Introduction 1. Monastic theology in fifth-century southern Gaul 2. Cassianus contra Pelagianos 3. Cassian's tradition 4. Prayer according to Cassian 5. 'Into the Holy of Holies': Cassian's Christology Conclusion


This paper aims at characterizing a fundamental limitation on the information constraints required for multi-input networked stabilization. A MIMO communication system is deployed for information exchange between the controller and the plant. The communication system is modeled as a MIMO transceiver, which consists of three parts: an encoder, a MIMO channel consisting of parallel SISO subchannels, and a decoder. We focus on the pure fading subchannels in this paper while the case of pure AWGN subchannels has been discussed in our previous work. Inheriting the spirit of MIMO communication, the number of SISO subchannels in the transceiver is often greater than the number of control inputs to be transmitted. The subchannel capacities are assumed to be fixed a priori. With the encoder/decoder pair at hand, the controller designer gains an additional design freedom on top of the controller, leading to a stabilization problem via coding/control co-design. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the solvability of this coding/control co-design problem given in terms of a majorization type relation. A numerical example is presented to illustrate our results.


Glass ceramic and glass composite were investigated for use as sealant between SOFC components and materials, metallic interconnect of Fe 78 Cr 22 steels and anode supported Ni/YSZ-based fuel cell. An alkaline earth aluminoborosilicate glass worked as the base glass with magnesium oxide particles added as filler to the composite. Thin sealant layers (60-120 μm) of the alkaline earth aluminoborosilicate glass ceramic formed discontinuous sealant layers with good bonding to the fuel cell materials, but with only moderate bonding to the interconnect materials, regardless of type and bonding temperature. The glass composite (31 vol% MgO filler) prepared to match the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the cell and interconnect materials, CTE ∼13 x 10 -6 K -1 , showed excellent bonding to both the fuel cell and the interconnect, Crofer 22APU, at anode and cathode conditions and the bonding temperatures 850°C and 950°C. Bonding to the other interconnect, Sandvik 0YC44, was not as good and after thermal cycling, even cooling of the interface, cracks separated seal and interconnect materials with the presence of a barium chromate layer adjacent to the interconnect indicating poor wetting during heat-up sequences. Excessive corrosion reactions at the three-phase boundary between air, sealant and interconnect were observed and may limit the industrial potential of the sealant. The glass composite seal was tested gas tight after sealing fuel cell and interconnect at 850°C in a short stack test showing encouraging results for sealing behaviour and moderate thermal cycling of the interfaces.


Main cultivation factors to influence high yield of potato were studied by using the quaternary quadratic orthogonal regression rotational combination design to improve potato cultivation level and promote sustainable development of potato industry in Bijie City.The results showed that main factors to influence potato yield are potassium level planting density nitrogen level phosphorus level.Increasing potassium level and planting density and rationally applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer are the key technological links to gain super-high yield of potato.The cultivation technical measures for potato yield to gain 3 500kg/667m2 are 5181~5819holes/667m2,6.72~7.82kg/667m2 N,10.06~16.9kg/667m2P2O5,and 22.72~28.18kg/667m2K2 O.N ∶ P2O5∶ K2 O is 1∶1.85 ∶ 3.50.


Finding (bi-)clusters in bipartite graphs is a popular data analysis approach. Analysts typically want to visualize the clusters, which is simple as long as the clusters are disjoint. However, many modern algorithms find overlapping clusters, making visualization more complicated. In this paper, we study the problem of visualizing \emph{a given clustering} of overlapping clusters in bipartite graphs and the related problem of visualizing Boolean Matrix Factorizations. We conceptualize three different objectives that any good visualization should satisfy: (1) proximity of cluster elements, (2) large consecutive areas of elements from the same cluster, and (3) large uninterrupted areas in the visualization, regardless of the cluster membership. We provide objective functions that capture these goals and algorithms that optimize these objective functions. Interestingly, in experiments on real-world datasets, we find that the best trade-off between these competing goals is achieved by a novel heuristic, which locally aims to place rows and columns with similar cluster membership next to each other.


The monoglucuronides of stilboestrol, hexoestrol and dienoestrol were isolated from the urine of rabbits during metabolism experiments described previously (Wilder Smith & Williams, 1948). Mazur & Schorr (1942) described the glucuronide of stilboestrol which they obtained from rabbits treated with stilboestrol. As far as we are aware the glucuronides of hexoestrol and dienoestrol have not been isolated before.


An epidemiological survey was performed in pupils from primary schools of Liège in order to better identify risk factors for photobiological alterations prone to induce cutaneous melanoma in adult life. Phenotypic and behavioral factors facing up to sun exposure were considered. In a 4-level risk scale, about half of the Liège children showed a high to severe risk at photobiological alterations. Thus melanoma prevention requires a sustained effort in the Mosan region, particularly by health education programs at school.


Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) using a connected-car technology can support various applications in Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS). While WAVE/DSRC has been investigated by a number of researchers to support VANETs, it may not be easy to distribute WAVE/DSRC in the near future due to several practical obstacles. In this paper, we discuss an alternative to support V2X communication without using WAVE/DSRC. Therefore, we propose a novel hybrid system which incorporates a flexible mix of a cellular network and Wi-Fi Direct. Especially, to offload cellular traffic and alleviate additional cost, Wi-Fi Direct is used as a subsidiary method to enable communication by using local links without the help of infrastructure. We hope that our work catalyzes introducing vehicular applications.


This paper highlights peculiarities of the rural tourism activities development within the boundaries of rural residential areas. The current state of rural areas has been characterized by the main components of agroecosystems.


In this paper we propose a mechanical rectifier for micro electric generators. Since micro electric generators usually produce alternating-current power, innovation ideas for DC outputs are strongly demanded. Electric rectifiers are one of solutions; however, electric rectifier circuits using semiconductor elements have a threshold voltage. It means that the electric generator has to generate higher voltage than the threshold or needs initial external energy for correct operations. Our idea is to use a mechanical rectifier fabricated by MEMS techniques. In this paper a seismic generator with an electret are employed as a micro electric generator. A micro cantilever doubles as a counter electrode for the electret and a mechanical switch in an electric rectifier circuit, we discuss the feasibility for the mechanical rectifier using the micro cantilever and confirm the validity of the whole system by a basic experiment.


An experiment was carried out to investigate the anti-ammonium shock load capacity of a biological aerated filter (BAF) composed of a double-layer bed. This bed was made up of a top layer of ceramic and a bottom layer of zeolite. The experiment shows that the anti-ammonium shock load process can be divided into two processes: adsorption and release. In the adsorption process, the total removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen by zeolite and ceramic was 94%. In the release process, the ammonia nitrogen concentration increased significantly and then gradually returned to the normal level four hours after the shock load. The results indicated that the double-layer BAF had a high level of adaptability to the short-term ammonium shock load and long-term operation. The main factors influencing the dynamic process of ammonia nitrogen adsorption were the filter bed height, ammonia nitrogen concentration of influent, and flow rate. The bed depth service time (BDST) model was used to predict the relationship between the filter bed height and breakthrough time at different flow rates, and the results are reliable.


In Japan, fiber-optic transmission systems were in the experimental stages in the early 1970's. By the end of the decade, the technology had entered the era of practical use in various fields. Today, there is a dramatic increase in the number of optical fiber transmission systems installed in Japan each year. From 1977 through 1982, each year has witnessed the installation of more than 50 new systems. By late 1982, more than 500 systems were in use across the country. At the present stage of development, the major users of optical fiber transmission systems are: the electric power industry with 116 systems; the steel making industry with 70 systems; railroads and highways with 56 systems; building management and office automation systems with 27 systems; the public sector including CATV with 24 systems. Following an overview of the current status of optical fiber transmission systems in Japan, future developments and possible new applications will be discussed.


In the Gulf of Cadiz and Cape St. Vincent region at the SW‐Iberian margin, seismic catalogues report seismicity down to ∼100 km depth. According to structural models for the region, this includes earthquakes that occur in the uppermost continental mantle. We invert regional waveforms to estimate moment tensors and centroid depths for moderate earthquakes, obtaining eight solutions (Mw 3.8 to 5.3) between 6 and 60 km depth. Moment tensor solutions and previous source estimates show predominately reverse and strike‐slip faulting style with ∼NNW‐SSE oriented P‐axes, close to plate convergence between Africa and Eurasia. We obtain similar stress tensor estimates from crustal and upper mantle earthquakes, both with sub‐horizontal, ∼NNW σ1‐axes. This indicates analogous deformation in both domains, and that earthquakes are unrelated to any subduction process.


While we do have an idea of what the leadership of open collaboration communities is responsible for at a high level, we have little knowledge of what these leaders actually do. Similarly, in an online context we understand pieces of the process managers and leaders go through to be elected, but their change in behavior once they become a manager remains unexplored. What behaviors do these leaders engage in that is different from a typical contributor to the community? How can we empirically distinguish which behaviors are characteristic of a successful leader vs. an unsuccessful leader? We examine leadership promotion and performance in Wikipedia, a prominent open collaboration community. This study extends previous work on governance and leadership by developing and validating a more complete measurement model of leadership performance in an open collaboration community, and proposing a testable model of leadership promotion and performance within this context. Open Source and the Open Collaborative Process 2 Thirty First International Conference on Information Systems, St. Louis 2010 Introduction Research in open collaboration communities has examined how these communities motivate contributors (Hertel et al., 2003; Lakhani et al., 2005; Roberts et al., 2006; Shah, 2006), establish joining processes (von Krogh et al., 2003), develop social status differences (Stewart, 2005), develop communication ties (Crowston & Howison, 2005; Grewel et al., 2006), and define success for their community (Crowston et al., 2006). Much less attention in the literature has been given to the understanding of governance and leadership in open collaboration communities. Previous research examined the technical contributions, communications patterns, and network structure within open collaboration communities and developed empirical models to predict whether a candidate for promotion to leadership received the promotion (Fleming & Waquespack, 2007; O'Mahony & Ferraro, 2007). While we do have a vague idea of what the leadership is responsible for at a high level, we have little knowledge of what these leaders actually do. The classical understanding was that managers in traditional organizations plan, organize, coordinate, and control (Drucker, 1954; Fayol, 1916). However, careful observation by Mintzberg later revealed a very different pattern of activities among managers (Mintzberg,1971; Mintzberg; 1990). Similarly, in an online context we understand something of the process managers and leaders go through to be elected, but their change in behaviors once they become a manager remains unexplored. Why do these relatively flat communities need a governing body? What behaviors do these leaders engage in that is different from a typical contributor to the community? How can we empirically distinguish which behaviors are characteristic of a successful leader vs. an unsuccessful leader? This study examines leadership promotion and performance in Wikipedia, a prominent open collaboration community. Previous studies have shown that as Wikipedia grows, the need for coordination, communication, policy work, and governance increases in relation to other work (Butler et al., 2008; Forte & Bruckman, 2008; Kittur et al., 2007; Suh et al., 2009). An elected group of users within Wikipedia known as administrators contribute heavily to coordination, mediation, and policy issues and will be the primary focus of this study (see Bryant et al., 2005 for a qualitative analysis of Wikipedia administrators). This study extends previous work on governance and leadership by (1) developing and validating a more complete measurement model of leadership performance in an open collaboration community, (2) proposing a testable conceptual model of leadership promotion and performance within this context. Within Wikipedia we have a history of every article a user has edited, communication between users, and a complete history of all of the user's contributions to Wikipedia policy making and community building. In the first part of our study, we develop a list of categorical behaviors and empirical measures for those behaviors that are characteristic of administrators. The measurement model is validated through a survey of 91 Wikipedia administrators and voters in the promotion process. Using these behaviors as a guide, we then propose a testable model of promotion and administrator performance. Promotion and Managerial Performance in Open Collaboration Communities Promotions serve two roles in an organization: selection and incentive (Milgroms and Roberts, 1992; Gibbons and Waldman, 2006). First, promotions are part of a reward and incentive system to induce employees at one level of an organization to work hard in the organization's interest so that they can be promoted to positions of more power and responsibility (Lazear and Rosen, 1981). Second, they are part of a selection process in which people are vetted and assigned to the roles where they can best contribute to the organization's performance (O'Flaherty and Siow, 1992). Whether promotion functions as an incentive or a selection mechanism is likely to determine the types of evaluation criteria managers use in making promotion decisions. To the extent that promotions serve as incentives, managers should look for evidence that candidates for promotion have performed well in the past, independent of the degree to which prior job performance predicts performance in a subsequent one. Because the promotions are being used to reward past behavior and encourage effort and work quality that the organization judges as valuable, managers should base promotions on the type of behavior the organization wants to encourage, whether or not this behavior would serve the organization or candidate when the candidate ascends to a new position. For example, in a production environment like a factory, managers should promote the most productive workers to supervisor positions. In this sense, the criteria that managers use to make promotion decisions should be backward-looking; they should be looking for evidence of good performance in the prior job. Collier et al. / Governance, Promotion, and Leadership in Open Collaboration Communities Thirty First International Conference on Information Systems, St. Louis 2010 3 To the extent that promotions serve as a selection device to identify appropriate candidates for higher-level, more difficult or more valuable organizational roles, then managers should use prior job performance primarily as evidence of future performance in these new roles. In this view, the promotion view is a prediction task, and the promotion criteria that managers use should be prospective or forward-looking as they try to use prior job performance to predict performance in the new job. In the context of open collaboration communities, to the extent that promotion to an administrator position is a "badge of honor", or an incentive for contributors to work hard, we would expect to see the tasks being performed by administrators and the qualities valued in candidates for promotion to be similar to the tasks performed by contributors. On the other hand, if the administrator position is a selection mechanism for obtaining a contributor who performs a different kind of work, we would expect to see differences in the kinds of tasks administrators perform, and the qualities valued in potential candidates. Research in open collaboration communities has only begun to address issues of governance and leadership. Shah (2006) examines both gated source and open source communities, and finds that individual motivations are different between the two governance systems: contributors to open collaboration communities' motivations within evolve with experience. Their research suggests something about the governance model and organizational purpose impacts contributors in this setting differently than in traditional organizational designs. Following this research we can then ask if the managers and leaders governing these organizations behave differently or require a different set of experiences than in traditional organizations. Fleming and Waguespack (2007) examined leadership in open innovation communities using a sample from the Internet Engineering Task Force and found that while technical contributions are important to leadership success, social connections-in terms of both brokerage and boundary spanning across subgroups of the task force-were critical to leadership success. From this we gather that social relationships and interaction with community members are important parts of being in leadership in an open innovation community-above and beyond one's technical or production capabilities. O'Mahony and Ferraro (2007) similarly found that early on potential leaders ran on a platform of technical accomplishment, and later moved to use a higher proportion of organization building language. Additionally, they found that both their technical contributions and their online communication were predictive in their success in gaining promotion to the leadership team. While both of these studies predict both production-oriented activities and interpersonal activities to increase a candidates likelihood of being promoted, once a candidate is promoted it is unclear whether this balance of activities continues to be important for managers. The role of manager in open collaboration communities likely requires a different set of requirements, and depending on prior experiences, some recently promoted managers may have more or less difficulty in adjusting to the requirements of the new role (Nicholson, 1984; Ashforth & Saks, 1995).


CEED(Combined Environmental Economic Dispatch) is a dual-objective optimization,for which MAPPF(Modified Average Price Penalty Factor) is proposed to convert it into mono-objective optimization.With the consideration of the output power limitation area,the ramp constraint and the reserve constraint,HEP(Hybrid Evolutionary Programming) is introduced,which uses the local search disturbance to increase calculation accuracy and speed up final convergence while keeps the global optimization capability of EP(Evolutionary Programming).Local search operator is invoked if fitness evaluation improves,and the times of local search disturbance are changed dynamically and adaptively.Three CEED algorithms,EP with APPF,HEP with APPF and HEP with MAPPF,are compared for a 15-unit system and the test results show HEP with MAPPF has the best effectiveness.


What appears repeatedly in business practice is the issue of assessing the legal character of contracts concluded under public procurement procedures. There is an unanimous opinion among the representatives of the doctrine that these agreements are purely civilian. The problem related to the current nature of legal contracts concluded under public procurement procedures concerns the actual freedom in shaping their content, the possibility of contractual modification of contract provisions, the effects of the conclusion of thecontract and terms of the contract itself. Authors ask the question whether public procurement law is a civil law under "coercion" of administrative law, or administrative law on the basis of civil law. The dogmatic research method, the analytical research method and case law analysis were used to elaborate this issue.


A constitutive model of ZK60 Magnesium alloy based on extrusion test was determined according to the value of extruded data.The tube extruded test of ZK60 magnesium alloy was researched.According to the extrusion test data and the Arrhenius equation,the constitutive model of ZK60 magnesium alloy based on extrusion test was determined.The relative errors between calculation results of the model and experiment results are less than 9.2%.The suitable conditions of the constitutive model of ZK60 magnesium alloy are that the temperature is 270-330 ℃,and strain-rate is 1.29-5.15s-1.


Abstract The stress analysis of photoelastic models of pressure vessels with drumheads shaped by free explosive forming showed that discontinuities of profile of up to 34° at the drum-knuckle junction are permissible because the resulting peak knuckle stresses are lower than in vessels with equivalent torispherical drumhead. Free explosive forming, by forcing flat plates through ring dies, produces repeatable, approximately torispherical shapes. For annealed mild steel the geometric and explosion parameters have been related to permit prediction of dish shapes. It was found that no size effect existed.


This article discusses the NURBS representation of revolution surface and sphere. For construction revelution surface, the general formula of determining control vertices and weights are given. By means of stereographic projection, the paper presents thenon-degenerate parametrically rational polynomial representation of sphere.


students how one knows when night has ended and the day has come." In the rabbi's answer, we can find a rubric for the whole volume: "It is daylight when you can look into the face of another human being and recognize that he or she is your brother or sister" (p. 434). Until we can see and hear what is whole and Divine in each person—whatever trauma, dysfunction, disease, or disability with which they struggle—we are still in night. Rabbi Roberts' task was to create a volume of collected articles as the "101 level text" and "a place to turn to" (p. xi) to learn about chaplaincy. In that task, and given the fine authors, he has successfully met this goal. The text lets us dig a little deeper and look through the disability, distress, dysfunction, or illness and "see the person." The caregiver is thus encouraged to be that one "place to turn to" that Roberts initially set as a goal for his book. This point is where Roberts' 101 textbook takes its readers to the next level. No one caregiver can be an expert in all these facets of care, even the most experienced. Therefore, a collection such as this would be a welcome addition to every chaplain's bookshelf. Roberts' volume also goes beyond the basics and offers pastoral skills and techniques that help to make visible the invisible people on the fringes, encouraging the various faith communities and caregivers to see them, their unique cultures, and their personhood. The care taken by the various authors, especially in the latter two sections of the book, I believe will be of great interest to the readers of the Journal of Religion, Disability and Health.


Modeling the terminal behavior of power system components in transient condition is of great necessity for systemlevel simulations of future DC grids. One vital component in DC grids are power electronic converters. Therefore, efficient models of power electronic converters, which model their terminal behavior, are needed for transient system-level simulations. In this paper, an approach for eliminating all internal electrical nodes of power electronic converters in EMTP-type simulations is applied on the three-phase Dual-Active Bridge DC-DC converter. The presented modeling approach maintains the switching dynamics as well as the dynamics caused by the internal circuitry at the terminals of the converter. Furthermore, this modeling approach reduces the number of electrical nodes in EMTP-type simulations. This leads to a reduction of the computational burden when simulating extensive DC grids with a large number of power electronic converters. The presented nodal-reduced model enables the efficient system-level simulation of future DC grids using EMTP-type simulators.


Ethernet technology based on coaxial cable(EoC) has been used for many years in the access network of cable network in China. With the development of the triple play, EoC technology has become one of the main access network technology in the next generation broadcasting network(NGB). The key technology of the C- HPAV which is the main technology of the EoC is introduced in this paper, and the main technical points in the system designing, operating and managing are analyzed. Finally, the evolution direction of the C-HPAV is analyzed.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic and strength exercises on hematological parameters in sedentary women. To achieve the purpose of this study, a total of 23 volunteers including aerobic exercise group (AE, n: 10), strength exercise group (SE, n:13) were selected as participants. Two different exercises were applied for 4 days a week, throughout 16 weeks, within 60 minutes for each exercise with the intensity of heart rate (HR) 60-70 percent. The HR was measured using a heart rate monitor for each subject.The women's white blood cell (WBC), thrombocyte (PLT), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were measured before and after exercise. For statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for intra-group evaluations, and the Mann Whitney U test was used for inter-group evaluations. After the exercise program, there were a meaningful decrease in the body weight and body mass index (BMI) the women in both intervention groups. In addition, in the hematological results of strength exercise group, some meaningful decreases were determined in the values of RBC, HGB, HCT and MCV (p<0.01). As a results, it was observed that regular aerobic and strength exercises can positively influence the body weight and BMI parameters of sedentary women. Along with this, a meaningful decrease has been found in the values of RBC, HGB, HCT and MCV of strength exercise group compared to aerobic exercise.


This work describes electrocatalytic detection of S(IV) compounds in water-ethanol solutions under acidic conditions, on a glassy carbon electrode modified with Co(II) tetraruthenated porphyrin electrostatically assembled onto a Nafion film. The Ipc current shows a linear relationship with the concentration of S(IV) oxo-anions. Controlled potential electrolysis shows that thiosulfate was detected as reaction product. Rotating disk electrode and UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry experiments showed a kinetic limitation to the electron transfer controlled by charge propagation in the film and the formation of an intermediary between Co center and S(IV) species. The reproducibility of the modification methodology presents a RSD of 4.1%.


A new technique for the simultaneous writing of channels and Bragg gratings uses interfering focused UV beams in a photosensitive silica layer and is able to fabricate near-ideal Bragg gratings, with 60% reflectivity.


Objective:To establish a basis for traditional Chinese medical(TCM)treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP)by seeking for features of TCM syndromes of ITP on the different stages of glucocorticoid application.Methods:The computer Search and the artificial retrieval methods were utilized combinedly to retrospectively summarize domestic journals related literature from January 1980 to December 31,2007.Results:24 papers of literature met the requirements were Retrieved,involving in total 939 cases of TCM syndromes of ITP using hormone therapy in different stages.The distributions of major TCM syndromes in ITP on the different stages of glucocorticoid application were syndrome of hemopyretic bleeding(33.65%),syndrome of qi failing to control blood(12.14%)on the initial stage of ITP.The main TCM syndrome were qi failing to control blood(17.15),yin deficiency inner heat(15.02)on the remission stage.The main type of ITP were deficiency of qi and blood(11.61),syndrome of qi failing to control blood(10.12)on the stable stage.Conclusions:The major TCM syndrome types are hemopyretic bleeding and qi failing to control blood on the initial stage,qi failing to control blood and yin deficiency inner heat on the remission stage,deficiency of qi and blood and qi failing to control blood on the stable stage,whereas blood stasis type appeared in all stages of glucocorticoid application.


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Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are common conditions that have lifelong effects on health (1, 2). About 5% of U.S. adults report having thyroid disease or taking thyroid medication (1, 2). Consequences of untreated hyperthyroidism include atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, osteoporosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Hypothyroidism causes symptoms that reduce functional status and quality of life (3). Subclinical thyroid dysfunction, which can be diagnosed by thyroid function tests before symptoms and complications occur, is viewed as a risk factor for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism complications. The goal of screening is to identify and treat patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction before they develop these complications (4-6). The term subclinical hyperthyroidism describes conditions characterized by a low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and normal levels of circulating thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine). Subclinical hyperthyroidism has the same causes as overt hyperthyroidism. These include excessive doses of l-thyroxine, Graves disease, multinodular goiter, and solitary thyroid nodule. Most studies of the course of subclinical hyperthyroidism concern patients whose history, physical examination, ultrasonogram, or thyroid scan suggests one of these causes. There are relatively few studies of patients who are found on screening to have an undetectable TSH level, normal free thyroxine (T4) level, and normal free triiodothyronine (T3) level and negative results on thyroid evaluation, although this is the largest group to be identified in a screening program. The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism is about 1% (95% CI, 0.4% to 1.7%) in men older than 60 years of age and 1.5% (CI, 0.8% to 2.5%) in women older than 60 years of age (7). The terms subclinical hypothyroidism and mild thyroid failure refer to patients who have an elevated TSH level and a normal free T4 level (Table 1) (6). Subclinical hypothyroidism is common, especially in older women (1, 2, 7-16). In an analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a population-based survey of 17 353 people at least 12 years of age representing the U.S. population, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 5.8% among white, non-Hispanic women; 1.2% among black, non-Hispanic women; and 5.3% among Mexican-American women (1). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 3.4% among white men, 1.8% among black men, and 2.4% among Mexican-American men. In the Whickham survey, a large, good-quality, population-based study with 20-year follow-up, prevalence was 4% to 5% among women age 18 to 44 years, 8% to 10% among women age 45 to 74 years, and 17.4% among women older than age 75 years (17). The prevalence was 1% to 3% among men age 18 to 65 years and 6.2% among men older than age 65 years. Table 1. Classification of Thyroid Dysfunction In this paper, I address whether the primary care physician should screen for thyroid function in patients seen in general medical practice who have no specific indication for thyroid testing and who come to the physician for other reasons. I focus on whether screening should be aimed at detection of subclinical thyroid dysfunction and whether individuals who have mildly abnormal TSH values can benefit. Methods In consultation with members of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and an Institute of Medicine expert panel, I defined the population, interventions, and outcomes of interest and developed key questions to guide the literature review (18). The population of interest was asymptomatic, nonpregnant adults who did not have a goiter, nodule, proptosis, tremor, profound physical tiredness, or a history of thyroid disease (19). I also included elderly patients who reported 1 or 2 nonspecific or mild symptoms, such as cold intolerance, fatigue, weight gain, or constipation, because such patients are no more likely to have abnormal results on thyroid function tests than those who have no symptoms (20). Previous systematic reviews have established that subclinical thyroid function is common and can be diagnosed easily by using a TSH test (7, 8, 21). In this article, I focus on the following questions: 1. What are the complications of subclinical thyroid dysfunction? 2. What are the benefits of earlier treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism? 3. What are the adverse effects of treatment? To find articles published before 1998, I searched the reference lists of previous reviews (6, 8, 9, 21-29) and my own files of over 1600 full-text articles from 1910 to 1998 (available at www.ohsu.edu/epc/endnote/thyroidscreening). I then searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1996 to February 2002, PreMEDLINE in March 2002, and the Cochrane Library (2002, Issue 2) to identify recent articles relevant to each question. For question 1, I searched for studies of the causal relationship between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and any potential complication. Studies were included if they were conducted in the general adult population, in a demographic segment of the adult population, or among patients seen in the general clinic setting. Studies of screening for congenital or familial thyroid disorders and studies of screening in pregnant women, inpatients, institutionalized patients, and series of patients seen in specialized referral clinics for depression or obesity were excluded. To examine the benefits and harms of treatment (questions 2 and 3), I included any controlled trial of oral l-thyroxine or triiodothyronine that used TSH levels as a criterion for entry in any sample, including patients with known thyroid disease. I also included recent observational (pretreatment-post-treatment and time series) studies that had not been included in previous meta-analyses (7, 9, 21, 30). I reviewed abstracts and articles to identify studies that met the eligibility criteria and abstracted information about the setting, patients, interventions, and outcomes of each included trial using a standard template. Predefined criteria from the USPSTF were used to assess the internal validity of included studies (18), and the applicability of each study to screening was also rated. This article is based on a larger evidence report that was funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Institute of Medicine (available at www.preventiveservices.ahrq.gov). Staff of both funding agencies, members of the USPSTF, and members of an Institute of Medicine expert panel reviewed the draft of the larger report and made editing suggestions. Results Subclinical Hyperthyroidism Advocates of screening for subclinical hyperthyroidism argue that early treatment might prevent later development of atrial fibrillation, osteoporotic fractures, and complicated overt hyperthyroidism. Other potential benefits are earlier treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and prevention of the long-term consequences of exposure of the heart muscle to excessive stimulation from thyroid hormones. Evidence on Potential Complications Atrial Fibrillation. A good-quality cohort study in the Framingham population found that the risk for atrial fibrillation was 32% (CI, 14% to 71%) over 10 years in patients older than age 60 years who did not take l-thyroxine and had a serum TSH level of 0.1 mU/L or less (31). The risk for patients who had a normal TSH level was 8%. A more recent cross-sectional study of atrial fibrillation in overt and subclinical hyperthyroidism had serious flaws and was rated as poor quality (32). The clinical consequences of atrial fibrillation in patients who have a low TSH level have not been studied. In general, chronic atrial fibrillation is associated with stroke and other complications and with a higher risk for death (33). Mortality. A population-based, 10-year cohort study of 1191 persons age 60 years or older found a higher mortality rate among those who had a low initial TSH level (34). The excess mortality was due primarily to cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the recruitment strategy and the statistical adjustment for potential confounders were inadequate; patients who had a low TSH level may have had a higher prevalence of other illnesses, but adjustment was done only for age and sex, not for comorbidity. Comorbidity adjustment would have been critical because acutely ill and chronically ill elderly patients often have falsely low TSH levels, presumably because of their illness (35). Thus, while it is possible that patients with a low initial TSH level had higher mortality because of their thyroid disease, it is also possible that patients who were ill to begin with had a low TSH level as a result of their illness. Osteoporosis and Fracture. Most data about the risk for osteoporosis and fracture come from women who take thyroid hormones rather than from untreated women found by screening to have a low TSH level. Two meta-analyses of older studies (36, 37) suggest that women who have a low TSH level because they take thyroid hormones are at higher risk for osteoporosis. However, a good-quality study from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) cohort found similar bone loss among women with undetectable, low, and normal TSH levels but higher markers of bone turnover in women with a low TSH level (38). In a more recent nested sample of cases and controls from SOF, the risk for hip fracture among women who had an undetectable TSH level was elevated but was of borderline statistical significance (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.6 [CI, 1.0 to 12.9]) (39). The risk for vertebral fracture among women who had an undetectable TSH level was significantly elevated when compared with 235 controls (odds ratio, 4.5 [CI, 1.3 to 15.6]). Among women who had a borderline low serum TSH level (0.1 to 0.5 mU/L), the risk for vertebral fracture (odds ratio, 2.8 [CI, 1.0 to 8.5]), but not hip fracture, was elevated. This analysis has limited relevance to scre


Studies were undertaken to investigate the activity response of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and mercury reductase (MR) of rumen bacteria Streptococcus bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium following exposure to HgCl2. SOD activity of S. bovis which was considered as Mn-SOD increased when incubated with 5 μg Hg2+ ml−1 in anaerobic or aerobic conditions. A significant increase in the aerobic activities of GSHPx, GR and MR was observed in the presence of Hg2+. The anaerobic activities of these enzymes were unchanged and increased production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was observed. S. ruminantium was tolerant to 10 times higher concentrations of Hg2+ than S. bovis. As a reduction of GSHPx, GR and MR activities after exposure to Hg2+ was observed, we assume that the production of sulfides prevented the toxic effect of mercury on this bacterium.


In this work we study the effects on the spatial resolution, energy resolution, and depth of interaction (DOI) determination, for a stack of two continuous scintillation crystals with an optical interface placed between them. The use of continuous crystals together with other features of the detector design has been reported to result in high quality of functional images because of the increased detection efficiency and the better intrinsic spatial resolution. However, there are some degrading factors associated with continuous crystals. These effects are more severe for thick scintillators required for PET detectors. With the present work we want to study if the use of crystal-interface (sandwich) system leads to a reduction in the effects of these degrading factors.


Several new 4H-thiopyrans were synthesized via a facile one-step method. Structures and reaction mechanisms are also reported and supported by another synthetic routes.


Off‐stoichiometric NiTi sputter targets were manufactured by ingot metallurgy in order to produce Ni‐rich NiTi thin films. Crystalline samples, which undergo a martensitic transformation, were fabricated by magnetron sputtering and subsequent thermal treatment. The sacrificial layer technique was applied to obtain free‐standing NiTi films. The stoichiometry of the sputtered film is different to the stoichiometry of the target material. Sputtering targets with a Ti content higher than 49.5 at.% have a typical Ti‐loss rate in the order of 4.3 at.%, whereas at more Ni‐rich targets a Ti loss rate of only 0.5–1.5 at.% is observed. Due to this Ti loss rate target composites of Ti‐53.1Ni‐46.9 at.% and Ti‐53.2Ni‐46.8 at.% were taken. The NiTi films obtained from these two targets were compared. The main difference between the two targets is the impurity content of oxygen and carbon. Auger electron spectroscopy measurements were performed to determine qualitatively the content of oxygen in the free‐standing NiTi films. Transformation temperatures and hysteresis properties of the martensitic transformation were characterised by differential scanning calorimetry. Free‐standing films obtained from the Ti‐53.1Ni‐46.9 at.% and Ti‐53.2Ni‐46.8 at.% sputtering targets revealed superelastic properties at 45 °C as demonstrated by tensile testing. Tensile tests were taken at various temperatures of 40 °C, 45 °C, 50 °C, 55 °C and 60 °C, revealing e.g. a maximum superelastic strain of approximately 5 % at 45 °C.


Summary: In order to study the role of thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) in the control of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion during the neonatal period, we measured the binding of [3H]-TRH to pituitary homogenate of rats at various stages of development. In 2-day-old animals, the number of [3H]-TRH binding sites were similar to that of adult male animals (23 ± 8 fmole/mg protein versus 21 ± 7 fmole/mg protein, respectively). Between 5–21 days of age, the number of [3H]-TRH binding sites was significantly higher than that of adult animals (P <0.01). Hypothyroidism induced a 2-fold increase in the number of [3H]-TRH binding sites in all the age groups studied. This effect was reversed by administration of L-T4 (0.4 μg/g body weight for 3 days). These studies thus indicate that TRH binding sites are present during the neonatal period in the rat and suggest that TRH may be an important modulator of TSH secretion during this period in the rat and that these effects are mediated by postreceptor mechanisms.


The digital camera is used widely today, but there is still some noise and nonlinear distortion in the images captured by the digital camera, and limitations of the hardware and errors of algorithm still exist as well, so pre-process is required for the images before compressing and transmitting in order to get right image information. It's called Image Pre-process. The processing consists of auto exposure, bilinear interpolation, gamma correction, white balance, filter, space convert, color correction and so on, which can make the image of digital camera better so that make the users satisfied. The pre-process blocks are already formed now, through computer simulation under certain conditions, the quality of images will be improved greatly comparing with the primary ones.


oxidative stress (oxidants and antioxidants). MATERIALS AND METHODS:- The present study is comprised of 70 randomly selected pregnant rd women of 3 trimester from low socio-economic status, which were st divided into two groups on the basis of degree of anemia. Group 1 nd includes 20 non anemic and group 2 includes 50 anemic pregnant nd women. Group 2 further divided into two, group 2a includes 28 mild anemic and group 2b includes 22 moderately anemic pregnant women. This study was carried out at MGM Medical College, and Hospital, Navi Mumbai. A social demographic profile including education, family structure, diet consumed (vegetarian, non-vegetarian) was Introduction: Nutritional anemia is more prevalent among women and contributes to maternal morbidity and mortality, as well as to low birth weight. The relationship between decreased iron availability in the nutrient media and the possible onset of oxidative stress is becoming more evident, because of the dual role played by iron in cell metabolism as either an antioxidant or a pro- oxidant factor. Methods: The present study we comprised two groups, including low and high socioeconomic pregnant women (25-30 yrs). In these groups we studied complete blood cell count by sysmax cell counter; Serum Iron, TIBC and Zinc level by standard colorimetric methods; Plasma Vitamin C, Serum Malondialdehyde, Superoxide Dismutase was estimated by spectrophotometrically. Observations & Results: We found statistically significant increased levels of lipid peroxidation and marked decrease in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in anemic as compared to non-anemic pregnant women. We observed negative correlation between serum MDA and iron level (r = -0.60) in moderately anemic pregnant women. We also found negative correlation of serum MDA with vitamin C, SOD and Zinc (r = -0.48, r= - 0.44, r = -0.53 resp.) and positive correlation between serum MDA and TIBC (r = 0.35) in moderately anemic pregnant women. Conclusion: Over-all socio-economic development is recommended that all women of childbearing age should receive basic nutrition education. Thus there is an urgent need to promote healthy weaning practices of health of pregnant women. Prevalence of anemia was significantly high with oxidative among pregnant women of third trimester belonging low to socio-economic it is evident that socio- economic adequate nutritional combination helps it can and wellbeing. The usual approach to improve micronutrient status during pregnancy i. e. for iron and vitamins supplementation, but in addition to this more attention should be focused on dietary approaches, including fortification of foods with micronutrients, which can be more useful and sustainable than supplementation during pregnancy.


The utility model discloses a hub bore numerical control milling device for improving the automobile hub bore numerical control processing efficiency and meeting the need for high-precision processing. The device is convenient to use, realizes flexible bore processing and can perfectly meet the market needs. The automobile hub bore numerical control milling device disclosed by the utility model comprises a base, an upright, a saddle, a tool magazine, a spindle motor, a spindle and a spindle box, wherein a Y-axis screw rod is mounted on the base along the front-back direction; the Y-axis screw rod is connected with a Y-axis motor; the base is also provided with a Y-axis sliding table; a 360-degree turning workbench is mounted on the Y-axis sliding table; an X-axis screw rod is also mounted on the upright along the left-right direction of the base; a Z-axis screw rod is also mounted on the saddle along the vertical direction of the base; the Z-axis screw rod is connected with a Z-axis motor; a slider is assembled with the Z-axis screw rod through a nut seat; the spindle, the spindle motor and the spindle box are mounted on the slider; and the slider and the saddle are also assembled through a Z-axis guide rail and slider.


In this work, we introduce the methods proposed by the UnibucKernel team in solving the Social Media Variety Geolocation task featured in the 2020 VarDial Evaluation Campaign. We address only the second subtask, which targets a data set composed of nearly 30 thousand Swiss German Jodels. The dialect identification task is about accurately predicting the latitude and longitude of test samples. We frame the task as a double regression problem, employing a variety of machine learning approaches to predict both latitude and longitude. From simple models for regression, such as Support Vector Regression, to deep neural networks, such as Long Short-Term Memory networks and character-level convolutional neural networks, and, finally, to ensemble models based on meta-learners, such as XGBoost, our interest is focused on approaching the problem from a few different perspectives, in an attempt to minimize the prediction error. With the same goal in mind, we also considered many types of features, from high-level features, such as BERT embeddings, to low-level features, such as characters n-grams, which are known to provide good results in dialect identification. Our empirical results indicate that the handcrafted model based on string kernels outperforms the deep learning approaches. Nevertheless, our best performance is given by the ensemble model that combines both handcrafted and deep learning models.


Colleges Crossing is located on the Brisbane River and has long provided an important avenue for water based recreation in the Brisbane region. However, the natural attractions of the site had suffered severe degradation over many years which reduced the areas recreational appeal. After many years of investigation and community consultation, Moreton Shire Council has now proceeded with the large-scale redevelopment of the site including the creation of a large lake and beach areas. The redevelopment is being totally funded by the sale of the sand and gravel extracted from the lake. On completion in December, 1991, Colleges Crossing will be a major regional recreation attraction. The development process has involved a number key issues which are discussed in the paper: - Financial Initiative. - Planning and Public Awareness. - Engineering Design, Sensitive to the Critical effects of Flooding. - Latest Mathematical Modelling for Hydraulics and for Landscape Stability. - Water Quality. - Community Recreational Facility Benefits to South-East Queensland.


For a long time,the theory of literary criticism in China has been difficult to vie with that in Western countries for lack of a system.And since China's reform and opening-up,once silent circles of literary criticism in China have bustled.All literary trends have risen to dispute with each other.Negative views undoubtedly have produced negative effects on the construction of China's literary criticism theory.So,reconstruction of the theory of literary criticism in China has become a urgent problem theoretical circles need to solve.


Sundry Views of an American Invasion by Lieutenant Colonel Walter E. Kretchik On 19 September 1994, President Bill Clinton ordered the US military to invade the impoverished Caribbean island country of Haiti. US military forces assailed the country with the stated purpose of "upholding democracy" to create a secure and stable environment for the return of exiled Haitian President Jean Bertrand Aristide. Eventually, thousands of US forces, first under Joint Task Force (JTF) 180 from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, then JTF 190 from Fort Drum, New York, along with special operations forces and US Marines, occupied Haiti for about six months. On 31 March 1996, with Aristide secure in Portau-Prince and forthcoming Haitian elections all but assured, the American occupiers relinquished the operation to a UN force commanded by US Major General Joseph W. Kinzer. The occupation of Haiti was a fairly bloodless military operation other than war (MOOTW), so much so that it appeared flawless. Indeed, to some critics, the invasion was a rousing success for US foreign policy, a masterful illustration of joint and interagency cooperation. Some argued that the invasion force, composed primarily of the US 10th Mountain Division (Light) from Fort Drum, constituted a well-oiled machine-a no-nonsense, highly skilled outfit that went about its business stoically and methodically. To others, however, the 10th Mountain Division contained overly cautious senior officers more concerned with casualty avoidance and force protection than accomplishing the mission. Thus, two "sundry" views of the American invasion now exist-one rife with praise, the other profuse with criticism. Two authors recently addressed these paradoxical views. John R. Ballard, in Upholding Democracy: The United States Military Campaign in Haiti, 1994-1997 (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1998, $59.95), presents an antiseptic account of the military operation from initial planning stages through the first year of UN occupation. Bob Shacochis, in The Immaculate Invasion (New York: Viking/Penquin, 1999, $27.95), takes a different tack, interlacing firsthand observations and personal interviews into a more freewheeling and stinging commentary. Yet each author contributes much toward fully understanding Haiti's MOOTW realities. Ballard, a professor of history and strategy at the Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia, provides a comprehensive chronicle of the invasion. He asserts that the operation was a tremendous success, particularly in regard to interagency and military innovation and progress in planning and executing a peace operation. His work is convincing in that Haiti interagency cooperation was clearly better than any previous peace operation. That said, however, there is still much on which to improve. Ballard. begins his allegory with an overview of Haiti's woes, explaining that military mischief was common throughout most of its existence-a situation the US Marine Corps inadvertently abetted in 1915, when they "temporarily" invaded Haiti under the auspices of restoring civil order and deterring German regional influence. They stayed until 1934. In the process of stabilizing the country, the leathernecks created an efficient constabulary force that became an instrument of malfeasance under dictator "Papa Doc" Duvalier. However the Marines failed to instill any sense of civic responsibility into the constabulary, which became a force that worked for those who paid them rather than for the public good. Duvalier used the force's misguided loyalty to garner power and create a reign of terror with such brutality that Haitians fled the country in droves. By the time of Duvalier's death in 1971, the savageness had reached such enormity that popular uprisings expunged his son and heir "Baby Doc." A despondent populace, political isolation and social chaos followed. Aristide, a leftist, former Catholic priest, emerged from this milieu and was elected president in December 1990. …


The evaluation of flow characteristic for sewerage systems analysis is essential in designing sewerage systems. Sewerage system plays an important role in collecting sewage from the community before transporting them to the sewerage treatment plant. Flow characteristics of sewage flow will be influenced by the population equivalent at the research area. There are several steps in measuring the flow characteristics which include collecting data in the manhole by using flowmeter and performing data analysis to investigate per capita flow, design criterion as well as peak flow factor. This study was carried out in three selected residential areas namely Taman Lepar Hilir Saujana (MH 84), Taman Pandan Damai (MH K) and Taman Bandar Putra (MH 92a). These locations are located in Kuantan, Pahang. From September 2015 to April 2016, this study was carried out in which the main equipment used is the ISCO 2150 area-velocity flowmeter and sensor. Equipment calibration was done in the Hydraulics and Hydrology Laboratory of UMP Gambang before the commencement of field work. In this study, sensor plays an important role in detecting the sewerage flow and generating the data for the flowmeter. Besides that, rainfall data collection was carried out to determine whether or not the flow rate is affected by the rain. Both data of flow rate and rainfall were retrieved using Flowlink 5.1 software. Data collected from the area-velocity flowmeter was converted into graph foam before the analysis. Data collection was performed on weekdays and weekends as well as during day time and night time. From this, data obtained will be divided into sets. One set of data is taken for a duration of two weeks with measurement done at every time interval of five minutes. The resulting analysis of flow characteristics obtained was compared with the standard limit stated in MS 1228:1991. Based on the MS 1228:1991, the per capita flow is 0.225 m3/day/person and design criterion is 4.7. In this case, per capita flow at Taman Lepar Hilir Saujana is lower than the Malaysia Standard. However, the results from Taman Pandan Damai and Taman Bandar Putra show higher values in that they are more than 0.225m3/day/person. In terms of design criterion, Taman Pandan Damai recorded lower than 4.7. In contrast, Taman Lepar Hilir Saujana and Taman Bandar Putra gave a higher value than 4.7. The results obtained will ease the researchers who are interested to further their study in this field.


To guarantee armyman's rights and to maintain military order are indispensable for military judicature value, which prefix and supplement each other. Furthermore, there exits a dynamic process in their dialectical relations. At peace time we should pay more attention to the former; at war time we should give more concerns with the latter. Therefore, the value orientation of giving priority to maintaining military order should be set up. To realize the value of the wartime military judicature, we should properly change the scope of jurisdiction, adjust the establishment of the military judicature institution, simplify procedural process, ensure the military commander's role in military judicature, make full use of the military lawer, strictly limit the military commander's decisive right at war. 


This pandemic will remain as a major social issue for the unforeseeable future. It has changed each part of our lives, counting the manner in which we work. Specifically, it has an adverse influence on frontline healthcare workers. Furthermore, this healthcare worker population is predominantly women. Our society is entangled in the preconceived idea of gender bias in taking care of the kinfolk. On the other hand, their workload has been increased due to the increasing cases of covid-19. During a pandemic, the obligation of care is properly moved from the individual patient to shield the soundness of the enormous local area. They were liable for long work-hours, floods of patients, severe Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), the approaching danger of low supplies, including PPE; and the emotional misery from potentially getting the sickness or sending it to friends and family. Thus, women struggle to balance their career and personal lives, leading to stress and burnouts. In other sectors, high levels of stress and burnouts will affect employees' contribution and productivity in an organisation. In the case of the health sectors, it is a matter of life and death. The healthcare worker disengagement will affect their performance, which in turn would lead to poor medical treatment and healthcare services. Great psychological wellness is totally needed for general wellbeing and prosperity. Supporting a sound balance between work and personal activities isn't just significant for a healthy wellbeing and a legitimate relationship, but it can also upgrade workers' productivity and performance. This emotional stress seems to have gone unaddressed in this pandemic and needs someone to intervene in the situation and bring the balance. Thus, this paper explores a conceptual framework towards the impact of the pandemic on the women frontline healthcare workers.


For some time, Steven Seidman, and other sociologists as well, have been engaged in elaborating a criticism of the discipline of sociology, which takes its motivation in part from the politics of the new social movements and in part from what is generally described as the postmodern critique of the human sciences (Seidman 1991; 1994; Denzin 1991; 1995; Lemert 1995; Pfohl 1992). Seidman's "Political Unconscious of the Human Sciences" is an important elaboration of the criticism of disciplinary knowledges that is especially relevant now, given the negative treatments recently offered by sociologists of both the postmodern critique of the human sciences and the new social movements.


By using the method of questionnaire,interview,statistics and logical analysis,this paper carries on a investigation on 8 countries in Sichuan province,and analyzes the current situation of Sichuan rural sports.Countermeasures were put forward for the development of Sichuan rural sports,this will provide reliable statistics and reference for relevant policy's constitution and "sports for all" 's guidance.


This paper discusses the pros and cons of the inheritance rights of non-Muslims in the treasury of Islamic thought., Differences of opinion concerning the inheritance rights of non Muslims are preceded by a difference of opinion about terminology or infidels and apostates. Differences of opinion Ulama 'of classical and contemporary Islamic thinker in this matter was influenced instrumentation Islamic family law in Indonesia. Fiqh opinions as expressed by the scholars' classic especially Imam Shafi'i become the foundation of family law in Islamic Law Compilation (KHI) as the Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991. According to the rules of KHI Article 171 (b, c), religious differences between muwarris and heir of a barrier right to inheritance. While the opinion of contemporary Islamic thinkers such as Abdullah Ahmed An-Na'im and Asgar Ali Engineer, an inspiration ijtihad discussion CLD-KHI. In chapter 2 CLD-KHI mentioned that the problem of different religions is not a barrier because of the legacy inherited. CLD-KHI drafting team believes, religious discrimination in inheritance rights is part of a form of discrimination, injustice and violation of human rights and should be replaced with a more contextual. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA /* Style Definitions */
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It has been reported that the absence of hydrochloric acid after total gastrectomy caused a change in H-iron concentration in the digestive canal; inversion of acid into alkali. It resulted ascending and proliferation of coli bacilli into the proximal portion of small intestine.
The author has studied the above-described facts, and also performed the tissue culture of the bone marrow of femul to see the function in anemic rats, and observed the therapeutic effect of antianemic substances on the anemic rats. 1) Intestinal Microrganisms In the normal rats every case showed coli bacilli in the duodenum but they were less in number and mostly lactic bacilli have occupied over 1/2 of the bacilli in the whole intestinal canal. In accordance with the inversion of acid into alkali in the intestinal canal after operation the coli bacilli have ascended and proliferated into the upper part of intestinal canal. Lactic bacilli, on the contrary, have disappeared in the proximal intestinal canal and become markedly less in number in the whole intestinal canal. 2) Tissue Culture of Bone Marrow It was observed that the comparative growth index and cellmigration velocity diminished, but the enlarging of growth area and cell-migration were not observed to stop at an early stage as in the control group; It did not show marked but moderate dysfunction. 3) Efficacies of V-B(12), Folic Acid and Iron Preparates V-B(12) and folic acid were noneffective but iron preparates reacted well to the anemia and restored the blood picture as that in the rats before operation, especially the restoration of hemoglobin level. The general condition was improved completely corresponding its restoration.


In many countries, the number of consumers who participate in boycotts has been increasing during the last decades. Boycotts can have a significant negative impact on firms because they impair sales figures, corporate reputation and stock prices. In this study, we theorise and empirically confirm that national culture determines the likelihood of consumer boycotts. Thus, our paper helps guide firms to international markets where there is less risk of boycott activity. Our analysis reveals that many cultural dimensions strongly co-vary with boycott prevalence. In particular, the risk of consumer boycotts rises with the practical scores of in-group collectivism. The paper outlines avenues for further research and provides multinational companies with guidelines to help predict boycott prevalence in the targeted markets.


Free trade agreements (FTAs) are tools that have been widely implemented for enhancing trade between countries. As a result, various models have been developed in an effort to explain the effects of these agreements on trade. The objective of this study is to develop a model suitable for exploring FTA effects on trade flows in the Mediterranean region. For that purpose a model is developed for analyzing trade flows based on the family of gravity models; the model parameters are estimated by using the seemingly unrelated regression estimation approach, in an effort to account for cross-sectional heterogeneity, serial correlation, and heteroscedasticity in the data set used. Results of the derived models are discussed and indicate that FTA effects on trade flows do exist but remain relatively low compared with other factors such as transportation costs.


In several applications of the stochastic multi-armed bandit problem, the traditional objective of maximizing the expected total reward can be inappropriate. In this paper, motivated by certain operational concerns in online platforms, we consider a new objective in the classical setup. Given $K$ arms, instead of maximizing the expected total reward from $T$ pulls (the traditional"sum"objective), we consider the vector of total rewards earned from each of the $K$ arms at the end of $T$ pulls and aim to maximize the expected highest total reward across arms (the"max"objective). For this objective, we show that any policy must incur an instance-dependent asymptotic regret of $\Omega(\log T)$ (with a higher instance-dependent constant compared to the traditional objective) and a worst-case regret of $\Omega(K^{1/3}T^{2/3})$. We then design an adaptive explore-then-commit policy featuring exploration based on appropriately tuned confidence bounds on the mean reward and an adaptive stopping criterion, which adapts to the problem difficulty and achieves these bounds (up to logarithmic factors). We then generalize our algorithmic insights to the problem of maximizing the expected value of the average total reward of the top $m$ arms with the highest total rewards. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our policies compared to several natural alternatives in practical parameter regimes. We discuss applications of these new objectives to the problem of grooming an adequate supply of value-providing market participants (workers/sellers/service providers) in online platforms.


This paper reports the results of an extensive research study investigating the advertising media development trends for 15 print and broadcast media variables in 51 African countries for the 25-year period 1964-1988. Trend analysis was carried out for 5 geographical regions, 3 population size groups and 3 GNP/capita groups. The results support the propositions that both types of advertising media (i.e., print and broadcast) are developing fastest in Northern Region, and in countries with large population. The analysis based on GNP/capita supports the proposition that countries with high GNP/capital show a faster rate of growth in broadcast media whereas the countries with low GNP/capital show a faster rate of growth in print media.


Development of bootloader is the indispensable and very important part of the embedded system,U-Boot is a powerful soft-ware to develop a bootloader.In this paper,the booting process of U-Boot is analyzed in detail,the porting process of U-Boot in an Embedded System board based on the S3C2410 CPU are expatiated in terms of the source code of U-Boot, and the realizing moth-ods and step is universal in a sense.


Techniques and hardware for field measurement of two important continuous welded rail (CWR) track parameters for safety from buckling--the track lateral resistance and the rail neutral temperature--are presented. It is shown here that by controlling the two parameters above their respective permissible minimum values, CWR track buckling safety can be ensured. For the measurement of lateral resistance, a lightweight, portable device that tests the ties individually has been developed. Field data collected using the single-tie push test revealed that the scatter is within permissible limits if the data for three randomly selected ties in a 50-ft section of CWR are averaged. The data have also shown that the ties exhibit a softening resistance characteristic, a feature that has been ignored or not detected in work by other researchers. Rail neutral temperature can be measured using the principle that the vertical deflection of a rail beam freed from ties is measurably sensitive to the longitudinal rail force when a vertical load is applied to the rail section. On the basis of that principle a rail uplift device (RUD) that gives the absolute rail force without site-specific calibration has been developed. The rail force test data from RUD are in agreement with the theoretical predictions.


This paper presents a procedure for considering interactions of neighbourhood quality and property specifics within hedonic models of housing price. It handles interactions between geographical factors and the marginal contribution of each property attribute for enhancing values assessment. Making use of simulation procedures, it is combining GIS technology and spatial statistics to define principal components of accessibility and socio‐economic census related to transaction prices of single‐family homes. An application to the housing market of the Quebec Urban Community (more than 3,600 bungalows transacted in 1990 and 1991) illustrates its usefulness for building spatial hedonic models, while controlling for multicollinearity, spatial autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. Distance‐weighted averages of each property attribute in the neighbourhood and interactions of property attributes with each principal component are used to detect any spatial effect on sale price variations. This first‐stage spatial hedonic model approximates market prices, which are then used in order to compare "expected" and actual property tax amounts, which are added to obtain a second‐stage model incorporating fiscal effects on house values. Interactions between geographical factors and property specifics are computed using formulae avoiding multicollinearity problems, while considering several processes responsible for spatial variability. For each property attribute, they define sub‐models which can be used to map variations, across the city, of its marginal value, assessing the cross‐effect of geographical location (in terms of neighbourhood profiles and accessibility to services) and its own valuation parameters. Moreover, this procedure distinguishes property attributes, exerting a stable contribution to value (constant over the entire region) from those whose implicit price significantly varies over space.


An analytical approach used to determine stress within an adhesive layer due to curvature mismatch between flexible adherends is implemented in an optimization analysis. The basis of this analysis is the classical beam on elastic foundation approach, where the adherend is described as a flexible beam and the foundation represents the adhesive layer. In this analysis, the optimal shape of a rigid substrate, described by the curvature of the substrate, is found based on various optimal conditions. These conditions include (1) minimizing the tensile stress in the adhesive layer (referred to as the peel stress), (2) maximizing the compressive stress at the free end and (3) minimizing the stress in the adherend. To minimize the peel stress, there should be a smooth transition between regions of differing curvatures. To minimize the stress in the adherend, the initial curvature mismatch between the adherend and the substrate should be reduced. The optimization scheme is described and results for two non-dimensionalized examples, associated with relatively stiff and relatively compliant systems, are presented.


OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between levels of serum albumin and total cholesterol (TC) and risk of subsequent mortality and future decline in activities of daily living (ADLs) in elderly people.


Hypodontia is a development disorder presented with absence of one or more teeth excluding the third molars. There are several terms used to define the absence of one or more teeth, such as hypodontia, oligodontia, or anodontia. The presence of hypodontia in primary teeth does not significantly differ in gender, but is more common in females when in permanent teeth. The etiology of this dental development anomaly may be hereditary, but there is a combination of a numerous genetic and environmental factors that influence its development. It is also possible that the occurrence of hypodontia is independent, in combination with certain syndromes, as well as in conditions of cleft lip and palate.The presence is most common in maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular second premolars, and third molars in both jaws. It can be classified into the following three groups in terms of the number of missing teeth: mild hypodontia: 1-2 missing teeth, moderate hypodontia: 3-5 missing teeth, and severe hypodontia: 6 or more missing teeth.Clinical manifestations associated with the presence of hypodontia are divided into two major groups: dental features and craniofacial features.There are several options for treating hypodontia that depend on the present degree of hypodonia.The treatment planning depends on several factors: oral health and patient motivation, the patient age, the position and condition of the teeth in the patient's mouth, skeletal and soft tissue profile changes and bone anatomy of the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw).Generally, in all cases of hypodontia there are three treatment options: acceptance of the situation without undertaking any intervention, orthodontic treatment, prosthodontic treatment, as well as oral surgery with dental implants.Treatment options depend on the severity of the case. Maryland bridges as an hypodontia treatment option can be used in treating cases with mild hypodontia, but also on these patients an orthodontic treatment by closing the space with fixed braces can be applied.Depending on the degree of expression of hypodontia, it is especially important to make an accurate diagnosis, as well as to establish an effective treatment plan in proper coordination between the orthodontist, prosthodontist, oral surgeon and pediatric dentist.


Objective To explore the effects of aerobics exercise on levels of blood glucose,serum lipids,blood uric acid and body mass in patients with phlegm dampness,to further intervene the predisposing factors that lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases for patients with phlegm dampness.Methods According to 《TCM constitution classification and decision table》edited in 2009,60 cases with phlegm dampness from ordinary people taking the physical examination were selected and randomly divided into intervention group and control group,with 30 cases in each group.While the intervention group was given the aerobic exercises,the control group was not given any intervention.The changes of the fasting blood glucose(FPG),serum lipids,blood uric acid(UA),weight,body mass index,waist circumference changes were observed and compared for the data of the two groups.Results The levels of FPG,UA,body weight and waist circumference after intervention were decreased as compared with those before intervention in intervention group(P0.05).The levels of TG,UA,body weight and waist circumference in intervention group were decreased as compared with those in control group after intervention(P0.05).There was no significant difference between two groups on total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL) and body mass index(BMI) after intervention(P0.05).Conclusion Aerobic exercise can reduce serum lipids,blood uric acid and body mass in patients with phlegm dampness,and therefore has significant effects on the reduction of predisposing factors that lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.


Virtual manufacturing technology (VMT) as a new manufacturing model, is an advanced manufacturing technology in recent years. This article discusses the effect of VMT in manufacturing , and presents development strategy of VMT from lays of government management, coorporation and scientific research.


With the emergence of automated driving technology, wireless demand for secure information exchange among automated vehicles has increased dramatically. To this end, we design a security-aware dynamic device-to-device (D2D) spectrum resource sharing mechanism to enhance the security of vehicular D2D communications with the improved spectrum efficiency. Considering both resource block (RB) sharing and power control, we model this joint D2D spectrum resource sharing process as a weighted bipartite graph matching problem whose weights are obtained through deriving the closed-form solutions of power control in an algebraic method. Then, the global optimal solutions of the matching problem are obtained by using the Hungarian algorithm. Furthermore, a security-aware RB and power allocation (SA-RBPA) mechanism compatible with existing cellular networks is proposed for the small cell base station applications. Extensive simulation results have shown that, compared with existing approaches that consider RB reusing strategy or power control scheme optimization alone, the SA-RBPA scheme is able to realize a better spectrum efficiency and security performance.


Background: The first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was successfully restrained in many countries around the world by means of a severe lockdown. Now, we are entering the second phase of the pandemics in which the spread of the virus needs to be contained within the limits that national health systems can cope with. This second phase of the epidemics is expected to last until a vaccination is available or herd immunity is reached. Long-term management strategies thus need to be developed. Methods: In this paper we present a new agent-based simulation model "COVID-19 ABM" with which we simulate 4 alternative scenarios for the second "new normality" phase that can help decision-makers to take adequate control and intervention measures. Results: The scenarios resulted in distinctly different outcomes. A continued lockdown could regionally eradicate the virus within a few months, whereas a relaxation back to 80% of former activity-levels was followed by a second outbreak. Contact-tracing as well as adaptive response strategies could keep COVID-19 within limits. Conclusion: The main insights are that low-level voluntary use of tracing apps shows no relevant effects on containing the virus, whereas medium or high-level tracing allows maintaining a considerably higher level of social activity. Adaptive control strategies help in finding the level of least restrictions. A regional approach to adaptive management can further help in fine-tuning the response to regional dynamics and thus minimise negative economic effects.


Consumers are becoming increasingly conscious of the quality of their tap water, this is due to an increase in water quality issues in the media. There have been numerous articles comparing tap water to bottled water which have heightened concerns of the consumer. Because of this Rand Water decided to introduce the Tap Analysis Programme (TAP). The programme is aimed at informing consumers about the quality of water in their own homes. Monthly samples are taken by both internal (Rand Water staff) and external participants. These results have enabled Rand Water to build up a data base of tap water results for various regions within Rand Water's area of supply. In this way Rand Water is capable of monitoring changes that may occur in the water quality form the purification works right up to the end point. The data allows for effective maintenance programmes to be put in place.


The U-Pu-Zr metallic fuel in the integral fast reactor may interact chemically with the steel cladding at elevated temperatures, leading to a thinning of the cladding and eventual pin failure. Also, as a result of the fuel/cladding chemical interaction (FCCI), iron may diffuse into the fuel and form a lower melting phase with uranium and plutonium. If the temperature is raised above the solidus temperature of this phase, the fuel can undergo liquefaction, i.e., the formation of a mixture of liquid and solid phases, that may promote further cladding interaction. Fuel/cladding chemical interaction, therefore, is a complex phenomenon on both sides of the fuel/cladding interface that depends on fuel and cladding compositions, linear power rating, burnup, and cladding temperature. The purpose of this study was to determine the temperature at which the fuel/cladding interaction region forms solid-plus-liquid phases above the normal in-reactor operating temperatures of high-burnup (11 at.%) Mark V-type fuel for the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II). The Mark V fuel is being developed as a future driver fuel for the reactor. The effect of this solid-plus-liquid mixture on the kinetics and mechanism of FCCI was also investigated. This paper updates results previously reported for lower-burnup Mark V-type fuelmore » elements.« less


Ureidosalicylic acid forms remarkable trimeric cyclamer-like crystal structures with either three or six independent molecules in the asymmetric unit as a result of the excess of hydrogen bond donors and guest inclusion within the centre of the cyclamer. The structures persist in solution in hydrogen bond acceptor solvents suggesting a role for solution pre-association in forming high Z' structures.


1. IntroductionThe interest in the newspaper business model is growing as people watch the industry fight for survival in this disruptive information age. Despite investments by companies into the Internet, the revenues gained through online marketing are not making up for the lost revenue of the print ads (Rosenstiel et al, 2012). In fact, despite these investments, newspapers are in the same situation they were ten years ago, cutting costs and staff where they can, as the organizations themselves are bought and sold from seller to seller.Newspapers are no longer the hotspot for advertising. As more companies turn to online marketing, the Internet giants such as Google and Facebook are gaining a larger piece of the advertising market share (Protalinski, 2012). As a result, advertisers are turning to those organizations that have the greatest access to people and success in marketing, leaving newspapers in the difficult position of finding new places to grow, as they cannot charge premium prices for their ad space as hyper-competition drives the price down. Access to other sources of news and information on the Internet, available in this growing information age, is creating a service issue for the newspaper industry. The desire for the content is not enough for the business to be successful. Research shows that users get their news source from multiple sources rather than loyalty to just one (Pew Research Center, 2010a). They offer no unique value-proposition to the end user. A value proposition describes how an organization fulfils the needs of the user in a manner differentiated from its competitors, convincing a user he/she should buy from a specific paper.Accepting the premise that the news industry is not sustainable, the following question provides a point of entry into the examination of the status of the newspaper industry: Is there a framework that can be used to be determined if a newspaper organization's model can succeed? This project began as a search for a business model that could be replicated to various newspapers regardless of size. The goal was to evaluate the existing models in use, identify the success and failing factors of those models and build a new model from those factors. However, as the research delved further, there appeared another problem that needed to be addressed.The literature showed that there are papers that appear to be succeeding. Yet many of these models are also still unproven. This is not surprising, in the general world of e-commerce, many models remain unproven - even Facebook. Specific measures to determine the success and failing factors of these businesses do not exist. The industry needs a way to measure success and failure of the models. This paper focuses on empirical data and relevant literature. Though most of the literature used is recent, in this fast paced environment its usefulness is limited by the speed of change and the time it takes to research and analyze new data, and turn it around.2. Research MethodologyThis paper examines recent literature, including studies about trends within the industry, and business models being implemented at different organizations, in order to identify problem areas for sustainability and growth within the industry. In pursuing this information, other research options were considered such as a survey or analyzing data sets. These options were dismissed as many organizations are conducting and producing this type of research. A focus on existing literature, allows for the information to be looked at it a new way.Information was collected from both popular and scholarly literature and was categorized thematically for analysis in the following areas are organizational structure, culture and leadership, revenue streams, non-traditional revenue, innovation, and a size/local factor. Many researchers and surveys have identified these categories as areas of issues for the industry. One contribution offered in this paper is the identification of these categories as attributes. …


-An advanced dynamic model for multisection semi- conductor optical amplifiers is Presented. It accounts for the carrier and field distributions in the longitudinal direction as well as for the facet reflectivities. The model can handle arbitrary time-varying input signals and current modulations. Here the model is used to assess intermodulation distortion and crosstalk. First, cascaded amplifiers are considered, and the crosstalk and intermodulation distortion due to cascaded amplifiers are found number of cascaded amplifiers in multichannel systems. Carrier-for 25 dB of single-pass gain, a reflectivity of 5 x 10-4 will the numerical and experimental results for crosstalk and in-result in 3-dB excess distortion. Reduction of intermodulation termodulation distortion in a two-channel svstem with two modulation due to current modulation. Experimental measurements of intermodulation distortion and crosstalk, where nearly traveling-wave amplifiers are used, verify the validity of the Section 11 describes a numerical model that can handle carrier-density-induced nonlinearities due to multichannel amplification. Section 111 presents a two-channel experimental to accumulate by adding together in amplitude; this may limit the induced nonlinearities depend strongly on facet reflectivities; setup with a self-heterodyne detection technique, which pro-a large dynamic measurement range. Section IV gives distortion by use of multisection amplifiers is found to be possible only for small channel separations (< 300 MHz). Simulations of 11-channel amplification showed a reduction of 13 dB in intermodulation distortion when random-phase optical carriers are applied.


This paper investigates the role of money in markets in which producers have private information about the quality of the goods they supply. When the fraction of high-quality producers in the economy is given, money promotes the production of high-quality goods, which improves the quality mix and welfare unambiguously. When this fraction is endogenous, however, we find that money can decrease welfare relative to the barter equilibrium. The origin of this inefficiency is that money provides consumption insurance to low-quality producers, which can result in a higher fraction of low-quality producers in the monetary equilibrium. Finally, we find that most often agents acquire more costly information in the monetary equilibrium than in the barter equilibrium. Consequently, money is welfare-enhancing because it promotes useful production and exchange, but not because it saves information costs. Copyright 2004, Wiley-Blackwell.


The present invention is negative-the coating paint - may be deposited, epoxy resin-amine adduct, a base of acrylate copolymers and crosslinking components, and the cathode-number that can be deposited diluted available primer and one in particular bonded to form, water-diluted coating capable relates to a process for preparing a binder formulation. A basic epoxy resin has an epoxide group in glass-amine adduct (A) 3 to 30% by weight (based on high) in the (meth) acrylic acid ester containing a secondary or tertiary amino group, a (meth) acrylic acid monoesters with diols, (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester and, in accordance gyeongwe reacted polymerizing a monomer mixture (B) 70 to 97% by weight consisting of an aromatic vinyl monomer; wherein components (a) and (B) having 7 to same aliphatic radical at least 5 wt% of 18, preferably contains 10 to 20% by weight. The thus baked film of the product obtained the basic to the gloss, and UV, resistance to detergent and corrosion is very excellent.


Abstract A rapid, simple, and accurate UV derivative method for the simultaneous determination of atenolol and nifedipine in dosage forms was developed. A new gaschromatographic procedure was also defined to convalide the spectrophotometric procedure as an alternative method. Statistical analysis of the results on data from laboratory solutions confirms a good accuracy and precision of both the methods.


The objectives of this paper are to measure the concentration of H₂O/LiBr solution by measuring the electrical conductivity and to study the effect of the solution temperature and the concentration on the electrical conductivity of the solution. The solution temperature ranges 20℃, 40℃ and 60℃ for a fixed concentration during the experiment. The valid ranges of the concentration are two regions, low concentration region (1-20 % of LiBr) and high concentration region (55-66 % of LiBr). The results show that the conductivity of the solution increases linearly with increasing the solution temperature while it increases with increasing the concentration lower than about 35% of LiBr and decreases with increasing the concentration higher than 35%. This paper proposes experimental correlations for the concentration as functions of the solution temperature and the concentration with error bands of ±7% for the low concentration region and ±1% for the high concentration region, respectively. The experimental correlation can be practically used in the on-line measurement without any sampling of solution from the closed system.


While the importance of inter-organisational relationships in stimulating corporate entrepreneurship is well argued in the literature, little attention has been paid to how corporate capabilities f ...


Two distinguished medical scientists independently observed the same phenomenon in the course of their research: reversible collapse of rabbits' ears after injection of the enzyme papain. One went on to make a discovery based on this serendipitous or chance occurrence; the other did not. Intensive tandem interviews were conducted with each of these scientist in order to discover similarities and differences in their experiences with the floppy-eared rabbits. These interview materials are analyzed for the light they shed on the process of scientific discovery in general and on the serendipity pattern in particular.


Five all solid state cockpit television system (CTVS) cameras, built to USAF requirements for high performance type F-16 aircraft, were modified and tested for possible use in the closed circuit television system on the space shuttle orbiter. The 400 HZ power supply in the electronics unit assembly was replaced with two DC/DC converters to enable operation from 28VDC spacecraft-type power sources. Nonessential circuit functions were deleted to minimize input power requirements. The normal 31 mm focal length lense assemblies were replaced with wider field-of-view 19 mm focal length lenses. Base plates for and housings were redesigned to facilitate mounting and heat-sinking of the camera in the space environment and short length (14") adapter cables were designed, fabricated, and tested to meet requirements for cameras configured to mount on the astronauts helmet/visor assembly. Technical requirements, design implementation, environmental tests, Modifications prodedures, and reliability/quality efforts are discussed. Schematics are included.


This study examines the effect of writing attributes on the English writing performance of pre-service engineering teachers. This research adopts descriptive research with a survey type. The population for this study was all pre-service teachers. The target population is pre-service teachers in the three (3) selected Educational Colleges. A multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted for this study. The data collection instrument was an adapted questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to answer research questions and test the proposed hypothesis with product and service solution statistics (SPSS) version 20.0 at a significance level of 0.05. The findings show that pre-service teachers have sufficient attributes in writing English. There is no significant difference between male and female teachers' English writing in the South West. The study concludes that writing attributes are an essential element that determines pre-service teachers' performance in English, and there is no significant effect between pre-service teachers and women on their writing attributes. It is recommended that governments at all levels should provide schools with sufficient teachers, provide training and training opportunities for teachers, and grant grants and seminars for teaching staff.