The basic connect of systematic software reuse is simple. Develop systems of components of a reasonable size and reuse them. Then extend the idea of component system beyond code alone to requirements, analysis models, design, and test. All the stages of the software development process are subject to reuse. Developers can save problemsolving effort all along the development chain. They can minimize redundant work. They can enhance the reliability of their work because each reused component system has already been reviewed and inspected in the course of its original development. Code components have passed unit and system test elsewhere and often have stood the test of use in the field. By these means developers can reduce development time from years to months, or to weeks instead of months. Keywords-Component, web engineering, azail [1] INTRODUCTION & RELATED WORK. The experience at companies such as AT & T, Brooklyn Union Gas, Ericsson, GTE, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Motorola, NEC and Toshiba show that significant cost and time savings result from systematic reuse. Other companies, those that are doing nothing in particular about reuse, provide a base line. Several organizations have obtained reuse levels around 90% in certain projects or areas: AT & T: 40 – 92 % in Telecom operation support system software. Brooklyn Union Gas: 90 – 95 % in a process layer, and 67% in a user interface and business Object layer. Ericsson AXE: 90 % in hundreds of customer-specific configurations. Motorola: 85 % reuse and a 10: 1 productivity savings ratio in compiler and compiler-tool test Suites. Many organizations have achieved through reuse persuades us that management may expect substantial gains: Time to market: reductions of 2 to 5 times Defect density: reductions of 5 to 10 times Maintenance cost: reductions of 5 to 10 times Overall software development cost: reduction of around 15% to as much as 75% for long-term projects. Components are sometimes referred to as assets or work products. While the terms refer to the same underlying reality, they carry somewhat different connotations. Components suggests interfaces and packaging Asset brings to mind matters of ownership and management work product highlights the fact that a components is a unit in a cycle of work, the software life cycle. Revolution in application development: The growing popularity and availability of component-based software technologies is fueling a change in the habits and expectations of millions of programmers. New application development tools and technologies have made components the key to reusing larger grained objects to build application rapidly. These technologies include Micro Soft Visual Basic, ActiveX and OLE, SUN's JAVA and CORBA interface definition language. Internet computing using applets and scripting languages such as VB Scripts and Java Scripts make it easy to develop and quickly deploy novel interactive applications across the enterprise. Component objects models and distributed computing infrastructure in the form of OMGs. CORBA middle ware technologies or Microsoft operating system support for the distributed components object model and OLE technology enable more complex distributed large-grain objects and components to e used. These technologies define and mange component interfaces separately from component implementations. Practical reuse has also been quite successful with nonobject-oriented languages such as COBAL and FORTRAN. These non-object-oriented components-based technologies reinter face the fact the successful reuse is not really about object oriented languages or class libraries. While object oriented languages have many of the qualities sought when developing components, they are not sufficient in themselves. There is a growing commercial market for components providing larger chunks of functionality than typical object classes do called ActiveX components or OLE components OCXs. As an increasing number of these component-based applications are constructed and deployed by independent developers. Business objects and components will be defined and constructed by separate groups, yet must work together to meet business information system needs. Vuppu Padmakar et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3) , 2014, 4398-4404


In the 1964/65 school year, as in previous years, the RSFSR Ministry of Education checked the level of knowledge, skills and habits of the 4th-grade pupils in Russian language and arithmetic in a number of autonomous republics, territories, and regions of the Russian Federation.


Manufacturing simulation is a major component of the technology program at our university, and has provided opportunities for numerous industrial projects. This software application is being used extensively by many major corporations to model, analyze, and optimize complex manufacturing operations, including Boeing, Lockheed-Martin, Daimler-Chrysler and Toyota. Companies are utilizing these advanced 3D digital manufacturing tools as a component of their product life-cycle management to optimize and continuously improve the manufacturing processes. In many cases simulations are mandatory prior to implementation of any significant new operation, project or process. Manufacturing technologists and engineers need to be familiar with these modern tools and their applications, and to understand when and how to effectively utilize them. At our university these applications are being taught under the title of virtual simulation (VS). This paper explains how VS has been integrated into our curriculum, and has been used to establish effective partnerships with major manufacturing companies.


Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to rank high in contributing to the global disability adjusted life years with 10 million new cases yearly worldwide. Having effective control of TB particularly in endemic communities should be predicated on understanding factors that drive its upsurge. Objectives: This study assessed the association between socio-demographic factors and nutritional status among adults with pulmonary TB in Calabar, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive analysis of a randomized controlled study that enrolled 81 clinically diagnosed pulmonary TB patients that met the eligibility criteria. Data assessed were, socioOriginal Research Article Ejemot-Nwadiaro et al.; AJMAH, 18(10): 85-98, 2020; Article no.AJMAH.61348 86 demographic, clinical, dietary, anthropometric, haematological and serum concentration of micronutrients. Results were presented in frequencies, percentages, tables and chart. Chi-square ( 2 ) test was used to determine existence of associations between variables at 5% level, while, Pearson Correlation test was applied to determine the correlation between variables. P-value was used to determine significance of tests. Results: Using body mass index (BMI) as a proxy of nutritional status, results indicate that 33.4% of patients were undernourished with no discernible gender differences (p=0.254). Income level classification was observed to be statistically significantly associated with undernutrition (p=0.021), with those in the low-income category most at risk. Correlation analysis of key variables indicated that low serum ascorbate, zinc and retinol were independently associated with low BMI. These associations were statistically significant (p<0.05).Singleness was identified as a risk factor for undernutrition (p=0.060). Low functional status proxied by Karnofsky score <50% tended to align more with patients in the low income level category. Conclusion: Results consistently indicate that patients in the low income category had higher proportion of lower ranges of haemoglobin, protein parameters, serum ascorbate, zinc and retinol concentrations considered deficient. Thus, poverty alleviation strategies should be highly prioritized in TB programming for effective control.


Synthetic superhydrophobic surfaces have drawn significant interest owing to their water-resistant and self-cleaning applications. However, most of the fabrication practices involve complex processes that are unsustainable to withstand large-scale fabrication to transform into standard industrial practice. The desired durability of these surfaces is another crucial challenge that makes the translation of these products difficult. In this paper, we reported the fabrication of superhydrophobic aluminum alloy with a simpler, low-cost, and eco-friendly technique using the hydrothermal treatment. Subsequently, the surface energy of the processed substrate was modulated using a chemical vapor deposition technique. The developed surface shows an extreme water repellency with a contact angle above 160° and a very low contact angle hysteresis and rolling angle (<5°). Surface morphological characterizations showed the formation of nanoscale hierarchical structures which resulted in a stable Cassie state due to the effective entrapment of air and exhibiting self-cleaning ability. The developed surface showed extreme wetting resilience during exposure to a droplet impingement with an impinging velocity of >2 m/s. Further, these superhydrophobic surfaces were exposed to atmospheric weather conditions to check their robustness. During a rain simulator testing, a developed surface showed low contact angle hysteresis (<10°) after enduring multiple cycles. The processed surface also showed significant de-wetting behavior during condensation experiments and chemical resistance under prolonged exposure. Weathering tests performed under outdoor conditions showed an insignificant influence on the de-wettability of the processed sample. The present study highlights the fabrication of superhydrophobic durable metallic surfaces through a facile and green fabrication route for multifunctional applications.


There is an abundant literature on the the impact of laws on individual's behavior and the role of social ties as a determinant of this impact. This paper focuses on this issue. Using data from eight waves of the European Social Survey on the perception by individuals of gay and lesbian rights. We exploit the sequential approval of same-sex marriage among various European countries to identify the change in the individuals' opinion on gay and lesbian rights and the role of the intensity of their ties as a driver of this change. The robustness of our results are tested over the subgroup of immigrants coming from homophobic countries. The economic rationale behind the econometric findings is rationalized through a theoretical setup largely inspired on the dyadic model presented in Calvo-Armengol, Verdier, and Zenou (2007). Individuals learn about a social norm through strong ties (family or close friends) and weak ties (outside the family or close friends). Unsurprisingly weak ties tend to promote acceptance of the social norm by individuals who did not share initially this norm. Strong ties promote conformism.


(57) Abstract: latch 202 of the battery 10 include a beam 2 which is supported in the opposing spring 418 end 8. Projection 52 located between the opposite ends of the beams, is hooked to selectively fixing hook 152.


This article argues for shift in the antifraud rules within the securities laws to a more company-based approach. The article contends also that most of the recent SEC recommendations to shift to a company-based registration and disclosure system are either unrelated to achieving a company registration system or move the current regime only marginally toward such a system in substance. The article also argues that, in fact, the only area where a company-based approach would add value is in the application of the antifraud rules. Antifraud rules currently apply based on the transaction-involved; public offerings, for example, encounter much more stringent antifraud protection than private placements. Company-based antifraud rules - that applied the same level of antifraud protection against a company regardless of the transaction involved - not only would reduce frivolous litigation and conserve judicial resources, but a company-based antifraud regime would also reduce the incentive for companies to make use of the Securities Act's many transaction exemptions. As a result, company-based antifraud rules also provide many of the reduced complexity benefits as the Advisory Committee's more formal recommendation.


3 Bedrooms Bedrooms With 2 Bathrooms Bathrooms Residential For Sale Quality 1 Property Management BEL PRE On the 2 Floor In 3842 BEL PRE ROAD, SILVER SPRING, Maryland 20906


Objective To study the effect of dilation of uterine cervix to laboring.Method All the pregnant women(600)were divided into two groups:research group and control group.Observe the labor pain,birth process,delivery mode,neonatal apgar score,bleeding volume and postnatal infection between the two groups.Results There was significant difference in the active stage and birth process between research group and control group(P0.01).Conclusion Dilation of uterine cervix can shorten the birth process and had no side effect on mother and the child.


A 7-month-old male child (patient 1) was referred for a CT of the brain for evaluation of macrocephaly. His head circumference was 48 cm (>95th centile). He was otherwise normal and his developmental milestones were normal for age. The CT showed enlarged subarachnoid spaces in the frontal and temporal lobes (figure 1). A chronic subdural haemorrhage (SDH) was noted in the right frontal lobe (figure 1).

Figure 1
(A) Axial section of brain CT showing widened subarachnoid spaces in the frontal and temporal lobes (white arrows). (B) Axial section of brain CT showing a chronic subdural haemorrhage in the right frontal lobe extending into the interhemispheric fissure (red arrow). Also seen are widened subarachnoid spaces in the temporal lobes (white arrows).

A 2-month-old male child (patient 2) was referred for CT of the brain following a fall. …


The paper describes the background to the decision by the Director-General of Transport, South Australia to produce a physical design guidelines document and the work undertaken in the preparation of physical design guidelines for the various devices appropriate for use in residential street management schemes. It describes the procedures involved in the selection of the devices included in the guidelines, the format of the guidelines, the degree of technical detail included and the place and the use of the guidelines document in a wider overall residential street management manual. The paper contains examples of the format and content of the design guidelines for selected devices and contains a list of useful source material. (Author/TRRL)


This paper presents a printed microwave humidity sensor with an original sensing principle in phase shifting para- digm, derived from the combination of slots, transmission lines and printing technologies. A composite film made of polypyrrole and TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN/PPy) was used as electrically conductive sensitive material. A CPW-based sensor was designed, screen-printed and experimentally tested over 22- 72%RH range. The measured sensitivity was 0.136°/%RH at 5.7 GHz. The insertion losses decreased by 1.15 dB only.


This study aims to determine the analysis of agglomeration and economic growth in regional income inequality in Padang Pariaman in 2015-2019 in the agriculture, industry and tourism sectors. This type of research is quantitative descriptive and data collection techniques with secondary data analysis. The results showed that inequality in agriculture, industry and tourism always increased. This can be seen in the tourism sector with an amount of -0.95 or -0.0095% in 2019 and 2015 with an amount of -0.69 or -0.0069%. In the agricultural sector with a total of -0.93 or -0.0093% and while the industrial sector with an amount of -0.90 or -0.009% from year 2015-2019. The results of economic growth in the agriculture, industry and tourism sectors experienced high growth. The highest amount in 2015, which was 5.73 or 0.005% and in 2019 decrease by an amount of -90,89 or -0,908%. The results of agglomeration in the agriculture, industry and tourism sectors, namely in the tourism sector in 2015 amounting to 0.31 or 0.003%,  in 2019 decreased by an amount of 0.05 or 0.005%. In the agricultural sector has an amount of 0.07 or 0.007% and the industrial sector has an amount of 0.10 or 0.01% in 2015-2019.


Bioassay-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of Ornithogalum saundersiae bulbs led to the isolation of a new cholestane bisdesmoside with potent cytotoxic activities toward leukemia HL-60 and MOLT-4 cells. The structure was deduced mainly from spectroscopic information.


To study the effect of AgNO3 on Ginkgo zygotic embryos at different developing stages,embryos at three developing stages were taken as explants with different concentration(0- 5 mg /L) of AgNO3. The result showed that:AgNO3affected the rate of callus significantly:the maximum rate of early heart- shape or torpedo- type embryos was 87% at 1 mg /L,that of the early cotyledon embryos was 77% at 0. 5 mg /L,that of the mature cotyledons was 98% at 0. 1mg /L. Inter- generational treatment of AgNO3 showed a significant impact on differentiation of the early cotyledon embryos. After 90 days,the tissue differentiated leaves and embryo analogues at 1. 0 mg /L,short dry leaves at 3. 0mg /L. while with long- term treatment of AgNO3,the tissue differentiated bud at 0. 1 mg /L after 50 days. Heart- shape embryos were cultured in a dark place,Ag+couldn't affect the rate of callus,and treated with activated carbon the cotyledon embryos,couldn't produce callus,the hypocotyl induction rate was 71% at 0. 1mg /L,the callus were white and lucid. Comprehensive analysis shows that AgNO3 can improve the rate of callus and affect the differentiation of Ginkgo embryos significantly.


The main methodologies used in load balancing of electrical distribution system have been reviewed in this paper. The following load balancing techniques have been covered: (i) Dynamic leap-frog method, (ii) Dynamic water filling approach, (iii)Fuzzy logic with Newton Raphson optimization method and (iv) Network reconfiguration method. The work reported by the researchers have been presented based on (a) load balancing index (b) current balancing index (c) power loss calculation (d) switching positions (e) results and (f) algorithms implemented. Classification of various load balancing methods used by different researches has been done. The results have been published based on the comparison from different authors. Application of various methods as applied to different cities is also presented for consideration.


Glass ceiling and gender discrimination are considered as biggest barriers in the professional growth of women; holding them back from occupying executive positions in the corporate world. The present research aims to analyze the prevailing effect of glass ceiling factors on women career development by examining the moderating role of age and legal factors from Pakistani women"s perspective within the country. The statistical cosmos of the study consisted of 300 executive level females from different educational and health institutions through simple random sampling techniques. The study was completed with an empirical survey which was thoroughly conducted through questionnaires distributed in public and private organizations in Pakistan. The findings indicated to a significant degree the acceptance of five out of six hypotheses while one hypothesis was not proven to be true. The findings reveal that individual, organizational and family factors have a significant impact on the career development of women whereas cultural factors are not seen to have any significant impact on it. Moreover, age and legal factors moderate the relationship of cultural and organizational factors on women career development. The research is limited to specific industries and country together with a limited number of moderators providing the room for future researchers.


The breakdown potential of a new gas, CSF8, has been measured over the range from pδ=4 to 200 mm×cm under conditions approximating plane‐parallel geometry. A comparison of breakdown in air Freon‐12 and CSF8 in the same apparatus indicates the ratio of the strengths of these gases to be approximately 1:2:3, respectively. CSF8 decomposes rapidly during breakdown into CF4 and SF4 with a consequent doubling of pressure and appreciable increase in breakdown potential.


PURPOSE: A switching power device and a control method thereof are provided to reduce a ripple noise and a switching noise by performing a PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) control through channel control signals having the same phase difference. CONSTITUTION: A switching power device includes an input part(110), an output part(120), and a control part(130). The input part supplies a DC input power to a plurality of channels(CH1~CHn). The output part converts the DC input power received through the channels into a DC output power(Vout1~Voutn). The control part generates channel control signals based on a target output value and an output value of the DC output power, and performs a PWM control.


This paper describes a formal method to assess the performance and risk related to electric power systems. A model of disturbance propagation is proposed to avail their impact on the expected levels of performance indicators and risk of Power Systems, and the contribution and cross impact from several market agents and actors during outages in the electric grid. The method is based on cascade disturbance propagation through the topology of the electric grid. Besides intrinsic forced and programmed outage rates of equipment, protection reliability and dependability, hidden and breaker failures, and time to manual or automatic reclosing are also modeled. Their joint contribution determines the final continuity level of each grid node, and the fraction of responsibility of each agent. With minor changes, the method can be applied to other process industries. The model is implemented in a MatLab® program, and a real case study is shown for the risk assessment of a large transmission station in Brazil.


Sustaining a spinal cord injury (SCI) is a physically and psychologically traumatic experience. Individuals who incur an SCI face immediate, profound, and often permanent life changes. Following acute stabilization and treatment of their most serious physical concerns, many individuals with SCI are transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation environment, to undertake the difficult process of learning, practicing and integrating the myriad new skills required for daily living with an SCI. Due to both the nature by which the majority of SCIs occur and to a variety of possible sources of premorbid cognitive impairment, persons with SCI often confront the additional challenge of undertaking rehabilitation having pre-injury or accident-related cognitive impairment. Pioneering research of these issues suggested that 25% to 57% of persons with acute SCI might have a concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI; Roth et al., 1989; Scheuman and Morris, 1982), and some cognitive impairment may be present in 67% of individuals in SCI rehabilitation (Wilmot, Cope, Hall, and Acker, 1985). Most studies indicate that cognitive impairment affects between 40% and 50% of persons with SCI (Davidoff, Roth and Richards, 1992). Morris, Roth and Davidoff (1986) suggest that individuals with a dual diagnosis of primary SCI and concomitant cognitive impairment are at substantial risk for both complicated rehabilitation programs and unfavorable outcomes. According to Davidoff and colleagues (1992), the sequelae of even mild cognitive impairment include "difficulties with


In this work, colloidal AuCu nanoparticles (NPs) (6 nm) were supported on SiO2 (AuCu_SiO2) and CeO2 (AuCu_CeO2) and used as catalysts in preferential oxidation of CO (PROX-CO) reaction. The catalysts were calcined to remove the organic capping and characterized by ex and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. The catalytic tests were carried out after oxidative and reductive pretreatments (CO:O2:H2 1:1:70). Both catalysts presented higher activity when reduced, being the Au1-xCux alloy more active than Au-CuOx species. The CeO2 played a key role in the catalytic performance (maximum CO conversion increases twice for AuCu_CeO2 compared to AuCu_SiO2) under the tested conditions), as well as in the stability under reaction at 200 °C. The AuCu_SiO2 deactivation was associated to the gradual Cu oxidation, that does not occur when AuCu NPs are supported on CeO2.


The article describes the concept of fulfillment, its essence and role for ensuring effective international trade on the Internet. The structure and complex of basic and additional services of fulfillment were considered. The authors gave the specific features of fulfillment that define this type of activity. The advantages and disadvantages of fulfillment outsourcing were determined. It was justified the expediency of transferring this activity to a fulfillment operator, especially in cases when small companies and start-ups start to trade internationally. The structure and algorithm of providing fulfillment services by the operators were analyzed.


This article describes the development, modification and testing of a tool designed to assist small firms in making more appropriate decisions regarding information and communication technology (ICT) selection and implementation. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, a number of possible tools were initially developed to support firm-based self-diagnostic exercises. Research outcomes from a joint European–Australian research project were regionalised for Australian conditions through collaborative product development with a number of Australian SME manufacturing firms. This article reports on the pilot implementations and the outcomes achieved with these Australian SMEs. These implementations have shown successful outcomes for the trial SME participants and have led to the creation of an online self-assessment tool to allow wider access by interested SMEs.


To evaluate the influence of the velvet-like surface mimicking the structure on the suction side of barn owl wings on the flow field and on the aerodynamic performance of the wing, high-speed particle image velocimetry and time-resolved force measurements were performed. The Reynolds number was varied in the range of 40,000≤Rec≤120,000, and the range of the angles of attack was 0≤α≤6  deg for the particle image velocimetry measurements and −15≤α≤+20  deg for the force measurements. The flow over a clean-wing model whose geometry corresponds to that of the owl wing without any special adaptations was investigated as a reference case for the same Reynolds number and angle of attack range. This clean wing possesses a laminar separation bubble as the dominant flow feature. Two artificial surfaces were selected to mimic the natural surface concerning the length, density, and thickness of the filaments. The surfaces were able to reduce flow separation. Although this reduction of the separation region might have...


field. It was my impression then that this was due in large part to strong feelings of ambivalence that anthropologists had toward missionaries. On the one hand, missionaries turned out to be helpful in the field;on the other, their activities and goals conflicted with those of the anthropologist. While the ambivalence may still be present, certainly the record of anthropological interest in missionary activity has changed dramatically. During the past decade, anthropological investigations of mission programs have come into full bloom and an increasing number of anthropologists are focusing directly on missionary enterprises.2 Here I aim to place these investigations in perspective and to consider some of the implications of their findings for anthropology. Without attempting to exhaustively summarize the results of this research, which is still underway, it may be useful to point out that anthropologists have called attention to: 1) the largely unintended consequences of missionary activity, both in negative and positive terms (Miller 1970, and n.d.); 2) an inherently contradictory relationship between mission recruitment philosophy back home and missionary practices in the field (Beidelman 1974; Wolcott 1972); 3) the intensely enigmatical relationship between missionary and anthropologist with regard to both theory and practice (see Carter n.d.; Nida 1966; Salamone 1977; Hiebert 1978; Hughes 1978; Burridge 1978); 4) the close connection between mission work and


Shoichi Ebisuno, Masato Takamatsu, Toshiaki Shinka, Shinji Kitamura and Tadashi Ohkawa Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical College (Directer: Prof. T. Ohkawa, M. D. ) Although the incidence of Klinefelter's syndrome is approximately 0. 2% of total male birth, identical twins with this condition are extremely rare and only twelve cases have been reported hitherto. Heren is reported a rare case of 17year-old monozygotic twins with the 47 XXY chromosome constitution associated with chordee without hypospadias. At birth, their maternal and paternal ages were 39 and 44. Their growths and developments were entirely norml except some mental backwardness. Studies on blood antigens in the twins and the parents revealed that the probability of monozygosity was 99. 99% and that the X chromosome were originated from nondisjunction of the maternal X chromosome, since Xg (a-) was found in the twins and their mother while Xg (a+) in their father. The concordant identical twins with Klinefelter's syndrome and the abnormalities of external genitalia; chordee without hypospadias has never reported in the available literature. We should say that the occurrence of these two malconditions are only coincidental so long as whether hypospadias and Klinefelter's syndrome have common etiology is unknown.


First violinist of the National Orchestra, Vincent Aspey, Wellington Town Hall, circa 27 April, 1955. Photographer unidentified.
Photograph published in the New Zealand Free Lance on the 27th of April, 1955, the caption for which reads: A special youth concert by the National Orchestra in the Wellington Town Hall delighted the capital's younger music-lovers who found the orchestras conductor, James Robertson, an amusing and unorthodox compere. Highlights of the evening were the first performance in NZ of Malcolm Arnold's Second Symphony and the replacement of the string players in another item by 12 young enthusiasts from junior ensembles." "First violinist, Vincent Aspey, captured in action."
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).
Physical Description: Film negative


We study the inverse spectral problem in an interior transmission eigenvalue problem. The Cartwright's theory in value distribution theory gives a connection between the distributional structure of the eigenvalues and the asymptotic behaviours of its defining functional determinants. Given a sufficient quantity of transmission eigenvalues, we prove a uniqueness of the refraction index in inhomogeneous medium as an uniqueness problem in entire function theory. The asymptotically periodical structure of the zero set of the solutions helps to locate infinitely many eigenvalues of infinite degree of freedom.


1. At high internal K concentrations the efflux of Na from red cells increases with internal Na concentration following an S‐shaped curve. As internal K is reduced the S‐shaped region and the value of internal Na for which the Na efflux is half‐maximal are both shifted progressively towards zero.


We describe a method for rendering the surface of water, focusing on the problem of realistic color rendering. This method takes into account scattered and absorbed light, interreflection between objects located above the water surface and between those in the water, the shape of the bottom surface of the water and shadows cast on/under the water surface. It can be applied to point light sources with various characteristics of luminous intensity distributions and spectra. Two examples show the effect of the depth and quality of water on this color, comparing simulations with photograph of a pool. They suggest that this method is useful for designing lighting for scenery surrounding water


In the last years, autonomous vehicles have contribute to search and rescue scenarios by allowing to minimize the presence of Humans in dangerous situations and also in the capability to support operations in unstructured environments. The present document propose to address new methods in the area of perception and navigation to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), having as main focus the path planning and obstacle detection. As regards to perception was developed a new method to generate clusters based on the voxels provided by Octomap. In the navigation area, were developed two new methods for path planning, GPRM (Grid Probabilistic Roadmap) and PPRM (Particle Probabilistic Roadmap), that arise from the PRM method. The first one, GPRM propose a method that will spread particles in a pre-defined grid in order to be able to estimate a roadmap with the shortest path to the target position. The second one, denote by PPRM, propose a technique to spread randomly particles by the scenario and assigns a weight for each one, based on probability of collision with obstacles, in order to define the optimized path. To evaluate the performance of each developed method we perform a benchmark related to the well know path planning PRM in three different challenger scenarios through the MORSE simulator.


requires more than treating injuries.3 Yet this does not happen partly because of "attitudes and beliefs about the 'proper' roles for men and women in relationships." These attitudes are ubiquitous and are held by the professionals who meet the victims of domestic violence. Progress will be made only when doctors not only deal with the immediate needs of victims but are also prepared to tackle the difficult task of looking for long term measures aimed at preventing domestic violence. That means identifying and then changing the conditions that give rise to it. The association between chronic pelvic pain, psychiatric diagnosis and childhood sexual abuse. Planning the education of future general practitioners has to take account of many influences. The government has called for improved undergraduate and vocational training and it is demanding some form of accountability.'2 The profession wants a different form of audit34 and has new ideas on what constitutes the knowledge base of medicine generally5 and of primary care in particular.467 The European Community Commission requires that by 1995 general practitioners of all member states should have completed vocational training8-2-and one consequence may be increased immigration from medically overcrowded neighbouring countries. At present in Britain the quality of vocational training is very variable, as was highlighted in the furorel3 14 after the Joint Committee on Postgraduate Thinking in General Practice withdrew recognition of the North East Thames vocational training scheme in 1988.' 1 6 The content is also varied: some training puts less emphasis on chronic disease,17 management and communication skills,"' and palliative care18 than on acute conditions and specialties such as dermatology (M H Kelly, T S Murray, personal communication). Some commentators have argued that three years is not long enough for adequate training"; others seem satisfied. In the current climate of opinion such variation is unsettling for planners. One solution that has been proposed is to agree a national curriculum, perhaps built upon The Future General Practitioner'9 and the examination for the membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners, already seen by many as a test of satisfactory vocational training. Such a curriculum may be superficially attractive and seem a road to consensus, but consensus often means a compromise that suits nobody and one which may stultify the education process by the dullness of uniformity. What young general practitioners need is teachers who know the difference between training, which fills the knowledge pot, and education, …


This paper describes part of a qualitative project on patient-doctor communication in the management of Parkinson's Disease. It explores how a group of general practitioners conceptualised the task of diagnosing patients with PD and the impact of diagnosis on a separate group of patients in terms of coherence and incoherence. My argument is that for GPs diagnosis represented a point of maximum theoretical coherence, whereas for patients it was a time of maximum experiential incoherence – a tension sharpened by reference to an analagous distinction: that between knowledge by description and knowledge by acquaintance.

The paper further examines how GPs considered their own experiential knowledge helped patients by way of three key assumptions they held about PD and PD patients: namely, age, the comparatively protracted nature of the disease course and the availability of treatment. It asks how far patients found such notions helpful in their initial efforts to accept the diagnosis. I see this meeting point between two worlds simultaneously as tragic and potentially creative, with implications for more sensitive and effective interaction between patient and GP in this and other chronic illnesses.


A keyframe based augmented reality registration algorithm was proposed applying for the digital reconstruction of the Yuanmingyuan heritage site.Randomized tree method was used to solve the wide-baseline matching of keypoints extracted from the input image to those keyframes as a classification problem.A video see-through mobile augmented reality system was built to test this algorithm.Experimental test demonstrates that this algorithm is real-time,robustness and effective for outdoor tracking.


Acrylamide is a toxic compound formed during thermical processing of foods that contain amino acids, mainly asparagine, and reducing sugars. The toxicodynamics of acrylamide, exerted mainly by its major metabolite glycidamide, is expressed by mutagenic, carcinogenic and imunosupressive effects. Due to its toxicity and its high prevalence in aliments, the present paper approaches a possible way of reducing the toxic effects of acrylamide by using phytotherapeutical means. In this direction, the antitoxic potential of some phytopreparates obtained from Apium graveolens (Apii aetheroleum, extractive solutions from A. radix, A. folium and A. semen) were monitorized on the background of acrylamide intoxication. The antitoxic potential of phthalides has been evaluated by determining biochemical parameters: hepatic cytolysis parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanil aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) and protesosynthesis parameters (colinesterase, total poteins, albumins). The biochemical investigation confirmed the antitoxic potential fo phthalides from celery, the highest protection being obtained for the phytopreparate from Apii semen.


It has been a great honour indeed to be invited by the Royal Society of Health to give your Annual Lecture. Together with sufficient food to eat, safe water to drink and clean air to breathe, adequate shelter is one of the fundamental needs of the human species. In the earliest days the cave and the tent provided protection from the elements. But as soon as communities began to form into villages, towns and cities, and houses and streets appeared


A 68-year-old white man, an active smoker with hypertension and hyperlipidemia, presented to the emergency department with substernal chest pain. His chest pain began acutely 2 hours earlier, was described as intense pressure radiating to the back, 10/10 in severity with associated diaphoresis, nausea, and vomiting. Chest pain persisted despite sublingual nitroglycerin and subsequent intravenous nitroglycerin and morphine. He remained hemodynamically stable, and the results of his clinical examination were unremarkable. His initial ECG demonstrated nonspecific ST-segment changes (Figure 1). Serial ECGs remained unchanged; a posterior ECG was not performed. Initial cardiac enzymes were also nondiagnostic. …


We evaluated the water and gas adsorption performances of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) crosscut and quarter-sawn specimens, which were given three or six repetitions of dry-and-wet treatments under the room temperature or high temperature conditions. Equilibrium moisture content of all specimens decreased with the progress of repeated wet-and-dry treatments, regardless of the effect of heating. On the other hand, amounts of nitrogen gas adsorption increased with the progress of repeated wet-and-dry treatments, especially in the quarter-sawn specimen. These phenomena, observed in both water and nitrogen gas adsorption, suggest that repeated drying and re-swelling decreased the amount of hydrophilic regions such as noncrystalline cellulose at the microscopic level. It is also considered that cracks and pores would arise on the surface of wood cell walls at the submicroscopic level.


One of the main feature of digital library is a search engine which depends on keywords submitted by a user. However, in the traditional algorithm, the computation performance, searching speed, significantly relies on the number of journal articles stored in the databases. Some irrelevant search results also increase the speed of article searching process. To solve the problem, in this paper we propose vector space model (VSM) algorithm to search for relevant journal articles. The VSM algorithm considers a term frequency - inversed document frequency (TF-IDF). The VSM algorithm will be compared to the baseline algorithm namely traditional algorithm. Both algorithms will be evaluated using combination of keywords which can be a synonym, phrase, error typography, or suffix and prefix. By using the data consist of 635 journal articles, both algorithms are compared in terms of 11 evaluation criteria. The results show that VSM algorithm is able to obtain the intended journal at 5 th rank on average as compared to the traditional algorithm which can obtain the intended journal at rank of 171 st on average. Therefore, our proposed algorithm can improve the performance to accurately sort the journal articles based on the submitted keywords as compared to traditional algorithm.


Load forecasting techniques have been well developed and almost all typical models are trying to minimize the error over all equally weighted data samples. However, treating all data equally in the training process is unreasonable and even harmful to model generalization. This letter investigates the issue of data inequality which is crucial but is overlooked in the field of load forecasting. To this end, we propose a novel load forecasting method via sample reweighting to tackle the data inequality issue. The proposed method determines the weights of samples using their gradients and influence functions in the process of training. Case studies on a real-world load dataset using linear models, artificial neural networks, and long short term memory in both deterministic and probabilistic situations all reveal that assigning different weights to various samples can improve forecasting accuracy.


12 A strain Agrobacterium HX1126 was isolated from soil sample near the canal in Wuxi. Glycerol 13 was used as carbon source for the production of a new exopolysaccharide which was named PGHX. 14 PGHX composed mainly of galactose, with lower amounts of arabinose and aminogalactose. It was 15 found that this strain could use D-mannitol as carbon source to produce PGHX too. A method for the 16 preparation of crude PGHX was proposed and the crude PGHX can be formed in a gel formation when 17 30 g/L was put into the boiling water for 10 min, with an achieved gel strength of 957 g/cm. The 18 concentration of proteins in the crude product was considered to be an important parameter which 19 directly influence the gel forming property. The highest production of PGHX (24.9 g/L) was obtained 20


This paper investigates the impact of different types of labour mobility on plant performance, making use of the IDA-database that provides detailed information on all individuals and plants for the whole of Denmark. Our study shows that the effect of labour mobility can only be assessed when one accounts for the type of skills that flow into the plant, and the degree to which these match the existing set of skills at the plant level. We found that the inflow of related skills has a positive impact on plant performance, while inflows of similar and unrelated skills have a negative effect on plant performance. Moreover, intra-regional skilled labour mobility had a negative effect on plant performance in general, while the effect of inter-regional labour mobility depends on the type of skills that flow into the plant. We used a sophisticated indicator of revealed relatedness that measures the degree of skill relatedness between each pair of sectors on the basis of the intensity of labour flows between sectors. We made the same estimations using the more common NACE-based skill relatedness indicator. Although our main findings remained the same, we found that our revealed relatedness indicator generated stronger levels of significance. ∗Aalborg University, Department of Business Studies, DRUID-IKE — Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com †Utrecht University, Department of Economic Geography, URU


Aims. We report calculations of energy levels and radiative rates for 1300 fine-structure levels generated from 189 configurations of Be-like Nickel. Methods. The General Purpose Relativistic Atomic Structure Program (GRASP2), developed by the I P Grant group in 1989 and partly improved by our group, is adopted in the calculations of energy levels and radiative rates. Results. Our calculations are compared with those of other numerical methods and experiments so that their accuracy can be assessed. Additionally, the wavelengths, oscillator strengths, and radiative rates (for a given radiative rate and level structure, it is then easy to derive the line strength) are reported for all electric dipole (E1), electric quadrupole (E2), magnetic dipole (M1) and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transitions among these levels. Finally, the lifetimes of all excited levels are reported.


To study the possible interference of low frequency noise on stress experienced during performance, test persons classified into noise sensitivity, worked with different performance tests in a low frequency or middle frequency ventilation noise, both at a level of 40 dB LAeq. The effects were evaluated as changes in cortisol in saliva, taken at different times before and during the test. The normal circardian downward drift of cortisol was not significantly modulated by either noise condition or subject-sensitivity to noise, alone. However, the decline in cortisol was significantly less for subjects who were both sensitive to noise and exposed to low frequency noise. The result also point towards a correlation between base-corrected cortisol during the experimental period and base-corrected stress reporting during the low frequency noise condition. 1 BACKGROUND Data show that low frequency noise (<200 Hz,) has effect characteristics that are different from other environmental noises at comparable levels [1,2]. The exposure to low frequency noise during work and recreation has been found to cause general annoyance [3,4] as well as impaired response time in performance tests among persons sensitive to low frequency noise [4]. Many modern working conditions involve a high element of unpredictability, selective attention, and processing of a high load of information. The knowledge on how such work demands are affected by the extra loading of low frequency noise emitted from e.g. ventilation/ air conditioning systems, is scarce, but it is plausible that the noise load would put an extra strain on the individual that could result in a stress response. The results from a study of performance demonstrated that low frequency noise interfered with mentally demanding verbal tests [5]. The subjects reported a higher degree of annoyance and work impairment when working in low frequency noise, and subjects classified as sensitive to low frequency noise or to noise in general, were at highest risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether low frequency noise during work would lead to subjective stress and result in increased secretion cortisol levels in saliva. Elevations in cortisol concentration reflect together with cardiovascular and other neuroendocrine measures various aspects of the stressfulness of the individual's interaction with the environment [6]. The subjects performed four performance tests during exposure to a low frequency noise or a reference noise at the same sound level. Part of the experiment describing the effects on performance test has been reported previously [5]. 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Noise exposure: Two types of ventilation noises were used. The reference noise (Ref) was recorded from a ventilation installation and had a mid-frequency spectrum. For the low frequency noise (LFN), sound Copyright SFA InterNoise 2000 2 pressure levels in the frequency region of 31.5 to 125 Hz were added to the ventilation noise using a digitalised sound processor system (Aladdin interactive workbench, Nyvalla DSP Stockholm, Sweden). Furthermore, a tone at 31.5 Hz was amplitude-modulated with an amplitude frequency of 2 Hz. Both noises had a level of 40 dBA (Figure 1). The experiment was performed in a 24 m room, furnished as an office as described previously [5]. Figure 1: Third octave band sound pressure levels of reference (light coloured bars) and low frequency noise used during the performance tests. Experimental procedure: The test consisted of two sessions, 2.5-3 hours each, on separate days and always in the afternoon. The subjects worked with four performance tests twice (phase A and B) and were instructed to work as correct and fast as possible. Half of the subjects started with the Ref and the other half with the LFN. Subjects: 19 female and 13 male subjects with normal hearing and an average age of 24.3 years participated. The subjects were classified as sensitive or not sensitive to noise in general using a questionnaire as described previously [5]. Determination of cortisol: Saliva samples were taken by asking the test persons to chew on a cotton salivette (Sarstedt Ltd, UK) for 3 minutes, after which it was frozen at − 70◦C until analysed. To allow for a proper baseline level, the subjects came to the laboratory and relaxed for 20 minutes before the first sample was taken. During phase A, four samples were taken with approximately 10 minutes intervals. A final sample (post base) was taken at the end of the second session (after 160 min). In total, six samples were taken, of which the first sample will serve as a baseline value, the second to the fifth sample will reflect stress during the different tasks and the sixth sample will serve as a post base at the end of the test session. Suspensions were prepared from the saliva and cortisol were determined by a method previously described [7]. Subjective ratings: During the test session and after the saliva samples 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, the subjects evaluated stress and energy by a questionnaire [8]. When the test session was completed, subjects answered a questionnaire evaluating annoyance due to noise and perceived impairment of the tasks due to noise. There were five response alternatives ranging from "not at all" to "extremely". Statistical analysis: Analysis was carried out by a 3×2×2 ANOVA. Two factors were within-subjects: Period (base, mean of measures during the experiment, and post-base) and Noise Condition (LFN and Ref). Sensitivity to Noise (high and low) was a between-subjects factor. Analysis was performed on cortisol values expressed as square-roots of raw data to counteract initially skewed distributions. Correction did not change any significance decision. Primary tests of hypotheses were carried out using orthogonal comparisons of the experimental period compared to the mean of both base values, and then a comparison of both individual base values. In view of the known circadian downward drift of cortisol during the day (see below), there is a need to compare observed cortisol values during the experimental period with an average of before and after values. In the analysis of the relationship between cortisol levels and subjective stress rating, the values were analysed in relations to their initial values (base values). The Copyright SFA InterNoise 2000 3 statistical analyses were done using SPSS [SPSS base 7.5 for Windows]. All tests were two-sided and a p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. 3 RESULTS Cortisol analysis: There was a highly significant main effect of Period (F=16.43; df=2,56; p<.001). Means for all subjects, aggregated over the two noise conditions, was 2.3 for base, 1.9 during experimental period and 1.7 for post-base. In accordance with expectation based on known circadian effects, cortisol was significantly decreased at the last sampling point compared to the first (base) point (t=4.70; p<.001). There were no significant interactive effects of either noise nor sensitivity factors in relation to the cortisol pattern over time. In particular, cortisol levels (compared to the average of base and final values) were not significantly higher in the low frequency condition, nor among noise-sensitive subjects. However, a significant 3-way interaction between noise condition, sensitivity of subject, and period was obtained for this key comparison (t=2.49; p<.02). Consequent analysis of simple effects indicated that in the LFN condition, noise-sensitive subjects maintained higher cortisol levels, relative to base values, during the experimental period than non-sensitive subjects (t=2.03; p<.05). In the Ref condition, no difference was seen between sensitive and non-sensitive subjects. Thus, higher relative cortisol values during the experiment are associated with the combination of being noise sensitive and being in a LFN condition. The means for sensitive and non-sensitive subjects in the LFN condition are plotted in Figure 2. Figure 2: Average values of cortisol during base, experimental period and post-base for subjects sensitive and non-sensitive to noise during the low frequency noise exposure. Subjective estimations: Orthogonal comparisons showed that stress was elevated during experimental periods compared to base points (t=6.57; p<.001), but also still elevated post-base compared to base (t=4.01; p<.001). Stress reports were relatively high on the first trial measure (M =2.3; se=.13), fell for the middle trial measure (M=1.8; se=.13), but then very significantly increased (M=2.5; se=.15) for the final trial measure (t=6.20; p<.001). There were no significant effects of noise or noise sensitivity. The LFN was on average rated as more annoying then the Ref (M=2.47 versus M=2.00; F(1,31)=9.922, p<0.005). No significant difference between noises was found when the subjects were classified into general noise sensitivity. LFN was on average considered to impair the working capacity more than the Ref (M=3.4 versus M=2.6; F(1,31)=4.649, p<0.05). No significant difference between noises was found when the subjects were classified into general noise sensitivity. Correlational analysis of cortisol and stress reporting: In order to examine a fundamental assumption of the study that cortisol activity reflects stress, we computed base corrected cortisol and self-report stress scores for both noise conditions, expressing experimental period as percentage above or below mean base. Copyright SFA InterNoise 2000 4 The correlation between stress and cortisol for both noise conditions was positive in direction. However, the correlation was moderately large and statistically significant for the LFN condition only (r= 0.40; n=27; p<.05). The correlation for the Ref was r= 0.19 and not significant. 4 CONCLUSION The normal circardian downward drift of cortisol was not significantly modulated by either noise condition or subject-sensitivity to noise, alone. Higher cortisol values were however associated with the combin


INTRODUCTION. The study of nonlinear wave phenomena is one of the relevant topics in fluid mechanics. Historical research and numerical work have found that partial differential equations are able to model and give numerical results to these waves. Our project will be simulating nonlinear waves that can be obtained by collocation interpolation methods based on the Sinc functions. We will focus on the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions as well as two classical nonlinear wave equations: the generalized third--order Korteweg-de Vries equations and the sine-Gordon equation. NUMERICAL METHOD. Consider nonlinear partial differential wave equations of the type


The present invention is the introduction thereof provide a trocar assembly for delivery to tissue such as the eye, the assembly comprises primary housing, cannula, inclusions, driver and a trocar.


The effects of electroconvulsive shock (750 msec, 130 V, 150 pps) on the endogenous content of rat cerebral lipids were studied 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 300 sec after stimulation. Rapid enzyme inactivation in situ was attained by high‐power head‐focused microwave irradiation (6.5 kW, 2450 MHz). At 10 sec, phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) mass had decreased by 249 nmol per g wet wt, mainly due to loss of arachidonate and stearate. At the same time, the stearoyl‐arachidonoyl glycerol accumulated, although to a lesser extent than the loss exhibited in PIP2. Changes in phosphatidylinositol and in phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate mass were not statistically significant. Free fatty acids and diacylglycerold accumulated to 395 nmol per g wet wt; arachidonic and stearic acids composed 322 nmol of these lipids. Hence, the reduction in content PIP2 is sufficient to account 80% of the increases in free fatty acid and diacylglycerol mass. Thirty‐three and 12 nmol of accumulated free palmitic and scosahexaenoic acids, respectively, are not accounted for by the loss of PIP2. Sixty seconds after stimulation, PIP2 content returned to 90% of control levels, while diacylglycerol tended to remain below control levels. Free fatty acids had not returned to control levels by 60 sec, with the exception of docosahexaenoic acid. At 300 sec, PIP2, diacylglycerol, and free fatty acids had all returned to control levels. It is proposed that the elctroshock‐induced release of neurotransmitters is associated with stimulation of phospholipases A1 and A2 at the presynaptic membrane followed by receptor‐linked phosphodiesteratic cleavage of PIP2 at the postsynaptic membrane, and that Ca2+ influx resulting from membrane depolarization activates the deacylation of stearoyl‐arachiodonoyl glycerol.


Continued efforts are required to improve the currently daunting perspective of patients with invasive fungal infections. Even with the introduction of new antifungal agents morbidity and mortality of invasive fungal infections have remained high and the numbers of patients at risk for invasive fungal infections are increasing. The current antifungal treatment can be improved by expanding the knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of antifungal agents in specific patient populations and to provide reliable therapeutic drug monitoring services. The exposure to anidulafungin was investigated in intensive care patients. Anidulafungin exposure was low in our critically ill patients. Concerns about a low anidulafungin exposure seemed unnecessary because of the good susceptibility of the isolated strains for anidulafungin. Since obtaining a full concentration-time curve to determine the exposure is not always feasible or appropriate a limited sampling strategy was developed. Anidulafungin exposure can be adequately estimated with the concentration from a single sample. Although routine therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole appears to be beneficial no data are available on the implementation of voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in daily practice. Even though voriconazole concentrations were measured in most patients we concluded that the performance of voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring can still be improved to overcome problems encountered. To be able to explain more of the observed variability in voriconazole concentrations, we investigated whether inflammation might influence voriconazole trough concentrations. Inflammation is associated with voriconazole trough concentrations. This knowledge can be helpful in therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole to maintain concentrations in the therapeutic window.


The article reveals a theoretical base of forming leadership in an uneven-aged community, it offers concrete ways of developing leader features based on practical experience and contributing toa successful socialization of children and the youth.


Determining eigenvalues, determinants, and inverse for a general matrix is computationally hard work, especially when the size of the matrix is large enough. But, if the matrix has a special type of entry, then there is an opportunity to make it much easier by giving its explicit formulation. In this article, we derive explicit formulas for determining eigenvalues, determinants, and inverses of circulant matrices with entries in the first row of those matrices in any formation of a sequence of numbers. The main method of our study is exploiting the circulant property of the matrix and associating it with cyclic group theory to get the results of the formulation. In every discussion of those concepts, we also present some computation remarks.


Agent-based solutions lend themselves well to address privacy concerns and the computational scalability needs of future distributed electric grids and end-use energy exchanges. Decentralized decision-making methods are the key to enabling peer-to-peer energy sharing among agents in multi-agent electric systems. However, the performance of existing decentralized decision-making algorithms highly depends on the algorithmic design and hyperparameter tunings, limiting applicability. This paper aims to address this gap by proposing a primal-based inexact gradient descent projection method. Our method does not rely on parameter tuning or central coordination to achieve the convergence of optimal power decisions for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy-sharing problems. The proposed algorithm does not require parameter readjustments and converges for a wide range of P2P setups. Moreover, each agent only needs to share limited information (i.e., updated coupled variable) with neighboring agents. The IEEE 13 bus test system is used to showcase the performance of our proposed method.


The thermoplastic pipe industry, now established in Australia for over thirty years, is undergoing rapid technological changes. Manufacturers of plastic pipes are developing new technologies and manufacturing processes to produce products that are more material efficient than those previously available. These new pipes have broken ground within the plastic pipe industry, and in the broader alternative material pipe markets, to provide the end-user with a system more cost efficient than ever before. This paper discusses the concept and methods to produce material efficient thermoplastic pipes and project developments in Australia in industry for the 1990's.


Entrepreneurs, managers, and consumers are attracted by the promise of nonownership services in the sharing economy—to enjoy benefits of assets without bearing the costs and downsides of ownership. Firms using nonownership contracts aim to transform uncertainties of clients (e.g., unpredictable changes in value of that asset, unforeseen costs such as repairs, or even black swan events) into business opportunities for providers. In many cases, the reality is that nonownership does not live up to the promised value propositions (as present in the struggle of companies such as Uber, BP, or the entire Biopharma industry) to exploit the potential of nonownership. This paper unveils the underlying paradox of nonownership, which aims at a smart allocation of uncertainty upsides and downsides between providers and clients. It identifies the potential of relational governance mechanisms to handle the uncertainty challenges apparent in nonownership. Further, it presents a pioneering case study of Rolls-Royce airplane engines, which unveils the contribution of relational governance in unfolding the economic benefits of nonownership.


We present comparisons of planetary pickup ions at Mars with MAVEN (Mars Atmospheric and Volatile EvolutioN) data to both validate the models and better constrain global atmospheric loss rates at Mars.


The paper summarizes an approach for airspace analysis methods to examine the operational suitability of proposed changes in complex, high-density airspace such as the New York Terminal Maneuvering...


This report not only provides a veritable treasure trove of national and international data concerning breastfeeding rates, benefits, and barriers, it also carefully and deliberately enlists the aid of all sectors of U.S. society in realizing more effective national breastfeeding policies and implementation steps.

Of particular importance to nutrition researchers are the action items that emphasize the need for improved and expanded breastfeeding-related research and surveillance. Indeed, as stated in the document: "Increasing the number of scientists properly trained to study breastfeeding could allow both current and new researchers to design and carry out scientifically sound and rigorous studies on breastfeeding topics." These federally-sanctioned statements, goals, and strategies may prove invaluable to advancing evidence-based research in the discipline and should be of great interest to all researchers and clinicians in the fields of human milk, lactation, and maternal/infant health.


Much work has been done recently to develop models of individual brand choice. This work has been especially fruitful in the area of â¬Sattribute investigationâ¬? (e.g., conjoint analysis) for the purpose of uncovering an â¬Sidealâ¬? set of product attributes for a given product on a customer-by-customer basis. These techniques have been employed in several strategic areas of marketing, including product specification, pricing, service prioritization, brand image/equity, and satisfaction/loyalty. Similarly, some effort has been made with the issue of optimal advertising strategy. This paper considers the advertising effectiveness function within the context of other interrelated variables such as consumer preference (brand choice) for a brand vis-A -vis its competitors. The model suggests, among other things, that under certain reasonable conditions, the advertising response function may not be â¬Sdiminishing marginal returnsâ¬? or â¬US-shapedâ¬" as is usually assumed, but instead will increase up to a point and then decline. The model also explicitly considers the advertising expenditures of competing brands, as well as intrinsic "liking" for them. The consideration of competitive activity, in the present study may yield a more complete model of advertising response than is found elsewhere. Finally the model provides direction for strategic purposes in its ability to illustrate in a fairly straightforward and graphical sense how advertising and promotion â¬Sworkâ¬? in much the same way that demand and supply curves illustrate how the various economic inputs work.


PURPOSE: A robot for virtual reality experience is provided to generate various 3D-waveforms of atypical curved trajectory through independent or complex motions of a seating body in X-, Y-, and Z-axis directions. CONSTITUTION: A robot for virtual reality experience comprises a seating body(1300) on which a user rides and one or more sporting device units which are installed on the underside of the seating body to move the seating body. The seating body moves independently or compositively in vertical and horizontal directions according to the operation of the sporting device units to have motions of various waveforms that pass through planes formed by first and second lower rods(1110).


192 VOLUME 33 | NUMBER 3 May/June 2008 children for obesity and educate children and parents about the importance of a healthy diet and daily activity. As nurses, however, we must understand that there are racial and socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity, as demonstrated in this study and others. Public health issues impede healthy diet and exercise, such as lack of time to prepare family meals and the unavailability of safe locations to play outdoors. Pediatric nurses should lobby for policy changes to improve the environment of all children. This study also demonstrates that understanding the epidemiology of a disease is crucial. It seems that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in fifth-grade children is too low to merit invasive screening. Comment by Terri H. Lipman Screening for Overweight and Diabetes in Rural Hispanic and Caucasian Fifth-Grade Children


The fire whirl generated by burning a pool fire in a vertical shaft with a single corner gap of appropriate width was studied using a high-speed camera. A 7-cm diameter pool propanol fire with heat release rate 1.6 kW in free space was burnt inside a 145-cm tall vertical shaft model with gap widths lying between 2 cm and 16 cm. The flame height was between 0.25 m and 0.85 m for different gap widths. Photographs taken using a high-speed camera at critical times of swirling motion development were used to compare with those taken using a normal camera. From the experimental observations on flame swirling by a high-speed camera, stages for generating the fire whirl were identified much more accurately. Two flame vortex tubes moving over the horizontal burning surface of the liquid pool were observed. Based on these observations a set of more detailed schematic diagrams on the swirling motion was constructed. From the observed flame heights under different gap widths and using three assumptions on the variation of air entrainment velocity with height, an empirical expression relating the burning rate with flame height and the corner gap width was derived from the observation with high-speed camera. The correlation expression of the burning rate of the pool fire obtained would be useful in fire safety design in vertical shafts of tall buildings.


The paper analyses the case of the European Union aid to ASEAN countries, which addressed the counteraction to COVID-19 pandemic. The author discusses the financial aid to the countries, the EU grants to the World Health Organisation, the donations of vaccines, techniques, personal protective equipment, and other types of help to partner states, as well as distinguishes the key features of the European policy.


This bachelor thesis is about alternative design of swival chair. It investigates commonest problems which may ocures during a long time sitting in a office. It explores possible connections between two various working possitions as are sitting and standing in front of the desk. In the practical part it is about a new draft of swival chair design which connecting two wokring possitions in the office.


In recent years, connected and autonomous vehicles has gain increasing attentions. The industries have been started to test and operate their autonomous vehicles on real roads. The automation levels of the autonomous vehicles can be divided into 6 ranges: from fully manual (Level 0) to fully autonomous (Level 5). Among them, the autonomous vehicles in Level 3 and 4 are especially attractive. In autonomous vehicles with Level 3 and 4, a fundamental part is the perception systems. The perception systems collect data from various sensors such as GPS, camera, radar, and LiDAR, to understand the surrounding environments. The autonomous vehicles then make driving decisions based on the perception results. Thus, it is essential to study the vulnerability of the perception systems. Recent studies have found that the sensors of the perception systems can be spoofed by injecting signals and the adopted deep neural networks (DNNs) can be fooled by adversarial attacks [6]. For example, the GPS sensor can be spoofed to generate wrong locations by injecting special GPS signals [9, 11]. The visual perception systems such as traffic sign perception systems, can be fooled by placing some stickers on the traffic signs [4]. In addition to GPS and camera, radar and LiDAR are playing increasingly important role in AV's perception systems, and their vulnerabilities are also studied by some recent works. In [3, 2], radar is spoofed by injecting false signals to change the detection results. The LiDAR perception systems can be attacked by both laser-based method and object-based method. In laser-based methods [1, 7], the authors combine the spoofing attack and the adversarial attack to fool the LiDAR perception systems. The attacker can inject some fake points in the LiDAR point cloud, and make these fake points wrongly recognized as a vehicle by the perception system. In object-based method [10], the attacker


In this article, we introduce new notions of convergence of directed families of points and convergence of filters in a general topological space where we do not necessarily assume any seperation axiom. Then we mention some new properties of them for a Hausdorff topological space.


socialization. His data only show that married women are less likely to see other graduate students ocially. Furthermore, Feldman has no data telling us why married women do not participate in these social events. There may well be a tendency to exclude married women from graduate social functions rather than a conflict of the married student with the role of wife. In sum, Feldman's data do not support his conclusion that there is role conflict for married women students. Much more data on the domestic role would be necessary before this conclusion could be made. Also, if married women have difficulty ingraduate school, it would seem reasonable to explore the possibility that married women are discriminated against in graduate school. If, in fact, discrimination i the educational structure limits opportunities for the married woman, changes in the family role structure will not solve her problems as a student.


The purpose of this article is to present how a comparative legal research can contribute to effective transplantation of legal solutions. The first three sections clarify the notions of: 'transplantation of law', 'comparative law analysis', and 'functional legal equivalent.' The interdependence between those notions is also indicated. The article focuses in particular on the initial stage of a comparative study in which a comparatist lawyer chooses an equivalent legal solution. In comparative studies translations of legal terms are of major importance. A comparative translations has its own specific features. These differences are examined by comparative lawyers who then produce different theories on the subject. Their concepts are presented in section IV.2. The study also accounts for other cases affecting the result of a comparative research, and namely the absence of a functional equivalent resulting in a lack of an objective way to translate a given term. The overall conclusion arising from the article is that a comparative translator should take into account the context and purpose of the study for which it is made, and in this way influence the outcome of the entire scientific research, affecting, in consequence, the shape of the new institution, that is a legal transplant.


What does a judge do when he or she decides a case? Benjamin Cardozo posed this question in 1921 and answered it in what has become a classic of American legal literature: The Nature of the Judicial Process. Drawing from his wealth of scholarship and experience as Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, he described the ingredients that enter "that strange compound which is brewed daily in the caldron of the courts." Cardozo's analysis and philosophy examined the accepted definition of the judicial process: What courts do and should do, and how judges reason and should reason in deciding particular cases. We paraphrase the broad question put by Cardozo three-quarters of a century ago, in the context of the Brennan philosophy of law, and attempt to answer these questions: What did William J. Brennan, Jr. do when he decided a case? What was the the Brennan "Art of Judging"? Is there a legacy from this art and, if so, who are its beneficiaries?


Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the MnIV7O14 and MnIII/MnIV mixed valent Mn7O14- clusters are reported and used to characterize the Mn−O bonding in LixMn2O4 spinel. A recipe is proposed of how to extract from calculations on clusters electronic hopping and charge transfer (CT) energy parameters and to use them in a semiempirical (Hubbard type) Hamitonian which simultaneously accounts for electronic correlation and translational symmetry. The first application of this approach to Mn2O4 shows that, in contrast with conventional band calculations, the 3d electrons of Mn are rather localized. Vibronic coupling due to the 2t2g32eg1 configuration of MnIII with the α1g and the Jahn−Teller(JT) active eg modes is analyzed using DFT calculations of the mixed valent Mn7O14- cluster and is found to lead to a lengthening of the Mn−O bond and to tetragonally elongated octahedra accompanied by an appreciable stabilization energy(−0.445 eV). Vibronic coupling and electron hopping energies obtained from th...


There are many reasons in the operation of power system relay protection maloperation.Thus harmonic current injects into the system and does harm to the power grid,which may lead to the wrong operation of relay protection.In the field, harmonic current generated by intermediate frequency electric furnace is tested and the protection of harmonic currents caused by wrong operation is analyzed.Shunt capacitors have a certain amplification to harmonic currents.When the system parameters accord with the resonance conditions,the system will produce resonance,which will seriously affect the right action of the relay protection.Harmonic source control device is advised or the system parameters of the LC resonator are altered to avoid resonance.Microcomputer relay protection is designed according to the principles of avoiding the effect of harmonic factors.


The dominant role of the in situ stresses and formation mechanical properties for reservoir site selection and hydraulic fracture treatment are quantified in this paper. An illustration of basement-sedimentary cover interaction and salient mechanisms responsible for stress reorientation and tectonic relief in the Rome trough region of the Appalachian Plateau is given. In addition, examples detailing hydraulically induced fracture dimension evaluations along with a discussion of factors governing fracture width, vertical fracture migration and fracture length are presented. Finally, the suitability of different stimulation treatments is discussed. 52 refs.


The goal of the thesis is to develop an approach for quantitative business process analysis, based on (social) network analysis and behavioral characteristics of business processes. The information ows taking place during the communication and collaboration activities are seen as the basis for evaluation and classi cation of process activities as well as the analysis of business process structures. The state changes of involved business objects that occur due to the information exchange and business process execution are considered events and the basis for the network-based analysis of the processes. Therefore, the business process is presented here as a network with process activities represented by vertices and information or event ow respectively represented by edges. This view centers on the relationships between process activities and allows analysis of the originating process properties. Thus, the focus is put on the transformation and transportation of information instead of on the proceeding itself. This approach aims to enable a quantitative analysis and information-focused representation of the process. Thus, the analytical toolset of the network analysis is introduced here to explore the business process management domain. The process network will thus be analyzed using the methods and tools of (social) network analysis. This approach adapts the view of the business process as a socializing , thus a communicating, entity and integrates the results into the context of business process management. To achieve this goal 58 process models from industry and research in the area of business process management are transferred to network models and explored using the network analysis approach. To describe process characteristics, metrics from the domain of event-oriented (social) network analysis are adapted to the context of business process management. Also, business process speci c metrics are derived. These metrics are veri ed using new business processes. Parallel to the event-oriented network-based analysis of characteristics of processes and process activities a proceeding for identi cation of business process elements infecting process behavior such as business rules and events is developed and evaluated in case studies. These results of the classic process analysis are compared to the results that were derived applying the network-based analysis on the case study processes. Using these evaluation techniques the value and insights gained from the event-oriented networkbased business process analysis can be determined.


Objective To study the effect of insulinpump(continuous subcutaneous insulin injection,CS Ⅱ).Methods 86 cases of Type Ⅱ diabetic patient were divided into two groups.45 cases in therapy group were used CS Ⅱ and 41 cases in control group were used MSII.The changes of blood sugar after 3 days were observed in hypoglylemia,dose of insulin and time of preparation.Results There was no significant difference between two groups in blood sugar before operation.The preoperative preparation in therapy group was 1.5±0.8 day with hypoglylemia rate of 18% at dosage of insulin 32~76u.The preoperative preparation in control group was 5.0±1.8 day with hypoglylemia rate of 56% at dosage of insulin 45~89u and 1 case had ketonamia.There was significant difference between two groups P0.5.Conclusion This method might control blood sugar level rapid,safe,less complication with less insulin and short hospitalization.


MOTIVATION
To extract the maximum possible information from a set of protein sequences, its modular organization must be known and clearly displayed. This is important both for structural and functional analysis.

RESULTS
This paper presents an algorithm and a graphical interface called XDOM which performs a systematic analysis of the modular organization of any set of protein sequences. The algorithm is an automatic method to identify putative domains from sequence comparisons. The graphical tool displays the proteins as a set of linked boxes, corresponding to its domains. The method has been tested on a family of bacterial proteins and on whole genomes. It is currently applied to the complete SWISS-PROT database to build the PRODOM database.

AVAILABILITY
XDOM is available free of charge by anonymous ftp:¿¿ftp://ftp.toulouse.inra.fr/pub/xdom¿ ¿. The ProDom database can be consulted at ¿¿http://protein.toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html¿¿.


A pipette settling method for determining size distribution of ultra-fine mineral powders with size range from 80 down to 1 0 μm is introduced.Its mechanizm,operation procedures and data calculation are discussed.It is considered to be a quick,accurate and cheap testing method.


This work treats the vertically stratified system of two homogeneous fluid layers confined between horizontal infinite rotating disks which rotate steadily about a common vertical axis. Allowance is made for uniform injection of fluid at either disk. With appropriate restrictions on disk rotational speeds and injection rates a flat interface is possible, and the problem admits similarity solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations of the Kármán-Bödewadt-Batchelor variety. This type of flow allows for a uniformly accessible surface of interphase mass and heat transfer at the two-fluid interface, and, with that as the primary motivation, the present work provides exploratory numerical solutions of the above equations for both corotation and counter-rotation combined with injection. A linearized theory is given for the case of nearly rigid rotation, with explicit analytical results for the large-Reynolds-number boundary-layer limit. Also, we offer a theoretical discussion of the inviscid limit for arbitrary rotation and injection rates. Based on the type of Euler-cell solutions identified in previous work, we derive the remarkably simple formula \[ \rho_1\omega_1^2\cot^2\frac{\omega_1d_1}{V_1} = \rho_2\omega^2_2\cot^2\frac{\omega_2d_2}{V_2} \] connecting densities ρ, depths d, rotation speeds ω and injection velocities V. Sample calculations and comparisons are given for property ratios typical of water-kerosene layers. In this case, the linearized theory works exceedingly well for corotation with small injectional Rossby numbers V/ωd. The simple inviscid theory cited above shows excellent agreement with the numerical computations for Reynolds numbers greater than 500 and for Rossby numbers > 1/π, corresponding to strong blowing in the inviscid regime. The larger-wavelength inviscid cell structure appears to provide the kind of stagnation-flow pattern essential to the application envisaged.


A model for species diffusion is presented,with evaporation at a moving free bound- ary. The resulting problem resembles a one-phase Stefan problem with superheating,but the usual Stefan condition at the moving boundary is replaced by a version which,in the classical setting, would violate conservation of energy. In the fast evaporation limit,however,the problem reduces to a classical nonlinear Stefan problem with negative latent heat. 1. Introduction. This work is motivated by studies of the drying of liquid paints. We are interested in describing the behavior of the moving interface due to the evaporation of solvent, this being an important driving force for the flow of the paint layer. Local differences in evaporation may give rise to Marangoni effects, which, in turn, influence the ultimate leveling of the surface. In this paper we do not con- sider those Marangoni effects, but our approach yields a simple model from which concentrations at the free boundary can be computed. When the model is used in a three-dimensional situation, Marangoni effects can be computed once relations be- tween surface tension and concentrations are established. This, together with the traditional flow equations, would give a complete description of the behavior of the free boundary. The liquid material is made up of different constituents, typically solvent, pig- ment, and resin, and the composition changes during the drying, which is a process of diffusion and evaporation. The model is then a diffusion equation with bound- ary conditions dictated by conservation of resin and pigment and loss of solvent. A more comprehensive version of this model has been described in (8), where we were interested in stress-driven diffusion rather than evaporation, and in (6). We will briefly recall Fick's law and derive the boundary conditions in section 2. We will restrict our analysis to the one-dimensional situation. The system of equations for the volume fraction φ(x, t) and thickness h(t) will be given by


Pre-scission neutron multiplicities in fusion-fission reactions, reported by Hinde et al., have been analysed in terms of the statistical model assuming a possible hindrance of the compound-nucleus fission width by the Kramers factor which depends on nuclear dissipation. Contrary to earlier results reported by Hofman, Back and Paul on an analysis of the GDR gamma-decay, the nuclear dissipation deduced in the present analysis does not show a clear dependence on the temperature of the compound nucleus. On average, the deduced values of the nuclear dissipation are consistent with the one-body dissipation estimate.


The article presents the impact of conformity control on the value of the reliability index. The performed reliability analyses were related to the quality of C20 / 25 class concrete verified on the basis of the compliance criteria for a number of samples, n = 3 and n = 15. It was found, that the type of concrete conformity criteria significantly influences the value of the reliability index, especially for the low number of samples n. The level of reliability for concrete construction decreases when the conformity control is carried out for the number of sample n = 3. In any case of doubts concerning the quality of C20 / 25 building concrete, the influence of conformity control for number sample n = 3 should be taken into account, especially the case when the concrete is produced with a standard deviation greater than 4.0 MPa.


PURPOSE: To technically easily obtain 1-carbamoylpyrazole or its deriv. which are useful as biopharmaceutics from pyrazole or its deriv. by an economical method. CONSTITUTION: A pyrazole expressed by formula I or its deriv., especially 3-methylpyrazole is allowed to react with 0.01 to 1 mol equivalent urea, preferably 0.03 to 0.8 mol equivalent to the pyrazole or its deriv., at 50 to 180°C, especially at 70 to 150°C to obtain 1-carbamolylpyrazole expressed by formula II or its deriv., especially 1-carbamoyl-3-methylpyrazole which is used to inhibit nitrification of ammonia nitrogen in agricultural cultivating soil. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO


In a digital age, in which instant access to information is becoming more and more prevalent in industrialised society the Internet revolutionises when and how individuals access information. This growth of information has led to research into finding ways in which such information can be tailored to an individual recipient. Such is the growth of information it has resulted in the need of adapting information so that it is personalised on a individual basis to make such information contextually relevant to the user. This is especially the case in domains in which the end user is a non-expert, but the information given to them is highly technical in nature. In addition, particular domains can give information which causes a negative emotional effect such as stress and anxiety. There is a need for computers to be able to reason about emotions and adjust information that can minimise the distress felt by the recipient. One approach of dealing with this particular phenomenon is to allow computers to infer and react to human emotions in an intelligent way so to allow for more positive human-computer interaction when the recipient is distressed. The use of emotions as a component of computer interfaces was a concept that Rosalind Picard coined as "Affective Computing". For machines, the recognition of emotions and distinguishing them from other communicative or social signal signals is a difficult task [74]. However, recognition of emotional states by computers through the use of physiological sensors can give a high success rate of 80% as well [57]. Additionally, research has show that computers are more capable of conveying the correct emotion 70% of the time compared to 50% of the time for a human actor [56]. Nevertheless, the capturing of emotions by computers still has a long way to go in non-controlled enviroments [53]. Picard's work has led to an increasing interest in utilising human emotions as a means of enriching human-computer interactions in many different computing applications.


Pt/SnO2/C nanostructures with SnO2/Pt molar ratios ranging from 2.5 to 0.6 were synthesized by simple and fast microwave-assisted routes. The materials are composed of 3–5 nm SnO2 and Pt nanoparticles dispersed on the carbon support, with the morphology of the coating depending on the SnO2/Pt ratio: a homogenous layer of nanoparticles coating the carbon surface is obtained for SnO2/Pt of 2.5, whereas small Pt–SnO2 clusters are formed for lower ratios. The electrocatalytic activity of the composites on the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. All the binary catalysts exhibited lower onset potentials for the EOR and slower decay of the current density with time than a commercial Pt/C catalyst. However, improved peak current densities were only observed for the composites with ratios 1.6, 1.0 and 0.6, indicating that the formation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles clusters is favorable for the EOR. This morphology facilitates the hydroxyl groups transfer from the metal oxide to the platinum at low potentials and also the electron transfer between carbon and platinum. The best overall performance was found for the catalyst with SnO2/Pt = 1, on which the number of three-phase boundaries is maximized. Moreover, the catalyst with SnO2/Pt = 1 continued to exhibit significantly better catalytic performance on the EOR than the commercial catalyst after potential cycling.


The objective of this study was to determine whether concentrations of specific fatty acids in milk fat are a candidate for the early detection of subclinical ketosis. The case study included multiparous cows fed a lipogenic diet or a mixed glucogenic:lipogenic diet during the first 9 wk of lactation. Milk fatty acid profiles of cows classified as healthy (n = 8) or as subclinically ketotic (n = 8) based on a blood plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate threshold concentration of 1.2 mmol/L were compared. Subclinically ketotic cows showed an elevated proportion of C18:1 cis-9 in milk fat during the whole registration period.


CoPIRIDE is a flagship "Future Factory" project in the 7 Framework Program of the EU (www.copiride.eu). The entire goal of the project is processes intensification (PI) by increasing space-time yield (STY) while keeping product specification. Higher STY allows a compact design of the reactor to integrate it into a module that fits in a compact container infrastructure also in face of reducing time to market. The so-called Evotrainer includes the whole process as an enclosed system. By its standard size it is easy to bring it to the markets or where the educts are cheap.


This article delves into the bearing‐only formation tracking control problem of nonlinear multi‐agent systems with unknown disturbances and unmodeled dynamics, wherein the distributed control solely utilizes the relative bearing information of its neighbors. Firstly, a disturbance observer combined with a neural network is proposed to eliminate the impact of unknown disturbances and unmodeled dynamics. Additionally, a pioneering event‐triggered based backstepping control approach is put forth for the formation tracking control problem of nonlinear multi‐agent systems, which economizes on communication bandwidth and computing resources by decreasing the update frequency of the controller. Finally, using the Lyapunov method, it is demonstrated that all signals of the control system are bounded, and the convergence errors are confined to a small neighborhood of the origin while excluding the "Zeno behavior" phenomenon through rigorous proof.


The arterial pressure wave at the level of the ankle was reconstructed from noninvasive data in 48 limbs of patients with normal circulation, a minor arterial stenosis, major arterial stenosis, and complete occlusion. The mean systolic slope of the arterial pressure wave was calculated. It was an accurate index for the detection of arterial stenosis or occlusion. This method is noninvasive, easily repeatable, and simple.


Even if the title of Wolfgang Koeppen's last novel, Der Tod in Rom, alludes quite obviously to Thomas Mann's novella, Der Tod in Venedig, Koeppen's text must be understood first and foremost as a response to Mann's most controversial novel, Doktor Faustus. The novels of Mann and Koeppen rank among the most well-known literary examinations of National Socialism but stand in a complementary relation to each other. Doktor Faustus, published in 1947, analyses the cultural and intellectual origins of […]


Beam breakup due to the hose instability for electron transport through hollow plasma channels is examined numerically and compared with analytical theory. Wakefields are simulated for different geometries, including cylindrical hollow channels and the "bubble" regime, and the simulations are carried out with advanced Particle-In-Cell algorithms. Results are compared to previous estimates for beams accelerated in a plasma.