The ecological movement in the psychology of perception, founded by James J . Gibson, hold that t rad i t i ona l approaches to perception are based upon cer ta in fundamental mistakes. The chief one, ecological theor is ts c la im, is that perceptual information pickup consists of the appl icat ion of cer ta in cogni t ive processes to sensory input which is not speci f ic to features of organisms' environment. Gibson's fundamental claim is that perception does not require the processing of some form of sensory input. In th i s sense, the ecological approach is said to be a theory of d i rec t perception. An important debate over the Gibsonian view concerns the question of whether or not perceptual information pickup without cognit ive processing is a coherent not ion. Among the more recent wr i te rs who claim that the ecological view w i l l not work as i t stands are Jerry A. Fodor and Zenon W. Pylyshyn. They claim, essent ia l l y , that Gibson's approach has no means fo r accounting for i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . Fodor and Pylyshyn are answered by four prominent Gibsonians who claim such c r i t i c i sms are u t t e r l y baseless. These ecological t heo r i s t s , Michael Turvey, Robert Shaw, Edward Reed, and Will iam Mace endeavour to show how the i r approach can indeed account fo r i n t e n t i o n a l i t y . This debate between Fodor and Pylyshyn on the one hand, and Turvey, Shaw, Reed, arid Mace on the other is a perfect example of the kinds of misunderstandings that have arisen between Gibsonians and proponents of t rad i t i ona l view. In t h i s thes is , I supply a detai led descr ipt ion of Gibson's model as i t re lates to the issue of how i n t e n t i o n a l i t y could survive perception without processing. Fodor and Pylyshyn's understanding and assessment of the Gibsonian posi t ion w i l l then be examined. Although these defenders of t r a d i t i o n a l views have, some important concerns,.they also seem not to have a proper grasp.of,:some Gibsonian concepts. In p a r t i c u l a r , Fodor arid Pylyshyn have an unsat isfactory grasp of the notion of an invar ian t . There are more serious misunderstandings evident in the response to Fodor arid Pylyshyn given by Turvey et a l . I point out that these ecological theor is ts have d i f f i c u l t i e s with philosophical terms and theories they employ in defense of Gibson. As a resu l t of evident confusions over notions of in tension, extension, and property, arid confusions over the nature of Fred I . Dretske's theory of natural laws and H i l l a r y Putnam's theory of natural kinds, Turvey et al do not manage to show how Gibson's approach could account for i n tens iona l i t y . I conclude by suggesting that the ecological approach nevertheless is compatible with the idea,of analyzing perceptual information pickup in terms of behaviour, or d isposi t ions to behave. On such an i n te r p re ta t ion , the ecological approach is s imi lar in many important respects to the D.M. Armstrong's philosophical theory of perception. The comparison provides ecological theor is ts with a precedent as well as ph i lo sophical model to consu l t . in order to better, understand the philosophical language and terminology.'-..On the other hand, the comparison with Armstrong provides philosophers of perception wi th a means fo r approaching Gibson's view and the problems with which i t w i l l he confronted.


New millennium is witnessing an alarming increase in multi-resistant microbes due to the indiscriminate application of compounds to kill/inhibit growth of microorganisms. Consequently infections that were once treatable have become nontreatable. Microbial resistance to traditional antimicrobials and the sparse availability of novel antimicrobial agents necessitate exploration of alternative therapies. Quorum Sensing (QS) signaling systems represent highly attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics that may prevent, suppress, and/or treat infectious diseases. The present chapter deals with the mechanisms and key components of quorum sensing. It represents an overview of quorum quenching strategies. Attempt to cite substantial studies on small quorum sensing inhibitors, their probable sources, and mechanism as novel antimicrobial agents against different pathogens has also been made. Invasion and colonization of one organism in another for multiplication is a natural process of evolution. It is a conventional process employed by microbes for their sustenance and survival. This forms the basis of infection in multicellular organisms. Not all invading microorganisms are infectious in nature. Some are found to lead a symbiotic association with the host cells. These may even be protective in nature. Microbes which infect and subsequently lead to fatal diseases are of major concern for human beings. Such infecting microbes include bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, viruses, protozoa etc. Though, several treatment strategies have been employed for their eradication the discovery of antibiotics has been a landmark in the history of medicine. With the introduction of antibiotics, a new era of therapeutics had started which promised to be a potential tool for abolition of infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Consequences of the use of antibiotics turned out to be partially fruitful. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics leads the way for the evolution of superior kind of microbes which are no longer sensitive to antibiotics i.e. antibiotic resistant microbes. Emergence of resistant microbes forced human beings to search for better and effective therapeutic alternatives that are more secure with respect to long term effect. Intensive research in microbial systems, their organization, and mutual interaction with each other during colonization and subsequent infection, showed the presence of a kind of communication predominant in multicellular systems. This communication which is known as quorum sensing (QS) involves secretion of certain molecules and their detection. Presently the research activities are oriented towards treating diseases caused by microbial infection by disconnecting this communication- quorum quenching (QQ). The present chapter focuses on the various aspects of quorum quenching and its potential role in treatment of infectious diseases, along with the challenges faced in such approach.


Two microalgae strains,Botryococcus braunii 764 and Botryococcu braunii 765,were chosen for studying the effects of different nitrogen sources and concentrations on the growth,total lipids and total hydrocarbons of energy microalgae in laboratory.These culture were grown in Chu10 media at ca.24 ℃,light intensity of ca.100 μmol photons·m-2·s-1,and light-dark cycle of 12:12.Four nitrogen sources,ie.nitrate,nitrite,ammonium and urea,and six concentrations of 0.5,1,2,4,8 and 10 mmol N/L for each source were applied.The results showed that all four nitrogen sources could be utilized by both B.braunii 764 and B.braunii 765 for their growth,which,however,varied significantly with nitrogen sources,nitrogen concentrations and microalgae strains.Nitrate was the optimal nitrogen source for the growth of both microalgae strains.The optical density,biomass,total lipids and total hydrocarbons of B.braunii 764 with nitrate were 1.38,1.81 g/L,27.61% and 34.21%(of its cell dry weight),respectively,which were significantly higher than that of other three nitrogen sources,while for B.braunii 765 the biomass and total hydrocarbons with nitrate were also higher than that of other nitrogen treatments,being 2.15 g/L and 27.89%,respectively,with the exception of the optical density that was the highest with urea(1.87).In comparison with B.braunii 765,the growth rate of B.braunii 764 was a little slow,but its total lipids and total hydrocarbon were higher than that of B.braunii 765,being 27.61% and 34.21%,respectively,compared with 15.75% and 27.89% for B.braunii 765.Significant hormesitic effects with nitrogen concentrations were also observed for both microalgae strains.At the concentration of 2.0 mmol N/L nitrate both the total lipids and total hydrocarbon of B.braunii 764 were the highest,27.61% and 34.21%,respectively,while B.braunii 765 reached its highest total lipids of 15.75% at the concentration of 4.0 mmol N/L nitrite,and total hydrocarbons of 27.89% at the concentration of 8.0 mmol N/L nitrate.Our findings indicated that overall B.braunii 764 could be considered as an energy alga candidate for the further exploitation and utilization of its potential.


In this note, a direct proof is given of the NP-completeness of a
variant of GRAPH COLORING, i.e., a generic proof is given, similar to
the proof of Cook of the NP-completeness of SATISFIABILITY. Then,
transformations from this variant of GRAPH COLORING to INDEPENDENT
SET and to SATISFIABILITY are given.
These proofs could be useful in an educational setting, where basics
of the theory of NP-completeness must be explained to students
whose background in combinatorial optimisation and/or graph theory
is stronger than their background in logic. In addition, I believe
that the proof given here is slightly easier than older generic proofs of
NP-completeness.


Electric double-layer capacitors based on the charge storage at the interface between a high specific surface area activated carbon electrode and an electrolyte solution have been developed, and are widely used as maintenance-free power source for IC memories and microcomputers. Following the production of small size capacitor of the capacitance up to 1F, middle size capacitor having the capacitance up to 100F were produced and applied to power sources combined with solar cell in traffic signal and so on. Recently, large size capacitors of the capacitance about 1500F are being developed for large power sources such as in HEV. However, the energy density of electric double-layer capacitors is smaller than that of batteries such as the lithium ion battery. To solve this problem, new electrolytes, electrode materials and the construction of the cells were developed. As a result, the energy density of available large device (1000-2000F) was enhanced to 6 Wh/l at power density of 800W/1 and expected to be larger in near future.


Stability questions arise in a number of different ways. At the simplest level we can ask about the stability of a particle in a force field. It is stable if any deviations of the particle from its initial location cause it to be exposed to forces returning it back to the initial point. With time, however, "stability" has taken on a broader meaning. We find references to the stability of an orbit, of a laser's mode of oscillation, or of a set of biological populations. Harry L. Swinney and Jerry P. Gollub recently discussed the stability of liquid flow patterns in PHYSICS TODAY (August, page 41). In all of these cases there are questions about the persistence of an initial behavior pattern.


The paper presents structural layout of downhole adjustable-frequency source of harmonic vibrations, its technical characteristics and promising area of application.


Contents Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction. The Galileo Affair from Descartes to John Paul II: A Survey of Sources, Facts, and Issues 1. The Condemnation of Galileo (1633) 2. Promulgation and Diffusion of the News (1633-1651) 3. Emblematic Reactions: Descartes, Peiresc, Galileo's Daughter (1633-1642) 4. Polarizations: Secularism, Liberalism, Fundamentalism (1633-1661) 5. Compromises: Viviani, Auzout, Leibniz (1654-1704) 6. Myth-making or Enlightenment? Pascal, Voltaire, the Encyclopedia (1657-1777) 7. Incompetence or Enlightenment? Pope Benedict XIV (1740-1758) 8. New Lies, Documents, Myths, Apologies (1758-1797) 9. Napoleonic Wars and Trials (1810-1821) 10. The Inquisition on Galileo's Side? The Settele Affair (1820) and Beyond (1835) 11. Varieties of Torture: Demythologizing Galileo's Trial? (1835-1867) 12. A Miscarriage of Justice? The Documentation of Impropriety (1867-1879) 13. Galileo Right Again, Wrong Again: Hermeneutics, Epistemology, "Heresy" (1866-1928) 14. A Catholic Hero: Tricentennial Rehabilitation (1941-1947) 15. Secular Indictments: Brecht's Atomic Bomb and Koestler's Two Cultures (1947-1959) 16. History on Trial: The Paschini Affair (1941-1979) 17. More "Rehabilitation": Pope John Paul II (1979-1992) Epilogue: Unfinished Business Notes Select Bibliography Index


A practical algorithm is described for generating a set of symmetry- and spin-adapted antisymmetrized products of molecular orbitals (SAAPs) which form an orthogonal basis for a full active configuration space. The spin-adaptation is completely general. The space-symmetry adaptation is accomplished for the groups C∞v and D∞v.


Public information on noise impacts is one of the most problematic objectives of the environmental noise directive 2002/49/EC that authorities responsible for providing strategic noise maps should provide. In order to facilitate public information, a web-gis software application has been developed within the Dynamap project. The DYNAMAP project is a LIFE project aiming at developing a dynamic noise mapping system able to detect and represent in real time the acoustic impact due to road infrastructures. To that end, the project involves the development of customized low-cost sensors and communication devices, as well as the implementation of an advanced management and reporting interface to update noise maps and inform the public on noise issues. To guarantee the full effectiveness of this application, a group of selected users will be monitored to check the accessibility of the system and help developing a user-friendly interface for public information. Tests will be also administered to the general publi...


The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two putting stances (conventional versus side-saddle) and two points of aim (ball versus hole) on putting accuracy. Subjects (12 men, 4 women) were taught to putt using four methods: (a) conventional stance, eyes on the ball; (b) conventional stance, eyes on the hole; (c) side-saddle stance, eyes on the ball; and (d) side-saddle stance, eyes on the hole. Each subject practiced each method for 2 wk., after which they were tested for purring accuracy by counting putts made, determining constant error, and by calculating variable error. Accuracy was assessed at 5 and 15 ft. A 2 by 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that there was no single combination of stance and point of aim that was significantly better than another at either distance. This suggests that, contrary to popular opinion, the traditional method of putting is not the best method for putting; other methods are equally as good and could be used if individually desired.


Magnetic reconnection is a phenomenon where the energy stored in the magnetic field dissipates into heating and plasma acceleration. It can occur on boundaries connecting plasma with different magnetic field directions. Magnetic reconnections are common processes in ICME sheaths, where plasma is compressed and plasma with different magnetic field direction encounter each other, or at the boundaries of ICME sheaths and magnetic clouds, where the strongest reconnection with the largest shear angle can be found. In this paper, we trace the magnetic reconnection exhaust which was observed by many spacecraft and obtain its parameters which are dependent on the distance from the X-line. We analyze differences in the structure of the reconnection exhaust, its evolution and direction of propagation. We discuss energetic particle signature of the magnetic reconnection exhaust.


For anyone working in Translation Studies, the term "intersemiotic translation" inevitably conjures up Roman Jakobson and his 1959 division of translation into three broad types: 1) intralingual translation or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs by other signs of the same language); 2) interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; and 3) intersemiotic translation or transmutation, an "interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs belonging to non-verbal systems" (Jakobson, 2000, p. 114). The notion that non-verbal artefacts or events1 might transport meaning was not unprecedented, of course. Ferdinand de Saussure (1959, pp. 15-17) himself had envisaged a broad science of signs (la sémiologie) into which linguistics might one day be subsumed, and before him, Charles Sanders Peirce (1931) had developed a fullyfledged semiotic theory that went far beyond the verbal in reach.2 However, in the structuralist climate in which Jakobson was writing, when translatability between verbal languages was taken for granted,3 it was difficult to make the case that intersemiotic translation was really translation like any other. Despite valiant attempts by theorists of music, theatre, dance and the visual arts to map the grammatical and lexical structures of verbal language onto their respective systems, no one could really assert with confidence that any of these art forms in fact had the resources to transmit a message with the accuracy and precision of verbal language. As a result, the intersemiotic endeavour petered out and the study of such cross-fertilizations left Translation Studies to be accommodated in other domains: adaptation studies, inter-art studies, intermediality, film/dance studies, media studies etc. Now, however, things have changed. Two major shifts in perception have thrown the whole process into a new light, suggesting that intersemiotic translation might not, after all, be qualitatively different from the interor intralingual varieties. The first of these has to do with the way "ordinary" verbal translation is viewed. With the onset of Descriptive Translation Studies in the 1980s, and especially the cultural turn a decade later, the whole notion that there might exist a nugget of meaning that could be extracted from a source text like precious metal from ore and transported unchanged to a new linguistic environment fell into disrepute. Instead, it became clear that "meaning" is a multifaceted, context-dependent and mutable phenomenon which inevitably dissipates and alters during the translation process, losing some layers and gaining others, and occasionally


In this work, the spectral characteristics of large-size copper monosulfide particles (radius of 100, 125, and 150 nm) were studied in detail. Calculations of the optical response of copper monosulfide particles were carried out by the finite element method. Distribution of the electric field and its intensity in the dipole approximation for spherical CuS particles have been simulated. The distribution of the electromagnetic field around copper monosulfide particles was compared with gold particles of 100 and 125 nm in size. It is shown that concentration of free carrier in the copper monosulfide particles is higher in comparison to the gold ones in the case of large particles.


The shift in culture is an important step toward the completion of the national fusion, and this shift caused and promoted the change in their sociopsychological mentality and social behaviour. As a result of further "internalization" of culture of the Hans, the original national consciousness of the Xianbeis was gradually disappearing and a new type of national consciouness was increasingly taking shape. When coming to rule Central Plains, the Tuoha Xianbeis had a kind of national consciousness which was the same as that of the Hans, indicating the completion of the two's fusion. So the shift in national consciousness is the key to examining the national fusion.


Scientific justification and technical feasibility of using Real-Time Kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK-GPS) positioning as the technique in recording the responses (in term of coordinate / position) of deformable structures have been proven very promising. The major advantages are the real-time measurement (either online or offline) and direct measurement of relative displacement. Nevertheless, the research, through the sampled data, shows the need of additional steps to handle the possible errors in direct employment of manufacturers' RTK positioning solution for deformation monitoring. In addition, most of the further applications such as online, automated, continuous, etc., however, have to be self customized and developed. The sampled data comprise short baseline (1.8km, collected in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) and medium length baseline (27.7km, provided by Geodesy Section, Department of Survey and Mapping, Malaysia). The research thus suggests an additional approach for RTK positioning integrity monitoring and deformation detection. The RTK positioning integrity monitoring includes error identification, outlier filtering and reference station stability checking. The essence of the approach is the Normal Point technique as well as the Local Threshold and Global Threshold. Reference for Local Tolerance and Global Tolerance are also discussed. To get the additional approach running more efficiently in one single system, prototype software, Sparrow, was developed in Visual Basic environment and by deploying the Trimble bundled software, which are Trimble GPS Configurator and Trimble Reference Station. Sparrow is also developed to serve for online, automated, and continuous deformation monitoring. At the same time, Sparrow provides real-time and past result presentation in both graphical and numerical format. Three tests are taken to verify the applicability of Sparrow and the validity of Normal Point.


The far‐infrared spectra of dimethylsulfide, isobutylene, and acetone in the 240–10‐cm−1 spectral region are reported. Absorption bands were found at 185.5, 183.5, 180.9, 176.8, 173.0, 168.2, and 162.3 cm−1 for dimethylsulfide. For isobutylene bands were found at 214.0, 197.3, 196.3, 186.5, 181.8, 176.0, and 165.0 cm−1. The strongest bands observed for acetone were at 124.5 and 104.5 cm−1. In addition to these bands strong absorption in the 45–10‐cm−1 region was found for all three compounds.


Failure mechanisms of rock are intrinsically intertwined with heterogeneity and natural fracture. However, the effects of heterogeneity on the failure of rock with natural cracks are still far from clear. By simultaneously considering rock heterogeneity and natural fractures, this paper investigated the effects of heterogeneity on the failure of rock with a single initial crack under uniaxial compressions. The RFPA method with consideration of materials properties heterogeneity was employed, and numerical models with different crack angles were developed. The stress-strain curve, crack development, failure pattern, and AE characteristics were obtained. The numerical results were also compared with experimental results. Further, the effects of initial crack angle and heterogeneity on the strength, failure pattern, and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics were investigated by parametric studies. It has been found that, for a small homogeneity, rock failure is dominated by numerous microcracks within the crack bands that are smeared from the initial crack tips to the loading ends. Rock failure is dominated by macrocracks propagated from the initial crack tips to the loading ends for a large homogeneity. A logarithmic function is proposed to describe the relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and the homogeneity. The AE characteristics and overall damage evolution are also significantly affected by the heterogeneity.


The shale gas reserves could bring huge economic benefits. Therefore, many domestic and international scholars had researched it in all aspects. The research of seepage mechanism is mostly based on double seepage medium, they think gas spread directly into the fracture system when gas instantaneous desorbing from adsorption medium surface. However, the processing method is not very appropriate, because a certain amount of free gas present in rock matrixes pores. In order to describe the flow process accurately, this paper proposed a new concept of triple porous media, established a new model of shale gas seepage and solved the mathematical model by using Laplace transform and Stehfest numerical inversion. Finally figured out pressure dynamic response curves and analyzed the influence of all parameters on these curves.


This article analyses the main stages and features of forming brand territory (City) in Russia. Are basic problems typical when developing a branding policy provincial cities.


Abstract : A study was made of the behavior of the silver electrode when it is cycled at high current rates in alkaline solutions. The ratio of charge to discharge capacity was measured at room temperature. An explanation is suggested for the inefficiency that is observed.


Different channel assignment strategies are applied in wireless networks to assign channels to mobile stations. The main aim of channel allocation is to achieve the maximum spectral efficiency based on the satisfaction of interference constraints. Assigning channels to stations is an NP-hard problem, which means exact solution cannot be found in polynomial time. Stochastic, heuristic and soft computing methods can be applied to solve this assignment to obtain the near optimal solution. This paper employs the new divide and conquer based genetic operators in solving channel assignment. The simulation results of new operators are compared with existing methods and the results are found to be better in minimizing the complexities.


Xinxing Coal-Preparation Plant uses switch-over filter piece making screen rate reached over 95%,which needn,t blowing,makes the life of filter screen long,saves power,improves work circumstances and has comprehensive benefit.


We disagree that computed tomography (CT) coronary artery calcium scoring is an invalid outcome for estimating the comparative accuracy of the various cardiovascular disease risk scores. CT coronary artery calcium scoring is a good marker of total coronary atherosclerotic burden.1 While our study recognised that cardiovascular events are preferable to positive coronary artery calcium scoring when comparing risk tools, in the absence of these events (recognising that they occur over decades), calcium scoring is a useful surrogate. The absolute level of risk in this situation is determined by the underlying clinical risk status of the patient, along Bayesian grounds, but nonetheless the absence of coronary calcium is a prognostically very favourable finding.2 In contrast, Framingham Risk Scorebased tools, including the Australian cardiovascular disease risk (ACVDR) calculator, overestimate risk, which can be reclassified by the incorporation of CT coronary artery calcium scoring.3 In particular, our study highlighted that calcium scoring tends to generate lower risk estimates for short term absolute coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease risk due to the high proportion of patients with a calcium score of zero. In this respect, we stand by our conclusions that CT coronary artery calcium scoring can personalise and improve the application of the ACVDR calculator to questions of coronary risk in patients with a family history of coronary artery disease.


Land is basic condition for rapid development of society and economy.It is an important,overall and strategic issue in the process of modernization.Strict land management is not only a long-term plan of implementing scientific concept of development and ensuring the long-term sustainable economic and social development plan,but also an important issure to maintain the current good situation of reform and development.In this paper,basic approaches in carrying out protection of farmland,main problems and relative countermeasures for improving the long-term mechanisms of farmland protection are discussed.


In today's networks, a node usually has a static role that cannot be easily changed without an expensive upgrade. In MPLS architecture, despite the flexible forwarding data plane not tied to a single forwarding technology, each MPLS node has to be dedicated for a specific role depending on its position in the edge or the core of the MPLS network domain. This paper proposes an approach to address the flexibility of an MPLS node to play multiple roles for different MPLS domains built on top of an underlying OpenFlow-enabled physical network. The pipelined approach through tables introduced in the version 1.1 and later of the OpenFlow specification allows the change of the packet processing behavior by just updating the memory structures -- such as the TCAM and hash tables. It exploits the power of the OpenFlow rules-based paradigm to demonstrate the high level programmability to achieve the deossification of an MPLS infrastructure. In order to validate our proposal, we have implemented our approach over a 100Gbps switch box built on network processors and tested it with three applications to evaluate its flexibility. The results show that the local software to hardware update of a Label Switched Path (LSP) can be made in 2.2ms, in average, and the deployment of a Label Switched Router (LSR) application with 400 labels takes only 392.5ms.


The hippocampus features structurally and functionally distinct anterior and posterior segments. Relatively few studies have examined how these change during aging or in response to pharmacological interventions. Alterations in hippocampal connectivity and changes in glucose regulation have each been associated with cognitive decline in aging. A distinct line of research suggests that administration of glucose can lead to a transient improvement in hippocampus-dependent memory. Here we probe age, glucose and human cognition with a special emphasis on resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the hippocampus along its longitudinal axis to the rest of the brain. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design thirty-two healthy adults (16 young and 16 older) ingested a drink containing 25g glucose or placebo across two counterbalanced sessions. They then underwent resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive testing. There was a clear dissociation in the effects of glucose by age. In older participants rsFC between posterior hippocampus (pHPC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) increased after glucose ingestion, whereas in younger participants connectivity decreased. Magnitude change in rsFC from pHPC to mPFC was correlated with individual glucose regulation and gains in performance on a spatial navigation task. Our results demonstrate that glucose administration can attenuate cognitive performance deficits in older adults with impaired glucose regulation and suggest that increases in pHPC-mPFC rsFC are beneficial for navigation task performance in older participants. This study is the first to demonstrate the selective modulation of pHPC connectivity in the acute setting.


Matrilineaology: Mother-Daughter Relationships in Contemporary Fiction by Terra Williams Dr. Evelyn Gajowski, Examination Committee Chair Professor of English University of Nevada, Las Vegas This thesis examines Dorothy Allison's Bastard out of Carolina, Louise Erdrich's The Beet Queen. Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things, and Amy Tan's The Jov Luck Club to attempt to answer questions such as, "How do a mother's experiences prior to the birth of her daughter affect the way that she raises that daughter?" and "How does a mother's history affect her attitude(s) toward her daughter?" These questions are important because they lay the groundwork for the ultimate question that this thesis attempts to answer: "Will history repeat itself?" In addition to tracing history, this thesis will identify Nan Bauer Maglin's five themes of matrilineaology (258) within each of the four texts examined.


Objective: To evaluate the value of magnetic resonance Fast Acquired Multi.Phase Enhanced Fast GRE for diagnosing the obstructive jaundice.Methods: We analyze ninety-two patients with surgically and pathologically or fiberduodenoscope proved obstructive jaundice,among which,32 patients were with choiedochoiithiasis,3 choiangeitis,21 cholangiocarcinOma,18 amp-ullary carcinoma,14 carcinoma of head of pancreas,4 carcinoma of carunculae major.All patients underwent 3D FAME,MRCP and MRI before the operation, and all patients underwent ultrasonograph and 30 cases have CT scans.Then the outcomes of MRCP group,MRCP and MRI group,3D FAME,MRCP and MRI group were compared,the locative and qualitative accuracy of MRCP,MRCP and MRI,3D FAME、MRCP and MRl in the evaluation of obstructive jaundice were comparatively analyzed.Results: In locative diagnosis,three groups were all right;in qualitative diagnosis,MRCP was45.7 percent,MRCP and MRl was 63.1 percent,3D FAME、MRCP and MRl were 77.2 percent.Conclusion: 3D FAME、MRCP and MRl is more profit for the qualitative diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.


Phase diagram is an important method to evaluate sparse microwave imaging radar performance. Phase transition boundary can characterize the trend of accurate recovery rate visibly and clearly in terms of varied SNR, sparsity and sampling ratio. In sparse microwave imaging change detection, the small variation can be accurately extracted from multiple observations using distributed compressed sensing theory for the sparse scene. Phase diagram is introduced to evaluate the performance of change detection in different sampling ratio under the conditions that the sparsity and SNR has little change. Phase diagram can be used to describe the trend of phase transition boundary and to determine the data collection bounds. Furthermore, a series of simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the practicability of phase diagram. It is available to reduce the measurements and complexity of the sparse microwave imaging system.


The Gypsies, identified as "the largest ethnic minority group in Europe," have also been known as the most dis-criminated and marginalized ethnic group, and faced severe difficulties in social, cultural and economic terms in Turkey. This study focuses on Gypsies living in Kocaeli, Turkey, probably the least known group in the literature. The aim of the study is to identify the situations of this  disadvantageous group in Kocaeli and to develop policy re-commendations regarding their problems. The study also aims to find out basic demographic, educational, social, habitual and economic situations of Gypsies, in order to explore strategies for integration to the urban life in Kocaeli. This study, which is probably the first and most comprehensive research on the specific Gypsy group living in Kocaeli, is based on empirical data collected from a survey applied to a total of 3517 Gypsies living in three districts of Kocaeli between 2 and 19 February, 2011. In this survey, it has been found out that Gypsies in Kocaeli are socio-economically living under extremely hard conditions and facing serious problems in terms of social discrimination, education, working, social security, and housing. The paper will first give basic information regarding Gypsies of Turkey in general and of Kocaeli in particular. Then, findings of the survey will be shared. The study will end with a general evaluation and policy recommendations regarding problems of Gypsies living in Kocaeli.


Demographic trends in 7 Eastern European countries are reviewed with special emphasis on changing political climate and health priorities. From 1950 to 1988 the total population in Eastern Europe grew by 32920 thousand people while the population in East Germany actually decreased by 1743 thousand people. During 1938-1987 the birth rate showed marked decrease: 1.86-fold in Romania 1.76-fold in Bulgaria 1.74-fold in Yugoslavia 1.68-fold in Hungary 1.57-fold in Poland 1.32-fold in East Germany and 1.18-fold in Czechoslovakia. The decrease in the birth rate was associated with an overall increase in the divorce rate and decrease in the marriage rate. The highest increase in the divorce rate was recorded in Poland (2.95-fold) while the lowest (no number given)--in Rumania. By 1960 an overall mortality rate (per thousand people) showed a decrease as compared with the pre-war period (from 14.1 to 7.5 in Poland and from 13.7 to 8.1 in Bulgaria). Later the mortality rate started to show a gradual increase. In 1987 the highest mortality rate was recorded in Hungary (13.4) followed by East Germany (12.9) Bulgaria (12.0) Poland Romania and Czechoslovakia (10.1-11.5). The lowest mortality rate was recorded in Yugoslavia (9.2). In all Eastern European countries the infant mortality rate showed a steady decrease (from 9.62-fold in Bulgaria to 5.24-fold in Yugoslavia). Average life expectancy increased by 27.8 years in Romania by 21.2 years in Poland by 19.4 years in Bulgaria by 18.9 years in Hungary by 12.4 years in Yugoslavia and by 3.4 years in East Germany. The increase in life expectancy resulted in significant aging of the population.


HCI at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) of the University of Puerto Rico - Mayagüez (UPRM) has taken center stage in the Computer Engineering program in just three years. This growth has been reflected in the academic programs, research, facilities, faculty, and students. Our research and academic emphasis is on usability engineering and programming of user interfaces.


The invention relates to a process for extracting gold from low-grade difficultly-treatable gold ore containing arsenic and carbon. The process is characterized in that: the gold ore has the characteristics of high clay mineral content, large fine ore amount after grinding, and the like. The process comprises the following steps of: grinding raw ore to 10 to -30 millimeters; sieving ore through a sample sieve of 1 to -2 millimeters or washing the ore with water so as to separate fine ore from the ore; floating gold concentrate by using the obtained fine ore; performing direct heap leaching on ore of +2 millimeter and performing biological oxidation; performing medium transformation such as acid washing, water washing, alkali washing and the like on the biologically-oxidized ore and cyaniding directly so as to extract gold, wherein gold is extracted from the floated gold concentrate by biological oxidation-cyaniding and carbon soaking-pressure oxidation-cyaniding and gold extraction or baking, oxidation and cyaniding. Due to the adoption of the process, the problem of permeability of gold ore is solved and the gold extracting rate is effectively increased from 2 to 5 percent during direct heap leaching and cyaniding to 55 to 65 percent. The process has the advantages of simple process, high gold extracting rate, low pollution, high benefit and the like.


In the article have been defined the risks fior farmer's labour in circumstances of Ukrainian economics
integration. Also have been defined the ways of decrease those risks whether by farmers themselves or
by government support


We will pay more attention to no-heart-beating donor liver,which is continuously scarce.However,no-heart-beating liver is always influenced by the warm ischemia time,we can not dissolve the problems such as how to alleviate the non-heart-beating liver and its'preservation ideally at present.Here we make a summary of non-heart-beating liver in this paper.


Banana is an important fruit crop and considered as cash crop providing food security, nutrition and income for many small farmers. Banana having a great extensive uses, religious and economic values in India including Assam, its whole plant is utilized for worship, culinary and table purposes. Despite of its economic importance, banana production faces major challenges including scarcity of high quality planting materials, attack of insect pests and diseases. Demand for pest free and high quality planting materials has been on the increase in Assam. Naturally regenerated suckers preferred by the International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Objective To explore the characteristics of fetal movement and FHR variation elicited by acoustic stimulation and whether acoustic stimulation can replace vibroacoustic stimulation. Methods Ninety-four and seventy-six normal pregnant women for antenatal visit were recruited from the Woman's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University from April 2002 to February 2003. All subjects were divided into 5 groups to be exposed to five different intensities of acoustic stimulations at 95,100,105,110,115 dB respectively and self-control of blank and vibroacoustic stimulation were designed. The fetal movements and FHR were recorded during the study. Results (1) The percentage of fetal movement evoked by 95,100,105,110,115 dB airborne sound was 15% , 89%, 83% , 83% , 95% respectively. The total percentage of fetal movement evoked by vibroacoustic stimulation was 99% for all subjects. The percentages of evoked fetal movement by 100,105,110,115 dB airborne sound were not significantly different from those by vibroacoustic stimulation. (2)The percentages of FHR acceleration ≥15 bpm in 100,105,110 and 115 dB airborne sound groups were 39%, 61%, 56% and 85%, respectively, while 92% for all cases evoked by vibroacoustic stimulation was significantly higher than those evoked by 100,105 and 110 dB airborne sound group but with no significant difference to 115 dB airborne sound group. (3)The peak value in FHR evoked by 95,100,105, 110 and 115 dB airborne sound were -4. 5 bpm, 12 bpm, 17 bpm, 14 bpm and 20. 5 bpm, respectively. The peak FHR acceleration evoked by vibroacoustic stimulation was 23 bpm which was significantly higher than those by 100,105,110 dB airborne sound and no significant difference was detected between 115 dB airborne sound and vibroacoustic stimulation group. (4)Compared with 115 dB airborne sound, vibroacoustic stimulation evoked significantly longer duration of FHR tachycardia (42. 5 s vs 5 s, P = 0. 011) and fetal movement (270 s vs 100 s, P = 0. 000). Conclusions Acoustic stimulation at 115 dB is able to elicit efficient fetal movement and FHR acceleration without prolonged tachycardia, fetal behavioral disorganization or excessive fetal movement and is reasonable to replace vibroacoustic stimulation for awaking fetuses combined with NST.


In Iowa, the release of confinement swine odors and manure nutrients into the environment has become an important issue. The objective of this paper is to measure the net benefit of using swine manure in alternative production systems. Net benefit is calculated for two storage technologies, two target nutrients, two crop rotations, and two levels of field incorporation after application. This investigation shows that applications based on phosphorus can better match crop nutrient need, and thereby lead to higher profits. Disciplines Agricultural and Resource Economics | Agricultural Economics | Economics This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/card_workingpapers/166 Toward a Theory of Food and Agriculture Policy Intervention for a Developing Economy with Particular Reference to Nigeria


Our long-standing hypothesis has been that feedforward information flow is sufficient for speech perception, reading, and sentence (syntactic and semantic) processing more generally. We are encouraged by the target article's argument for the same hypothesis, but caution that more precise quantitative predictions will be necessary to advance the field.


Dead body recovered from water stained with mud is commonly thought to be a drowning case. One such case was brought to Kolkata Police morgue for medicolegal autopsy. Apparently it was a simple case of drowning but when autopsy was started, the actual fact was revealed something else. Injuries over the face, asphyxia signs and findings of external genitalia were sufficient to draw the opinion and the case turned to be a homicide with sexual assault. Such crimes are increasing day by day in every part of our country. All such victims, irrespective of their socioeconomic status deserve the justice. Here we are going to discuss the case to highlight how a meticulous post mortem examination can be a first ray of light in a dark field of justice. Language: en


The purpose of this research is to find out how Islamic communication methods for religious instructors increase the worship of the people of Simpang Empat District, Asahan Regency and to find out what the supporting and inhibiting factors are for religious instructors in increasing the worship of the people of Simpang Empat District, Asahan Regency. This research was conducted at the Religious Affairs Office Jl. Pioneer of Simpang Empang, Simpang Empat District, Asahan Regency. This research uses a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach, namely research that attempts to collect data, process, analyze and interpret qualitatively and describe or illustrate a number of variables relating to the problem and unit being studied. The informants for this research consisted of 1 person from the head of the KUA, Simpang Empat District, Asahan Regency, 4 people from religious instructors in Simpang Empat District, Asahan Regency and 2 people from the community of Simpang Empat District. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research are that the condition of community worship is quite good, but some are poor, due to economic factors and not having free time to carry out worship. Apart from that, this increase in worship shows that the Islamic communication method used by religious instructors to increase community worship is using tabligh and bayan methods. This is proven by the increase in worship activities of the Simpang Empat sub-district community in carrying out the five daily prayers, reading the Al-Qur'an, and attend the local taklim assembly. These two methods are the pillars of success in increasing public worship.


The role of the nuclear orientation in hot rotating nuclei is explored microscopically with the pairing-plus-quadrupole interaction. We calculate statistical fluctuations in the orientation of the {sup 188}nucleus relative to the spin axis by solving the finite-temperature HFB equations with three-dimensional cranking. The nuclear principal axis frame is defined self-consistently for each orientation by constraining the quadrupole mass tensor to be diagonal. Orientation fluctuations are also computed with the macroscopic Landau theory of hot rotating nuclei, and the results compare favorably with those of the microscopic HFB calculations. The equilibrium nuclear orientation is calculated as a function of temperature and spin to investigate the possibility of stable tilted rotation for this nucleus. For all rotational configurations considered, the nuclear free energy is found to be a minimum when the spin axis coincides with a principal axis of the quadrupole shape.


A new approach for depositing polymer/inorganic hybrid films using gas phase deposition technology has been developed and is the focus of this work. These films combine the high hardness and scratch resistance of inorganic SiO2 films with properties such as flexibility and toughness usually associated with softer polymeric films. The gas phase deposition process eliminates several of the key problems associated with the traditional wet chemical preparation of hybrid materials namely, a reduction in process steps and the elimination of harmful solvents from the process. In addition, gas phase deposition processes generate inherently denser materials then wet chemical processes eliminating post deposition annealing procedures that may damage the substrate. In this study, films are deposited on polycarbonate (PC) and silicon substrates using a novel plasma reactor. In this system, two gas streams, activated by separate plasmas, are combined to form a hybrid thin film. Films are grown from the precursor Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 1,2 Bis(trimethylsiloxy)ethane (TMSE) and Tripropylsilane (TPS) evaluated with respect to mechanical, chemical and optical properties, using scratch resistance (Taber abrasion), Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK), adhesion and visible transmission measurements. Structural and chemical properties of the deposited films are determined using IR spectroscopic measurements coupled with spectroscopic ellipsometry. The process chemistry and mechanisms are studied using in situ mass spectroscopy, in situ FTIR and spectroscopic ellipsometry.


This paper presents an example of an assurance of learning plan for a graduate program in management information systems along with tips for implementing the plan.


Nonresonant carrier tunneling is investigated by time‐resolved and time‐averaged optical methods for a series of samples with various barrier thicknesses. The electron tunneling times decrease exponentially with the decrease of barrier thickness from 8 to 3 nm, and the trend is well described by a semiclassical model. Additional efficient hole tunneling is observed in the 3 nm barrier sample, and the time constant is of the order of 50 ps.


Concrete is a chief product in all the construction deeds. Concrete contains cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Several researchers has investigated to find best alternative for the natural resources which are used in concrete. Foundry sand is one of them. In this article natural sand is replaced with cast iron foundry sand. Foundry sand is nothing but the by-product of metal casting foundry industry. In the present work, experiments were performed to calculate the flexural and torsional strength at 7, 28 and 56 days of concrete by replacing fine aggregate with waste cast iron foundry sand. The replacement is done in various percentages from 10%, 20% and 30% by weight of fine aggregate. The ultimate flexural strength on 30 % replacement of fine aggregate is observed to be maximum for cast iron foundry sand. The torsional strength is increased on inclusion of waste cast iron foundry sand. It is possible to use waste foundry sand in construction up to certain limits under certain condition to increase both flexural and torsional strength of the concrete.


Recent progress of paleomagnetic studies on sediments have revealed long-term (10 to 100 kyr) secular changes of paleointensity (e.g., Guyodo and Valet, 1999). Furthermore, a hypothesis that the orbital eccentricity (100 kyr) modulate the geomagnetic field intensity has been proposed from sediments in the North Pacific (Yamazaki, 1999) and in the equatorial Pacific (Yamazaki and Oda, 2005). In order to examine this hypothesis, further high quality paleointensity records from different sedimentary regimes are needed. Hence, we present relative paleointensity records during the Brunhes Chron from sedimentary cores form the equatorial Indian Ocean and discuss the possibility of the orbital modulation on the geomagnetic field. Piston cores (MR0503-PC1, PC2 and PC3) were taken from the Ninety-east ridge, the equatorial Indian Ocean, during the R/V Mirai MR0503 cruise. The lengths of these cores are 4.1, 6.0 and 10.2 m, and water depths are 3100 and 4400 m. MR0503-PC1 and MR0503-PC2 are composed of nannofossil carbonate ooze, foraminifera and nannofossil calcareous ooze, and clay rich sediments. MR0503-PC3 is dominated by clay to silty clay with minor amount of nannofossil. Three volcanic ash layers are found from these cores, which are certainly originated from the Toba caldera at Sumatra Island. The volcanic ash layer found at the uppermost port of each core (1.0


O the past 2 decades, the Middle Eastern countries, in particular Iran, have achieved tremendous progress in their development of organ transplantation. On July 7, 2019, in a UK-based newspaper, The Telegraph, an accusation was made suggesting that Iran retrieves organs from executed prisoners. The accusation was repeated by others; in the Middle East Monitor, as an example. These accusations have no basis, in fact. On June 17, 2019, a proposal was drafted by a group of Iranian lawmakers, unfamiliar with global transplantation ethics, to permit retrieval of organs from executed prisoners, if they voluntarily wished to do so. That proposal faced very strong opposition from the Iranian medical community. For example, the Iranian Society of Organ Transplantation, in a letter dated June 24, 2019 addressing the Chief Justice of Iran, clearly mentioned the sensitivity of the issue and the great worries expressed by the Society members about this proposal. It is mentioned that the transplant surgeons practicing in Iran believe that retrieving organs from executed prisoners, in whatever way it be granted, is absolutely unacceptable. The Iranian Association of Surgeons also shared similar sentiments. The proposal was thus aborted before any discussion in the Iranian Parliament; it was not considered for debate, let alone ratification. In Iran, the number of deceased organ donors, retrieved after brain death in intensive care units, is on the rise. There has been a decrease in the number of living-unrelated donations, with centers such as ours in Shiraz recording 0 living-unrelated donors. There have not been and will not be organs utilized from executed prisoners in Iran, compatible with the Declaration of Istanbul and WHO Guiding Principles. Retrieval and use of organs of executed prisoners is strictly illegal in Iran, just as in most countries of the world.


Cyclic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds are known to insert into the cellular membranes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to expansion of membranes, leakage of ions and collapse of the proton motive force. Honokiol is a plant phenol extracted from Magnolia officinalis that has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes in Chinese medicine, such as antimicrobial activity. This inhibitory action has been ascribed to membrane permeabilization based on the structure of honokiol, but the mechanism of action is yet to be determined experimentally. In this study, we sought to elucidate the molecular foundation for the observed antibacterial activity of honokiol. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the two species tested, Bacillus subtilis WB746 and Escherichia coli B23, at 25 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml, respectively. These MICs were used to assay the antibacterial action of honokiol, and correlate cell death to reduction in intracellular pH. Changes in intracellular pH were measured using the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Variations in intracellular pH were observed in both organisms which we theorized resulted in altered proton motive force and membrane energetics. Our findings indicated that the antimicrobial properties of honokiol may include disruption of cellular energy metabolism at the membrane.


Mechanism to operate as the electric generator motor of a hybrid vehicle in series. Comprises an electric generator-motor (1), a dual clutch (2), a transmission (3), and an internal combustion engine (4). By the transmission and double clutch two powertrains or different transmission routes and direction are implemented. motor mode: the clutch (8) can be closed to transmit the motor of the electric motor (1), the primary shaft (10), countershaft (17), differential (19) torque and the vehicle wheels. generator mode: the clutch (7) that transmits engine internal combustion engine (4) pair, the shaft (13), shaft (9), and through the electric generator clutch closes. Reduces the size of the motors and generators for hybrid electric vehicles. In the transmission (3) can be used: gears, toothed belts, drive shafts or chains.


Participants with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) do not inevitably show cognitive decline or convert to Alzheimer's disease (AD) supporting the hypothesis that secondary events are crucial in the conversion process. Research suggests that psychological stress is a risk factor for AD. Therefore, we proposed psychological stress will be associated with worsened cognitive decline, a clinical marker of advancing neurodegeneration. This was a longitudinal observational study assessing the association between the degree of psychological stress and cognitive decline in 134 aMCI participants and 69 control participants. We hypothesised that stress, as measured by the Recent Life Change Questionnaire (RLCQ), would be associated with worsened cognitive decline, as measured by the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall (FCSRT-IR), over an 18 month follow-up period. Other secondary cognitive outcomes included the difference in change of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score and the Trail Making Test Part B. Exploratory measures of stress included the Perceived Stress Scale and the presence of physical stressors. Hypothesised modulators of the stress response were assessed including mood, neuroticism, social support, and favoured coping style. Biological outcomes included changes in blood levels of inflammatory markers and salivary cortisol. Objective stressful life events occurring during the course of the study were associated with increased rates of cognitive decline across a range of measures in the aMCI group. Whereas, as predicted, psychological stress was not associated with cognitive decline in the control group. Presence of the ApoE e4 allele was associated with an increased rate of cognitive decline and increased serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline in the aMCI group. We found that neither measures of mood nor potential modulators of stress exerted a consistent significant influence over rates of cognitive decline in the aMCI group.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Visualization and detection of tumors during extirpative surgeries can be challenging. Currently, there is no intraoperative imaging device to detect kidney tumors and de...


The aim of my thesis is to analyze Czech franchise market in the area of fast food restaurants. The term franchise and terms connected to it are defined in theoretical part, pros and cons connected with doing business and brief history of franchising is described in theoretical part as well. The second part of the theory is concentrated on information about fran-chising in the Czech Republic. The last part is focused on the fast food in general. The introduction of the practical part is dealing with the situation of franchise on the Czech market. The concrete analysis of the market with fast food is described in the next chapter there are existing companies on the market, analysis of their market potential and placement all over the Czech Republic. SWOT analysis evaluates situation of the franchise market. On the basis of made analysis, there is a result about appraisal of a new concept into the market and defining criteria under what circumstances is entry into the market possible.


The camounflage disadvantages of present anticorrosion coatings of ground standing oil storage tanks in visible light, near infrared and thermal infrared wavebands are clarified. A comprehensive study of anticorrosion and camouflage for aerodrome oildepot ground standing oil storage tanks is introduced.


Background. Due to the negative impacts caused by the inadequate disposal of dairy cattle wastewater (DCW), alternatives are needed to reduce the environmental impact. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of applying DCW via fertigation on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and on the production of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle). Methodology. Nitrogen (N) was adopted as a reference element and DCW equivalent amount to be applied so as to replace this element was calculated. Doses equivalent to 100%, 200%, 300% and 400% of the recommended N concentration were applied. After six months of cultivation, the availability of nutrients for the soil and its relationship to the production of essential oil were evaluated. Results. The results showed that DCW supply for citronella cultivation was effective and, in most parameters, equivalent to the treatment with mineral fertilization. Besides, there was no significant difference between the treatments, regarding the quantity and quality of essential oil production. Implications: DCW does not increase the yield of essential oil, but it is an excellent alternative for the supply of nutrients in degraded soils. Conclusions. Therefore, DCW use for fertigation of citronella cultivation is a valid alternative, helping to mitigate the impacts related to its disposal. However, new studies with a longer evaluation period and other types of soil are suggested.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a means for mounting a metal substrate on a curved surface even when the reverse surface shape of the metal substrate is flat. SOLUTION: Grooves Ct and Cb are formed on the top and reverse of the metal substrate 1 respectively and a radius of a remaining portion is left, so that operations such as mounting an element can be performed while maintaining flatness of the whole. Excellent processability for bending the metal substrate through the grooves is obtained. The plurality of metal substrates are connected leaving the grooves, so that modules can be mounted along the curved surface. COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT


Water environment of urban area largely varies with stage of urbanization. Generally, infiltration rate of precipitation has been decreased because of increasing of impermeable surface such as constructions and paved roads and of developing of sewerage network. On the other hand, leakage from sewerage becomes the source not only of groundwater but of pollutants. To maintain urban water environment and use groundwater as water resource, it is important to clarify the origin and recharge process of groundwater. East Tokyo Metropolis is the economic center of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area and has been developed since the end of 19th century. East Tokyo Metropolis is topographically divided into the western upland (Musashino upland) part and the eastern lowland (Tokyo lowland) part. In the upland part, about 280 springs are still remains in 2003 (Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2003). Also, Inamura and Yasuhara (2008) studied delta-18O and delta-D of groundwater that discharged to the Shakujii River that flew on the upland and evaluated origin of the groundwater. According to Inamura and Yasuhara (2008), the groundwater is mainly recharged by precipitation. These results suggest that infiltration route of precipitation still remains in the upland area. This study aims to clarify the origin and recharge process of shallow groundwater in the Toshima Ward that is located on the upland. Toshima Ward is surrounded with the Shakujii River and the Kanda River, and the central part of this ward is a city center. Western and eastern part of the ward is residential area. Prevalence of networks of water pipe and sewerage in this ward is 100%. We collected groundwater samples from 13 shallow private wells (depth is shallower than 10m) and 9 deep wells (depth is 20 to 30m) and measured major dissolved ions and stable isotopic compositions of O and H. Also, land-use, especially grassland and bare ground, in around the shallow wells were checked by using Google Maps and Street View. Delta-18O and delta-D of all groundwater samples ranged between precipitation (weighted average of GNIP TOKYO data) and tap water (Inamura and Yasuhara, 2008). This result showed that the groundwater in this area was recharged by precipitation and tap water. We calculated mixing ratio of precipitation and tap water using isotopic data of groundwater samples and two end members (precipitation and tap water). As a result, contribution of precipitation was from 48.4 to 75.9% except for one sample (shallow groundwater: 20.5%). On the other hand, ratio of grassland and bare ground in topographical catchment area of shallow wells that were estimated from topographical map with a scale of 1:2500 and 5m mesh DEM were 11.6 to 22.4%. The contribution of precipitation and the ratio of grassland and bare ground showed positive correlation. Results of this study showed that precipitation was still major source of groundwater. Infiltration routes of precipitation were considered to be not only public parks and car parks but also yards and under of eaves in detached houses.


Kinematic approach of limit analysis is applied to stability of an infinite, homogeneous, free-of-surcharge slope of soil with a nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb yield condition. On operating with a linear yield condition that exceeds the actual nonlinear condition, upper bounds to stability factors are constructed. The solutions overestimate by less than 1% the stability factors given by Zhang and Chen1 for a nonlinear condition.


The reaction /sup 208/Pb(/sup 16/O, /sup 18/O)/sup 206/Pb has been measured at incident energies of 69, 71, and 73 MeV. Calculations free of optical-potential ambiguities and utilizing spectroscopic information derived from extensive sub-Coulomb single-neuton--transfer experiments show that, even at these low energies, the sequential transfer of two neutrons is the dominant process.


A detailed model is presented for the analysis of temperature, species concentration, and current density profiles as well as the efficiency and power density of a planar solid oxide fuel cell at direct internal reforming condition. The model describes the interactions of mass transport, heat transport, heterogeneous chemistry, and electrochemistry. The heterogeneous chemistry model for the catalytic reactions in the anode structure uses a multi-step reaction mechanism for the steam reforming of methane on Ni based catalysts. The porous media transport is modeled using the Dusty Gas Model, and electrochemistry is modeled using a modified Butler-Volmer setting assuming hydrogen as the only electrochemically active species. The impact of flow rate, anode thickness, and catalyst loading on power density and efficiency is discussed for isothermal and adiabatic operating conditions.


About one-third of persons over 65 are subject to at least one fall during a year, and many of them are subjected to health, psychological and financial consequences. A requirement to improve the effectiveness of preventive interventions is to timely identify subjects at higher risk. In this work we introduce the Farseeing Fall Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT-up), a software tool for evaluating the fall risk of a subject, based on known risk factors. The tool is based on probabilistic rules, generated automatically from a light ontology capturing the scientific findings about risk factors. FRAT-up has been tested on the In CHIANTI dataset, showing performances comparable with state-of-the-art tools.


Reduction of 3β,21-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one 21-acetate with sodium–n-propanol gave a mixture containing the 3β,20α- and 3β,20β- diols as well as the 3β,20α,21- and 3β,20β,21 -triols. Attempts to prepare 20α,21-diols by nucleophilic substitution at C-20 in a 21-acetoxy-20β-tosyloxy-compound (IXe) gave largely D-homoandrostane derivatives. The 20α,21-epoxypregnane (XII) obtained by mild alkaline hydrolysis of the 21 -acetoxy-20β-tosylate (IXe) was converted into the 20α,21 -diol either by vigorous alkaline hydrolysis, or by boron trifluoride-catalysed opening of the epoxide with dimethyl sulphoxide or NN-dimethylacetamide, followed by hydrolysis.


As the weakest part of the bridge system, traditional bridge bearing is incapable of isolating the heavy load such as earthquake. The developed Bouc-wen model is firstly used to represent the constitutive relation and force-displacement behavior of MRB. Then, the lead rubber bearing (LRB), passive magnetorheological elastomer bearing (MRB) and controllable MRB are modelled by finite element method (FEM), and the fuzzy control algorithm for the MRB is then designed. Furthermore, several types of seismic wave is introduced to simulate and the experiments are carried out to investigate the different response along the bridge with the results show that the isolating performance of passive MRB is similar to that of traditional LRB, which ensures the fail-safe capability of MRB. In addition, the controllable MRB embodies the advantage of isolating capacity and energy dissipation, because the displacement of bearing decreased by 34.1%. The shear force from the pier top is also alleviated.


Fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS) has been proposed as a promising alternative to both 50/60 Hz HVAC and HVDC technology for offshore wind power applications. The potential advantages of FFTS are mainly the increasing transmission capability and the reduction of power losses. Research so far has focused on the system feasibility and its potential applications to wind power integration. Nevertheless, the issue of current rating and calculating cable losses under fractional frequency transmission operation (FFTO) is not covered adequately in the literature. In this paper, three-core submarine cables under FFTO are investigated. Typical current rating cases of both export and inter-array cables are examined and losses in conductors, sheaths and armor are evaluated. Calculations are made by means of Finite Element Analysis and ElectroMagnetic Transient Program, while results are also compared with the corresponding derived by IEC 60287 standard. Differences with conventional HVAC are discussed, revealing the benefits of FFTS in terms of losses as well as the implications imposed in the magnitude of the generated magnetic field.


We introduce the concept of so-called representable difference algebra which is a particular case of difference algebra introduced formerly by J. Meng. Such an algebra can be represented as a suitable meet-semilattice with 0 where every interval [0, x] has an antiotne involution. The converse is true under certain conditions investigated in the paper. It is shown that this is e.g. satisfied for semilattices which are direct products of finite chains.


Introduction Orientation of the acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty has been shown to influence component wear, stability, and impingement. Freehand placement of the component can lead to widely variable radiographic outcomes. Accurate abduction, in particular, can be difficult in the lateral decubitus position due to limited ability to appreciate and control positional obliquity of the pelvis. A CT-based mechanical navigation device has been shown to decrease cup placement error. This is an independent report of a single-surgeon9s radiographic results using the device to control cup abduction. Patients and Methods Sixty-four (64) consecutive elective THRs in 58 patients were performed via a supercapsular percutaneously-assisted (SuperPATH) surgical approach. Intraoperatively, the acetabular components were aligned with the aid of the CT-based mechanical navigation device (HipXpert; Surgical Planning Associates, Medford, MA). The cup orientation was then further adjusted to ensure that the anterior rim of the acetabular component was not prominent to avoid psoas impingement. Postoperatively, radiographic abduction was measured on standing postoperative radiographs. Results Measured on standing postoperative radiographs, the cup radiographic abduction angle averaged 42.7° with a standard deviation of ± 3.9° and a range of 35° to 51°. Conclusions Total hip arthroplasty using a CT-based navigation device as a guide for abduction led to cup implantation within a very narrow abduction range. This navigation device deserves more widespread interest and study, as acetabular component malposition remains a major concern in THR.


A wide-field magnetometer utilizing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond that does not require microwaves is demonstrated. It is designed for applications where microwaves need to be avoided, such as magnetic imaging of biological or conductive samples. The system exploits a magnetically sensitive feature of NV centers near the ground state level anticrossing (GSLAC). An applied test field from a wire was mapped over an imaging area of $\approx 500 \times 470\,{\mu}\text{m}^2$. Analysis of the GSLAC lineshape allows to extract vector information of the applied field. The device allows micrometer-scale magnetic imaging at a spatial resolution dominated by the thickness of the NV layer (here $50\,{\mu}\text{m}$). For a pixel size of $4\,{\mu}\text{m} \times 3.8\,{\mu}\text{m}$ the estimated sensitivity is $4.8\,{\mu}\text{T}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$. Two modalities for visualizing the magnetic fields, static and temporal, are presented along with a discussion of technical limitations and future extensions of the method.


The invention relates to a control device for independently adjusting indoor air humidity, which comprises a cooling tower, a fresh air handling unit, a refrigerator, a controller, a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor, a pre-cooling water pump, a cooling water pump, a chilled water pump, a humidity sensor, a valve and a water pipe. One end of the first temperature sensor is connected to a water outlet of the cooling tower, and the other end of the first temperature sensor is connected to the controller; the second temperature sensor and the pre-cooling water pump are connected with the controller respectively; the humidity sensor is connected with one end of the controller; the controller is connected with the refrigerator and the valve simultaneously; and a first input port of the refrigerator is connected with the water outlet of the cooling tower, a first output port of the refrigerator is connected with an input port of a dehumidifying coil, a second input port of the refrigerator is connected with an output port of the dehumidifying coil, and a second output port of the refrigerator is connected with a water inlet of the cooling tower. In the device, a pre-cooling coil plays a role in saving energy; and simultaneously, the humidity sensor tracks indoor load change and adjusts the effluent temperature of the refrigerator, so the energy can also be saved.


Objective To study the effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on malonaldehyde (MDA)and total antioxidative capacity(TAC)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels in different developing stages of rat brain and further explore the mechanism of impaired brain development caused by thyroid hormone deficiency. Methods Perinatal hypothyroidism was induced by administering propylthiouracil(PTU)solution to the dams by gavage(2 % PTU 1.5mL·d-1)beginning on embryonic day 15.The blood samples of pups in different developing stages(7,14,21d)were collected to measure serum FT3and FT4levels.And the braintissues were collected to measure MDA,TAC and SOD levels in brain homogenate.Age matched controls were pups from normal dams without administering propylthiouracil(PTU)solution.Results Compared with age matched controls,the MDA and TAC and SOD levels were increased in hypothyroid group of 21dpups (MDA:14.63μmol·g-1±3.44 μmol· g-1 g vs 10.52 μmol· g-1 ±2.32 μmol· g-1,P 0.05;TAC:0.051mmol·g-1±0.006 mmol·g-1 vs 0.042 mmol·g-1 ±0.003 mmol·g-1,P 0.05;SOD:79.63μmol·min-1·g-1±10.10μmol·min-1·g-1 vs 63.51μmol·min-1·g-1±8.35μmol·min-1·g-1,P0.05),but for the 7dand 14dpups,there were no differences between two groups (7d MDA:11.20μmol·g-1±2.39μmol·g-1 vs 12.29μmol·g-1±1.79μmol·g-1,P0.05;14dMDA:13.07μmol·g-1± 3.16μmol·g-1 vs 12.98μmol·g-1 ±2.93μmol·g-1,P0.05;7d TAC:0.046 mmol·g-1 ± 0.006mmol·g-1 vs 0.047 mmol·g-1±0.004 mmol·g-1,P0.05;14dTAC:0.042 mmol·g-1± 0.007mmol·g-1 vs 0.046mmol·g-1±0.007mmol·g-1,P0.05;7dSOD:66.34μmol·min-1·g-1± 11.20μmol·min-1·g-1 vs 65.49μmol·min-1·g-1±7.52μmol·min-1·g-1,P0.05;14dSOD:67.53μmol·min-1 · g-1 ± 12.01 μmol · min-1 · g-1 vs 64.57 μmol · min-1 · g-1 ± 8.28μmol·min-1·g-1,P0.05).Conclusion Thyroid hormone deficiency during rat brain development may cause the changes of MDA,TAC and SOD levels and this may be related to brain damage caused by thyroid hormone deficiency.


The relationship between the obesity epidemic on a world scale and the dynamics, directly or indirectly, induced by ongoing globalization processes, is an item of attention to those who analyze the evolution of present food production and consumption, if only for the more than suspect chronological coincidence Up today, however, the empirical studies to corroborate the existence of a correlation and measure its magnitude are very few. Thus, in order to achieve a fuller understanding of the spreading phenomenon of overweight and obesity - carrying with it terrific social and sanitary costs - more studies are needed. This paper provides a contribution in this direction.


The invention discloses an analysis method for formation rock mineral constituents. The analysis method can be suitable for determination of the mineral constituents of a rock core obtained on a petroleum drilling site. The analysis method comprises the four basic steps of optical experiment determination of the rock sample mineral constituents, measurement of acoustical and electrical characteristics and the like of a rock sample, establishment of a calculating and responding model for a formation lithology and electrical method measurement result and inversion of the formation mineral constituents of the rock core sample; inversion of the formation mineral constituents of the rock core sample comprises the steps that logging information of the obtained rock core sample is matched with a sample in a database, possible rock parameters are selected to be substituted into the calculating model established in the third step, and the rock parameter which has the minimum error between a calculating result and an actual measurement result can serve as the mineral constituent and convent parameter of the rock core sample. The analysis method has the advantages that the formation lithology parameter needing to be specified can be obtained according to the logging information, and the defects that an indoor test is long in cycle and high in cost can be overcome.


Objective:To discuss the application and effects of nursing service flow during the course of the clinic nursing works.Methods:Be more careful courses of the nursing service and high quality service as well as sound emotional carelessness.Results:The satisfaction rate of the patients raised and the complaint lowered.Conclusions:High quality nursing service can greatly satisfy the patients' needs,prevent the arguments between the hospital and the patients,and lower the patients' complaint.


CONCLUSIONS: Decreased knee valgus angle and external rotation moment in running appeared to be compensations to avoid pain when amateur runners with PFP were running with pain, and increased knee valgus angle and external rotation moment might be biomechanical factors associated with the development of PFP. Increased knee flexion angle in running may be another critical biomechanical factor associated with the development of PFP for male amateur runners.


The number of markers measured in both flow and mass cytometry keeps increasing steadily. Although this provides a wealth of information, it becomes infeasible to analyze these datasets manually. When using 2D scatter plots, the number of possible plots increases exponentially with the number of markers and therefore, relevant information that is present in the data might be missed. In this article, we introduce a new visualization technique, called FlowSOM, which analyzes Flow or mass cytometry data using a Self‐Organizing Map. Using a two‐level clustering and star charts, our algorithm helps to obtain a clear overview of how all markers are behaving on all cells, and to detect subsets that might be missed otherwise. R code is available at https://github.com/SofieVG/FlowSOM and will be made available at Bioconductor. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry


Abstract Approximately 70% of breast cancers express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), a hormone-regulated transcription factor. Upon binding to endogenous and exogenous ligands, ERα dimerizes and binds to regulatory regions across the genome known as enhancers. Enhancers act as nucleation sites for the recruitment of coregulatory proteins and ultimately regulate target gene transcription. We have previously used global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq) to detect transcription at active enhancers that generates enhancer RNAs (eRNAs). eRNAs are poorly characterized noncoding RNAs and are thought to regulate enhancer function and gene expression. To better understand the functions of these eRNAs, we annotated the estrogen-regulated eRNA transcriptome in ERα-positive breast cancer cells using precision nuclear run-on of capped RNA (PRO-cap) and polyA-depleted RNA-seq. We then cloned selected eRNAs, fused them to single guide RNAs, and targeted them to their ERα enhancers of origin using CRISPR/dCas9. eRNAs promoted expression of cognate, but not heterologous, target genes by increasing ERα recruitment and simulating p300-catalyzed H3K27 acetylation at the enhancer. We identified a ∼40 nucleotide functional eRNA regulatory motif (FERM) present in many estrogen-regulated eRNAs that is necessary and sufficient to promote gene expression by increasing ERα recruitment and stimulating p300-catalyzed H3K27 acetylation. The FERM interacted with BCAS2, an RNA-binding protein amplified in breast cancers, to exert its effect on enhancer assembly and dynamics. Overexpression of a targeted eRNA controlling expression of an oncogene increased cell proliferation, implicating eRNAs in regulating breast cancer cell growth. Together, we provide a genome-wide annotation of estrogen-regulated eRNAs, demonstrate the mechanisms by which targeted eRNAs promote target gene expression in vivo, identify the FERM element within eRNAs that is critical for regulating target gene expression, and show the biological implications of oncogenic eRNAs in breast cancer growth. Collectively, our results demonstrate the biological and mechanistic roles of eRNAs in breast cancer. This work is supported by grants from the NIH/NIDDK (DK058110) and CPRIT (RP160319) to W.L.K. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 11:30 a.m. - 11:45 a.m.


Objective To explore the influence of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the quality of life of elderly depression patients with chronic pain.Methods 60 patients were divided into the cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) group and non-cognitive-behavioral therapy(N-CBT) group,30 cases in each group.The patients in CBT group were treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with mirtazapine,and the patients in N-CBT group were treated with mirtazapine only.Before treating and after the 4th week and 12th week,depression,anxiety and chronic pain were assessed respectively with Hamilton Depression Scale ( HAMD),Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA),and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS),the quality of life was assessed with the WHO Quality of Life ( WHO.QOL-100).No significant different scores of HAMD,HAMA,VAS and WHOQOL-100 existed between two groups before treatment.Results Depression,anxiety and chronic pain were significantly related to the life quality of elderly depression patients with chronic pain ( r =-0.506 ~ -0.676,P < 0.01 ).At the end of the 12th treating week,the scores of HAMD(36.82 ±7.93),HAMA(8.26 ±3.13),VAS(4.35 ±0.52) and WHOQOL100 ( respectively ( 65.71 ± 17.29 ),( 92.36 ± 13.55 ),( 77.91 ± 12.26 ),( 78.33 ± 12.81 ),( 81.79 ± 12.43 ),( 18.95 ± 11.91 ),( 19.98 ± 11.56 ) ) were significantly different from those before treatment in CBT group,and the change of each indicator score was significantly greater in CBT group than those in N-CBT group ( t =3.020 ~9.761,P< 0.01 ).Conclusion Cognitive-behavioral therapy can effectively improve the life quality of the elderly depression patients with chronic pain.

Key words:
Cognitive-behavior therapy;  Living quality;  Chronic pain;  Elderly depression


This paper aims to investigate the antecedents of process innovation to provide more alternates for Vietnamese firms as they are still struggling to find an appropriate innovation strategy.,The research analyzes the separate impacts of each innovation strategy on process innovation using logistic regression models. Data were collected using a stratified random sampling method.,The results show that having an innovation strategy is good for innovation, regardless of whether the strategy is internal or external. Internal and external strategies are proved not complements but substitutes. However, the internal strategy seems to be most beneficial. Weak institutional settings further strengthen the importance of internal strategies, whereas strong institutional settings favor external strategies.,This paper analyzes the impact of different innovation strategies on process innovation in Vietnamese firms using firm-level data. The findings strongly recommend that in weak institutional settings such as Vietnam, firms should focus on an internal strategy because the emphasis on external innovation strategies might be a western bias stemming from research in mostly strong institutional contexts.


This study examines the global phenomenon of postelection disputes within presidential democracies. By using an original data set of 164 presidential elections held from 1974 to 2012 in 31 democracies spanning the Americas, Africa, and Asia, two-stage regression modeling was conducted. Comparative case studies from Indonesia and Venezuela were used to explain why and how losers challenged election outcomes. The results showed that challenges occurred equally under conditions of low and high election quality and varying autonomy of election management bodies. However, the presence of constitutional rules and institutional adjudication mechanisms influenced their institutional or noninstitutional routes. Importantly, postelection disputes were not necessarily instigated by fraud. They were more likely to occur when runner-up parties had unfavorable negotiating positions within Congress and therefore resorted to blackmail of the new government to acquire short-term power enhancing benefits beyond the electoral arena in exchange for political stability.


On the basis of summing up the relative works of Japanese journals,this article emphasized introducing the Japanese Kampo Medicine schools,the actuality of Japanese Kampo Medicine clinical researches and the outlook of the Kampo Medicine.This article aimed at making clinicians and researchers understand the form of Japanese Kampo Medichue and thinking method of Japanese Kampo Medicine school,hoping to provide reference for clinical treatment and research.

Key words:
Japanese Kampo Medicine; Origin; Research Actuality


Taking as a fundamental axis The case Wagner (1888), this article will develop from the relationship between word and music on musical aesthetics late Nietzsche. The use of the Opera Carmen by George Bizet, as possibility of antithesis to the Total work of art program, the composer Richard Wagner, allows one to reflect on the aesthetics-Nietzschean musical of a privileged point of view. Why Nietzsche would have served as a work which he himself considered minor when compared to the Wagnerian musical drama? The answer to that question requires that you understand the deep value is not always clear from the word in musical compositions taken over by Nietzsche at various times of his work. After all, his musical aesthetics favored the word significant or considered mere apparatus of absolute music?


6-Deoxy-D-allose is prepared from simple achiral starting materials, butynal and chloroacetic acid, via two key steps of the chiral tin(II) triflate mediated asymmetric aldol reaction and the dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide.


W ea th er – Ju ly 2 01 3, V ol . 6 8, N o. 7 M ee tin g re po rt Henry Blanford, first director of the Indian Met Department, studied in great detail the links between Himalayan snow and precipitation over India, and later directors, such as Gilbert Walker, continued this search for empirical patterns in weather data. These efforts came about in the aftermath of two major weather-related catastrophes which hit India in the nineteenth century: the cyclone of Calcutta and the drought-driven 1899 famine. As noted by Julia Slingo (Met Office), these events highlighted the societal and economic importance of being able to produce long-range forecasts. To a large degree, modern meteorology is still trying to understand all of the patterns seen in our climate system, and indeed these played an important role in the first longrange forecasts produced by the Met Office. As remembered by Brian Booth, former Chief Forecaster at the Defence Met Centre, the standard procedure for monthly forecasts produced in the 1950s, 1960s and beyond was to look for synoptic circulation analogues and use these to predict future weather. These forecasts were first released to the public on 30 November 1963, following political pressure in the aftermath of the severe winter. Since the early 1960s, there have been major advances in identifying and understanding sources of seasonal predictability. Closer links have been identified between European winters and extratropical sea-surface temperatures, the NAO and the El Niño– Southern Oscillation – the quasi-biennial oscillation of winds in the equatorial stratosphere – and many other climate features. As shown by Chris Folland (Met Office), a perfect knowledge of these predictors allows for meaningful winter temperature and precipitation predictability. Hindcasts run for the winter of 1962/1963 capture a significant portion of the temperature anomaly signal. While this bodes well for the future, it should be kept in mind that there is no silver bullet, for long-range forecasting is an intrinsically multivariate problem. Alongside a better understanding of the physical underpinnings of weather and climate predictability, the last decades have seen a major shift from empirical to dynamical forecasting. In the 1990s dynamical models already showed some seasonal forecasting skill in the tropics, as a result of the strong atmosphere-ocean coupling at these latitudes. In the mid-latitudes, by contrast, no useful predictability was found. Alberto Arribas (Met Office) explained how, in the last five or six years, climate models have finally achieved significant skill in the extratropical regions. The Met Office GloSea5 system, for example, has performed very good seasonal hindcasts on past British winters. While the magnitudes of the pressure signals are systematically underestimated, the general patterns are captured successfully. Adam Scaife (Met Office) explained how the accurate representation of sea ice, the increased horizontal resolution and the increased vertical resolution in the stratosphere are all key drivers of this success. These encouraging results have finally enabled scientists to communicate increased levels of risk for specific weather events to the relevant users. An illustration of this was given by Richard Graham (Met Office), who presented the important results achieved in forecasting seasonal rainfall in Africa. A number of international and local partners meet in regional climate outlook forums to produce a consensus probabilistic forecast for the upcoming rainy season, which is then circulated to the relevant users. The forecasts are expressed in terms of below-, aboveor average precipitation, and achieve significant skill, generally indicating over 70% of seasons correctly. If acted upon promptly, these early warnings have the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive or insufficient precipitation. The presentations on long-range forecasting all highlighted how the field has seen incredible progress since the winter of fifty years ago. Advances in the understanding of sources of seasonal predictability and the advent of dynamical forecasting have given a major impulse to forecasting skill. Finally, seasonal forecasts are becoming useful tools for mitigating the economic and societal impacts of weather and climate extremes. Moreover, some of the present forecast systems, such as the Met Office's GloSea5, still have not reached their full capability, making the future of long-range forecasting look very exciting!


The feed supply in poultry houses can be done manually or automatically, to require effort is believed that manual supply could expose the attendant to physical overload. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ergonomic factors, and effect on posture and biomechanics of workers in poultry houses equipped with manual or automatic feeder. The analyzed factors were: physical work load, thermal environment, noise, lighting, postural analysis and biomechanics. It was found that in the sheds where the food supply system was manual, workers were exposed to greater physical effort. Based on the thermal environment management it was considered heavy for the two supply systems. The postures used in most activities deserve immediate corrective action. The handling in sheds equipped with manual feeder exposes workers to risk of injury in the shoulder, elbow, back, hip, knee and ankle. Thus, it can be concluded that management in poultry facilities equipped with manual feeder can be considered detrimental to the attendant exposing him to health risks and body damage.


It is thirty years since Young edited Knowledge and Control, the manifesto of the Young Turks, centred in London, calling for sociology of education to make its own research agenda, rather than take the educationists' agenda and, more speciŽ cally, to study what is taught in educational institutions. Before 1971, sociology of education had been concerned with structures and institutions: with how families, schools and employment Ž tted together, what class backgrounds led to which type of school or what streams inside schools and who succeeded and failed in institutions. The manifesto called for a re-focusing on what was taught, learnt and assessed inside educational institutions. The Ž rst paper in which Bernstein explicitly focused on curriculum and pedagogy appeared there, with Bourdieu translated for an Anglophone readership. Young set out criteria by which comprehensive secondary schooling would be judged: were comprehensives to be buildings in which children learnt very different things because they were internally stratiŽ ed or were they to be schools with common curricula where everyone had a chance to try all the subjects from algebra through Greek to woodwork? Gender was noticeably absent as a variable in the 1971 manifesto: that is one way in which it has dated badly. When England went comprehensive it also went co-educational, yet few commentators initially addressed that change. Paechter is from a different generation, who integrates the topics of class, gender and race in her analysis. The book is in three sections. The Ž rst has three chapters and introduces the analytical concepts. The second, also with three chapters, explores gender issues, including a chapter on design and technology and one on physical education and the body. Here Paechter can deploy key ideas from Foucault, a theorist she Ž nds analytically powerful. The third section is again of three chapters, one on pupils and one on examinations, plus the conclusion. Paechter concludes that despite the wishes of the Conservative government to raise the status of practical subjects and reduce their sex-stereotyped take-up, neither goal was achieved, because of micro-political issues inside schools. Paechter's volume looks back to 1971 and forward to the future. It includes a balanced and scholarly review of the research done since 1971 by other authors and presents results from three empirical projects conducted in England during the 1990s. These data are well integrated with the overall argument and should reach a wider audience in this well-written book than they will have done in journal articles. The Ž rst project focused on interdisciplinary coursework projects in 29 state secondary comprehensives and further education colleges in 11 different local education areas, with detailed data collection in four schools. The second was on the fate of needlework, home economics, woodwork, metalwork and technical drawing in the early years of the English national curriculum, when they had been merged into one new 'subject' design and technology. The third project, conducted in Ž ve schools in London and its environs, explored the continuing development of design and technology as its Ž rst pupils moved towards their Ž rst public examinations at 16. In these two projects the teachers were the main focus.


After a short description of the present state and recent development of wood chemistry and of its connections with petro- and carbochemistry, the boundaries of conventional processes in wood chemistry are shown and the directions of new principles for processes as well as lines for complex gaining and utilization of wood products are pointed out. Based upon our own contributions to the further development of wood chemistry proposals concerning processes for the preparation of wood extractives, isolation of sulfate lignin, organosolv process, prehydrolyses of beech bark, pyrolysis of wood residues, and utilization of technical lignins are made. This is followed by a report on lines designed to carry out complex utilization of wood products with a higher technical and economical efficiency. 19 references.


Previous theory and research has suggested that right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is a unitary construct related to attitudes regarding obedience to authority. Recently, scholars have suggested that RWA is multidimensional. To adjudicate these competing notions, we test whether the associations between RWA components and moral attitudes regarding obedience differ depending on the ideology of the authority. Across three studies and an integrative data analysis, we found that the RWA component capturing obedience to and respect for authorities (i.e., submission) related to judgments that it is moral to obey all authorities, and perhaps also nonauthorities, regardless of the targets' political ideologies. In contrast, the RWA component capturing socially conservative beliefs (i.e., traditionalism) related to judgments that it is moral to obey conservative authorities and immoral to obey liberal authorities. These results suggest that RWA is not a unitary construct and that its components differentially relate to moral judgments regarding obedience to authorities.


German Romanticism and English Art by William Vaughan, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980, 308 pp., 173 ills, £22.50

William Dyce, 1806–1864 by Marcia Pointon, with a foreword by Quentin Bell, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979, 229 pp., 163 ills, 1 colour pl., £28

Sir Charles Eastlake and the Victorian Art World by David Allan Robertson, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978, 468 pp., 200 ills, 2 colour pls, £30.60

William Mulready by Kathryn Moore Heleniak, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1980, 287 pp., 200 ills, 8 colour pls, £25