Abstract. A class of boundary value problem for impulsive fractional differential equation on a half line is proposed. Some results on existence of solutions of this kind of boundary value problem for impulsive multi-term fractional differential equation on a half line are established by constructing a weighted Banach space, a completely continuous operator and using a fixed point theorem in the Banach space. Some unsuitable lemmas in recent published papers are pointed out. An example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the main theorems.


Reliability development for applications in severe climates (e.g. tropical launch sites) makes use of HAST. The ignorance of valid scientific models has led to the non-valid use of HAST. The S-H model provides authentic acceleration of ageing within identified limits of validity.


Magnetic properties and crystal structure of a pyridine-substituted iminonitroxide biradical, 2,6-bis(4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl-1-oxyl)pyridine (1), were examined. The molecular ground state of 1 was found to be triplet (S = 1) with a singlet-triplet energy gap of 7 K. The ground-state triplet biradical serves as a building block for molecule-based magnets of S > ½ based on intermolecular noncovalent bonding architecture.


Purpose
The paper offers the first systematic and comprehensive analysis of dynamics of economic growth slowdown for India at the sub-national level covering the period 1993–2013. In light of India's regional diversity and variation in terms of gross regional domestic product (GRDP) per capita, the purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the growth dynamics at the sub-national level. The paper aims to answer two questions: first, are determinants of economic slowdown likely to differ across income groups? Second, what are the probabilities that the sub-national economies in India will experience a growth slowdown in the near future?

Design/methodology/approach
The paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of growth slowdown for 106 Asian developing economies encompassing the national economies in ASEAN and the sub-national economies in Greater China, Indonesia and India. To be sure, the authors are not making any direct comparison to countries at different stages of economic development; rather, the comparison is between economies/sub-national economies that fall in the same income category. The authors construct income group-specific logistic model to identify the relevant determinants of growth slowdown and use Bayesian model averaging techniques as a robustness check. The authors also compute economy-specific predictive probabilities of growth slowdown over the period 2012–2017.

Findings
The empirical results show that a growth slowdown in various income groups tends to be associated with different sets of determinants, although broadly, across all income groups, the occurrence of growth slowdown is positively associated with higher GRDP per capita. The average predictive probability of growth slowdown for India's sub-national economies is 0.43, indicating that, on average, India's sub-national economies have a 43 per cent chance of experiencing growth slowdown in the 2012–2017 period. Overall, the prospects of the sub-national economies of India are less worrying than that of Greater Chinese economies but bleaker than the outlook for economies in ASEAN and Indonesia.

Originality/value
The research contributes to the understandings of growth dynamics, especially the issue of growth slowdown, in India. This paper differs from the existing literature on growth dynamics by being India centric and analysing the issue of growth slowdown at the sub-national level. Despite a steady increase in the level of GRDP per capita for the sub-national economies of India since 1993, significant disparities still exist across economies. Identifying determinants of growth slowdown and subsequently computing predictive probabilities serves as early warning signs for policy-makers and generates insights on how development policy can be shaped.


Reports the findings of first academic study in an area of marketing importance and interest to both exporters and governments. Determines that the research's main thrust is concerned with finding a new quantitative method of establishing value or utility of official export services. States that co‐operation between exporters and government officials is essential for exporting success and one way to build co‐operation is to show, unequivocally, the value or utility of government export promotion. Documents that the Irish and Canadian governments have carried out cost‐benefit analysis which, ostensibly, provides a quantitative estimate in monetary terms both with respect to total operation and individual programmes, these results are discussed further. Uses user research to put together data, and to add weight, figures and tables are employed. Insists UK government export promotion services, like several others, are not subject to the market price mechanism, services are free (mostly), some havenominal cos...


Abstract : This report examines the Soviet threat to U.S. Army combat service support forces from the perspective of Soviet doctrine. Evaluates the adequacy of U.S. Army rear battle doctrine and combat service support unit training and weapons to counter this threat. Recommends training strategies to prepare combat service support units to survive on the modern non-linear battlefield. Concentrates on training combat service support leaders to fight and conduct battles. Emphasizes training realism in defensive planning, use of combat arms aggressors in training, employment of indirect fire and close air support, early warning, intelligence collection, barriers,and coordination of efforts with adjacent bases. Keywords: Training; Combat service support; Soviet threat; Logistics; Rear area operations; Defense; Sustainment.


A truly-differential transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for optical receiver front-ends based on common-gate topology is fabricated and tested. -16 dBm sensitivity is achieved for this inductorless TIA at 3.125 Gbit/s while drawing 3.7 mA current from a 1.2 V power supply. The channel power consumption is 22 mW including an input buffer (IB), a limiting amplifier (LA), and a current-mode-logic (CML) output buffer with a 400 mV peak-to-peak differential output swing. We present a method to convert pseudo-differential signals into truly-differential signals by using AC coupling techniques. Also a new method of measuring cross-talk power penalty with an on-chip pseudo-random-bit-sequence (PRBS) generator is introduced. The circuits are implemented in the IBM CMRF8SF-DM 0.13-mum complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process


ABSTRACT We investigated Hg accumulation in maize (Zea mays) plants grown in non-contaminated conditions on a farm in Switzerland throughout a growing season. Concentrations of Hg in leaves and husk followed the same temporal pattern as the mass growth of these parts. In contrast, silk and tassel accumulated Hg almost linearly over time until harvest. At the end of the growing season Hg concentration was highest in tassel (10.4 ng g−1), followed by leaves (7.3 ng g−1) and silk (5.7 ng g−1). Silk and tassel had accumulated 5–10 times more Hg per unit dry mass than all aboveground parts of the plant on average. Cob and kernels contained only very small amounts of Hg. Greater exposure of a plant part to the atmosphere was clearly associated with higher rates of Hg accumulation.


Objective To know the sexual concepts and attitude towards sexual behavior,and to provide scientific evidence for sexual education in university. Methods A total of 1 000 undergraduates were chosen from Yunan,Guizhou,Sichuan and Chongqing.Three kinds of universities were chosen from each province,which consisted of a key university,a local university and a normal university.Results Among students 52.6% agreed on the view that people could have sexual behaviors if they were going to marry;34.3% of the students agreed that people who were deep in love with each other could have sexual behaviors;48.7% of the students agreed on or approve of the premarital behaviors;45.0% of the students agreed on or approve of undergraduate cohabitation.More boy students(32.5%) held positive attitudes towards premarital behaviors than girl students(23.9%) did(P0.01).About the question of homosexuality 41.1% of the undergraduates held positive attitudes,girl students(46.5%) were more than boy students(35.5%)(P0.01).(Conclusion)(Undergraduate sexual) concept is becoming opener and tolerant.Boy students' sexual concepts are more open than those of girl students.School sexual education should be strengthened,and the universities should play the dominant roles in it.


The Winding Stream: The Carters, the Cashes and the Course of Country Music. 2014. by beth harrington. 90 min. DVD format, color. (beth harrington productions, Vancouver, Washington.)Like an archaeologist (and genealogist), beth harrington digs deeply into the lives of the original carter Family, excavating and explicating their lives, as seen and retold by friends, two generations of their kin, a few scholars, and a who's who of Americana musicians. The film is decidedly a tribute to the family, their descendants, and their legacies-by blood, marriage, and music. The Winding Stream launched officially at the Austin, texas, famed SXSW in 2014, toured vigorously across the united States at prestigious film festivals, and has been reviewed in Rolling Stone, Variety, and The Hollywood Reporter, as well as newspapers, electronic forums, and blogs.This reviewer was fortunate to view the film three times, including a public screening on April 9, 2015, at the twenty-first annual Delta Symposium, in partnership with the inaugural Delta Flix Film and media Festival, at Arkansas State university in Jonesboro. harrington was the keynote speaker; symposium organizers tied her film to the university's recent acquisition, restoration, and public opening of Johnny cash's childhood home in Dyess, Arkansas. cash, his daughter rosanne, and son John carter are key contributors to the film's content, each sitting for substantive interviews and providing some insight into the original carter Family trio. The cashes are named in the film title and are integral to the story about "the course of country music," insomuch as they were influenced by, and related to, the carters. Fully half of the film covers the childhoods, courtships, and unexpected musical career of the trio. harrington explores the headwaters of the stream-the story, or stories, of A.p., Sara, and maybelle. even when harrington introduces family members into the narrative, they are named in captions with notations about their places in the clan and their relationships to members of the trio: daughters, sons, grandsons, granddaughters, and nieces. For instance, Johnny cash, who likely needs the least introduction to most audiences, is identified as "maybelle's son-in-law."Harrington has provided a carter Family primer in film, one easily accessible to twentyfirst-century viewers, including students of folklore, oral history, documentary studies, and ethnomusicology. Additionally, she avoids the downfall of many a documentary film by telling the story in under two hours. For such a seemingly brief documentary, the film weaves interviews with 12 family members, and another dozen or so musicians (whose testimonials are often accompanied by a verse or more of a carter classic). on the whole, the musicians, who span two or three generations themselves, put A.p., Sara, and maybelle on a pedestal. Family members flesh out their elders' humanity, recounting broken hearts, broken promises, unfulfilled dreams, unfulfilled fortunes, and rich lives. in a key segment, the audience learns about A.p.'s role as songcatcher, including his travels with co-collector lesley riddle. harrington's interviews with musician and traditional music aficionado Dom Flemons and carter family member rita Forrester unpack some complexities of A.p.'s friendship and business partnership with riddle, as well as moving songs from the oral tradition to songwriting credit and commercial recording.A handful of scholars, including folklorists peggy bulger, charles Wolfe, and mike Seeger, help harrington wade more fully into the cul- tural significance of the original carters. Wolfe, for instance, narrates much of the fateful story of ralph peer, A.p., Sara, and maybelle's first and subsequent recording sessions in bristol, tennessee. later, Seeger frames the re-launch of maybelle's career as a beloved guitar innovator who tours the country, performing at American universities and folk revival festivals for audiences of "hippies," who were known to stand uncharacteristically in reverence when she entered the stage. …


This article investigates the effect of access to media reporting and press freedom on the achievement of human rights. Past research on the role of the media on human rights has often been limited to anecdotal examples or limited case studies. There has been little comprehensive systematic investigation on the topic. Specifically, this article answers the questions: Do large communication capabilities (large numbers of TVs, radios, Internet users, and newspapers) and few journalistic restrictions advance human rights protections? Or does access to media technologies, facilitated by a state-censored media, act as a tool of human rights abuse? The statistical analysis shows what many reports have often claimed but rarely demonstrated. There is indeed a significant relationship between access to the media and press freedom and levels of human rights violations.


A range of electrophiles react with 2-(trimethylsilyl)prop-2-enylzinc chloride, which is prepared by sequentially treating 2-bromo-1-trimethylsilylprop-2-ene with ButLi and then zinc chloride. The addition of transition metal catalysts can alter the reactivity of the organometallic compound from prop-2-enylation to prop-1-en-2-ylation.


The viscosities, densities, and vapour pressures of a number of alkyl orthotitanates have been determined, and their molecular complexities have been calculated. Secondary and tertiary alkyl titanates have been found to be nonassociated, whereas primary alkyl titanates are associated in the pure liquid state. Estimates has been made of the alkoxy-bridge enthalpy in the latter compounds.


The invention discloses welding wire butt joint equipment welding and shaping equipment, in particular to welding wire butt joint equipment used for metal wire rods. The welding wire butt joint equipment comprises a butt welding machine, a straightener and a welding wire rolling wheel. The welding wire butt joint equipment is characterized in that a butt welding platform on the top of the butt welding machine is provided with a fixed welding wire clamping clip arranged in a straight line form, and a movable welding wire clamping clip installed on a lateral sliding rail; one side of the movable welding wire clamping clip, which is far away from the fixed welding wire clamping clip, is provided with a welding wire clamping clip cylinder; a grinding machine installed on a grinding machine sliding rail is installed between the two welding wire clamping clips; a grinding wheel is installed on the front end of the grinding machine; the rear end of the grinding machine is provided with a grinding machine cylinder; one side of the fixed welding wire clamping clip is provided with the welding wire straightener; and the welding wire rolling wheel is installed behind the straightener. The welding wire butt joint equipment disclosed by the invention has the beneficial effect of good economic benefit, the butt joint use of residual short welding wire sections is realized by the equipment, high-quality metal materials can be saved, and the production cost is lowered.


For the reform and development of clinical laboratory education, based on the previous course reform, Laboratory Medicine College of Chongqing Medical University has put the leading teachers'responsibility system of laboratory medicine course into practice. In the recent 3 years, the course is better organized. The students are more interested in the course and they communicate more with teachers than ever before. The effect of the course is obvious. The leading teachers' responsibility system in laboratory medicine course should be promoted.

Key words:
Laboratory medicine;  Course construction;  Leading teachers' responsibility


Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is used for collecting the information from the environment. WSN consists of a large number of Sensor Nodes (SN). Each Sensor Nodes in the network are connected by a wireless Channels. All the real time applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) need energy. The nodes in the Wireless sensor networks are battery driven. There are some techniques such as clustering and data aggregation is used for energy efficiency. In the existing Energy Efficient Clustering to Enhanced Lifetime (EECPL) protocol, the reduction in the energy consumption is accomplished by performing data aggregation in the Cluster Members rather than Cluster Heads. Further, ring topology is adopted, in order to enable load balancing in the network. However, it is observed that the delay involved in data transmission is increased which makes it unsuitable for real-time application. In this paper, an Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol is proposed to reduce without compromising Network lifetime. The proposed protocol is compared with the existing EECPL protocol. The performance metrics considered for comparison are average end to end delay, the average energy consumption and network lifetime. NS2 simulation tool is used for the implementation. The proposed protocol outperforms the existing EECPL protocol.


A version control system, such as CVS/SVN, can provide the history of software changes performed during the evolution of a software project. Among all the changes performed there are some which cause the introduction of bugs, often resolved later with other changes.
 In this paper we use a technique to identify bug-introducing changes to train a model that can be used to predict if a new change may introduces or not a bug. We represent software changes as elements of a n-dimensional vector space of terms coordinates extracted from source code snapshots.
 The evaluation of various learning algorithms on a set of open source projects looks very promising, in particular for KNN (K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm) where a significant tradeoff between precision and recall has been obtained.


—Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 generates CO, a gas with vasodilatory properties, during heme metabolism. HO-1 is expressed highly in vascular tissue after endotoxin stimulation, and generation of CO through the HO-1 pathway contributes to the hemodynamic compromise of endotoxic shock. Shock related to endotoxemia is an immune-mediated process that involves the generation of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 (cid:98) . Because transforming growth factor (TGF)- (cid:98) 1 is a modulator of immune-mediated inflammatory responses and it blocks the hypotension of endotoxic shock, we determined whether TGF- (cid:98) 1 could be used to reduce expression of HO-1 in vascular tissue and smooth muscle cells. In a rat model of endotoxic shock, lipopolysaccharide-induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression was reduced by TGF- (cid:98) 1 in highly vascularized tissue, such as heart and lung, by Northern and Western analysis. Furthermore, TGF- (cid:98) 1 downregulated HO-1 mRNA after its induction by IL-1 (cid:98) in vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. TGF- (cid:98) 1 also decreased HO-1 but not HO-2 protein expression in these cells. TGF- (cid:98) 1 decreased HO enzyme activity induced in IL-1 (cid:98) –treated vascular smooth muscle cells to a level not different from that in vehicle-treated cells. These studies suggest that this downregulation of HO-1 mRNA and protein expression and decrease in IL-1 (cid:98) –induced HO enzyme activity may contribute to the beneficial effect of TGF- (cid:98) 1 on endotoxic shock. ( Circ Res . 1998;83:396-403.)


This paper contributes to research investigating if the concept of shared control is extendable to higher levels of human-machine cooperation. For this purpose, an experiment is presented analyzing the guidance level in cooperation among humans to transfer these findings in future assistance system design. Within the experiment, pairs of participants were facing a virtual obstacle avoidance course. They had to decide cooperatively on the maneuvers to avoid the obstacles. The only interaction possibility between team members was via haptically coupled steering wheels. The teams were classified based on the decisiveness of their members. Afterwards the time to reach a cooperative decision was measured. The results show a significant link between the distribution of decisiveness in a team and the time to reach a cooperative decision in ambiguous situations. Furthermore, the experiment reveals a high ability of humans to cooperate on the guidance level in general. This motivates human-imitating design of future assistance systems on guidance level in human-machine cooperation with the intention of high user satisfaction and trust in these systems.


This article reports on the results of a project that aimed to investigate the usability of raw machine translated technical support documentation for a commercial online file storage service. Adopting a user-centered approach, the ISO/TR 16982 definition of usability—goal completion, satisfaction, effectiveness, and efficiency— is utilized and eye-tracking measures that are shown to be reliable indicators of cognitive effort are applied along with a posttask questionnaire. The study investigated these measures for the original user documentation written in English and in four target languages: Spanish, French, German, and Japanese, all of which were translated using a freely available online statistical machine translation engine. Using native speakers for each language, the study found several significant differences between the source and MT output, a finding that indicates a difference in usability between well-formed content and raw machine translated content. One target language in particular, Japanese, was found to have a considerably lower usability level when compared with the original English.


The 1989, Mw = 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake resulted in tens of lives lost and cost California almost 3% of its gross domestic product. Despite widespread damage, the earthquake did not clearly rupture the surface, challenging the identification and characterization of these hidden hazards. Here, we show that they can be illuminated by inverting fluvial topography for slip‐and moment accrual‐rates—fundamental components in earthquake hazard assessments—along relief‐generating geologic faults. We applied this technique to thrust faults bounding the mountains along the western side of Silicon Valley in the San Francisco Bay Area, and discovered that these structures may be capable of generating a Mw = 6.9 earthquake every 250–300 years based on moment accrual rates. This method may be deployed broadly to evaluate seismic hazard in developing regions with limited geological and geophysical information.


The goal of developing completely autonomous systems, which exhibit complex behaviour and which are robust in their encounters with the real world, is an ambitious one which may not be realised totally. However, powerful and useful systems can be developed which, although requiring continuous human intervention, magnify human abilities significantly. One area in which we might look to find guidelines for following this approach to augmenting human abilities is in the development of technical systems to assist people with physical and mental impairments. Research in this area is producing a number of examples of human-machine symbiosis which are instructive. A number of such prototype systems are described.<<ETX>>


Through establishment of one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation of pavement temperature field and the Fourier series obtained by separation of variables,the instantaneous temperature distribution of one dimensional layered body in terms of known interface temperature has been obtained. By means of temperature peak gradient method,to back-calculate the thermal diffusivity of pavement material based on measuring temperature distribution in field. In process of pavement cooling that temperature changes along the depth monotony, Fourier series with 50 items can attain the accuracy of 0. 01℃. Results derived from measured data show that: the temperature peak gradient method can avoid the direct comparison of temperature between different temperature sensors; the results are more stable than those with difference back-calculation method.


Government debt and its importance to revenue generation have generated a lot of debate over the years in Nigeria particularly with respect to economic growth. This paper examines the effect of government debt on economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2013 – using the ordinary least square method. The study reveals that the impact of government debt on economic growth over the period under review is insignificant – with external debt which has been enormous over the years contributing minimally to real gross domestic product. The findings of the study reveal that, if the course of consistent borrowing is not curbed, the economy will slump further: resorting to surplus budgeting, and igniting; increases in unemployment, decreases in total investment, falling reserves, increased exchange rate, higher inflation and consequently increased poverty. It is therefore recommended among others that borrowing should be a last recourse by the government to revitalize the economy, and if necessary, the loans should be sourced within the economy so that when the principal and interest on the loans are paid back, it will serve as a crowd-in-effect which in turn further accelerates economic activities in the country. Also, other alternative sources of government revenue especially taxation hitherto neglected should be explored to minimize dependence on borrowed funds to revamp the economy. Finally, power should be made stable so that the cost on industries that depend on alternative power sources to thrive can be reduced. Thus, such monies can be utilized for remunerative alternative employments. Key Words: Economic Growth, Internal Debt, External Debt, Dual Gap Analysis, Nigeria economy.


Traumatic arthritis is a progressive degenerative process which occurs in joints injured by trauma and which causes pain, swelling, stiffness, and instability. It is a poorly defined clinical entity because the pathological findings are identical to those of osteoarthritis. Diagnosis is usually delayed because the clinically detectable manifestations do not appear for a year or more following injury. Treatment is far from satisfactory because fusion or prosthetic joint replacement are often the only definitive means of care and some disability always remains. Legal adjudication is difficult because of the long delay in the appearance of objective symptoms and the severity and permanence of disability which follows the onset of traumatic arthritis. Forty-six cases were reviewed, 22 caused by automobile accidents, 16 by falls, and 8 by sports injuries. The knees, hip, and ankles were most commonly affected. Pathology, pathogenesis, and etiology are discussed and illustrative case studies presented. The possibility of preventing injuries which result in traumatic arthritis exists through changes in automobile design, home floor coverings, and sports equipment. This approach appears most feasible and possible design changes are presented.


Purpose: This study aims to identify the opinion about the Covid -19 lockdown impact on online retailing among General Public. Design/ Methodology / implications: A Cross Sectional Analysis is carried out to find out the opinion about COVID-19 lockdown impact on online retailing with the help of a structured questionnaire distributed online. Findings: The results discloses that majority of the respondents as per government order they are currently staying at home and has pre-planned to hold up the lockdown hence they face some consequences over online retailing as dispatched products struck at various junctions and already ordered products being stocked. Research limitations/ Implications: The data for the study was collected from the general public of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu so the results may not be similar to other geographical region. Practical implications: This study is based on a limited number of samples in a population although the Covid -19 lockdown is widespread across the world. Social implications: Unpredicted challenges and control measures has brought curve over nationwide, therefore the opinion over social impact on online retailing differs from one's opinion to other.


In order to understand the occurrence degree of karstification under different soil CO2concentration and soil water chemistry, the soil CO2concentration, water content and erosion rate of limestone were monitored in the area of Guilin, Guangxi Province.The results showed that: 1) The soil CO2concentration had seasonal variation obviously with a trend of that the highest in summer and the lowest in winter, the soil CO2concentration in summer was 3~5 times as many as those in other seasons on the whole, the maximum was 60 899.64 mg/m2,while the minimum only 5 587.21 mg/m2; 2) The CO2concentration in the soil of depression was higher than that in the soil of slope at the layers of the same depth, the former was nearly 20 000 mg/m2more than that of the latter in summer, and the concentration was higher at deep layer than that at surface, and the mean value was 4 353.54mg/m2more than the concentration at surface; 3) The average values of soil water chemistry in the soil of slope and depression were as follows: pH 7.49 and 6.41, conductivity 300 μS/cm and 78 μS/cm, Ca2+60 mg/L and 15.43mg/L,3HCO 2.78 mg/L and 0.44 mg/L, respectively; the pH value, conductivity, Ca2+and3HCO in soil water of slope were all higher than those of the depression; 4) Corrosion test indicated that the Karstification was very obvious in the study area, and was closely related to soil CO2and soil water. So it is concluded that the karstification was driven by soil CO2and soil water.


Nowadays, young people especially in the developing economies are not accorded equal chances to participate in decision making for economic development. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors that constrain youth participation in economic development in Zanzibar. A quantitative research method design was adapted to collect primary data from respondents. Data was collected from 181 respondents using structural questionnaire and descriptive statistical technique was used for data analysis. The study identified three factors notably; low levels of education, lack of entrepreneurship skills and inferiority complex for hindering youth participation in decision making processes for economic development in Zanzibar. The finding revealed that, the majority of the respondents 149 (82%) agreed that, the participation of youths will influence effective outcome in economic development, 96 (53%) of the respondents agreed that, low level of education is the major factor that hinders youth participation in economic development programs and the majority of respondents 59 (33%) disagreed that, policies do not address youth participation in decision making. The study recommends that, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar should invest much in youth for sustainability economic development programs so as to avoid joblessness in the nation.


Many studies have reported the efficacy of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with or without both germline/somatic BRCA mutations. However, resistance to PARP inhibitor occurs frequently in patients with advanced stage and recurrent. The receptor tyrosine kinase cMET, which is frequently overexpressed in EOC associates with PARP1 activity and cell survival pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether the combination of olaparib and savolitinib, a novel cMET inhibitor, could overcome PARP inhibitor resistance on resistant patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Tumor tissues were obtained from patients with EOC operated at department of obstetrics and gynecology, Asan medical center, Seoul, South Korea. BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutated and cMET overexpressed tumors were selected and used for animal experiments. The tumor tissues were subcutaneous transplanted into right flank of NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG) mice. 60~90 days after transplantation, olaparib was administrated (80~100 mg/kg, daily, P.O.). Tumors were inhibited until volume decreased to 0~50 mm3. When the tumor volume was reached under 50 mm3, administration was stopped and tumors were allowed to regrowth. After tumor regrowth, to confirm resistance, administrated concentration of the olaparib was gradually increased 40 to 100 mg/kg (daily, P.O.). The resistant tumors were harvested and re-transplanted into 40 NSG mice. When tumor volumes reached at 100 mm3, mice were divided into 4 groups (Vehicle, Olapairb, Savolitinib, Combination) and olaparib (100 mg/kg, daily, P.O.) and savolitinib (25 mg/kg, daily, P.O.) were administrated. We established acquired resistant and innate resistant PDXs, which have BRCA mutation and cMET overexpression. These resistant models were used for evaluation of combined treatment of PARP inhibitor and cMET inhibitor. In case of the olaparib sensitive PDXs, tumor growth was suppressed to a similar level in combination group and olaparib single treatment group. Single treatment of cMET inhibitor also showed little inhibition in tumor growth. In case of the acquired resistant PDXs, tumor growth rate were highly increased in vehicle group than the sensitive PDXs. Contrary to sensitive group, combination treatment was more efficient to inhibit tumor growth rather than olaparib single treatment. The innate resistant PDXs were more tolerated to olapairb than the acquired resistant PDXs. Similar to acquired resistant PDXs, innate PDXs also showed rapid tumor growth in vehicle. As the acquired resistant PDXs, combination treatment was most efficient to inhibited tumor growth. In this study, cMET inhibition sensitized the resistant tumor to PARP inhibitor. These results indicated that savolitinib, novel cMET inhibitor, could have synergy with the PARP inhibitor for patients with PARP inhibitor resistant ovarian cancer.
 Citation Format: Min-Je Kim, Shin-Wha Lee, Young-Jae Lee, Su-Bin Park, Dong-Woo Kang, Yong-Man Kim. Combining PARP inhibitor with cMET Inhibition overcomes PARP inhibitor resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6185.


OBJECTIVE To develop a new protocol for rapid identification of common pathogens in clinical specimens. METHODS By using oligonucleotide probes, fluorescently labeled with fluorescien isothiocyanate, targets the 16S rRNA of bacteria and18S rRNA of fungi, the probes were added to one smear made directly from the clinical specimens and hybridized for one hour at 50℃, inoculated specimens onto media plates,then identified with VITEK standard method,evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of hybridization method. RESULTS A total of 103 strains isolated from clinics were investigated and the method showed 88 5% specificity and 88 7% sensitivity for hybridization method,crude agreement rate was 90 3%. CONCLUSIONS The result suggests that FISH allow rapid identification for commom pathogens in clinical specimens.


In the current study, self-assessed intelligence (SAI) is presented as a multidimensional construct related both to personality and to psychometric intelligence. On the basis of data obtained from a Russian student sample (N = 496), the authors validate a structural model in which SAI acts as a mediating variable between latent variables of measured IQ and the trait of acceptance of uncertainty. Evidence for signifi cant gender diff erences in SAI in favor of men is also given.


The specific conductance and density of (Li,K)NO/sub 3/ eutectic, (Na,K)NO/sub 3/ eutectic, and pure KNO/sub 3/ in the molten state were studied as functions of temperature. From the equivalent conductance data, energies of activation, free volumes, and entropies of activation were calculated. The effects on specific conductance and density caused by small additions of alkali metal halides, transition metal halides, and transition metal nitrates to these systems were investigated. Finally, partial equivalent conductances for the binary systems considered were obtained. (auth)


This is a book in the grand, Continental manner. It is written with an air of portentous profundity that will, no doubt, have many of its readers nodding their heads sagely and exclaiming, "Ah! How wise!" The style is heavy with rhetorical flourishes and paradox, not always to the benefit of the exposition. Here is a characteristic passage, about Socrates, which illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of this style: "Like everything which bears within it an exceptional poetic grandeur, his personality involves a large measure of ambiguity: he is equivocal as genius is. His famous irony is the defense and the expression of his complexity, and above all, as we have seen, of the incommunicable spiritual experience which was his hidden treasure. He makes mysteries secular and he initiates us into humanism as a mystic and an inspired one; he is an enchanter, he has a mission which is in some sort religious, and he reveals reason to itself; he knows nothing and he discovers science; he dissembles ceaselessly for the love of truth; he invokes the most barefaced reasons of expediency, and he is the master of the interior life, of asceticism and abnegation; he hurls discourse into the intoxication of distinctions, divisions, logic chopping and the manipulation of essences and he is the most 'existential' of the Greek thinkers." (12)


Obese diabetic (ZDF fa/fa) rats with genetic leptin resistance suffer chronic lipotoxicity associated with age‐related lung restriction and abnormal alveolar ultrastructure. We hypothesized that these abnormalities impair adaptation to ambient hypoxia.


Objective: To probe the cause and relative treatment of the complications with CSDH by trepanation and drainage. Methods: 132 cases with CSDH from June, 1998 to November,2002 were retrospectively reviewed,and 17 cases with complications were analyzed and discussed. Results: The complications in 17 cases mainly include intracranial pneumatosis (17?cases) ,subdural effusion (6?cases), secondary intracranial hemorrhage (7?cases), organized hematoma (4?cases), they were all cured by the second trepanation and drainage or crainotomy .Conclusion: Carefully analyzing patients' situations before operations, paying all attention to reading image files, making feasible operation plans were important for decreasing complications.


Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of immune factors that regulate leucocyte trafficking during physiological and pathological processes. Based on the positioning of cysteines, chemokines are divided into four subfamilies, CXC (also called alpha-chemokines), CC (beta-chemokines), C (gamma-chemokines) and CX3C (delta-chemokines) [1]. Research in the field of chemokines accelerated significantly after the report by Cocchi et al. that a subset of these factors, namely CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and regulated upon activation normal T cell-expressed and secreted (RANTES), can function as inhibitors of HIV-1 [2]. This finding led to identification of CCR5, a receptor for these chemokines, as a main coreceptor for primary HIV-1 strains [3–7]. An alternative co-receptor used by T cell-line tropic viruses and by HIV-1 strains appearing mainly at later stages of disease is CXCR4, a receptor for a CXC chemokine SDF-1α [8]. The discovery of involvement of chemokine receptors in HIV-1 binding and entry opened the door for new approaches to controlling HIV-1 infection.


The n-job, m-machine Job shop scheduling (JSP) problem is one of the general production scheduling problems in manufacturing system. Scheduling problems vary widely according to specific production tasks but most are NP-hard problems. Scheduling problems are usually solved using heuristics to get optimal or near optimal solutions because problems found in practical applications cannot be solved to optimality using reasonable resources in many cases. In this paper, optimization of three objectives mean job flow time, mean job tardiness and makespan are considered. New Game theory based heuristic approach (GT) is used for finding optimal makespan, mean flow time, mean tardiness values of different size problems and generating a feasible schedule that minimizes three objectives. This schedule is called a Pareto optimal solution. A set of non-dominant solutions have been identified using Naive and Slow approach. The findings are compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA) that tested the same problems. The proposed GT heuristic is competent and proves to be a good problem-solving technique for multi objective optimization in job shop scheduling.


Can there be a duty to forgive those who have wronged us? According to a popular view amongst philosophers working on forgiveness the answer is no. Forgiveness, it is claimed, is always elective. This view is rejected by Gamlund (2010a; 2010b) who argues that duties to forgive do exist and then provides conditions that are relevant to determining whether forgiveness is obligatory or supererogatory. In this paper I will argue that the conditions that Gamlund provides do not provide a plausible account of the connection between forgiveness and duty. The problems I will raise against Gamlund's view is a problem that faces any moral view that makes room for supererogation. I will then investigate whether the existing solutions to this problem provide a more plausible account of the connection between forgiveness and obligation. I will argue that the two most prominent solutions, The Favouring Reasons View and The Sacrifice View, produce implausible results when applied to the case of forgiveness. However, an alternative view, The Freedom View, can provide plausible results when applied to the case of forgiveness. This gives us defeasible reason to favour this as a general solution to The Problem of the Good Ought Tie-Up.


In order to explore the conceptual design method about the new generation aircraft wing structure and to provide a based modern integrated design method with good operation for determining structural layout, authors utilized modular strategy and integrated thought with three means as technical way, which included CAD and CAE as well as structural topology optimization. Here we used UG as CAD platform, ANSYS as CAE platform. We presented a new algorithm through gradient threshold concept and a sort of constraint compensation technique. A practical aircraft wing was used as an example and optimal results were near the same as that of the practical one. The good results were partly due to utilization of 'functional component' and 'non-functional component' concepts. This phenomenon can be easily found from fig.9 and fig.11. By fig.9 and fig.15, we can reveal that this proposed model is reasonable. By fig.10 and fig.16, we can say that the new algorithm is effective and reliable. Through the research work above mentioned, we can draw a conclusion that this 'conceptual design method' has a kind of direction for aircraft wing structure designer.


In the volume of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE which appeared in 1875, I published a digest of the literature relating to the meteorites which fell between 1869 and that date, as well as an examination of the work done during that interval of time on meteorites which had fallen before 1869. I purpose now to direct the reader's attention to what has happened or been done during the intervening years, 1875 to 1881, and bring the supplement down to the present time.


Pulse width modulated-pulse train(PWM-PT) control method applied to the control of switching mode con-verter is presented.The error between output voltage and reference voltage of the converter is used to generate the low frequency modulation signal,from which the high or low power control pulse is chosen by PWM-PT controller to achieve the control of the converter.Boost converter in DCM is used as an example to illustrate the operation princi-ple of PWM-PT control technique.The analysis and experimental results verify the feasibility and advantage of PWM-PT control technique with better transient response characteristics.


China's FengYun-3E meteorological satellite was launched on July 5, 2021. The GNOS-II onboard the satellite is a payload that can combine GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) and GNSS radio occultation (GNSS RO). It can also receive signals from GPS and BeiDou (BDS) satellites. This paper introduces the GNSO-II payload and its early on-orbit GNSS-R wind product. The characteristics of reflectometry using BDS signals was discussed. The early on-orbit wind product was validated by the comparison with ECMWF reanalysis wind data. The GNSS-R winds retrieved by GPS and BDS signals were compared.


There has been a growing interest among scholars in organisational capitals in recent years. Using the field-descriptive method, this study reports a model for comparative analysis of challenges of organisational strategies in two private and public sectors of Iran's petrochemical industry and its impact on effectiveness of human capitals management practices. Historical study method was used to collect theoretical subjects and field study method was applied to answer to research questions and confirm or reject research hypotheses. There exists a significant difference between effectiveness level of human capitals management practices in areas of organisational strategies in two private and public sectors of petrochemical industry. Analysing the impact of existing challenges of organisational strategies on effectiveness of human capitals management practices shows the reversed relation among the existing challenges of organisational strategies and effectiveness of human capitals management practices in this regard. These results offer implications for future human capital practices inclusive of a proposed comprehensive model of Human Capital Management Strategy as a systemic remedy.


The design of Internet map platform is a most important trend in the utilization of digital map. In this paper,the authors mainly discuss the implemental idea,basic framework ,the construction of map data and the key technology based on Java applet for the establishment of the Internet map service platform,then describe the design of basic functions,user interface and bus exchanges functions adopt java and COM technology,and finally give the implementation in a case study.


Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the major health issues in the world [1,2]. In December 2019, a population of patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology was found in Wuhan, China. Many of the first patients were associated with a local seafood shop and live wild animals [1]. Therefore, it was initially thought that the disease was transmitted from animal to human. But after closing the said shop, the number of infected cases increased and it seemed that the second method of transmission of this disease was human-to-human [3].


Highly efficient 1.3-μm strained-layer (SL) multiple-quantum-well (MQW) lasers operating over a wide temperature range have attracted much attention due to their applications to fiber-in-the-loop (FITL) and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) systems [1].


Abstract : Thermionic conversion of fission heat using cesium vapor diodes offers promise as an electrical power source for space vehicles. Research and development work on cesium vapor diodes is reported, as well as a state-of-the-art survey andAN EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY. Experimental and/or theoretical results are given in the following areas: effect of gas adsorption on the emission from cesiated tungsten; plasma oscillations; thermal conductivity of cesium vapor; electron scattering in cesium vapor; effect of varying cesium pressure, cathode temperature, and spacing in a cesium cell; and construction techniques and materials problems. The use of plasma oscillations to generate alternating current is discussed briefly and an analysis showing that the use of hybrid thermionic-thermoelectric systems in space is not favorable, is shown. (Author)


A novel pattern was designed for the calibration of structured light vision.The calibration is realized with the Zhang camera calibration method and cross-ratio invariant ruler of projection conversion.According to the structural features of pattern,the extraction algorithm of feature circles and light center were developed.The mapping location algorithm was proposed based on the homography matrix,which fulfilled the location of mapping relation and feature recognition by automation.Experimental results have proved that this algorithm works accurately and steadily,and the proposed pattern and algorithm are competent for the calibration of structured light sensor.


in calligraphy, arabesque designs and architecture. Also, geometric designs were used quite extensively. Muslim craftsmen produced stunning designs based on simple geometric principles and traditional motifs which were used to decorate many surfaces. The idea of interlacing simple rectilinear lines to form the patterns impressed Arabs. Nomads of Persia, Turks and Mongols were equally impressed with the designs so they begin to use them in their homes in carpet weaving. Islamic designs, motifs and colours which were used became common place and served to influence people's tastes. Modern life style and contemporary products have changed the style of people's daily lives, however, people still long for the nomadic way of life. This is clearly reflected in people's homes. In a great many Muslim homes, Islamic decorative motifs can be seen along with traditional 'Bedouin' style furnishing, especially in homes of the Arabian Peninsula.


BIODEFENSEThe scientist who persuaded hundreds of his colleagues to sign a letter criticizing U.S. spending on biodefense research is worried about more than just its impact on basic microbiology ([see main text][1]).

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/307/5714/1396


This paper presents a proposed technique for texture recognition which depends on the combination of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) with Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform (FDCvT) via Wrapping.The proposed technique includes two stages, the first stage is implemented by taking individual natural textures (wood, stone and grass) with several positions and calculation of the features vector (Mean and standard deviation) by using many methods: DCT, FDCvT via Wrapping, and both FDCvT via Wrapping and DCT. The second stage is implemented by taking several samples of new textures for testing the work.The results show that the texture recognition rate by the DCT is 52%, and the FDCvT via Wrapping is 88%. But the new technique of (FDCvT via Wrapping and DCT) achieves better recognition rate (92%). This combination leads to efficiency in texture recognition because the DCT added some qualities that strengthen the work of the Curvelet Transform.


Excerpt The Fanconi syndrome in adults is generally associated with multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, hyperglobulinemia, and nephrotoxic metals and drugs. This report described a generalized defect in...


In the early 1990s, Berlin and Shanghai witnessed the dramatic social changes in both national and global contexts. While in 1991 Berlin became the new capital of the reunified Germany, from 1992 S ...


This article is devoted to the analysis of the evaluation of the semantic perception of the processes in society, which deal with health, medical services, the quality of life in the period of social transformation at the end of 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. The author finds out the main reasons of changing of society attitude to social and personal health. Based on the analysis of social-philosophic approaches towards understanding the value of health and person's attitude to his own life and are revealed dynamic of meanings in medical and social sphere, the sources of the formation of modern concepts of the social significance of health. Having justifyed the versatility of the modern understanding of health, which isn't limited to the studying of the physical condition of the body, but it is also included mental, physic and social well-being, the author relies on the world organization of Health Care (WON), so the health means as a resource of everyday life, not so the health as am. Beyond the boundaries of the definition, those needs remain that are characteristic of a healthy person. In this regard the discussions haven't been stopping around the concept of health and currently, continuing that many concepts, based on different understanding of the essence of health. Health is priceless as a subjective factor, but it has an economic component from the point of view of social protection. According to the author's opinion, these factors prove the need for a new social model of medical services for the population. In the historic context the perception of meanings, related to the health and medical service, was formed by each specific epoch of development, manifesting itself in the ideas of the philosophers. Modern sociological science allows us to identity public opinion about medical-social sphere and based on its analysis, to correct the policy in this area, relying on the knowledge of social needs.


Changes in the refractive index and thickness of amorphous As2S8 semiconductor film are observed under illumination, annealing–illumination, and annealing-illumination cycles. Properties of the As2S8 film are measured using techniques of prism coupler, x-ray diffraction spectra and Raman spectra. After light illumination the refractive index change in an as-deposited As2S8 film is one order of magnitude greater than that of an annealed As2S8 film, corresponding to ∼0.06 and ∼0.0057, respectively. Photoexpansions with a change in the relative film thickness of the as-deposited and annealed As2S8 film are nearly −3.5% and −2.1%, respectively, which exhibit the photodensification. The full reversibility of the photoinduced refractive index change is claimed on an annealed As2S8 film sample.


The Chinese structure A+V+O should be analyzed within the higher language unit,sentence,with its key in the nature of adverbials.Adverbials are used to modify or limit verbs with their objects.Usually,the structure A+V+O is divided into A+(V+O).But when auxiliary verbs are used as adverbials,or when monosyllable words are used as adverbials before monosyllable verbs (with exceptions when "hen","shifen" and "feichang" being used as adverbials or monosyllable adjectives as verbs),or when there is a comma or a colon between verbs and objects,the structure A+V+O is divided into (A+V)+O.


Can public income insurance through progressive income taxation improve the allocation of risk in an economy where private risk sharing is incomplete? The answer depends crucially on the fundamental friction that limits private risk sharing in the first place. If risk sharing is limited because insurance markets are missing for model-exogenous reasons (as in Bewley, 1986) publicly provided risk sharing improves on the allocation of risk. If instead private insurance markets exist but their use is limited by limited enforcement (as in Kehoe and Levine, 1993) then the provision of public insurance interacts with equilibrium private insurance, as, by providing risk sharing, the government affects the value of exclusion from private insurance markets and thus the enforcement mechanism of these contracts. We characterize consumption allocations in an economy with limited enforcement and a continuum of agents facing plausible income risk and tax systems with various degrees of progressivity (public risk sharing). We provide conditions under which more publicly provided insurance actually reduces total insurance for agents (excess crowding-out), or under which more public insurance increases total insurance (partial crowding-out). eight anonymous referees and seminar participants at numerous institutions for helpful comments and suggestions, as well as the NSF (under grant SES 0820494) for financial support. All remaining errors are our own. A previous version of this paper has circulated under the title " Risk Sharing: Private Insurance Markets or Redistributive Taxation?


Quantitative authorship attribution refers to the task of identifying the author of a text based on measurable features of the author's style—a problem that has practical application in areas as diverse as literary scholarship, plagiarism detection, and criminal forensics. Attribution methods generally follow a generative approach, wherein a statistical "profile" is created for a set of candidate authors, based on certain features of the authors' writings, and the author whose profile most closely resembles the corresponding features of the unclassified text is selected. Potential features include word and sentence lengths, letter frequencies, word frequencies, vocabulary richness, word collocations, and more sophisticated (but not necessarily more useful) patterns that appear after syntactic tagging.


Zambales was one of the first territories explored by the Spanish conquistadores in the latter part of the sixteenth century. In 1607, the Order of Augustinian Recollect missionaries arrived in the area known before as Playa Honda and quickly established pueblos and centers of evangelization. The earliest towns founded by the Recollects were Masinloc, Iba, Santa Cruz and from these core pueblos other villages sprouted. Parishes were also established in these towns with churches built using light materials such as wood and nipa. From these parishes, the Recollect missionaries labored so much to evangelize the natives in the far-flung corners of Zambales, organizing visitas and even reaching the people of the hinterlands, the Aytas. At the twilight of Spain's rule in the country, Ilocanos of San Narciso, Zambales built their parish church made of adobe bricks. These churches represent a fusion of European and Asian influences with the use of local materials showcasing Filipino artistry.

As the population grew in the pueblos, there was a need to construct churches made of stronger and lasting materials. By the turn of the nineteenth century, churches made of coral and limestones started to rise in the pueblos of Masinloc, Iba, Santa Cruz and Botolan.

This paper presents the rich history, inner beauty and the socio-political contributions of the five remaining Spanish balin sambawon (house of worship) of Zambales. The study aims to establish a comprehensive narrative of the churches' rich history, architectural details and the spiritual and moral influence it continues to wield.


Mandibular hypomobility results from various disorders affecting the stomatognathic system. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is an uncommon systemic disorder with mandibular hypomobility involved. Notably few cases of AMC with limited mouth opening and reduced range of jaw movement have been described in which this restriction has been attributed to involvement of the coronoid process. The cases diagnosed as AMC with mandibular hypomobility caused by coronoid hyperplasia are presented to highlight the clinical and three dimensional cone beam computed tomography findings of AMC patients.


Taxation specialist also leads his firm's focus on state aid
It's got to take something really special to tempt you out of retirement. And for ex-Latham & Watkins partner Daniel Friel, that something was King & Spalding, which he joined at the start of last year.
Friel retired from Latham at the end of 2014, having joined the US firm in 2006 and becoming vice-chair of its European tax and benefits practice shortly after. During that time he handled a range of large cross-border merger-related inversions, which Friel describes as "new, challenging structures" for the time, as well as some major restructurings.


Relaxation of a dilute polymer solution after an abrupt cooling from good- or θ-solvent to poor solvent is considered. Four processes are involved in relaxation, namely, single unknotted chain crumpling, single-chain knotting, interchain aggregation, and interchain entanglement formation. Five different regimes are described depending on the relaxation times of these stages; they are presented on a T-c diagram of the solution. The interpretation of recent experiments of Chu et al. 1 on the kinetic study of a coil-to-globule transition is discussed


This paper analyzes impression formation in political campaigns-how citizens assess a candidate's unobserved characteristics as a prelude to their vote decisions. This behavior is modeled using two approaches, one a psychology-based model in which voters behave as motivated tacticians, the other a game-theoretic version where voters are sequentially rational. The aim of the analysis is two-fold: to deepen our understanding of how voters reconcile altemate sources of candidate information and to compare predictions derived from ostensibly incompatible theories of human behavior. The analysis shows, surprisingly, that the models yield the same predictions about impression formation. The analysis also characterizes the impact of strategic behavior on impression formation and predicts conditions where voters are primed to move beyond initial impressions, identifying an asymmetry in how voters respond to new information depending on the content of their initial impressions and whether the information is confirmatory or contradictory.


Background: Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) is the most common chromosomal aberration, with an incidence of 1/700 live births, and presents with mental retardation, typical phenotype and a series of associated pathological conditions. Although overexpression of genes encoded on chromosome 21 was proposed to lead to the phenotype, this has not been fully addressed at the protein level. Aim: It was therefore the aim of our study to determine protein levels of several chromosome 21 gene products in fetal DS brain. We selected interferon (IFN) α/β receptor β chain (IFNAR2), glutamate receptor 5 (ionotropic kainate 1), h2 calponin, claudin-8 and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 for quantification in fetal brain of the early second trimester using immunoblotting. Results: We observed significant and about twofold overexpression of the 20-kD immunoreactive IFN receptor α/β band in the fetal cortex of DS brain (p = 0.0293), while the 70-kD immunoreactive band was overexpressed but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.065). When data were normalized to the housekeeping protein β-actin, a significant increase in IFN receptor levels was observed. Levels of the aforementioned proteins were comparable between DS and controls. Conclusion: Overexpression of IFNAR2 in fetal DS brain may increase the responsiveness of DS cells, leading to altered neuronal excitability, neuronal growth and survival as well as cytoskeleton derangement.


Metropolitan Regions and Urban District Councils - The Urban District Council institutional orders - Methodological considerations - Participation and identity - The role as UDC politicians - District politicians on central-local relations - Efficiency in service provision - Transverse processes - Conclusions


Care transitions are recognized as a time of significant vulnerability for children and adults with multiple chronic illnesses and complex health and social needs. Moving between settings or between providers requires comprehensive preparation and education of patients and families and accurate and timely flow of essential information. Lack of effective coordination on both sides of the transition leaves patients at risk for serious adverse outcomes influencing quality of life and function and substantial cost.This OJIN topic captures several important steps in the evolution of knowledge and practice of transitional care and care coordination. Together, the articles included in this topic reflect where we have been and where we still need to go to assure that patients and their families have safe and effective transitional care experiences. The articles range from a summary of over two decades of research on the nurse-led Transitional Care Model (TCM) to recent pilot studies developing new models and tools to expand transitional care and care coordination interventions to new settings and populations.In Continuity of Care: The Transitional Care Model, Hirschman and members of the multiprofessional Transitional Care Model (TCM) team at the University of Pennsylvania detail the evidence supporting the impact of their nurse-led transitional care model on quality and cost outcomes for older adults with multiple chronic illnesses. The TCM has undergone rigorous testing over the past two decades and has consistently demonstrated reductions in hospitalizations and costs for Medicare beneficiaries at high risk for adverse outcomes. This well-recognized model has been implemented in hospitals and health systems including patientcentered medical homes across the United States. The nine core TCM interventions and tools developed to measure them are described in the paper. This latest summary of the body of TCM research and its translation into "real-world" health care systems is a testament to the importance of rigorous and continuous programs of research for defining and improving care coordination for vulnerable populations with complex care needs.DelBoccio and colleagues describe one hospital's experience in becoming a top performer in transitional care in Successes and Challenges in Patient Care Transition Programming. Spurred to improve transitional care by changes in the Affordable Care Act, Indiana University Health North Hospital launched new programs to enhance patient activation and health team performance in medication management and communication with post-acute providers. Their experience reinforces the importance of effective teamwork and continuous quality improvement in making meaningful improvements in the care transition experience and subsequent performance outcomes.Nurses across academic and clinical settings in Minnesota describe the implementation of two models of care coordination for children with medical complexity (CMC) in their article Pediatric Care Coordination: Lessons Learned and Future Priorities. Cady and colleagues designed the TeleFamilies Model and PRoSPer models of pediatric care coordination to overcome current challenges of integrating complex care for children in healthcare homes (HCH) and to address key components of their state's healthcare reform legislation. Examining the implementation of new care coordination models within the context of unfolding state healthcare reform is a critical aspect of this article. Both the TeleFamilies and PRoSPer models incorporate nurses as drivers of care coordination processes in concert with members of interprofessional teams. They involve different team members and the use of different technologies according to the needs of children and families in rural and urban HCHs. The results of initial model tests show improved family perceptions of their health care experience and provider communication. The authors suggest several opportunities for further evaluation of In their article Registered Nurse Care Coordination: Creating a Preferred Future for Older Adults with Muitimorbiditv. …


. From a set of spectrophotometric data covering 15 years, we observe a recurrent activity in the BLR of NGC 1566. Each period of activity lasts for 1300 days. It consists of successive bursts charac-terized by a rise-time less than 20 days and an exponential decay on a time scale of around 400 days. The total energy involved in one 1300 day period of activity is 10^1 ergs. These variations can be understood in the framework of accretion disc models for AGN, as resulting from a limit cycle which operates in the inner regions of the disc The aim of the present study is to investigate further the frequency of the rapid and intense outbursts occuring in the BLR of the galaxy and Hß arising from the broad region substantially time.


The optimal extraction process of volatile oil from Rhizoma Cyperi and Chuanxiong hort by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were as follows:pressure 35 MPa,extraction temperature 45 ℃,CO2 flow 8 L/h,extraction time 2 h,the extraction rate 7.01%.This process was stable and had a high extraction rate,which would provide reference for the industrialized production.


The electronic transitions in the ultraviolet (UV)/visible (VIS) range of nematogenic 4′-n-alkyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (nCB) with butyl (4CB) and hexyl (6CB) groups have been studied. The UV/VIS and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of nCB (n = 4, 6) molecules have been simulated using the TDDFT/B3LYP/6-31+G (d) method. Mulliken atomic charges for each molecule have been compared with Loewdin atomic charges to analyze the molecular charge distribution and phase stability. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies corresponding to the electronic transitions in the UV/VIS range have been reported. Excited states have been calculated via CI-singles (CIS) with semiempirical Hamiltonian ZINDO. Furthermore, two types of calculations have been performed for model systems containing single and double molecules of nCB. The dimer complexes during the different modes of molecular interactions have also been taken into consideration in order to investigate the most energetically stable configuration. These computations provide valuable information regarding the role and flexibility of end chains in a particular phase behavior and UV stability.


Arid and semiarid regions are seriously lacking of fresh water. Wheat is a staple food everywhere which is only moderately tolerant to water stress. Improving water stress tolerance of wheat genotypes is inhibited by lacking of efficient evaluation methods. High throughput precision phenotyping provides an innovative technology to screen for enhanced water stress tolerance from a large of number of genotypes under field conditions and can have immediate value to plant breeding. Therefore, several phenotyping techniques have been tested i.e., canopy temperature (CT), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), crop morphological traits and grain wheat yield and yield components. A field experiment was conducted and fifteen wheat genotypes and cultivars were used. The water stressed plants (WS) were irrigated and maintained during the whole growing season up to about 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) except the 35 days for imposing water stress. The control plants (WW) received 393 mm for whole wheat growing season, while plants with water stress for 35 days received 313 mm. The experiment was laid out according to an alpha lattice design with incomplete blocks 3 x 5 with two replications, 15 genotypes, 12 blocks and 5 plots per block in each replication. Results revealed that response of genotypes to water stress was varied compared to its response in well-watered conditions. The broad sense heritability of CT was 0.89, NDVI 0.78 and WSC 0.96 and grain yield 0.69. Strong correlation/linear regression/polynomial regression between all used wheat phenotyping techniques (CT, NDVI, WSC) and in-season biomass/grain yield were documented (P 0.01). Some genotypes were selected as water stress tolerant. It could be concluded that the presented results confirmed that CT, NDVI and WSC can be used as a rapid and cheap predictor for selecting wheat genotypes with better grain yield and water use efficiency under water stress conditions.


Plant-derived compounds have played very crucial role in the field of anti-cancer drugs. Various important anti-cancer agents like vincristine, vinblastin, camptothecin, paclitaxel and podophyllotoxin have been isolated from the various plant source. Most of the anticancer drugs act on tubulin site. Beauty of these drugs is planar structure because space between a & ß-subunit of tubulin is very less and planar compounds can fit in the gap and bind to ß-Subunit. Several new agents have been found against cancer including combretastatin A4 phosphate, aliphatic esters and lignans. The basic aim of this review is to explore the potential of newly discovered anticancer compounds, from natural resourses, as a lead for anticancer drug development.


The invention fluoride source (Fluoride Source) l ~ 35 wt% organic amine (s) 20 to 60% by weight of nitrogenous components, such as nitrogen-containing carboxylic acid or imine 0.1 to 40% by weight, water 20-50 It relates to a semiconductor wafer cleaning composition containing a weight%, and the metal chelating agent (s) 0 to 21% by weight. The compositions of the present invention is useful in removing inorganic residues from the semiconductor wafer containing the residue, for example, fine copper interconnect structure from the wafer after the resist plasma ashing (ashing) Step


There are currently over 2000 dental textbooks available. The Internet imposes new boundaries for an educational material making it more multimedia orientated and universally available. Our goal was to produce a virtual textbook of Gnathology. Project was conducted for one year and involved a team of computer sciences experts. Beside main textbook website, accessory functions were programmed. Glossary including most common terms was integrated into the textbook. Advanced features provided automatic explanation when pointer was over the term defined in glossary. Search engine and multimedia support was also included. Textbook was entirely editable using the default web browser software as a tool which enabled easy access for all contributors. The web site was tested by a group of students (N=30) and staff members (N=22) of the School of Dental Medicine University of Zagreb. Main features covered in evaluation questionnaire were: ease of usage, intuitiveness of browsing, site updating and ability to find information in the textbook. Results: The project resulted in fully functional web site Gnathology@net available at http://www.gnatologija.net . Mean ease of usage index calculated from gathered answers was 8.4 measured on scale from 1 to 10. Around 91% of students and 84% of staff found this web site intuitive to use. Approximately 43% of the staff had no significant problem in updating an article, 33% had problems which needed an educative course and 23% felt that technology was too complicated. When examinees were asked to find a picture or explanations of specific term in site, mean time was 57 seconds.


This multicenter study found worse visual outcomes and higher odds of postoperative macular edema, retinal detachment, and epiretinal membrane surgery with posterior capsule rupture or dropped lens fragments during phacoemulsification. Purpose: To analyze the visual outcomes and postoperative complications of phacoemulsification cataract surgery in eyes with posterior capsule rupture (PCR) and dropped lens fragments (DLFs) in comparison with a reference group with uneventful surgery. Setting: 8 UK National Health Service departments. Design: Retrospective comparative nonrandomized study. Methods: Demographic, medical history, and ocular examination data were automatically extracted from the electronic records. The main outcome variables were postoperative visual acuity (VA), and the development of postoperative cystoid macular edema (CME) as well as rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and epiretinal membrane (ERM) requiring surgery. Results: The analysis included 175 589 eyes in the reference group, 2751 eyes in the PCR group, and 519 eyes in the DLF group. During all postoperative intervals, the mean VA in the DLF and PCR groups was significantly worse than the reference group (P < .001). On multivariate analysis, the odds of having a VA ≤0.3 logMAR at 4 to 12 weeks postoperatively among eyes with DLF and PCR were 88% and 73% lower than the reference group (P < .001). More eyes developed CME in the DLF and PCR groups (P < .001). The odds of requiring RRD and ERM surgery were 3.6 and 2.1 times higher in the DLF group, and 1.8 and 1.3 times higher in the PCR group, respectively, as compared with the reference group. Conclusions: Eyes undergoing phacoemulsification complicated by PCR, and more so with DLF, have worse visual outcomes and higher chances of CME, ERM, and RRD when compared with uneventful surgery.


During the last two years I have been able, through the kindness of the Director of the Taronga Zoological Park and the help of the staff of the Zoo Aquarium, to study and make observations upon Mollusca, particularly sea-slugs and sea-hares, living there in captivity. This has helped me considerably in identifying or describing material, as the animals of both these groups mentioned are liable to undergo a severe change in colour and form in preservative, and unless some record of these characters is made when the animals are alive, later research work on them may prove very difficult. My thanks are, therefore, due to those who have helped me in this way, and I hope as a result of the opportunities afforded me, and with the aid of the material in the Australian Museum collection, to publish papers dealing with these two groups, so common in Australia yet so much neglected, the sea·slugs and the sea-hares.


if emissions of greenhouse gases are stabilised at a level that is consistent with the ultimate goal of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), both the risks and the impacts of climate change are expected to increase significantly in coming decades. Adopting a strategic framework for adaptation—with clearer goals and targets—would help set the direction for and track progress on adaptation universally and in relation to the ongoing negotiations under the UNFCCC. In this context, adopting an adaptation gap approach with its focus on targets—as well as on the potential for, and limits to adaptation—could be useful. This report is being published in response to requests made to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by different parties to provide a preliminary assessment of adaptation gaps to complement information presented in the emissions gap reports UNEP has been producing since 2010. The emissions gap reports analyse the estimated gap in 2020 between emission levels consistent with the goal of keeping global average temperature increase in this century below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and projected levels if emission reduction pledges by parties are met. Parties have found the emissions gap reports useful in helping inform their discussions at the annual Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC. The report focuses on developing countries, where adaptation needs are anticipated to be the highest and adaptive capacity is often the lowest. The main emphasis is on the period from 2010 to 2050, as the short-to medium-term is considered the most relevant period of time for framing adaptation decisions and actions. Estimating the adaptation gap is far more challenging than calculating the emissions gap, as there is no globally agreed goal or metrics for adaptation, and adaptation is a response to specific climate risks and impacts often local in nature and vary over time. Key challenges in creating a framework for identifying adaptation gaps include: (i) the framework should be applicable across the globe on different spatial scales and across many sectors and risks; (ii) it should adequately capture current gaps in adapting to existing climate conditions and variability, as well as future gaps arising from the impact of increased climate change; and (iii) it should acknowledge, and allow for, differences in societal values and preferences with regards to EXECUTIVE SUMMARY determining a 'desirable' level of adaptation at local, national, regional and global levels. The proposed framework for defining adaptation gaps …


This paper sought at understanding the paradox of ethnic federalism implementation in Ethiopia. The Tigray People Liberation Front took power in 1991 and established the Ethiopian People Democratic Revolutionary Front. As means of conflict resolution and exercising of democracy, the government architected the ethnic federalism system in which the country was divided into 9 administrative constituents and 2 self-administrative cities with a full recognition of self-administration up to the right to secession. However, the practical implementation of the ethnic federalism system proved that ethnic federalism with the right to secession was not the right choice. Contradicting to its establishing goal, it generated and regenerated conflicts from the national to the lower local level of governance. Due to the precarious conflict thousands were died, jailed, displaced and resources were plundered. Due to conflict, more than 1.5 million people were displaced which made Ethiopia the first country followed by Syria.


On September 1, 1940, a follow-up questionnaire was prepared and sent out to the Sauk County teachers in the one hundred fifteen rural schools, four state graded schools (second class), one school considered as grades below high school, the County Normal demonstration school, and one parochial school,?making a total of one hundred twenty-two schools that had pupils who were given an eighth-grade diploma as a result of having successfully passed the county achievement tests. Each questionnaire contained the pupils' names and ages as of May 18, 1940, and the following questions:


Abstract This paper describes the motion and the flow geometry of two or more linked ring vortices in an otherwise quiescent, ideal fluid. The vortices are thin tubes of near-circular shape which lie on the surface of an immaterial torus of small aspect ratio. Since the vortices are assumed to be identical and evenly distributed on any meridional section of the torus, the flow evolution depends only on the number of vortices ($n$) and the torus aspect ratio (${r}_{1} / {r}_{0} $, where ${r}_{0} $ is the centreline radius and ${r}_{1} $ is the cross-section radius). Numerical simulations based on the Biot–Savart law showed that a small number of vortices ($n= 2, 3$) coiled on a thin torus (${r}_{1} / {r}_{0} \leq 0. 16$) progressed along and rotated around the symmetry axis of the torus in an almost uniform manner while each vortex approximately preserved its shape. In the comoving frame the velocity field always possesses two stagnation points. The transverse intersection, along $2n$ streamlines, of the stream tube emanating from the front stagnation point and the stream tube ending at the rear stagnation point creates a three-dimensional chaotic tangle. It was found that the volume of the chaotic region increases with increasing torus aspect ratio and decreasing number of vortices.


The purpose of this study was to determine the daily energy requirements of ponies native to the U.K., living on upland areas. This information can be used to improve the management of ponies kept under these conditions. The objectives of this thesis were to i) determine the effects of speed and terrain on the energy costs of ponies when walking, ii) measure seasonal differences in the hair coat, iii) estimate the effect of a wet winter coat on metabolic rate, iv) determine the proportion of a day spent by free-living ponies in feeding, walking, standing and lying, v) estimate the total distance moved daily by these ponies, and vi) describe the relationship between weather conditions and the behaviour and location of ponies. In the first study, the energy costs of walking were measured in four Shetland and two Exmoor ponies by using open-circuit, indirect calorimetry. The energy cost of activity, above that for standing, was independent of speed and averaged 1.02 J/kg liveweight/m travelled. An Oxylog, a portable breath-by-breath oxygen analyser, was used to determine effects of terrrain on the energy cost of walking using five Shetland ponies. The mean (s.e.) energy expenditures (J/kg/m) were:grass 1.7 (0.07); concrete 2.9 (0.15); 12 cm ofmud 5.9 (0.21); uphill (+5.8°) 5.5 (0.31); downhill (-5.8°) 3.3 (0.23) J/kg/m. In the second study, physical parameters of the winter and summer hair coats of six Shetland ponies were compared. Also, metabolic rate was monitored as a means of assessing the effect of wetting ponies in winter coat. Coat density in the winter 2 • 2 averaged 96.2 (s.e. 8.01) mg/cm , 3.24 times the summer value of 29.5 (3.37) mg/cm . Fibre diameter differed significantly between ponies within season. For some ponies there were seasonal changes in fibre diameter. The number of fibres/cm" did not differ significantly between seasons. Metabolic rate (determined by open-circuit, indirect calorimetry) and body temperature were unaffected by wetting (to the skin) the dorsal surface of Shetland ponies in winter coat. However, there were decreases in skin temperature over the wetted area which suggested local vasoconstriction. In the third study, six Exmoor pony mares, kept in an enclosed area of fell in Cumbria, were observed in late winter (W) when they were pregnant, and in summer (S) when they were lactating. There were significant seasonal differences in the time spent feeding 17.2 h (W), 13.5 h (S); walking 0.5 h (W), 1.2 h (S); and standing 4.6 h (W), 6.2 h (S); but not in lying 1.3 h (W & S). The total distance moved by the mares in 24 h; 3.1 5.7 km (W) and 3.7 4.9 km (S), was calculated as the sum of the distances moved whilst grazing and walking. In winter, ponies preferentially grazed facing directly into or away from the wind at all wind speeds, and preferred to stand in areas where wind


Many foreigners apply for visas to visit or live in Australia. A small proportion of these applications are refused, however, because they are judged to be of bad character and a danger to Australian society. Some have their visas canceled after they have been issued. Australia's executive branch and judiciary have been struggling for a decade and a half to see who should have the final say on questions of immigration control. The Character Bill is the most recent development in this struggle. The Bill aims to protect communities from non-citizens who may be of bad character, especially those who may be criminals, when they apply for visas. It does this by making such people prove that they are of good character, by limiting their capacity to seek review of character-based decisions to deny them visas or to cancel already issued visas, and by restricting their access to information about them provided by law enforcement agencies. In some cases, non-citizens who are refused or deprived of visas on the basis of character will not have access to proper justice. The political and legal backgrounds to the Character Bill are described, as well as the substance and status of, and responses to the new bill.


Due to the importance of creating alternative mechanisms to generate know-how on potential markets for new entrepreneurs this paper proposes an agent-based learning environment to help them learning market research strategies within new businesses. An instructor agent, serving as a learning assistant within the MAS environment guides new entrepreneurs to identify their most adequate market niche. The integration of MAS-CommonKADS and GAIA methodologies is used along with AUML diagrams in order to design and develop this agentbased learning environment, called MaREMAS. The paper thus describes all the stages concerning MaREMAS construction focusing on the conceptualization, analysis, design, prototype development, and validation. The tests developed in the MaREMAS learning environment were satisfactory, however, it is proposed as future work to provide the system a more robust statistical module that allows a better analysis of the research variables and hence be able to generate more useful suggestions to the entrepreneur. Keywords: Agent-based learning environments, market research strategies, entrepreneurship, intelligent learning systems, learning helpers modeling


90 years ago, in 1932, Design and Experimental Department (DED STP) was established at Stalingrad Tractor Plant the first specialized design department of tractor engineering in our country. During the time of existence of this department, the factory chief design engineers were V.G. Stankevich (19321938), M.M. Romanov (19381940), V.A. Kargopolov (19431949), A.K. Platonov (19491950), A.Ya. Merilov (19511957), M.A. Sharov (19581980), V.P. Shevchuk (19801996), V.Ya. Bokov (19961998), I.A. Dolgov (19982005), V.V. Kosenko (20062010). The article contains the review of main achievments, made by the department, led by each of them. Throughout these years 5 families of tracked agricultural tractors were developed at Stalingrad (Volgograd from 1961) Tractor Plant, such as STZ-NATI, DT-54, DT-75, DT-175S and VT-100, with a wide range of special modifications (transport, swamp, hillside, peat, plowing and cultivating, etc) and configurations. Short stories of the creation of these machines, their characterisics and advantages over the predcessors are given. The tractors of STP (VgTP) were used in agriculture as well as in many other areas of our countrys economy, were exported to foreign countries and deserved respect and love from tractor drivers and maintenance specialists. Overall about 4 million tractors were produced according to technical documentation, developed by design engineers of STP (VgTP) or with their direct involvement.


The salinity is one of the stresses that more limits the income of the agricultural cultures, mainly in areas semiarid as the Northeast, though, it is known that the biostimulants are substances capable to alter the metabolism of the plant and to favor development under adverse conditions of stresses. In this context, it was aimed at with this work to evaluate the initial growth of the passion fruit plant irrigated with saline water and the application of biostimulants. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Campina Grande, campus Pombal, in factorial outline 5 × 3, corresponding to five salinity levels (S1 = 0.3; S2 = 2.3; S3 = 3.3; S4 = 4.3 and S5 = 5.3 dS m-1) and two biostimulants (B1 = Acadian and B2 = Crop Set) and treatment testifies (without an application of biostimulant). The dose used for each product was 4 ml L-1 of Acadian and 3 ml L-1 of Crop Set. It was used seeds of the passion fruit of the variety BRS-giant, sowed in containers of black polypropylene of 400 ml, containing sand and substrate Carolina Soil, in the proportion 1:1. For the 32 days after the sowing was determined the height, the root length, the fresh and dry mass (aerial, root and total) of plants, the biomass production and the index of tolerance the salinity. The data were submitted to the variance analysis of the test F at the level of 5% of probability, and when significant, the averages were submitted to the test Tukey for both factors, saline levels and biostimulants. The use of vegetable biostimulants increases the initial growth of the yellow passion fruit plant. The salinity in the irrigation water attacks the growth, however, I use of the biostimulant Crop Set lessens the harmful effect in passion fruit seedlings.


Recent studies of Ignatius the bishop of Antioch have been fresh and varied, upon the whole. Some of his theological ideas have been reconsidered, as for example his conceptions of the Trinity by Jules Lebreton (Recherches de Science Religieuse, 1925, 97 f., 393 f.) and Loofs (Theophilus von Antiochien adversus Marcionem, 1930, 194 f.). His relation to the gnostic movement occupies H. Schlier's Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Ignatiusbriefen (1929), and emerges in Lietzmann's Geschichte der Alten Kirche, I (1932, 251 f.) and Walter Bauer's Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christenthum (1934, 65 f.). The psychological interest crops up in Dr. Streeter's ingenious account of his attitude towards church-orders (The Primitive Church, 1929), while wider surveys are furnished by Dr. F. A. Schilling (Mysticism of Ignatius of Antioch, 1932) and Dr. Cyril Richardson (The Christianity of Ignatius of Antioch, 1935). These monographs represent an advance upon the old-fashioned practice of grouping Ignatius among the so-called 'apostolic fathers,' or of estimating him in the wake of a 'mystical succession' headed by the apostles Paul and John.


Stereospecific high-affinity binding sites for #h-[3HJendorphin could be demonstrated in the P2 pellet of rat brain homogenate. Scatchard analysis of the binding data revealed binding sites with Kd values of 0.81 and 6.8 nM and density of 120 and 240 fmol/mg of protein. Distribution of {h13H1endorphin binding in various brain regions parallels that of opiate receptor:striatum > thalamus > amyg ala > hypothalamus, septum > cortex > midbrain, brainstem. Similar to their effect on 3H-labeled agonist binding, Na+ and other monovalent cations, GTP, trypsin, chymotrypsin, phospholipase A2, and N-ethylmaleimide all inhibited the specific binding of fth[3HJendorphin. In contrast to their action on alkaloid and enkephalin binding, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ also inhibited 4h4[3Hlendorphin binding. These data suggest a difference between Ph-endorphin and alkaloid/enkephalin binding sites. Since the discovery of its opioid activities, the pharmacological properties of fl-endorphin have been well characterized. It is accepted that the potent analgesic activity of ,B-endorphin (1, 2) results from the interaction of the peptide with the opiate receptors present in the brain. However, with the exception of some displacement studies (3, 4), the nature of ,B-endorphin binding to the putative opiate receptor has not yet been elucidated because of a lack of availability of radioactive f3-endorphin. This was resolved by the successful tritiation and iodination of the peptide reported by Houghten and Li (5) and Hazum et al. (6), respectively. In both cases the biological activities of f3-endorphin were retained. Furthermore, using the iodinated peptide, Hazum et al. (6) found some dissimilarities between alkaloid or enkephalin and the f3-endorphin binding to the receptor. In order to investigate the hypothesis of heterogeneous opiate receptor, interaction between f3-endorphin and the opiate receptor was carried out by using 3-[3HTyr27]endorphin. In a preliminary note (7), we described the ability of the radioactive peptide to interact with the crude synaptosomal fraction of rat brain. We report here the characterization of this interaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS [Met]and [Leu]enkephalin were purchased from Biochem Laboratory (Marina del Reyes, CA). f-Lipotropin (f3-LPH) was isolated from sheep pituitary (8). f3-[3H]Endorphin and 3-endorphin and other related peptides were synthesized as described (5, 9). Morphine was from Mallinckrodt; levorphanol and dextrorphan were from Hoffmann-LaRoche; naloxone was from Endo Laboratory (Garden City, NJ); trypsin (bovine pancreas) type III, chymotrypsin (bovine pancreas), phospholipase A2 (bee venom), o-phenanthroline, N-ethylmaleimide, bovine serum albumin fraction V, and Hepes were from Sigma; choline chloride was supplied by Baker. 3h-[3H]Endorphin binding was measured as reported (7). Crude synaptosomal preparations, P2 pellets (22,000 X g for 20 min), were obtained from the excised brain (minus cerebellum) of male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (200-240 g) as described (7). The final lysed pellets were resuspended (1.5 g/40 ml) in 25 mM Hepes/0.1% albumin, pH 7.7 (buffer A). These membrane preparations were kept at -65°C until used. Specific binding of 43h-[3H]endorphin was measured at 23-250C for 1 hr in 1.0 ml of buffer A containing 2 mM 1,10-o-phenanthroline (buffer B). Membrane preparation (0.5 ml; 0.4-0.6 mg of protein) was added to the reaction vessel (1.5-ml polypropylene centrifuge tube) 5 min prior to the initiation of the binding assays. Assays were started by the addition of appropriate aliquots of 13h-[3H]endorphin. The tubes were then capped and vortexed immediately. After 1 hr of incubation, the reaction mixtures were removed with a pasteur pipette and applied to Whatman G glass-fiber GF-C filter discs (2.4 cm) prewetted with washing buffer [buffer A plus 0.01% Triton X-100 plus 100mM choline chloride at pH 7.7 (buffer C)]. The filters were then washed three times with 5 ml of buffer C. Radioactivity on each filter was determined by liquid scintillation counting in a Beckman LS150 after the filters were allowed to stand in 8.0 ml of Scintiverse (Fisher) overnight. Specific binding of 3h-[3H]endorphin was defined as the difference in the average radioactivity bound to sets of triplicate samples in the presence of 0.1 ,uM dextrorphan or 10,M levorphanol plus 0.1 MuM dextrorphan.


We examine the make-take structure, which compensates liquidity suppliers and charges liquidity demanders, in the options markets where it competes with a traditional structure that uses payments for order flow. Using the introduction of the make-take structure as an event, we find that execution costs (including fees) for liquidity demanders decline after the event for the affected options, that the make-take structure encourages market makers to improve quoted prices, and that brokers change their routing behavior to include fees in the routing decision. The decline in execution costs is consistent with the benefits of the increased quote competition from the make-take structure prevailing over the fees the structure charges to liquidity demanders. This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.


: As an important part of competitive sports, swimming plays an extremely important role in improving the scientific training level of athletes. With the continuous development of modern information technology, it has made great achievements in various fields of sports training. This paper uses research methods of literature and logical analysis to make a systematic analysis of the main trends of the current development of swimming sports, and then explores the scientific methods of swimming training. The research believes that for athletes, if they want to improve their swimming performance, they need to adopt scientific and effective training methods and constantly find their limits, constantly to create more excellent results