Abstract : This final technical report will describe the efforts and accomplishments performed under contract to the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Rome Research Site (RRS). The original terms of this contract specified the incorporation of Motion Imagery Exploitation capabilities, provided by AFRL's Exploitation Toolkit for Video (XTV), into the Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI). However, given the relatively small dollar amount of the contract, and the potential benefits anticipated for this purpose, it was decided to concentrate on enhancing existing exploitation capabilities. Prior Motion Imagery Exploitation work performed by Northrop Grumman Information Technology (IT) under contract to AFRL consisted of a method to automatically determine significant scene changes in compressed MPEG video. This contract extended that effort to add segmentation capabilities to the scene change detection efforts. To make this tool user friendly, a graphical user interface (GUI) was built to support testing and utilization of this automatic segmentation tool. Additionally, this process was loosely integrated with an AFRL developed mosaicking capability to demonstrate a proof of concept for Phase 0 image exploitation. Surveillance video can be of very long duration, often longer than 24 hours, thus making effective use of this video difficult. To facilitate the exploitation of this video and reduce required manpower, tools such as automatic segmentation become necessary. This effort has shown that automatic video segmentation can be an effective tool for partitioning video into homogeneous segments and will assist in the effective exploitation of aerial surveillance video. Integration of the automatic segmentation tool with the mosaicking capability provides the exploiter with a completely hands-free analysis tool that will allow the user to quickly view the mosaics and identify which video clips may be of interest. (2 figures, 5 refs.)


This investigation was conducted for confirming the superiority of hegari group and/ or sudangrass group as pollen parents and clarifying the effects of forage characteristics of male-sterile line on forage yield in hybrid forage sorghum. Hegari group and sudangrass group were proved to be the excellent pollen parents by means of their greater heterosis and general combining ability in F1's. It was also suggested that forage characteristics, especially stem length, of male-sterile line did not affect on yield and its components in hybrid forage sorghum.


According to the disease development hypothesis,adverse effects in early stage lead to permanent changes in physiology and metabolism,resulting in increased risk of suffering diseases in adulthood.In this report,we build a rat PCOS model to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of PCOS and to evaluate treatment alternatives.Pregnant rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups(n=13,DHT: n=16),on the 15th day of pregnancy,1.2 mg DHT was injected daily with identical volume physiologic saline.The two Pups were raised to 14-16 weeks followed by life extermination,at which time the ovaries were extracted for an array of observations including ovarian morphology,blood gonadal hormone concentration,glucose concentration.The insulin concentrations were tested,and the lipid metabolism was measured.It is found that the DHT rats show the increase in the number of cystic follicles,hyperandrogenic status,hyperglycemia and irregular cycles.The proposed models are expected to make some contributions to the studies of PCOS.


15.0. The story of the clever thief here presented was related by Rodrigo Guzman in Zoque, under the Spanish title of 'El Buen Ladr6n'. It is a Zoque version of the Rhampsinitus tale,60 and is one of a limited number of secular texts in Zoque transcribed from direct dictation by informants; certain of these have already been published in unanalyzed form.51 In this story, as in other European folktales of the area, the general features of the tale remain intact, but the setting, characters, and action are adapted where necessary to keep within the limitations of a culture that is Zoque or with which the


Nervous Children. By Beverly R. Tucker, M.D. Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1916. Pp. 147. Dr. Tucker writes as a neurologist, but not for neurologists. What strikes most forcibly a student of psychology is his apparent failure to grasp the psychological problems of nervous and mentally deficient children, and his lack of any reference to the large and growing psychological literature on their training. His book has no bibliography, not even an index of names. Freud and Cornell he quotes, but he says nothing about Dr. Barr's work on "Mental Defectives," and Dr. Goddard he cites only to misspell his name in connection with a very inadequate reference to the Binet-Simon tests. No other tests are mentioned


suggest that 83% Traffic crawls on Interstate-25 in Denver, Colorado, as exhaust fumes rise into the air. Image credit: iStock/ milehightraveler. The Late Bronze Age eruption of the Thera volcano on the island of Santorini in the Mediterranean Sea was one of the largest natural disasters in human history. Despite the magnitude of the eruption, remains from human victims have not been identified and evidence of tsunamis is scant. Vasıf Ş aho ğ lu, Beverly Goodman Tchernov, et al. performed archaeological and sediment analysis on stratified deposits at Çe ş me-Ba ğ lararası in Turkey. The study area encompassed disturbed fortification walls and a layer of rubble and chaotic sediments along with a volcanic ash layer and a bone-rich charred layer. The results include evidence of seawater inundation and building collapse consistent with a series of at least four tsunamis impacting the site. The authors also found articulated skeletons of a young male human and a dog buried in the debris flow. The authors suggest that misshapen pits in the study area were attempts to recover victims from the debris. Calibrated radiocarbon ages suggest that the Thera eruption and subsequent tsunamis occurred no earlier than 1612 BCE. According to the authors, the results illustrate the multiple chal- lenges posed by and multigenerational impact of a compound disaster such as the Thera eruption. — M.H.


-First generation structures in greywackes of the Yuso Group from the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain show a distinct variation in geometry with depth in a regional synclinal structure (Curavacas and Lechada synclines); they are easily distinguished from other deformation events. In the structurally uppermost level we find 'flap folds'. Flap folds are recumbent structures with the inverted limb preserved. Below this level 'cascade folds' are found. These structures have a vergence opposite to that of parasitic folds. The nomenclature adopted is from Harrison and Falcon. Characteristically, these structures have shallowly dipping axial surfaces, in agreement with the shallow dip of the axial plane (regional) cleavage. In the lowermost structural level, upright parasitic folds with a steep cleavage are present. The variation in fold geometry is accompanied by a general steepening of the regional cleavage with increasing depth. In the absence of overprinting relationships the F1 fold geometries are included in a single deformation event. The steepening of the cleavage with depth reflects the change in orientation of the maximum shortening direction from sub-vertical in the upper part of the syncline to sub-horizontal in the lower part. With increasing depth the deformation regime during F~ changed from bending to buckling. The deformation regime on the regional scale, however, is associated with basement subsidence and passive formation of the regional synclinal structure. Furthermore, the absence of a distinct microfabric for the different F1 folds indicates that on a small scale a similar deformation regime was present. We conclude, therefore, that the scale at which we study a structure only reflects the deformation regime at that particular scale. Consequently, the overall deformation regime cannot be determined from single outcrops or microstructural analysis alone.


Sustainable development of cultural landscapes has become an important policy issue in Austria. Therefore ecologists are confronted with the demand for indicators describing sustainibility of land use on different scales. The presented paper proposes the elaboration of an indicator set reflecting the spatial configuration of elements in landscapes — the so-called landscape structure. Refering to the outcomings of an interdisciplinary research project in different Austrian agricultural regions it can be shown that certain features of landscape structure are suitable to describe sustainable land-use systems on a scale of


Frontage smashing arises as a cmplicated and tough skill in contemporary volleyball.A probe into smashing instrustion involves making out techniques structures and practice in key process,adopting division and inducement via major points.Aided implement accompanied by technique development and shorten teaching hours on the stage,thus beneficially forms"Dynamic Modaling" in smashing so as to master and being applicable in competition.


This thesis examines the contentious legacy of brutalist architecture in Britain. Once the lingua franca of postwar architecture in the UK--demonstrating the principles of modernism advocated by high-profile European architects like Le Corbusier as well as socialist ethics--brutalist architecture's legacy in Britain today is both reviled and revered. The paper, by surveying three major buildings that are classified as "brutalist": Alison and Peter Smithson's Hunstanton Secondary Modern School, Erno Goldfinger's Trellick Tower, and Denys Lasdun's National Theatre, intends to demonstrate the enduring importance of brutalist architecture in Britain. By examining the difference between architectural history and architectural heritage, and by evaluating popular and professional criticisms of Brutalism, this thesis ultimately concludes that the preservation of brutalist buildings must be undertaken in order to protect an important chapter in the history of architecture and planning in the United Kingdom.


Mixtures of carboxylic acids and choline chloride are one of the most commonly used families of deep-eutectic solvents. The thermal and long-term stability of carboxylic acid–choline chloride (ChCl) deep-eutectic solvents was investigated. This family of DESs was found to degrade due to an esterification reaction, mainly between the carboxylic acid and the alcohol moiety of ChCl. The esterification reaction occurs even at room temperature over extended periods of time and is promoted at elevated temperatures. The esterification reaction takes place independently of the preparation method used. Moreover, the deep-eutectic solvent malonic acid–ChCl (xChCl = 0.50) was found to decompose into acetic acid and carbon dioxide when prepared via the heating method, or when heated after preparation at room temperature. Therefore, the applicability of carboxylic acid–ChCl-based solvents is compromised.


Carbonatitic magmatism and metasomatism are rare in Great Britain & Ireland. However, REE-Nb minerals were identified in impure marbles and calc-silicates on the Aird of Shin and Arscaig near Lairg, Scotland. They belong to the Palaeoproterozoic Shin Group, a supercrustal succession of amphibolites, banded silicic gneisses, marbles and calc-silicates. The Shin Group is one of several Palaeoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic marble inliers in the North Highlands of Scotland that present evidence of Caledonian orogen carbonatitic metasomatism. The Proterozoic Bayan Obo ore complex in China was similarly deposited as a dolomite-limestone and later subject to alkali intrusions and carbonatitic metasomatism during the Caledonian orogeny. The Bayan Obo complex hosts REE-Nb-Fe carbonatitic fine-grained dolomites, REE-Nb deficient coarse dolomites, carbonatitic dykes, limestones and dolostones. The Aird of Shin marble mineralogy comprises niobium and tantalum Ca-bearing oxides, scheelite, strontian barite, ilmenite, REE-bearing monazite, REE-epidote and Fe-Mo sulphides in an impure Na-Fe-K calcite fabric. The Arscaig Qtz-Na-K calc-silicates are enriched in REE-bearing monazite, Mg-Fe chlorite and Fe-oxides, with minor REE-bearing xenotime, Mn-Fe garnet and strontian barite. The REE-Nb Aird of Shin marble and the REE-phosphate bearing Arscaig calc-silicates are comparable with carbonatitic mineral phases in the Bayan Obo complex. This study adds support to previous recognition of Caledonian carbonatitic magmatism and carbonatitic metasomatism of Proterozoic limestones and calc-silicates in Scotland.


Steel-timber combined member is a new kind of structural member composed of steel core and timber facing with bolt joint.This paper established the finite element analysis models of cantilever beam, and the finite element models were analyzed by the finite element package ANSYS considering the material and geometrically nonlinear.The results were compared with experimental results.Good mechanical properties were verified with comparison between data abtained from the test and calculated results.


Performance assessments in children are done via listening, observing, interviewing or collecting the recorded work of children. This helps in strengthening communication between children and their teachers and gives insights into children's thinking.


Numerous studies have documented that exporters enjoy higher productivity than do nonexporters within the same industry, controlling for observed factors that may affect productivity. In the literature, two non-exclusive explanations have been put forward to explain such export productivity premia: self-selection and learning-by-exporting. Early 1990's Ghana, a then small recently open economy under structural adjustment policies, provides us with an interesting natural experiment environment for testing the two theories. While self-selection to export is found to be weak, we found learning-by-exporting to be largest among sub-section of firms that entered the exporting scene late but quitted early.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
A male infant with a family history of thrombotic microangiopathy developed atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
Case report.

RESULTS
Genetic analysis demonstrated a heterozygous mutation (S1191L) of CFH, the gene coding complement factor H (CFH). The child suffered many episodes of HUS, each treated with plasma exchange. In time, despite initiation of a prophylactic regimen of plasma exchange, his renal function declined significantly. At the age of 4 yr he received a (split liver) combined liver-kidney transplant (LKT) with preoperative plasma exchange and enoxaparin anticoagulation. Initial function of both grafts was excellent and is maintained for nearly 2 yr.

CONCLUSIONS
This report adds to the small but growing number of individuals in whom LKT has provided a favorable outcome for aHUS associated with CFH mutation, expands the technique of using a split liver graft, and describes the unique histologic features of subclinical liver disease in HUS.


We report recent experimental data on polarization asymmetry relating to the Fermilab polarized-beam experiments and to the status of nucleon-nucleon structures at medium energies. 19 refs.


When referring to the future of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia';s Faculty of Engineering, currently celebrating its 150th birthday, from an institutional approach, such mention cannot be separated from considerations about the future of the professions and disciplines forming its raison d';etre, given that the institutionality, organisation, the system';s structure, its parts and relationships, forming part of the organisational culture which it has constructed as hundreds of valuable male and female engineers have passed throughout, are not ends in themselves, but rather instruments at the service of its institutional mission. This document focuses on what is purported to be its mission so as to speculate on what type of organisation must be established to ensure that its work becomes more effective. However, circumstances may arise in which institutional dynamics acquire such vigour that they become selffeeding, reproduce themselves and become selfconstructed beyond the logic and rationality which provided their origin, even coming to hinder, or at least delay, how the mission may take its course. A hypothesis may be advanced stating that there are flaws in its organisational culture and organisational design which if not dealt with, with the required depth and professionalism, could come to affect the very university which Colombia and the city need so much, in view of increasingly demanding largescale national challenges, though, fortunately for Colombia, ones which are also better understood.


In connection with the global decarbonization program until 2050, the transition to clean green energy, the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) number, and energy distribution and control across the load are being raised. The relevance of the work is confirmed that there has been significant growth of the industrial IoT for years, significantly changing the mechanism of industrial enterprise management programs. The object of the research is the IoT device control system for efficient energy distribution using a Queuing Theory, namely the Teletraffic Theory. The novelty of the work is that the Teletraffic Theory, which deals with the mathematical modeling and analysis of traffic patterns in communication networks, can be explicitly applied to IoT device control. The authors developed a mathematical model of IoT control using the Teletraffic Theory and, based on it, created a simulation model of a network router and a transition schedule in the "GPSS World" software. The obtained results of the work were 16 states and a balance equation in which all probabilities were found. Probabilities were used to calculate nodes and network characteristics. 100,000 requests from IoT devices coming to two routers were simulated. The study results showed that the first node's load is 63.2 % with an average processing time per transaction of M=1.436 sec., and the load of the second node is 32 % with M=0.914 sec. The created network router model worked with minimal losses during transactions. Accordingly, the IoT control system developed in this study has shown its effectiveness and is applicable for practical use in controlling IoT devices in Smart Grid. It is planned to research the possibility of using Teletraffic Theory in energy distribution control systems in Smart Grids


This paper studies the effects of bank branch closures on individual business borrowers, using a sample of events that occurred in Italy between 2010 and 2014. I find that a branch closing down increases the probability of a credit relationship terminating. The impact is weaker the shorter the distance from an alternative branch of the bank, the longer the duration of the relationship and the greater the bank's share of loans to the firm. However, branch closure is not generally associated with a decrease in the total amount of credit available for the firms formerly served by the closed branch. A temporary shrinkage of loans only occurs for small borrowers and short-term credit lines.


ABSTRACT– The voltage magnitude and phase Angle control of static phase shifter (VMPA–SPS) to damp the subsynchronous resonance(SSR) oscillations is investigated. A linear mathematical model of seriescompensated transmission line power system with static phase shifter is developed .The input control signals to the simulated power system is the phase angle and voltage magnitude deviations of static phase shifter. A controllability measure based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to identify the effectiveness of each control input signal on the electromechanical modes. A state feedback supplementary controller based on the linear quadratic regulator principle with a full rank observer is used to modulate the voltage magnitude and phase angle deviations of SPS to stabilize the SSR modes under different operating conditions and compensation levels of the compensated transmission line. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed supplementary controller , the studied power system is subjected to different disturbances. The digital simulation results prove the powerful of the proposed static phase shifter supplementary controller in terms of the fast damping of the SSR oscillations with less overshoot/undershoot.


Diabetic glomerulopathy is generally believed to be the major cause for the development of chronic renal failure in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin and type IV collagen in the mesangium. In this study, the effect of high glucose (33.6 mM) on fibronectin and type IV collagen concentrations in the supernatant of human glomerular mesangial cell culture was studied. The concentrations of fibronection and type IV collagen in tissue culture supernatant, assayed by ELISA techniques increased significantly (P<0.01) by the high glucose level (33.6 mM) after 6 days incubation. Direct cell counting and thymidine incorporation methods showed that high glucose concentrations (33.6 mM, 56 mM and 112 mM) inhibit the mesangial cell (MC) proliferation in concentration-dependent manner. To study the osmotic effect of high glucose concentrations, the mesangial cells were also cultured in the presence of manitol and it was found that manitol did not have effect on cellular proliferation but increased fibronectin and type IV collagen concentrations significantly (P<0.05) in the supernatants. These results indicate that the increase of synthesis and/or decrease degradation of fibronectin and type IV collagen by MCs may, in part, result from changes in osmolarity induced by high glucose concentration. These results suggest that elevation of fibronectin and type IV collagen production and/or decrease their degradation by the mesangial cells may play an important role in the accumulation of these extracellular matrix proteins which is common to diabetic glomerulosclerosis.


North Xinjiang universities rely on the highquality resources of Sino-Russian culture and art education, and use the collaborative innovation center to realize the introduction of cloud computing, big data analysis, mobile clients and other technologies in art design classroom teaching. They introduce practical training projects based on corporate actual projects in practical teaching, with artistic design practical ability and innovative entrepreneurship ability as the main line. By exploring regional resources, developing art products, developing Sino-Russian tourism souvenirs, and developing talents for innovation and entrepreneurship in art design in the North Xinjiang, the universities there can mutually support scientific research and professional ability and practice, so that the application value of the collaborative innovation center as an experimental teaching platform for the art innovative and entrepreneurial talents can be realized.


The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Arabic Scale of Intrinsic Religiosity (ASIR). This scale assesses internal religiosity regardless of any given religion or denomination. The ASIR consisted of 15 statements, to be answered with a five point intensity scale, anchored by 1 (Strongly Disagree) and 5 (Strongly Agree). A principal component analysis identified one high loaded factor. Cronbach alpha and test – retest reliabilities reached 0.91 and 0.87 respectively, indicating high internal consistency and temporal stability. Criterion – related validity ranged between 0.53and 0.74 indicating acceptable to high validity. Descriptive statistics were available for university students from Egypt, Kuwait, and Algeria. The Algerian college students obtained the highest mean score on religiosity, then the Kuwaitis and the Egyptians. Female Egyptians obtained a significantly higher mean score than did their male counterparts. The ASIR was significantly correlated with positive psychology variables. A high – loaded factor was extracted and labeled "well-being and religiosity". The ASIR has Arabic and English equivalent forms. Based on the good psychometric properties of the ASIR, it was recommended to use it to assess intrinsic religiosity.


Tumor angiogenesis has been shown to correlate with tumor size, metastatic potential, and prognosis in breast and other cancers. Studies in head and neck cancer have suggested a similar correlation, but results have been inconclusive. This study was performed to determine the correlation between angiogenesis and oral tumor behavior.


In this article, the instantiation of the logic behind the so-called "Multi-Connect" mode of Wi-Fi Direct is advocated for and prescribed in order to make it possible to increase, if not multiply, the data throughput attainable by a given P2P Device thanks to traffic aggregation. In general, the described extension to the existing standard, defined by the Wi-Fi Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Technical Specification, enables the reversal of the logical roles of a P2P Group Owner (P2P GO) and its respective P2P Clients, while ensuring that the general architectural framework of Wi-Fi Direct should remain unchanged for backward compatibility reasons. This is achieved with the aid of a number of specifically tailored modifications including: new P2P Attribute allocation, extended Group Owner determination, modified P2P State Machine operation, enhanced Concurrent and Non-Concurrent operation, as well as expanded Reverse Operation Logic definition. The concept is illustrated with and verified through the analysis of cumulative virtual channel capacity and, therefore, the expected data throughput gain.


Purpose: To evaluate the muscular relaxation of the upper trapezius induced by interferential current (IFC) application during rest and functional activities using surface electromyography registration (EMG). Method: We evaluated the "root mean square" value (RMS) of the upper trapezius during rest and functional activities in subjects with neck discomfort before and after IFC applications. Thirty female participated in the study, mean age of 23.0 (±4.0) years and a body mass of 22.1 (±2.5) kg/m2. The subjects received three IFC applications over a 5-day period, with a frequency of 4.000 Hz, an amplitude modulated frequency (AMF) of 75 Hz, a frequency variation (ΔF) of 35 Hz, a slope of 1/1, a sensorial level intensity, and an application time of 30 minutes per session in the upper trapezius. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated significant bilateral decrease (p<0.001) of mean RMS value of the upper trapezius in the final evaluation in relation to initial evaluations. This suggests that IFC can promote a muscle-relaxing effect after a few applications such as during rest as well as during functional activities. Electromyography Analysis of Upper Trapezius Relaxation Induced by Interferential Current in Subjects with Neck Discomfort Ana Paula Moura Campos Carvalho e Silva (PT)1 Adriano Alexandre Acedo (PT)2 Ana Carolina Luduvice Antunes (PT)2 Marcio Guimaraes dos Santos (PT)1 Thiago Yukio Fukuda (PT, PhD)3 Adilson Apolinario (PT)2 Patricia Horta Andrade Finotti (MSc)2 1 Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Physical Therapy Sector (ISCMSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil 2 Centro Universitario Sao Camilo, Physical Therapy Sector (CUSC), Sao Paulo, Brazil 3 Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Physical Therapy Sector (ISCMSP); Centro Universitario Sao Camilo (CUSC) Sao Paulo, Brazil


Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of wood materials has a long history of application in the wood products industry. Visual grading of lumber is perhaps one of the earliest NDE forms. Visual assessment of a piece of lumber requires the grader to estimate a strength ratio on the basis of observed external defects (USDA 1999). The ratio is used to estimate the strength of lumber relative to a similar piece without defects. The estimation is based on standard lumber grading rules; however, it is entirely subjective and governed by the judgment of the grader. Furthermore, the value assigned to clear lumber of comparable size is only an estimated minimum based on tests of small, clear specimens (Bodig and Jayne 1982). Machine stress rating (MSR), a nonvisual NDE technique, offers an opportunity to eliminate both of these limitations. As currently practiced in North America, MSR couples visual sorting criteria with nondestructive measurements of the stiffness of a piece of lumber to assign it to an established grade based on a pre-established strength—MOE (modulus of elasticity) relationship (Galligan et al. 1977). Annually, nearly 2.12 million m (900 million board feet) of softwood lumber are graded in this manner (Ross et al. 1998). Similarly, laminated veneer lumber production facilities use stress wave NDE techniques to sort incoming veneer into strength categories, which are established through empirical relationships between stress wave velocity and strength (Sharp 1985).


To study the inhibitory effect of seabuckthorn flavonoids on the activity of tyrosinase under the conditions of different factors.It evaluate the rate of inhibition under the conditions of the temperature,the pH,the time and the consentration of the bottom and the enzyme.Results showed that seabuckthorn flavonoids can inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and with the increase of the concentration of seabuckthorn flavonoids and enzyme and the extension of the time the inhibition of enzymatic got stronger.Moreover under 35 ℃,pH7.1 the inhibition of seabuckthorn flavonoids on tyrosinase activity achieved to 47.45%.This test provided seabuckthorn flavonoids had good prospect used on the functional foods and cosmetic.


The invention relates to an optical device for interferometric analysis of the surface of an object condition (2), comprising a light source (1); an optical fiber (42) adapted to receive the incident light wave to transmit it to the object (2); a detector (9) adapted to detect a combination of a light wave (45) reflected by the optical fiber and a light wave (46) reflected by the object; and wherein the optical fiber (42) has a free end shaped cone having an angle at the top between 15 and 25 degrees, the tip of the cone having dimensions of less than 50 x 50 nm, and the tip of the cone is disposed , in use, at a distance from the surface of the object between 5 and 50 .mu.m.


OBJECTIVE
To the effectiveness of different strategies to overcome silver diamine fluoride (SDF)-mediated tooth staining.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four online databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched using different MeSH terms and Boolean Operators to retrieve the articles (until June 2021), followed by a hand-search of the reference list of the included articles. All full-text, original studies in English that evaluated SDF staining and at least one SDF modification/alternative were included.

RESULTS
Among the assessed studies, nine studies explored the stain-minimization effect of potassium iodide (KI) post-application following SDF treatment. Among these, eight concluded that KI application after SDF treatment significantly reduced tooth staining, while one showed marginal staining following glass ionomer restoration of the SDF-treated dentine. Additionally, one study applied potassium fluoride (KF) and silver nitrate (AgNO3 ) concurrently to mitigate SDF-mediated staining. One study compared SDF staining with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated nanoparticles containing sodium fluoride (NaF), and another used nanosilver fluoride (NSF) for staining comparison with SDF.

CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this study, the addition of different materials to SDF has proven to be a beneficial strategy for overcoming tooth staining associated with SDF. Future studies are warranted, particularly clinical trials, to validate these findings.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
SDF-mediated tooth staining is a serious concern that limits its clinical use. A review of various strategies to overcome this problem will help clinicians enhance its clinical use and patient acceptance.


The experiments on the transplantation of tumors by Little and Tyzzer (31), Strong (36), Strong and Little (40) and Little and Strong (30) resulted in the advancement of the genetic theory of transplantation. According to this hypothesis, susceptibility or non-susceptibility to grafts of tumor tissue is dependent upon the genetic relationship between the host inoculated and the tumor cell. The growth of leukemia (32, 34, 20), other types of tumors (see 27 and 28), and the retention of normal tissue, such as spleen (29, 12), may be explained upon the same basis. Sex-linkage (39) and linkage with color genes has been indicated (30) and demonstrated (5-9). Several investigators (37, 38. 4. 18, 19) have detected mutations in the genetic constitution of the transplantable mammary tumors. Whereas multiple mammary tumors from a single animal have never required the same genetic make-up for progressive growth (39, 4, 18, 19, 5-9), animals inoculated with multiple grafts of the same tumor responded by either growing all or none (3). Gorer (21-23) has evidence that there may be a relationship between some of the genes necessary for the growth of some transplanted tumors and those which determine the presence of an antigen. The protective antibodies he considers to be iso-antibodies. Spontaneous mammary cancer in mice usually results from the action of three primary factors (14). One of these is the mammary tumor milk agent (11) which because of its small size, ability to propagate in the living cell, and its antigenic


BACKGROUND: The major strategy for reducing the frequency of adverse reactions to platelet (PLT) transfusions is PLT washing with PLT additive solutions (PASs). In Japan, a mixture of medical infusion solutions such as acetate Ringer's solution, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, and ACD‐A is currently used as a PAS because none of the common types of PASs are officially permitted for clinical use. Recently, a bicarbonated Ringer's solution (BRS) was developed using bicarbonate as an alkaline agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a BRS can effectively be utilized as a PAS for clinical use.


Cerebral cysticercosis has a world wide distribution and many cases have been re ported from Mexico (Obrador, 1948), South America (Arana Iniquez and Asenjo, 1945), India (Bajpai and Bhattacharya, 1974), Africa (Gelfand and Jeffrey, 1973), Rumania (Arseni and Samitca, 1957). The disease is now en countered with greater frequency in the United States (White et al.,1957) and Great Britain (Wyburn-Mason and Shaikh, 1973). The prevalence of cysticercosis cerebri is relatively high in certain countries of the Far East be cause of the greater frequency of intestinal infestation with Taenia solium (Dent, 1957).


AbstractThe Sutong Bridge with a span of 1088 m is supported by 272 cables, whose lengths range from 152.85 m to 576.77 m (the longest in the world). The half-year vibration acceleration data of tw...


Inaccurate detection of the endpoints of the test and reference patterns is a major source of errors in discrete utterance recognition by dynamic time warping. If the vocabulary contains similar sounding words whose differences are at their beginnings or ends as in the alphadigit vocabulary, the error rate may greatly increase due to endpoint detection errors. Several methods to improve the recognition accuracy by relaxing or adjusting the endpoints have been suggested. They, however, do not work well in all cases and actually the error rate may increase. We propose a new method to compensate for endpoint detection errors and compare our improved method with two existing methods on the alphadigit vocabulary.


In the process of bool forming,due to elastic deformation,when removed the external force,they will have a springback.This springback is inevitable,because it has a serious impact on the accuracy and quality of bending forming of sheet metals.This paper analyzes the main influence factors of bending springback,proposes the methods to control the springback in design and manufacture.


....................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................................ x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND INFORMATION ....................................................... 1 The Problem of Aggressive Driving ............................................................................................. 2 Public Perception of the Problem ................................................................................................. 7 Definitions of Aggressive Driving ............................................................................................... 9 Factors that Contribute to Aggressive Driving ........................................................................... 15 Situational/Environment Conditions ...................................................................................... 15 Personality/Dispositional Factors ........................................................................................... 17 Demographic/Personal Background Variables ....................................................................... 24 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO THEORICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STUDY OF AGGRESSIVE DRIVING ................................................................................................................. 28 Low Self-Control Theory ........................................................................................................... 29 Classical and Positivist Criminology ...................................................................................... 29 Integrating Classical and Positivist Conceptions of Crime .................................................... 31 A General Theory of Crime and Delinquency ........................................................................ 33 The Elements of Self-Control ................................................................................................. 34 Sources of Self-Control .......................................................................................................... 37


The solution for the distribution of potential internal and external the dielectric ellipsoid has been obtained by means of ellipsoidal coordinates, and has obtainted the expression of the polarization field strength in the dielectric ellipsoid, calculated the included angle value of polarization vector and the external field vector, making programe to compute to get the relation shetch between them and have discussed the result and hold that some document′s conclusion is not right.


The invention discloses an all-station reactive power control method of a bipolar flexible direct current transmission system. At the same moment, no more than one convertor unit is in the alternating voltage control mode, and reactive power control over two convertor units is achieved based on the capacitive reactance interlocking principle. According to the reactive distribution strategy of the two convertor units, when both the two convertor units are in the bipolar power control mode, the bipolar output reactive power is in direct proportion to the absolute value of bipolar direct current voltage; when one convertor unit is in the bipolar power control mode, and the other convertor unit is in the unipolar power control mode, a unipolar power control unit independently controls the corresponding convertor unit to output reactive power, and all-station reactive power is maintained by a bipolar power control unit; when both the two convertor units are in the unipolar power control mode, the two convertor units are independently controlled to output reactive power. By the adoption of the all-station reactive power control method of the bipolar flexible direct current transmission system, coordinated control and optimal operation of the two convertor units of the bipolar flexible direct current transmission system are achieved.


For products PN of N random matrices of size d × d ?> , there is a natural notion of finite N Lyapunov exponents { &mgr; i } i = 1 d ?> . In the case of standard Gaussian random matrices with real, complex or real quaternion elements, and extended to the general variance case for &mgr; 1 ?> , methods known for the computation of lim N → ∞ ⟨ &mgr; i ⟩ ?> are used to compute the large N form of the variances of the exponents. Analogous calculations are performed in the case that the matrices making up PN are products of sub-blocks of random unitary matrices with Haar measure. Furthermore, we make some remarks relating to the coincidence of the Lyapunov exponents and the stability exponents relating to the eigenvalues of PN.


A Qualitative Analysis of High School Students' Experiences in the Latinos in Action Program Johann P. Simonds Department of Counseling Psychology and Special Education, BYU Educational Specialist in School Psychology This research was a qualitative program evaluation of students' perceptions of Latinos in Action (LIA), a peer-mentoring program that seeks to improve high school Latino graduation rates and college admittance. The study was conducted with college students who participated in the program in high school. LIA graduates were interviewed to determine what major factors influenced and supported them in their academic decisions. Additional data included an interview with the program director, results from the High School Survey of Student Engagement (HSSSE), and a video of one of the interviewees. The researcher explored students' experiences in the LIA program with the goal of determining how the program impacted their goals to graduate from high school and attend college. While all of the students planned to attend college before participation in the program, they did not know how they would be able to get there. LIA provided the motivational support and the direction to help students get to college. In addition, all of the students mentioned parent support as a major influence. Other influences included positive peer support, a supportive high school teacher, school involvement, and being a role model for younger students.


addition of lime, but attributed it to coagulation and sedimentation. The first work on the lime treatment of water with regard to removal of organisms of the colon-typhoid group was that of Houston (1911) who found that, following the addition of sufficient lime to Thames river water to leave a slight excess, Bact. coli were destroyed in from five to twenty-four hours. Hoover and Scott (1913) confirmed Houston's results and found also that both Bact. coli and Bact.


A new species of Orchidaceae of the genus Cattleya is described, illustrated, and compared to similar species in morphological and ecological aspects. The new taxon was encountered in the municipality of Diamantina, in the Sempre Vivas National Park, Minas Gerais State (Espinhaço Meridional Complex), Brazil. Cattleya porphyrascens is classified in the Parviflorae series, which comprises more than 50 species. The new species is a saxicolous and cespitose herb evidencing considerable size plasticity (from 6 to 12 cm tall), with flowers varying from 1.5 to 3 cm in diameter. The flowers are almost entirely purple-violet, except for the white fauce of the labellum, which is strongly trilobed, with the middle lobe semi-curved downwards and backwards. It is similar to Cattleya haroldoi and Cattleya vandenbergii, but differs in relevant aspects, as described in the diagnosis.


Abstract 1662 Background: SMIP-016, a mouse/human chimeric SMIP™ (mono-specific protein therapeutic) targeting human CD37, was shown to have preclinical antitumor activity against B-cell lymphoid malignancies. SMIP-016 demonstrated synergistic or additive activity in non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma cells in combination with rituximab, rapamycin, doxorubicin and bendamustine. TRU-016, a humanized form of SMIP-016, is currently in phase 1 clinical trial in refractory or relapsed patients with CLL or small lymphocytic lymphoma. The aim: The goal of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of SMIP-016 against tumor cells from CLL and other B-cell lymphoid malignancies when combined with monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, ofatumumab (OFA) or routine cytostatics. Material and Methods: Cytotoxic effects of SMIP-016 alone and in combinations with OFA or purine analogues, fludarabine (FA) or cladribine (2-chlodeoxyadenozine; 2-CDA), were assessed ex vivo in peripheral blood samples from 21 untreated CLL patients. Moreover, activity of SMIP-016 alone and combined with OFA was assessed in vitro on cell lines derived from B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (NALM-6), Burkitt lymphoma (Raji) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Toledo). Effects of that treatment on multiple myeloma (MM) cells, both in vitro (RPMI 8226 line) and ex vivo (bone marrow), were also studied. Cells were cultured with drugs for 24–72 hrs. SMIP-016 was used together with a secondary cross-linking Fc-specific IgG antibody (a-Fc). Antitumor effect was evaluated by the Annexin-V(Ann-V) flow cytometric assay. Apoptotic index (AI) was calculated as a percentage of Ann-V-positive cells. For assessing potential synergistic/additive effects of combinations the combination index (CI) was calculated. Additionally, mitochondrial potential and activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3 were assessed. Expression of several apoptosis-regulating proteins, including Bcl-2 protein and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, were investigated by flow cytometry and Western blot. Results: Both SMIP-016 and OFA were analyzed at the doses ranging from 0.1 to 100 mg/ml for in vitro studies. For ex vivo studies, 10mg/ml of SMIP-016 and 5mg/ml of OFA were chosen, as the lowest doses inducing significant pro-apoptotic effect compared to the control, whereas for in vitro studies, the dose of 1mg/ml of both SMIP-016 and OFA were used. 2-CdA and FA were used at concentrations 50ng/ml and 1mg/ml, respectively. After 48 hrs of incubation of ex vivo CLL cells with study drugs, SMIP-016 treated cells had median AI of 30.5% (vs. control – p Disclosures: Stromatt:Emergent Product Development Seattle, LLC, Seattle, WA: Employment.


Objective To introduce a new device used to obtain standardized radiographys of the wrist. Methods A photographic apparatus was consuructed to stabilize and control the shoulder,elbow,forearm and wrist position in all directions during anterio posterior and lateral radiographic examinations of the wrist. Twenty wrists of 20 adult volunteers were studied. The lateral radiographs of the wrist were taken twice with a 5 minute interval, using Epner Palmar standard technique and our device respectively. The radioscaphoid and radiolunate angles of lateral projections of the wrist were measured using the tangential method. The data were analyzed in pairs with the use of SAS software. Results A significant difference in variability between Epner Palmar technique and our method was found (P 0 01). The reproducibility of the latter was superior to the former. Conclusions A standardized method for obtaining wrist radiographs is necessary to ensure correct positioning and reproducibility. Consistent and comparable projections can be facilitated by using the device to stabilize the wrist in the desired position.


To retain and simultaneously heat the high-temperature plasma, it is proposed to use a magnetic trap creating a closed rotating magnetic field. Such a magnetic field is created by applying magnetic fields from nine open traps placed in triads in three orthogonal planes. Each trap is connected to one of phases of a three-phase AC circuit and is set at 120 degrees to the other two traps located in this plane.


In this work, our main objective is to design a real-time service and support team monthly schedule considering all the possible uncertainty scenarios. The given constraints are: Minimum and maximum working hours for the teams and team members; Scheduling the total numbers of working teams at a time; Team arrival and leaving time; Minimize work delays and maximizing each employees work efficiency; Avoid unexpected bumps and schedule crashes. Our optimization algorithm aims to provide a minimum number of team members and working hours for each team in accordance with the forecast workflow.


Some opponents of extension of "reservations" in India have voiced a preference for what in the United States is called "Affirmative Action". Historical differences in the two societies, one originating in slavery, the other in castes, explain some of the varied policy preferences. Americans tend to oppose quotas because they were used to exclude Jews in the past. Quotas are rooted in Indian colonial and post-colonial experience. The Gandhian era of the Indian National Movement and American experience in fighting fascism and later communism reduced the resistance of their respective majorities (Hindu and white Christian) to give benefits to the minorities. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 marked a crucial shift from the negative policy of outlawing discrimination to a positive one of actively increasing minority participation in education and employment in America. Some American businessmen actually aided affirmative action because it lowered wages by increasing the pool of eligible qualified recruits. Affirmative action applied in the United States to both public and private employment from the beginning, while in India it provided quotas only in the public sector until 2006 because of its importance in a semi-socialised economy until 1991. Another reason is the relatively large size of the informal sector in India, to which quotas would not apply. Both countries have experienced an expansion of various eligible categories, which has stiffened resistance by those who are ascriptively not eligible. "Compassion fatigue" has set in both countries which leads to electoral pressures to undo or terminate both kinds of programmes. Opponents point out the injustice of continuing the benefits to the "creamy layer" of the generally disadvantaged groups. Long duration of such programmes also arouses opposition as they become a vested interest. Since it is a less blatant "zero-sum-game", affirmative action is more likely to persist and produce the desired results.


Summary form only given. Recently there has been growing interest in the development of materials and processes at low temperatures compatible with transparent plastics for use in more rugged and flexible flat panel displays. Silicon nitride is a commonly used dielectric in thin film transistors (TFTs), the active switching element for each pixel in a display. We used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at temperatures <150/spl deg/C with SiH/sub 4/, N/sub 2/ and He to deposit silicon nitride. Process analysis was done using in-situ mass spectroscopy and optical emission spectroscopy. Nitrogen instead of NH/sub 3/ was used to inhibit hydrogen incorporation which has been found to increase as temperature decreases in PECVD materials. Our films had an atomic hydrogen concentration near 20% at 50/spl deg/C vs. 30% in films deposited with NH/sub 3/. He dilution was used to engineer the distribution of hydrogen to obtain equal amounts bonded to Si and N, a physical property that has been associated with good quality films deposited at high temperatures. We found that increasing N/sub 2/:SiH/sub 4/ flow rate ratio from 50 to 150 resulted in a decrease in N atom incorporation relative to Si atoms in the films from N/Si=1.37 to 1.27. To examine the possibility of an increasing Si incorporation causing an apparent decrease in N atom fraction, we obtained the silane consumption fraction from mass spectrometry as a function of N/sub 2//SiH/sub 4/ flow rate ratio. The silane consumption fraction decreased from 97% at N/sub 2/ /SiH/sub 4/=50 to 93% at N/sub 2//SiH/sub 4/=150, which means increased Si incorporation as N/sub 2/ flow is increased is unlikely. Optical emission was used to observe nitrogen excited states, and detailed correlations between emission intensities, gas phase species distribution, and Si/N ratio in the deposited films will be reported.


Intense exercice causes alterations in innate immune system functions and produces a systemic inflammatory reaction characterized by a neutrophil activation leading to an oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species are mainly generated by activated neutrophils or by mitochondrial dysfunction. Recently, the links between inflammation and mitochondria were clearly demonstrated. Myeloperoxidase, a potent oxidative enzyme, released by activated neutrophils enters in the muscle cells and inhibits the mitochondrial electron transfer chain especially the complex 1. Strenuous exercises undertaken by horses (or camels) during endurance races induce a marked increase of myeloperoxidase and elastase plasma concentration. These enzymes could be responsible for tissue lesions observed in sport horses such as myopathy, tendinitis, fracture or degenerative joint disease. However, large differences exist between the horses for the similar level of exercise. Inflammatory airway disease is an important cause of poor performance in young Thoroughbred racehorses. Neutrophil percentage, myeloperoxidase concentration, haemosiderophage percentage and total bacterial numbers were significantly elevated in broncho alveaolar fluid in horses with exercise intolerance. As camels can be affected by exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage or other respiratory diseases, we hypothesized that systemic and/or local inflammation leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction occur in this species.


The Renaissance composer Crispinus van Stappen was born during a time in which luxuries such as cloud storage and back-up files had yet to be invented; if something went missing, it stayed that way. Unfortunately, this happened with one of the voices to his five-voice motet Exaudi nos filia . Without this voice his composition is incomplete and unperformable. If one wanted to complete van Stappen's composition and recreate this missing voice, what would one have to take into consideration to get the most accurate result without creating a time machine, traveling back in time, and listening to the original? I propose to recreate the missing voice to Exaudi nos filia using the original white mensural system of notation, exploring the possibilities that this approach has for historically accurate composition and how the system itself could influence me as a composer when recreating this voice. Composing any piece of music requires the melding of sound and symbol: music theory and analysis take care of the sound and notation takes care of the symbol. With analyzing, transcribing, performing, and listening to contemporaneous pieces one can gain an aural feel for the aesthetic of the music. Likewise, studying the music theory of the era can provide one with the guidelines and rules that composers of that time would have followed. This lays out a map of what procedures were common and what the people of that era were used to hearing. However, theory and intent listening can only provide so much information to a modern ear trained in a modern setting. White mensural notation is a close precursor to our modern notational system and while the similarities between them are enough to render it readable with practice, there are key differences that create an unfamiliar atmosphere for writing music. Modern instruments can play early music, but performing on period instruments allows performers to momentarily time travel and gain the motions naturally existent in the instruments of that era, creating an entirely different sound and gestural vocabulary. Just as playing on period instruments creates a different performance perhaps writing in a period notation, where stylistic elements can happen naturally due to the system, can also create a different composition.


The development and performance of a temperature optical fibre sensor is presented in the article. It is based on fluorescence lifetime measurement, exploiting a simple digital signal processing scheme for on-line fluorescence lifetime determination. Experimental implementation of the sensor was preceded by a numerical ray tracing Monte Carlo optimisation of probe collection efficiency. It was shown that one-fibre probes are a preferred alternative from a collection efficiency perspective. Two- and multiple fibre probes can be optimised by proper construction to achieve several times higher efficiency than previously reported probes. Model and modified digital lock-in signal processing scheme were experimentally confirmed by a set of measurements, using alexandrite crystal as a sensing element, with HeNe laser source for excitation. Accuracy of ±0.3 K was achieved in the 20÷90 °C temperature range with almost basic equipment.The development and performance of a temperature optical fibre sensor is presented in the article. It is based on fluorescence lifetime measurement, exploiting a simple digital signal processing scheme for on-line fluorescence lifetime determination. Experimental implementation of the sensor was preceded by a numerical ray tracing Monte Carlo optimisation of probe collection efficiency. It was shown that one-fibre probes are a preferred alternative from a collection efficiency perspective. Two- and multiple fibre probes can be optimised by proper construction to achieve several times higher efficiency than previously reported probes. Model and modified digital lock-in signal processing scheme were experimentally confirmed by a set of measurements, using alexandrite crystal as a sensing element, with HeNe laser source for excitation. Accuracy of ±0.3 K was achieved in the 20÷90 °C temperature range with almost basic equipment.


Although "farming-reading" is common in rural China,it appears most purely,glitteringly,typically,obviously and healthily in ancient village of Nan Xi Jiang,Yong Jia.The humanistic spirit and value concept,which appears as love of country and hometown,part-time learning,advocating scholarship and emphasizing teaching,industry and frugality,and innovation,acts as a "Cultural Power" to lead and guide the all-round development of Yong Jia economy and society and the improvement of science and technology innovation ability.


As an emerging network communication tool,micro-blog revolutionized the era of sound-based traditional media and realized "instant voice" of information.The popularity of micro-blog led to a new trend of college students' public opinion formation,development and dissemination,and brought new demands and challenges to the ideological and political work.Therefore,studying the mechanism of the micro-blog on the evolution of the university network public opinions and putting forward strategies to guide micro-blog platform public opinion provide new horizon and new ideas of breaking through the traditional concept of college public opinion guiding and effectively carry out ideological and political work in college.


The penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) into the distribution networks has been increasing during the last decades. However, the increase of generation brings additional technical challenges for the Distribution Network Operators (DNOs). Thus, the integration of DG along with the improvement of the quality of service is driving the DNOs to actively control their networks. In order to achieve an effective control of the distribution network it is necessary to know the voltage across the network. Due to the lack of the real-time voltage measurers available onto the distribution network it would be necessary to estimate the voltage. Thus, as mentioned, the implementation of a state estimation method in distribution network is challenging due to the lack of real-time measurements available. The measurements considered in the distribution state estimation methods are predominantly off-time estimations of loads and therefore named pseudo measurements. However, estimate loads at the Low Voltage Switching Board are extremely difficult. To improve the quality of the distribution state estimation results, more real-time measurements are needed. However, the more measurements placed in the distribution networks the greater is the investment from the DNOs. Consequently, a trade-off between voltage accuracy, reliability and cost is required. Measurement placement method can be a solution to find the optimal compromise on the number of real-time measurement and consequent voltage accuracy. New types of measuring equipment such as voltage and current sensors can also help to reduce the initial investment costs. These sensors are considered in this work and are used for both protection and measurement functions. Also, these sensors can be directly connected to the communication equipment and thus resulting in a reduction of the number of system components and wiring. This paper presents both a method to place voltage and current sensors across the MV network and a distribution state estimation algorithm. The single-phase distribution state estimation algorithm determines the voltage magnitudes across the MV network and their associated accuracy. The state estimation algorithm integrates realtime current measurements from the current sensors at the network, the DG site and the MV busbar at the primary substation site. The distribution state estimation algorithm is based on the weighted least squares approach. To minimize the estimated voltage inaccuracy, the placement method determines the best location for a minimum number of voltage and current sensors. The results showed that current and voltage measurement together can improve the estimated voltage magnitude accuracy. The method to place voltage and current sensors along with the distribution state estimation algorithm may allow distribution network operators to actively control their network and thus increase the amount of generation onto their distribution networks with an improvement in power quality.


Nanking Nationalist Government had issued a huge sum of internal government bonds ten years before the War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-1945).It was the outcome of Chinese politics and economy at that time and also the necessity of the ruling class to rule. The bonds made it possible for the Nationalist Government to build the national industry and basic defense system. They permitted China to have material substance to persist in fighting against the invading of Japan and win the war at last. The value of the bonds should be acknowledged.


In wireline communication networks, a line impedance entanglement exists since changes of the line impedance at one network port cause a change of the line impedance at the other port. This physical phenomenon can be constructively exploited to realize a form of digital modulation that is referred to as impedance modulation (IM). IM is an alternative method to more conventional voltage modulation (VM). In this paper, the impedance entanglement is studied and learned through a supervised machine learning (ML) approach which enables the implementation of a ML based receiver. Numerical results are obtained in a data set of measured power line communication channels, which is among the most challenging environments for such a modulation approach. The resulting system can have practical implementation, for instance in a smart building automation network where monitoring-control of sensors and devices enables the efficient energy management. Comparisons with the optimal maximum-likelihood (MaxL) receiver that perfectly knows the impedance entanglement transfer function are made. It is found that the ML based receiver performs close to the optimal genie receiver.


The paper deals with the methodological approaches to delimiting peripheral areas at regional level (the RF subjects) adopted in the Russian scientific literature and practice. The authors developed and tested their own methodology for delimiting a region's peripheral areas, which involves using algorithms for assessing transport accessibility of territories, the level of their socio-economic development and economic potential. The main advantages of the proposed methodology are attention to the current municipal structure of Russian regions, the use of statistical data open to general public and description of periphery from the standpoint of managerial (political), geographical and economic approaches. The authors determined the major directions and problems of further improvement of methodological approaches to the definition of periphery at regional level (the RF subject).


Two algorithms of accelerated division on modulo 2 are proposed. Let us consider polynomials: A(x)=/spl Sigma//sub i=0//sup n/a/sub n-i/x/sup n-i/, B(x)=/spl Sigma//sub i=0//sup m/a/sub m-i/x/sup m-i/, where a/sub i/, b/sub j/ ? {0,1}; n ? m. Generally only one bit of quotient is computed in one step. The first algorithm is based on based on simultaneous computation of high- and low-order bits of the quotient. Theorem 1. Consider polynomials A(x) and B(x) specified by the above equation. If s is the number of the high-order insignificant zeros of B(x) and /spl exist/j:0/spl les/j<s, a/sub j/=1, then A(x) is not divided exactly into B(x). A polynomial A'(x) is constructed from the polynomial A(x) by writing the coefficients of A(x) in the reverse order, that is, A'(x)=x/sup n/A(x/sup -1/)=/spl Sigma//sub i=0//sup n/a/sub n-i/x/sup n-i/. Theorem 2. Consider polynomials A(x), B(x) and polynomials A'(x), B'(x). If A(x) is divided exactly into B(x), then A'(x) is divided exactly into B'(x), and the corresponding quotients C(x) and C'(x) will have the reverse order of the coefficients. Using these results we can to determine that A(x) is not divided exactly into B(x) without ending division. It allows us to reduce the division time. The second algorithm is based on properties of cyclic codes and a generating matrix in its systematic form. It allows us to compute a remainder from division of the dividend by the generating polynomial in one step. The dividend is represented in a parallel code.


But it was fitting like a tight chemise. I couldn't see it for wearing it.
 —Zora Neale Hurston, Mules and Men (1935)
 Although we do not sign formal contracts when we become folklorists, there seems to be a traditional and often unspoken assumption that it is our obligation to perform certain types of cultural work directed toward implicitly sanctioned goals. This implied contract, like all contracts, also has implied terms. In law, implied contractual terms are those terms that are not explicitly stated but assumed to exist by tradition. Implied terms cover a lot of ground, from the presumption that the seller of an object has the legal right to sell to the belief that part of the secretary's job is to get his boss coffee. Implied terms are where law and culture come together, opening a space to work ...


Photovoltaic energy has been a hot spot of development in each country, while the inverter is a key component of photovoltaic power generation systems and networks. In order to improve the performance of the entire system, the paper proposes a three - phase photovoltaic grid-connected PWM inverter which is controlled by current deadbeat and PI algorithm. The simulation system is established by Matlab/Simulink and the PWM inverter is controlled by the combination of current deadbeat control and PI control. Compare the inverter voltage and current with the gird voltage when the three-phase symmetrical load is connected to the system. The harmonic of the three-phase inverter current is also analyzed. The results show that the combination of current deadbeat and PI algorithm gets some merits. The algorithm has a fast dynamic response. The algorithm also gets small overshoot, fast rise time, and steady static error. The system dynamics immunity is good. It tracks the grid voltage well and gets small waveform distortion.


The study aimed to examine happiness, life satisfaction and the meaning of life among a causal and convenience sample of population in Albania. The main purpose of this study was to determine the levels of the above variables, and moreover to understand if there is a relationship between them in the grouping in the study, starting with the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between them. 322 individuals took part in this study, with a good geographical distribution all over Albania. Finding of the study showed that there is a strong positive correlation between satisfaction of life and happiness among the participants of the study. The higher satisfaction with life, the higher the happiness among the participants. Moreover, the study also found that there was also a strong correlation between meaning of life and satisfaction of life. The higher the satisfaction of life between the participants the higher the change that the participants had found their meaning of life. The results also show a correlation between the meaning of life and happiness but this relationship is weaker than the other among our sample group of study. Key words: happiness, meaning of life, satisfaction of life, Albania, positive psychology


Following conventional pressing-sintering procedures, there were prepared compositions of the cermet type Al 2 O 3 -Cr with maximum 30vol % metal content. There were used, as basic materials, chrome-metal powder obtained bythe electrolytic method and alumina powder obtained by the gel precipitation method. There were also prepared cermet samples of type Al 2 O 3 -Cr with metallic admixtures of the type Ni, Mo, W. The resulted samples were analyzed from the point of view of the morphological, physical and mechanical properties - hardness, bending strength and fracture toughness. The bending strength is up to 490 MPa and the fracture toughness up to 4.40 Pa m 0 . 5 . The SEM analysis indicates an intra and inter-grain breaking, both for the ceramic component and for the metallic component. The other properties studied show, function of the cermet content, values adequate to the performing structural materials.


Abstract This paper considers the textiles — vestments, palls and altar hangings — found in medieval chantries. Although the textiles themselves are largely destroyed, documentary evidence and illustrative material can be brought together to assess the vital role played by textiles in facilitating and promoting commemoration in these institutions.


Objective To assess the level of dietary exposure to acrylamide among the residents of Xianyang City through questionnaire survey.Methods According to the results of the pretest,28 types of fried and baked foods were selected to serve as the surveyed samples.The exposure assessment was performed by combining the levels of acrylamide determined with the national standard method and individual food consumption data.Results The mean intake of acrylamide in the residents of Xianyang City was 26.68 μg/d,the average level of acrylamide exposure was 0.46 μg/kg bw·d.No statistically significant difference was found in the level of acrylamide exposure in different genders and regions,but there were statistically significant differences among the age groups.The foods that contributed most to acrylamide exposure were potato chips,biscuits,baked steamed bread slices and scones in the age groups of 10 and 10~ years,potato chips,biscuits,scones and fried cakes in the age groups of 20~,30~ and 40~ years,and biscuits and scones in the age groups of 50~ and ≥60 years.Conclusions Daily dietary acrylamide intake is found among the surveyed residents,and the main food sources of acrylamide are potato chips,biscuits,scones,fried cakes and baked steamed bread slices.


Direct load control (DLC) is a utility-sponsored demand response program which allows a utility to cycle specific appliances on and off during peak demand periods. Direct load control of air conditioners induces temperature cycles that might potentially compromise occupants' thermal comfort. In two separate experiments, 56 subjects' thermal comfort was closely examined during 6 DLC conditions and 2 control conditions simulated in a climate chamber, representing typical DLC-induced thermal environments in university lecture theatres. Results show that half of the DLC conditions were clearly accepted by subjects. Multilevel linear modelling of thermal sensation demonstrates that operative temperature, vapour pressure and the rate of temperature change are the three most important predictors during DLC events. Multilevel logistic regression indicates that in DLC conditions with lower adapting temperatures, thermal acceptability is significantly predicted by air speed and its interaction with operative temperature whereas in DLC conditions with higher adapting temperatures, by air speed, operative temperature and the rate of temperature change.


With mass production and widespread application of remote sensing (RS) image, the management of RS data and its processing theories, techniques and algorithms need a new breakthrough. Different levels of knowledge from very large volume of RS data will be applied to RS image classification, so as to improve the efficiency and accuracy of RS image analysis and to establish an intelligent GIS based on RS images. Difficulties in RS images data mining are listed in the paper, and a prototype system of RS image data mining is designed. Besides experiments are made with RSIDMM-DTM, RS image data mining classification model, based on the Microsoft decision tree mining algorithm. By comparison with ERDAS IMAGINE Expert Classifier's effects, the experiments show that the RSIDMM-DTM takes spatial relationships and other contextual information into account. In addition, the acquisition, presentation and application of knowledge are highly automatic, and the classification is rather accurate


Letter from Alfred Hurley to Trammell Crow, Sr., on May 7, 1987, discussing the issue of funding the Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science in time for a fall 1988 start date. He also mentions that he believes the TAMS program will be more efficient than the North Carolina model.


In order to enhance lightweight potential and fabrication efficiency of structural parts from carbon fiber-reinforced plastics, the approach of locally tailored component properties has proven effective. For braided hollow profiles, however, technical possibilities to achieve process integrated adaption of a components' mechanical properties are limited. Therefore, a novel braiding process approach for cycle-time-neutral adjustment of a triaxial braids filler yarn count is examined and its advantages for component design are illustrated. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the approaches applicability with regard to process stability and disturbance of product quality. Two consecutive test series are carried out to identify the most influential process variables and to link the variation of these variables with multiple criteria of process quality. A clear dependency between quality and braid angle, braid yarn tension as well as the number of filler yarns the approach is applied on is derived. On that basis a set of process variables for faultless application of the concept is pointed out.


The present paper reports two new window functions viz. piecewise linear window function and nonlinear window function for modelling of the nanostructured memristor device. The piecewise linear window function can be used for modelling of symmetric pinched hysteresis loop in I-V plane (for digital memory applications) and the nonlinear window function can be used for modelling of nonlinear pinched hysteresis loop in I-V plane (for analog memory applications). Flexibility in the parameter selection is the main attractive feature of these window functions.


1. Optimization Theory: A Historical Rundown Optimization is essentially the art, science and mathematics of choosing the best among a given set of finite or infinite alternatives. Though currently optimization is an interdisciplinary subject cutting through the boundaries of mathematics, economics, engineering, natural sciences, and many other fields of human endeavour it had its root in antiquity. In fact the oldest story that goes with the history of optimization concerns an ancient princess named Dido. She was fleeing from the prosecution of her brother and a piece of land on the Mediterranean coast caught her fancy. She made a deal with the local leader. She requested him to cut a bull's hide into thin strips and and tie them up and enclose as much land as one can with it. In modern day language the problem mathematically is as follows Among all closed curves of a given length find the one that encloses maximum area. This is called the Isoperimetric problem. This problem is now mentioned in a regular fashion in any course in the Calculus of Variations. However, most problems of antiquity came from geometry and since there were no general methods to solve such problems, each one of them was solved by very different approaches. An interesting collection of such problems can be found in the book titled Stories about Maxima and Minima by V. M. Tikhomirov. Beginning of the modern methods of optimization can be traced back to the growth of the Calculus of Variations. In 1696 Johann Bernoulli proposed the famous Brachistochrone problem (Figure 1) which says that find the curve along which a particle moving from one point to another in a vertical plane does so in minimum time. This problem precisely gave rise to the Calculus Figure 1: Brachistochrone curve.


The demand for inspection services as part of a site's management of buried and underground pipe and tank programs has been increasing over the last several years in support of NEI Initiative 09-14 – Guideline for the Management of Underground Piping and Tank Integrity. Unlike traditional NDE methods that utilize direct contact with a material surface for inspection, buried pipe inspections utilize "Indirect Inspection" methodologies to gain insight into the condition of the pipe without the need for excavation. Once adverse signatures are observed, excavation and quantitative examinations using traditional NDE methods are used. A secondary benefit of this approach is that the disposition of large amounts of pipe with minimal likelihood for significant degradation can be established, saving the site valuable time and resources while maintaining the reasonable assurance of an asset's integrity for safe operation. This approach optimizes inspection planning at locations with the greatest potential for worstcase external corrosion degradation. This paper will present two methods, APEC and GWT, and the data integration and analysis processes used to arrive at prioritized recommendations regarding a pipe's condition. An example will be used to demonstrate how the data supports corrosion engineering decisions used to establish the reasonable assurance of buried pipe integrity.


Purpose: The role of diarrheagenic E. coli strains in acute diarrhea of children is controversial and there are a lot of conflicting results on this subject from different countries. In the present case-control study the role of 4 important categories of E. coli strains was investigated among children for the first time in Iran.


Recently, there has been extensive research on robot control using self-position estimation. Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) is one approach to self-positioning estimation. In SLAM, robots use both autonomous position information from internal sensors and data from external landmarks. SLAM can improve the accuracy of position estimation with a large number of landmarks, but it involves a degree of uncertainty and has a high computational cost, because it requires detection and recognition of landmarks through image processing. To overcome this problem, we propose a new method involving the creation of maps and the measurement of position using two cooperating robots that serve as moving landmarks for each other. This makes it possible to solve problems of uncertainty and computational cost with two-dimensional markers, because a robot needs to find only a simple two-dimensional marker, rather than feature-points landmarks. In the proposed method, the robots have a two-dimensional marker of known shape and size and have a camera kept at the front of the robots sensing the markers to determine distance. The robots use this information to estimate each other's positions and to control movement. To test the method experimentally, we used two real robots in an indoor environment. The result of the experiment revealed that the distance measurement and control error could be reduced to less than 3%.


Introduction. Ljapunow says that there exists a strong connection between the methods of the theory of recursive functions and of the descriptive set theory, and hence the time giving a new expression of the latter theory will present itself ("Einleitung" of 8). Many authors realize this. Addison calls it the effective descriptive set theory. In this paper, we shall state some results concerning this field. Our main aim is to give the positions in the Kleene analytic hierarchy for sets and ordinals whose existence had been classically proved. When we say a set, it is a subset of N so long as we do not mention otherwise, where N denotes the set of all 1-place number-theoretic functions and is identified with the Baire zero-space in the usual manner. In our proofs, we shall often use of the following Effective choice principle. From every non-empty Hi-set (with respect to the Kleene hierarchy) we can elect a point Cro such that the unit subset {or0} also belongs to the same class; and hence. Cro itself can be expressed in the 2-form (namely, in both the forms , and II) as a number-theoretic function 3; 10; 13. The method using this principle is suggested by Sampei 11. We would express our thanks to Professor M. Kond for his valuable aid in the preparation of the paper. 1. It is well-known that every non-denumerable analytic set (e.g. in the Baire zero-space) contains a non-empty perfect subset. (Cf. e.g., 8.) For any non-denumerable ,-set E, the following question does arise: In what class a non-empty perfect subset of E can be found? For this, first we can prove the Theorem 1. For any recursive R, ((x)(x)R((x), (x) >0 can be expressed in the ,i-form. Using this theorem we obtain the Theorem 2. For any non-denumerable -set E there exists a non-empty perfect subset P of E which is O-recursively closed?


The paper presented here covers the work associated with the flight control law validation with the ground based and in flight simulation techniques for the handling quality assessment of the pre-prototyping stage of Fly-by-Wire type Aircraft (FBWA). The FBWA is the generic form of the Korean advanced trainer with inherent features. The FBWA's flight control system is consists of normal acceleration (Nz) and pitch rate (q) feedback for longitudinal axis and roll rate (p) with lateral acceleration (Ny) feedback for lateral/directional axis. In this study, the landing approach flight regime was investigated for validation of the control loop and handling quality for the target aircraft (FBWA). During the investigation, an assessment procedures are established. They are FBWA math-model validation comparing with the in-flight simulator dynamics with the VSS(Variable Stability System) via the model following control loop, real-time pilot-in-the-loop and iron bird simulation on ground, and the experimental in-flight simulation on the IFS (In–Flight-Simulator) aircraft. Depends on the flight tests results, it showed that the preliminarily designed FBWA control law has revealed the acceptable CHR(Cooper-Harper handling qualities Ratings) Level of handling qualities for the landing approach flight regime


The objective of this paper is to present the simulation of field oriented control using dynamic three-phase induction motor model that developed by MATLAB/Simulink, fed by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) inverter to be studied, understood and observed the response of the control system such as speed, torque and phase current with step input command signal. The motor control is divided into two control loops, inner current loop and outer speed control loop using proportional plus integral (PI) controller. In the current loop, the first current control loop generates stator flux and another one generates rotor torque of the induction motor. The rotor flux quantities are estimated using computational rotor time constant, rotor angular velocity and stator current. The performance of the feedback control system is tested under different speed command and load disturbances..


Objective To evaluate the short-term effect of intravenous amiodarone on rapid ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation(AF) and congestive heart failure(CHF).Methods Seventy-two patients with AF and CHF (ventricular rate ≥120 beats/ minute,NYHA classⅡ~Ⅳ) were randomized into two groups:(1) amiodarone group(n=36):the loading dosage of amiodarone 150 mg followed with 1.5 mg/min;(2) lanatoside group(n=36):the loading dosage of lanatoside 0.4 mg or 0.2 mg,more 0.2 mg should be medicated if no effect occur one hour later.The ventricular rate,the mean response time and the adverse effect were recorded after medicating.Results The ventricular rate decreased significantly after medicating than that of pre-medicating in both groups(P0.01).The extent of ventricular rate decreased was significantly larger in amiodarone group than that of the lanatoside group.The mean response time was (27.8±12.4) minutes and (47.6±13.7) minutes in amiodarone and lanatoside groups respectively(P0.01).The total effective rate on controlling rapid AF was 77.8%( amiodarone group) and 72.2% (lanatoside group) respectively(P0.05).The rate of adverse effect was 11.1% in both of groups.Conclusion It is of safety and rapid-effect for amiodarone in controllling the rapid ventricular rate in patients with AF and CHF.


This paper examined fiscal federalism and resource control in Nigeria with a view to resolving the ethnic tension in the country. Data used in the study were obtained from Nigerian government institutions, moving averages, student t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were the statistical tools deployed for the study. The paper revealed that concentration of resources in the hands of the central government resulted in sub-optimum economic growth and that there was no significant difference between revenue allocated to oil and non-oil producing states of the country during the period under study hence there was no impetus on the later to look elsewhere for revenue.


In this paper we define, for each aspherical orientable 3-manifold $M$ endowed with a \emph{torus splitting} $\c{T}$, a 2-dimensional fundamental $l_1$-class $[M]^{\c{T}}$ whose $l_1$-norm has similar properties as the Gromov simplicial volume of $M$ (additivity under torus splittings and isometry under finite covering maps). Next, we use the Gromov simplicial volume of $M$ and the $l_1$-norm of $[M]^{\c{T}}$ to give a complete characterization of those nonzero degree maps $f\co M\to N$ which are homotopic to a ${\rm deg}(f)$-covering map. As an application we characterize those degree one maps $f\co M\to N$ which are homotopic to a homeomorphism in terms of bounded cohomology classes.


Severe corrosion problems were encountered in the fractionator area of major solvent refined coal (SRC) pilot plants. Chemical characterization and corrosion experiments using liquids from the T-105 fractionating tower of the Wilsonville, Alabama SRC plant are described. Tower feed liquids were obtained when the plant was processing low and high chlorine content coals without additives. Liquids from individual trays were obtained when the plant feed included additions of sodium carbonate. Given the plant feed and operational conditions presented, it was demonstrated that the synergistic effect of the ammonium chloride and phenol combination, due in part to ammonium chloride solubility, was likely responsible for the Wilsonville tower corrosion.


The use of low-emission combustion techniques in pulverized coal-fired (PC) boilers are usually associated with the formation of a reduced-gas atmosphere near evaporator walls. This increases the risk of high temperature (low oxygen) corrosion processes in coal-fired boilers. The identification of the dynamics and the locations of these processes, and minimizing negative consequences are essential for power plant operation. This paper presents the diagnostic system for determining corrosion risks, based on continuous measurements of flue gas composition in the boundary layer of the combustion chamber, and artificial intelligence techniques. Experience from the implementation of these measurements on the OP-230 hard coal-fired boiler, to identify the corrosion hazard of one of the evaporator walls, has been thoroughly described. The results obtained indicate that the continuous controlling of the concentrations of O2 and CO near the water wall, in combination with the use of neural networks, allows for the forecasting of the corrosion rate of the evaporator. The correlation between flue gas composition and corrosion rate has been demonstrated. At the same time, the analysis of the possibilities of significantly simplifying the measurement system by using neural networks was carried out.


Introduction While religion is often associated today with flashes from the mass media of fundamentalist groups' extreme acts of politically driven violence, there have been for the greater part of the modern period significant peace movements initiated and led by religious organizations. When we do associate religion with peace, however, we often think of the simplistic platitudes offered by religious teachers, such "turn the other cheek" or "peace is the only way." Buddhism often appears like this with its ancient commandment to harm not even the smallest insect and the more contemporary face of the Dalai Lama waging a seemingly naive campaign of non-violence against the Chinese control of Tibet. If we examine more deeply religious teachings, and in this case Buddhist ones, concerning peace and non-violence, is it possible to discover something more muscular, more sophisticated, and more pro-active than these surface images? From February 5-9, 2003, a small group of socially engaged Buddhists assembled in Chiang Mai, Thailand to work on this question. The result of our investigations was that Buddhism, at least, has a compelling form of praxis by which to confront the problem of violence in the contemporary world. This praxis does not simply touch on the more politicized work of confronting forms of direct violence with non-violent direct action. This five-day workshop actually spent more time looking into methods by which to confront the roots of such direct violence through instigating non-violent direct action at the structural and cultural levels of violence. At these levels, the marginalization of certain groups of people is typically a primary foundation for the legitimization of acts of violence directed against them. In this way, our group discovered that a dialectical process of story telling and structural analysis was significant in creating the conditions for a community or society to resolve its problems and negotiate its relationships in an ethical manner. The numerous practices of Buddhism become an integral aspect in the development of such ethical community, which in Buddhist terms can be called sangha. It is the assertion of socially engaged Buddhism, and other forms of socially engaged spirituality, that the emphasis on inner transformation forms an essential part of developing ethical community, because such personal practice helps to develop morality as a tool of critical insight rather than blind dogma. In this way, the modernistic split between private morality and public dialogue can be healed and the two integrated into a powerful social praxis which can not only evaluate whether our goals are "good" and "right" but also provide the means by which to realize these goals in a mutually beneficial and non-harmful way.


Sone, N., Shimada, S., Ohmori, T., Gonda, M., Souma, Y. and Ishizuka, M., A fourth subunit is present in cytochrome c oxidase from the therrnophilic bacterium PS3 (1990) FEES Letters 262. 249-252. The University name was lost in one of the affiliations. The second address should read: Departmew of Appiied Chemistr_v, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo Univers&. Kasuga. Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japan.


The utility model discloses a novel high power LED panel lamp, which comprises a bottom aluminium board (5), a lamp front cover (2), a lamp side frame (4), a reflection aluminium inner frame (3) and long strip aluminium base boards (6). The bottom aluminium board (5) and the bottom aluminium board (5) are connected with each other to form a housing with an opening. The opening is connected with the lamp front cover (2) to form a closed space. The long strip aluminium base boards (6) are arranged at equal intervals on the bottom aluminium board (5) along the shorter side of the lamp.Radiating silicon fins are arranged between the long strip aluminium base boards (6) and the bottom aluminium board (5).A plurality of high power LED bulbs (7) are arranged at equal intervals along the longer sides of the long strip aluminium base boards. The high power LED bulbs (7) arranged on two adjacent long strip aluminium base boards (6) are arranged in a mutually staggered manner. The novel high power LED panel lamp has the advantages of uniform brightness, high light output efficiency and high reliability.


ABSTRACT: The comparison of different dimensions of successful and unsuccessful educational system is a popular trend among educational researchers in developing countries. The educational success of Japanese students in international examinations has triggered many researchers all around the world to pay attention to the role of educational system of this country. In the meanwhile, Asian countries have a feeling of closeness to Japan and think they can follow the footsteps of Japan as an ideal model. In Iran and over the last two decades , the Japanese model of education has drawn the attention of researchers involved in education. This interest toward Japan stems from these facts: (1 ) Japan is an E astern country and abides by its cultural and traditional system ; and (2 ) Japan's educational advancement. In addition, Iranian researchers pay particular attention to Japan's primary school period as the most fundamental stage because international surveys , such as T i MSS ( Trend i n Mathematics and Science Study ) reveals that Iranian primary school pupils do poorly on the math and science exams. One of the reasons of such poor results is the weakness of educational assessment system of Iran. The present article attempts to look at the evaluation system in both countries from a comparative perspective. In the first part, the reasons for the comparison are clarified. In the second part, an overview of the two countries educational system is presented. Part three elucidates common evaluation methods in two countries. In the end, we conclude with a comparative outlook to some of the similarities and differences between Japan and Iran. KEY WORDS : The comparison , educational system , Japan and Iran, model of education , similarities and differences , and the math and science exams .  About the Authors: Dr. Abbas Madandar Arani is a Lecturer at the Department of Education, Lorestan University, Khorramabad City, Iran; Dr. Lida Kakia is Chairwoman of Social Studies Group, the Education Organization of Tehran (District 6), Tehran City, Iran; and Zahra Babaei  is Head of Ayob Hosayni Middle Secondary School, the Education Organization of Tehran (District 5), Tehran City, Iran. For academic interests, the authors can be contacted via their e-mails at: firstname.lastname@example.com , email@example.com , and firstname.lastname@example.com How to cite this article? Arani, Abbas Madandar, Lida Kakia & Zahra Babaei. (2015). "Comparative Perspectives on Educational Assessment System at Primary Schools in Japan and Iran" in EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies , Vol.7(2) February, pp.93-102. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UMP Purwokerto, ISSN 1979-7877. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (September 29, 2014); Revised (November 14, 2014); and Published (February 28, 2015).


In recent years,with attention paid to the global environmental problems,there have been requirements for continuous improvement of automobile fuel economy and exhaust gas purification rate.The properties of the ferritic stainless steels used to make automobile parts have been improved.The parts of the automobile exhaust system in Europe,United States and Japan have been made of ultra-pure ferritic stainless steels(FSS) for low cost and high properties.This paper introduces the construction of automotive exhaust systems and property requirements of commonly used stainless steels and describes their main failure behaviors and corrosion evaluation procedures.


Based on combining the theory researches and practices,and according to the usable person labor force demand depending on the economy,to give the method about training the utility-type college's graduate in the region of minority nationality,to discuss the goal and the training standard,the author designed the course system with "five combination".And in this thesis he explains clearly the way,the experience and the effects about this method.