Historically neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) in particular, have been viewed to be primarily caused and driven by neuronal mechanisms. Very recently, due to experimental, genetic, and epidemiologic evidence, immune mechanisms have entered the central stage and are now believed to contribute significantly to risk, onset, and disease progression of this class of disorders. Although immune activation of microglial cells may over time engage various signal transduction pathways, inflammasome activation, which represents a canonical and initiating pathway, seems to be one of the first responses to extracellular β‐amyloid (Aβ) accumulation. Here we review the current understanding of inflammasome activation in AD.—Venegas, C., Heneka, M. T. Inflammasome‐mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J. 33, 13075–13084 (2019). www.fasebj.org


To deliver high power and broadband communication to the ocean floor requires a number of changes to existing technology developed to bridge oceans from shore to shore. The dry-dry solution is well mastered and although it evolves over time following technological innovations, adapting it to become a dry-wet solution represents a major technical challenge. The cabled observatory system developed for the Canadian part of the north-east pacific time-series undersea networked experiment (NEPTUNE) encompasses major breakthroughs in several areas, including optical transmission, ocean engineering and powering. This paper will discuss how an industrial team led by Alcatel- Lucent along with partners L-3 Communications MariPro and Texcel Technology, in good coordination with the experts and scientists at the University of Victoria in Canada, have managed the design and development effort in all these fields. The unique optical design using a distributed WDM scheme and off-the-shelf compact metro equipment will be described. The simple yet powerful and robust IP architecture which allows accurate timing distribution based on precision timing protocol (PTP) will also be detailed. The paper will show how novel ocean engineering solutions have been used to enable the NEPTUNE science nodes to be ROV serviceable at 3500 meters water depth. Without contest, the major challenge has been the new parallel powering system, which delivers 9 KW of useable power per science node. The development of key subsystems including the medium voltage power converter, low voltage power subsystem, communications subsystem, high current optical repeaters, branching units and shore based power feeding equipment will be explained. Finally, the capabilities of the NEPTUNE Canada design to be extended to cover the needs of the full NEPTUNE Regional Cabled Observatory (RCO) or to be deployed for other applications such as undersea neutrino telescopes or tsunami detection systems will be assessed.


Objective: To build a map of teaching work, starting from the changes produced with the insertion of new pedagogical paradigms in health education. The publication of Ordinance No. 2530/2005, of the Ministry of Health, ratifies the policy for encouraging the curricular changes of the health care undergraduate courses. However, the effects of the process of curriculum changes in the undergraduate nursing course go beyond the curricula as they undermine teachers' ways of being, feeling and acting. Method: Drawing a training map with the assistance of research instruments, namely a research diary and implication analysis. The estimated time for completion of this study is 24 months. Results: The results will be analyzed based on the Institutional Analysis. The ethical aspects shall be respected according to Resolution 196/96


Among the tensions of modern society, subjectivity arises based on resistances, creativity, and the capacity of the generated transformations. As is standard practice in the social sciences, collectively constructed knowledge is based on the understanding that subjectivity itself is socially constructed. In perceiving the dynamics of social realities, it is possible to identify that subjectivity emerges in multiple circumstances: "amidst contingencies, transitory modes of life, permanent struggles; between desire, social pressures, and the needs of living and surviving" (Martinez y Cubides, 2012, p. 174). Current social movements arise from the cultural changes of the current context; that is, to the extent that global society is transformed, installed, and perpetuated, a series of new inclusive or exclusive conditions present themselves, provoking new social demands. In the case of new social actions, the changes and necessities of particularization and inclusion within the process of homogenization indicate a re-evaluation of identity. In this sense, social movements are opposed to trends that reject the subject, which are predominant in a totalizing society. In the new practices of social movements, "crossed-leg" or sex-strike demonstrations present themselves, making possible a reflection on the female body as the site of the political and showing that, based on fissures caused by modern thinking that the article labels modern dissatisfactions, expression explodes, which, from a collective perspective, makes it possible to understand the construction of new subjectivities. Thus, in this analysis, we attempt to take new lines of investigation regarding what is emerging in a globalized society; therefore, it is necessary to ask questions regarding the cultural, the political, gender, new exclusions, forms of resistance, new citizenship, etc. in a changing scenario that is in movement, disenchanted, totalized, homogenized, and in pressing need of study.


The Effects of Hospitalization on Children: Models for Their Care , a book based on a symposium held in San Francisco in September 1970, will be of interest to those who place a high priority on attending to the developmental needs of the hospitalized child. It's helpfulness will depend on what the reader expects and extracts in the way of content and concepts: those who seek such guidelines as what, when, why , and how in relation to individual children will find much of value; those who seek more general approaches and clarifying overviews of hospitals and children will gain new ideas and insights. Chapters to be read chiefly for content include preparation for hospitalization, surgical procedures, infants, adolescents, and death. Especially impressive are the contributions of Emma Plank, MA—always an inspiration to those privileged to work with children; Jane Kline, RN, on the nurse's role on a youth ward; John Showalter,


The repair of ventilator axle journal with serious wear was achieved by using the method of laser cladding.In order to enhance the repair quality,the microstructure measurement of cladding layer was proceeded.The experimental results show that the microstructure of cladding layer mostly is equiax crystal,and there are small quantity treelike crystals in the position of bonding surface.The bonding of cladding layer and matrix is very high,and their interface is very clear.This result shows that better metallurgical bonding has already been formed.In addition,the measurement results of microhardness show that the hardness of cladding layer is very high,and it can only fluctuate in a definitive range.However,the microhardness of transition region declines sharply and the microhardness of matrix is very low.The experimental results show that the repair of axle journal with severe wear can be achieved.The microstructure of repaired surface is very close,and the hardness is very high.Therefore,it has high wear resistance.


In this study, analytical solution of multip-species transport equations coupled with a first-order reaction network under constant concentration boundary condition or total flux boundary condition is obtained using similarity transformation approach of Clement et al. (2000). The study shows the schematic process about how multi-species transport equations with first-order sequential reaction network is transformed through the similarity transformation approach into independent and uncoupled single species transport equations with first-order reaction. The analytical solution was verified through the comparison with popular commercial programs such as 2DFATMIC and RT3D. The analytical solution can be utilized in nuclear waste sites where radioactive contaminants and their daughter products occur and in industrial complex cities where chlorinated solvent such as PCE, TCE, and its biodegradation products produces. In addition, it can help the verification of the developed numerical code.


The article is based on fieldwork carried out in the 2000s among diasporic Setos living in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, and discusses issues related to the singing tradition and identity of the Setos in this area. The article explores the ambivalent attitudes of the local singers towards their singing tradition and proposes a systematisation of the song tradition in the area into three groups – Estonian songs, Russian songs, and Seto songs. The latter of the three represents the most archaic part of the Seto tradition, even though singers today no longer regard this part of the tradition as 'proper' songs, because of their improvisational and spontaneous nature. In addition to the ambivalence and confusion related to the identity and singing tradition, one can see conscious efforts in shaping identity politics and representing culture in Seto villages in Siberia. The best example of this is the Seto Museum and the choir active in Khaidak village. The generation of singers who are members of the choir today have discovered the old tradition in advanced age, but nevertheless find the singing of traditional songs highly significant. An important part of the contemporary identity politics of this tiny diasporic group is performing their exotic singing culture.


The International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (IGS) ionospheric total electron content (TEC) data are used to study the periodic perturbation in the ionosphere during the 2019 Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event, a rare Southern Hemisphere minor SSW event in the last 40 years. A 14.5 day periodic signal with a zonal wavenumber of 0 is observed in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere (MLT) region and the ionosphere during this SSW period, which could be related to the lunar tide. The 14.5 day periodic disturbance in the IGS TEC exhibits local time dependence and latitudinal variation, with the maximum amplitude appearing between 1000 and 1600 LT in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest regions. Additionally, the 14.5 day periodic oscillation shows an obvious longitudinal variability, with the weakest amplitude appearing in the longitudinal region of 30° W–60° E.


Avery is concerned that the language used in our recent article (Lu et al. 2005), as well as in an earlier article (Curl et al. 2003), may be used to mislead the public regarding the relative safety of organic foods compared with foods derived from crops treated with pesticides.


Intheflip chipassembly process, no-flow underfill (NFU)hastheadvantage overtraditional capillary-flow underfill because oftheelimination ofprocessing steps and thereduction ofpackaging cost. However, currently oneof themajor technical obstacles inapplying no-flow underfill technology isthefillet cracking ofno-flow underfill during thereflow after themoisture preconditioning. Inthis paper, comprehensive thermomechanical and hygroswelling models areestablished tostudy a larger dieflip chip package withnoflow underfill during reflow after moisture preconditioning. Theadhesion strengths between no-flow underfill anddiearebeencharaterized. Basedon the modelling results andtheadhesion strength data, thereason whythecrack ontheno-flow underfill starts andpropagates, leading tofillet cracking isalsoexplained. A series of parametric studies arealsoperformed tounderstand the package stresses. Theresults showthat lower CTE& Eof no-flow underfill andhigher curetemperature ofno-flow underfill aredesirable fortherobustness ofthepackage. The results also showthat thinner diethickness isdesirable the robustness ofthepackage. Thesefindings formdesign guidelines forthedesign ofthelarger die, copper pillar bumpflip chip package with no-flow underfill.


This article includes examples of specialist terms coming from foreign languages which are used in the practice of the Dutch family doctor. The family doctor examines patients who come to him with a complaint. This article comprises names of various diseases, anatomic terms, diagnostic tests, treatment methods and medicines. Classical languages, like Latin and Greek, have had a big influence on the modern medical vocabulary and they are still in use. Not only have the whole words been borrowed but also their parts, prefixes and suffixes. Apart from the Latin and Greek terms there are also borrowings from English and French in the collected examples. The vocabulary contains different types of the word-formation, like simple words, compounds, derivates and terms, which consist of more words. In the group of compounds there are the so-called hybrid forms, in which each part comes from a different language. Besides, this vocabulary is rich in eponyms and acronyms.


Abstract : The vaporization process of the compounds of Zn, Cd, Hg with S, Se, Te has been studied by mass spectrometry. The heat of decomposition of all these compounds to Me(g)1/2 X2(g) has been measured by the mass loss Knudsen technique. Experimental data are compared with literature data. Heats of atomization of these compounds are compared to isosteric compounds and upper limits for the dissociation energies of the gaseous molecules are given.


This paper presents the comparative cost analysis of different renewable energy sources along with traditional diesel generator for base transceiver stations. Base transceiver stations are the equipment in the cellular system which need to run 24/7 without being disturbed by any sort power outages. It is found that all the operators in Bangladesh use diesel generators during power outage. The target is to compare the feasibility of using alternative power sources to minimize the cost of the system, minimizing carbon emission and reducing the dependency on the fossil fuel. In this paper, the previous and recent data of diesel, solar and fuel cell power sources are analyzed. Finally, a new model is proposed to combine the sources with backup of diesel generator which can minimize the cost and fulfill the target.


This paper describes a data-based frequency domain optimal control synthesis method. Plant frequency response data is used to compute the frequency response of the controller using a spectral decomposition of the optimal return difference. The underlying cost function is selected from a databased symmetric root-locus, which gives insight in the closed-loop pole locations that will be achieved by the controller. A simulation study shows the abilities of the proposed method.


The article is devoted to the analysis of the consequences and effects of the pandemic on the development of international trade in the context of the COVID-19, as well as the problems faced by supply chains and their severe transformation in the current environment. One of the key solutions to the normalization of supply chains is information and communication technologies, which are an integral part of innovation. This article includes an analysis of the literature on the subject and examines the various challenges that supply chains face on a daily basis. Moreover, a comparative analysis of scientific articles was carried out in order to analyze how the development of information and communication technologies and their implementation can facilitate and systematize logistics at the regional and international levels.


Capsule Herons responded to the lower abundance of a preferred fish by switching prey. Aims To investigate how Grey Herons respond to the decline in abundance of a preferred fish, the Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus. Methods Grey Herons Ardea cinerea breeding in the Gulf of Gdańsk area (Baltic Sea) were the study population. Regurgitated food and pellets were analysed. Biomass and abundance of fish was compared between 2000–02 (when the population of Round Goby was increasing) and 2008–09 (when the Round Goby population stabilized). Results The abundance and biomass of Round Goby preyed upon by herons decreased from between 95 and 99% in 2000–02 to between 38 and 56% in 2008–09. Energy-rich salmonids, not recorded in 2000–02, were an important diet component in 2008–09 (42% of biomass). Small-sized fish abundance was higher in 2008–09 (37%) than in 2000–02 (9%). Conclusions Grey Herons in 2008–09 adapted to the lower availability of Round Gobies by prey switching to other available fish – abundant but small-sized Three-spined Sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus and less abundant but more profitable salmonids (easy to catch in the case of hatchery-reared, tagged individuals). Diet composition suggests that Grey Herons in 2008–09 exploited more diverse foraging areas (dry habitats, woods, garden ponds) than in 2000–02.


The English language dominates the world today and is particularly influential as the global lingua franca for modern science. However, within this influence of English, it can be easily forgotten that many 'Englishes' exist. Through the advancement of scientific knowledge and the associated development of new specialisations, comes the emergence of new scientific or technical languages, based on modern English language, but distinct nevertheless. These specialised languages are aligned to particular speciality groups, for example, biochemists and molecular biologists, and are largely unintelligible to people outside these disciplines. Such languages can be considered to be foreign languages. Students studying biochemistry or molecular biology at university are initially outside these disciplines and a requirement to entry into the biochemical/molecular community is to learn the language. A focus on the specialised discipline language can enhance student learning through superior comprehension of the scientific concepts and ideas explored during their education at university.


Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is the treatment of choice in a consistently expanding group of patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. Tricuspid and mitral annular dilatation with consequent valvular regurgitation are associated with adverse outcome. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is routinely performed for preprocedural evaluation of vascular access and prosthesis sizing.

 To evaluate the impact of mitral and tricuspid annular dimensions in preprocedural CTA on prognosis of patients undergoing TAVI with a self-expanding valve.

 CTAs of consecutive patients undergoing TAVI in a single high-volume center between 2016 and 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Maximal septolateral tricuspid annular diameters (TAD) and mitral annular diameters (MAD) were obtained and measured from properly angulated three dimensional CTA datasets. Moreover, maximal pulmonary artery diameter perpendicular to the long axis was measured in every patient. Patients were followed up by clinical visits or telephone contacts. As clinical events were defined all-cause mortality, stroke and heart failure hospitalization.

 In total 123 patients were included in the study. The mean follow-up duration was 875±383 days and 21 clinical events were recorded. There was a moderate but statistical significant correlation between TAD and both pulmonary artery diameter (r=0.39, p<0.001) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure by echocardiography (r=0.23, p=0.015). In univariate logistic regression analysis pulmonary artery diameter and TAD were both associated with heart failure hospitalization (p=0.03 and 0.02 respectively). In addition, MAD was associated with total events (OR: 0.43, 95% CI 0.19–0.99, p=0.048). The relationship of MAD with events remained significant after adjustment for sex, age and tricuspid annular dimensions (OR: 0.28, 95% CI 0.1–0.79, p=0.02).

 TAD and MAD were associated with heart failure rehospitalization and clinical events respectively in patients undergoing TAVI with a self-expanding valve. Further larger prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the prognostic value of these CTA markers.

 Type of funding sources: None.


How much influence does the Constitution have on civil procedure in South Africa's lower courts? In this article we examine one example, namely the applicability of the Bill of Rights to applications for rescission in the magistrate's courts.


Considering what we know about computational thinking, how much of this cognitive domain hangs on one's ability to think spatially? Is spatial thinking a hidden foundational property for developing strong computational thinking skills? If coding is the new literacy for 21st century thinking, educators must diversify their methodology of instruction. Mathematics must not be the only pathway to computational thinking, computer science, and coding. This book chapter opens up new insight into spatial reasoning, showing it as a new viable method to give students the computational thinking skills necessary to thrive in STEM fields. Finally, this chapter presents concepts found in shape grammars as a methodology used to teach students how to approach art and design computationally. With shape, grammars we find computational thinking at the center of creative activities.


Abstract Fractals and chaos theory provide means of modeling dynamic changes in micro and nano topography on friction surfaces caused by various tribological mechanisms and processes. Friction and wear phenomena in tribological systems can be interpreted on a macroscopic scale. With the development of miniaturized scale and nanoscale systems, it has been launched the hypothesis that macro-level systems cannot reflect the microscale and nanoscale phenomena. A conclusive case is given by the calculation of frictional torque in microscale orientation, in this situation being found that models created by bearing producers cannot validate experimental results. By applying the "box-counting" method, it is possible to estimate the fractal dimension both directly and indirectly by comparing the area-perimeter-scale relations. Based on scaling equations, a system was created for this operation. The conclusion is that all existing theories in tribology should be adapted to take into account fractal size and fractal roughness.


An experiment to determine the effects of celestial bodies and a view of the horizon on the ability of two rodents, Microtus californicns and Reithrodontomys megalotis, to orient toward the homesit...


The development of the business of public transportation services (trevel) is increasing. In the Rokan Hilir district, there are many illegal entrepreneurs travelling, this has a negative impact on consumer who use these public transportation services. The practical purpose of the article is to find out how the implementation of consumer protection of the responsibility of illegal entrepreneur travelling and what the inhibiting factors in implementation in the Tanah Putih district, at Rokan Hilir. This research is included in the type of observation research. The object of this research is to examine consumer protection against the implementation of the responsibilities of travel entrepreneurs without an operational permit in the Tanah Putih district, at Rokan Hilir, which is analyzed based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Therefore, the type of research the author uses is observation research, so in this study, the author uses primary data and chooses the census method so that the researcher uses the entire population as respondents.The result of this study, First, indicate that the responsibility of illegal travel entrepreneurs has not been carried out optimally. Second, inhibiting factors the implementation, because the government needs to be more serious and consistent in implementing regulations that have been made. In addition, there is a lack of awareness and understanding of consumer regarding the application of existing rule.


This paper considers the problem of data compression for dependent quantum systems. It is the second in a series under the same title. As in the previous paper, we are interested in Lempel--Ziv encoding for quantum Gibbs ensembles. Here, we consider the canonical ideal lattice Bose- and Fermi-ensembles. We prove that as in the case of the grand canonical ensemble, the (limiting) von Neumann entropy rate $h$ can be assessed, via the classical Lempel--Ziv universal coding algorithm, from a single eigenvector of the density matrix.


The focus of this study is the role of the youth of Labang village in efforts to preserve the culture of the Kebahan Dayak people from the perspective of Evring Goffman. Today, the attention of young people to efforts to preserve culture is very apprehensive. Many of them prefer to follow current trends rather than participate in preserving the culture that is their identity. This situation makes the cultures of every tribe in the country of Indonesia slowly become extinct. However, not all young people have forgotten their role in preserving the culture of their tribe. One example is the young people of the Kebahan Dayak tribe in the village of Labang, West Kalimantan. As young people of the Dayak Kebahan tribe they are called to take part in cultural preservation. The method used in this study is library research. Meanwhile, the methodology used in this study is a critical reflection on the role of young people of the Kebahan Dayak tribe in efforts to preserve culture within the framework of Evring Goffman's dramaturgy. By looking at the human process in taking its role in life according to the dramaturgical lens of Evring Goffman. we can understand and correctly understand our duties as human beings in the world.


The research outcomes can be highlighted as the following: as viscosity of oil decreases, the effect of permeability variation becomes more significant. Moreover, as the presence of channeling in the reservoir is pronounced which is indicated by the value dimensionless correlation length (Lx), the less oil recovery resulted for all oil viscosities used in this study. In addition, when channeling is present in the reservoir, it is recommended to recover the heavy oil through injecting 100% pure steam. Furthermore, the study shows no oil recovery improvement for systems with dimensionless correlation length of 0.5 and higher indicating a critical value of dimensionless correlation length in which above it, there will be no gain of oil production.


This study examines the selection criteria, country preference and people which influence Taiwanese male office workers' business apparel purchases in Taiwan. A partial model by Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (EBM) was used as the framework to indicate that the culture factor directly affects consumers' decision‐making process of purchase behaviour. A total of 232 questionnaires from male consumers in Taipei, Taiwan, were used for data analyses. Selection criteria, country preference and influential people were analysed by demographic variables including age, marital status, education, occupation, and yearly expenditure for business apparel purchase. Overall, the respondents ranked the selection criteria in order of descending importance as: fit, colour, price, style, quality, brand name, ease of care, fibre content and country. The order of country preference was rated first to last as: Taiwanese, Italian, US, French, British, Japanese, Hong Kong, German and Canadian. Individuals who influenced purchases were ranked as: my own opinion, wife or girlfriend, female friend, family member or other relative, male friend and salesperson. This research suggests that if foreign companies want to market to Taiwanese male consumers, they must develop appropriate strategies that help to change the domestic bias of the older males, or choose to appeal to younger males in hopes of developing long‐term brand loyalty. Additionally, the price strategies should be adjusted to be more competitive in Taiwan's marketplace. Meanwhile, fit and colour of apparel products may also need to be altered or modified in order to reach Taiwanese male consumers' demands.


The education mode based on school net is a brand new education mode.It takes the structuralism as its fundamental,and the students active study as its object.Following aspects such as the cooperation of teachers and students,teaching process,the system of teaching result evaluating differ greatly from the old education mode.Particularly,the manyfacted and manyapproached teaching process make this education mode fairly flexible and initiative.


An ultrasonic oblique incidence technique was used to establish a relationship between various ultrasonic parameters and moisture content. A conventional longitudinal wave normal incidence technique was also used for a comparison. Experiments were conducted on a set of EPON 828 epoxy blocks. The set was treated with fresh and salty water at 40°C. The moisture content was measured by weight differences. Results showed a significant decrease of back surface echo amplitude with increasing moisture content


Present article is devoted to the new class of groupoids, namely, linear groupoids, the criterion isomorphism (homomorphism) of two linear groupoids is found. Besides it is proved, that, the semigroup of regular mappings groupoids with a unity element is isomorphic to the nuclear of groupoids.


The safe and satisfactory provision of water related services in urban areas of developing countries remain a major challenge mainly attributed to limited resources and inability to promptly detect operational failures (blockage, leakage, organic infiltration etc..) in water infrastructure. In this paper we investigated the feasibility of real time monitoring for contexts similar to developing countries and developed a decision support tool to prioritize/optimize water management practice. Wireless sensors were use to generate data and identification of opportunities /challenges/strategies for setting up a viable real time monitoring mechanism. The application of wireless sensor networks is composed of a number of sensor nodes that have the capability of carrying out network activities and can work continuously for the sake of monitoring. This paper proposes how urban water monitoring systems for developing countries and emerging economies can be developed with emphasis on cost effectiveness, easy ad hoc installation such that the mechanism will be easy to handle and maintained. The use of wireless network for this purpose reduced the manpower required, set up cost and provided flexibility in terms of distance. The paper made use of Zigbee technology because of its low power consumption and it can be used to realize water quality parameters, remote probing and real time monitoring function. Several results are presented and the feasibility of using wireless sensor network is presented.


This seminar paper seeks to reconstruct how ethnic politics and inter-communal relations in Eastern Europe during World War I were central to the war's conduct and legacy. Examining different popular and institutional understandings of ethnicity in the Russian and German Empires prior to 1914 and during the war proved to be key to understanding the breakdown of relations between occupying Germans, local nationalists, and Jewish communities, paving the way for the contentious ethnic politics of interwar Europe, which in-turn played a key role in driving Europe towards the destruction of World War II.


A comparison of age-specific marital fertility experience of 3 successive birth cohorts in Taiwan (1921-25, 1926-30, and 1934-38) indicates that later cohorts have experienced progressively higher rates of natural fertility at each age from 15-19 to 35-39 years. Age-specific martial fertility for all 3 cohorts has been essentially natural up to ages 25-29 years, at which point it has become progressively more modified by deliberate fertility regulation. At ages 20-24 years, the 1934-38 cohort experienced 14% more fertility than the 1926-30 cohort and 20% more fertility than the 1921-25 cohort. This increase in natural fertility took place largely during the 1950s, a period of dramatic improvements in health, nutrition, and living conditions in Taiwan. However, the observed total marital fertility rate by age 35-39 years fell from 6.443 for the 1921-25 cohort to 6.154 for the 1926-30 cohort and 6.024 for the 1934-38 cohort, representing a decline in fertility of 4.5% between the 1st and 2nd cohorts and 6.5% between the 2nd and 3rd cohorts. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis of rising natural fertility in the early stages of modernization and the fertility transition as a result of improved health and nutrition and changes in lactation practices. It is only when the increase in natural fertility levels off and the practice of fertility regulation expands that a secular decline in fertility is observed.


In 1987 we started with a research project on 26 road sections located in 3 regions with different climate conditions (hard and moderate winters), with different road constructions and various materials in subbase. For all test sections we collected: 1) inventory data - location, structure; 2) laboratory tests of materials in road constructions and of that from subbase; 3) monitoring data - distress and deflection measuring with deflectograph Lacroix; 4) traffic data; 5) environmental data hydrogeological data of the surroundings of test sections; 6) maintenance and rehabilitation data. Our aim was definition of seasonal, material and regional factor influencing bearing capacity results. Some conclusions are: 1) good seasonal differences between bearing capacity results by time were not found mainly because no thaw period appeared in the project time; 2) in situ and laboratory tests on soils showed an important decrease in dry density and bearing capacity of solid materials in road construction and an important decrease in quality of base materials; 3) it was decided to buy different laboratory equipment and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to make dynamic investigations of materials and road constructions in next years. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD no 860147.


Magnetic field effects (MFEs) on singlet fission were studied by observing fluorescence from organic crystal of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene under magnetic fields of up to 5 T. We found anomalous MFE dips at magnetic fields higher than 2 T, in addition to the known MFEs which saturated around 1 T. The observed results were analyzed by using the stochastic Liouville equation (SLE) in which a distance-dependent exchange interaction (J) in triplet pair, hopping of triplet, and geminate fusion in contacted triplet pair were incorporated. The SLE analysis revealed that the observed dips were caused by a MFE due to the level crossing mechanism and strongly suggested that the contacted triplet pair has a large J, which has been ignored in the previous model of MFEs on the singlet fission. Present results lead to the conclusion that the initial dissociation of the singlet exciton to the contacted triplet pair does not show the MFE and the triplet pair at a separated distance produced by hopping of the triplet pl...


Anthropology and history have traditionally been contrasted with each other. Thus their present-day convergence in the twofold form of a historicizing of anthropology as well as an anthropologizing of history must at first glance be somewhat confusing. In fact, the concept of historical anthropology, already widely used in some circles, may appear to be altogether paradoxical. Even considering that the various sciences today are generally characterized by interdisciplinary contact, the merging of disciplines and the swapping of subdisciplines, one still might view the convergence of history and anthropology


Political life as an expression of meaning of life can be traced back to ancient times.Generally speaking,specific,one-sided and narrow understanding of politics comes from the extension of instrumental rationality to politics.Consequently,political life becomes specialized and the value rationality of politics is neglected,resulting in deviation of political activities from life.This deviation posed obstacles for development of human beings and the society as well.With the passage of time and progress of the society, reexamination of politics is of important theoretical and practical significance.Considering the fact that the ancient city-states in Greece had regarded that politics and human life were related,it is possible to get politics to return to the life world.This offers a new way to break the fossilized understanding of politics.Following this train of thought,seeking for value rationality of political activities and making politics part of life may enhance the meaning of politics.In fact,the value of politics as a pattern of life not only raises the meaning of life in expressing human nature and human life style,but also functions as a basis for reinforcing democracy in social life and promoting harmonious development of the society.


List of IllustrationsAcknowledgments Translations / Transliterations Introduction: The Place of Partition The Making of Refuges, 1947 1. Muslim Exodus from Delhi2. Hindu Exodus from Karachi Moving People, Immovable Property 3. Refugees, Boundaries, Citizens4. Economies of Displacement Imagined Limits, Unimaginable Nations 5. Passports and Boundaries6. The Phantasm of Passports In Conclusion 7. Moving Boundaries Abbreviations in NotesNotesSelected GlossaryBibliographyIndex


Photoelectric effect in a Ge-on-Si single-photon avalanche detector (SPAD) at a sub-photon energy in incident pulsed laser radiation is considered in frames of classical electrodynamics of continuous media. It is shown that the energy of incident laser radiation, which is shared among a huge number of electrons in Ge matrix, can concentrate on only one of these through the effect of the constructive interference of the fields re-emitted by surrounding electrons. Conservation of energy in this case is upheld because of a substantial narrowing of the effective bandgap in heavily doped p-Ge, which is used in the design of considered SPAD.


Taking retailer sharing information with the manufacturer as an example, through building the model, which considers the cost of information sharing, this paper analyzed the optimal degree of information sharing from the view of the retailer in three possible regulation arrangements. It was found that the manufacturer committing the wholesale price before would stimulate the retailer to share information, but the manufacturer keeping the flexibility of wholesale price would discourage the retailer to share information. Compared the profits of the manufacturer, retailer and the whole supply chain in three possible regulation arrangements, this paper outlined their optimal regulation arrangement respectively. It is instructive to supply chain management in the reality.


The warm extrusion technology of air cylinder bolt-protected screws used for the national locomotive was studied.The warm extrusion technology parameters,such as bullets,die temperature,the cooling and lubrication of die were determined,the structure of punch and die was designed,and the extrusion process was analyzed by LS-DYA software.The results show that the warm extrusion die structure of the air cylinder bolt-protected screw is reasonable,and can provide theoretic basis for the production of similar products.


An oxide thin film transistor and a manufacturing method thereof are provided to improve electrical characteristic by forming a capping layer with high work function in a channel region. A channel(14) and a capping layer(15) with a work function higher than the channel are consecutively formed in the position corresponding to a gate(12). A gate insulator(13) is formed between the gate and the channel. A source(16a) and a drain(16b) are formed while contacting two parts of the capping layer. A passivation layer is formed by coating the insulating material on the capping layer. The channel is made of the In-Zn oxide coated with Ni.


In Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems, Thin Layer Photovoltaic Integrated into the building which regularly is the outside Weathering Skin.  Conventional photovoltaic systems can not be applied to arched facades. During this research, photovoltaic system supported elastic solar panels were evaluated on a Model layer of 1m2 and 56W. A flexible system was analyzed in real terms on a flat, cylindrical and hemispherical surface. Environmental data were communicated on-line into LabVIEW software. The smallest quantity of fill factor (FF) relates to a flat surface and also the systems once installed on the cylindrical and hemispherical surfaces, have a fill factor of 0.88 and 0.84, respectively. The maximum power related to system deployment on the cylinder surface is 59.87W, whereas the minimum power of the system when deployed on the flat surface is 57.84W . The most effective power in the RSM deployment on the hemispherical surface is equal to 61.14W. The system's performance under standard conditions on the cylinder and dome surfaces are measured 7.45%. The quantity of laboratory power output was related to the hemispherical, cylindrical, and flat surfaces, and its value is 46.7W, 55.1W and 57.5W respectively. The economic justification was ranked based on the hemispherical, cylindrical and flat surfaces, respectively. According to the Taguchi, the maximum power reported 59.87W at the cylindrical that doesn't match the actual test model. The second power level has been reported on a hemisphere, which is corresponded to the actual test.


Extreme Programming (XP) is a lightweight software development methodology that has risen to prominence in the last few years. XP and Participatory Design are related in motivation and approach but complimentary in many ways. The authors believe that integrating some Participatory Design approaches into XP substantially improves XP and may even bring some advantages to Participatory Design. This paper summarises XP, compares the two approaches, outlines our experience with XP, draws out some problems with classic XP and suggests some modifications based on Participatory Design.


Steroid compounds are some kinds of the pharmaceutical products with great commercial value.Sterol side-chain cleavage by microbial transformation provides its potential raw materials.However,the industry process is constrained by its microbial transformation technique due to the hydrophobicity of sterols.The development of microbial transformation technique for sterol side-chain cleavage is reviewed.Furthermore,the cloud point system and a novel two-phase partitioning bioreactor exploited recently for microbial transformation of hydrophobic compounds is also introduced.


FACTOR analyses have already been reported (i, 2, 3, ~) for items from the Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, and Psychopathic Deviate scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (5). Important factors isolated in these analyses have been entitled Poor Physical Health (i, 2, 3), Neuroticism (2, 3, 4), Cynicism (2, 3), Shyness (3, 4), Euphoria (2, 4), and Paranoia (4). Other factors not strongly or repeatedly identified have occurred which may be of considerable importance. Workable scales based on MMPI items have been suggested for the first two factors mentioned. These scales were called &dquo;Health Concern&dquo; and &dquo;Neu-


ABSTRACT Transborder property ownership is a growing trend in different parts of the world. In Finland, Russians make up the biggest group of foreign buyers. The article examines Russian recreational property purchases in Eastern Finland, where South Savo Region is subject to the heaviest flow of Russian purchasers. Russian purchases of second homes have been the subject of a broad social debate dominated by negative attitudes towards the phenomenon. Fears of place change and displacement have been among the main concerns. The authors reveal how arguments presented in the social debate on Russian ownership correspond to the distribution of Russian properties in South Savo. Statistics for the period 2003–2012 and GIS methods were used to analyse the distribution and density of Russian recreational properties in the region. Statistical modelling uncovered some factors that affected the location of the properties. The findings indicate that the arguments presented within the social debate have only partially derived from the distribution patterns of Russian properties. The authors conclude that a combination of factors, including distances from the border and services as well as preferences for waterside locations, have influenced the choice of location of Russian properties and led to concentrations in certain areas.


Zr41.2Ti13.8Ni10Cu12.5 Be 22.5 bulk amorphous alloy was prepared by arc-melting and copper mould rapid casting.The formation of the crystal nucleus in the supercooled liquid region,the nanocrystalline grain growth at initial stages were observed by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM).It is shown that the crystal lattice stripes can be observed in HRTEM images at initial stages.The structural change of the phase separation in the supercooled liquid region is difficult to identify by HRTEM.The clear structural change can be observed expediently by means of the fast fourier transform technique (FFT) of the HRTEM.The nanocrystalline grain growth pattern is the aggregation growth and the isolation growth.


The fabrication of optical fiber probe used in scanning near-field optical microscopy by focused ion beam(FIB)method has been reviewed.The probe shape milling,aperture size control and special structure fabrication is discussed respectively.The working principle and advantage in precise fabrication of FIB are also involved.The probes fabricated by FIB show advantages such as controllable taper shape and aperture size,smooth tip surface and high throughput.


In this article, we explore ethnic group boundaries within a context of contemporary Istria. It is maintained that the local population of Istria has a strong regional identity and that boundaries between the members of local Croat majority and the researched minority and immigrant groups are characterised by blurred group boundaries. It is argued that these people are engaged in multiple forms of boundary making which challenge the ethno-national understanding of entitlement to the in-group membership in a local imagined community. Among other things, it is indicated in the article that ethnic minority groups, such as Italians in Istria, who make a large effort in boundary making to maintain their cultural heritage, are preferred by the ethnic majority as full-fledged members of the local community than certain groups of co-ethnics. The study is based on extensive qualitative data material gathered in Croatia in the period 2009–2013. The ethnographic material comprises 45 interviews with domicile ethnic Croats, domicile members of the Italian minority and Bosnian–Herzegovinian migrants residing in Croatia and Istria.


A defining characteristic of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad reproductive endocrine axis is the episodic secretion of the pituitary gonadotropin hormones LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary gonadotropes. Hormone secretion is dictated by pulsatile stimulation with GnRH released by hypothalamic neurons which binds and activates the G protein-coupled GnRH receptor expressed by gonadotropes. Both hormone secretion and synthesis of gonadotropins is influenced by the amplitude and frequency of GnRH stimulation and variation in either affects the proportion of LH and FSH secreted and the differential regulation of hormone subunit gene expression. Therefore, proper decoding of GnRH signals is essential for appropriate synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins. The GnRH receptor robustly activates downstream signaling cascades to facilitate exocytosis and stimulate gene expression and protein synthesis. It is necessary to rapidly quench signaling to preserve sensitivity and adaptability to changing pulse patterns. Reactive oxygen species generated by receptor-activated oxidases fulfill the role of rapid signaling intermediates that facilitate robust and transient signaling. However, excess ROS can be detrimental and, unchecked, can confuse signal interpretation. We demonstrate that SRXN1, an ATP-dependent reductase, is essential for normal responses to GnRH receptor signaling and plays a central role in resolution of ROS induced by GnRH stimulation. SRXN1 expression is MAP kinase-dependent and knockdown reduces both Lhb and Fshb glycoprotein hormone subunit mRNA and promoter activity. Loss of SRXN1 leads to increased basal and GnRH-stimulated ROS levels. We conclude that SRXN1 is essential for normal responses to GnRH stimulation and plays an important role in ROS management.


The core value of culture is ideology,which results from the coagulation of cultural information,reflects the spirit of a nation and serves as the key to understand and interpret a nation's culture.Comparative analysis on the ideology of value is an important part in intercultural communication studies.The present paper uses the theory of ideology in Russian language and culture to make a deeper analysis on the core of intercultural communication,i.e.the ideology of value.Methods for analyzing ideology and free association in experiments are introduced in the paper.It aims to further enhance intercultural communication studies so as to contribute to the methodology for a micro-observation on the invisible culture in intercultural communication.


Given previous research which has demonstrated an 'attractive bias' on juror decisions for crimes of burglary and murder, the current study aimed to extend upon this knowledge by examining the role of offender attractiveness on 'mock juror' decisions, for stalking crimes, in comparison to both burglary and murder (whilst controlling for mock juror self-esteem, age and gender).
A 2x3 mixed factorial design was used; factor one, offender attractiveness (between subjects), consisted of two levels: attractive and unattractive; and factor two, crime type (within subjects), consisted of three levels: burglary, murder and stalking. A total of 80 participants (26 males, 54 females; aged between 18-66 years) were randomly assigned to take part in either the 'attractive' (13 males, 26 females) or 'unattractive' (13 males, 26 females) condition, where they were required to rate each crime on the four dependent measures (guiltiness, recommended sentence length, dangerousness, and susceptibility to rehabilitation).
It was hypothesised that the attractive stalker would receive lighter sentences and lower ratings of guilt than the unattractive stalker; no specific hypotheses however, were made in relation to the other ratings (dangerousness and susceptibility to rehabilitation). The results revealed a significant effect for guilt ratings, for stalking crimes only; with the attractive stalker receiving lower ratings of guilt than the unattractive stalker.
No other significant effects were observed across any of the crimes, for any of the dependent measures. Overall, due to successfully controlling for a number of potentially-related juror characteristics, including self-esteem, age and gender, it was concluded that the present findings may in fact provide a more accurate representation of the attractive bias, than has previously been demonstrated.


The article is devoted to research of historiography of problem of law ensuring labour discipline in Soviet Russia and USSR (1917-1945).


The relationship among crosscorrelation functions of arbitrary four generalized Boolean functions is presented. Based on it, some properties of crosscorrelation function and autocorrelation function are given. The relationship between crosscorrelation function and generalized Walsh-Hadamard transform of functions is characterized. In the process we generalized old results and get new characterizations of cryptographic properties.


Objective:To investigate clinical application of transient elastography (Fibroscan ) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods:A total of 310 CHB patients including 23 patients with severe chronic liver failure(SCLF)and 65 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) diagnosed by clinical manifestations were involved in the study. Liver stiffness (LS) was detected by Fibroscan device.HBV serum markers,HBV DNA level,alanine transaminase (ALT) and total billirubin (TBil) were also detected simultaneously.Results:CHB patients with LC showed significant higher LS than those without LC.Severe liver inflammation,such as SCLF,also with increased LS.Age and gender tended to affect LS.Conclusions:Fibroscan is an effective method for assessing liver fibrosis and diagnosing LC in patients with CHB.Some influential factors,such as liver inflammation,age and gender,should be taken into consideration when we analyze individual cases.


Humans and swarms have different problem-solving skillsets. Hybrid systems blending those skillsets in an effective manner can produce a solution that outperforms either separately. To be effective, this blending must be done in a scalable way. This investigation demonstrates that by limiting the human's interaction with the swarm to broad, high-level commands, the human's contribution can be scaled to multiple, simultaneous scenarios. The improved performance of the hybrid system of one human and one swarm solving one digital jigsaw puzzle, does not degrade when the same human forms a hybrid systems with up to four separate swarms at the same time.


compression is caused by a combinat ion of thickening of the laminae and calcification of the l igamentum flavum. Mode m imaging techniques including CT and MRI provide excellent detail of both the level and degree of compression. MRI is part icularly useful for examining the rest of the spinal cord for areas of impending compression and for postoperative follow-up. With careful surgical decompression a full neurological recovery can be achieved.


Polymerase chain reaction amplification of reversetranscribed messenger RNA from a patient with Fabry disease revealed a 13‐base pair deletion in the 5′ region (exon 1) of α‐galactosidase A complementary DNA. This gene rearrangement was not detected by Southern or Northern analysis. Short direct repeats were present around the breakpoints, and considered to be of pathogenetic significance. Gene diagnosis of the mother and a female cousin was successfully achieved by polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA; the former as a Fabry disease heterozygote and the latter as a normal homozygote.


This thesis is about nursing work and the ways in which nurses in a general hospital accomplished occupational jurisdiction. It is based on ethnographic data generated on a surgical ward and a medical ward in a single NHS trust hospital. The study is set in the context of recent developments in nursing and medical education (DHSS, 1987; GMC, 1993; UKCC, 1987) and health policy (DH, 1989) which have created the impetus for shifts in the division of labour in health care, reviving deep-rooted historical tensions between professional and service versions of nursing.

 Drawing on the work of Hughes (1984), Abbott (1988) and Strauss and colleagues (Strauss et al, 1963; Strauss et al, 1964; Strauss, 1978) the aim of this project was to move on from the policy debates and develop a less essentialist account of the nursing role through an exploration of the ways in which nurses managed the parameters of their work in the course of their everyday activities. Hughes concept of 'dirty work' is employed as a sensitising device.

The work of hospital-based general nurses is explored through the analysis of five key nursing boundaries: nurse-doctor, nurse-support worker, nurse-patient/relative, nurse-nurse, and nurse-management. The professional and sociological literature suggested that as a result of recent policy developments, there would be an increased need for negotiation of nurses' inter-occupational boundaries with medicine and support workers and that this was likely to be subject to some tension. But field observations revealed that nurses accomplished these inter-occupational boundaries with minimal negotiation and little explicit conflict. Conversely, there were policy-related tensions at the three other key nursing boundaries - at nurses' infra-occupational boundary, at the boundary between nurses and patients and their relatives, and at the boundary between ward-based nurses and nursing and general management - which were largely unanticipated.


In Central and Eastern Europe, where mortgage finance is booming, developing an efficient legal framework to support the market and eventually allow issues of mortgage securities (covered bonds and mortgage-backed securities) is increasingly important. This article attempts to present the legal basics of such instruments and the specific legal issues relating to mortgage law that may affect the efficiency or even viability of mortgage securities.


OBJECTIVES
To explore the characteristics and prognostic factors associated with the death of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with sepsis in intensive care unit(ICU).

METHODS
Clinical and laboratory documents of SLE patients with sepsis from Jan 2010 to Dec 2014 were retrospectively analyzed, including active organ involvement, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score, sites of infection and organisms cultured. Prognostic factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS
Included patients were mainly females (86%, 43/50). For all patients, SLEDAI was 15.8±6.3; APACHE Ⅱ was 25.8±6.5; the mortality rate during ICU hospitalization was 46%. The most common causes of death and admission were multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and respiratory failure, respectively. The most common pathogen was Gram-negative bacteria.Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that gastrointestinal bleeding, septic shock and high APACHE Ⅱ score were independent risks for mortality.

CONCLUSIONS
Gastrointestinal bleeding, septic shock and high APACHE Ⅱ score were risk factors in SLE patients with sepsis in ICU.


CO2 is an important by-product in epoxides synthesis, accounting for 0.02% of worldwide greenhouse emissions. The CO2 cycloaddition to ethylene and propylene oxides is an important class of reactions due to the versatile nature of the corresponding organic carbonates as chemical feedstocks. We report that these reactions can be catalyzed by ZIF-8 (Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-8) in the absence of solvent or co-catalyst and in mild conditions (40 °C and 750 mbar). In situ infrared spectroscopy places the onset time for ethylene and propylene carbonate formation to 80 and 30 min, respectively. Although there is low catalytic activity, these findings suggest the possibility to cut the CO2 emissions from epoxides production through their direct conversion to these highly valuable chemical intermediates, eliminating de facto energetically demanding steps as the CO2 capture and storage.


On the basis of the fuzzy neural network theory, according to the change law of the temperature, humidity and toxic gas underground garage, design a hardware and software system to control the temperature, humidity, and toxic gas. Illustrate the principle, character and importance of the fuzzy control. Experiment shows that the system has simple structure, stable performance, good reliability, and useful in the practice. There are a lot of internal and external impacts to the control device in the underground garage which are control objects temperature, humidity and toxic gas's instability (the main toxic is vehicle's exhaust) and requirement object that is people underground garage, the requirement of the garage to the temperature, humidity, and elimination the toxic gas make the property manager do the best to meet the owners. At the same time, the temperature, humidity requirement and elimination will impact the staff working in the underground garage. It is difficulty to get an effective result to use normal control way to process the multi-input, multi-output and nonlinearity underground garage system. We need to improve the system control structure and control principle. Researcher use neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy reasoning and other intelligent control methods in the underground garage environment control system to improve its automation and intelligence (1).In this paper, combine fuzzy theory representation and neural network self-learning ability together, and design a neural network controller which gets all the advantage of the fuzzy logic and neural network and can improve whole system's performance.


The Metastatic Breast Cancer Project (MBCproject) is an ongoing research study that directly engages patients (pts) through social media and advocacy groups, and empowers them to share their samples, clinical information, and experiences. The goal is to create a publicly available dataset of linked genomic, clinical, and pt-reported data to enable research. In collaboration with pts, advocates, and advocacy groups, a website (MBCproject.org) was developed that allows pts with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) anywhere in the US or Canada to register. From 10/20/15-6/1/21, 6100 patients with MBC registered for the MBCproject. Registered pts are sent an online consent form that asks for permission to obtain and analyze their medical records and samples. Consented pts are sent a saliva and/or blood kit and asked to mail back a saliva sample, which is used to extract germline DNA, and/or a blood sample, which is used to extract germline DNA and cell free DNA (cfDNA). We contact participants' medical providers to obtain medical records and a portion of their stored tumor biopsies. 3456 pts receiving care at over 1700 different institutions have consented to share medical records and tumor/saliva/blood samples and to have genomic analysis performed. Whole exome sequencing (WES) is performed on tumor DNA, germline DNA, and cfDNA; transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) is performed on tumor RNA. Medical records and pt-reported data are abstracted to create a detailed clinical record for each pt. Table 1 highlights clinical data collection, biospecimen acquisition, and genomic data generation to date. Examples of clinicogenomic analyses are shown in Table 2. De-identified linked genomic, clinical, and pt-reported data is shared regularly via public databases (mbcproject.org, cBioPortal, dbGaP, NCI Genomic Data Commons). To date, this data has been cited in over 40 publications. Study updates are shared with participants regularly. The MBCproject continues to enroll new patients, generate additional data, and perform integrated clinical and genomic analyses with the goal of building a dataset that is representative of patients with MBC. We have partnered with over 30 non-profit breast cancer advocacy groups. We also have several community engagement efforts underway to more directly reach patients in underrepresented communities, including partnerships with faith-based organizations and colleges/universities, as well as targeted engagement with the African American community. In addition, in partnership with Latinx patients, advocates, and researchers, a Spanish-language version of the MBCproject was launched in June 2021. Partnering directly with pts rapidly enables thousands of pts to remotely share tumors, blood, saliva, and medical records to accelerate research. The resulting publicly shared clinically annotated dataset is a resource that allows researchers to identify patients with specific phenotypes, who have often been challenging to identify with traditional approaches.
 Clinical data collection, biospecimen acquisition, and genomic data generation:NumberConsent signed (US & CA)3456 ptsPatient-reported data collected (demographics, diagnosis details, receptor status, clinical experiences, pathology details, sites of metastasis, treatments with start and stop dates3456 ptsMedical record received from clinical institution1365 ptsSaliva sample received from pt2124 ptsBlood sample received from pt1114 ptsTumor samples received from clinical institution631 tumor samples from 398 ptsWES from germline complete505 germline samplesWES from tumor (primary and metastatic) samples complete429 tumor samplesRNA-seq from tumor (primary and metastatic) samples complete351 tumor samplesULP-WGS from cfDNA (taken in metastatic setting) complete953 blood samplesWES from circulating tumor DNA (taken in metastatic setting) complete144 blood samples
 CohortConsented (US & CA)Tumor WES completeTumor RNA-seq completePts diagnosed < 40 yrs of age114615292De novo MBC1207158109Late recurrence (>5 years after dx)9099141Long term survivors (MBC > 10yrs)163138Resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors70914839NED at time of f/u survey4305445Triple Negative Breast Cancer3304632Patients with 2 or more tumor biopsies/cfDNA samples collected by the MBCproject29810882
 Citation Format: Nikhil Wagle, Corrie Painter, Elana Anastasio, Mary McGillicuddy, Esha Jain, Tania G. Hernandez, Brett N. Tomson, Beena Thomas, Daniel Abravanel, Dewey Kim, Sara Balch, Alyssa L. Damon, Shahrayz Shah, Rafael Ramos, Delia Sosa, Ilan Small, Colleen Nguyen, Sarah Winnicki, Taylor Cusher, Parker Chastain, Michael Dunphy, Jorge Gomez Tejeda Zanudo, Netsanet Tsegai, Lauren Sterlin, Ulcha F. Ulysse, Imani Boykin, Oyin Alao, Todd R. Golub. The metastatic breast cancer project: Generating the clinical and genomic landscape of metastatic breast cancer through patient-partnered research [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT1-19-01.


Dynamic correlation and response functions of classical and quantum systems in thermal equilibrium are connected by fluctuation-dissipation theorems, which allow an alternative definition of their (unique) temperature. Motivated by this fundamental property, we revisit the issue of thermalization of closed many-body quantum systems long after a sudden quench, focusing on the nonequilibrium dynamics of the Ising chain in a critical transverse field. We show the emergence of distinct observable-dependent effective temperatures, which rule out Gibbs thermalization in a strict sense but might still have a thermodynamic meaning.


PDCA circulation was a general model of management,while currently the internationally recognized mode to evaluate the laboratory ability was the laboratory accreditation.Thus to apply PDCA circulation into laboratory accreditation was a strategy to improve the overall laboratory management level and the technical ability,also it was an effective security mode to ensure the continuous improvement of the laboratory accreditation and quality management.


Online distributed urban drainage models (DUDMs) can be useful for aiding real time control decisions as well as for issuing flood warnings and assessing whether or not overflow occurs from ungauged CSOs. For an online model to be useful it is required that it can be updated to current conditions by data assimilation. In the current work two existing deterministic methods for updating DUDMs are described as well as a novel implementation of the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) for these models. While the deterministic methods are the most computationally efficient, they cannot explicitly update the entire model, cannot produce uncertainty estimates and cannot treat ambiguous information from multiple sensors in a meaningful way. All this is possible with the EnKF but at the expense of a significant computational overhead. In a synthetic and a real world experiment the EnKF was shown to be able to update the entire models based on as well upstream water level measurements as downstream flow observations. The conclusion is that the EnKF is to be preferred over the deterministic methods if the required computational resources are available.


Metachromatic leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central and peripheral nervous system and falls under the family of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). It is divided into three clinical forms (late infantile, juvenile, and adult) depending on how early the disease manifests and with varying prognosis for each form. Common presentations of the disease include cognitive, behavioral, and motor symptoms. Here, we present a Lebanese patient with a novel variant in the prosaposin gene, confirming the diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy due to saposin B mutation, with a phenotypic expression of the disease limited to an attention deficit disorder, and a clear leukodystrophy.


The electrostatic potentials, fields, and field gradients at the lattice sites of corundum (α‐Al2O3) have been computed self‐consistently, taking into account the ionic dipole and quadrupole moments of the oxygen ions. The dipolar and quadrupolar polarizabilities were used as parameters to fit the nuclear quadrupolar coupling data of 27Al. It is found that the induced quadrupoles make a substantial contribution. The ionic polarizabilities needed for the fit are within reason. The electrostatic field and field gradient at the aluminum sites are predominantly described by a point charge and a quadrupolar lattice, the most probable oxygen quadrupolar polarizability being α = 0.2–0.3 A. The contribution of the dipolar lattice to the field gradient at the aluminum sites is small due to the accidentally nearly vanishing field at the oxygen positions. Consequently, the field gradient at the aluminum sites is insensitive to the O2− dipolar polarizability. As the potential distribution appears to be almost entirel...


We analyze the ground state properties of an array of quantum dots connected in series between superconducting electrodes. This system is represented by a finite Hubbard chain coupled at both ends to BCS superconductors. The ground state is obtained using the Lanczos algorithm within a low energy theory in which the bulk superconductors are replaced by effective local pairing potentials. We study the conditions for the inversion of the sign of the Josephson coupling ($\pi$-junction behavior) as a function of the model parameters. Results are presented in the form of phase diagrams which provide a direct overall view of the general trends as the size of the system is increased, exhibiting a strong even-odd effect. The analysis of the spin-spin correlation functions and local charges give further insight into the nature of the ground state and how it is transformed by the presence of superconductivity in the leads. Finally we study the scaling of the Josephson current with the system size and relate these results with previous calculations of Josephson transport through a Luttinger liquid.


Landauer has developed a portable dosimetry system based on its Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) technology. It is called the microStar, and its core technology is the same as that in its personnel monitors used throughout the world (more commonly known by their trade names, Luxel, and InLight). OSL using aluminium oxide doped with carbon (Al2O3:C) has been used extensively for personal radiation dosimetry for many years. It has the advantages of low detection threshold and re-analysis. Recently, single dots of OSL material and a portable reader have been developed with a view to medical applications. A number of organisations asked to make trials of this system. The acceptance of this system has grown worldwide with recent trials at various hospitals in France, the USA and the UK. Most recently, the IAEA has undertaken a Coordinated Research Program (CRP) to identify dosimetry systems for use in developing countries. The trials, some of which have already been reported in the scientific literature, have included studies of the energy and dose response, the stability of the readout and the overall accuracy of the measurements as compared to other systems used in patient dosimetry. It is evident that the OSL system is capable of achieving the high degree of accuracy required for medical applications (reproducibility (< 2%)) and has a number of advantages over current methodologies such as a wide dynamic range (0.01 mGy to 15 Gy) and negligible energy, angle, dose rate, and temperature dependence. In addition, one unique feature relative to TLD's is the ability to re-read the dose many times (with potential application for archiving the dosemeter with patient records) as only a fraction of the stored charged is consumed in each analysis. This paper will review the results of these trials highlighting similarities and differences. Where differences were found, possible explanations will be presented. The overall properties of the system will be summarised drawing out the advantages and disadvantages over current systems (TLD, MOSFET and Diode dosimetry). In the light of the experience with these trials, new developments of the system will be presented.


The difficulties arise when he tries to reconcile linguistic theories with archaeological facts or historical narratives. It is obvious enough that pottery styles do not necessarily change in step with dialects, though major cultural changes are often correlated with language replacement. G.-R. is optimistic in accepting the old view that the Doric dialects can be associated with such changes as the introduction of cremation. He is on even thinner ice when he uses Desborough's evidence of cultural changes at Hexalophos to support his theory of a mixture of western and eastern elements in proto-Aeolic of the twelfth century. When we come to history, the major event recorded is Thucydides' story of a migration from an unidentified Thessalian town called Arne to Boeotia 'in the sixtieth year after the capture of Ilion' (1.12.3). If G.-R. is right in contending that the common features of Aeolic only developed after the end of the thirteenth century, it does not look as if there was more than about seventy-five years at most for Aeolic to develop, and on most datings rather less. Thus either Thucydides is inaccurate, and it is hard to imagine what sources he had other than folkmemory or epic poetry, or the Aeolic dialect had already begun to differentiate from both East and West Greek before the end of the Mycenaean period. Yet G.-R. is unwilling to envisage this possibility (p. 103). So long as we have no linguistic evidence from Mycenaean Thessaly, it is impossible to be certain; but I incline to the view that the Mycenaean dialect as we know it from the Linear B tablets is the language of the ruling class, and coexisted with other forms of Greek spoken at lower levels in the social scale. Thus even Linear B from Iolkos would probably prove nothing about the substandard speech of Thessaly. This is an extremely valuable discussion of the genesis of a major dialect group, and its main contentions, that Aeolic is primarily of post-mycenaean origin, and that it arose from a mixture of East and West Greek elements cannot be very far from the truth. Details may prove to stand in need of correction as our knowledge improves; but this study fits admirably into the new view of the origin of the Greek language which is now emerging.


Aims. We study the Be star δ Cen circumstellar disk using long-baseline interferometr y which is the only observing technique capable of resolving spatially and spectroscopically objects smal ler than 5 mas in the H and K band. Methods. We used the VLTI /AMBER instrument on January 6, 8, and 9, 2008, in the H and K ban ds to complete low (35) and medium (1500) spectral resolution observations. Results. We detected an oscillation in the visibility curve plotted a s a function of the spatial frequency which is a clear signatu re of a companion aroundδ Cen. Our best-fit soltution infers a binary separation of 68. 7 mas, a companion flux contribution in the K band of about 7% of the total flux, a PA of 117.5 , and an envelope flux around the Be primary that contributes u p to about 50 % of the total flux, in agreement with our Spectral Energy Distribution (SE D) fit. The envelope size is estimated to be 1.6 mas in K but no de parture from spherical symmetry is detected.


The growing importance of new markets on the Internet in the 1990s led to the development of new guidelines and interface design principles ensuring online consumer trust. These guidelines have been rapidly spoofed by attackers who integrated interface design principles maliciously to deceive users with phishing emails. In this paper we propose to adapt an inspection method, Cognitive Walkthrough, to understand how users walk through the processing of a phishing email. 23 experienced evaluators used the proposed method, Cognitive Walkthrough for phishing emails, in a pilot study and gave a feedback on it. The method allows to analyze the areas of a phishing email eliciting users to trust, to act, and to distrust. These areas are then commented allowing to understand the interface design principles exploited maliciously by attackers when they are saying to users: Trust me and click!


Objective: To optimize enzymatic extraction technology conditions of polysaccharides from Eclipta prostrasta.Method: Composite score of yield of polysaccharides and the content of protein as index,type of enzyme was screened by single factor test.With total yield of polysaccharides as index,based on single factor tests,effect of the amount of enzyme,pH,hydrolysis time and temperature on extraction technology of polysaccharides was investigated by orthogonal test.Result: Cellulose enzyme was adopted,optimum extraction technology was as following: pH 5.0,the amount of cellulose enzyme 3%,hydrolysis time 3 hours and temperature at 50 ℃.Conclusion: Yield of polysaccharides from E.prostrasta could significantly increase by enzymolysis water extraction method.


We examine the problem of type inference for a family of polymorphic type systems containing the power of Core-ML. This family comprises the levels of the stratification of the second-order λ-calculus (system F) by "rank" of types. We show that typability is an undecidable problem at every rank k≥3. While it was already known that typability is decidable at rank 2, no direct and easy-to-implement algorithm was available. We develop a new notion of λ-term reduction and use it to prove that the problem of typability at rank 2 is reducible to the problem of acyclic semi-unification. We also describe a simple procedure for solving acyclic semi-unification. Issues related to principle types are discussed.


This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been the most commonly identified pathogen in hand in


The terms Pollyanna and Chicken Little are used as caricatures for those who are relentlessly positive and those who, in contrast, see problems in everything. Many opinions about automation in aviation tend to reflect these contrasting viewpoints. In this paper we propose the introduction of an ethical safety case as a means to reconcile these views by clearly articulating ethical issues involved in automation.


: To design and achieve effective the life cycle of the built environment a complex analysis of its stages as well as stakeholders, their aims and potentialities is needed. The effect of micro, meso and macro environmental factors should also be taken into account. A thor - ough built environment's life cycle (brief; design; raw material extraction, transport and processing; construction materials production and distribution; construction; use, repair and maintenance; demolition; disposal, reuse, or recycling) analysis is quite difficult to undertake, because a buildings and its environment are a complex system (technical, tech - nological, economical, social, cultural, ecological, etc.), where all sub-systems influence the total efficiency performance and where the interdependence between sub-systems play a significant role. Various stakeholders (clients, users, architects, designers, utilities engineers, economists, contractors, maintenance engineers, built environment material manufacturers, suppliers, contractors, finansing institutions, local government, state and state institutions) are involved in the life cycle of the built environment, trying to satisfy their needs and af - fecting its efficiency. The level of the efficiency of the life cycle of the built environment depends on a number of variables, at three levels: micro, meso and macro level. The prob - lem is how to define an efficient built environment life cycle when a lot of various parties are involved, the alternative project versions come to hundreds thousand and the efficiency changes with the alterations in the environment conditions and the constituent parts of the process in question. Moreover, the realization of some objectives seems more rational from the economic perspective thought from the other perspectives they have various sig -nificance. Therefore, it is considered that the efficiency of a built environment life cycle depends on the rationality of its stages as well as on the ability to satisfy the needs of the stakeholders and the rational character of environment conditions. Formalized presentation of the research shows how changes in the environment and the extent to which the goals pursued by various stakeholders are satisfied cause corresponding changes in the value and utility degree of a built environment life cycle. With this in mind, it is possible to solve


The research article (RA) is one of the most important genres in academic discourse, one reason being that progression in an academic career can hinge on the quality and quantity of an academic's publication record.

Keywords:

discourse analysis;
syntax;
corpus;
grammar;
language for academic purposes;
writing


Mountain farming in Europe is based mainly on ruminant livestock and utilization of locally produced forage resources by grazing and hay. Farmland extends from mountains in the eastern Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast, with major areas at the highest elevations in central Europe, thus encompassing wide variation in geology, soil, altitude, slope, climate and vegetation communities. Despite this variation there are some common features, problems and opportunities. Agriculture in mountain areas seldom competes economically with lowland farming because production costs are high or labour-intensive, growing and grazing seasons are short, and annual forage production levels are low. The paper discusses the utilization of pasture resources and the need for continued management of hay meadows and grazed mountain pastures to maintain traditional landscapes and ecosystem services; these can be supported through agri-environmental support measures. Opportunities for high value niche-market products (organic, origin-based, or with food-quality attributes linked to the mountain environment) are discussed in relation to potential for improving farm incomes. Mountain grasslands include some of the most important high nature value areas in Europe, and high-biodiversity mountain farmland can increase tourism incomes and is a potential seed source for local biodiversity restoration. Challenges and uncertainties for the future of mountain farming include climate change impacts, agricultural abandonment and adapting to socio-economic changes. Improving market access and developing sustainable mountain agriculture is discussed in relation and cooperative arrangements for small-scale producers.


Wolfgang Behschnitt, Sarah De Mul, Liesbeth Minnaard: Preface Theoretical and Methodological Reflections Wolfgang Behschnitt and Magnus Nilsson: "Multicultural Literatures" in a Comparative Perspective Elien Declercq and Michael Boyden: Multilingualism and Diglossia in Migration Literature: The Case of Flemish Songs in Northern France Discourses on Multiculturalism, Language and Literature in Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Flanders Magnus Nilsson: Literature in Multicultural and Multilingual Sweden: The Birth and Death of the Immigrant Writer Dorthe Gaettens: New Voices Wanted: The Search for a Danish Multicultural Literature Liesbeth Minnaard: Every Carpet a Flying Vehicle? Multiculturality in the Dutch Literary Field Sarah De Mul: "The Netherlands is doing well. Allochtoon writing talent is blossoming there": Defining Flemish Literature, Desiring "Allochtoon" Writing (Multi)lingual Interventions: Exemplary Analyses of Literary and Linguistic Strategies of Literary Texts Peter Leonard: Bi- and Multilingual Aspects in the Literary Writing of Translingual Authors in Sweden Wolfgang Behschnitt: The Rhythm of Hip Hop: Multi-ethnic Slang in Swedish Literature After 2000 Soren Frank: Is There or Is There Not a Literature of Migration in Denmark? Marjan Nijborg and Fouad Laroui: The Emergence of a Dutch-Moroccan Literature: An Institutional and Linguistic Explanation Henriette Louwerse: "We are not bodies only, but winged spirits": Metamorphosis in the Work of Hafid Bouazza Yves T'Sjoen: About the (Non-)Existence of "Migrant Literature" in the Netherlands: or, Why Mustafa Stitou Is a Dutch Author Sarah De Mul and Thomas Ernst: Multiculturalism and Multilingualism in Contemporary Prose in Flanders: Chika Unigwe, Koen Peeters, and Benno Barnard A Comparative View Wolfgang Behschnitt, Sarah De Mul, and Liesbeth Minnaard: Conclusion: A Comparative View Index


Morphometric analysis is the best quantitative parameter in the analysis of drainage characteristics of a river basin for watershed management plans in developing country. Morphometry is the overall calculations and mathematical analysis of the different configuration of the Earth's sub-surface, shape and dimensions of its landforms. Shipra River occupies in 5611 sq. km area with perimeter of 500 km and it's a tributary of Chambal River. Shipra River is of 5th order stream and has a mainly dendritic and rectangular channel pattern which controlled by structural, physiographic and lithological conditions. Morphometric analysis of Shipra sub-basin has been conducted using SRTM DEM (90m, 3 arc-seconds resolution) data in Arc-GIS 10.3. Shipra River originates from Indore district at latitude 22°38'21.39"N and longitude 76° 2'9.81"E with an elevation of 1839 ft on Malwa plateau and it has completed its 214 km journey with confluence in Chambal river at latitude 23°55'4.70"N and longitude 75°27'39.54"E, at the elevation of 1375 ft. Overall drainage density in the basin is 0.35 km/km-2. The 5th order Shipra River shows stream frequency of 0.55 that indicates low water velocity in Shipra River. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm) is 4.15, indicates that the drainage pattern of the basin is moderately affected by structural disturbance. The stream length ratio [<LN>/<LN-1>, where <LM> is the mean length of streams of order M] increases significantly with stream order, a result that is often interpreted as indicative of a late-stage of landscape evolution. The drainage density (Dd=0.35km/km2) reveals that the Shipra sub-basin has moderately permeable river bed. The lemniscates (k=4.5) value defines that the sub-basin has moderately affected by soil erosion. The lateral cutting is high as compare to down cutting in Shipra sub-basin. The longitudinal profile reveals the average channel gradient of 1.58 (appx.). Channels throughout the basin, of all stream orders, show strong linearity. However, the small scale lineaments show structural control over reaches in the sub-basin suggests that the stream length ratio may reflect structure more than the stage of landscape evolution. This result has implications for the interpretation of morphological analyses of river networks. In addition, strengthened understanding of patterns of sediment storage and the geomorphic evolution of the sub-basin is informative for managing the hydrological resources of this area.


Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) measurements onboard the NOAA-9 are compared for consistency with satellite and aircraft measurements made during the Cirrus Intensive Field Observation (IFO) of October 1986. ERBE scene identification is compared with NOAA-9 TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) cloud retrievals; results from the ERBE spectral inversion algorithms are compared with High resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) measurements; and ERBE radiant existance measurements are compared with aircraft radiative flux measurements.


Role differentiation, integral to the development of occupational therapy, a professionalising occupation, is influenced by gender, and influences the identification of the profession's body of knowledge. This work is a case study of the development of occupational therapy in New Zealand, from the days when one person was the practitioner, the teacher, and the governmental advisor, through to the time when most of the roles commonly found within professions exist.


Urban system is a typical open complex system.As an open network and by introducing the concept of generalized information entropy for,a universal structural evolutionary model for growth of urban systems is established.As a new method for modeling complex system,the model could reveal the multi-agent dynamics and overall structural evolution of complex urban systems.With pattern of urban growth in Shanghai as an example,the typical application for the framework is outlined.


Aortic dissection is caused by a tear on the aortic wall that allows blood to flow through the wall layers. Usually, this tear involves the intimal and partly the medial layer of the aortic wall. As a result, a new false lumen develops besides the original aorta, denoted then as the true lumen. The local hemodynamic conditions such as flow disturbances, recirculations and low wall shear stress may cause thrombus formation and growth in the false lumen. Since the false lumen status is a significant predictor for late‐dissection‐related deaths, it is of great importance in the medical management of patients with aortic dissection.


In this article, the authors review the ways in which the use of inland waterways for freight transport might be viable, and the sorts of measures that might successfully encourage it. Inland waterways are disadvantaged by two factors: (1) limited barge capacity and width of canals; and (2) a restrictive network. The short distances offered by most inland waterways means that they can only be cost effective when both origin and destination are waterside locations or when a transhipment point is also used for redistribution of processing materials. A possible future is in the movement of waste, including domestic refuse to some waterside sand quarries able to operate as landfill sites.


A patterned deposit of a metal-containing organic ma terial is produced on a substrate by an electron beam cross-linking process. The starting material contains ferrocene (di-T-cyclopentadienyl iron) or organic groups of the class of ferrocene, where Ni, Co, V, Cr and Tican be included in place of iron. The electron beam is directed against either a film adsorbed on the substrate from the vapor phase or a polymer film de posited on the substrate from a solution of a polymer with ferrocene substituents. The cross-linked product film can be used, for example, as a high resolution mask for semiconductor and microcircuit processing. The heavy metal content of the film makes it useful as an ion implantation mask and for nucleation of the electroless deposition of an additional metallic layer for direct generation of a conductor pattern.


ABSTRACT Diasporas are transnational actors that could be involved in playing a key role to amplify sustainable development in developing countries like Nigeria and Ethiopia. The present study was conducted to explore the potential role of the Nigerian and Ethiopian Diasporas in the process of fostering ongoing economic development in their countries of origin. The article is attempted to highlight: 1) the potential engagements of Nigerian and Ethiopian diasporas contribution to the economic progress and poverty reduction and the significant role of their remittances to accelerate economic growth, (2) the major initiatives taken by the Ethiopian government to attract and engage its diasporas, (3) the government's policy reforms to attract diaspora and (4) the circumstances hampering diasporas potential involvement. The current study opted mixed methodology and data collected through secondary sources and questionnaire to evaluate Diasporas roles and their remittances' impacts on Nigerian and Ethiopian economies. Moreover, the study concludes that, institutional and structural weakness of both countries and diaspora identity politics tended to play a great role in hindering the potential engagement of their diaspora to their countries' development. The study suggests some policy recommendations for the Nigerian and Ethiopian government.


To solve the problems of high costs and lacking of semantics in the existed data integration approaches,the lightweight data integration method with semantics is studied.Firstly,the ontology and metadata is summarized.Then,a lightweight data integration method based on semantics is presented and its two main processes,namely ontology identification and metadata extraction,ontology mapping and metadata integration based ontology mapping,are analyzed.Finally,instance analysis is achieved.The analysis results show that the presented method is feasible.Using metadata integration instead of data integration can avoid the moving and storage of huge amounts of data and reduce the cost of integration and make the process of data integration lightweight.At the same time,the introduction of semantic information can make the presented method provide better support for the upper application.


Surgeons have been involved with endoscopy since its inception. Many interventional endoscopic procedures were first performed by surgeons and then adopted by others. In the late 1970s and 1980s, a strong emphasis on endoscopy emerged in surgical training programs. Hands-on endoscopic experience was required to complete surgical training. The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) was born in 1982, with its complete mission focused on promoting flexible endoscopy for surgeons. Clearly, throughout this time period, our gastroenterologic colleagues also emphasized endoscopy. As a specialty, they have done an excellent job promoting gastroenterologic research and incorporating as well as advancing interventional endoscopy as part of their practice. But what of surgeons? Although most surgical training programs were turning out surgeons capable of upper and lower endoscopy by the late 1980s, that does not seem to be the case today. The median number of endoscopic cases reported by residents finishing their training today is zero. The emphasis for special and advanced training is on laparoscopy, perhaps appropriately so. Our failure, however, to attract a young cohort of surgical residents who view the future of endoscopy as worthwhile may have a very negative effect. Although 25% to 50% of current practicing surgeons incorporate endoscopy in their personal practice depending on the location, both regionally and rural versus urban, the trend is clearly downward with the next generation. Many surgeons, particularly in rural areas, report a significant proportion of their income coming from endoscopy, so this change may significantly impact general surgery practice. Our goal with the endoscopy section of this journal will be threefold: • First, we will provide opportunity for the publication for original work particularly on the cutting edge of technical endoscopic advance.


Details are given of the present state of the television broadcasting network and the proposals for its extension over the next seven years. A brief classification of the equipment for television centres is given in accordance with its programme potentialities. A new television equipment designed for mass production is briefly described. Technical performances of television cameras are discussed and the reasons for certain principles adopted in their design are outlined.


The flow through a flexible tube and the interactions between fluid- and wall-motion have been researched in recent forty years because they are involved in many physiological phenomena, such as clinically useful "Korotkoff sounds", audible murmurs induced by the collapsed external jugular vein in the neck of upright subject (Grotberg and Jenson, 2004).Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Purpose To systematically review the literature on roles of physicians in virtual teams (VTs) delivering healthcare for effective 'physician e-leadership' (PeL) and implementation of e-health. Design/methodology/approach The analyzed studies were retrieved with explicit keywords and criteria, including snowball sampling. They were synthesized with existing theoretical models on (1) VT research; (2) healthcare team competencies; and (3) medical leadership. Findings Findings – Six domains for further PeL inquiry are delineated: (1) resources, (2) task processes, (3) socio-emotional processes, (4) leadership in VTs, (5) virtual physician-patient relationship and (6) change management. We show that to date PeL studies on socio-technical dynamics, and their consequences on e-health, are found underrepresented in the health literature; i.e. no single empirical, theoretic or conceptual study with a focus on PeL in virtual healthcare work was identified. Research limitations/implications E-health practices could ...


Striated muscle fibres can be modelled by a simple geometry, which has allowed three‐dimensional (3‐D) images in conventional and confocal microscopes to be calculated. This model is useful for comparing different imaging methods and represents a simple example of an application of the 3‐D optical transfer function (OTF) for the system. The rejection of out‐of‐focus blur is demonstrated, and the effects of fibre thickness and confocal pinhole size on image contrast are investigated. The effects of using a simple filter for image enhancement are studied, elucidating the characteristics of the OTF.