, i.e., circulating current is required to realize zero-voltage switching (ZVS) but the presence of an excessive amount of the circulating current is the main cause of conduction loss and low efficiency. This dilemma has been common to conventional DAB converter topologies and modulation schemes which cannot provide sufficient degrees of freedom (DoFs) to the design of their operation modes. This paper is an illustration of the merits of utilizing reconfigurability of the operation mode as a new DoF in designing the operation of DAB converters to minimize both conduction and switching losses. The proposed DAB converter is designed to switch between two operation modes. For 25%–100% of the rated output power, a new modulation scheme based on the four-level ac voltages is proposed to achieve zero circulating current, zero backflow power, and full-range ZVS. Below 25% of the rated output power, the new modulation scheme transitions smoothly to the enhanced dual-phase-shift (EDPS) modulation scheme that continues to achieve zero backflow power and full-range ZVS while the incurred circulating current is moderated by operating the ac voltages at half-amplitude. The experimental results obtained from a 2-kW prototype show that, in comparison to conventional modulation schemes, the proposed modulation scheme is capable of maintaining the highest efficiency over the full output power range and greatly improves the reliability of switches due to full-range ZVS operation.


This article by Morris and Baladandayuthapani (abbreviated as MB paper hereafter) has nicely covered many important contributions from statisticians to the bioinformatics field. Being fortunate to witness the rising and maturing of bioinformatics and computational biology in the past two decades, statisticians have undoubtedly made significant contributions in the field and have gradually grown from traditional consulting role to leadership role in many areas of bioinformatics, genomics and extended biomedical fields. Table 1A shows the number of National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 grants with statisticians as principal investigator (PI) or multiple PI compared to the total number. The ratio has grown from 0.56% during 2001–2005 to 0.94% during 2011–2015 (odds ratio = 1.7, Fisher's exact p-value = 5.5E–32). If restricted to National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and National Library of Medicine (NLM) (two institutes likely to fund bioinformatics methodological grants), the growth was less or non-significant (8.92% to 13.16% for NHGRI and 8.79% to 6.58% for NLM). The trend is similar if we extend the numbers to all NIH grants in Table 1B. Although this analysis covers the entire biomedical field and is not restricted to bioinformatics, it suggests that statisticians are taking more leadership role in scientific grants funded by disease-related NIH institutes (e.g., through collaborations using multiple PI mechanism) or institutes are funding more disease-relevant methodological grants led by statisticians. For example, our lab received an R01 grant from National Cancer Institute (NCI) to develop power calculation and study design methodologies for RNA-seq, methyl-seq and fusion transcript detection. The term 'bioinformatics' covers a wide array of topics and biological applications. For example, the 'scope guideline' of Bioinformatics journal states 10 research categories: genome analysis, sequence analysis, phylogenetics, structural bioinformatics, gene expression, genetics and population analysis, systems biology, data and text mining, databases and ontologies, and bioimage informatics. Table 2 shows the number of papers published in the journal by category with any co-author affiliated


Levels of dopamine (DA) and its derivatives homovanillic acid (HVA), 3–4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 3‐methoxytyramine (3MT) and norepinephrine + epinephrine (NE + E), and serotonin (5HT) and its derivative 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA) were determined from the urine of 156 autistic children aged two to 12 years 6 months, and compared with those of age‐matched mentally retarded non‐autistic and normal controls. Very significant group and age effects were found for DA, HVA, 3MT, NE + E and 5HT. High HVA, 3MT, NE + E and 5HT levels were found in autistic and non‐autistic children. The DA, HVA, 3MT, NE + E, 5HT and 5HIAA levels decreased significantly with age in the three groups. Significantly decreased levels of DA and HVA were observed in autistic children on haloperidol, compared with non‐medicated autistic children. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of a maturation defect of monoaminergic systems in autism.


Background: Diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) constitute among the most common causes of hospital visits worldwide and account for most of the antibiotics prescribed and used. They are responsible for significant school and work absenteeism and have generated 94.6 disability-adjusted life years lost worldwide. Due to the high incidence of these diseases and the different varieties of drugs in use, it becomes imperative for us to know the present prescribing patterns, so that appropriate adjustments can be made for the benefit of patients. Methods: Over a period of 1-year, the outpatient department (OPD) records of 608 patients with ENT infections, reporting to the ENT OPD of Justice K S Hegde Charitable Hospital, Deralakatte, Mangalore, were scrutinized and the data collected in a specially designed proforma. Descriptive analysis of the data was done. Results: Of the total 608 prescriptions analyzed, 309 (50.8%) belonged to male patients and 299 (49.2%) belonged to female patients. Highest numbers of patients were in the age group of 16-25 years (29.44%). The most common diseases reported were chronic suppurative otitis media (19.24%), followed by otitis externa (13.49%) and furunculosis (9.87%). Average number of drugs per prescription was found to be 3.0. Oral antibiotics were prescribed to 540 patients (88.81%). Most common antibiotics prescribed were amoxicillin-clavulanate (53%), levofloxacin (17%), and cefixime (14%). Antihistamines were prescribed in 52.47% prescriptions, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were prescribed to 298 patients (49.01%). Conclusion: This study shows that the diseases were treated rationally in accordance with the standard guidelines of therapy.


The thesis is about the method of building up the assistance of function according to the Constant variance of method.


Abstract Non-uniform illumination of photorefractive materials generates a large scale space charge field which adversely affects hologram storage by giving rise to fatigue effects. We report experimental observations on the development of this field during hologram writing and on its effect on repetitive hologram storage in LiNbO3 for different light distributions.


This paper deals with the study of the possible origin of prehistoric archery during the Upper Solutrean in Mediterranean Iberia. From analysis of the light arrowheads of the Extracantabrian Solutrean (barbed and tanged point and the shouldered points of Mediterranean type) are established the ballistics characteristic of this type of tool kit. These characteristics permit us to establish some hypothesis on the function in relation to their mounting and propulsion.


1: Introduction. 1.1. Overview. 1.2. Immigrant Societies. 1.3. Dependent Colonies. 2:The Archaeology of the Event. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Archaeology, Anthropology and History. 2.3. On the Relationships between Things, Words and Ideas. 2.4. The Annales School. 2.5. The Archaeology of the Event. 3: Capitalism, Colonialism and Consumerism. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Capitalism. 3.3. Colonialism. 3.4. Consumerism. 4: Methods and Sources. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Material Culture. 4.3. Historical Documentation. 4.4. Images. 5: Port Jackson and the Wreck of Sydney Cove (1797). 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Background - Port Jackson. 5.3. Background - Calcutta. 5.4. Historical Background - Sydney Cove. 5.5. The Archaeological Excavation of Sydney Cove. 5.6. The Cargo of Sydney Cove. 5.7. The Chinese Export Porcelain Cargo of Sydney Cove. 5.8. Chinese Export Porcelain in Australia. 5.9. Conclusion. 6: Port Phillip and the wreck of William Salthouse (1841). 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Background - Port Phillip. 6.3. Background - Montreal. 6.4. Historical background - William Salthouse. 6.5. The archaeological excavation of William Salthouse. 6.6. The cargo of William Salthouse. 6.7. Conclusion. 7: The Swan River Colony and the wrecks of James Matthews (1841) and Eglinton (1852) 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Background -- Swan River Colony. 7.3. Background -- London. 7.4. Historical background -- James Matthews. 7.5. The archaeological excavation of James Matthews. 7.6. The cargo of James Matthews. 7.7. Historical background -- Eglinton. 7.8. The archaeological excavation of Eglinton. 7.9. The cargo of Eglinton. 7.10. Conclusion. 8: The Meanings of Things. 9: Conclusion. References.


Trying to find out when the morning peak times are on .@SouthernRailUK. I can't seem to find it on their website...


The present invention relates to a connector having a terminal guide capable of preventing wrong insertion of a connector during coupling of connectors, thereby preventing deformation of terminals. A first connector (100) includes a terminal formed to protrude in an internal space opening in one direction. A guide member (200) is inserted into the internal space of the first connector and has a terminal hole at a bottom face, which the terminal penetrates, for preventing deformation of the terminal. A second connector (300) is connected to the terminal of the first connector while being inserted into the guide member (200). The guide member includes an elastic protrusion (260) upwardly protruding from a lateral face to be coupled to the second connector (300). The second connector (300) includes a fixing groove (360) formed on an outer lateral side corresponding to the elastic protrusion (260). The first connector (100) includes a play groove (160) formed on an inner upper face, on which the elastic protrusion (260) of the guide member is positioned, to make the elastic protrusion deform elastically.


Article type Review article Worldwide growing methamphetamine abuse is one of the most serious health problems with several different consequences for victims, especially in developing countries. Chronic methamphetamine abuse is associated with several psychiatric problems in all countries which are faced to epidemic methamphetamine abuse. Methamphetamine-induced psychosis is a major medical challenge for clinical practitioner from both diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints. Stimulant psychosis commonly occurs in people who abuse stimulants, but it also occurs in some patients taking therapeutic doses of stimulant drugs under medical supervision. The main characteristic of meth psychosis is the presence of prominent hallucinations and delusions. Other drugs, such as cocaine and marijuana, can trigger the onset of psychosis in someone who is already at increased risk because they have "vulnerability". The current literature review attends to explain several aspects of MIP epidemiologically and clinically. Investigators proposed pharmacologically treatment based on recently published data.


This paper aims at providing an up-to-date review of nonlinear electronic interfaces for energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations using piezoelectric coupling. The basic principles and the direct application to energy harvesting of nonlinear treatment of the output voltage of the transducers for conversion enhancement will be recalled, and extensions of this approach presented. Latest advances in this field will be exposed, such as the use of intermediate energy tanks for decoupling or initial energy injection for conversion magnification. A comparative analysis of each of these techniques will be performed, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of the methods, in terms of efficiency, performance under several excitation conditions, complexity of implementation and so on. Finally, a special focus of their implementation in the case of low voltage output transducers (as in the case of microsystems) will be presented.


An evaluating system for infrared detector elements is designed.It includes a blackbody,a chopper,a single chip microcomputer,a high-precision data acquiring card and the CVI virtual instrument software.The sensitivity of infrared detectors is tested in the condition of specific frequency infrared light irradiation.The noise is tested in non-infrared irradiation.Noise tests are conducted using a sample collection and noise amplitude of various frequency are obtained through the FFT analysis.The system automatically readout the configuration of the computer system to complete the initialization of most parameters.It has many advantages such as simple operation,user-friendly interface,high efficiency test,strong scalability,low cost,high reliability etc.The test experimental result shows that the system could conveniently and effectively test the characteristics of infrared detectors.The precision and speed of experimental results are better than conventional methods.


Inversion of self‐potential data for source current density, js, in complex volcanic settings, yields hydrological information without the need for a prior groundwater flow model; js contains information about pH, pore saturation, and permeability, from which we infer the distribution of liquid and vapor phases. To understand the hydrothermal flow dynamics and hydraulic connectivity between surface thermal features at Mount Tongariro volcano, New Zealand, we undertook a reconnaissance scale self‐potential survey and developed an inversion routine for js, constrained by an existing 3‐D conductivity model from magnetotelluric measurements. The 3‐D distribution of js at Mount Tongariro reveals a discontinuous zero js zone interpreted as vapor or residually saturated pore space, surrounded by low to moderate js interpreted as circulating condensate liquid. Bounding faults act as conduits for down flowing groundwater or condensate, as well as barriers for the hydrothermal system. Localized small‐scale circulation associated with individual surface thermal features, rather than a single circulating system, accounts for the lack of widespread anomalous geochemical observations prior to the 2012 Te Maari eruption.


The performance of multiplier algorithms for structural optimization has been significantly improved by using trust regions. The trust regions are constructed using analytical second order sensitivity, and within this region, the augmented Lagrangian ϕ is minimized subject to bounds. Evaluation of first and second derivatives of ϕ by the adjoint method does not require derivations of individual (implicit) constraint functions, which makes the method economical. Eight test problems are considered and a vast improvement over previously used multiplier algorithms has been noted. Also, the algorithm is robust with respect to scaling, input parameters and starting designs.


The propane mixed refrigerant cycle(C3/MRC)is the most cost-effective and reliable base-load LNG process.In this paper,two kinds of representative raw natural gases No.1 and No.2 are chosen to study this cycle by using Aspen HYSYS process simulation software,taking into account changes in the cyclic pressures and compositions of mixed refrigerant.Through the research,the functions of mixed refrigerant component N2,CH4,C2H6,and C3H8 in the refrigeration for C3/MRC cycle,are obtained.More importantly,the interrelations between mixed refrigerant composition and raw natural gas's specific heat vs temperature(cp-T)property,as well as the mixed refrigerant cyclic pressures,are also obtained,thus fully demonstrating the refrigeration functions of mixed refrigerant components in the cycle.On the above basis,the energy consumptions of C3/MRC cycle are compared between the natural gases No.1 and No.2 under different cyclic pressures of mixed refrigerant condition.The results show that the cp-T property of raw natural gas is the dominant factor to determine the level of the whole cycle's energy consumption,while the mixed refrigerant composition and cyclic pressures are secondary factors relatively,which should be selected appropriately in terms of the cp-T of raw natural gas to make the cycle design more reasonable.


Molecular dynamics computer simulations were used to determine the locations and energies of La ions in silicate intergranular films (IGFs) between basal and prism-oriented silicon nitride crystals as a function of composition. La segregation to the interfaces occurs at each surface with no nitrogen present in the IGF, but segregates preferentially to the prism surface with nitrogen in the IGF. La adsorption onto the prism surface occurs in the simulations at the two sites observed previously in studies using high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The binding energies of La at the two sites differ with no nitrogen in the IGF, and both are more strongly bonded than for La in the interior of the IGF. However, with nitrogen in the IGF, the binding energies are less different between the two prism surface sites and the interior of the IGF, indicating a decreased driving force for segregation. The simulations provide evidence justifying the preferential segregation of La ions to the prism surface and also indicate that a variation in the local composition would cause some IGFs to show segregation of all La to the interface, leaving little La within the glassy IGF, while other IGFs may show more La remaining in the glassy IGF.


479 Oncologic emergencies, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), can cause significant morbidity and mortality. DIC is a frequent thrombotic event that arises in the cancer population; in fact, patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) have an 85% risk of developing DIC (Ezzone, 2000; Holmes-Gobel, 2000). DIC is a coagulation disorder that can be caused by, for example, cancer or infection. DIC prompts overstimulation of the normal clotting cascade and results in simultaneous thrombosis and hemorrhage (Ezzone). Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are responsible for clotting. The intrinsic pathway is initiated by endothelial cell damage. Sepsis, a phenomena that disrupts the endothelial cell membrane, is one type of intrinsic-triggering event. The extrinsic pathway is initiated during tissue injury, and triggering events include malignancy, trauma, or obstetric complications (Ezzone, 2000; Tan, 2002). Both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways lead to the common pathway where fibrinogen is converted to fibrin; blood clotting, which balances homeostasis, subsequently occurs (Ezzone). DIC develops when the clotting cascade becomes disrupted from the normal homeostatic balance. Activation of the clotting cascade causes plasmin and thrombin to circulate, which, in turn, simultaneously induces bleeding and clot formation. DIC results from abnormal procoagulant activation and consumption of clotting factors. Thrombosis and organ damage occur because of excess platelet aggregation. Excess fibrin clots capture the platelets and produce thrombosis with impaired organ perfusion. Platelet aggregation leads to thrombocytopenia and additional consumption of clotting factors (Holmes-Gobel, 2000). Bleeding can occur in patients with DIC because excess thrombin facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. The conversion of plasmin produces fibrinolysis, which leads to a rise in fibrin split products (FSPs). FSPs have strong procoagulant activity, thus causing hemorrhage (HolmesGobel, 2000).


modities produced for export and sold to obtain money with which to purchase clothing, hardware, and a variety of imported goods for which Ponape has become dependent upon the outside world since contact. The prestige economy involves the goods through which social approval and social status are gained; as in the case of subsistence goods, these are consumed locally, but they are shared with other households within the Section.2 Although, as might be expected, there is some overlapping, most goods fall clearly within one or another of these three categories as far as their primary function is concerned.3 The


The removal of phosphate from wastewater was significant but difficult.This paper researched a new adsorbent for removal phosphate was obtained by pillaring bentonite with La/Al hydroxide polycation,and characterization of La/Al-PILC.At the same time removal efficiency,isotherms and adsorption of La/Al-PILC toward phosphate were researched in different conditions.


Objective: To evaluate the value of Gram staining and bacteriological culture of sputum by the saline wash method for diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). Methods: All samples containing fewer than 10 squamous epithelial cells per low power microscopic field (10x) were cultured both directly and quantitatively. Results: 620 sputum specimens from 489 patients clinically diagnosed as having LRTI were evaluated. Sensitivity of Gram stain was 78.6% and specificity was 82%, reaching to 100% for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. Quantitative method increased overall culture positivity from 52% to 63.5% of inoculated samples. The three most commonly isolated pathogens were Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae . Conclusion: The collection of expectorated sputum is a non-invasive process and saline washing and subsequent Gram stain and culture can provide a high diagnostic yield. Initial Gram examination of sputum samples, especially for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae is advisable when experienced microbiologists interpret the slides, since Gram stain is almost as effective as cultivation and the results are available 48 hours sooner.