Political dynasties are ubiquitous in democratic countries, even though many countries democratised to move away from hereditary rule. Despite their ubiquity, we know little about how political dynasties affect economic development. Economic theory makes ambiguous predictions: bequest motives may encourage dynasts to make long-term investments that regular politicians would not; but elections may be less effective at disciplining dynasts if they inherit political capital from their predecessors. We compile data on the family histories of all Indian MPs since 1952, and document that 35% of Indian villages have experienced dynastic rule. Politicians who have a son are twice as likely to found a dynasty, allowing us to use the gender of past incumbents' kids as an instrument for each village's exposure to dynastic rule. We find that dynastic rule has a negative long-run impact on earnings, asset ownership and educational attainment. Constituency boundary changes allow us to show that founders actually have positive effects while descendants have negative effects. We provide evidence that founders outperform because of bequest motives and descendants underperform because of poor incentives. Descendants inherit large electoral advantages from their predecessors, their vote shares are only weakly correlated with their in-office performance, and they exert less effort. These results are consistent with a simple political agency model where voters are Bayesian learners. ∗Siddharth Eapen George, email@example.com, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Dominic Ponattu, email@example.com, University of Mannheim, Germany. We are indebted to our advisors Rohini Pande, Michael Kremer, Emily Breza, Andrei Shleifer and Abhijit Banerjee for advice and encouragement. We thank Sreevidya Gowda, Anjali R and Zubayer Rahman for research assistance. We are grateful to Alberto Alesina, Robert Bates, Tim Besley, Kirill Borusyak, Laurent Bouton, Felipe Campante, Moya Chin, Cesi Cruz, Jishnu Das, Melissa Dell, Max Gopelrud, Abraham Holland, Asim Khwaja, Eric Maskin, Nathan Nunn, Pia Raffler, Henrik Sigstad, Daniel Smith, Edoardo Teso, Sophie Wang and Chenzi Xu for helpful conversations. We thank participants at the Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics (ABCDE) 2018, the Evidence Based Economics meeting 2018, the Midwest Political Science Association Conference 2016, the MIT Political Economy lunch and internal seminar audiences at Harvard and Mannheim for ideas and useful feedback. Financial support from the Lab for Economic Applications and Policy and the Warburg Fund is gratefully acknowledged.


Platinum cluster catalysts supported on chelate resin–metal complexes were prepared by reduction of platinum ions immobilized on the supports which were characteristic of high porosity. The initial rate of hydrogen uptake in the hydrogenation of olefin or diene over the catalysts increases with the surface area of the resin supports.


ABSTRACT William H. Weilbacher responds to Thomas E. Barry's rejoinder to his article in the November/December 2001 issue of the JAR, entitled 'In Defense of the Heirarchy of Effects'.


Cloud computing is one of the latest developments in the IT industry also known as on demand computing. It provides the full scalability, reliability, high performance and relatively low cost feasible solution as compared to dedicated infrastructures. National institute of standard and technology defines as a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a share pool of configurable computing service (for example, networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be provisioned rapidly and released with minimal management effort or services provider. Cloud computing is no longer a buzzword today. In addition, it changes and improves the way we uses the computing platform. In today's world, there is a huge increase in the mobile data. This requires large volume of data storage devices to store this large amount of data. Therefore, usually consumer prefers to store large amount of private data in cloud. Unfortunately, if mobile will be lost, stolen or damaged it leads to the loss of all important and private data then there should be some mechanisms to take back-up of the data, and provide the data. Although many backup and recovery techniques have been proposed during last few years in the computing domain; however, real world scenarios remain a challenge. In this review paper, we focuses on the various techniques of back-up and recovery on cloud computing.


Wettability has significant effect on safe and long-term storage of CO2 in deep saline acquire, since it affects the seepage characters of caprock, in terms of relative permeability and capillary pressure. Wettability also determines the CO2 sealing capacity of saline acquire. Thus, it is vital to investigate the effect of wettability on fluid flow in porous media. Moreover, most of the natural reservoir cores are mainly heterogeneous wetting porous media and their pore space is partly water wet and partly hydrophilic. Thus, it has great significance to study effects of heterogeneity of wettability on gaswater flow at reservoir conditions. In this paper, we studied influence of heterogeneity of wettability on CO2-brine two phase flow behavior in the Berea sandstone sample based on pore network numerical flow simulation method which is considered one of the most efficient and economical methods of studying fluid flow in pore scale level. The digital image of the core sample was obtained via X-Ray CT scanning, which was used to extract the corresponding pore network via Maximal Ball algorithm. Then An open sourced flow simulator was applied to predicate the relative permeability and capillary pressure of the CO2-brine displacement based on this pore network extraction. Grade pore quasi static flow simulation model was used for the flow simulation research. We aimed to study the effects of heterogeneity of wettability on CO2-brine two phase flow in porous media, thus, we have assumed the proportion of non-wetting pores was f and it changed from 0 (strong water wet) to 1 (strong CO2 wet) at each 0.2 interval. Firstly, the pore network model was assumed to be fully water saturated, then drainage cycle (CO2 flooding) was performed until the experimental initial CO2 saturation was reached. Finally, the process of imbibition (water flooding) was simulated and then CO2brine relative permeability and capillary pressure were calculated. In this paper, the simulations were carried on the Berea sandstone sample at 323K, 12.4Mpa with 6g/L NaCl solution. Results shown in Fig1, Fig2 indicates that, when system non-wetting proportion f changes from 0 to 1, both of the relative permeability and capillary pressure curves overlap with each other during the draining cycle. In other words, heterogeneity of wettability has no influence over the CO2-brine two phase flow behavior during the CO2 displacement process. On the other hand, when system nonwetting proportion f changes from 0 to 0.4, the aqueous phase relative permeability first increases then decreases while CO2 relative permeability decreases under the same water saturation conditions, for the imbibition cycle. As the non-wetting proportion of the pores f increasing, the more CO2 is trapped inside the pores and the residual gas saturation increases. However, when system non-wetting proportion changes from 0.6 to 1.0, due to the relatively good connectivity of both CO2 aqueous phase, the results are completely contrary to the former. The relative permeability of CO2-brine shows the same trend when f changes from 0 to 0.4 and from 0.6 to 0.8, former have relatively high residual gas saturation and short term of displacement process as well as high aqueous phase relative permeability value, while later have low residual gas saturation and long term of displacement process.


The article discussed on the principle of luminosity and characteristics of LED lights,undertook some investigate and study on the lighting application and the prospect in the domestic lighting market.


This paper presents a review of and a comparison between two different methods to solve an inverse scattering problem in the time domain. The problem is that of propagation of transient electromagnetic waves in spatially inhomogeneous slabs of finite length. The permittivity and conductivity profiles are assumed to vary only with depth and the scattering problem is thus onedimensional. Several algorithms to solve the direct and inverse scattering problems for continuous and discontinuous permittivity profiles are suggested. Some of these algorithms have not been published before. The aim of this paper is to compare and review these methods. More specifically, the numerical performance of the invariant imbedding approach (layer-stripping)and the Green functions formulation (downward continuation)is compared. Some new results based upon time reversal techniques for a lossless slab are presented in an appendix. (Less)


Objective: To study the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on non-vascularized bone grafts. Materials and methods: Four adult dogs were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into two groups. The dogs in HBO group were treated with HBO in 3 days after operation. All animals were sacrificed at 10 weeks postoperatively. The specimens were obtained from the central site,peripheral site of the transplanted bone. The specimens were analyzed with light microscopy observation. Results: The process of replacement of the dead transplanted bone referred to as "Creeping substitution" occurred in all of grafted bone. Coexistence of new bone and old bone are seen under light microscopy. New bone formation in HBO group was more than that in non-HBO group. Conclusion: HBO can improve the process "creeping substitution" and increase new bone formation.


Universally, Tax Culture is not a very common topic but it is critical to administrative governance and economic development. This article argues that the Tax Culture of any milieu is an assemblage of various indices and criteria. These include: the history of taxation; tax laws; tax information; tax education; tax revenue mobilisation; tax system transparency; tax delinquency; tax dispute resolution; and taxpayer satisfaction. The article sheds light on these instrumental wheels of the Tax Culture of Ghana by providing the research results of field surveys conducted a decade and a half ago. Though dated, any observer of the Tax Culture of Ghana, and indeed of much of Africa and the Global South, will realise that little has since changed. In some instances, the article provides more up-to-date evidence beyond the 2005 data. The article goes beyond an assessment of the Tax Culture of Ghana and articulates recommendations for improving the same. Additionally, it attempts to interconnect issues of Taxation, Good Governance and Legal Pluralism. Although popular themes in public discourse in Africa today, these concepts are often spoken of in different thematic spheres other than taxation. The article links these themes in practical and concrete ways to taxation, cast in the light of historical institutionalism – an examination of the institutions of taxation, governance and traditional authority as they interacted through time.


In order to contribute to the knowledge about the adoption of Colombia variety, a study was carried out in the departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindio, Valle del Cauca, Tolima, Huila and Cauca, in which 28 important municipalities were selected for the coffee production and for their excellent presence of Colombia variety was carried out. In the study zone the percentage of the area sown with this variety was 53.4%, and the average adoption degree (area percentage sown in the farm) was 67.1%. According to the categories, 35.6% of the coffee growers had not adopted the Colombia variety, whereas 64.4% had done so. 66.5% of the latter were complete adopters and 33.5% were partial adopters. The adoption speed and the innovativeness of the adopters indicated a quick fast acceptance of the technology. The variables that contributed the most to explain the adoption probability are: farm altitude, coffee grower gender and years of formal education. As for the stability in the adoption of this technology there was a good strength since on average the coffee growers had been cultivating it for 12 years, which indicates more than two cultivation cycles.


Ultrastructural post-embedding immunogold methods allow the detection of granule products in properly prepared samples which contain mast cells or basophils. Moreover, the probe size is suffi ciently fl exible that small transport vesicles containing these products can be labeled and quantifi ed. In addition to our studies of cytokine localizations [see Chapter 4] we used these methods to detect immunoreactive chymase (in RMCs), CLC protein (in HBs), and histamine (in RMCs). These methods and their results are reviewed here.


A zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) bridgeless power factor correction (PFC) boost converter to reduce switching losses is proposed in this paper. Based on the conventional dual boost bridgeless converter, an auxiliary circuit including another main switch on the opposite side is added in the proposed converter to perform ZVS in man switches. Moreover, ZCS of auxiliary switches can also be achieved. As a result, the switching loss can be significantly reduced in the proposed converter. In addition, to minimize the additional conduction loss in the auxiliary circuit, the optimized design method for turn-on time of auxiliary switches is presented. The validity of the proposed converter is confirmed by the experimental results of a prototype converter with 100–240 VAC universal-line input and 800 W (400 V/2 A) output.


A class of circulant stochastic matrices and positive maps in matrix algebras displaying circulant structure is analyzed. It is shown how the spectral properties of matrices and linear maps are related to positivity conditions. An interesting interplay between the classical and quantum case is revealed.


Objective To investigate the gene polymorphisms of interferon-γ(IFN-γ in patients with ulcerative colitis.And analysis the relationship of UC pathogenesy and gene polymorphism.Methods The cytokine genotypes of IFN-γ from UC(56) and normal persons(44) were detected by Sequence-Specific Primers plymerase chain reaction(PCR-SSP).And the serum levels of cytokines were assayed by ELISA.Results The genotype frequency and allelic frequency of IFN-γ+874 in UC patients had no significant difference compared with that in normal control cases(P0.05).Each genotypes frequency of IFN-γ+874 had no significant difference among three regionals(P0.05).The level of serum IFN-γ in active UC was much higher than that of catabolic UC and control group(P0.05).The production of IFN-γ among groups with different genotypes were also not significantly difference with each other(P0.05).Conclusion The polymorphisms at IFN-γ+874 may have no influences on the susceptibility to UC.Genotypes may be the determinants of their corresponding serum levels in healthy adult people,however,the serum levels in UC patients were also influenced by other factors simultaneously.


The thought of persistent development is a feature of the ecological economics thought in GuanZi,which can be found in the thought of production,consumption,allotment and taxes.The ecological economics thought of GuanZi comes from its obedience philosophy,which provides profound enlightenment for us who getting trapped in ecological dilemma.


A theoretical study of the performance of amplitude modulators using a nipi delta‐doping superlattice in InGaAs/InAlAs multiple quantum‐well (QW) structures is presented. The structure is such that an n‐type delta‐doping layer is placed at the center of the InGaAs QWs and a p‐type is placed at the center of the InAlAs barriers. From the calculated absorption curves, modulator parameters such as CR, IL, and chirp are estimated and a comparison of the performance of an InGaAs/InAlAs modulator with and without the nipi delta‐doping superlattice is carried out. The study shows that an amplitude modulator containing a nipi delta‐doping superlattice in the InGaAs/InAlAs multiple QW structure presents an improved performance, compared to that without the doping superlattice, as long as the QW composition is adequately chosen. It is shown that for such structures, contrary to the undoped counterpart, it is, in principle, possible to achieve polarization insensitivity and appropriate chirp parameters simultaneously. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 168–173, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20410


Stress echocardiogram testing is used to assess multiple endpoints, including exercise electrocardiographic (ECG) and imaging results. But what does it


The Resonance control cooling systems (RCCS) of 100 MeV proton linac at the Korea multi-purpose accelerator complex (KOMAC) have been operated for cooling the drift tubes (DT) and controlling the resonant frequency of the drift tube linac (DTL). The RCCS can maintain the cooling water temperature within ±0.1 °C by controlling 3-way valve opening. The RCCS has two types of control mode, the constant cooling water temperature control mode and the resonant frequency control mode. In the case of the resonant frequency control, the error frequency is measured in the low-level RF (LLRF) control system and the RCCS compensates the error frequency by controlling the cooling water temperature of DT with PID algorithm. In this paper, the operation results of the resonant frequency control with the RCCS as well as some modification of the LLRF system are presented.


The phosphonium salt [PhP(NHiPr)3]Br has been synthesized, and the ligand properties of its deprotonated forms have been investigated. Treatment of its dilithiate Li2[PhP(NiPr)3] with the dimer [(η-p-cymene)RuCl2]2 provides the unsaturated 16-electron cation [(η-p-cymene)Ru{η2-(iPrN)2PPh(NHiPr)}]+ which adds cyanide and carbon monoxide (reversibly) and has been structurally characterized as its tetraphenylborate salt.


Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a lethal pediatric brain cancer in dire need for therapeutic breakthroughs. To identify intrinsic addictions and therapeutic targets for DMG, we conducted a genome-wide k¬¬¬¬nockout CRISPR screen that identified de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway as a targetable dependency. Since pyrimidine nucleotides can be synthesized by salvage and de novo pathways, identification of the latter as a dependency indicated a prominent role of de novo pathway in establishing the pyrimidine nucleotide pool in DMG. We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying this dependency using metabolic tracing of 15N-glutamine and genetic approaches. We report that DMG cells derive the majority of UMP (70%) through de novo synthesis, along with significantly elevated flux through the pyrimidine degradation pathway. High flux of 15N- labeled UMP through pyrimidine degradation in DMGs suggests that substrates (uridine and uracil) required for pyrimidine nucleotide salvage are limited, thus enhancing the dependency on de novo biosynthesis. To further confirm the causal role of pyrimidine degradation in driving de novo pathway dependency in DMG, we knocked down DPYD, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in pyrimidine degradation, using inducible shRNAs. Knockdown of DPYD diminished sensitivity of DMGs to de novo pathway inhibition as it rescued UMP pools and resultant DNA damage. Conversely, overexpression of DPYD in adult glioblastomas enhanced their sensitivity to de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibition which was accompanied by greater depletion of UMP and induction of DNA damage. Consistent with this mechanism, we observed downregulation of DPYD in DMGs that acquired resistance to antagonists of de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Taken together, we have uncovered DPYD as a predictive biomarker of sensitivity to de novo pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors.


This paper presents results from a fossil site at Batesford, Victoria, on which several dating techniques have been used to obtain a well-constrained late Pliocene age. The site contains the Dog Rocks Local Fauna, a relatively diverse vertebrate assemblage (29 taxa) of late Pliocene age, consisting mostly of marsupials and eutherian mammals. Upper and lower limits for the age of the fauna are constrained, respectively, by an overlying basalt with an interpolated age of $$2.03 \pm 0.13 Ma$$ and by the presence of Globorotalia crassaformis (First Appearance Datum 4.0 Ma) in an underlying unit. Seventeen paleomagnetic sites were collected and subjected to both alternating field and thermal demagnetization. The magnetic polarity for the upper part of this section, which is entirely reversed, can be correlated to the early Matuyama Chron. These data constrain the Dog Rocks Local Fauna to an age of 2.03-2.48 Ma.


The Venus of Milo is seen as a unique masterpiece of Greek art. However, to the great displeasure of the Greek authorities who are demanding its return, it has belonged to the French public collections since 1821. More generally, it is widely considered a European and Western heritage. And it goes without saying, its beauty is universal. But can it be Japanese? Through the examination of the reception of the Venus de Milo in Japan, the aim is to reflect on the conditions of a utopian appropriation of art works, given that, unlike texts that can be quoted, cut and mounted, paintings and statues are strongly dependant on their materiality. Against the current discourse on the dematerialization of art works, which goes hand in hand with an increasing fetishization of the originals, this article explores the path of an incorporation through practice and repetition.
 La Vénus de Milo est considérée comme un chef d'œuvre de l'art grec. Toutefois, au grand dam des autorités helléniques qui en demandent la restitution, elle appartient depuis 1821 aux collections publiques françaises. Plus généralement, on admettra volontiers qu'elle est européenne et occidentale. Et cela va sans dire, sa beauté est universelle. Mais peut-elle être japonaise ? À travers l'examen de la réception de la Vénus de Milo au Japon, il s'agira de réfléchir aux conditions d'une appropriation utopique des œuvres d'art plastiques, étant entendu que, contrairement aux textes qui peuvent être cités, tronqués, réédités, tableaux et statues sont puissamment assujettis à leur matérialité. À rebours des discours actuels sur la dématérialisation des œuvres, qui va de pair avec une fétichisation croissante des originaux, cet article explore le chemin d'une incorporation par l'usage et le refaire.
 ミロのヴィーナスは、ギリシャ美術の最高傑作と言われている。しかし、返還を求めるギリシャ政府の大いなる不興を買ったにもかかわらず、1821年以来、フランスの公的コレクションに所蔵されている。より一般的には、それがヨーロッパ的、西洋的であることは容易に認められよう。そして、言うまでもないが、その美しさは普遍的だ。ところで、ミロのヴィーナスは日本的なものといえるだろうか。引用やカットが可能なテキストとは異なり、絵画や彫像はその物質性に強く支配されていることから、日本におけるミロのヴィーナスの受容を通じて、芸術作品の自由な流用の条件について考察する。芸術作品の脱物質化をめぐる言説は、オリジナルのフェティッシュ化とともに進んでいるが、本稿では、実践と再制作による取り込みの道筋を探る。


Textured films of c-axis-oriented lithium niobate (LN) in a single Li:Nb=1:1 phase have been grown on Si(100) and Si(111) substrates by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma sputtering. The O2 partial pressure is critical in determining the composition of the film, whereas the substrate temperature mainly affects crystallinity. At O2 flow rates between 1 and 1.5 sccm and growth temperature between 510 and 550 °C, the refractive indices of the films are within their minimum range. A crystal image of the LN film revealed columnar textured domains, about 40% of which were c-axis oriented. The plasma-enhanced migration of surface atoms is responsible for the polarized grain growth. The amorphous interlayer formed between the LN film and the Si substrate consisted of either a single layer (2 nm) or double component layers (4 nm). The orientation of the LN crystalline overlayer has some correlation with the structure of the underlying amorphous interlayer.


The invention belongs to the technical field of the preparation of environmental materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a cobalt ferrite conductive imprinting compound photocatalyst. The preparation method comprises the following steps: pretreating MWCNTs (Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes) to obtain acidified MWCNTs; dispersing Co(NO3)2.6H2O and Fe(NO3)3.9H2O into water for ultraphonic, then adding activated MWCNTs for the ultrasonic, and finally adding alkali, stirring and then carrying out hydro-thermal synthesis to obtain CoFe2O4/MWCNTs; adding 2-mercaptobenzothiazole to pyrrole-containing trichloromethane, adding a cross-linking agent and an initiating agent, adding a mixed solution to a CoFe2O4/MWCNTs solution with activated polyethylene glycol 4000, stirring for a period of time under an N2 atmosphere, and washing and drying to obtain a PPy/CoFe2O4/MWCNTs magnetic molecule imprinting photocatalyst.


in a wholly mysterious sympathy between the powers of nature and man, producing far-reaching results from the most apparently idle or grotesque actions. Some minor points in these cures, recurring with great persistency in the recorded accounts of them, remain yet to be noticed. In the description already quoted of the recovery of the infant'Pascal, it will be remembered that a great feature of the cure was the poultice made of nine leavea


32.1 Gbit/s InverseRZ-ASK-DQPSK is experimentally investigated using a new InverseRZ generation method. We demonstrate <1 dB upgrade penalty from 21.4 Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK, and <2 dB transmission penalty after one 75 km fibre span


In this paper, we suggest the smooth test procedures for testing the hypothesis of elliptical symmetry. The test statistic is constructed by using the Cholesky decomposition and spherical harmonics. The asymptotic null distributions of the transformed samples are obtained, and a bootstrapping algorithm is given to approximate the critical values of the test statistic for a wide range of sample sizes. We also introduce the method for testing the multivariate distributions within the subclasses of elliptically symmetric distributions. An example is given to illustrate the goodness-of-fit test for multivariate t-distributions.


"B UT what is Hawthorne trying to say in The Scarlet Letter?" asked the bright young woman of the English class she was student teaching. Hands up all over the room, for this was a bright class. "He was trying to say," says a student, "that everybody was as guilty as Hester and that when we condemn someone for doing wrong, we are all guilty too!" Emphatic backing from the rest of the class, followed by voluble talk about Guilt and Evil as found in The Scarlet Letter and out of it. Of


Artificial Intelligence is the way of "Making a computer-controlled robot or software thinks intelligently". Similarly, intelligent humans think. In this paper, we take a little look at a survey of artificial intelligence in cyber defence, and\inspect the prospects of building up the cyber defence capabilities using expanding the intelligence of the defence systems. For example, wide knowledge usage is important in deciding, and intelligent decision support is one among yet unsolved problems in CD.


At millimeter wavelengths, there is a growing need for a small size and weight, high average power RF source. The sheet beam klystron (SBK) is ideally suited to many of these needs. The SBK is characterized by a large rectangular drift tube, which allows the use of a high current, low voltage beam, resulting in a low beam current density, and hence high efficiency and the possibility of PPM focusing.


The considerations raised here on the topic are based on the references mentioned. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented worldwide health crisis of our time. Due to the alarming incidence of identified cases, morbidity and mortality, changes have been observed in behavioural choices, such as attitudes, habits, norms and values. In addition to being a public physical health emergency, the COVID-19 affected mental health and little is know about levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during and after this time.


Abstract Objective: To investigate the possible link between neonatal administration of intramuscular vitamin K and childhood cancer. Design: Matched case-control study. Setting: Selected large maternity units in England and Wales. Subjects: Children with cancer born 1968-85, diagnosed 1969-86; controls matched for sex, month of birth, and hospital of birth. Main exposure measures: Neonatal administration of vitamin K, length of gestation, birth weight, type of delivery, admission to special care baby unit. Results: After exclusion of cases with missing notes or unknown hospital vitamin K policy, 597 cases and matched controls were studied. Written records on the use of vitamin K were available for only about 40% of these, and to avoid possible bias from selective recording it was assumed that the stated hospital policy was followed. The association between cancer generally and intramuscular vitamin K was of borderline significance (odds ratio 1.44, P=0.05); the association was strongest for leukaemia. There was, however, also an effect of abnormal delivery, which could explain some of the findings. Conclusions: The lack of consistency between the various studies so far published, including this one, and the low relative risks found in most of them suggest that the risk, if any, attributable to the use of vitamin K cannot be large, but the possibility that there is some risk cannot be excluded. A comparison of the predicted consequences of various policies shows that even a 10% increase would imply that prophylaxis using the commonly recommended 1 mg intramuscular dose should be restricted to babies at particularly high risk of vitamin K deficiency bleeding; alternatively a lower dose might be given to a larger proportion of those at risk. Key messages Intramuscular vitamin K given to babies is known to be effective in the prevention of vitamin K deficiency bleeding but it has been suggested that these preparations, or one of their constituents, may increase the risk of childhood cancer Most studies have not shown a significant association between childhood cancer and vitamin K but are unable to exclude the possibility that its use increases the risk of childhood cancer by up to 10% Intramuscular vitamin K has been given to "high risk" babies as part of all the various prophylaxis policies in the United Kingdom; this should continue As a small risk cannot at present be excluded it seems prudent to recommend a policy of giving intramuscular vitamin K only to those babies at particularly high risk and giving it orally to others It is essential that a record should be made of whether or not vitamin K is given and of the preparation, route of administration, and dose


The present investigation, supposes a problem about the migratory crisis that is lived daily in the border with the United States. It's clear that there are many disagreements and irregularities with the illegal entry of migrants to the United States and the processes that are opened to them as a result. Taking into account the above, the United States incurs a serious violation of Human, Civil and Political Rights towards migrants, since the conditions in which they are detained and open processes, separating families, turns out to be completely outrageous and an attack against the human dignity and freedom.

In relation to the above considerations, it can be inferred that the question to be resolved in the present investigation is: How do the United States government's migration policies, during the period of the "Zero Tolerance" policy, affect the human security of migrant families that are separated?

However, in order to respond to the previous approach, the hypothesis that this research seeks to defend is: there is a violation of human security after the implementation of the "Zero Tolerance" policy due to the attack on human dignity and repression of freedoms that arise during the policy period.

In that order of ideas, the general objective of this research is: To demonstrate how the "Zero Tolerance" policy imposed by Donald Trump affects the human security of migrant families by being separated. In that same sense, the specific objectives of this research are:
- Specify what are the rights violated to migrant families during the period between April and June 2018 through the implementation of the "Zero Tolerance" policy.
- Determine what are the measures / policies that were established after the implementation of the "Zero Tolerance" policy, for the definition of the situation of migrant families that were separated by this policy.
- Identify how effective and relevant the "Zero Tolerance" policy imposed by Donald Trump has been, as well as the policies and measures subsequent to the implementation of the aforementioned policy

In that sense, a bibliographic review of primary and secondary sources will be made. On the one hand, the primary source used in the present investigation is the Zero Tolerance policy. On the other hand, secondary sources refer to revisions and interpretations of different judges and organizations, as well as reviews and press reports about the aforementioned policy. Additionally, the Interdependence theory of Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye (1977) will be used, as well as reviews about it, and the Theory of Justice by John Rawls (2006). The above, in order to meet the objectives of the present investigation.


In worldwide, security plays a significant role in preventing different assets and crimes. Education has become an essential right of human life as it has been transferred from one era to next. The examination is a significant part of the coaching structure. The key objective of the examination would be to select the suitable applicants for different positions. Every year the updates that exams have been postponed or canceled due to inquiry paper leakage are occurring. So, an innovative system is implemented to prevent this spillage of examination papers. This system is designed on the embedded system. The main types of equipment of this advanced system are Arduino Mega, solar panel, fingerprint scanner, GSM module, and GPS module.


Active bus signal priority controlling method at a single intersection bases on single bus flow priority, applying for coordinated control in many intersections .This paper comprehensively considered green wave of general traffic and bus traffic in every decision project, made the priority signal distributed phase time parameter, based on green wave band width of general traffic flow, general flow delay and bus flow delay, made a comprehensive benefit preferred model ,made the best decision, verified the controlling algorithm.


Recall that the rank of a finitely generated group is the minimal number of elements needed to generate it. M. White [Whi02] has proven that the injectivity radius of M is bounded above by some function of rank(π1(M)). Building on a technique that he introduced, we show that if M is a hyperbolic 3-manifold fibering over the circle with fiber Σg and rank(π1(M)) 6= 2g + 1, then the diameter of M is bounded above by some function of its injectivity radius. Equivalently, after fixing g and there are at most finitely many such M for which rank(π1(M)) 6= 2g + 1. Let Σg be the closed orientable surface of genus g and φ : Σg → Σg a homeomorphism. We can construct a 3-manifold Mφ, called the mapping torus of φ, as the quotient space


This article presents the results of studies conducted on piglets with the inclusion of natural feed additives in the diet in order to prevent and correct metabolism. The first experimental group of piglets received a total diet consisting of fullfledged compound feed, a complex micro-feed product consisting of blue-green algae Spirulina, dihydroquercetin and organic iodine, the second experimental group additionally received Spirulina and dihydroquercetin. The introduction of these natural feed additives into the diet of piglets helped to increase the adaptive ability , correction and prevention of metabolic disorders in the body. In these studies, dacha feed supplements prevented hyperbilirubinemia. As a result, the concentration of total bilirubin in the blood serum of pigs of the first experimental group was 1% lower, in the second experimental group it was 13,7% lower than in the control group. They also had a positive effect on the functional state of the liver, as evidenced by a lower content of AlAT and AsAT activity in the blood serum compared to those in piglets of the control group with a close cholesterol-forming fraction. The animals of the experimental group were less ill and the safety of this group was 100%, in the control group it was 90%. The average daily increase in live weight of pigs for 90 days in the first experimental group was 1% higher than in the control group, and in the second experimental group it was 21,7% higher.


RDMA communication in virtual private cloud (VPC) networks is still a challenging job due to the difficulty in fulfilling all virtualization requirements without sacrificing RDMA communication performance. To address this problem, this paper proposes a software-defined solution, namely, MasQ, which is short for "queue masquerade". The core insight of MasQ is that all RDMA communications should associate with at least one queue pair (QP). Thus, the requirements of virtualization, such as network isolation and the application of security rules, can be easily fulfilled if QP's behavior is properly defined. In particular, MasQ exploits the virtio-based paravirtualization technique to realize the control path. Moreover, to avoid performance overhead, MasQ leaves all data path operations, such as sending and receiving, to the hardware. We have implemented MasQ in the OpenFabrics Enterprise Distribution (OFED) framework and proved its scalability and performance efficiency by evaluating it against typical applications. The results demonstrate that MasQ achieves almost the same performance as bare-metal RDMA for data communication.


ABSTRACT In friction surfacing (FS), material is deposited onto a substrate in the plasticized state, using frictional heat and shear stresses. The coating material remains in the solid state and undergoes severe plastic deformation (SPD) at high process temperatures (≈0.8 Tmelt), followed by high cooling rates in the range of 30 K/s. Dynamic recrystallization and the thermal cycle determine the resulting microstructure. In this study, Ni-based alloy 625 was deposited onto 42CrMo4 substrate, suitable, for instance, for repair welding of corrosion protection layers. Alloy 625 is known to undergo discontinuous dynamic recrystallization under SPD, and the resulting grain size depends on the strain rate. The coating microstructure was studied by microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The coatings exhibit a fully recrystallized microstructure with equiaxed grains (0.5–12 µm) and a low degree of grain average misorientation. Flow lines caused by a localized decrease in grain size and linear alignment of grain boundaries are visible. Grain nucleation and growth were found to be strongly affected by localized shear and nonuniform material flow, resulting in varying amounts of residual strain, twins and low-angle grain boundaries in different regions within a single coating layer's cross section. FS can be used to study dynamic recrystallization at high temperatures, strains and strain rates, while at the same time materials with a recrystallization grain size sensitive to the strain rate can be used to study the material flow during the process.


In this paper, the harmonic distortion (HD) of the 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic currents is utilized in order to improve the load identification performance in addition to common electrical features that are usually applied in NILM applications. The evaluation of the proposed feature employment is achieved under a multi-label consideration through a Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning approach. For the needs of this work, a private dataset was developed with measurements extracted from a low-cost smart energy meter under high sampling rate, installed in a household's main feeding panel. The load identification concerns four different load clusters of the examined residence. The results indicate that the introduction of the HD of the first three odd harmonic order currents could enhance the robustness of the formed clusters during the training phase and subsequently improves the efficiency of the load identification scheme.


The effect of the ionosphere on the detectability, polarization, structure and decay of low frequency magnetospheric hydromagnetic waves has been a topic of interest for thirty years. There are two classes of signal behavior in the atmosphere and ionosphere, one where the ionosphere has little effect and one where the ionospheric conductivity controls the reflection, the amplitude detected on the ground and rate of signal decay. It has been assumed that the latter type of behavior is pertinent in most practical applications. Recent interest in global modes of the magnetospheric cavity requires a reassessment of the assumption. We investigate one simple case, the hydromagnetic surface wave, and discuss what happens in more complicated modes. We conclude that signals in the vicinity of field line resonance will be strongly coupled to the local ionosphere but far away will not.


Introduction to cell and tissue functions skin blood, inflammation, allergy and immunity musculoskeletal and nervous systems cardiovascular and lymphatic system lungs kidneys gastrointestinal tracts and liver endocrine and reproductive systems eyes.


Bisubstrate analoge for isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate were examined as substrates for farnesyl-diphosphate synthase. The hydrocarbon moieties of the normal substrates were joined by a one-carbon bridge that permits reaction between the centers normally involved in the 1'-4 condensation. An essential feature of the syntheses of 1-OPP and 2-OPP was the regioselective activation of the allylic and homoallylic centers in the analogs for simultaneous conversion to diphosphate esters by displacement with tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) hydrogen pyrophosphate


Book reviews of Reporting Technical Information, by Kenneth W. Houp and Thomas E. Pearsall; and Designlng Technical Reports, by J.C Mathes and Dwight W. Stevenson; IBM Dictionary of Computing (Ninth Edition), International Business Machines Corporation. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This review is available in Journal of Applied Communications: http://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol76/iss2/14


Jane Austen inherited a rich variety of stylistic legacies from her predecessor Samuel Richardson. Among their characteristic features in common is included the use of "double negation, "the device of which is specifically called "litotes" in rhetorical terminology. The present paper examines Austen's use of negative expressions mainly through her Pride and Prejudice (1813) as our linguistic material. A comparative discussion is made,with the aid of
computational analysis, on Richardson's Pamela (1740) as well as on several prose fictions from the late 17th to the early 19th century. Our purpose here is twofold : to show statistically the frequency of occurrence of fifteen negative words found in those prose fictions, and to analyse the chief stylistic effects of double negatives extensively used by Austen and Richardson.


High school textbooks of world geography show geomorphic features in arid environments such as sand dune, yardang and ventifact which are largely created by aeolian processes. Desert pavements, ubiquitous armored surfaces composed of a mosaic of clasts in hot and arid regions, are introduced as a major landform which can be attributed to wind erosion. However, they are formed by a variety of processes including deflation, surface runoff, upward clast migration and dust accretion that cause coarse particles concentration at the surface. The deflation by wind leaving a lag of coarse clasts has been solely regarded at home, even though the classical mechanism of deflation has been evaluated as a relatively unimportant process of pavement formation abroad through empirical studies. The accretionary model is gaining wider acceptance, thus implying that desert pavements could be formed through deposition of aeolian material. In addition, sheetflood and upward migration of clasts, irrelevant to the aeolian processes, could also create stone pavements. As a consequence, the deflation process in high school textbooks has to be urgently modified into a range of processes including aeolian mantling. By stressing that desert pavements are an exceptional geomorphic feature in deserts where wind is a predominant geomorphic agent, they can be used as a good example to demonstrate that a landform is not monogenetic.


Developers insert logging statements in the source code to collect important runtime information about software systems. The textual descriptions in logging statements (i.e., logging texts) are printed during system executions and exposed to multiple stakeholders including developers, operators, users, and regulatory authorities. Writing proper logging texts is an important but often challenging task for developers. Prior studies find that developers spend significant efforts modifying their logging texts. However, despite extensive research on automated logging suggestions, research on suggesting logging texts rarely exists. To fill this knowledge gap, we first propose LoGenText, reported in our conference paper (Ding et al., 2022), an automated approach that uses neural machine translation models to generate logging texts by translating the related source code into short textual descriptions. LoGenText takes the preceding source code of a logging text as the input and considers other context information such as the location of the logging statement, to automatically generate the logging text. The LoGenText's evaluation on 10 open-source projects indicates that the approach is promising for automatic logging text generation and significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approach. Furthermore, we extend LoGenText to LoGenText-Plus by incorporating the syntactic templates of the logging texts. Different from LoGenText, LoGenText-Plus decomposes the logging text generation process into two stages. LoGenText-Plus first adopts a neural machine translation model to generate the syntactic template of the target logging text. Then LoGenText-Plus feeds the source code and the generated template as the input to another neural machine translation model for logging text generation. We also evaluate LoGenText-Plus on the same 10 projects and observe that it outperforms LoGenText on nine of them. According to a human evaluation from developers' perspectives, the logging texts generated by LoGenText-Plus have a higher quality than those generated by LoGenText and the prior baseline approach. By manually examining the generated logging texts, we then identify five aspects that can serve as guidance for writing or generating good logging texts. Our work is an important step towards the automated generation of logging statements, which can potentially save developers' efforts and improve the quality of software logging. Our findings shed light on research opportunities that leverage advances in neural machine translation techniques for automated generation and suggestion of logging statements.


Research on fly-fishing tourism within the Southern African context is under-explored. This paper will seek to investigate fly-fishing destinations sourced from the Federation of South African Fly Fishers guide to fly-fishing destinations in Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean (2010). In addition, this paper will map out the different fly-fishing destinations over Southern Africa for different fish species as well as infrastructural initiatives put in place to support this kind of tourism. This information is augmented by a number of personal in-depth interviews with key stakeholders in the Southern African fly-fishing industry. In closing, this paper will pose suggestions in terms of how fly-fishing tourism can be developed as a form of niche market tourism in the Southern African context and highlighting the challenges faced.


The 84th Meeting of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons was held in Oxford on 4-7 September 1972 as a Joint Meeting with the American Academy of Neurological Surgery.


Objective To investigate the effect of intravascular He-Ne laser irradiation on blood(ILIB) for leukocyte adhesion function(LAF) and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in cerebral infarction(CT) patients. Methods 30 CI cases were treated with drug treatment(group A);other 36 cases,based on the drug treatment,received the ILIB therapy(group B) once a day for 10 times .another 40 healthy subjects were as control group.The LAF and sICAM-1 concentrations were measured before treatment and after the 5th and 10th day of treatment. Results The LAF and sICAM-1 concentrations in CI patients were obviously higher than those of control group(t=16.50~ 17.94 ,P0.001).In group A,the LAF and sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly decreased in the 10th day after treatment(t=3.18,P0.01;t=3.96,P0.001),but,in group B,they presented on the 5th and 10th day after ILIB treatment(t=4.48~12.72,P0.001).However,these parameters of group B were obviously lower than those of group A in the same stage(t=2.67~7.81,P0.01 or 0.001) .While the effective rate( 72.22%) of group B was higher than that of group A(46.67%)(χ 2= 4.48 ,P0.05). Conclusion These findings indicate that the ILIB therapy can decrease the LAF and sICAM-1 concentrations in CI patients and it is one of those mechanisms for treating CI patients probably.


2H and 7Li MAS NMR spectroscopy have been applied to characterize the surface and bulk hydroxyl groups and Li+ sorption on the iron oxyhydroxide akaganeite (β-FeOOH), a common soil mineral with a large surface area and uptake capacity for toxic cations and anions. The formation of both inner and outer-sphere complexes on the surface of akaganeite was confirmed, the former giving rise to 7Li NMR signals with large 7Li hyperfine shifts. The concentrations of these complexes was determined as a function of pH and possible Li+ binding modes and sites are proposed based on their 7Li hyperfine shifts. The binding is compared with those of the other FeOOH polymorphs, goethite and lepidocrocite. The modes of binding are similar to those of goethite, except that sites at the entrances to the tunnels become available for binding, particularly for nanosized akaganeite particles.


The radiation hazards indices of common silhouette plants used in homes decoration were studied at two seasons; spring and summer. Twelve species of silhouette plants were collected from nurseries in Baghdad, six of them were collected in spring season others in summer season, each group were positioned in the laboratory at normal conditions. The measurements were carried out using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry. Results shown a little difference between the mean specific activities of the radionuclides, they were 161.2±11.8, 11.2±1.2Bq/kg, and 5.8±0.5Bq/kg in spring season plants, 159.5±21.1, 5.4±0.8Bq/kg, and 6.4±0.4 in summer season plants for K-40, Bi-214, and Tl-208 respectively. According to these results the mean radiation hazard indices (The radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent, external hazard indices, annual gonadal dose and excess lifetime cancer risk) were also convergent to each other in plant samples of both groups. The highest specific activities were appeared in Dareseny plant 197.11Bq/kg, 15.94Bq/kg, and 7.8 Bq/kg for K-40, Bi-214, and Tl-208 respectively. While in summer season the K-40 (265.9Bq/Kg) and Bi-214 (8.6Bq/Kg) were higher in sygonium, and Tl-208 is higher in Ficus Elatic (9.2Bq/Kg). All results are within the recommended values.


This paper proposes a new solution for Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) using genetic algorithm. A combinational crossover technique is employed in the search for optimal or near-optimal TSP solutions. It is based upon chromosomes that utilise the concept of heritable building blocks. Moreover, generation of a single offspring, rather than two, per pair of parents, allows the system to generate high performance chromosomes. This solution is compared with the well performing Ordered Crossover (OX). Experimental results demonstrate that, due to the well structured crossover technique, has enhanced performance.


The existence of fried onion processing SMEs has a very important role in the community's economy, this is because of the integration of the upstream and downstream sectors. Fried onion SMEs in Nganjuk Regency have two basic problems, namely limited production capacity and inconsistent quality of fried onions produced. The limited production capacity of fried onion SMEs is due to the fact that SMEs do not yet have adequate frying equipment and the quality inconsistency of fried onions is caused by an imperfect drying process. The purpose of this study is to analyze the internal and external conditions of Fried Onion SMEs in Nganjuk Regency. The method used in this research is SWOT analysis. Fried onion SMEs in Nganjuk Regency with their fried onion products have strengths including Strategic Business Locations, Regional Food Products, Product Prices According to Market, and Affordable Prices. This Fried Onion UKM has the opportunity to increase its competitiveness by optimizing opportunities such as Production Capacity Capable of Meeting the Market, Sufficient Manpower Available, Public Purchasing Power for Relatively High Products, Aid Programs from the Government, and Training Provided by the Local Government in collaboration. Meanwhile, the threats from SMEs are Fluctuating Raw Material Prices, Quite A Number of Competitors for Similar Products, and Differences in Pricing with Competitors.


Coupled-Context-Free Grammars are a natural generalization of context-free grammars obtained by combining nonterminals to corresponding parentheses which can only be substituted simultaneously. Refering to their generative capacity we obtain an infinite hierarchy of languages that comprises the context-free ones as the first and all those generated by Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAGs) as the second element. The latter is important because today, TAGs are commonly used to model the syntax of natural languages. Here, we present a completely new approach to analyse this language hierarchy. It solves the word problem for the class of languages generated by TAGs in time O(n 6), n length of the input, by reducing it to the analysis of sequences of parentheses.

(This research has been supported by a Graduiertenkolleg-fellowship of the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft and by the ESPRIT Basic Research Action No. 6317 (ASMICS2).)


The causes and treatments of autism are still a mystery to current research, but existing treatments have been tested and proven to be more effective. This article is a study of children with autism. By investigating the symptoms of autism and combining the current mainstream international treatment method ABA therapy, the toy design is innovated by combining the toys that are essential to every child's childhood with the treatment method, hope that the process of playing with toys can improve the core symptoms of autism. The article uses questionnaires, field research, face-to-face interviews and model testing to collate and summarise the data to demonstrate the feasibility of the design. After analysis, the author has designed a toy to help treat autistic children, while the toy design helps to alleviate the symptoms of autistic children to a certain extent, and provides some ideas for future therapeutic equipment design for autistic children.


We study the electronic states of quasi-one-dimensional organic conductors using the single band Hubbard model at half-filling. We treat the effects of the on-site Coulomb interaction by the fluctu...


The town of Stellenbosch has the potential to grow cycling into a major mode. To date the town has made significant advances in the provision for non-motorised transport (NMT) enabling the creation of a partial network of cycleable town routes. It is also a growing international centre for recreational and competitive cycling. The town is facing challenges in transport terms as a result of decades of myopic private car centred provision as the only transport policy based response. Given the town's popularity with an expanding university, a growing commercial centre, the wine farming capital and as a tourism node, car based trips into and around the town have grown dramatically. Cycling development is being seen as one major component in a much more sustainable and appropriate range of solutions to transport and urban planning challenges for the town and its catchment. The Cycle Plan details the full programme of measures to advance cycling to become a main mode for local travel. Short term interventions recommend a focus on low income access to bicycles, the development of safe cycling routes and the promotion of school/university and large employer based programmes of travel demand management. Short term network improvements for safe cycling focus on the extension of shared use pathways, the reduction in town centre traffic speeds and the gradual introduction of cycleways in the roadway The action plans recommend a joint public and private approach to funding, recognizing the fiscal constraints and demands on transport budgets. However, the plan should be treated as a first phase input to Stellenbosch area IPTN and Stellenbosch wishes to source PTIS funding in due course to progress with its bold and sustainable plans. 531 ISBN Number: 978-1-920017-63-7 Proceedings of the 34th Southern African Transport Conference (SATC 2015)


A high temperature ultrasonic sensor for detecting inclusion particles in molten metals is presented. The sensor consists of a conventional piezoelectric transducer and a focused waveguide, and provides high spatial resolution measurements in molten metals in a pulse-echo mode at 10 MHz. A taper-shaped clad buffer rod is used as the waveguide. In order to design the waveguide, elastic wave propagation in the rod is evaluated by a numerical simulation using a finite difference method. Focusing ability of the acoustic lens fabricated at the end of the rod is also examined numerically. Using the developed sensor, backscattered echoes from alumina particles of 160 /spl mu/m suspended in molten aluminum at 1073 K have clearly been observed.


COURSE GOALS When completed, the student should be able to:  Begin to understand why and how theology is done.  Begin to recognize and appreciate the doctrinal consensus of the Christian faith as well as the diversity found within it.  Identify personal theological presuppositions and beliefs.  Build a basic vocabulary of theological terms.  Begin to develop skills of careful theological analysis and reflection.  Gain an appreciation for the value of theology, including implications it has for Christian living and ministry.  Appreciate the theological perspectives of Baptist faith and practice.  Worship God by loving Him increasingly with "all of your mind" (Matt 22:37).


version of the superlayer indentation test. Copper films up to 100 nm thick were sputter deposited on thermally oxidized The effects of moisture on copper thin film adhesion silicon wafers. A I I.mn thick layer of tungsten with high have been investigated using a modified version of the compressive residual stress was sputter deposited on top of the superlayer indentation test. Copper films up to 100 nm thick copper films. The tungsten superlayer is used to restrict were sputter deposited on thermally oxidized silicon wafers. A plastic pile up of the copper layer around the indenter tip and 1 lim tungsten superlayer with I GPa compressive residual to help drive interfacial debonding upon indentation. With the stress was sputter deposited on top of Cu films, providing superlayer having high compressive residual stress, it provides extra energy for interfacial debonding upon indentation. The additional energy, helping to propagate a crack along the samples were first indented to a depth just greater than the film/substrate interface. The use of the superlayer residual thickness of the W/Cu bi-layer and then unloaded. Water was stress allows for lower externally applied loads needed to introduced to the indent, and a second higher load indent was induce thin film delamination. made in the exact same location as the first one to drive crack If the proper thin film deposition conditions are not propagation in the wet environment. For the indents made to met, high residual stresses may be present in the thin film, the same maximum load, there was a dramatic increase in ultimately leading to its failure. Residual stresses can be blister size in the wet environment compared to the blister size partially relieved through plastic deformation, cracking, or in the dry environment. Copper film adhesion in the presence delamination. Tensile residual stresses usually lead to film of water was up to 20 times lower than in the dry environment cracking and interfacial delamination, while compressive (0.1 J/m 2 vs. 2 J/m2). Chemical reactions at the crack tip along residual stresses typically lead to film buckling and with the surface energy minimization by water are thought to delamination from the substrate. For most cases high residual be the causes for the adhesion reduction. stress is not desired, but here it is utilized for measuring thin film adhesion. Introduction Experimental Procedure Thin films are found everywhere, from the paint on a car to the interconnects in a computer microprocessor. There Copper films of two different thicknesses were tested is an endless variety of applications based on the various (67 and 97 nm thick). 'The analysis used for calculating film functional properties of thin films. Thin films are used in adhesion is based on the Marshall and Evans approach of information storage, optics, microelectronics, in biomedical treating the delaminated film section as a rigidly clamped disc and other fields. These applications are possible because of [7]. Two problems likely to be encountered in a single layer the thin films' magnetic, reflective, electrical, mechanical and indentation test are pile-up of the thin film around the indenter other properties [1-6]. With the growing number of uses for tip and penetration to depths greater than the film thickness. If thin films, there will be an increase in the variety of the indent is made too deep, deformation and cracking of the environments in which these thin films will be operating. That substrate may occur, reducing the test validity. is why environmental effects on film adhesion need to be Both problems can be avoided by using the studied. For the current research, copper films were superlayer indentation technique [1, 8]. The superlayer can be considered, being the replacement for aluminum interconnects deposited by means of sputtering, where the temperature is not in microelectronic devices. Not only does copper have better high enough to alter the microstructure and the interfacial electrical and thermal conductivity than aluminum, copper properties of the original film. The superlayer can be tailored interconnects provide higher current densities and better to optimize conditions for film thickness and residual stress, electromigration performance. However, one major which allows for a greater delarnination driving force for the disadvantage of using copper thin films is that they have lower same penetration depth to the filn thickness ratio. One adhesion to substrates compared to aluminum films, condition that must be met for the superlayer indentation This paper considers the effects of water on copper method to work is that the superlayer must adhere to the film film adhesion which have been investigated using a modified more strongly than the film adheres to the substrate. If this 20061025044 1 Copyright C 2005 by condition is not met, the adhesion measurement obtained will a depth just greater than the thickness of the W/Cu bi-layer be for the superlayer to the film and not the adhesion of the and then the tip was unloaded. Water was introduced to the film of interest to the substrate. indentation, followed by a second indent in the exact same Kriese and Gerberich further developed the test to location as the first one in order to further drive the crack take into account the sample geometry by applying the propagation in the moist environment. Conventional laminate theory for calculating the strain energy release rates superlayer indentation test analysis for calculating the strain for multilayer samples [8]. For the case where the superlayer energy release rate was used for the double indent test, where is much thicker than the underlayer, the single layer analysis the plastic indentation depth and the delamination blister can still be applied as defined by Marshall and Evans [7]. In radius are the two measurements required. addition to knowing the sample geometry and the elastic properties of each layer, two physical measurements, namely the delamination blister radius, x (Figure 1) and plastic indentation depth, 6 (Figure 2) are required for calculating thin 80 film adhesion. The copper films were first tested in a dry environment, where three different trials of indents were made at different locations on the sample. Each trial consisted of 10 E indents in order to get good statistical variation and calculate 40/ an average adhesion value. Changes in residual stress of up to 4 25% can be observed across a 6" wafer and will affect adhesion measurements when using the superlayer indentation technique [9]. / Indents were made to a range of maximum loads in 6 order to obtain the steady state strain energy release rate value, 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 which can be equated to the film adhesion. The load range for Displacement (pim) indentation in the dry environment was kept between 100 and 250 mN. For indents made below a 100 mN load, Figure2. Load-displaccmcntcurve: Plastic indcntation delamination blisters were small, almost indistinguishable in depth determination. the optical microscope. For indents made to greater than a 250 mN load, radial cracks in the buckled thin film and the Before conducting the double indentation test in substrate were present making adhesion measurements water, it was first carried out in a dry environment and inaccurate. After several indents were performed, film compared with the same load single indent test. Results adhesion was plotted against the x/a ratio (Figure 4 and presented in Figure 3 and Table 1 show that for the same x/a Figure 5). Here, x is the delamination blister radius and a is ratio, the strain energy release rate was comparable for the the tip contact radius defined in Figure 1. single and double indent tests in a dry environment, proving the test validity. It should be noticed that for the second indent in the S. .double indent test, the real time load-displacement plot starts r .; •from the depth where the introductory indent ended. Since the 7 ,.4{1 nanoindenter records the first contact point at zero A .i. .i,.displacement, the second load-displacement curve was T_ V*!. manually shifted to account for this effect (Figure 3).


Today's companies collect a large amount of operational data relating to all kinds of activities. This data holds and hides the experience of company's history. The impact of "flood of data" perform unsafe situation. If management use these data and don't discover mutual relationship of these data it can lead to wrong decision. If right decision tools doesn't exist in the frame of companies very often is decision based on the past experience of managers. It can lead to wrong decision if situation on the decision area is changed. Properly analyse of data can have significant effect on a company's performance and profitability. This paper describe possibility of using advanced decision tools in day-to-day decision managers.


Qualitative analysis and high performance liquid chromatography were used to analyze the composing of polysaccharide extracted from Garden balsam.Qualitative analysis showed that polysaccharide composing included aldose and ketose;chromatography analysis showed that the polysaccharide containing glucose,fructose and lactose hydrolysis.The analysis method in the experiment feasible for the development and utilization of Garden balsam.


Epidemiology, clinical presentation, natural history, pathological features and treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma have been studied in the British Columbia Cancer Agency [BCCA], A retrospective review of 891 patients registered between 1972 and 1981 is presented. Age standardised incidence rates have increased significantly. Incidence rates in males and females in 1988 were 11.5 and 12.8 per 100,000 respectively. Sex ratio was 1.13 : 1 in favor of females and median age was 47 years. Change in size of a mole was the commonest presenting symptom and median symptom duration before primary treatment was 5.9 months. Predominant primary sites were trunk for males and lower limb for females. Dominant growth patterns were superficial spreading melanoma [65%], nodular melanoma [25%], lentigo maligna melanoma [5%] and acral-lentiginous melanoma [2%]. Staging of the primary tumor was local [90%], regional [9%] and distant [1 %] at presentation. Median primary tumor depths at presentation were 1.45mm for males and 1.10mm for females. No T1 tumors were staged beyond the local area.


This is the first in a series of columns on the subject of data visualization. I'm excited to have this opportunity because it will give me an excuse to finally learn about some subjects that I've wanted to learn about but never gave myself the time. Gordon Cameron, Computer Graphics Editor, has given me some latitude on topics so future visualization columns will deal with color selection, data visualization systems and APIs, data visualization research, information visualization, user interface issues, tips and hints, etc. If you have comments on this column or suggestions for future columns, please send me email (email@example.com).In this issue I will give an overview of some familiar, and some probably unfamiliar, time-series data presentation techniques. Time-series data visualization is becoming an increasingly important topic as data archives grow exponentially and computing becomes ubiquitous. Some researchers claim that time-series data can be imaged using techniques similar to those applied to spatial data (since time is most often linear), and some claim that temporal data is a much different beast. For example, temporal data can have multiple strands and events, features not present in spatial data. There are also many interesting unsolved problems and data handling issues associated with temporal data:• Boolean and other mathematical operations• Data storage and temporal databases• Data query and retrieval• Data generalization (handling data at vastly different resolutions)• Data models and representation• Data presentationI have lately been working on designing a user interface for a simple geographic information system capable of manipulating and compositing time-series geo-referenced data. This project started me thinking about the different ways of visually representing temporal data. Without going into much detail on any one method, following are all the methods I could find within arms length in my office. Most of these methods allow the scientist or visualizer to present the time-series in a single image, while the final method uses an animation technique. Good techniques for visually presenting time-series data will:• Reveal spatial and temporal relationships• Uncover patterns• Show variability


The clonal variation in female flowering was studied in Larix leptolepis clone bank, consisting of 116 clones, for three years. The between-year variation was large; i.e. the percentage of flowering grafts and average number of flowering per graft were 28.4~67.2 and 9~176, respectively. Differences in flowering abundance among clones were large and statistically significant in all the years studied. The variance of flowering abundance among clones was increased when flowering was poor. The average of broad-sense heritability of flowering abundance was 0.52. The genetic gain (%G) was estimated at 57.4% when the upper 30% clones were selected. The clonal stability of flowering abundance was compared using average number of flowering and coefficient of variance value of each clone. The clones such as Gyeonggi 9 (29), Kangwon 37 (137), Chungnam 6 (46), Chungnam 14 (414), R11, R8 showed abundant flowering and high stability.


The aim of this study is to analyze various mechanical properties of 80㎫ high strength concrete developed for the field application of super high-rise building. Expecially, for reducing hydration heat and increasing various mechanical properties, two mixtures by the binder types were mixed and tested. And, as the test item of 80㎫, fresh, hardened, shrinkage and durability properties were tested. The results of study are as follows; Fresh properties of concrete such as flowability and air content are satisfied with targetted standard. Especially slump flow 500㎜ approaching time is lower than 5 seconds because of fine viscosity. The 28day's compressive strength is higher than design strength regardless of concretes types. Tensile and flexural strength showed 1/15 and 1/8 of compressive strength. And the value of elastic modulus is above 40㎬. Durability properties of high strength concrete is extremely excellent. Three factors make the result like that. One factor is low water/binder ratio and second factor is the increase of hydration caused by high volume binder weight. And the final factor is that C-S-H gel originated by pozzolan reaction and latent hydraulicity of FA and BFS made inner organization closely.


The precise guided weapons,such as guided bombs and intelligent ammunitions,have strict demand on the volume size and on-off response of the gyroscope-free inertial navigation system(GF-INS),which is mainly composed of a 6-axis acceleration sensory system.Regarding the GF-INS based on the piezoelectric 6-axis acceleration sensory system,the on-off response time and volume size directly depend on its signal conditioning system.In this paper,the on-off response characteristic that represents the power-on response performance of charge amplifiers is proposed and the measurement method is also introduced.In this paper,a small size multi-channel charge amplifier is developed.Furthermore,the testing results also show that the on-off response characteristic of the developed amplifier is rapid,which can be used to realize the GF-INS based on piezoelectric 6-axis acceleration systems.


Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone; CAS 501-30-4) has been increasingly used as a skinlightening agent in cosmetic products. Despite it being considered to have high sensitizing potential (1), few cases of contact allergy have been reported in the literature (2, 3). We report a case of pigmented contact dermatitis to kojic acid. The clinical diagnosis and the histopathology of the lesions are briefly discussed. Case Report


In the field of pathological image analysis based on machine learning, the generation of appropriate training data set is significant but difficult. As a solution, this paper addresses a novel unsupervised region proposal method for histopathological whole slide image based on Selective Search. Specifically, the method utilizes multiple magnifications, modifies the similarity measure for grouping regions and proposes a new Nucleus-Cytoplasm color space to gain more region proposals. Additionally, a new retrieval acceleration method based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Supervised Hashing is raised. The experiments on a large-scale multi-class database of breast histopathological images demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our methods.


ABSTRACT This study describes four new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from southwestern Taiwan. They are Amynthas quadriorbis sp. nov., Amynthas douliouensis sp. nov., Amynthas tsou sp. nov. and Amynthas dinghuensis sp. nov. The former three species are sexthecate with three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9 whereas A. dinghuensis is a small, octothecate earthworm with four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–8/9. Amynthas quadriorbis and A. douliouensis were found in the foothills at elevations < 250 m near Douliou, Yunlin, whereas A. tsou and A. dinghuensis were from elevations of 1400–1664 m in the Alishan area, Chiayi. Amynthas quadriorbis has four large genital papillae in the male pore region. Amynthas douliouensis has paired genital papillae in presetal VIII–X and simple male pore structure. Amynthas tsou has paired genital papillae in presetal VIII–IX and male porophore with or without an anterior, posteromedial, or one anteromedial and one posteromedial papillae. Amynthas dinghuensis has two pairs of genital papillae medial to male porophores in postsetal XVII and presetal XIX. In addition, re-description of Amynthas tungpuensis, an endemic earthworm widely distributed in western Taiwan, is given. DNA barcodes (a 658-base-pair section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) of the four new species and of A. tungpuensis are also reported.


Micro-ElectroMechanical-Systems (MEMS) have emerged as a major enabling technology across the engineering disciplines. In this study, the possibility of applying MEMS to the aerodynamic field was explored. We have demonstrated that microtransducers can be used to control the motion of a delta wing in a wind tunnel and can even maneuver a scaled aircraft in flight tests. The main advantage of using micro actuators to replace the traditional control surface is the significant reduction of radar cross-sections. At a high angle of attack, a large portion of the suction loading on a delta wing is contributed by the leading edge separation vortices which originate from thin boundary layers at the leading edge. We used microactuators with a thickness comparable to that of the boundary layer in order to alter the separation process and thus achieved control of the global motion by minute perturbations.


Using fieldnotes from the non-formal adult education classes run by a non-profit international education with ground operations in rural Mozambique, this article documents how the comments made by class facilitators and class participants in those classes reflect inherent power inequalities between non-profit staff and local participants. These findings are framed within Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction.


In 1945 I obtained bacteria-free cultures of the trichomonad in the reproductive organs of cattle from Dr. B. B. Morgan. They were maintained for several months, studies were made of living flagellates, and slides were prepared. Some slides were stained by the Heidenhain technique and others impregnated by the Bodian protargol procedure. Some observations on abnormal displacement of flagella and the undulating membrane have been reported (Kirby, 1947). Studies on the structure of the flagellate and the division process are dealt with in this paper. It is not intended that this should be a complete account, because an accurate and extensive description of the features revealed by the usual techniques has already been given by Wenrich and Emmerson (1933). I am able to supplement their account in some respects as a result of dark-field observations and studies of flagellates impregnated by the protein silver technique. Acknowledgments are made to Dr. Morgan, who supplied the strain used for these studies; to Dr. Bronislaw Honigberg, who aided in maintaining the cultures and preparing material; to Dr. E. N. Kozloff, who prepared some slides used in the study; and to Mrs. Lois C. Taylor, who made the line drawings and aided in the observational work. The dark-field drawing and the photographs were made by the author.


Alumina-supported catalysts containing different transition metals such as Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Co, W were investigated for their activity in the selective oxidation of toluene. Catalytic oxidation of toluene was investigated at atmospheric pressure in a fixed bed flow reactor system over transition metals with catalyst. The result showed the order of catalytic activities for the complete oxidation of toluene was Mn > Cu> Cr> Co> W> Zn for 5wt.% transition . catalysts containing different amount of Mn were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy for decision of loading amount of metal to alumina. 5 wt.% catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic activity, over which the toluene conversion was up to 90% at a temperature of .


ABSTRACT Due to the low access rate of cable Internet connection in rural China, the mobile phone has become the most favored new media terminal for rural residents to surf the Internet. Particularly for rural adolescents, the mobile phone has become their primary medium to engage in social activities. By selecting Ou town, located in Central China, as the site of fieldwork and applying the theory of 'domestication', this paper aims to thickly describe the structure of rural family politics where new media use has become an integral part of the rural adolescents' lives. The research enriches the study of Internet politics at the micro-level and further reveals major practical issues related to the growth and socialization of rural adolescents in the digital era. This study finds adolescents live in varied 'family politics', and the respective family powers influence the measures and extent of domesticating new media.


A graph is equitably k-colorable if its vertices can be partitioned into k independent sets of as near equal sizes as possible.In this paper we determine a sufficient and necessary condition for which a caterpillar is equitably k-colorable.


The invention relates to a vertical leaf stripping passage of a sugarcane harvester and relates to the technical field of agricultural machinery. The vertical leaf stripping passage comprises an upper gear box, a lower gear box and a hydraulic motor. The lower gear box is located at the bottom of the passage. The upper gear box is located at the top of the passage. The hydraulic motor is disposed at one end of the upper side of the upper gear box. An output shaft of the hydraulic motor can drive transmission gears in the upper gear box to rotate. A base plate of the upper gear box and a top plate of the lower gear box surrounds an open passage which is enclosed at the top and the bottom and open at the front and the back and on two sides. Two rows of vertical leaf stripping wheels which are symmetrically disposed in the open passage are arranged between the upper gear box and the lower gear box. By the vertical leaf stripping passage, leaf discharge area is increased effectively, and blocking in the passage is reduced. In addition, the vertical leaf stripping passage is convenient to maintain and stable in operation.


We will discuss the shortcomings of known variable and value ordering strategies for Graphplan's backward search phase, and propose a novel strategy that is based on a notion of the difficulty of achieving the corresponding subgoal. The difficulty of achievement is quantified in terms of the structure of the planning graph itself-specifically, the earliest level of the planning-graph at which that subgoal appears. We will present empirical results showing the surprising effectiveness of this simple heuristic on benchmark problems. We will end by contrasting the way distance-based heuristics are used in Graphplan and state-search planners like UNPOP, HSP and HSP-R.


The objective of this was to evaluate the influence of feed intake on plasma insulin and progesterone (P4) concentrations and the expression of the hepatic enzymes Cytochrome P450 2C and 3A (CYP2C e CYP3A), and Aldo keto resdutase (AKR1C and AKR1D) responsible for metabolism of P4, in prepubertal sheep. Lambs (n=24) F1 Dorper x Santa Ines, 5 m old and with an average body weight (BW) of 29.4 kg were confined in individual stalls. The sheep were blocked according to the initial BW and divided into two groups: Ad libitum group (Ad), with average intake of 3.8% dry matter (DM) per kg of BW and Restriction group (R) with 2.0% DM per kg BW. The study lasted 10 weeks, with 2 weeks of a maintenance diet and 8 weeks on the experimental diets. At the end of the fourth (W4) and the eighth experimental weeks (W8), the ewes received an intravaginal P4 release device (0.33 g P4, CIDR, Pfizer), designated as D0. Dinoprost (PGF2α, 10 mg, im, Lutalyse, Pfizer) was used on D0 and D6. On D8, blood was collected at -0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 h in relation to the time the diet was offered (0 h). Measurements of plasma insulin and P4 were done by radioimmunoassay. At D9, 4 h after diet introduction, a liver biopsy was performed and the sample stored in RNA later (Invitrogen, USA) for analysis of gene expression (mRNA) by quantitative real time PCR. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS and were presented as least squares means ± SE. The average daily feed intake was 1.8±0.04 and 0.6±0.01 kg/animal/d for the Ad and R Group, respectively (P<0.001). The Ad Group had an average weekly BW gain of 1.3±0.09 kg and the R group had no change in BW (P<0.001). Plasma insulin concentrations were higher (P<0.0001) in the Ad Group compared to the R Group at the end of W4 (8.2±0.94 vs. 1.5±0.16 μIU/mL) and W8 (12.0±1.03 vs. 2.2±0.19 μIU/mL). In general, the postprandial peak of insulin


Phosphatidylinositol phosphates are cellular signaling molecules that came to prominence in the mid-1980s, after inositol trisphosphate was discovered as a key intracellular second messenger generated from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in response to stimulation of a wide range of extra-cellular receptors. Since then, many novel inositol phosphates and phospholipids have been discovered, and their cellular functions have been studied. The roles of these molecules encompass regulation of many processes indispensable to organism homeostasis. On the cellular level, the processes include regulation of cell growth and differentiation, cell motility and invasiveness, vesicular trafficking, protein targeting to specific cell compartments. This review focuses on biosynthesis and biological roles of phosphatidylinositol phospholipids.


A simple electric field probe was developed and used to assess the electrical fields produced inside an ion-optical system. When attached to an XYZ translation stage, this induction probe electrometer is capable of spatially mapping the electrical fields generated by a variety of ion-optical arrangements. Measurements of the electrical fields produced by a conventional reflectron consisting of discrete electrodes and monolithic volume and surface conductive polymeric reflectrons are compared. The performance of the system is validated and a correction is introduced to compensate for capacitive coupling between the probe and the electrode system investigated.


The US Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for disposing of a variety of radioactive and mixed wastes, some of which are considered special-case waste because they do not currently have a clear disposal option. The DOE`s Nevada Field Office contracted with Sandia National Laboratories to investigate the possibility of disposing of some of this special-case waste at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). As part of this investigation, a review of a near-surface and subsurface disposal options that was performed to develop alternative disposal configurations for special-case waste disposal at the NTS. The criteria for the review included (1) configurations appropriate for disposal at the NTS; (2) configurations for disposal of waste at least 100 ft below the ground surface; (3) configurations for which equipment and technology currently exist; and (4) configurations that meet the special requirements imposed by the nature of special-case waste. Four options for subsurface disposal of special-case waste are proposed: mined consolidated rock, mined alluvium, deep pits or trenches, and deep boreholes. Six different methods for near-surface disposal are also presented: earth-covered tumuli, above-grade concrete structures, trenches, below-grade concrete structures, shallow boreholes, and hydrofracture. Greater confinement disposal (GCD) in boreholes at least 100 ft deep, similarmore » to that currently practiced at the GCD facility at the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site at the NTS, was retained as the option that met the criteria for the review. Four borehole disposal configurations are proposed with engineered barriers that range from the native alluvium to a combination of gravel and concrete. The configurations identified will be used for system analysis that will be performed to determine the disposal configurations and wastes that may be suitable candidates for disposal of special-case wastes at the NTS.« less


The complexity of voice and the role of the narrator in Joyce's Finnegans Wake present fundamental problems to the reader. To a certain extent, the problems of this unique and difficult narrative can be approached using narrative theory as the basis for a critical method. To use a single, comprehensive narrative theory would be tedious, limiting, and tautological; an eclectic approach, however, can be helpful in undertaking such a study. I will demonstrate how using a concept from each of three narratologies — focalization from Genette's, aphanisis from Lacan's (as well as related notions of absence in Todorov), and embedding from Todorov's — can lead to the conclusion that Joyce's recondite masterpiece may be regarded most effectively as a narrative about its own narration. In doing so, I will arrive not at a "reading" of the Wake, but rather at a method of reading it.


Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Article 75.5 of the Code, is to conserve the usage of the genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838, as defined by its type species Kalophrynus pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838, for the sticky frogs of Sumatra, Indonesia. The current paradigm of the genus Kalophrynus is threatened by the poor condition of the holotype of K. pleurostigma. In order to properly root the genus to a type specimen, the assignment of a neotype for the species is proposed, which will safeguard the prevailing usage of the genus Kalophrynus.


The regular use of oral contraceptives seems to halve the chance of developing ovarian cancer among women who inherit BRCA1 and BRCA2, two faulty genes that put them at high risk for the disease.

Doctors have known for years that oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by as much as half among women in general. The new study examined whether those benefits extend to women whose risk resulted from inheriting BRCA1 and BRCA2. While …


The task of speech and music detection aims at the automatic annotation of potentially overlapping speech and music segments in audio recordings. This metadata extraction process finds important applications in royalty collection for broadcast audio. This study focuses on deep neural network architectures made to process sequential data, and a series of recent architectures that have not yet been applied for this task are evaluated, extended and compared with a state-of-the-art architecture. Moreover, different training strategies are evaluated, and we demonstrate the advantages of a pre-training procedure with low-quality data that facilitates the combination of heterogeneous datasets. The study shows that Temporal Convolution Network (TCN) architectures can outperform state-of-the-art architectures. In specific, the novel non-causal TCN extension introduced in this paper leads to a significant improvement of the accuracy.


This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of the application of the accounting and internal control system, both simultaneously and partially to the accountability of cooperatives in palu. The data used in this research is data collected by distributing questionnaires on 62 cooperatives in the city of Palu, method of analysis used is multiple linear regression.Based on the analysis result of multiple linear regression can be summarized as follows: (1) Application of the accounting and internal control system simultaneously have a significant influence on the accountability of cooperatives in the city of Palu.(2) Application of the partial accounting has a significant influence on the accountability of cooperatives in Palu. (3) Internal control system partially have a significant influence on the accountability of cooperatives.


This article serves as a postscript for the 'London as Theatrical Space' special issue of The London Journal. It reads the early modern English jest book archive for its illustrations of common sense attitudes towards individual street performances by pedestrians. The variety of topics the article considers includes feathers, gallants, disabled bodies, and the generality of display in public urban space.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with complications, such as cardiac dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of the Matricaria chamomilla flower extract (MCE) against the harmful effect of DM on the cardiac muscles of rats. DM was induced in overnight fasted rats through a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg, i.p.). The thirty-six rats were divided into six equal groups. Non-diabetic rats of the first and second groups were treated with vehicle (2 mL/kg) and MCE (400 mg/kg), respectively. The third to sixth groups were diabetic rats that received vehicle, glibenclamide (GLB, 5 mg/kg), and a low and high dose of MCE, respectively, for 10 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin levels were estimated at 0 and 10 weeks. In addition, cardiac damage was assessed by estimating the lipid profile, AST, LDH, CK, CK-MB and cardiac troponin (cTnI) levels in the serum, cardiac and left ventricle hypertrophy indices, and cardiac oxidative stress biomarkers, followed by histopathological studies. GLB and MCE significantly reduced the FBG levels, in comparison with the STZ control rats. The beneficial impacts of MCE at 400 mg/kg were better than GLB in improving the levels of cardiac damage and lipid profile biomarkers of STZ-diabetic rats. Following the MCE medication, the haemodynamic parameters and histopathological alterations in the cardiac tissues of rats improved. In conclusion, MCE exhibited marked protective activity against diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rats.


An interappointment flare-up is an unhappy event. After a root canal treatment appointment, the patient calls or returns to the dentist's office in distress. This is upsetting to both the patient and the dentist and is disruptive to a busy practice. It would be desirable to understand the phenomenona to know how to prevent the occurrence and be able to manage this event. However, the flare-up phenomenon is complex and involves a number of aspects This review article discusses these many facets of the flare-up: definition, incidence, factors, prevention and how to manage the patient once the flare-up occurs. There is not absolute consistency in the literature as to all these considerations. The article will generally give a consensus of the majority findings or will represent those studies with the best analyses.


This paper first analyzes the four kinds of technological underpinnings ofcollaborative design based on collaborative design philosophy,then describes the enabling technologies:Web,Java and CORBA,which can support geographically distributed designers to work together. At last,four kinds of infrastructure are proposed to facilitate the realization of collaborative design. The every kind of scheme is instantiated or analyzed respectively.


The present invention relates to a deployment system for deploying the expandable heart valve prosthesis (10). Deployment system includes an expandable designed to carry a first tube (11) of the heart valve prosthesis; Further, at the distal end of the first tube is firmly connected to the tip (13) of the first tube, wherein the tip may be designed such that it receiving and detachably holding a proximal end of the heart valve prosthesis (20) (21); designed to be disposed on the prosthesis (20) and the prosthesis (20) held in the sheath (15) in a compressed state, and is connected to the sheath (15) and slidably in the proximal direction for a first actuating mechanism (16) to gradually withdraw the sheath (15). Deployment system (10) further includes a biasing member connected to the tip (13), and latching means (24), wherein the locking mechanism designed to move the first actuator (16) in a proximal direction with respect to the tip (13 ) by moving the latching mechanism (24) is limited to a maximum path of travel.


In this study, the production, foreign trade and comparative advantages of peppers, which has a significant value in Turkey, was evaluated. Pepper is produced about 2.7 million tons (dry or green) in Turkey. According to 2017 data, Turkey has 7.23 % of total pepper world production. In recent years, peppers exports and imports in Turkey were respectively 97.31 thousand tons and 251 tons. While Turkey's comparative advantages in peppers were weak during the period of 2012-2015, levels of competitiveness was medium (2,039) in 2016. Therefore, it is possible to increase production, qualification, and comparative advantages in export by means of the measures taken in peppers.


The aims of this research are to classify Metaphors in Batak Toba Song Lyrics (Mother's Love Theme).This research used Kovecse's theory (2010) said that there are three types of Metaphor: Structural Metaphors, Ontological Metaphors, and Orientational Metaphors. The method in this research applied qualitative method. The data were collected by downloading eight collection of Batak Toba Song Lyrics (Mother's Love Theme), listening them, transcribing them in English Language, identifying and putting them into table.The data were also analyzed by analyzing the data, classifying the data, deciding the research findings, and drawing the conclusion. The result in this research, there are 21 the data found in eight collection of Batak Toba Song Lyrics (Mother's Love Theme), namely 5 structural (23, 80%), 10 ontological (47,61%), and 6 orientational (28,57%). Therefore, a number of selected Bataknese songs were dominated by ontological metaphor