In order to predict the skin colors, we need to analyze the reflection spectra of the skins. For the diffuse reflection, it is essential to know the skin optical properties that describe the propagation of light in the skin. We measure the absorption coefficient μa , scattering coefficient μs , scattering phase function p(θ) and refractive index n of human skins in this study. We attempt to build a measurement system which can accurately measure the optical properties of the skin samples with a size of as small as 5 mm and a thickness of as thin as 50 micrometer in the visible wavelength range with the wavelength step of 50 nm. Then we measured the optical properties of stratum corneum obtained from a cultured model of human epidermis and those of epidermis obtained from human skin. The effect of the exposure of epidermis to sunlight on the optical properties is discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Taiwan tectonically situated in a terrain resulting from the oblique collision between the Philippine Sea plate and the continental margin of the Asiatic plate, with a continuous stress causing the density of earthquakes and faults. The continuous observations of soil radon for earthquake studies have been recorded and are compared with the data from gamma rays observations. Some anomalous high radon concentrations and gamma-ray counts at certain times can be identified. A significant increase of soil radon concentrations was observed at Gukeng (GK), Chunglun (CL) and Pingtung (PT) station, and an increase in gamma-ray counts at the Chung Cheng University (CCUG) was also observed around two weeks before the Meinong Earthquake (M


Yolk sac tumors, the most common germ cell tumor in young infants and children, however, are distinctly uncommon site in the vagina. A baby with bleeding per vaginum since one month presented at 9 months of age with raised Serum α- fetoprotein (AFP) but normal levels of s-HCG and CA-125 is reported. Fine needle aspiration from the mass yielded material suggestive of a germ cell tumor. The histopathological findings further confirmed the diagnosis of a yolk sac tumor. Key words: yolk sac tumor, endodermal sinus tumor, pediatric, vagina, germ cell tumor, α-fetoprotein (AFP) doi:10.3126/njog.v1i2.2402 N. J. Obstet. Gynaecol Vol. 1, No. 2, p. 63-65 Nov-Dec 2006


dependent on their microstructure. Computer simulations could then play a vital role in predicting the microstructure of thin films as a function of processing conditions. FACET is one such software tool designed to model polycrystalline thin film growth, including texture evolution and grain growth of polycrystalline films in 2D. FACET represents each grain in terms of their crystallographic surface facets and grain boundaries. It includes several options for defining nucleation, and then models deposition and the growth of the nuclei and the film, for various types of deposition conditions. FACET runs on any windows based operating system, is very user friendly, can simulate films in real-time or faster and has the ability of visualizing the film growth as it evolves.


Knowledge management is considered a vital resource for organizations. This study was carried out to explore knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer experiences among management staff in an oil palm plantation company in Malaysia. This study also explored the impact of cultural factors on knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer practises. A review on literature shows many studies were conducted in knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer but less study was done in oil palm plantation in Malaysia. This study was done qualitatively via in-depth interviews and focus group discussion to explore and highlight the experience of the management staff in an oil palm plantation company in Malaysia. Purposive sampling technique were employed in the in-depth interviews and triangulated via focus group discussion. Data was analysed manually using thematic analysis. The result of the findings reveal that the awareness of knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer among the management staff in the oil palm company is high. The activities embraced by the management staff was categorised into formal activities and technology. Four cultural factors (leadership, trust, collaboration and organization structure) act as enablers for knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer initiatives.


The article presents the background analyses of law and social knowledge of future specialists in the field of physical training and sports. Further, it proves the key contents of law and social knowledge.


The reduction of symmetric, fully-substituted titanocene dichlorides bearing two pendant ω-alkenyl groups, [TiCl2(η5-C5Me4R)2], RCH(Me)CH=CH2 (1 a), (CH2)2CH=CH2 (1 b) and (CH2)3CH=CH2 (1 c), by magnesium in tetrahydrofuran affords bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanacyclopentanes [TiIV{η1:η1:tlsb&endash;3%>η5:η5-C5Me4CH(Me)CH(Ti)CH2CH(CH2(Ti))CH(Me)C5Me4}] (2 a), [TiIV{η1:η1:η5:η5-C5Me4(CH2)2CH(Ti)(CH2)2CH(Ti)(CH2)2C5Me4}] (2 b) and [TiIV{η1:η1:η5:η5-C5Me4(CH2)2CH(Ti)CH(Me)CH(Me)CH(Ti)(CH2)2C5Me4}] (2 c), respectively, as the products of oxidative coupling of the double bonds across a titanocene intermediate. For the case of complex 1 c, a product of a double bond isomerisation is obtained owing to a preferred formation of five-membered titanacycles. The reaction of the titanacyclopentanes with PbCl2 recovers starting materials 1 a from 2 a and 1 b from 2 b, but complex 2 c affords, under the same conditions, an isomer of 1 c with a shifted carbon-carbon double bond, [TiCl2{η5-C5Me4(CH2CH2CH=CHMe)}2] (1 c′). The titanacycles 2 a-c can be opened by HCl to give ansa-titanocene dichlorides ansa-[{η5:η5-C5Me4CH(Me)CH2CH2CH(Me)CH(Me)C5Me4}TiCl2] (3 a), ansa-[{η5:η5-C5Me4(CH2)8C5Me4}TiCl2] (3 b), along with a minor product ansa-[{η5:η5-C5Me4CH2CH=CH(CH2)5C5Me4}TiCl2] (3 b′), and ansa-[{η5:η5-C5Me4(CH2)3CH(Me)CH(Me)CH=CHCH2C5Me4}TiCl2] (3 c), respectively, with the bridging aliphatic chain consisting of five (3 a) and eight (3 b, 3 b′ and 3 c) carbon atoms. The course of the acidolysis changes with the nature of the pendant group; while the cyclopentadienyl ring-linking carbon chains in 3 a and 3 b are fully saturated, compounds 3 c and 3 b′ contain one asymetrically placed carbon-carbon double bond, which evidently arises from the β-hydrogen elimination that follows the HCl addition.


The aseismatic abilities and failure state of various type of miniature hollow brick and concrete construction under alternate level load were discussed and the effects of number and place of core column were analysed.Analytical results showed that these types of constructional building have more aseismatic ability after taken some constructional design.


In this digital era, we encounter automated decisions made about or on behalf of us by the so called Algorithmic Decision-Making (ADM) systems. While ADM systems can provide promising business opportunities, their implementation poses numerous challenges. Algorithmic bias that can enter these systems may result in systematical discrimination and unfair decisions by favoring certain individuals over others. Several approaches have been proposed to correct erroneous decision-making in the form of algorithmic bias. However, proposed remedies have mostly dealt with identifying algorithmic bias after the unfair decision has been made rather than preventing it. In this study, we use Delphi method to propose an ADM systems development process and identify sources of algorithmic bias at each step of this process together with remedies. Our outputs can pave the way to achieve ethics-by-design for fair and trustworthy ADM systems.


Abstract 617 Background: The VDD treatment regimen has been shown to be highly effective as initial therapy for multiple myeloma. Given the established synergy between bortezomib and alkylating agents, incorporating an alkylator to VDD may increase the depth of response and may improve long term outcome. We report the results from a Phase I trial combining VDD with escalating doses of cyclophosphamide ( CVDD) in patients (Pts) with newly diagnosed myeloma. Methods: Pts received Bz 1.0–1.3 mg/m 2 on days 1, 4, 8, 11, DOX 30mg/m2 on day 4, Dex 20 mg on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12 and Cy 250-750 mg/m2 on day 1, for up to eight 21-day cycles, at four planned dose levels (Cy/Bz: 250/1.0, 500/1.0, 750/1.0, 750/1.3). Dose-escalation proceeded (three-pt cohorts) depending on dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) grade 3 non-hematologic toxicity; thrombocytopenia with platelets 3 on >1 occasion despite transfusion support; Grade 4 neutropenia for >5 days and/or resulting in neutropenic fever; inability to receive cycle 2/day 1 dose due to drug-related toxicity). Pts with Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy (PNY) were excluded. Responses were assessed by International Working Group criteria. Pts with at least partial response ( PR) and standard risk cytogenetics could proceed to autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) after 6 cycles. Responsive pts with high risk cytogenetics defined as the presence of one of the following at diagnosis; deletion of chromosome 13 by cytogenetics, hypodiploidy, or t (4;14), t(14;16) or deletion of 17 p by FISH, completed 8 cycles of therapy. Results: 26 pts have been enrolled to date: 12 in phase l, and 14 additional pts at the maximum planned dose (MPD). Median age 60 yrs, 62% men, 50% IgG MM, 81% with ISS stage II/III. Pts have received a median of 6 cycles; 17 have completed all 6-8 cycles, 1 has discontinued therapy. No DLTs were observed in the phase I portion of study. Dose reductions in cycle 2 and beyond have occurred in 31% of patients. Toxicities to date have been manageable, including all Grade 3/4 hematological toxicities (4-35%), Grade 3 hand foot syndrome( 15%), Grade 3 pneumonia (8%), Grade 3 UTI (8%), and Grade 3/4 metabolic (19%). There were no grade 3/4 PNY. There was 1 treatment-related mortality secondary to infection. The overall response rate in patients that have completed at least 4 cycles of therapy (ORR; ≥PR) is 90%, including 57% ≥VGPR, and 24% CR. ORR and VGPR rates were similar in patients with standard or high risk cytogenetics. Nine patients have proceeded to transplant and all have had successful stem cell mobilization with G-CSF alone. Conclusions: CVDD produces high quality responses and is well tolerated in newly diagnosed MM pts, regardless of their cytogenetic status or ISS stage. MPD has been reached at CY 750 mg/m2, Bz 1.3 mg/m 2 , DOX 30 mg/m2, and Dex 20 mg, with phase II enrollment ongoing. Stem cell mobilization has been successful in all pts, with transplant course in pts otherwise unremarkable. Updated efficacy will be presented at the meeting. Disclosures: Alsina: Millenium: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Ortho Biotech: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.


(57) Abstract: Effective surfactants and health composition of the skin to provide a health and simultaneously durability and wettability of the skin to the substrate, the first surfactant in combination with aloe vera It contains. The first surfactant is ethoxylated hydrogenated fatty oils, monosaccharides, monosaccharide derivatives, polysaccharides, polysaccharide derivatives include those compounds selected from the formulation. It is also possible to add other elements. To respect the wearer to provide a health wettability improved with the maintenance of the skin, the composition may be applied to substrates such as nonwoven webs as an aqueous emulsion.


Recently transposition became the issue of many research papers for being a complicated and sophisticated language phenomenon, and its definition has been broadened. The issue of transposition and the degrees of verb transitivity are the most controversial and difficult ones both in Hungarian and Russian linguistics. This issue may be investigated on different language levels: lexical, syntactic, morphological and on the level of word formation. Taking into account the mobility of parts of speech boundaries in the compared languages we attempt to find the cause of words transitioning from one lexico-grammatical class into another, investigate transposition as a natural phenomenon both for the Hungarian and Russian languages, differentiate transition in parts of the speech system from other language phenomena, solve some contentious issues regarding parts of speech, for example 'noun-adjective' relations, and others. Despite having extensive literature concerning nominalization in Russian linguistics and some works in Hungarian linguistics, some aspects are not comprehensively covered in them. For example, different types of transitions from other parts of speech into nouns, thorough semantic and thematic categorization of substantivized words, characteristics of their functioning in texts of different functional styles, principles of creating lexicography, etc. In this article we compare the process of substantivation amidst the system of parts of speech in languages of such different structure as Hungarian and Russian. Comprehensive and comparative study of the process of transition of other parts of speech into nouns allows us to conduct a deeper investigation of each of these languages' structure and also to reveal typological similarities and differences between them. These languages have not been explored this way so it provides scientific novelty to the research. For the first time we define the main conditions of a systematic process of transposition in Hungarian and Russian and reveal both specific and universal opportunities for transition in the compared languages. We use comparative analysis for researching semantic models of substantivized words, distinguish different types of transitions into nouns and describe structural and stylistic features. Thus, the topic of the research is the grammatical, semantic, structural and stylistic features of substantivized words in Hungarian and Russian. The objective of the study is to discover linguistic nature of substantivation of adjectives, verbs and verbal formations, numerals and pronouns, to find out specific and universal features caused by typological differences of the researched languages. To achieve this goal we need to solve the following problems: determining the place of substantivation in the system of word formation in Hungarian and Russian, discovering how much substantivation and conversion being productive ways of word formation are identical in Russian and Hungarian, distinguishing semantic models of substantivized words and compare them, comparing models of usual and occasional substantivation and determine its productivity, studying their structure which means showing peculiarities of substantivized words' grammatical structure in Hungarian and Russian, discovering similarities and differences between them and finding adequate models. The research is based on data of dictionaries of Russian and Hungarian languages, examples of fictional texts, live speech and not the least on the idioms. Theoretical importance lies in the following: 1) the research develops the theory of transitivity as we study transposition in two languages of different structures using comparative analysis of substantivized words and taking into account grammatical, semantic and functional aspects; 2) using the materials of two languages of different structures we discover the main conditions of systematic transposition and distinguish its universal and specific features; 3) for the first time the problem of transposition is studied on the basis of Russian and Hungarian from a theoretical point of view (on the example of transition of other parts of speech into nouns); 4) we develop the methodology of a comprehensive approach to study substantivation in Hungarian and Russian which can be used when describing this phenomenon in other languages of different structures.


With the speedy science and technology development, it has provided us great convenience in language learning. More and more Chinese students study Indonesian language as a second language under the " One Belt, One Road " initiative, but the lack of Indonesian teachers and the students mainly based on textbooks and other printing products create difficulties in learning Indonesian language. The students also always meet the problem in less vocabulary, week grammar and lack of materials in developing Indonesian reading skills. So it not only can breaks through the limitations of time and space, but also provides great help for vocabulary and grammar in improving students' reading ability in Indonesian learning by mobile learning (m-learning). This article will use qualitative research and field investigation research to learn about based on the concepts of Wechat and mobile learning, discuss the factors affecting Indonesian reading ability, the feasibility of using Wechat to improve Indonesian's reading ability, and find out strategies to improve the reading ability in Indoneisan language laearning in the model of self-learning or a combination of language input and output on Wechat. Keywords—mobile learning, Indonesian reading ability, L2, application of mobile technology


In one embodiment, the memory device (100) has a first memory area (110) and a second memory area (120). The first memory area (110) is characterized to secure data (111). In the first memory area (110) can not be accessed by an external device (200). The second memory area (120) is configured to record encrypted secure data (121). In the second storage area (120) can be accessed by the external device (200), and the encrypted secure data (121) being an encrypted version of the secure data (111) in the first memory area (110).


Explaining by simple analogy is the style of Confucian life wisdom. In Wang Yangming's ideology, metaphor of "seed" can always be seen in the preaching of intuitive knowledge. The metaphor shows correctly not only the spontaneity and nature of intuitive knowledge but also the sequence of the realization. Furthermore, it shows its intimacy and simplicity.


Broadcasting and TV are serving as a main instrument of absorbing knowledge and building capacity for many farmers.Its comprehensive quality education functions as a key basis for fully playing the role of mass media.Meanwhile,the fact that farmers are actively seeking wealth-making path is also providing a subjective condition for implementing this task.In developing such a kind of education,one can utilize fallow terms to conduct some intensive literacy trainings,and create some "curriculum of broadcasting and TV cultivation" in primary and secondary schools.One can also try to develop a system of diploma package,which enforces a combination of general diploma or certification with the special diploma of "broadcasting and TV cultivation".One can utilize modern mass media to integrate the education of broadcasting and TV comprehensive quality into some media programs.


The present invention relates to a calcineurin Fort Lee all or calcineurin Fort Lee method for manufacturing the all-one intermediates useful, intermediates for the synthesis of the art monohydrate, and a method for selectively reducing the intermediate art. Calcineurin Fort Lee ol, calcineurin Fort Lee ol monohydrate, intermediate, stereoselective, C-24 hydroxyl epimers


The role of public debt in our economy shall be transformed from the traditional revenued function to the macro-control one, and the law of public debt is one of the special macro-control law, which can not be simply thought as the department of fiscal law. There are some defects in our legislation for public debt, such as the short of the basic law, focus on market supervision and neglect of macro-control, weak harmony between the different economic policies, and so on. To perfect our macro-control institutions of public debt, we should be approaching the goal of legalization, harmonization and operation, and develop the legal system framework of subject, conduct and guarantee.


This paper, based on the four presumptions of absolute competition in economics, discusses the nonabsolute competition of international dry bulk market from which it has not conformed to the four presumptions. [


This e The original application for the circuit in Figure 1 was to check the number of revolutions of an engine with only one LED as an indicator. The measurement of the number of revolutions usually involves sensors with a frequency output proportional to the number of revolutions. The circuit compares the frequency output of such a sensor with a lower and upper limit and gives a visual result, using one LED. If the frequency is below the lower limit, the LED remains unlit. If the frequency is between the limits, the LED blinks at a constant rate, and if the speed is higher than the upper limit, the LED stays permanently lit.Although a microcontroller can do this job, it is sometimes better to use an analog circuit—for example, if the frequency you want to check is too high for a simple controller. The circuit in Figure 1 uses one standard, inexpensive IC, and you need not write any software. It is also less costly than a comparable microcontroller-based circuit. The main part is IC 1 , a 74HC4046 PLL chip. With a 12V supply, you can also use the CD4046 without an additional voltage regulator. The chip contains an oscillator, a phase comparator, and one amplifier for the input signal. The input signal connects to the input of the phase comparator with its integrated ac amplifier. The circuit compares this amplified signal with the VCO frequency. This frequency is adjustable, using C 1 , R 1 , and the voltage on Pin 9. If the frequency of the input signal is lower than that of the VCO, the output of the phase comparator (Pin 13) is low. In this case, Q 2 is off, Q 1 is on, and the LED is off, indicating "low frequency." Resistors R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 determine the voltage on Pin 9 and the lower frequency limit switching point. If the frequency of the input signal increases and reaches the value of the VCO's frequency, the phase comparator's output switches high. This high-level output turns Q 2 on and Q 1 off. With Q 1 off, the voltage of the VCO increases to a second higher value determined by R 2 and R 3 , and the VCO generates the frequency for the high-limit switching point. If the frequency of the input signal is between these two limits, the phase comparator generates a rectangular waveform. The feedback capacitor, C 2 determines the frequency of this waveform. With a value of 2.2 mF for C 2 , you can achieve a frequency of approximately 1 Hz. This frequency is the blinking rate for the LED. If the frequency of the input signal increases to a point higher than the upper VCO frequency value, the phase comparator output stays high, and the LED turns on permanently. With the values shown in Figure 1, the lower and upper frequency limits are 3.81 and 7.35 kHz, respectively. VCOUT


Esmail and Robert's paper touches on important issues with respect to training and assessment, and it provides a window on potential pitfalls in both.1 But caution is needed. When undertaken in the UK, the membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners (MRCGP) exam is, as the authors acknowledge, "designed to …


The purpose of this workshop was to train a 14-member Lagos State Training Team: 4 as community health education trainers and 10 as clinical skills trainers in family planning/oral rehydration therapy service provision. 2 curricula were developed for the separate programs. The major findings conclusions and recommendations of the workshop included: 1) a supportive responsive administrative structure contributed to the successful conduct of the workshop 2) an integrated training team (combining local and external trainers) is an excellent training model worthy of replication 3) state training team members role changes which occurred within a 2 month time frame did not allow the members the opportunity to: a) independently practice at each role change level and b) fully internalize new knowledge skills and role behavior 4) continuity and training quality assurance within the clinical skills training team membership needs to be addressed with the designation of a team leader and the ultimate designation of a permanent clinical skills training team 5) a minimum of 4 weeks training time is essential for a quality training session when a core family planning/oral rehydration therapy curricula is expected as a training product 6) family planning/oral rehydration clinical practice standards are needed in Lagos State and 7) a 3-year project management plan focusing on a phased approach to coordinating family planning/oral rehydration therapy training activities and service delivery integration and expansion is needed in Lagos State.


In this study, we tested and analyzed the potential effectiveness of skilled nursing-facility (SNF) communication via a connected health app. We did this in efforts to discover an innovative approach to improve the communication systems of SNFs. We designed a 12-question questionnaire that would be utilized in phone surveys with 30 randomly selected participants above the age of 21. The data gathered was then analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the addition of a mobile application into a nursing home.


We define here indirectly named entities, as a term to denote multiword expressions referring to known named entities by means of periphrasis.  While named entity recognition is a classical task in natural language processing, little attention has been paid to indirectly named entities and their treatment. In this paper, we try to address this gap, describing issues related to the detection and understanding of indirectly named entities in texts. We introduce a proof of concept for retrieving both lexicalised and non-lexicalised indirectly named entities in French texts. We also show example cases where this proof of concept is applied, and discuss future perspectives. We have initiated the creation of a first lexicon of 712 indirectly named entity entries that is available for future research.


The invention improves the affinity, if the encounter with the other material, and a challenge to provide an electronic apparatus or a suitably, the novel CNT material that can be used in electronic elements. The present invention is irradiated with ultraviolet with respect to the carbon nanotube-based material, and also capable of modifying the surface of the carbon nanotube-based material by the combination of the ultraviolet ray supplying a silicon compound in order to achieve the above object, a carbon nano to modify the surface of the tube-based material. Surface modified carbon nanotube-based material, a silicon-containing group, a silicon-containing compound, electromagnetic components, electronic devices


The radiative index of dryness (or aridity index) is a non-dimensional measure of the long-term balance between rainfall and net radiation. Quantifying aridity requires spatially distributed information on net radiation and rainfall. The variability in net radiation in complex terrain can be modelled at high spatial resolution by combining point data with equations that incorporate the effects of elevation, surface geometry and atmospheric attenuation of incoming radiation. At large spatial scales and over long time periods, however, the combination of seasonality, year to year variations and spatial variability in climate result in complex spatial-temporal patterns of incoming radiation, which are more effectively captured in satellite-based measurements. This study uses a high resolution model of shortwave radiation as a tool for downscaling satellite-derived data on incoming radiation. The aim was to incorporate topographic effects on net radiation in complex terrain while retaining information on regional and seasonal trends captured in satellite data. The method relies on satellite-based measures of incoming radiation from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) to provide the spatial coverage and long-term data that represent the average incoming radiation across the state of Victoria in southeast Australia. These long-term data were coupled with a topographic downscaling algorithm to produce estimates of net radiation and aridity at the resolution of a 20 m digital elevation model. Results show that annual precipitation (and cloud fraction) gradients drive the variability in aridity at large scales (10–100 km) while topography (e.g. slope aspect and slope angle) are the main drivers at small scales (e.g. 1 km). The aridity index varied between 0.24 and 10.95 across the state of Victoria. The effect of aridity on vegetation was apparent at local scales through systematic variations in tree-height along rainfall gradients and across aspects with different levels of exposure to solar radiation.


The Online Banking Service is used extensively across the globe. Implementing security features for those networks are very critical as the communication is done via an insecure channel i.e. Internet. So there are more requirements to secure the data transmitted over different networks using different services. Different encryption methods are used to provide the security to the network and data. Encryption is the process of changing plain readable text into unreadable cipher text. Cryptographic algorithms play a vital role in the field of network security. There are two basic types of cryptosystems such as symmetric cryptosystems and asymmetric cryptosystems. Symmetric cryptosystems are characterized by the fact that the same key is used in encryption and decryption transformations. Asymmetric cryptosystems use complementary pairs of keys for encryption and decryption transformations. One key, the private key is kept secret like the secret key in a symmetric cryptosystem. The other key, the public key, does not need to be kept secret [1]. This paper focuses on designing an encryption algorithm to secure the online transactions. As many users are a continually growing financial service of electronic commerce, Internet banking requires the development & implementation of a sound security algorithm.


The PEP-II Project, a collaboration of SLAC, LBL, and LLNL, began construction in January 1994. Since the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) was issued in June 1993, considerable progress has been made at refining and optimizing the Low-Energy Ring. Lattice design has progressed considerably, with solutions obtained for the chromatic correction of the IR and new, more relaxed, parameters for the required wigglers. Based on the latter change, the number of RF stations was reduced from 5 to 4. A new concept for the are vacuum system has been adopted, based on an antechamber configuration with discrete photon stops pumped by titanium sublimation pumps. Designs for the are dipoles and quadrupoles have been developed in collaboration with IHEP (Beijing) and these magnets are now being fabricated there. A new configuration for the high-power wiggler photon dumps has been developed and is in the detailed design phase.


Collaborative teleoperation is a new concept to deal with highly complex tasks. It is being made possible by the quick advance in the technologies of Internet, shared virtual environments and robotics. Due to the heterogeneity of the Internet, operators participating in the collaboration from geographically distributed locations might receive feedback from the working site with different time delays, leading to various views of the scene. This asynchronization will make the collaboration difficult and compromise system efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism to achieve both inter-client and intra-client synchronization in collaborative teleoperation systems. Our approach uses an initial synchronization procedure, buffer management and feedback messages to synchronize data streams sent to geographically distributed operators. The delay bounds of the network do not necessarily need to be known and we use the time stamp in the initial and feedback messages for this purpose.


It gave an analysis on the causes and significances of the upsurge in exhibition of modern books′artistic designs,and introduced some main designing modes.Then it explained the metaphorical meanings of some images in order to discuss three states of modern books′exhibition designs.It concluded the feasibility and value when using artistic designs to display modern books.Meanwhile,common problems existing in modern books'exhibition designs are pointed out and corrected,including some principles,which are mentioned and deserve more attention.


We proposed a multi-wavelength light source which contains four light sources and one common wavelength locker to improve relative frequency precision. The result of relative frequency precision was improved compared to the Micro ITLA's relative frequency precision. From these results, the advantage of multi-wavelength light source was demonstrated.


Abstract Oxidative stress and the fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of IgA nephropathy. In the present study, we used α-tocopherol as a dietary supplement to test the hypothesis that the proteinuria, oxidative stress, and TGFβ mRNA can be more effectively lowered with higher doses of α-tocopherol. Hematuria, proteinuria, and mesangial IgA deposition are parameters which characterize IgA nephropathy. IgA nephropathy was induced by bovine gamma globulin oral immunization in rats during an 8-week course, and all hallmarks of IgA nephropathy were produced in this 8-week animal model. The elevation in renal malondialdehyde content and TGFβ1 mRNA, as well as the severity of proteinuria, was blunted by α-tocopherol. Our data suggested that conventional dosage of α-tocopherol at 100 IU/kg chow lowered kidney TGFβ1 to control values and increasing the dose by 2 1 2 -fold or even 5-fold resulted in no further reduction in TGFβ1 mRNA. Significant reduction of proteinuria was achieved better with a dose of 250 IU/kg chow of α-tocopherol supplementation than with the 100 IU/kg chow. We conclude that α-tocopherol at this dose is efficacious in controlling proteinuria, downregulating TGFβ1, and reducing oxidative stress in experimental IgA nephropathy. Doubling this dose achieved no further benefits.


Nowadays, healthcare on Big data are a major research area in Computer Science field. This paper presents a mysterious analysis of pharmacovigilance from reviewers using NLP cloud environment. The historical and comparative methods upon doctors' prescription data and analysis are performed in the NLP (Natural Language Processing) cloud. For improving analysis of pharmacovigilance in medical research our system of approach not only explains the healthcare monitoring system but also scalable psychoanalysis of medical data. The system of approach explored by the variation of offline and online feedbacks of patients and it reveals through sentimental analysis in the NLP cloud system. Pharmacovigilance in NLP cloud analysis process identified the emotional analysis of the patient medicine intake data. The existing conventional methods of pharmacovigilance are taken upon clinical trials and small groups of tests data. The comparison result helps to find quicker analysis of medicine intake of the patients and protect from adverse drug event. Our approach will gain with the effort by the pharmacovigilance in cloud for patients. This innovation furnishes patients and specialists with openness to data that can enhance healthcare by investigating the primary as well as secondary data. A novelty approach which will make better service for tablets and pharma products in the medical field and as well as avoids overdosage and adverse effect event.


The theory of resonant coherent excitation of relativistic hydrogen-like heavy ions under planar channelling in a crystal is developed, which takes into account the fine structure of electronic energy levels of an ion, the Stark effect due to continuous planar potential, and ionization both from ground and excited states during ion penetration through a crystal. The theory is applied to explain the experimental data on resonant coherent excitation of 390 MeV/u Ar17+ ions under (2 2 0) Si planar channelling, and reasonably good agreement of calculations and experimental data is achieved.


In the present study, the toxicity potential of ammonium chloride and urea-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) was studied. A homogeneous DES solution was obtained by heating at 60°C for 20 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was used to verify the synthesis. The toxicity profiling of ammonium-based DES was performed using in vitro cell lines (fibroblast growth factor) and microbes (fungi, Gram positive and gram negative bacteria) and in vivo model organism (fish). DES was found to the had maximum zone of inhibition against tested bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal strains (Candida albicans). Ammonium chloride-urea DES had higher LC50 against Cyprinus carpio. DES was found to have a higher percentage of cell viability at higher concentration along with DPPH scavenging activity of 92%. In conclusion, ammonium chloride-urea based DES had been successfully formed and found less harmful at higher concentrations, thus can be used as promising solvents in the future.


This chapter explores the process of growing up through the domain of work in an Indonesian provincial town. It focuses on university-educated youth in the provincial city of Pontianak. The chapter begins by asking how non-Chinese youth justify their PNS aspirations, and aims to understand how limited chances, unfair competition and ethnic prejudice shape their dreams and anxieties in their quest for upward mobility. It finds that family is particularly important to them. Work aspirations are less about identity construction than about securing a livelihood that enables young people to fulfill family obligations. To help solve the three puzzles, the chapter describes how Pontianak's labour market has historically been shaped by ethnic relations. It highlights the experience of educated young people's transition to work in a provincial town in a developing country. Work aspirations in the process of education-to-work transitions are framed by structural opportunities rather than by individual choice. Keywords: education-to-work transitions; ethnic relations; Indonesian provincial town; PNS aspirations; Pontianak; Pontianak's labour market; university-educated youth


The article points out that Producing of May 4th modern literature can look for its related origin in the course of development of Chinese literary folks.Basing on the demand of to resist the traditional culture and to create the contemporary literature,the May 4th radical scholar is just a folks culture and its value thoughtful of with affirmative.It is an importance exercising constitute part of May 4th new culture sport which the folk song's sport to whole nation was collected in Peking University from 1918.This is a great trial to head the appreciate beauty space of the folks culture in the most first floor.With the modern democracy consciousness and the science means,which promoted the present new looking of modern literature feature and promoted the modern poetry's literature position.


AIM: Elucidation of RPA classes depends on the various combinations of PFs of HGG. Medical students frequently find it difficult to derive precise RPA classes due to presence of multitude of PFs and their distinct combination. We tried to develop a teaching tool to elucidate RPA classes based on PFs at bed-side. BACKGROUND: Recursive Partitioning Analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors (PF) in high-grade gliomas are useful in predicting survival probabilities. There are six RPA classes that are based on the presence of certain combination of PFs. Histology, age, karnofsky performance status (KPS), extent of surgery, neurological deficits and the mental status are the various PFs. Combination of the spectrum of the PFs yield exact RPA class. However, medical students find it difficult to remember / memorize these prognostic factors and RPA classes. So we decided to devise a bedside tool to derive RPA classes by combination of prevailing PFs of HGG. METHOD: We have cut the card-board circularly with progressively increasing diameters. Each concentric panel so created had a single spectrum of PFs. Some RPA classes do not depend on all the five PFs. To match these PFs to precise RPA classes, blank panel on the fourth and fifth circular card board were colored and that could be matched. We also cut a window ranging from two to six in the paracentral region at a particular distance from center on all the cards, so that they overlapped to display the exact RPA classes. RESULTS: Concentric panel with paracentral windows on the progressively increasing diameter of circular card can exactly determine the RPA classes of HGG based on the combination of existing PFs. CONCLUSIONS: Our devised concentric panel can determine the precise RPA classes after combining the PFs and can be helpful teaching tool and is first of its kind.


The gamma -ray-induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid on synthetic fibers, such as nylon, acrylic, polyester and polyethylene fibers, by a pre-irradiation technique in air was studied. The rate of grafting was generally affected by the total dosage up to 10/sup 7/ r, while that on acrylic fiber was not so large when the total dosage increased to any high value. As the grafting temperature increased, the rate of grafting also became higher. It was very small, however, below 70 deg C. Under the same experimental condition, the order of easiness of grafting was as follows nylon, acrylic, polyethylene, and polyester fibers. (JAIF)


In order to facilitate the popularization of the alternative energy complex application system, this study made an attempt to associate the BIPV system with geothermal pump for residential heating system. It inquired into the basic data related to the technology and the examples of application both domestic and international. The inquiry into the examples of BIPV and complex application systems in Korea and foreign countries showed that various efforts. Also the influence of an azimuth, inclination angle and the temperature to the system efficiency when amounting the PV module onto the building had been analyzed through a computer simulation. It is expected that the application of PV and application system will contribute to the global environmental protection by saving fossil energy and decreasing CO₂ exhaust.


Aerogels have many unique properties such as low density and low thermal conductivity, and, in particular, transparent silica aerogels are attractive for thermal insulating windows. Practical appli...


The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has 44,000 miles of roads under its jurisdiction, of which the majority have pavements with limited structural capacity. The state has the authority to restrict axle loads on its roads if it believes that those axle loads would result in excessive damage to the pavement structure. The purpose of this research was to develop rational guidelines for the posting of load limits. To evaluate the effect of axle loads under a variety of conditions, a theoretical analysis was conducted that considered various load magnitudes and configurations for different pavement thicknesses and material properties. It was found that axle configuration (i.e., single, tandem, and triple axle assemblies) did not significantly affect pavement response, provided that the load per tire remained the same. Following the analysis of axle loads, a performance model was developed that uses deflection measurements from either the Road Rater or the Falling Weight Deflectometer to predict pavement performance for a given level of traffic. A microcomputer program was written that incorporates the new procedure and includes a default traffic stream that is typical of low-volume rural roads. The program generates information concerning predicted years to failure for different load limits. This enables the user to quantitatively consider the effects of axle load limits on pavement deterioration. In addition to the microcomputer program, a simple figure was developed to allow engineers to estimate the effects of imposing different load limits in the absence of deflection measurements.


People's war - conceptual Odyssey defence development - the mid-tech path to modernization the nuclear guerilla the kingdom in the middle - armed conflict threats to China - the Soviet Union, Vietnam, Taiwan, India, Northeast Asia (Korea and Japan).


The photoinhibition of passivity breakdown (PIPB) on iron in buffered chloride-containing solution ([Cl{sup {minus}}] = 0.01 M) has been explored using monochromatic light ({lambda} = 325 nm, hv = 3.815 eV) over a wide range of power densities (0--1680 mW/cm{sup 2}). Studies have confirmed the observation of Schmuki and Boehni that irradiation of iron with high-intensity, super-bandgap light prior to the introduction of chloride and prior to inducing breakdown by sweeping the potential in the positive direction, renders the metal unsusceptible to the nucleation of pits on the surface. Furthermore, the authors have confirmed the persistence of the effect after cessation of irradiation. However, they find that the extent of PIPB is a strong function of the light power density (i.e., intensity) for power densities less than 600 mW/cm{sup 2}. At higher power densities, after irradiation for more than 20 min, iron is rendered immune to pitting attack. Part of the enhanced resistance can be attributed to aging of the passive film, as characterized under dark conditions, but photoinhibition becomes increasingly important for passivation times (under irradiation) greater than 30 min. Finally, they explore the relative merits of the two mechanisms that have been previously advanced for PIPB (i.e., photoquenchingmore » of the electric field/modification of the vacancy structure and modification of the electronic structure via increases in the bulk doping and surface state density), and they conclude that PIPB is consistent with the point defect model for passivity breakdown.« less


Over the past few years, with the increasing power demanding for critical applications from portable devices to electric vehicles, more and more emphasis are focused on achieving high energy and po ...


THIS ARTICLE continues the semiannual series1 originally edited by Constance M. Winchell. Although it appears under a byline, the list is actually a project of the Reference Department of the Columbia University Libraries, and notes are signed with the initials of the individual staff members. Since the purpose of the list is to present a selection of recent scholarly and foreign works of interest to reference workers in university libraries, it does not pretend to be either well balanced or comprehensive. Code numbers (such as AA 71, 1EA29) have been used to refer to titles in the Guide to Reference Books3 and its Supplement.


The increasing complexity of the modern control systems has emphasized the idea of applying new approaches in order to solve design problems for different control engineering applications. Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) control schemes have been widely used in most of process control systems represented by chemical process for a long time. However, it is still a very key problem on how to determine or to tune the PID parameters, because these parameters have a great manipulate on the stability and the performance of the control system. In this paper, we discusses in detail about the Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) is an optimization method that belong to the swarm intelligence unit and its implementation in PID tuning for a controller of a Temperature Process. Compared to other conventional PID tuning methods like PID-ZN II, IMC-PID the result shows that improved performance are achieved with the proposed one. The ability of the PSO designed controller in terms of servo operation is also compared with conventional techniques and the results are simulated by using MATLAB.


Abstract Nano bentonite is a new kind of soil modification material, which can effectively improve the physical and mechanical properties of clay. The development of new soil modification technology has been a research hotspot in geological engineering, geotechnical engineering and road engineering. The purpose of this study is to test and analyze the strength and consolidation characteristics of clay modified by nano bentonite, and to explore the new clay materials applied in modern geological engineering. In this study, an installation test was carried out on the preparation of nano bentonite, and the compressive condition of the bentonite was observed. After that, the viscosity strength of nano bentonite was compared with that of undisturbed soil by the control variable method, and the nano bentonite was divided into experimental group and control group. The viscosity strength and consolidation characteristics of nano bentonite were observed and analyzed by changing temperature, nano bentonite content, pressure and pore ratio. The results show that the consolidation coefficient of the sample without adding nano bentonite is 8.7 × 10–3 cm2/s, which is 6.6 × 10–3 cm2/s lower than that of 2% nano bentonite. It shows that the consolidation coefficient decreases with the increase of consolidation pressure and the decrease of void ratio. The nano bentonite modified clay is also more stable in road or building construction. The method of this study has brought a certain value for the research of nano materials in soil materials.


The modern society is a highly competitive society of quality talents.In this intense competition,the final victory is bound to be attributed to professionals of good quality,active thinking,physical and mental health,but not the weak with only knowledge and bad health.PE in colleges and universities as an important part of the final stage in a whole school physical education should give full play to the function of physical education,cultivate students "lifetime sports" for the modern society with high-quality talents.?However,the status of physical education is not optimistic,and there are still some problems on which the universities should suit the remedy to ensure the effectiveness of PE.


The application of diamond array pattern on saw blade was introduced,and the technology of realizing diamond array pattern on saw blade was described.Two kinds of conventional saw blades and one saw blade with diamond array pattern were used in the test to cut reinforced concrete.The experimental results indicated that under the same conditions(the same matrix,diamond grade and concentration),the cutting speed of diamond array patterned saw blade is increased by 23.6%,and its working life is prolonged by 31.5%.In addition,the cutting speed of diamond array patterned saw blade is prolonged by 18.8%,and the life is prolonged by 21.9%,compared with the conventional saw blade,of which the matrix is the same but the diamond concentration is 5% higher.Even with reduced diamond concentration,diamond array patterned saw blade can still improve the efficiency and life.This shows the superiority of saw blade with diamond array pattern.


Chamim Thohari Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Abstract The research inspected difference of opinions between majority of the moslem scholars and the contemporary of moslem reformers about law of using jilbab in Islam. One of the moslem scholar that chooses a certain opinion that using jilbab not be obligatory for the muslimah, is Quraish Shihab. With content analysis method, this research analyzes several of Quraish Shihab's opuses (books) and opinions in Tafsir al-Misbah that is based on reference for this research. Based on discovery of this study, researcher concludes that opinions of Quraish Shihab is influenced by feminism movement that had demanded freedom for women, than finally it influenced also to the opinions of the contemporary moslem scholars in Egypt and Tunisia, so they did not make compulsory in using jilbab.


Objective To evaluate high risk factor and perinatal outcome of pregnancies with placenta pre- via.Methods From 1999 to 2004,retrospective case-control study was carried out in included a total of 78 singlet pregnancies with placenta previa and 156 non-placenta previa singlet pregnancies as controls.Results The inci- dence of placenta previa was 0.94%.Factors significantly associated with development of placenta previa were ad- vanced maternal age(≥35 years,OR=8.76,P<0.001),gravidity of 3 and more(OR=5.80,P<0.001), more than one previous delivery(OR=6.87,P<0.001),abortions(≥3,0R=7.06,P<0.001),history of previous cesarean seetion(P<0.01).The main perinatal complication was preterm birth(47.44% vs 7.05%,P<0.01),preterm infants of mothers with placenta previa were more likely to have lower first minute Apgar scores (7.08±2.08 vs 9.09±0.82,P<0.01).Infants of mothers with placenta previa had significantly lower birth weight than their controls(P<0.01 ).No difference was found between the groups concerning about sex at birth. Conclusions The high risk factors of placenta previa are advanced maternal age,gravidity of 3 or more,more than one previous delivery,abortions and history of previous cesarean section.The main problems in pregnancies with placenta previa are preterm delivery and neonatal asphyxia.Careful antepartum monitoring of these high-risk preg- nancies is of utmost importance.


In December of 2015, the old qualified Prim UV-Vis instrument used in the ANC122 and NFANC122 procedures failed its monthly calibration check. Attempts to get the system to pass by cleaning flow cells, replacing the light bulb and realigning the light path failed to get sustained reproducible results from the system. As it could no longer pass QA/QC requirements the decision to take it out of service was made. To replace the system, a previously purchased Thermo Fisher Scientific UV-VIS spectrometer (model Genesys 10S; Serial #: 2L5R059137) was retrieved from storage. This report shows that the system is performing as required and meeting all QC requirements listed in ANC122 and NF-ANC122


The utility model discloses a TD-SCDMA radio frequency zooming device with high isolation degree. The radio frequency signals sent from the uplink by a cell phone are received by an antenna, the noise signals beyond the belt are filtered out of the received radio frequency signals, and the processed signals enter a frequency conversion device for frequency conversion; the signals change, through a lower frequency conversion mixer M1 changes into intermediate frequency signals ranging from 70 MHz to 210 MHz, and by amplifying a proper level amplitude, the signals not only can compensate for the wastage of long distance transmission to the base station, but also assure the proper signal power range entering the base station, so does the downlink. The radio frequency signals are radiated around and can be received by the cell phones of consumers. The device saves space, lowers the device cost and improves the networking efficiency. Furthermore, the interface linking the radio frequency signal and the antenna adopts a radio frequency cable for short distance transmission and an optical fiber for long distance transmission, promising low wastage.


The purpose of this study was to test the compatibility of theoretical and empirical structural equations on the relationship between mathematical connection skills, mathematical reasoning, and mathematical problem-solving abilities of junior high school students. This is an ex-post facto research at SMP N 1 Bengkulu City. The population of this study was 296 people, and the sample was selected through a simple random technique of 100 people. Data collection techniques through tests with three research instruments. The three instruments are a mathematical problem-solving ability test, a mathematical reasoning ability test, and a mathematical connection ability test that have been valid and reliable based on expert tests and field tests. The data was tested using the Lisrel 8.8 application program. The results of the study are the P-valued of  0.05, RMSEA ≤ 0.08; NFI ≥ 0.90, NNFI ≥ 0.90; CFI ≥ 0.90; IFI ≥ 0.90; RFI ≥ 0.90; RMR ≤ 0.05; SRMR ≤ 0.05; GFI ≥ 0.90; and 0.8≤AGFI≤0.9; then the fit test for the complete structural equation model is good fit. It means that the theoretical structural equation model is compatible with the empirical structural equation model. Thus, the overall fit test of the model shows a fit model, and it can be concluded that the empirical structural equation model is compatible with the theoretical model.


The essays in this volume argue for a theorizing of both urban policymaking and place-making that understands them as groups of territorial and relational geographies.


By discussing covering communication technology and the poor compatibility of IPSec protocol network,the paper proposed a new VPN protocol of IPSec over DNS based on IPSec tunnel and DNS tunnel,and analyzed its structure and procedure.The performance test data show that it provides a safer network security solution with the integration of these two technologies.


Angiosperm ovules and carpels have numerous characters and character states, not all of which have been utilized in phylogenetic analyses. A character analysis of these two organs is performed, including description of characters and states, and character polarization to identify the ancestral states. In addition, the distributions of these states are examined in the Magnoliidae and putatively basal orders of Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Alismatidae (sensu Cronquist 1981), and Liliiflorae (sensu Dahlgren et al. 1985). These support two hypotheses: the ancestral ovules were orthotropous, bitegmic and crassinucellar, based on current terminology; and ancestral carpels had ascidate morphology and one or two ovules. Separate structural hypotheses for the evolution of ovules and of carpels are interpreted and indicate that anatropous ovules and piicate (conduplicate) carpels are derived. Finally, these analyses suggest that since the dicots Chloranthaceae, Saururaceae, Piperaceae and Amborellaceae and the monocots


Over the past 7 yr, there has been marked improvements in crystalline silicon solar cell performance, with the highest independently confirmed cell efficiency increasing from 17.1% to 24.2%. Work directed at transferring some of these improvements to polycrystalline silicon cells is described. Applying a high-efficiency crystalline cell sequence has given efficiencies as high as 17.8% with the addition of a phosphorous pretreatment step and modifications of a rear Al alloying step and cell processing temperatures. Surface texturing is identified as an important area requiring attention to obtain the highest possible efficiency. Laser texturing has given the best results to date for polycrystalline substrates. Results are described for a laser-textured, laser-grooved cell processing sequence with the potential to produce polycrystalline cells having efficiencies well above 18%.<<ETX>>


(1) Hardy, Le Grand H., Chace, Robert H. and Wheeler, Maynard C. (New York).-Ophthalmic prisms, corrective and metric. Amer. Arch. Ophthal., Vol. XXXIIl, p. 381,,1945. (1) The measurements of prisms has in the past, been somewhat unsatisfactory, but the prism dioptre has now been adopted almost universally as the unit. Even the prism dioptre is not as simple as it sounds, however, because an unusual condition must be introduced into the system of measurement-namely, that all the refraction effect must take place at one surface; in other words, that the incident light must be normal to the surface of the prism when measurement of its displacement is made. Hardy, Chace and Wheeler have devised an instruiment for making these measurements, and, by using it on twenty assorted sets of prisms, have found that many of them have errors exceeding reasonable manufacturing standards. These are niot significant in prisms of low power, but in those of high power-such as are used. in the cover test method of estimating the deviation in Mtrabismus-the errors are of considerable importance. F. A. W-N.


The invention relates to an adjusting device of X-ray imaging equipment, comprising an X-ray supporting frame for mounting an X-ray source, a detector supporting frame for mounting a detector, a supporting beam with a sliding rail, a first driving unit and a second driving unit. The X-ray supporting frame and the detector supporting frame are arranged on the sliding rail of the supporting beam, the first driving unit drives the X-ray supporting frame to move on the sliding rail, and the second driving unit drives the detector supporting frame to move on the sliding rail. The adjusting device of the X-ray imaging equipment also comprises a control device and a rotating motion generating unit which drives the X-ray source and the detector to rotate around a rotating central shaft and is connected with the supporting beam, and the control device controls the first driving unit, the second driving unit and the rotating motion generating unit. The X-ray imaging adjusting device adjusts three distances by adopting a single detector to realize imaging scanning which integrates panorama scanning, CT (Computerized Tomography) scanning and head scanning and has simple operation and cost saving.


As Kuznets observed, the distinguishing feature of modern economic growth is the application of scientific knowledge to productive activities. 1 For Kuznets, 'modern' economic growth involved progress since the Industrial Revolution rather than from the Information Revolution. The gathering momentum of the Information Revolution has, however, led many authors to conclude that it represents a qualitative departure from the accumulative and distributive processes involved in 'science-based' economic growth and therefore a new 'epoch' or 'paradigm' for the process of economic growth. 2 Most recently, the examination of the contribution of knowledge to economic growth has focussed upon systemic features of the production and distribution of knowledge and the relation of these features to economic performance. 3 This intellectual trajectory, originating from empirical investigation and a sceptical view of received theory to which many 'heterodox' economic scholars have contributed, has also been the subject of 'revisionist' works in mainstream economic theory. 4 The co-evolution of revisionist and heterodox mainstream theory reflects a common concern with the features of information as an economic commodity and the growing importance of knowledge in productive activities. 4 Mainstream economic theory may be defined as the effort to systematise the understanding of market functions along the lines of investigation specified by Walras and Pareto at the beginning of the 20 th Century. Familiar examples of 'revisionist' contributions within the mainstream include (Krugman 1979)and (Romer 1986). A representative sample of this work including Krugman and Romer's articles is compiled in (Buchanan and Yoon 1994). 5 The current use of the English language to construct terminology like knowledge-based economies or economic growth bears the unfortunate connotation that prior economic formations were steeped in ignorance. In the present context, the proposition that knowledge is of growing importance role in economic activity is simply a reflection of two facts: 1) natural resource endowments, per se, have comparatively little explanatory value in explaining levels of economic welfare or rates of growth and 2) although capital and labour endowments have greater explanatory power, most of this power stems from making 'quality' adjustments reflecting the embodiment of improvements in knowledge in workers and equipment, and the transformation of organisations accompanying these improvements. The evidence for these propositions may be found in 3 A popular manifesto of heterodox scholars such as those in evolutionary economics or science, technology and innovation studies is that mainstream economics treats technological change as exogenous to the economic system. …


High hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease,cerebrovascular disease,peripheral vascular disease have significant correlation,which is an independent risk factor for vascular disease.Plasma homocysteine concentration can predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease,so early preventive for treatment can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease.In this paper,High hyperhomocysteinemia and its relationship with cardiovascular disease research progress are reviewed.


Albania has the potential to develop quality products given its cultural, climatic and territorial diversity. Moreover, consumers' sensitivity to the origin of agrofood products, the huge variety of products, the growing integration of farms into the market, combined with on-going improvements in the legal and institutional framework regarding Protected Designation of Origin (pdo) and Protected Geographical Indications (pgi) indicate that these quality schemes are valid options for the maintenance of the agricultural sector in Albania, especially in mountainous areas. This study is based on a structured survey including 269 face-to-face interviews which were conducted in Tirana during summer 2013. According to the study results, most consumers' choice of products is based on their origin (domestic versus imported), with a preference for domestic products. Also, within the domestic product group, there are significant differences in perceptions based on which region of Albania they were produced in - most interviewees stated that the region/ area of origin is either important or very important when choosing to buy Albanian products. There is a clear pattern of regional preferences for various food products, including most notably cheese. Based on association of typical product to specific regions, Protected Designation of Origin or Protected Geographical Indications can be promoted.


Studies in both the United Kingdom and Europe have indicated that approximately 1 per cent of the population will develop a leg ulcer during their life span ( Morison 1991 ).


A randomised placebo-controlled study found that adding hydrocortisone to standard intensive care treatment for severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) reduced the


Lung Cancer has become a global health burden in the past years due to being the second largest contributor to new cases and the high mortality rates worldwide which is around 1.8 million patients. There are two main histological groups of Lung Cancer, however non-small cell lung cancer is more prevalent and is composed of three histologic subtypes of which adenocarcinoma represents the highest prevalence. It is calculated that the incidence in male is higher than female. Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor for developing lung cancer, however, other risk factors contribute to the increasing cases. Studying the epidemiology of lung cancer is essential to establish robust surveillance system and establish policies to reduce this global concern. In this article we will review the epidemiological data, the history of the disease, and the associated risk factors.


A high-precision half-life measurement for the superallowed � þ emitter 26 Al m was performed at the TRIUMF-ISAC radioactive ion beam facility yielding T1=2 ¼ 6346:54 � 0:46stat � 0:60syst ms, consistent with, but 2.5 times more precise than, the previous world average. The 26 Al m half-life and ft value,


Fatigue cracking is an important concern when a high percentage of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used in an asphalt mixture. The aging of the asphalt binder reduces its ductility and makes the pavement more susceptible to cracking. Rejuvenators are often added to high-RAP mixtures to enhance their performance. The aging of a rejuvenated binder is different from virgin asphalt. Therefore, the effect of aging on a recycled asphalt mixture can be different from its effect on a new one. This study evaluated the cracking resistance of 100% recycled asphalt binders and mixtures and investigated the effect of aging on this performance parameter. The cracking resistance of the binder samples was tested by a Bending Beam Rheometer. An accelerated pavement weathering system was used to age the asphalt mixtures and their cracking resistance was evaluated by the Texas Overlay Test. The results from binder and mixture tests mutually indicated that rejuvenated asphalt has a significantly better cracking resistance than virgin asphalt. Rejuvenated mixtures generally aged more rapidly, and the rate of aging was different for different rejuvenators.


This paper presents a variable gain CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) with high gain and low noise figure, aiming at 5G communication. The LNA is based on a 3-stage inductively degenerated amplifier with the first stage as common-source amplifier for optimized overall noise performance, and the following two stages as cascode amplifiers for a higher gain and reverse isolation. Variable gain control with an amplification-bypass mode is implemented, facilitating the LNA/receiver to cope with the significantly different power level and thus maximizing its operation dynamic range. Two designs are implemented following the same principle, with one covering N257/258 band and the other one targeting N260 band. Both designs achieve over 23dB peak power gain with below 3dB noise figure. Variable gain control is demonstrated with more than 15dB gain tuning range over frequencies. The LNA linearity is also characterized in measurement, showing an in-band IIP3 of -9.3dBm at 24.25GHz (N257/258 LNA) and −12.9dBm at 40GHz (N260 LNA).


This paper tackles the problem of maximizing the minimum spectral efficiency (SE) via allocation of the uplink optimal transmission power in a rate splitting multiple access (RSMA)-aided user-centric (UC) cell-free (CF) massive MIMO (mMIMO) system. It is shown that the optimization problem is non-convex. The problem is then transformed into a second-order cone programming problem which is solved iteratively by leveraging the bisection method. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the RSMA technique to improve the 95%-likely SE gain by up to 332% compared to a UC CF mMIMO system with no power control.


The gas industry needs low-cost portable instruments to measure the concentration of gases in air in order to monitor combustion efficiency, detect leaks, and prevent hazardous conditions. Detection of methane has already been demonstrated using infrared emitting diodes (IREDs) as the radiation source; current research extends this technique to the detection of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Researchers have successfully grown a ternary indium-arsenic-antimony semiconductor by a steady-state liquid-phase epitaxial method to be used as a radiation source. Layer compositions measured with the electron microprobe agree well with predictions based on the calculated phase diagram. Photoluminescence measurements at -320/sup 0/F (77 K) show a shift in emission wavelength that at 80/sup 0/F (300 K) will correspond to the 4.2-micrometer absorption maximum of carbon dioxide.


In this paper, we show that the exponential integrator scheme both in spatial discretization and time discretization for a class of stochastic partial differential equations has a unique stationary distribution whenever the stepsize is sufficiently small, and reveal that the weak limit of the law for the exponential integrator scheme is in fact the counterpart for the stochastic partial differential equation considered.


The Iowa Gap Analysis Project (IA-GAP) began in 1997 to identify areas in the state where vertebrate species richness lacked adequate protection under existing land ownership and management regimes. Disciplines Biodiversity | Environmental Monitoring | Geographic Information Sciences | Natural Resources Management and Policy Comments This report is from GAP Analysis Bulletin 12 (2004). This report is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cfwru_reports/4 FINAL REPORT SUMMARIES Iowa Gap Analysis Project KEVIN L. KANE Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames Introduction The Iowa Gap Analysis Project (IA-GAP) began in 1997 to identify areas in the state where vertebrate species richness lacked adequate protection under existing land ownership and management regimes. To accomplish this goal, the IA-GAP team prepared an assortment of data sets that led to three main pieces of information: • Iowa vegetation types • Iowa vertebrate/habitat relationship models for 288 species • Iowa land stewardship (ownership and management) When the project began, there were few statewide data sets available that provided the type of data needed for this project. Consequently, much effort was devoted to building the previously mentioned key data layers at a sufficiently fine scale and resolution for subsequent analysis. At the completion of the project, these data became freely available, with the intent that they will be used by those responsible for managing the state's valuable natural resources and by the public, so that everyone can be better informed. With this in mind, we emphasize that these data are dynamic and, in some places, already out-of date. Nonetheless, the data and analyses that constitute IA-GAP represent an important first step toward understanding the status of vertebrates and land cover in Iowa and planning for the conservation of their biodiversity. Data Development Land Cover The land cover of Iowa was mapped by a two-phase, digital classification procedure, which was applied independently to 12 Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images covering the state. All TM images were from mid-April to early October between 1990 and 1994. In the first phase, classification of the satellite TM imagery was done by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau between 1997 and 1998. In this phase the land cover was separated into six cover types: cropland, grassland, trees, artificial, barren, and water, using unsupervised classification. The resolution of the satellite imagery and resulting classified image was a 30 m pixel, and all subsequent classifications were done at that same resolution. Phase two of the image analysis further differentiated certain land cover classes generated in


Purpose The current study aims at developing a conceptual framework containing original dimensions of SERVQUAL and adding two modified dimensions: patient safety and medical professionalism in healthcare service quality (HSQ) model.Design/methodology/approach An extensive review of HSQ literature pertaining to its dimensions and models with respect to content analysis and bibliometric studies of service quality in healthcare and SERVQUAL in healthcare were performed on 47 relevant studies, 4,689 and 529 documents after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Google Scholar and Scopus were the primary sources to find the relevant documents.Findings The content analysis was conducted to group HSQ dimensions into seven themes. Co-occurrence analysis of author keywords was performed in VOSviewer to find the links between service quality, SERVQUAL and proposed dimensions. Organization and analysis of different HSQ models and dimensions emerged from the literature result in a comprehensive conceptual framework comprising modified dimensions of healthcare service quality – medical professionalism and patient safety.Originality/value SERVQUAL is a widely accepted, tested and validated model in perceiving HSQ from the lenses of patients. But it does not cover the complex nature of healthcare service, thus requiring modification and the addition of new contextual dimensions. Therefore, a comprehensive conceptual framework is developed to validate and test quantitatively.


Objective To evaluate the diagnostic utility of CT and MRI in the detection of arachnoid granulations located in cerebral venous sinuses. Methods MRI were applied in 8 patients for detection of arachnoid granulations,7 of them also underwent CT scan.All of the images were analyzed retrospectively.(Results) There were 9 arachnoid granulations found in the 8 patients.6 of them were located in transverse sinus while 3 in superior sagittal sinus.7 arachnoid granulations were manifested low density in CT,3 of them with calcification.All of 9 arachnoid granulations showed low signal in T1WI and high signal in T2WI of MRI.7 of them showed low signal in Flair sequence,4 showed mild or moderate enhancement and filling defect sign.Filling defect was seen in cerebral MRV in 4 cases.Conclusion Both CT and MRI are reliable methods to verify arachnoid granulations,but MRI is more useful in identifying their relation with venous sinuses.


Exploration of the Surrounding Nature (JAS) is a learning strategy that focuses on utilizing the physical and social environment to encourage students to detect things, symptoms, and problems, and come to conclusions about the concept of something they are learning. This study aims to use the model of exploring nature and cooperative learning to find out and analyze the interests and motivations of students at SMP Negeri 2 Gerung. This series of activities starts from the planning stage which includes the submission of devotion letters, then continues with observations and interviews with science teachers about student learning conditions. There were 21 seventh grade students at SMPN 2 Gerung as samples. At the implementation stage, activities were carried out to increase students' interest and motivation in learning by using the model of exploring nature through cooperative learning to students related to science learning, which was then followed by students filling out questionnaires, in this case by class VII. This final assessment or evaluation stage involves collecting and processing questionnaire data, which is then displayed in graphs or tables. Based on the results of the student learning interest questionnaire, in general, of the 15 aspects of the statements given, the highest percentage lies in statements one and eight, which is 81.0%. While the lowest percentage is in the 13th statement of 44.8% related to the lack of students in understanding the teacher's explanations that focus on the material. From the student learning motivation questionnaire, the lowest percentage is 48.8%. While the highest percentage of 82.1% on the statement indicator Completing the tasks in this learning makes me feel satisfied and happy with the results that I have achieved. By using the nature exploration learning model with the Cooperative Learning method, in general students can feel motivated and also interested in participating in science learning according to the results of the student learning interest questionnaire, the first statement is "I am excited when taking science lessons with the nature exploring model" with the highest percentage by 81.0%.


Although the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway plays essential roles in conferring salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, the regulatory mechanism underlying SOS gene expression remains largely unclear. In this study, AtPLATZ2 was found to function as a direct transcriptional suppressor of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8 in the Arabidopsis salt stress response. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing AtPLATZ2 exhibited increased sensitivity to salt stress. Loss of function of PLATZ2 had no observed salt-stress phenotype in Arabidopsis, while the double mutant of PLATZ2 and PLATZ7, led to weak salt stress tolerance than WT plans. Overexpression of AtPLATZ2 in transgenic plants decreased the expression of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8 both under normal and salt conditions. AtPLATZ2 directly bound to A/T-rich sequences in the CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8 promoters in vitro and in vivo and inhibited CBL4/SOS3 promoter activity in the plant leaves. The salt sensitivity of #11 plants constitutively overexpressing AtPLATZ2 was restored by the overexpression of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8. Salt stress-induced Na+ accumulation in both the shoots and roots was more exaggerated in AtPLATZ2 overexpressing plants than WT. The salt stress-induced Na+ accumulation in #11 seedlings was also rescued by the overexpression of the CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8. Furthermore, the transcription of AtPLATZ2 was induced in response to salt stress. Collectively, these results suggest that AtPLATZ2 suppresses plant salt tolerance by directly inhibiting of CBL4/SOS3 and CBL10/SCaBP8 and functions redundantly with PLATZ7.


It may be straightforward to shoot from 12 yards past a goalkeeper into an otherwise empty net, yet many very skilled footballers miss when it matters most. In normal circumstances, many would gladly stake their house that the great Ronaldo, with the subtle wink and wide grin, would find the back of the net. Instead, he hit the left post against Austria and the game ended [3] 0-0, which meant the Portuguese were lucky to scrape through their group in third place.


During the 1979-1980 academic year a two-page questionnaire on biomedical engineering education was sent to 251 engineering schools. 71 schools indicated that they had degree programs and an additional 35 indicated that they had official minor or option programs, 107 did not have a program, and 38 did not respond. For schools offering degrees in biomedical engineering, there were 2859 students enrolled in 37 B.S. programs, 830 students in 48 M.S. programs, and 469 students in 41 Ph.D. programs. Options or minors in biomedical engineering with a degree in another engineering discipline were available at the B.S. level at 41 schools, at the M.S. level at 42 schools, and at the Ph.D. level at 34 schools. Over the past two years, schools offered 109 courses in biomedical instrumentation, 74 in computers in medicine, 162 in physiological systems/modeling, 60 in biomechanics, 47 in biomaterials, 33 in hospital internship, 23 in clinical engineering, 9 in biomedical engineering lab, and 67 in other areas. During the academic year 1978-1979, schools awarded 464 B.S. degrees, 249 M.S. degrees, and 107 Ph.D. degrees in biomedical engineering. Of these graduates, 253 found jobs in industry, 23 in government, 35 in academia, and 66 in hospitals or clinics; 100 went to medical school, 96 to biomedical engineering graduate schools, and 57 to other graduate or professional schools.


Erwin Panofsky developed the postulate of clarification to explain the mental habit common to Gothic architecture and Western medieval scholasticism, but the postulate is equally applicable to the commentary tradition of Song-dynasty China. The commentary on the Book of Changes authored by Cheng Yi (1033–1107) provides a good example of how the Confucians of the Song dynasty took their concern for clarity to a recognizably medieval extreme. By looking at how Cheng Yi understands and foregrounds the clarity of the Book of Changes, we can begin to see both what was medieval about Song-dynasty China and why the medieval method continues to be viable for interpreters of the Book of Changes.


Private matching (PM) has a vast domain of applications to get its benefit including social media, e-health and commerce. The core concept of PM comprises on revealing only common values between two parties and ensuring the privacy of the remaining ones. In this paper we have proposed a protocol ReSet, for PM that works with random values rather than original datasets. Utilizing random values further ensures the privacy by introducing an additional layer in between original values and encryption or hashing technique. ReSet takes only two communications between the communicating parties and can work with or without involving services of any third party. The unique feature of randomness minimizes the additional disclosure of information that is exposure of similarity magnitude for values being matched. Our experimental evaluation reveals that if protocol is executed more than once for similar set of values, the output results will resist against pattern identification if intercepted by a malicious user.


Renewable energy investment is an integral part of sustainable economic development agenda. Whereas some important advances have been made in recent years to assist project investors in evaluating real options embedded in renewable energy projects and making better use of financial risk management instruments, this research asserts that, owing to failure to consider both behavioral uncertainty and the limit of risk transfer, these approaches may still lead to a biased evaluation result. Drawing on a novel concept of "risk-bearing capacity", investors can coherently incorporate the choice of financial protection into investment evaluation.


Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze entrepreneurial education in publications made in the Spanish language of the last decade.

Theoretical framework: In this sense, it has sought to systematically review various publications on entrepreneurship education as a cross-cutting theme disseminated by Latin American researchers and institutions.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The same that has been possible thanks to the systematic review method according to the criteria established by the PRISMA strategy. Getting to select for the study 45 articles indexed in the Scopus database between the years 2013 to 2023.

Findings: From the analysis, it stands out that the study of entrepreneurship is being deepened at an educational, business, economic and social level. And that there is in entrepreneurship education the proposal to always start from the idea of proposing a business and designing a plan. Then you should look for a support network and have a positive attitude.

Research: And the existence of interest in entrepreneurship education arises due to social, business, economic and academic demand.

Originality/Value: Therefore, it is concluded that entrepreneurship education by universities is due to the various needs of social, business, economic and academic interest. And likewise, it is extracted from the study that researchers and institutions seek to publicize their work on entrepreneurship education through Spanish-speaking magazines.


According to the computer faults' characters with worse structure,not strong coupling and not easily distilling the characteristic parameters,the fuzzy production rule inference is used to diagnose the computer fault.The three-layer model and expression method of faults knowledge and structure of knowledge repository are designed,including the method of computing fuzzy distance,the method of rule group based on fault tree avoiding the rules combination blast,and the way of selecting threshold with error control.The whole intelligent diagnosis system of computer faults is designed and realized by using the objectedoriented theory.At last,the distributing system structure of B/S mode and the design of rule class are described.


Population is the sum of producers and consumers. There is a relationship of mutual dependence between demographic and socioeconomic variables. The capacity for production or effective production in a society does not only depend on the population but it also determines the number of producers. They depend to a great degree on the means of production and on the productivity of the work force. Population represents only an approximation for gauging the dimensions of a consumer society. The effective demand for goods and services depends less on the number of inhabitants than on the level and profile of distribution of income. The size the increase the age composition and spatial distribution of population provide data of fundamental importance for planning mainly through demographic analysis and population studies. Information is used to produce models for planning for the systematization of decisions in regional sectoral or isolated projects. Planning starts with diagnosis which for instance not only indicates whether the population is increasing concentrating in urban areas and the labor force is becoming younger but also the components of population dynamics: fertility mortality and migrations. These data have to utilized optimally because of the lack of time and the high cost of research. Historical trends and projection into the future are carried out on the basis of such data concerning the increase of population and hypothesis about trends. Development policy constitutes the elaboration of plans by choosing quantitative objectives for accurate economic forecasting while taking into consideration its interaction with demographic indicators such as the infant mortality rate and life expectancy at birth.


Prosthesis is an artificial replacement for a person's missing limb to help regain mobility and the ability to manage daily activities. The type of prosthetic covered in this project is for people with below-knee amputation (BKA). Muscle fatigue is a major issue for amputees who lose a lower limb after prolonged use of artificial limbs. Available designs of prosthetics for BKA are also expensive. This study aims to design and develop an affordable and comfortable prosthetic foot with an energy-story ability for persons with BKA using an additive manufacturing process to help reduce fatigue. Three conceptual designs based were developed for this purpose. Based on the design selection matrix, the best design was chosen and developed in SolidWorks 2013 environment. Stress and strain analyses were simulated to verify the design's ability to withstand the weight of a sample patient with BKA. A sample of patient details, including weight, amputation side and sole (of the foot) length, were obtained and implemented in the prosthetic foot design. Due to its strength and durability, the design was printed on the Veglar V-821 additive manufacturing machine using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material. A pilot test with a male patient with BKA was conducted under the supervision of a prosthetist under two conditions: standing and walking. The prosthetic prototype did not break during the test, and the patient felt comfortable using it. This finding shows that additive manufacturing can produce an affordable and comfortable prototype of a prosthetic foot using ABS. Hence, more BKA patients can benefit from inexpensive prostheses and finally help them achieve a better quality of life.


A two-stage experiment was performed to determine the influence of a highpressure fog system on the CO2 concentration and gas exchange efficiency (GEE) in greenhouses with CO2 enrichment. The experiments were carried out with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). Photosynthetic GEE was introduced as a new evaluative quantity to represent the short-term CO2 uptake capacity of the plant canopy. The physiological data for the plants were measured with a phytomonitoring system. The ratio between the measured and the calculated CO2 uptake GEE was calculated and coded on a color scale. With the Mollier plot method, ranges with a maximum GEE can be located for several temperatures and relative humidities. Plant yields and quality were also recorded. A preliminary test identified an increase in GEE with higher relative humidity, with a dependence on leaf transpiration (r2 = 0.56). In the main experiment, the effects of the combined application of fog and CO2 enrichment were estimated. A higher diurnal average CO2 content was observed in the fog cabin. This was induced by the cooling effect of the fog and the associated smaller ventilation openings. INTRODUCTION With global warming, higher external temperatures can be expected, which will demand greater attention to climate control in greenhouses, especially in summer. Air exchange by forced or free ventilation is mainly used for greenhouse cooling. However, many side effects are incurred with air exchange via open ventilation. With open ventilation, water vapor and CO2 escape from the greenhouse. Both gas components are significant in the optimization of microclimatic conditions. Alternative control processes are necessary to solve this problem. First, it is essential to concentrate on the microclimate of the crop. Second, a change is necessary from the control of single variables (temperature, humidity, CO2) to a gas-component management system. Evaporative cooling methods are predominantly used in areas with low external relative humidity. This is an essential prerequisite to enhancing the cooling effect. Another relevant factor is the equability of the climatic conditions inside the greenhouse. With fan and pad cooling, horizontal inclines in temperature and humidity may occur. In exceptional cases, these horizontal inclines in temperature and humidity can lead to significant differences in growth conditions. The advantages and drawbacks of the two systems have been discussed intensively by many authors (Giacomelli et al., 1985; Kittas et al., 2003). Using fog systems with high-pressure nozzles, evenly distributed conditions can be achieved if the deviations and the positions of the nozzles are optimized. Fogging systems are less expensive to install and operate. The cooling efficiency of fogging systems has been described well by many authors (Abdel-Ghany and Kozai, 2006). The cooling efficiency of wet pad and fan systems has been calculated based on the differences between the wet bulb temperatures inside and outside the greenhouse. Using this method to calculate the cooling efficiency of fog systems results in unrealistic 1301 Proc. IS on Greensys2007 Eds.:S. De Pascale et al. Acta Hort. 801, ISHS 2008 assessments (Öztürk, 2003; Handarto et al., 2005), because of the uncertain estimation of the air exchange between inside and outside the greenhouse. This air exchange rate plays an important role in the cooling efficiency (Boulard and Baille, 1993). Changing the conditions of water-vapor transport by using fog systems has been well described. Under mist conditions, the air temperature and the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) decrease significantly. The low VPD level allows the plants to maintain higher stomatal conductance during times of higher global radiation. The physiological status of the crop improves, as indicated by higher stomatal conductance (Katsoulas et al., 2001). An adverse effect of using fog occurs when the relative humidity inside the greenhouse is too high and the plant tissue temperature is below the dew point. This leads to wet leaves and fruits, which are thus susceptible to fungal diseases. This can only be prevented by more precisely controlling the microclimate and by changes in the control strategy. An essential prerequisite is knowledge of the plants' responses to the higher humidity. For this, a Mollier diagram or a psychrometric chart provides an adequate and complex description of the changes in temperature and relative humidity that result from technical systems such as the heating, ventilation, and fog systems (Abdel-Ghany et al., 2006). The Mollier diagram of water vapor and enthalpy is a useful tool with which to design a combined model for temperature and humidity control (Schmidt, 2005a). Using the evaluation quantity called 'gas exchange efficiency' (GEE), it is possible to appraise the efficiency of light use (Schmidt, 2005b). MATERIALS AND METHODS A two-step program was used to determine the influence of higher concentrations of water vapor on GEE. First, in preliminary experiments, the influence of higher vapor content on GEE was investigated; second, the combined use of fog and CO2 enrichment was evaluated. The experiments were conducted with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in two 75 m single-span greenhouse cabins situated in a north–south direction on the Dahlem campus, Humboldt University, Berlin. The height of the Venlo-type greenhouse was 4.5 m, and the ventilation opening ratio was 50% (roof ventilation only). The fog system included a reverse osmosis system for producing pure water, a storage tank, a highpressure pump with an adjustable valve, high-pressure tubes, and electrically operated solenoid valves to switch the fog system on and off. The water pressure inside the system was 120 bars, which produced very small drips (< 20 μm). Fog nozzles (0.05 nozzles/m2) were first installed at a height of 2.5 m. The microclimatic conditions and outside meteorological data were measured with the Plantputer control system, which was integrated into the greenhouse. To measure the plant responses, a PTM 48 Phytomonitor was used. The EPM 2006 Phytomonitor (Schmidt, 1998), (both Steinbeis GmbH & Co., Germany) was used for process control. Net photosynthesis, transpiration, and microclimate were measured at 5 min intervals. GEE was calculated from the measured CO2 uptake (CO2Um) and the calculated CO2 uptake (CO2Uc), estimated from the correlation between net photosynthesis and photosynthetically active radiation (Eq. 1.).


Speech recognition system produces a text output corresponding to the given speech input. A speaker-dependent (SD) recognition system results in a higher recognition performance when compared to a speaker-independent (SI) system. Speaker adaptation techniques like maximum aposteriori (MAP) and maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) are applied to an SI system, in order to get a recognition performance similar to that of an SD system, with minimal amount of data. The main focus of this paper is to analyse the performance of the adaptation techniques, applied to the recognition system for different amount of adaptation data. In this work, a speech recognition system is developed using Tamil speech corpus. Cross-gender speaker adaptation is performed by varying the adaptation data. It is observed that when the adaptation data is very minimum, around 30s, the recognition performance of MLLR adapted system results in 45.76% when MAP adapted system resulted in 42.44%. When the adaptation data is increased to 5min, the overall recognition performance is improved by 6% for MAP adaptation over MLLR adapted recognition system.


A spot-size converted laser diode (SSC-LD) with a vertically tapered passive waveguide structure was fabricated by Butt–joint-built-in (BJB) coupling and selective area metal organic chemical vapor deposition growth. A high coupling efficiency exceeding 50% and 1-dB alignment tolerance of 2.5 m were obtained at a distance of 20 m between a flat-end single-mode fiber and the SSC-LD. Experimental results show that the asymmetric output property can be described by the radiation mode added to the guide mode and spatial hole-burning in the active region.