In caves in the Alps, where Radon can reach concentrations of tens of or hundreds of kBq/m3, the deposition of decay products on the skin of personnel spending even short times inside may pose a radiological risk. The radiation protection expert (RPE) is confronted with evaluating on the spot, and quickly, this hazard, to take appropriate measures as needed. In the present work, estimates are proposed to assess this problem, estimates that can be used by the RPE for the needed screening to categorize the risk presented by these environments.


This paper has briefly discussed the factors that influence the performance of coil coatings film, such as T bend, MEK resistance and adhesion, etc.


Delivery of microcredit to operators of small and micro enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries is increasingly being viewed as a strategic means of assisting the so-called "working poor" (ILO, 1973). Over the past decade, a considerable amount of multi- and bilateral aid has been channeled into microfinance programs in the Third World with varying degrees of success. Like all development interventions, donors, governments, and other interested parties demand evaluations and impact assessment studies to ascertain the achievements and failures of these programs. This paper reviews two such studies conducted in Ghana and South Africa that focused mainly on impact results. The outcomes of the two case studies have established that microfinance interventions have achieved significant improvements in terms of increased business incomes, improved access to life-enhancing facilities, and empowerment of people, particularly women.


Fever is a symptom that can mean anything between nothing and a life-threatening illness Fever or a febrile state is defined as a high body temperature associated with a systemic inflammatory response (Thibodeau, 1992). It can occur when bacteria, toxins, viruses or other agents are phagocytozed by leucocytes, which in turn produce chemicals called pyrogens: literally, fever makers (Uphold, 1994). Pam Fisher and Clive Warren consider the possible causes and treatments


On the basis of the archive materials of the second half of the 19th the beginning of the 20th century analysis the conducting conditions and the contents of excursions at the natural since lessons are indicated. In the investigation the excursions development conditions are analyzed and school practice usage of the investigated period in modern school perspectives are generalized.


[Of the recent developments there is hardly anything comparable to the Internet when it comes to the impact on public life. But again, it can at best described as immature. Firstly, it is too slow, has unreliable connectivity and is almost on the verge of collapse with more and more multimedia. (Partly, the World Wide Web was responsible for this, as it had eaten away other services on the Net like Archie, gopher etc.). Secondly, the Net is the best example of chaos. Yes! Internet has a long way to go.]


The qualitative study of second order linear equations originated in Sturm's classical paper of 1836. A series of comparison theorems, see [1, 6], have been established for pairs of linear equations: ( pj (t) u$)$+qj (t) u=0 for j=1, 2, (1.1 j) where pj and qj are real-valued continuous functions on an interval J=[a, b], and also satisfy p1 p2>0 and q1 q2 on [a, b]. (1.2) If (1.2) holds, (1.11) is called a Sturm majorant for (1.12). The Sturm comparison theorem plays an important role in the study of second order linear equations, so it is natural to consider similar comparison theorems for the study of nonlinear equations. Basic models leading to such nonlinear equations are, e.g., (i) the degenerate Laplace equation, { } ( |{u| m&2 {u)+ g(x, u)=0, m>1; (1.3) (ii) the steady state porous medium equation, 2.(u)+ g(x, u)=0; (1.4) and the following generalization of (i) and (ii), { } (u |{u| {u)+ g(x, u)=0, m>1. (1.5) article no. 0115


The embodiments of the invention provide a kind of mobile terminal, the display screen of the mobile terminal includes screen touch layer, display module substrate layer and supporting back board, and the screen touch layer is bent flexible layer;The display module substrate layer is made up of spaced glass substrate and flexible base board;The supporting back board includes connecting by rotating shaft between the sub- backboard of polylith, each sub- backboard;Each sub- backboard of the supporting back board is relative with each glass substrate of the display module substrate layer respectively, when the flexible base board is bent, and the axis of rotation being oppositely arranged with the flexible base board of the bending is so that the supporting back board is bent.Mobile terminal provided in an embodiment of the present invention, display screen uses the display module substrate layer of soft or hard combination, display screen can be folded into smaller screen along flexible base board, it can deploy to form large-size screen monitors along flexible base board again, the mechanical interactive mode between user and display screen is added, screen interactive mode is no longer single.


Development of power supply package for electret vibration generator. To use the electret vibration generator widely in the market the power supply unit of the package where the circuit of making to direct current had been integrated with the control circuit was developed. And the application was examined.


The design of the precoder the maximizes the mutual information in linear vector Gaussian channels with an arbitrary input distribution is studied. Precisely, the precoder optimal left singular vectors and singular values are derived. The characterization of the right singular vectors is left, in general, as an open problem whose computational complexity is then studied in three cases: Gaussian signaling, low SNR, and high SNR. For the Gaussian signaling case and the low SNR regime, the dependence of the mutual information on the right singular vectors vanishes, making the optimal precoder design problem easy to solve. In the high SNR regime, however, the dependence on the right singular vectors cannot be avoided and we show the difficulty of computing the optimal precoder through an NPhardness analysis.


In this review, the author reflects on the heated debates around views about Russia's postcommunist transition expressed in essays collected in new Andrei Shleifer's book, A Normal Country: Russia after Communism (Harvard University Press, 2005), which were initially published at different times during transition. She focuses on the three questions that have been in the center of the debate among academics and policymakers: What should the sequencing and the speed of reforms be? Should a country have political centralization for fiscal decentralization to be efficient? Is Russia normal? The author argues that Russia's most recent history provides convincing evidence in support of the logic of political and economic transformation as it was understood by Shleifer as early as the beginning of the 1990s.


Abstract A simple plastic sampler was tested to get the information on the deposition amount of chemical components throughout Japan and the neighbouring regions. Polypropylene cylinders of diameter 117 mm which contained 300ml pure water were set in the observation fields and kept open for one month. At the end of the month the samplers were covered with caps and sent to Meteorological College, Kashiwa, Chiba. The sample solutions were filtered through Millipore filter (0.45μm pore size) and used for the determination by ion chromatography, atomic absorption and flame emission analyses. Monthly deposition amounts of sulfate, chloride and sodium ions were determined simultaneously at 21 Japanese meteorological observatories in June and October 1987. Similar samples were also set on the upper deck of RV Ryofu-maru for 4–7 days during cruises across the western North Pacific in 1987 and 1988. The deposition amount of SO4(excess) (SO4–Na × SO4(seasalt)/Na(seasalt)) was calculated. The strongest source region...


We have synthesized organic non-centrosymmetric cocrystals of 1:1 and 1:2 mole ratios of non-proton-transferred hexamine and p-nitrophenol complexes by using a slow evaporation method. The cocrystal with different stoichiometric variation gets crystallized into different crystallographic structures. The non-proton-transfer process of the complexes and the charge transfer (CT) interaction are established through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The contribution of the water molecule in the 1:2 adduct is explained through FTIR analysis. The result has an important bearing in our present study. Existence of two different crystallographic structures (polymorphism) is confirmed by the lower frequency modes that appeared in Raman spectra. The variation in the Raman active modes at lower frequencies that arise on account of polymorphism is addressed through factor group analysis. From the UV–vis analysis, the interesting result of hyperchromic and hypochromic shifts being observed in the 1:1 and 1:2 adducts, respectively, supports the polymorphic behavior. On seeing the variation in properties, particularly nonlinear optical properties, the higher second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency compared with KDP is observed by using the Kurtz–Perry method for both complexes.


Application of couple inspect has been achieved to treat collapsed collapsed main underground transport roadway in Linglong Gold Mine. By virtue of constructing the real-time couple inspect net obtaining the data information, couple analyzing some key factors which result in the roadway destroying and treatments are presented. It is proven that the couple inspect is a practical and promising way for solving large-scale structural engineering problems.


From the 17 century onward, the Ottoman Empire entered a phase of weakening, as a consequence of many factors including the dissolution of political stability, the loss of territory and decreasing revenue. In the second half of the 19 century, as an attempt to reinforce power of the central authority, the Ottomans undertook major reforms called Tanzimat. During this period, individuals started to establish professional and learned associations similar to those in the West which eventually led to the creation of a Faculty of Science and to the Ottoman University (Darulfunun, 1900). In this context of reform and opening to the West, the Imperial Observatory (Rasathane-i Amire) was founded in 1868 with the support of France. Its primary aim was to exchange data between European and Ottoman meteorological stations. The Imperial Observatory occupied several locations before reaching its final setting in Kandilli (1911), on the Asian side of the Bosphorus where other activities were developed such as sismology, astronomy, meteorology and magnetic studies. Following the spirit of the newly founded Republic in 1923, a serious reform of the academic programmes and a purging of the staff of the Ottoman University led to the establishment of the Istanbul University in the historical quarter of Beyazit (1933). The Istanbul astronomical Observatory was founded in the same year and its construction started in 1935. The university reform was largely influenced by the presence of German and other European scholars, many of them Jewish, escaping from Nazi persecution. In particular, Erwin Finlay-Freundlich from Potsdam Observatory became the first director of Istanbul Observatory. Kandilli and Istanbul University observatories are briefly presented here, stressing the main steps of their creation and their astronomical heritage.


The genus Eucalyptus L'Herit. dominates most of the forests and woodlands of Australia. Many stands consist of intimate mixtures of species from different subgenera. The ecological traits of the two largest subgenera, Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus, are reviewed. Consistent differences in herbivore and parasite damage to leaves; in water relations; in tolerance to waterlogging, flooding, salinity and frost; in nutrient usage; in response to Phytophthora cinnamorni; and in early growth patterns are described. These can be summarised as differences in leaf chemistry; in root morphology, chemistry and activity; and in early growth rates. It is suggested that the differences in the ecological traits, and especially in the early growth rate, may help explain the coexistence of closely related species of similar habits in eucalypt communities.


Miyagawa (1989) accounts for the contrast between (1a) and (1b) by incorporating two assumptions. First, he adopts the syntactic approach to the Unaccusative Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1978, Burzio 1986), according to which unaccusative subjects are base-generated as VP-internal arguments, while unergative subjects are base-generated as external arguments. Second, he assumes that a floating NQ and its associated NP (henceforth the associate) must be in a syntactically local configuration in their base-generated positions. Under these assumptions, the NQ in (1a) is licensed despite the presentce of the intervening adverb (henceforth the intervener) because ki 'come' is an unaccusative verb and its subject is base-generated as an internal argument inside VP. Thus, it is in the required local configuration with the NQ. In contrast, the same NQ in (1b) cannot be licensed because waraw 'laugh' is an unergative verb and its subject was base-generated outside VP as an external argument. Thus, it was never in the required local configuration with the NQ inside VP. The licensing of floating NQs therefore emerges as an important diagnostic test for unaccusativity in Japanese. More recent studies have revealed that the type of event denoted by a given sentence also affects the licensing of VP-internal floating NQs (Tsujimura 1994, 1996, Gunji and Hasida 1998, Mihara 1998, Nakanishi 2007, 2008, Miyagawa 2012). Consider the following examples.


All components of the lateral line system (hair cells, neurons and ganglion cells) are derived from ectodermal thickenings called placodes. The posterior lateral line placode migrates from the head towards the tail tip where it deposits sensory organ precursor cells at regular intervals. Once developed, the functional unit of the lateral line (the neuromast) consists of relatively few cells. Throughout their embryonic and post‐embryonic development, the primordia and the neuromasts are accessible to both experimental manipulations and live observations.


The Canadian Agriculture Weather Monitoring System (CAWM) provides a variety of crop growth indices at 140 weather sites across Canada. CAWM uses synoptic weather observations from Environment Canada and formatted for agricultural analysis with Oceanroutes Canada software. CAWM provides nation-wide reconnaissance level information on crop growing conditions. In combination with verbal and statistical reports from various regions, crop weather reports generated by CAWM give reliable updates on regional and national crop production problems.Synoptic weather data include four observations per day of temperature, wind, sunshine and precipitation from which daily values are interpolated and the daily evapotranspiration potentials are calculated. An editing process provides continuous, uninterrupted sequences of daily weather records essential in computer simulations and agricultural monitoring by replacing missing observations with climatic normals.The crop weather indices derived from CAWM range from simple a...


Phase characteristics of pulses from an optical frequency comb generator are studied. Simple filtering is shown suitable for generating stable high quality short pulses of an adjustable pulse width.


Spectral characteristics of English stops in prestressed position, both in singleton and in clusters, are examined in detail using a data base designed for controlled acoustic phonetic research [Victor W. Zue, "Acoustic phonetic data base for the study of selected English consonants, consonant clusters, and vowels," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57, S34(A) (1975)]. The study being presented here is based on the analysis of some 1200 stops spoken by three male speakers. Results on the spectral characteristics of the stops at the release, during the transient, and following the onset of voicing will be presented as a function of (1) the voicing characteristics of the stop; (2) the place of articulation of the stop; and (3) the phonetic context (i.e., the influence of the following vowel or sonorant). Results on inter‐ and intraspeaker variability will also be discussed.


In order to solve the safety problem often occured when trains pass by cross point,a transmit and control system is put forward which uses laser as a carrier of control signal and uses air as a transmit medium of the system.The defects of radio telecontrol are overcome,and the system is not affected by environmental electromagnetic wave disturbance when the long distance mobile object is controlled.The transmission procedure of the control signal is to modulate laser signal from sending terminal by control signal,then to change optical signal into electrical signal,and to amplify signal in receive terminal,finally to control the object after recovering control signal.The running result of the circuit shows that the system control of power on/off is achieved.The research efforts can be applied to other process control.


The importance given to knowledge in relation to business success has never been sogreat as it is today and there is a substantive amount of important and informed studiesreflecting this. Nonetheless, informed approaches by prominent authors generally focuson knowledge transfer mechanisms and the efficiency of these mechanisms to supportand deliver competitive advantage (Nonaka, 1994; Grant, 1996; Argote and Ingram,2000; Alavi and Leidner, 2001). An overarching objective of understanding efficientknowledge transfer is therefore a central caveat for businesses wishing to achievesuccess and maintain competitive advantage since it is clear that any significantdegradation of efficiency will directly affect this objective. Many studies do recognisedthe creation of knowledge as a significant factor in determining how effectively abusiness develops, and knowledge creation, theorised by (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995),is used as a baseline for numerous historic and current studies. To date however, therehave been few studies which denote the affect of socio-cultural or religious phenomenawithin a transfer scenario as significant, and how this interaction may affect the outcomeof the knowledge shared or exchanged in a business context. This paper thereforeexamines how, in a business context, knowledge transfer is influenced by perspectivesgiven to the knowledge. This rational is deliberate since the transfer of knowledge israrely a simple unproblematic event, (Argote et al., 2000). In this regards, we look at asignificant amount of literature and research which has been constructed in a bid tounderstand both the problematic nature surrounding the mechanics of the transfersequence and definition of the term 'knowledge' to support the establishment ofmeaningful baselines. The paper then summarises these theoretical baselines intosegmented contexts with deliberate intention


This paper studies the spot and futures cross-market efficiency implications of the regulatory short-selling constraints imposed during the 2008–2009 financial crisis. We find that the equilibrium position for the basis during the ban period is below that normally seen, with the spot price higher relative to the futures price. This suggests that holding the spot was more valuable than holding the futures during the ban period. Further, we find that the speed of adjustment has slowed down and in some cases become statistically insignificant, suggesting that arbitrage is less effective during the ban period. The results presented here have implications for regulators and traders regarding the efficiency of these markets during a short-sale ban.


In the conventional probabilistic hazard analysis, the uniform hazard spectrum(UHS) is used as the ground motion which is corresponding to probability of exceedance. The failure probability which is evaluated using UHS is considered to be conservative, because the inter period correlation of residuals of ground motion prediction equation is not incorporated in UHS. Recently, Baker and Cornell(2005) has proposed the concept of conditional mean spectrum(CMS) which takes account of the correlation of the residuals of ground motion prediction equation. In the evaluation of CMS, the correlation of residuals plays key role. Ordinarily the correlation of residuals decreases as the ratio of two periods increases, but it is known that the correlation reversely increases in the short period range although the ratio of two periods increases. It has not been clarified yet why the correlation reversely increases in the short period range. In this paper, the theoretical study on the correlation of residuals of ground motion prediction equation is carried out, and it is shown that reverse increase of correlation of residuals in short period range can be reproduced without assuming any reverse increase of correlation of ground motion itself. The validity of the presented method is also examined by the recent strong motions records obtained by K-NET and KiK-net stations.


This research aims to analyze the results of the application of Blended Learning with reference to the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model. Blended Learning and PjBL can be packaged as a learning model, namely Project-Based Blended Learning (PjB2L). The design of learning activities with the help of e-campus media is used to measure its impact on student learning outcomes in Statistics courses. The main focus of the research describes two main things, the description of the application of statistics lectures with the PjB2L model and the results of statistical tests on differences in learning outcomes obtained. Quasi-experimental research was designed to compare student learning outcomes in experimental classes (with the PjB2L model) and control classes (conventional/blended direct learning). 43 students were involved in this study which was divided into two classes, namely the control class which included 20 students, and the experimental class which involved 23 students. In addition, on data analysis technique, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), was used to compare the results of the control group and the experimental group, with the covariance variable being the pre-test results (initial knowledge). The results showed significant differences. The difference shown in this study leads to the support of the experimental group's better learning achievement.


Abstract Choosing good Arabic textbooks determines the quality of Arabic learning in the classroom . This paper aims to identify and compare the quality of the Arabic language text books at Islamic junior high school levelsseen from the aspect of content, presentation , language and graphic . The object of research is the book of  D Hidayat, Maman Abdul Djalil and A. Syaekhuddin and Hasan Saefullah . The results showed that all three of the Arabic language textbooks have advantages and disadvantages . In general, the Arabic text book work of A. Syaekhuddin and Hasan Saefullah is better than the other two books.


choose growth rates independently of mutualistic interactions.For sparse mutualistic networks, this procedure increases the variance of the productiv-ity, with negative consequences for biodiversity, consistent with Ref.2. We propose herehow to compare sparse mutualistic networks and fully connected competitive networksin equality of conditions. For both systems, we identify ideal growth rates for which allequilibrium biomasses are equal and the structural stability is maximal, and we perturbthese ideal growth rates by the same amount ∆ both for competitive and for mutual-


Dynamic multi-factor regression models make it possible to take into account the dynamics of the proportions of the resulting indicator of socio-economic security and indicators in the retrospective period. The defects of such a model include the complexity of selecting indicators and determining their values in the lead period, the difficulty of forming multivariate static regression models, the development of predictive models of regression coefficients. Without paying attention to the statistical significance of multivariate models used to form a dynamic model, the values of regression coefficients over the years have all the chances to fluctuate significantly in the time series of these coefficients. The alternately decreasing or rising regression coefficients due to the modification of the impact of indicators on the dynamics of the values of the resulting indicator of socio-economic security often does not allow to create a forecast model.


Print media, television, and the Internet are filled with advertisements for products that are purported to enhance weight loss, such as the stimulants


The present invention provides an electronic element unit (1) comprising an electronic element (2) coating the electronic component and (2) a resin sealing member (3). Resin sealing member (3) is made of a thermosetting resin foam produced by foaming the resin. For long diameter size distribution of connection holes (301, 302) connected between the holes in the foam of foamed resin, αμm average and standard deviation of the major axis dimension satisfying α + 3o'≤ o'μm relationship 500. Further, there is provided a method of manufacturing an electronic element unit (1). The manufacturing method includes preparation of raw material liquid, the mixing process and the foam coating process.


The fast growth of the Chinese oldest old population indicates higher demand for long-term care. In China, families assume the primary responsibility of caring for older adults. Since the oldest elders are more likely to be widowed, their adult children usually become their caregivers. Focusing on the Chinese adult children who provide care for their oldest-old parents, this study documented and helped to explain Chinese adult children's caregiving strain. A conceptual framework was developed based on Pearlin's stress process theory, Higgins' framework of self-concept discrepancy, and previous studies on family caregivers of elders. Using an existing dataset from the 2005 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey of 895 caregivers and their care recipients, the researcher tested whether and how caregiving context (caregiver's structured context and care recipients' needs for care), caregiving performance, and sibling support were related to five types of caregiving strain including sacrifice strain, exhaustion strain, capability strain, expectation strain, and dependency strain. The results indicate that caregiving context and caregiving performance are statistically related to different types of caregiver strain. Three independent variables in the set of caregiving context, self-evaluation of living standard, education, and cultural identity, were related to two types of caregiver strain in different directions. The caregivers who were the eldest sons, who were females caring for female elders, who had a close relationship with their care recipients, who lived with the care recipients, who provided care for the elders with more needs for care in ADL (Activities of Daily Living), or whose care recipients had health insurance reported higher levels of at least one type of caregiver strain. Care recipients' cognitive status and entitlement to pension


The report details with the late effects following administration of thorotrast in two patients: multicentre metastating hemangioendothelioma of the liver respective bone marrow insufficiency developed after application of thorotrast 34 respective 36 years ago. The clinical and autoptical findings are described and attention is drawn to the relevance of this disease at present time.


Being a part of AAXO affords exhibition organisers access to the expertise and skills required to offer cutting-edge solutions, writes Carol Weaving.


This review takes an unconventional course. The reviewer, who graduated in physics many years before techniques for amplification by stimulated emission had ever been thought of, makes no pretence whatever of being an expert in this field. No criticism of technical content is therefore presumed, nor would such criticism be justified, he imagines, since by and large the papers represent the results of arduous research by eminent men. Rather, the reviewer has read this book to find out how much of the text is accessible to the student with an interest in current developments in physics, but with no more than a graduate's knowledge of physics.


The utilization of contract engineering services by Arkansas Power and Light (AP and L) has significantly changed in scope over the last several months. Immediately after the Three Mile Island (TMI) incident in 1979, each utility with operational nuclear power plants suddenly needed large blocks of contractor engineering manhours to satisfy the emerging regulations. The work included the development, design, and procurement of new equipment and systems in addition to upgrading existing systems. This resulted in many multi-million dollar projects and several special issues such as Equipment Qualification and Appendix R, Fire Protection. These large projects have now been installed and most of the special regulatory issues resolved. The need for contract engineering services has shifted to the areas of equipment performance and reliability, piping analysis, and staff augmentation. With the projected lower demands for electricity and tighter budget controls, the trend for these types of engineering services is expected to continue over the next few years.


Mariana and Martin live in Buenos Aires, two buildings apart (unbeknownst to each other). Both find themselves searching for human interaction after having deprived themselves of it for a long time. Mariana works as a window display designer, has a phobia of elevators, and becomes involved with a mannequin she is using for one of her projects. Her hope is that people looking at her windows will eventually interact with her inner world.Martin tries to cope with his anxiety attacks by secluding himself for a few years in his 400-square-foot shoebox apartment after furrowing himself in the virtual world of gaming and web design. On advice from his psychiatrist, he packs an urban survival backpack and sets out to rediscover the beauty of the city he's never leftby walking and photographing.The lack of human friction and interaction in the city is the way Medianeras/ Sidewalls (Gustavo Taretto, AR/ES/DE, 2011) portrays the living conditions in contemporary Buenos Aires. Surfaces, planes, and walls formulate the city section-a city of physical separations between people. Throughout the film, this section is destabilized by framing and exposing varying degrees of permeability of sound, touch, and light through the city's skins, which react in tandem with the characters' resistance to their secluded condition. The camera first focuses on the opaque, impenetrable, and distorting nature of surfaces-mirrored in gloves, bubble wrap, video games, pills, swimming lane lines, and computer screens.Then, panning in on the semi-porous nature of reflective and transparent surfaces, evoking Lee Friedlander's urban landscape of superimpositions, objects and figures bleed into one another and the foreground and background of the cinematic frame. They reverberate and project expanding planes into semi-virtual spaces (Figure 1). From here, the camera captures cracked walls, with cavities that make space for unexpected penetrations like the wild weeds that grow in them. It freezes when the sidewalls are pierced to create illegal windows, visually bridging the gap between the characters, the narratives, and the city.Even when there is no clear physical separation within the captured cinematography, the director continues to find it by framing a reoccurring composition: the camera is static, capturing vertical objects such as columns, fountains, trees, lampposts, etc., and placing them strategically at the center of the frame. They act as dividers for the figures that move and interact within these seemingly separate spaces. This sets the streetscape to a staccato rhythm of potentially secluded spaces.This approach to the composition of the frame recalls Albrecht Durer's 1504 engraving of Adam and Eve being expelled from Eden (Figure 2), which expresses a discontinuity in space and narrative when he places a tree between them. …


Zein is a natural product,obtained from corn gluten.Rheological property of zein suggest its application as chewing gum base.Synthetic chewing gum base is very difficult to clean off surfaces because of its adhesive texture,and gum long lasting nature. Millions of dollars worldwide are spent for chewing gum waste disposal.Many researchers have investigated possibility of developing gum products that are biodegradable or less sticky in an attempt to remove these problems.In current study model corn zein chewing gum is developed and effect of formulation components on textural properties was investigated.Various plasticizers are used for formulation of corn zein chewing gum and Zein/N-oleoylsarcosine solution in various ratios was used as coating solution and effect of coating solution on textural properties was investigated.


In this study, the synergy effects of Sb and rare earth (RE) element addition on the wettability and microstructure evolution of Lead-Free solder joints are investigated. Experiment results indicate that Sb and RE element possibly had synergy effect on improving the wettability of lead-free solder. It is found that Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu-0.8Sb-XY, with X ranging between 0.05 and 0.1, has the best wettability on Cu substrate. The thickness of IMC increases as the amount of yttrium increase from 0wt% to 0.25wt% in the SAC-0.8Sb-Xwt%Y/Cu system.When the yttrium concentration is increased from 0.25wt% to 0.5wt%, the IMC thickness decreases. Further increase in the RE concentration just results in a slightly increasement of the IMC thickness. Considering the wettability and IMC growth, it is found that the optimal composition of the Y is about 0.5wt%. Results in this study just reveal that simutenuasly adding 0.8wt% of Sb and some Y does not have obvious effect on suppression of the IMC growth of the SAC-0.8Sb-Xwt%Y/Cu solder joints.


49. Hart A, Khalil JA, Carli A, Huk O, Zukor D, Antoniou J. Blood transfusion in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty: incidence, risk factors, and thirty-day complication rates. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(23):1945-1951. 50. McIntyre L, Hebert PC, Wells G, et al; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Is a restrictive transfusion strategy safe for resuscitated and critically ill trauma patients? J Trauma. 2004;57(3):563-568.


In spite of evolution of electronic techniques, a large number of applications continue to rely on the use of paper as the dominant medium. Bank checks are a widely known example. When filled by hand, the processing of the written information requires either a human or a special software which has intelligent abilities. This paper examines the issue of reading the amount of money written on the checks. Genetic Programming (GP) technique is used for dealing with this problem. A new type of input representation is proposed: histograms. Several numerical experiments with GP are performed by using large datasets taken from the MNIST benchmarking set. Preliminary results show a good behavior of the method.


Reactions of molybdenum-silyl hydrido complex 2 ([MoH3{Si(Ph)[Ph2PCH2CH2P(Ph)C6H4-o]2}]) with 1.5 equiv of 1-alkynes RC≡CH occur readily at room temperature giving σ-acetylide complexes ([MoH2{Si(P...


The genetic diversity in plant height,1 000- seed weight,spikelet number of main ear,wheel number,seed- weight of main ear grain and other biological character of 42 oat martials introduced to the Qinghai province were analysised and evaluated. The results showed that the genetic diversity index of biological diversity were larger,and the genetic diversity of the germplasm resources were abundant; the genetic diversity index of spikelet number of main ear was the maximal,the number of the empty the boll,seed- weight of main ear and 1 000 seed- weight were the next; the variation coefficient of the number of the empty the boll was the maximal,seed- weight and spikelet number of main ear and 1 000 seed- weight were the next. According to genetic difference of every characteristics among varieties,cluster analysis indicated that the 42 germplasm resources could be classified into 5 groups at distance coefficients of 7. 0,which provide excellent parent materials in Qinghai.


Vegetation and climate over approximately the past 10,000 yr in southern Santa Cruz (Argentina) were reconstructed using fossil pollen from a sedimentary deposit at the archaeological site Cave Las Buitreras (51° 07'S; 70° 16'W ). Twenty nine surface samples reflecting modern pollen dispersa] from the Andes to the coast between 51° and 52° lat. S and twenty fossil samples were ordenated together by principal-componen! analysis to interpret the fossil record in terms of paleoenvironmental information. At the beginning of the Holocene a humid and cold steppe of grasses was dominant. This suggests more moisture availability, probably related to lower temperate oran increase in precipitation to about 250 mm. A substantial vegetational change occurred in the early Holocene. This change is documented by the replacement of the humid steppe by xeric steppe, suggesting a decrease in precipitation (200 mm) and an increase in summer temperature. This environmental change was contemporary with the extinction of Pleistocene fauna, the increasing abundance of Lama bones, as well as with the early exploration stage of the steppe by the paleoindians. The xeric steppe conditions extended until ca. 8000 yr B.P. when a situation with more water availability between 7600 and ca. 4500 yr B.P. is suggested by the record. There is no information from ca. 4500 to 800 yr B.P. due to a gap in the pollen record. During the last 800 yrs a xeric steppe developed. Likely a more xeric and open steppe related to semi-desert conditions persisted during the last 650 yrs. The comparison with previously analyzed palaeoenvironmental records revealed a consisten! pattern of changes in southern South America between 51 o - 52° S.


This study aims to investigate the effects of transformational leadership and organizational culture on knowledge sharing and employees' job satisfaction. This study is an explanatory research with a quantitative approach. The sample of this paper is the employees of PT. AI North Pulau Laut Coal Terminal that are selected based on the proportional random sampling method, resulting in 115 sample number. The primary data is generated by distributing the questionnaires directly to the employees. Data is then statistically analyzed by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and run with Smart PLS 3.0 software. The results empirically support three of the four hypotheses proposed. More specifically, transformational leadership significantly affects knowledge sharing and job satisfaction. Meanwhile, organizational culture has a significantly positive impact on knowledge sharing, but not on job satisfaction. Overall, this study support prior studies and contributes to the literature by highlighting the issue in a research setting that experiences external pressure from declining product prices.


[Background] As the rapid prevalent of social media, the receiving, processing and utilizing of information is becoming extremely convenient. However, the problems of information overload and low information quality emerged at the same time also bring excessive social pressure on the social media platform. As a result, an increasing number of users are beginning to take negative attitudes towards all kinds of complicated information on social media. So, it is of great significance to investigate how information avoidance behavior was happened. [Method] The in-depth interview was adopted as the way of collecting original data in this study, the sample of which was from Beijing and Anhui Lushan County based on the convenience of snowballing. [Results] Based on the grounded theory, the author summarizes five main categories, namely environmental factors, personal factors, technical factors, negative emotions and information avoidance behavior, and clarified the relationship among them. Environmental factors affect personal factors and bad emotions; personal factors affect bad emotions; adverse emotions and technical factors affect the information avoidance behavior directly.


Large ordered arrays of gold nanoparticles with 1.4 nm cores were created in Langmuir monolayers from an amphiphilic starting material, Palmitoyl Nanogold. Transfer of the films to transmission electron microscope grids by the Langmuir−Schaeffer method resulted in observation of highly ordered hexagonal arrays larger than 250 × 350 nm2. The application of sustained pressure increased the size of ordered regions over those observed immediately after compression. Our work demonstrates ordered arrays with particles that are smaller than those that have been successfully ordered previously in Langmuir layers. The amphiphilic nature of the particles assists in maintaining a monolayer during compression.


Abstract Crabs! Thousands of bright red crabs on a white foreshore; clinging black mud in tidal creeks with an overhanging tangle of tropical forest. These dominate one's memories of the Irrawaddy Delta in 1924. The Forest Department of Burma is the custodian of some 1,000 square miles of valuable forest reserves in the delta of this great river. The survey and production of "Forest" maps of this area was long overdue, postponed by reason of the immense expense and difficulty of a ground survey. Air survey, developed during the First World War, was ideally suited to this type of country but was still in its infancy, so that prolonged negotiations were necessary to persuade the Government of Burma to risk £25,000 on what appeared to them a doubtful proposition, as this was one of the first of the peace-time air surveys to be undertaken. Eventually, in July 1923 the contract was signed. Ronald Kemp, the first Chief Inspector of Civil Aircraft in India, gave up that post and formed an air survey company to c...


Magnetic field and medium-energy ion (E > 4 keV) data acquired by the AMPTE CCE spacecraft have been used to study magnetospheric ULF waves observed during the unusually strong magnetospheric compression event of November 1 (day 306), 1984. Although the spacecraft does not carry an electric field experiment, a method has been developed to infer the electric field of ULF waves from the particle data, based on the gyration acceleration mechanism. We have found three types of waves: (1) a 10- to 15-min wave with perturbations in the magnetic field intensity and in the flux of ions, (2) a 3- to 5-min standing Alfven wave with perturbations in the azimuthal magnetic field component and in the radial component of the electric field, and (3) a 2- to 5-min irregular disturbance near the magnetopause which involves all components of the magnetic field and the intensity of the ion flux. The origin of the 10- to 15-min compressional wave is not clear, although a global fast-mode cavity resonance is one possibility among others. Since the frequency of the compressional wave is much lower than that of the Alfven wave, the simultaneous presence of the two waves cannot be described by the coupling of a global cavity resonance to a standing Alfven wave. The magnetopause disturbance, which has frequency components similar to the standing Alfven wave, has some properties inconsistent with an azimuthally propagating standing wave. The Alfven wave observed throughout the outer magnetosphere may be attributed to the transient response of the field lines to a series of externally applied pressure disturbances.


Original Research Article Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common cause of exudative pleural effusion in India and pleural effusion is the second most common site of extrapulmonary TB after lymph node. Main aim of this study to evaluate the role of ADA and L/N ratio in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion in patients with exudative pleural effusion. A prospective observational study is done on 120 patients visiting govt chest hospital, hyderabad with exudative pleural effusion age more than 12. Hemodynamically unstable patients were excluded from the study. 84 patients were males and 36 were females. Maximum number of patients was seen in age group 21-30 years. Total ada was found to be >40 u/l in all tubercular effusion with l/n ratio >0.75. When ada> 40U/L is considered alone in diagnosing tubercular effusion the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive values are 100%, 82.6%, 96% and 100% respectively. Combination of ADA along with L/N ratio increased sensitivity and specificity to100% and 91.3%respectively.


City safety operation is an important research. It is one of the core content of public safety research. The main research directions are proposed in city safety operation research. One research is the trends and basic rules of city safety operation. The second research is characteristics on organization and dissipativon of city safety operation. The third research is the technical support system of city safety operation. Through the above research,the basic conception of city safety operation will be clear,self-organization and other-organization conditions will be established,and a set of technical support system framework which is comprehensive and scientific can be set up. The study is of great importance in the following several aspects: ensuring the city safety in the development process,promoting the optimization of safety planning in not only the old city but also the new town.


The optimization of vehicle routing is the focus of the logistic distribution.Aiming at solving the vehicle routing problem with time windows,an improved vehicle routing model is built under the consideration of the traffic status.A hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed based on the model above and the self-adaptive strategies are introduced to adjust the parameters of crossover and mutation.Effective crossover and mutation operators are also adopted in the algorithm.Moreover,in order to relieve the selecting pressure,the simulated annealing algorithm is combined with the genetic algorithm and consequently the global convergence has been greatly improved.Results of the simulation show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient compared with the classic genetic algorithm.


The invention discloses a subscriber identity module (SIM) card with a non-contact communication function and a working method thereof. The SIM card comprises an SIM card chip, a radio frequency (RF) chip and an IC card chip, wherein the IC card chip is provided with an externally connected international organization for standardization (ISO) 7816 interface connected to the baseband chip of a mobile terminal and is respectively connected to the SIM card chip and the RF chip; the RF chip is used for receiving a first RF signal, performing the analog-to-digital conversion on the first RF signalin order to acquire a first application protocol data unit (APDU) instruction, rousing the IC card chip, and performing the analog-to-digital conversion on a performing response to the first APDU instruction fed back from the IC card chip so as to acquire a second APDU instruction and sending the second APDU instruction; and the IC card chip is used for receiving the first APDU instruction, returning the obtained performing response to the first APDU instruction to the RF chip, transmitting the second APDU instruction sent from the mobile terminal to the SIM card chip, and transmitting the performing response to the second APDU instruction fed back from the SIM card to the mobile terminal.


An analysis of the main problems of the gas sulfur production in Russia is made including desulphurization of natural gas and extraction of acid gas, Claus process with afterpurification of the off-gas and sulfur degasification, production of the commodity forms of sulfur. Problems of the sulfur market, influence of different factors on the supply-demand balance and sulfur price formation, new spheres of her usage mainly in the construction industry are also considered.


Culture is a unique label for a nation,with a soul force.Traditional Culture in Xinjiang is richly deposited in layers.Traditional Culture in Xinjiang shift as a whole shows a sort of transcendence.Since New China was founded on October 1st 1949,the regional cultural shift is change as a whole——striding and substantial change.The regional cultural change since then can be divided into two stages:steady substantial transition from late 1949 to late 1970s despite setbacks in cultural construction but construction on new-type cultural dimension has not been changed.Xinjiang cultural construction as a whole during that period followed the pattern of revolutionary culture boosted only in view of multiple-ethnic regional cultural feature.In initial practice,there existed steady phased-in process;traditional culture in modern transition accelerated is still in progress.Compared with forced transition at the first stage,the people's initiative in different ethnic groups is greatly increased,regional and ethnic cultural change propelled in two ways,especially C.P.C Forum on Xinjiang Work as a symbol and a new start.


An amorphous copolyester comprising the reaction product of: monomer (a) of formula (I), wherein R1, R2, R3, and R5 are each independently hydrogen or a C1-3 alkyl group, a is 0 -1, b is 0-4, C 0-4 and d is 0-3, and each R4 is independently hydrogen or C1-3 alkyl; (b) selected from terephthalic acid, terephthalic acid two (a C1-3 alkyl) esters, and combinations thereof of the original monomer; and (c) 1,4- cyclohexanedimethanol; wherein the number of moles of repeating units in the polyester, monomer (a) residues to the amount of copolymerized polyester is 12 to less than 7% by mol; and a copolyester having a glass transition temperature of at least 107C, at least 0.7dl / g and an intrinsic viscosity, according to ASTM and the molded sample having? D256 Notched Izod determined at least 290J / m of.


Nowadays, most engines which equip agricultural machines, ships and cars are diesel ones with a common-rail high-pressure direct injection system. They are providing the advantages of fuel economy, low emission level, and reduced noise in comparison to conventional direct or indirect injection systems. The heart and the most stressed part of the common-rail system is the high-pressure fuel pump which is driven by the engine camshaft, and its role key is to compress the fuel at pressures over 2000 bar. The high-pressure fuel is delivered from pump to the engine combustion chamber via high rail pipes, high-pressure accumulator (rail) and injectors. Compressing the fuel and sending it towards high-pressure accumulator (rail), in some specific cases the pump generates an audible disturbing noise that gets louder than the engine combustion noise. The paper first offers an overview of our experiments performed on common-rail high-pressure fuel pumps in order to find the noise contributor and to develop measures to reduce the disturbing noise. The experimental investigations have proved that the noise occurs when the fuel is compressed and the outlet valve is opening. Then, our experimental study focuses on outlet valve behaviour from design and noise emissions point of view at idle engine speed.


One of the main features of systemic and localized forms of scleroderma is vascular damage, the mechanism of which is not yet understood. Recently, we have shown undetectable or decreased expression of complement regulatory molecules, membrane cofactor protein (MCP) and decay‐accelerating factor (DAF), in cutaneous endothelium of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). In some patients. CD59 expression in endothelium was also altered. As these molecules protect endothelial cells from damage by autologous complement, their decreased expression could be part of the mechanism of vascular damage in SSc. In the present study, we investigated the expression of MCP, DAF and CD59 in the endothelium of lesional and non‐lesional skin of patients with localized morphoea. Normal skin and lesional skin from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and three inflammatory diseases, were included as relevant controls.


The SpecInt95 benchmark suite is often used to evaluate the performance of programming tools, including those used for embedded systems programming. Embedded applications, however, are often targeting 8- or 16-bit processors with limited functionality, whereas SpecInt95 has no particular target architecture and a bias towards 32-bit systems. Hence, there are reasons to question the use of SpecInt95 for the evaluation of tools for embedded systems.We present a comparative study of the static properties of a set of embedded application and the SpecInt95 benchmarks. The properties studied include: variable types, function argument lists, type of operations, and the use of local and global memory.The study provides-clear evidence that embedded applications and the SpecInt95 program suite differs significantly in several important areas. Hence, we conclude that using SpecInt95 to evaluate or compare tools for embedded systems is likely to be irrelevant or misleading, and that there is a clear need for a benchmark suite tailored for the embedded applications area.


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If you were to catch a Chinook salmon, it might be red or it might be silver-white and this is because red Chinook salmon take up pigments called carotenoids. Carotenoids come with benefits in the animal kingdom: they can enhance how attractive colourful signals are to mates and


The prevalence of skin lesions has been reported in the upper limbs. However, they may appear as a periungual or subungual mass in palmar, genital and perianal áreas [4,5]. In [6] a 12-year-old patient with BD was successfully treated with two sessions of PDT on the periungual area. BD's lesions presents atypical keratinocytes similar to actinic keratosis (AK), however differs in epidermis layer location [7] with potential for skin invasion.


Abstract Addition of trichlorosilane to vinyltrichlorosilane in the presence of tetrakis/triphenylphosphine/-palladium/0/results in the selective formation of 1,1-bis/trichlorosilyl/ethane/α-adduct/, while in the presence of Wilkinson's catalyst as well as of chloroplatinic acid prepared in cyclohexanone-1,2-bis/trichlorosilyl/ethane /β -adduct/ is formed.


Abstract Since 2014, PPP policy has been promoted rapidly in China. Based on the theory of policy innovation diffusion, this paper explores the formation mechanism of PPP spatial disequilibrium at the micro level using Chinese municipal-level panel data from 2014 to 2019. According to the research, the innovation diffusion of China's PPP policy at the local-government level exhibits R-shaped non-progressive characteristics and is influenced by both internal and external factors. On the internal side, the debt pressure of local governments is an important determinant with an inverted U-shaped influence on PPP policy. On the external side, imitation and competition among neighboring local governments are the main external determinants. This spatial strategic interaction occurs not only in same-province regions with close proximity and similar economic development but also in different-province regions with close proximity. The above studies of er certain insights into optimizing the spatial distribution pattern of PPP and guarding against fiscal risks.


Skalski (1992, Biometrics 48, 877-882) assumed a constant retaining probability p for all experimental units and found that the traditional ad hoc procedure of escalating sample size by the multiplicative factor Ilp tends to underestimate the required sample size when p is small. Because this retaining probability p often depends on characteristics of different experimental units, however, p may vary from one unit to another. In this report, we have allowed p to vary among different experimental units. We have noted that when the retaining probability p has a small mean but a large variance, the underestimation of the required sample size for a desired precision by use of the traditional adjusted sample size formula can be even more serious than that demonstrated by Skalski.


Elevated levels of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) have been observed as breast cancer disseminates to the bone. The selective depletion of pDC in mice led to a total abrogation of bone metastasis as well as to an increase in TH1 antitumor response, suggesting that pDC may be considered as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic breast cancer.


The one-pot synthesis of cinnamates (III) from ortho-bromobenzyl alcohols and olefins (II) involves sequential oxy-Michael addition and intramolecular Heck coupling.


In situations where Internet connectivity is not available, opportunistic networks exploit the encounters between mobile human-carried devices for exchanging information. When people encounter each other, their handheld devices can communicate wirelessly and in a cooperative way using the encounter opportunities for forwarding their messages. However, in the real world, most of the nodes exhibit selfish behaviors mostly to conserve the limited buffer and power resources. As such, for ensuring a fair delivery, node selfishness should be taken into account. In this paper, we study the impact of node selfishness on the system throughput and delay of opportunistic communications. Through extensive simulations, we evaluate the system performances by utilizing experimental human mobility traces with different communication patterns. Our results show that the message delivery ratio decreases and the end-to-end average latency increases as the percentage of selfish nodes increases for all the routing protocols considered. However, the social-based forwarding rules are able to better manage node selfishness.


In case of wall-bounded flows, the lateral velocity fluctuations measured via hotwire anemometry (e.g. X-probes) are extremely sensitive to calibration of the multi-wire probe. In the present study, we propose a scheme to correct these velocity statistics which are rendered inaccurate due to misalignments during probe calibration. The method is based on the well accepted argument that the viscous-scaled small-scale turbulence energy is invariant with Reynolds number. The scheme is shown to work well for data acquired using X-probes of varying measuring volume and across a decade of Reτ . INTRODUCTION Multi-wire probe measurements are prone to various errors. Apart from the errors due to spatial resolution (Philip et al., 2013; Baidya et al., 2019b), uncertainties in the calibration procedure of probes also bring in additional errors and these have been investigated to a limited extent in the literature (Yavuzkurt, 1984; Jørgensen, 1996). For a multi-wire probe, a two-dimensional (2-D) calibration is conducted to map the relationship between the three velocity components and the corresponding voltages from each sensor. Jørgensen (1996) found that the lateral velocity fluctuations are more sensitive to the uncertainties in the 2-D calibration than the streamwise velocity fluctuations. Recently, Baidya et al. (2019a) have utilized channel DNS flow fields to investigate the sensitivity of the turbulent stresses to the misalignment of a 2-D calibration. A 2-D calibration is said to be misaligned when the coordinate system of the jet does not align with the coordinate system of the wind-tunnel. Figure 1 explains this for the case of a uw X-probe with x, y and z denoting the streamwise, spanwise and wall-normal directions respectively, with u, v and w denoting the velocities corresponding to these directions (this convention is followed throughout the manuscript). Baidya et al. (2019a) showed that all the turbulence stresses are adversely affected by the misalignment, especially the Reynolds shear stress (uw). Further, they proposed that the angular misalignment for 2-D calibration can be accounted for by rotating the jet reference plane to match a reference 'zero-angle' calibration performed in the wind tunnel. This practise, however, was found to be effective for Mean flow


Schools worldwide have been affected by the COVID19 pandemic. Teachers had to transition to online lessons. Pupils, too, were forced to adapt to distance education and the lack of social interaction that brickandmortar schools can provide. International schoolchildren who returned home had to contend with online classes in different time zones, technological issues, and growing concerns over physical and mental wellbeing. With the above driving the current study, we report on how English as an additional language (EAL) pupils enrolled in a preparatory school in Oxford, England coped with emergency remote teaching (ERT). In the United Kingdom, preparatory schools are independent primary schools for children up to 13 years old. Like others globally, these pupils had to study online beginning in late March 2020. Adapting the definition provided by Hodges, Moore, Lockee, Trust, and Bond (2020), we define ERT as a temporary shift from onsite instruction to online education due to crisis circumstances. Theoretically, we draw on selfdetermination theory and the concept of secondary control.


This issue of TranscUlturAl includes a variety of articles that reflect how rich and diverse the theme of translation and performance is because they draw from various disciplines, such as music, theatre, comics, poetry, and image studies. While translation itself, of course, can be viewed as performative the aim of this collection is primarily to explore what happens to translation when it is involved in performance. Since performing arts are multimodal, the translator must pay attention to the nonverbal dimensions of a performance, such as gestures, facial expressions, images, movements, visual perspectives, sounds, timing or lighting, in addition to language. In this way, opera translation involves more than libretti and surtitles, song translation more than poetry, drama translation more than dialogue, and film translation more than the constraints dictated by the choice of dubbing or subtitling. The text on which a performance is based does not stand alone since its meaning only achieves its full potential through the performer's interpretation of it. For translators this presents a huge challenge because no matter how apt their lexical choices or how clever their turns of phrase, they always need to consider how suitable those are for the performer. Indeed, the very best textual translation of a song may prove to be unusable if the singer discovers that the words do not match the notes because, for example, the natural accentuation of a particular language interferes with the rhythm of the music.


The proportion of a household's budget spent on diet has commonly served as an important measure of material welfare. This paper pulls together data concerning trends in food expenditures for early modern England and draws comparisons with figures for later periods. The usefulness of wage assessments, a new source for estimating the proportion of outlays devoted to diet, is examined. The impact on food expenditures of new commodities and other dietary shifts is also explored. The findings call into question earlier estimates of the proportion of total expenditure devoted to food and drink in the pre-industrial period and the assumption that food expenditures are always inelastic.


Functional graphs (FG) allow to model under graph structures the behavior of mapping functions from a discrete set to itself. These functions are used to study real complex phenomena evolving in time. As the systems studied can be large, it can be interesting to decompose and factorise them into several sub-graphs acting together. Polynomial equations over functional graphs can help to define in a formal way this decomposition and factorisation mechanism, and solving them validates or invalidates our hypotheses on their decomposability. The current solution methods breaks done the main equation in a series of basic equations of the form A × X = B , with A , X , and B being FG, but they focus only on the cyclic nodes without taking into account the transient one. In this work, we propose an algorithm which solves these basic equations including also this behavior for FG. We exploit a connection with the cancellation problem over the direct product of digraphs to introduce a first upper bound to the number of solutions for these equations. Then, we introduce a polynomial algorithm able to give some information about the dynamics of all the solutions, and a second exponential version able to concretely find all solutions X for a basic equation. The goal is to make a step forward in the analysis of finite but complex functions such as those used in biological regulatory networks or in systems biology.


* Abbreviations:
 MDG — : Millennium Development Goals
 NMR — : neonatal mortality rate
 UNICEF — : United Nations Children's Fund

Living beyond the first 28 days of life remains a major accomplishment, particularly in most of southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Dr Cooper presents critical data bringing forward the facts that provide evidence that straightforward and simple medical interventions will help infants get off to a safe and healthy start. Unfortunately, the pace of improvement in the availability of these basic health care services is occurring extremely slowly. Countries that are chronically underresourced have multiple factors contributing to poor neonatal survival rates. Yet, greater progress in improving survival rates could occur with increased attention to providing basic perinatal care. The 2015 Millennium Development Goal for improved child survival will not be achieved in large part due to the inadequate focus given to this critical issue.

—Jay E. Berkelhamer, MD, FAAP

Section Editor

The mortality rate for children under the age of 5 years has been declining for a number of decades in most parts of the world. Impetus for this decline was provided by Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4, which was approved by the United Nations General Assembly at the turn of the millennium. As reviewed recently in this journal,1 MDG 4 had as its main target the reduction by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, in the mortality rate in children younger than 5 years of age. The number of deaths in children under 5 has fallen from an estimated 12 million in 1990 to ∼6.9 million in 2011, representing a 41% reduction in mortality.2 Although this reduction is not sufficient to achieve MDG 4, it is nevertheless impressive.

Over the same period, the global neonatal mortality rate …

Address correspondence to Peter A. Cooper, FC Paed (SA), PhD, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand and Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa. E-mail: peter.cooper{at}wits.ac.za


ABSTRACT This paper develops a new method for the design of a recursive allpass phase-compensating system (PCS) with an arbitrarily prescribed stability margin (SM). The design methodology comes from the generalised stability-triangle (GST) that defines a closed stability region for the second-order system, and the closed stability region is described by a pair of parameterised inequalities. Since the GST is developed for the second-order recursive system, to design a high-order PCS, we first construct a high-order PCS using the cascade of a set of second-order systems (sections), and then apply the GST to each of the second-order sections. The two coefficients of each second-order section are first transformed into two new variables by employing a coefficient-transformation technique, and then all the new variables are optimised in such a way that a given phase specification is best approximated. Thanks to both the coefficient transformations and the general stability condition from the GST, the resulting high-order PCS is not only stable, but also satisfies a prescribed SM design specification. This paper includes two examples to illustrate the usefulness of the GST-based PCS design.


Introduction Many entities in medicine and in surgical practice are put to unknown origin and behavior (tissue). All of us as specialist and the lay people all together share one sure doctrine that there should be some cause for the unknown, but still the most are in unknown since the last hundred years of the real science revolution in all aspects! His progress in uncovering the real causes for his field of neurology and neurosurgery with the reputation among the related people and friends to treat the refractory illnesses radically (not symptomatic or palliative) brought me cases not related to his fine training seeking or hoping in salvage. To dive deep into the ocean brings to a visions and interpretations so different than that on surface (shallow). The interpretation of the cell diseases (what make the cell ill) is another world, if you in, you will see the stem and the branches and more importantly, the roots, one become knowing what is these branches are, also you will be able to expect or recognize what branch is from. Hence the same, the pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a branch to a tree of a stem which is the immune aberration, while the root is a pathogenesis of many infective bacteria harbored by our body cells, these intracellular bacteria ICB make its activities on our cells that it master like many other activities it is mastering to live and stay for millions of years in a time it is a unicellular creatures. The range of these unicellular bacteria that invade the host cells and live in have a range of effects on this hosting cell so away from the recognition of most genius scientist of the Abstract *Abbas Alnaji


We consider a searcher in quest of a target in two situations: in the presence of an infinite number of identical, Poisson distributed targets, and in the presence of a unique target in a finite territory. The searcher alternates intensive search phases, during which it scans the neighbouring territory but does not move, and displacement phases with no target detection. We study the problem of determining the best strategy of displacement for minimizing the mean search time: either a deterministic or a stochastic trajectory. With a reasonable simplifying hypothesis, we show that for Poisson distributed targets, deterministic, self-avoiding trajectories are more efficient than stochastic ones if the detection process involves no memory skills and can be modelled by a Markov process. In contrast, if the detection process is not Markovian, it can be better for the searcher to follow a stochastic trajectory rather than a self-avoiding trajectory, and we give an explicit example of such a memory law. In the case of a unique target, self-avoiding trajectories are always better if an infinite time is available for the search, whereas stochastic trajectories can be more efficient if the searcher has to find the target before a given deadline. Moreover, we show that the gain due to a deterministic trajectory, compared to a stochastic one, is not significant in the case of a large network containing a unique target. Additionally, for various examples of displacement trajectories, we compute the overall mean search time and study its minimization as a function of the mean duration of the detection process.


In this paper,NMR standard curve of oil content in soybean was developed and 408 materials were tested by application of pulsed NMR.The results showed significant correlation between oil contents measured by NMR and traditional soxhlet method(r=0.9896),with the standard curve y=0.9632x+0.7937.Compared with Soxhlex extraction method,NMR method was rapid,accurate and intact.The method may be widely used not only in soybean breeding,processing and imports and exports trading,but also in high oil content oilseeds resource selection in bio-diesel develpment.


Relevance. Aging is a progressive process of decrease in organs functions and capacity, including the skin. Photoaging is extrinsic aging mainly occurs due to ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The effectiveness of oral SOD for premature aging is still not yet known.
Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this antioxidant on total antioxidant status (TAS), skin hydration (TEWL), and sebum concentration in premature skin aging.
Methods. This study is a clinical trial research design with one group pre-post test. All subjects were exposed to UV for approximately 3-4 hours. All subjects signed informed consent and were interviewed accordingly. Photoaging was diagnosed clinically by three dermatologists according to Glogau type II classification such as dynamic wrinkles, palpable keratosis, visible lentigo senilis, and smiley line. SOD 250 IU was given to all subjects twice daily for 60 days. Laboratory examinations such as TAS, TEWL, and sebum concentration were done pre and post-intervention.
Results. A total of 25 subjects, Fitzpatrick skin type 4 were included in this study. There were 14 males and 11 females with 20 subjects age 30-40 years old and 5 subjects age 25-29 years old. Fourteen (56%) out of 18 subjects from the low TAS group have normal TAS post-treatment with SOD. McNemar test showed a significant increase in TAS value pre and post-treatment with SOD (p<0.05). TEWL measurement on cheek showed 9 out of 10 subjects from the strained group have normal TEWL post-treatment, while all 3 subjects from the critical group have normal TEWL value. Measurement on the forehead showed 7 subjects from the strained group have a normal TEWL. Sebumeter on the forehead showed 17 subjects from dry skin group 14 (56%) subjects have normal skin, 1 (4%) subject becomes oily, and 2 subjects remains dry post-treatment with SOD for 60 days. All subjects with dry skin on the U zone become normal skin post-treatment.
Conclusion. SOD significantly increased TAS value, decreased TEWL, and improvement of skin dryness post-treatment with SOD for 60 days.


This doctoral dissertation examines how normality is constructed in two Finnish comprehensive schools. The study's main aim is to explain how the staff in the two studied schools constructs normality, and how the constructions of normality affect the exclusion of students. This study is part of the Perceptions and Constructions of Marginalisation and Belonging in Education (PeCMaBE) research project, which examined how students and school staff construct marginalization, exclusion, and inclusion in school. The research project took place between 2013 and 2016. The research questions of this study are: How do school staff perceive and construct normality and the 'normal' student in the school? How does the categorization of students as 'not-normal' influence their position in the school? This study is an ethnographic study which includes data produced through several methods. As part of the study, 32 staff members and 48 students were interviewed. There were also 13 group interviews with students and staff. The participant observations were made in two upper comprehensive schools in the Finland capital region. The school students came from a range of socioeconomic, cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Manuals and textbooks for social skills were analyzed to contextualize the main data. This study draws from the concept of normality and especially how it has been applied in the social sciences. As is typical in ethnography, it combined several theoretical perspectives. The theoretical perspective has its roots in post-structural feminist studies and disability studies. Also theoretical and conceptual tools from the fields of educational philosophy and sociology were used. Earlier research has shown that the school can have an important role in constructing and maintaining normality. However, one of the main result of this study is that normality is not only an average but also an ideal of how human beings should be. The three articles had different focuses on the relationship between normality and school. Normality was constructed as how an ideal student or human being should be. This ideal included an expectation of how to be Finnish and have 'correct' social skills. The interviews with the staff showed that the students were expected to fit in to Finnish culture. Finnishness as an identity was a part of the construction of an 'ideal' student. It was not perceived as an ethnic identity, but as a part of normality. Other ethnic identities were seen as potentially problematic. As Finnishness was constructed as normality, it was possible to present the school as neutral and 'equal' where identities other than Finnishness were not welcomed. The interviews with the staff contextualized by the manuals and textbooks for social skills showed that the 'correct' social skills were one of the traits for a student to be constructed as being 'normal'. If the students did not have the social skills considered as the correct ones, they were expected to modify their behavior for them to be included within normality. Among the 'correct' social skills was the demand that they be able to adapt to the school and society, and not to cause problems and not to challenge the formal and informal school. The students were required to recognize the limits of the 'correct' social skills as part of what was considered to be 'correct' behavior. In earlier research, bullying had often been constructed as a question of individual behavior. This study broadens the concept of bullying by examining teachers' role in bullying. The participant observations suggest that if the student was categorized by the students and teachers as 'not-normal' they were in risk to be bullied. In some cases the teachers did not recognize the student categorized as 'not-normal' as a victim of bullying, and therefore not worthy of help and care. Thus, bullying could be seen as a way to prevent or hinder students from deviating from the norms and normality. Normality, on the other hand, reflects the expectations of the society and its political, economic, ideological and cultural structures. Hence, it is possible to understand bullying as not only a question of the 'notnormality' of an individual child, but as a question of the norms and ideals of the society.


The purpose of this study was to investigate student satisfaction and perceived clinical reasoning and learning using a computer-based simulation platform that incorporates case-based learning principles. The simulation was used to replace a previously scheduled face-to-face clinical rotation which was cancelled due to COVID-19. A descriptive design was used to implement the Satisfaction with Simulation Experience Scale (SSES) with students (n = 27) following each a low fidelity (paper cases) and high fidelity (Simucase™) simulation. A comparison of the SSES data following paper cases and simulation scenarios indicated statistically significant increases in Debrief and Reflection (p = 0.008) and Clinical Reasoning (p = 0.043), suggesting that students develop in-depth reflection, reasoning, and clinical abilities as they progress through their simulated experience.


The interaction of PD-1 with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 leads to dysfunction of T-cells resulting in reduction or elimination of anti-tumor immune activity.[1] Orskov et al. [2] noted that azaciti...


To the Editor: —Dr. W. W. Watkins, in an article on the "Pathologic Basis for Roentgen-Ray Treatment of Tonsil Disease" (The Journal, October 25), strives to leave the impression that the men who have been most interested in the tonsil problems, the laryngologists, have been making "frantic" efforts to prevent the treatment of tonsil disease by irradiation, the inference being that these men are not interested in the curing of tonsil disease except by operative measures. Such inferences are as unjust as they are untrue. Laryngologists are properly interested in protecting the field of medicine for which they are sponsors from abuse and improper exploitation. Serious work has been going on in many quarters to evaluate the proposal to treat tonsil disease by irradiation. Final judgment is still being withheld; but because irradiation has apparently failed to check recurring attacks of acute tonsillitis as well as to eliminate evidences of


Indian mustard (B. juncea (Linn) Czern and Coss) popularly known as rai, raya or laha is one of the most important oil seed crops of the country and it occupies considerably large acerage among the Brassica group of oil seed crops. It is estimated the total production of mustard seed in India about more than 72.82 lakh tones significantly. Rapeseed–mustard group of crops is the major oilseed crop of India. India holds the premier position in rapeseed-mustard economy of the world with 2 nd and 3 rd rank in area and production respectively. Rapeseed-mustard oil is used primarily for edible purposes and is the International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 10 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

https://www.ijcmas.com/9-10-2020/Jarman Gadi, et al.pdf


Cancer
Why are cancer genes associated with certain types of cancer that affect specific organs, rather than causing cancer in all tissues? This fascinating conundrum raises questions about the process of tumorigenesis and how tissue specificity can determine susceptibility, as well as resistance, to developing cancer. In a Perspective, Haigis et al. discuss why this tissue specificity exists. They suggest that tissue-specific epigenetic changes that determine cell fate likely affect the signaling networks within cells that can be permissive or resistant to cancer gene mutations. Improved understanding of this question may reveal new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat cancer.

Science , this issue p. [1150][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaw3472


We present approximations for eigenvalues of autocorrelation matrices in the presence of noncentral and signal-dependent noise as a function of eigenvalues of noiseless input. We derive error bounds for the approximations and discuss their properties. The results of the eigenanalysis are applied to the study of first-order polarization mode dispersion for optical systems. The simulation results demonstrate a good match between the approximated and true eigenvalues.


In all likelihood the event with the largest political and social impact in the East-Asian region would be the democratization of China. However, it is also evident that China's political reform, like its economic transition, is taking on the form of a cautious and gradual restructuring. Out of pragmatic reasons – allowing society to assist the government in areas where it should not govern, is incapable of governing, or cannot govern – the state has unofficially relaxed its grip over certain social spheres such as women's rights, social welfare and rural poverty.


PURPOSE: A method for displaying information searched at web search engine based on locally adjacent order is provided to show information on the basis of a place in view of a local place of a search requesting user and a local place of searched information. CONSTITUTION: A method comprises receiving a key word for searching from a user, performing a search operation according to the input key word from the user, obtaining both a user place corresponding to an IP address of a user and a place of the searched information corresponding to IP addresses of the searched information based on a previously stored IP-place mapping table, comparing the user place with the searched information place to calculate distances from the user to the searched information, comparing the calculated distances, sorting the searched information according to an order close to the user place, and providing the sorted information to the user.


Considering the formation of compound foundation,this paper deals with the important functions of bed course in compound foundation and the reasonable thickness setting of bed course.


The American Bureau of Shipping's nonlinear finite-element program USAS is used to evaluate the longitudinal ultimate strength of four ship hull configurations. Included in each analysis are the effects of buckling, post-buckling, and plasticity. The interaction of these effects and the interaction of the various structural components of the ship hull are accounted for in a unified, rigorous manner owing to the generality of the analysis method. Discussion of other, more limited, ultimate-strength analysis methods places the approach in perspective. An important aspect of this paper is an extensive treatment of the finite-element modeling procedures necessary for maintaining accuracy, yet keeping cost to a minimum. Results of a study on the sensitivity of the ultimate strength to variations in several parameters, including yield stress, thickness and magnitude of imperfections, are also presented.


Domestic and industrial water demands are growing globally due to population growth and rapid economic development, placing increasing strains on water resources. Wastewater effluents generated fro ...


This paper presents the study and application of the wind rose in issues of installation of distributed generation systems also known as in-situ generation specifically of vertical axis (VAWT) and horizontal (HAWT) wind turbines for different points of Lima. To do this, we selected 4 different places in Lima, urban areas with a high population density and with the presence of buildings, and on the other hand rural areas with a smaller population and in some cases with a large wind resource due to the absence of buildings that prevent the wind flow. In that sense, we chose places that have sufficient information and are constantly measured by the corresponding institution, in this case the Senamhi, so the places chosen were Carabayllo and Campo de Marte for Metropolitan Lima on the other hand are Ñaña and Raimondi for Lima Provinces. This study also has the objective of analyzing the feasibility for the selection of one turbine over another by studying its annual and monthly wind rose and monthly average wind speed for the place where the wind turbine installation of the system is planned.


We assess the informativeness for stock markets of proven reserves of oil and gas, and embedded CO2 in those reserves. Based on a two-step regression approach, we attempt to test the relationship between proven reserves, CO2 embedded in those reserves and stock market value controlling for the selection bias (i.e. the decision of managers to disclose voluntary environmental information about embedded CO2). Results, based on a sample of U.S. and Canadian firms are the following. Proven reserves increase the firm's value, while embedded CO2 reduces stock market value substantially. Furthermore, the decision of managers to disclose information about embedded CO2 is positively related to analyst following, share price volatility, firm size, and institutional ownership.The current study assesses the long-term incidence of embedded CO2 (in oil and gas proven reserves) on firms' stock market value, while most studies are focusing on yearly CO2 emissions.


The importance of maintenance has escalated significantly by the increase in automation in manufacturing processes. This condition changed the perspective of maintenance from being considered as an inevitable cost to being seen as a key business function to drive competitiveness. Consequently, maintenance decisions need to be aligned with the business competitive strategy as well as the requirements of manufacturing/quality functions in order to support manufacturing equipment performance. Therefore, it is required to synchronise the maintenance strategy and operations with business and manufacturing/quality aspects. This article presents the design and development of a Knowledge Based System for Integrated Maintenance Strategy and Operations. The developed framework of the Knowledge Based System for Integrated Maintenance Strategy and Operations is elaborated to show how the Knowledge Based System for Integrated Maintenance Strategy and Operations can be applied to support maintenance decisions. The knowledge-based system integrates the Gauging Absences of Prerequisites methodology in order to deal with different decision-making priorities and to facilitate benchmarking with a target performance state. This is a new contribution to this area. The Knowledge Based System for Integrated Maintenance Strategy and Operations is useful in reviewing the existing maintenance system and provides reasonable recommendations for maintenance decisions with respect to business and manufacturing perspectives. In addition, it indicates the roadmap from the current state to the benchmark goals for the maintenance system.


Copyright resides with the authors in terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 South African Licence. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/za Condition of use: The user may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the work, but must recognise the authors and the South African Journal of Animal Science. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Two early feathering sire lines (B1 and B2), two late feathering dam lines (A1 and A3), and an early feathering dam line were evaluated to determine differences in growth, in lengths of primary feathers, in under-wing and rectal temperatures, and in feed intake until the birds were 20 weeks old. The chicks were hatched from eggs collected from 35-week-old hens of pure line broiler flocks. Data were collected at hatch, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20 weeks old Thirty males and 30 females were evaluated for each line. The early feathering genotypes (A2, B1 and B2) had longer primary feathers until they were six weeks old. They also had higher under-wing and rectal temperatures and higher live weight compared with the late-feathering lines (A1 and A3) at one and two weeks old. The males were heavier than females at all ages. However, under-wing and rectal temperatures were similar in males and females at all ages. A positive correlation was observed between the length of primary feathers and live weight in A2, B1, and B2 at six weeks, whereas a negative correlation was observed between the rectal temperature and the length of primary feathers in A1 and A3 at 4 and 20 weeks old. ______________________________________________________________________________________


The present investigation is to investigate the potential and effectiveness of two types of biosorbents as cation exchanger, functionalized with carboxylic acid and xanthated groups onto apple waste. Both the adsorbent materials exhibited highly selective behavior for heavy metal treatment and followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity evaluated for iron, cadmium, zinc and lead onto them have shown their potential ability in the treatment of heavy metals from aqueous medium. Dominant sorption mechanisms are revealed to be ionexchange process. Key words: Adsorption; Biopolymer; Ion exchange; Saponification; Xanthation DOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2949 Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */
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 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 10, 2009 Page:135-139


Excerpt: In the lecture What Pragmatism Means, William James gives us what became one of the most famous examples of strengths of the pragmatic method. Instead of beginning with an argument, he provides a story. In this story, James and several of his friends are on a camping trip when a "ferocious metaphysical dispute" arises concerning the movements of a squirrelii. A squirrel, the story goes, clings the one side of a tree-trunk, and on the other side a man tries to catch a glimpse of it, by rapidly chasing it around the tree. However, the squirrel moves just as fast as the man does, always keeping the tree between itself and his pursuer – and the man never sees the squirrel. So, why does James call it a "ferocious metaphysical dispute"? The campers ask: while we can concede that the man has circled completely around the tree, has he gone around the squirrel? Some of the campers say yes, others no, and an argument ensues over who is correct.


The human factors (HF) programs and current state of progress in the two major construction projects are reviewed. These include topics of man-machine interface, fault analyses, procedures, training, and management. The HF content of the major safety reviews of the first generation Magnox power plants is described. Some aspects of the assessment of utilities' training arrangements including some general conclusions from recent team inspections, are discussed. Developments in the appraisal of 'management of safety' are described.<<ETX>>


The reprieve system of death penalty is the application of capital punishment with distinctive Chinese feature. This paper has raised relative suggestions on quite a few deficiencies yet to be perfected.


ABSTRACT Recent research is providing valuable insights into safety by applying sociotechnical systems (STS) theory to led outdoor activity (LOA) work systems. The LOA domain involves provision of supervised or instructed activities such as kayaking, rock climbing and camping. Despite these successful applications, questions persist regarding the extent to which STS theory and methods are applicable, given the apparently simplistic nature of the domain. This paper seeks to evaluate the validity of systems theoretic approaches by comparing a typical LOA work system with established characteristics of STS and complex systems. Features of the LOA work system are compared with established characteristics of complexity, then considered in relation to STS theory principles. The findings show that this system of work is indeed both complex and sociotechnical. It is concluded that application of STS theory and methods is both appropriate and required to attain improvements in practice and safety in LOA work systems.


The 5G mobile communication standard based radio access technology (RAT) is analysed for implementation of several candidate coding schemes in this paper. The third generation partnership project (3GPP) in the 5G scenario based on the Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) scheme is considered. Factors like flexibility, complexity of computation, bit error rate (BER), and block error rate (BLER) are considered for the purpose of evaluation of the coding schemes. In order to evaluate the performance various applications and services, a suitable set is of parameters are provided. The candidate schemes considered for this purpose are polar codes, low density parity check (LDPC) and turbo codes. Fair comparison is performed by investigation of block lengths and obtaining suitable rates by proper design. In an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the performance of BLER / BER is obtained for diverse block lengths and code rates based on simulation. The simulation results show that the performance of LDPC is relatively efficient for various code rates and block lengths despite the better performance of polar codes at short block lengths. As an added advantage, LDPC codes also offer relatively low


Based on the method of Nessler′s reagent photometry,the ammonia nitrogen of water sample in hilly red soil unsaturated zone was analysed through precipitation with ZnSO4 and NaOH for clarified water in different depth of Unsaturated Zone.This method solved the problems which the water samples were yellow and muddy after adding Nessler′s reagent,the masking effect of Potassium sodium tartrate was failure when the contents of Metal ions such as Ca,Mg,Fe and so on in water were higher.The comparative analysis was conducted from the compensation and correction,the return rate of standard addition and the reliability test of the method,the return rate of standard addition after the compensation and correction is 98%~102%,the results have no significant differences between the improved method and the distillation method by t test with p0.05.


Most approaches for reversing UML diagrams are static and highly dependent on the source code. Static analysis is time consuming and error prone. This paper extracts UML sequence diagrams in a dynamic fashion; reversing from system application, but not source code. To achieve this, a dynamic framework for reversing UML sequence diagrams, called TTExtS, is proposed. TTExtS contains three subsystems: trace collection, trace transformation and sequence diagram generation. Results show that TTExtS can reverse the UML sequence diagram from system execution in reasonable time, less than 2 seconds processing time. The diagrams produced are high quality, which will allow stakeholders to delve deeper into the behavior aspects of applications without manually analyzing the code.


We present an Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search (ALNS) algorithm for the Multimode Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (MRCPSP). We incorporate techniques for deriving additional precedence relations and propose a new method, so-called modediminution, for removing modes during execution. These techniques make use of bound arguments, and we propose and experiment with three new bounds for the MRCPSP, in addition to bounds found in the literature. We propose a simple technique, so-called opportunistic mode-flipping, which can be applied whenever a schedule is generated, and which significantly improves the results of the algorithm. Computational experiments are performed on a set of standard benchmark instances from the PSPLIB, and a comparison is made with other algorithms found in the literature. The experiments show that the algorithm is competitive, but can not beat the best algorithms. Even so, some of the elements of the algorithm perform well, that is the bound arguments, the mode-removal procedure, and in particular opportunistic mode-flipping, and these elements may perhaps be used to improve the results of other algorithms for this problem.