According to the processing principle of large-scale CNC gear hobbing machine, a high-precision on-machine measurement method for large gear pitch deviation using relative method and absolute method simultaneously is proposed. The mechanical body of high-precision on-machine measuring instrument with two-stage positioning system are designed to improve the positional accuracy of on-machine measurement. The system structure with upper and lower computers is proposed, which uses the high speed IO port of NC and Ethernet network for communication, so as to make full use of the function of NC system of gear hobbing machine. A large number of repeated experiments show that the range of 10 measurements of the pitch deviation and the cumulative deviation of the pitch in the developed machine are within 1/10 of the tolerance of the 3-grade precision worm specified in the national standard GB10089-88. Keywords-Component; on Machine Measurement; Pitch Deviation; Measuring Method; Side-by-side Construction


Abstract : One hundred twenty-seven confirmed references are listed on the subject of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, bring the total to 1194. (Author)


The trustee who is most effective in advancing the interests of women is the woman who is most effective as a trustee.


The paper analyzes the dual functions of the private roof garden of some residential complex,explores the realization approaches for the dual functions,and aims at having active meaning for the construction of the residential complex,so as to bring convenience for the environmental decoration in residential houses and architectural elevation greening.


In this paper, we introduce operator-valued weighted bi-shifts on the Hilbert space l 2 (N,H), of all square-summable sequences whose elements are in a complex Hilbert spaceH, and study their spectral and local spectral properties. We determine the spectrum and its parts of such bi-shifts, and compute their local spectrum at most points of l 2 (N,H). Furthermore, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for an operator-valued weighted bi-shift to enjoy the single-valued extension property.


Complex genetic networks consist of structural modules that determine the levels and timing of a cellular response. While the functional properties of the regulatory architectures that make up these modules have been extensively studied, the evolutionary history of regulatory architectures has remained largely unexplored. Here, we investigate the transition between direct and indirect regulatory pathways governing inducible resistance to the antibiotic polymyxin B in enteric bacteria. We identify a novel regulatory architecture—designated feedforward connector loop—that relies on a regulatory protein that connects signal transduction systems post-translationally, allowing one system to respond to a signal activating another system. The feedforward connector loop is characterized by rapid activation, slow deactivation, and elevated mRNA expression levels in comparison with the direct regulation circuit. Our results suggest that, both functionally and evolutionarily, the feedforward connector loop is the transitional stage between direct transcriptional control and indirect regulation. or indirectly, i.e., by altering the expression of regulators, which, in turn, bind to the target gene's promoter and induce or inhibit its transcription. Indirect regulatory circuits can contain multiple components and functional elements, such as feedforward and feedback loops. The complex structure of indirect regulation raises the question of its evolutionary origins. Here, we study the dynamic and evolutionary properties of regulatory architectures that involve members of the recently emerged class of bacterial proteins termed connectors. Such proteins post-translationally modulate the activity of two-component systems and phosphorelays, which con-stitute the prevalent form of bacterial signal transduction. We describe a novel connector-mediated regulatory circuit that combines the structural and functional properties of direct and indirect regulation. Our results indicate that this architecture is the evolutionary link between direct and connector-dependent regulatory designs.


Abstract : The long-term goal of the Geoclutter program is to understand the causes and implications of geologic clutter/reverberation in a seismically and geologically well-characterized shallow-water environment. The selected field area is the mid-outer continental shelf off New Jersey; the bathymetry (a known and prominent cause of backscatter) and portions of the shallow subsurface of this area have been mapped in detail as part of the ONR STRATAFORM program. One premise of this work is that, in any littoral area, buried geologic features can contribute significantly to acoustic reverberation, which affects tactical ASW sonar systems. Proper acoustic processing, coupled with quantitative geologic models, can be used to distinguish these buried features from real (man-made) targets. Complexity arises from STRATAFORM studies on the continental shelf off New Jersey that have shown the general lack of predictability of the shallow subsurface using seafloor imagery, even with 100% coverage of the seafloor and dense grids of subsurface data to depths of 10-15 m.


The results of numerical experiments on the calculation of ammonia density at the phase transition temperature are presented. Models of monomer and associates of liquid ammonia, representative cells of ammonia crystals were developed using spherical images of H and N atoms. The volumes and densities of the unit cell of ammonia crystals of cubic syngony, as well as the cyclic tetramer of ammonia, its symmetrically branched pentamer and monomer, as the main probable structures of liquid ammonia at the phase transition temperature, were calculated from objectively identified components of identifiers


a. State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Center for Bioengineering & Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, Shandong, P. R. China. b. School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014. c. State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China. d. Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China e. Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.


PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing a monolithic bubble ink jet print head is provided to uniformly manufacture the bubble ink jet print head through a monolithic manner, and to precisely align a substrate and a nozzle plate while increasing productivity and yield rate. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing a monolithic bubble ink jet print head includes the steps of forming a heater and a protective layer at an upper surface of a substrate in order to heat ink, forming a chamber plate(20) at an upper surface of the substrate(1), forming a sacrificial layer photoresist at a predetermined position, in which a flow path of the chamber plate is formed, forming a nozzle plate(60) having a nozzle at an upper surface of the chamber plate, exposing the nozzle plate(60) by using a first photo mask, re-exposing the nozzle plate through the first photo mask by using a second photo mask smaller than the first photo mask, developing a first nozzle(71) using the first photo mask and a second nozzle(72) using the second photo mask, forming a hole by etching a lower surface of the substrate(1), and removing the sacrificial layer photoresist.


PREFACETests have been conducted on two flat-black silicone paints suggested for spaceapplications to determine their optical, electrical, and mechanical properties forspace use. These two silicone paints are the liT Research Institute's (IITRrs)MH21S/LO, and the DSET Corporation's TB-1789. Three different types ofsubstrate materials were chosen for the testing of these paints and the applicationof the paints onto the primed substrates was carried out by spray coating.The adhesion properties were verified by thermal shock and sudden immersioninto liquid nitrogen. The temperatures ranged from ambient to liquid nitrogenlevels, and from higher-than-ambient to liquid nitrogen levels. A controlled ther-mal vacuum test was also carded out by varying the temperature of the paint from-100°C to 225°C. The measured optical properties included normal and totalhemispherical emittance, and solar absorptance/reflectance. A simultaneousexposure to low-energy proton/UV irradiation in vacuum, and high-energy pro-ton/electron irradiation was carried out. Other tests were conducted, includingultraviolet (UV) exposure for 1,000 hours, electrostatic charging using an electrongun, atomic oxygen exposure, outgassing, high-temperature exposure for 10 daysin vacuum, and a particle tape-lift for surface contamination.


The fluctuation of of stock prices, in many occassions, are related to so called market anomalies. One of those anomalies is known as a winnerloser anomaly. A winner-loser anomaly is identified when stocks that initially earned extremely positive abnormal returns (winners) or extremely negative abnormal returns (losers) experience extended reversal, so that losers can outperform winners. The presence of this anomaly creates a contrarian investment strategy: buy loserstocks and sellshort the winner-stocks, in order to earn significant positif abnormal return. De bondt and Thaler (1985) suggested the overreaction hypothesis as an explanation of this anomaly. The hypothesis claims that the market tends to overreact to (especially new and dramatic) information. The market overvalues stock prices as a reaction to good news and undervalues stock prices as a reaction to bad news. This phenomenon is reversed when it is recognized that the market has overreacted to the information. The purpose of this research is to test the existence of winnerloser anomaly in the Jakarta Stock Exchange. Using market adjusted abnormal return, data from December 1990 to June 1997, and overlapping six months formation/test periods, this research does not find any indication of market overreaction. So, it is not suggested that investor can use the contrarian investment strategy. This research also finds that there is no significant difference between average size of winners and losers.


Objectives The purpose of this systematic review is to critically analyse the literature to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions implemented in residential care facilities to manage constipation in people with dementia. Questions What is the effectiveness of interventions used to manage constipation in people with dementia living in residential care facilities? Inclusion Criteria Types of participants Participants will be any resident of an aged care facility with dementia receiving an intervention to manage constipation. Age will not be taken into consideration as there is debate whether age-related changes in physiology affect the occurrence or management of constipation. Types of interventions Any intervention undertaken to manage constipation will be considered in the review. Management may include the treatment or prevention of constipation, and it is anticipated that these interventions will be considered separately. Types of outcome measures The primary outcome for this review is the return to normal bowel function following intervention. Secondary outcomes may include behavioural changes, such as level of agitation, aggression and verbalisation, and pain expression.


Information Communications Technology (ICT) has a very determinant and significant role in shaping and functioning of different industries and developing e-commerce, including the tourist industry. Therefore, necessity for identifying those effects is obvious in the electronic tourist marketing mix. in order to increase competitiveness in potentials existed between Tourism Enterprises. According to this assumption, this article is trying to survey and introduce the most important of these effects in 4Ps including Products, Price, Promotion and place as the basis of marketing mix. So it seems that this article would be able to improve Enterprises active in tourism in using electronic marketing.


Abstract Israel is a multi-cultural society, and this can no longer be ignored. However, there is a serious lack of theoretical and empirical literature dealing with the implications of Israel's multi-cultural social context for social work education in Israel, as well as its impact on social work practice with different ethnic and national populations in that country. The dearth of material is even more pronounced in the case of Arab students attending Israeli universities. This paper documents the first stage of a project focusing on Arab students at the Paul Baerwald School of Social Work at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. A triangulation method was applied for collection of data from students enrolled in the 3-year programme, graduate students, faculty members and field work supervisors, as well as reports from previous years. Personal, academic and socio-cultural difficulties are documented as well as coping mechanisms and recommendations for schools of social work in Israel. The results are used...


Karl Marx's theory of "the tendency of the rate of profit to fall" is one of the most controversial parts of his scientific oeuvre. The theory was published in 1894 as part 3 of Volume III of Das Kapital. There are two conflicting interpretations of this theory. The first says that the profit rate will vary (cyclically) around a falling trend; the second, that the profit rate will vary cyclically but not necessarily around a falling trend. Both interpretations may be combined with methodological qualifications as set out in the present article. The two interpretations are relevant since at issue is Marx's general outlook on the dynamics of the capitalist system. It makes quite a difference whether the capitalist system is regarded as self-dissolving—which is the implication of the trend fall in the rate of profit—or as, in principle, a reproductive system, which the cyclical view implies.1


Table S1: Stable isotopes analyses (δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb) and ED-XRF elemental concentrations ([Ca] and [Mg]). Figure S1. Cross-plot depicts d18Ocarb versus d13Ccarb from the Cooks #1 and Lemcool #1 wells combined.


This study used adult recall of childhood dreams to test Cann anC Donderi's (1986) findings that Jungian intuitives recall more archetypal dreams than do sensate subjects, and that introverts recall more everyday dreams than extraverts. It was hypothesized that since dreams recalled from childhood are relatively high in archetypal content, there should be differences between the perceptions of childhood dreams by adult intuitives and sensate subjects, but no differences between introvert and extravert subjects. Participants were 67 volunteer final-year early childhood teacher-training students, each of whom completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a personality measure, and a Childhood Dream Questionnaire (CDQ). All subjects but one were female. Scores on the Intuition-Sensation and Introversion-Extraversion dimensions were correlated with CDQ item scores. In accord with the hypotheses, significant correlations were found with respect to Intuition-Sensation scores, and none for the Introversion-Extaversjon dimension. (RH) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. */:*********************************************************************


A combination of analysis and testing has been utilized to develop a theory of jet-flap thrust recovery at the low speeds and high deflection angles characteristic of V/STOL lift systems. The contribution of jet mixing to the loss of thrust recovery has been computed with a viscid/inviscid interaction analysis. The results of this computation are compared to surface pressure and wake survey measurements made with a two-dimensional jet-flapped airfoil model. It is concluded that the jet-mixing drag causes a small loss of recovery at small values of the jet-thrust coefficient and deflect, an angle. However, at larger values of either jet parameter, the mainstream separates from the airfoil, producing a large loss of recovery. The loss increases suddenly, since it is due to bursting of the leading-edge separation bubble.


A survey of seventeen cases of pancreatic disease seen in cats over a 2 year period is presented. Three were suffering from diabetes mellitus, eleven from pancreatitis, and three had neoplastic lesions. The main clinical findings and post-mortem details are recorded. The occurrence of chronic and sub-acute pancreatitis appears more common than reported hitherto.


Abstract High-performance liquid chromatographic analyses are reported for 5-dodecylsalicylaldoxime (5-DO-SAO) and 3-chloro-5-dodecylsalicylaldoxime (3-Cl-5-DO-SAO), two lipophilic analogues of salicylaldoxime. A reversed-phase column (Supelcosil LC-18, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm mean particle size) was used as the stationary phase and a mixture of tetrahydrofurane and water as the mobile phase (volume ratio 70:30 for 5-DO-SAO and 72:28 for 3-Cl-5-DO-SAO). UV absorption at 226 nm was used for detection. The retention times of the analytes were 6.0 and 5.8 min, respectively, with a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. For both compounds, the limit of detection was 0.5 μg/ml. The methods were linear up to 400 and 500 μg/ml, respectively.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for manufacturing a silicon carbide semiconductor device capable of suppressing surface roughness of a silicon carbide substrate.SOLUTION: First, a protective film 4 having a two-layer structure in which a silicon film 2 and a carbon film 3 are laminated in this order is formed on an ion-implanted surface of a silicon carbide substrate 1, and an activation heat treatment is performed. A thickness t of the silicon film 2 is set to 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less. The thickness of the carbon film 3 is set to 20 nm or more. After the activation heat treatment, the carbon film 3 is removed, and the subsequent steps are performed to form an element structure on the ion-implanted surface of the silicon carbide substrate 1. When the ion-implanted surface of the silicon carbide substrate 1 is analyzed at an X-ray incident angle of 45° by using an XPS method after removal of the carbon film 3, on the ion-implanted surface of the silicon carbide substrate 1, with respect to the peak intensity of silicon carbide which appears at a binding energy of 283 eV to 284 eV, each peak is detected such that the ratio of the peak intensity of carbon of sp2 bond appearing at a binding energy of 285 eV to 286 eV is 0.4 or less.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1B


An analytical method based on gas chromatography (GC) was proposed for the determination of fipronil residue in tea. Samples were extracted with acetontrile and cleaned up on a Florisil (containing graphitized carbon black) column prior to HPLC analysis with μECD detection. The minimum detectable amount of fipronil was 2 × 10-12 g and the minimum detectable concentration of fipronil in tea was 2μg/kg. Average recoveries of 3 replicates for fipronil in a real sample spiked at 5 levels were within the range of 74.0%-92.0%, with a RSD ranging from 3.26% to 10.55%. The accuracy and sensitivity of the developed method both meet the requirements of pesticide residue analysis.


The study aims to find out the effectiveness of poetry appreciation textbook for the implementation of character education values at the Higher Education institution. It was set in four universities, two of which are located in Central Java, including University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta and University of Muhammadiyah Purworejo meanwhile, the other two are in Special Region of Yogyakarta, including University of Ahmad Dahlan, and University of Sarjanawiyata Taman Siswa. It utilized an experimental method with Independent Sample T-Test based on the mean difference of pre-test and post-test results from the control and experimental group. The finding confirms that the experimental group obtained the average score that equals 15.68, meanwhile the control group obtained 10.86. The T-Test shows tcalc = 5.087 (p = 0.000<0.05), that rejects the Null Hypothesis. It concludes that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control group in the use poetry appreciation textbook for character education implementation at the Higher Education institution. The study expects further exploration concerning character education implementation through literature works in a wider range for the sake of research and development. The uniqueness of the textbook in combining the values of personal development and literature is recommended as the dominant feature to introduce a complex gradual learning system for the innovation of teaching and learning method.


Abstract The authors offer a cross-cultural account of healing and cure that can be useful across all fields of application in transactional analysis. Specifically, ideas from an Indian perspective are presented in which the role of guru energy and witnessing are reframed with illustrations using case material. The authors introduce a third level of communication and a fifth rule of communication that account for a sacred quality in the exploration of healing and cure.


This book attempts to explain why political reforms in China lag behind the country's remarkable socioeconomic transformation which has been underway since reform and opening up. Despite consistent scholarly attention both in China and abroad, there appears to be no easy answer to the above conundrum. The author, an excellent political scientist now with the School of Political Science at Waseda University, analyses the dynamics of China's political system not only through the lens of Western political research approaches, but also in the context of China's unique historical and cultural experience. After receiving formal training in Orthodox Marxism political theory and history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at Beijing University, Dr Tang moved to Japan where he studied Western Political Theory. In his recent monograph, the author poses a question of why, despite all the rapid social and economic changes, the CCP has maintained its monopoly on political power. Furthermore, considering the bigger picture, the author seeks to understand the reality of China's long and winding road to democracy. On the whole, the author argues in favor of analyzing Contemporary Chinese Politics under the framework of Western theories of democracy, with particular focus on Huntington's model of the third wave of democratization. Simultaneously, Dr Tang emphasizes the necessity for studying the "preconditions" for China's democratization. First, unlike traditional theories of democratization (which distinguish between two stages of "transition" and "consolidation"), the author proposes to add a new "pretransition" stage which he labels "a foundation-building stage for democratization", thus emphasizing gradual changes in the process of democratization (page 17). Second, the author considers the effectiveness of China's "authoritarian path of modernization", arguing that it lays the foundation for subsequent democratic soft-landing and democratic consolidation (p. 17). Third, the author sets out to explore the phenomenon of "authoritarian transmutation", the growth of civil society and its implications for the Chinese democracy movement (p. 18). The book consists of nine chapters (including the Introduction and the Conclusion). In Part I (Chapters 1 and 2), the author discusses China's political institutions as a means of modernization. The focus here is on the relationship between the one-party system and China's authoritarian developmentalism. The author analyses the CCP's control over the military, state agencies, and social actors, arguing that the substitution of Mao's era dogmatic socialism with pragmatism led to a series of legislative, administrative, and judiciary reforms, which, in turn, resulted in an increase in transparency and citizen participation. Part II (Chapters 3, 4, and 5) discusses the Chinese government's strategy on economic, political, and social reforms. With regard to economic development strategy, the author discusses (1) the circumstances under which economic development became top priority, (2) social tensions and social conflicts associated with economic development, and (3) modifications in economic development arrangements. Chapter 4 focuses on political reforms. The author perceives China's political reforms as an interplay of "political leadership, specific reform programs, and reform outcomes" (p. 123). Further, the author explains how the Chinese government promotes a "Chinese-style democracy" (an approach based on cultural relativism), concluding that "ongoing economic reform, government reform, limited adoption of democratic mechanisms in the policy process, and the bottom-up demand for democratization


To solve PDE problems with different time scales that are localized in space, multirate time stepping is examined. We introduce a self-adjusting multirate time stepping strategy, in which the step size at a particular grid point is determined by the local temporal variation of the solution, instead of using a minimal single step size for the whole spatial domain. The approach is based on the `method of lines', where first a spatial discretization is performed, together with local error estimates for the resulting semi-discret system. We will primarily consider implicit time stepping methods, suitable for parabolic problems. Our multirate strategy is tested on several parabolic problems in one spatial dimension (1D)


This document presents a follow-up report of medical assistants and other service providers trained in Reproductive Health Updates (RHUs) in 1994. The RHU curriculum in Tanzania was based on survey findings regarding the actual role of medical assistants in family planning (FP) and in the most common reproductive health (RH) problems. RHUs aim to reduce medical and service provider barriers and improve supervision of service delivery facilities. Meanwhile the goal of the follow-up program is to identify the strengths and limitations of the RHU training and indicate necessary modification of the curriculum and training approaches. Findings of the follow-up are: 1) a decline in the number of medical assistants referring clients who had FP/RH problems to more experienced personnel (from 50% to 10%); 2) an increase in their capability of handling FP/RH clients with FP method related side effects; 3) following training the demand for second opinion and regulation became the major reason for referrals and not because they could not handle the case; and 4) improvement of FP/RH method knowledge retention among medical assistants. Results of the follow-up also revealed the need to address counseling of HIV/AIDS clients and the importance of having accurate patient records during program revision.


Urea and urethane cross-linked hybrids, classed as di-ureasils and di-urethanesils, were prepared through sol−gel derived carboxylic acid solvolysis. The resulting nanohybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, mid-infrared spectroscopy, 29Si and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and photoluminescence spectroscopy and results were compared with those of similar hybrid materials obtained from the conventional sol−gel route. The results indicate a similar structure for the hybrids, independent of the synthesis process used. All the hybrids are efficient room-temperature white-light emitters with emission quantum yields between 6 and 20%. The emission quantum yields of hybrids prepared through carboxylic acid solvolysis are 27−35% higher than those calculated for the di-ureasils and di-urethanesils synthesized via the conventional sol−gel technique. This is attributed to the presence of a larger number of nonbonded NH urea- and urethane-groups in the hybrids prepared by carboxylic acid solvolysis, illust...


The utility model discloses a self-resetting viscous damper. The damper comprises a main cylinder and an auxiliary cylinder, the main cylinder and the auxiliary cylinder are connected through a connector, the main cylinder is filled with viscous damping fluid, the main cylinder is provided with a main cylinder cover, the auxiliary cylinder is provided with an auxiliary cylinder cover, the inside of the main cylinder and the inside of the auxiliary cylinder are provided with a guide rod, one end of the guide rod penetrates through the main cylinder cover and is located outside the main cylinder, the other end of the guide rod penetrates through the main cylinder and extends into the auxiliary cylinder, the guide rod is provided with a piston, a plurality of spring rods are axially arranged between the connector and the auxiliary cylinder cover in the auxiliary cylinder, the spring rods are arranged around the guide rod, the spring rods are movably provided with a balance plate, the balance plate is fixedly connected with the tail end of the guide rod, each spring rod is provided with a pair of reset springs in a sleeved mode, one reset spring of each spring rod is arranged between the balance plate and the connector, and the other reset spring of each spring rod is arranged between the balance plate and the auxiliary cylinder cover. According to the self-resetting viscous damper, automatic resetting of the piston can be achieved, remnant displacement of the structure is effectively eliminated, the structure is simple and performance is stable.


Skew Parametric-resonance Ionization Cooling (SkewPIC) is designed for the final 6D cooling of a high-luminosity muon collider. Tracking of muons in such a channel has been modeled in MAD-X in previous studies. However, the ionization cooling process has to be simulated with a code that can handle matter dominated beam lines. In this paper we present the simulation of a Skew-PIC channel using G4beamline. We implemented the required magnetic field components into G4beamline and compared the tracking of muons by the two different codes. We optimized the cooling channel and present the muon cooling effect in the Skew-PIC channel for the first time.


Professional search activities such as patent and legal search are often time sensitive and consist of rich information needs with multiple aspects or subtopics. This paper proposes a 3D water filling model to describe this search process, and derives a new evaluation metric, the Cube Test, to encompass the complex nature of professional search. The new metric is compared against state-of-the-art patent search evaluation metrics as well as Web search evaluation metrics over two distinct patent datasets. The experimental results show that the Cube Test metric effectively captures the characteristics and requirements of professional search.


Conducting attendance manually is indeed a tedious task, it consumes a lot of the lecture hours which leads to less productivity and waste of time. To get over such dissipation of time, there is a dire need of an automated attendance system which is reliable, efficient, and which saves time. In recent times, machine learning is enhancing and making human life smart and hence following or using the same old traditional approaches in daily chores and tasks is like wasting the time, energy, and efforts for no reason. This paper concentrates on the implementation of an automated attendance system which uses the face recognition algorithms to record the attendance of the class and manage the class database. The system seeks for its application in every classroom to record the attendance of the students smartly and take over the traditional attendance approaches.


Recent World Bank research has sparked a major debate about aid effectiveness and its implications for aid allocations. The main focus of attention has been the importance of good policy as a determinant of aid effectiveness and criterion for aid allocations. This paper briefly recaps the main arguments and evidence generated by Burnside/Collier/Dollar and their critics. It then focuses on the Collier/Dollar aid allocation models, subjecting them to a wider range of sensitivity tests to assess the robustness of their results. Finally, it analyses the relative efficiency of aid allocations over time and between donors.


Microprocessors (pP) are finding a growing list of applications in accelerators and associated equipment. ¿P's may be used as autonomous data loggers and process controllers and in distributed systems. A ¿P is essentially a computer CPU. Applying ¿P, centers around two distinct problems - completing the ¿P into a computer and interfacing the computer to its environment. The computer can be completed with standard computer components. CAMAC was chosen to be the interface to the environment. CAMAC has several advantages at Fermilab. It is widely used, special function modules for accelerators have already been developed, and many accelerator personnel are familiar with it. Also, it is becoming more widely accepted internationally. A brief description of the CAMAC system is given.


Abstract : There are various commercial standards and specifications which are aimed at making aircraft compatible with a hostile electromagnetic environment. However, most of these standards and specifications were developed for analog circuitry; before the advent of high-speed flight critical digital systems. These standards must now be reengineered to accommodate the new technology of composites and sensitive integrated micro-electronic architectures. Modern aircraft are experiencing many cases of flights into or near heavy electromagnetic fields from various sources such as lightning, switching of heavy aircraft electrical loads, or radio transmissions during their life span. this EMI environment has caused and is causing hazardous incidents to aircraft by impairing the normal operation of some flight-critical and flight-essential equipment. Special precautions must also be taken to protect this sensitive digital avionics during maintenance operations. For this reason these standards and specifications must be revised and new design, manufacturing, and testing methods introduced.


Existing literature on information sharing in contests has established that sharing contestspecific information influences participant behaviors, and thereby, the outcomes of a contest. However, in context of engineering design contests, such as crowdsourcing, there is still a significant gap in our understanding of how the contest design decisions, such as what information to share, influence participants' design behaviors and the outcomes of a design process. Particularly, there is a lack of knowledge about how information about historical performances of competitors influences a participant's design behaviors and the outcomes of a design contest. To address this gap, the objective of this paper is to quantify the influence of information about competitors' past performance on a participant's design behaviors and outcomes. The objective is achieved by (i) developing a descriptive contest model of strategic information acquisition decisions, based on an optimal one-step look-ahead strategy, utilizing expected improvement maximization, and (ii) using the model in conjunction with a controlled behavioral experiment. An agent is designed as a competitor such that the agent's past performances are quantified via a performance distribution. A behavioral experiment is conducted where design contests with design optimization problems are considered. The participants are subjected to agents with strong or poor performance records such that they are either made aware of these records or not. Our results indicate that participants spend greater efforts when they are aware that their opponent has a strong performance record than when the opponent has a poor performance record. Moreover, our model parameter is able to quantify the influence of the contest-specific information sharing on a participant's sequential design behaviors. We observe that sharing information about an opponent with a strong past performance record "polarizes" the participants such that, their average performance distribution has a higher variation than when they do not have information about the opponent as well as when they know that their opponent has a poor performance record. Moreover, we find that, if possible, contest designers are better off not providing historical performance records if past design qualities do not match the expectations set up for a given design contest.


Functional neurological disorders (FND) are a common cause of refractory movement disorders. In FND, in addition to processes such as sense of agency and abnormal attention, suggestibility in relation to the mechanism has been a topic of discussion. A recent meta-analysis has shown patients with FND have an enhanced response to suggestion compared to controls. This could play a role in making the diagnosis and providing treatment.


NASA and the General Services Administration have posted a request for proposals for a housing development opportunity at Moffett Field, California.


Population of the solar system by different types of interplanetary objects is reviewed. Their sources, evolution and interrelations are discussed, in particular in terms of their degree of stability, potential evolutionary paths and survival times.


Infrastructure assets provide excellent diversification as well as inflation and interest rate hedges, have excellent demand inelasticity, and can accommodate large amounts of leverage. Private infrastructure investing meets a need for capital investment that governments alone cannot meet. It has been used extensively in Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, where it has been available since the early 1990s, and it is beginning to demonstrate its value in the United States.


We present a nearest neighbor approach to ethnicity classification. Given an author name, all of its instances (or the most similar ones) in PubMed are identified and coupled with their respective country of affiliation, and then probabilistically mapped to a set of 26 predefined ethnicities. The dominant ethnicity (or pair of ethnicities) is assigned as the class. The predictions are also used to upgrade Genni (Smith, Singh, and Torvik, 2013) to provide ethnicity- specific gender predictions for cases like Italian vs. English Andrea, Turkish vs. Korean Bora, Israeli vs. Nordic Eli, and Slavic vs. Japanese Renko. Ethnea and Genni 2.0 are available at http://abel.lis.illinois.edu Methods: Existing approaches have focused on machine learning techniques that extract features of names, with known ethnicities, harvested from online sources (e.g., TextMap: Ambekar et al. 2009, and EthnicSeer: Treeratpituk and Giles 2012). TextMap provides for hierarchical classification with 12 leaves, while EthnicSeer has a flat set of 12 slightly different classes (e.g., it excludes Jewish, Nordic, and African, and includes Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese in place of EastAsian). Our approach differs in several respects. First, it is instance-based. That is, no machine training or feature selection occurs, we just perform a look-up of author name instances previously geocoded and mapped to countries worldwide (Torvik, 2015). A temporally weighted multiclass logistic regression model then probabilistically maps the country distribution to ethnicities, reducing the undesirable effects of outliers and highly unbalanced classes. In order to enable fast partial name matching, all 3- and 4-character n- grams of each author name was indexed using MySQL + Sphinx which has rankers that allow for higher weighting of e.g., name-endings. Partial matching only kicks in when the name under question occurs fewer than 100 times in our database. Instance-based classifiers are often more capable than feature-based classifiers at capturing highly non-linear classification boundaries but they rely more heavily on a large, dense set of instances. Our database has tens of millions of author name instances distributed across 200+ countries over 20+ years. Second, we picked the 26 ethnic classes (see Table 2) to be as specific possible, yet separable, and to broadly cover the ethnicities observed with a significant frequency in PubMed. As a result, some countries were pooled regionally (e.g., non-Arab African countries map to African), and countries with no single super-majority were mapped to multiple classes (e.g., Canada maps both to French and English).


To reduce the gap between theoretical knowledge of schoolchildren in the field of science and technology and its practical application there was developed the engineering works model for teachers and high school students from nine educational institutions – NEC (New Educational Centre). The final result of the project is personal achievements of students and their acquisition of knowledge in some subjects and metasubjects by mastering technology of rocket production, elements of mathematical modelling of physical processes, 3-D computer modelling and designing, i.e. by learning the basics of engineering. The practical outcome of the project is the rocket model development, scientific reasoning for its flight and the launch of the flying vehicle designed by "engineering department" of educational institution.


Let there be given numbers , , , and , , , , , , and let be the class of rational functions of degree , analytic for , with ??It is proved that, if , then Bibliography: 6 titles.


From the IBGE census taken in 2010, it was identified that 18.8% of the Brazilian population suffers from visual impairment. Considering such impressive number, it is important to judicially analyze the concept of people with visual impairment and its modifications over time. The first concept was exclusively medical, based on physical limitations, and was followed by the social model, whose focus was on the social aspect regarding impaired, oppressed people. Currently, the biopsychosocial model is used, through medical and social examination, combining the measurement of long-term physical impairments with existing social, environmental, and attitudinal barriers. In spite of the current prevalence of this biopsychosocial concept, there are still some valid Brazilian legislation based on the medical model, which do not reach people with monocular vision. Based on the biopsychosocial model, used to concede special retirement, it is possible to recognize people with monocular vision as visual impaired. The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of those models and measure the current social protection provided to visually impaired people, especially those with monocular vision.


Sacha inchi oil is a premier raw material with highly nutritional and functional features for the foodstuff, pharmaceutical, beauty, and personal care industries. One of the most important facts about this oil is the huge chemical content of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the current available information on the characterization of the triglyceride composition and the advance physicochemical parameters relevant to emulsion development is limited. Therefore, this research focused on providing a detailed description of the lipid composition using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and thorough physicochemical characterization to find the value of the required hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). For this, a study in the interfacial tension was evaluated, followed by the assessment of different parameters such as creaming index, droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential, pH, and electrical conductivity for a series emulsified at thermal stress condition. The results show that fatty acids are arranged into glycerolipids and the required HLB to achieve the maximum physical stability is around 8.


[Objective] To develop a rat model manifesting acute methanol poisoning and study the ocular changes so as to lay foundations for further investigation of visual impairment. [Methods] Thirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into group A (low methanol dosage group, n=8), B (high methanol dosage group, n=8), C (saline control group, n=8) and D (air control group, n=8). Group A and B were exposed to a mixture of N2O/O2 and given different dosage of methanol by gavage. Group C was exposed to N2O/O2 and given the same volume of saline as group B. Group D was exposed to normal air and given the same dosage of methanol as group B. General condition, ocular changes, methanol concentration in venous blood, electroretinogram and retinal histopathologic changes were analyzed.[Results] Methanol-intoxicated rats were characteristic by slow reaction, incoordination, optic disc hyperemia and edema and retinal haemorrhage. Body mass loss was significant in group A and B when compared with group C and D (P 0.05), which was (187±12) g in A and (176±13) g in B, respectively. A-wave and b-wave of electroretinogram were markedly reduced in group A and B (P 0.05), which was (87±13) μV and (187±38) μV in group A, and (53±19) μV and (132±39) μV in group B, respectively. Retinal edema, derangement of cells and vacuoles were obvious under light microscope. Changes under electromicroscope were characteristic by cell apoptosis, mitochondria swollen, and cristae disruption. These changes were more obvious in group B.[Conclusion]Acute methanol poisoning in rats could be successfully duplicated by exposure to a mixture of N2O/O2 methanol administration by gavage, with typical retinal structural and functional changes.


The paper carries out study on the enrolment system of higher education in the U.S.A and draws enlightenments to China from three aspects: test contents, format and evaluation. On the whole, the paper is made up of two parts. Systematically, part one makes comparative study on the college entrance examination between them, which is mainly concentrated on its background and feature. Then details are given on the test contents, format and scoring of the entrance examination. Part two tells what we can learn from SAT model is stated, that is to set up dynamic, flexible and plural types of evaluation mechanism. Keywords—enrolment system, comparison, enlightenments


Dear Editor, We have read with great interest the rich content of the June issue of the Journal of Surgical Oncology dedicated to gastric cancer (GC). GC, a leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide, is at the center of our scientific and clinical activities and we have appreciated the richness of the information on the epidemiology, natural history, diagnostic procedures (including those attempting cancer prevention), and therapeutic innovations provided by the monographic volume of the Journal. We have noted, however, with some disappointment, the dearth of information about GC prevention, both primary and secondary. Surgeons, as the primary audience of the Journal, are not only the leading actors of surgical therapies but they have also been extensively involved in gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures. Because of that clinical experience, they should not be deprived of strategic information on primary and secondary GC prevention: this is both an ethical and operational priority. In this respect, we would like to offer some comments on the excellent review article "Advances in screening and detection of gastric cancer" by Jonathan Y. Xia and A. Aziz Aadam. We fully agree that "serum tumor markers, including CEA, CA‐125, CA 19‐9 are of limited diagnostic utility" because of their limited sensitivity and specificity, but we suggest that serum pepsinogen II (PgII) is also an unsuitable marker for the identification of "patients with increased risk." Not only does it, as the authors state, "lacks the sensitivity and specificity to provide any diagnostic value," but it is a marker of inflammation that does not provide any information on either GC risk or current gastric neoplasia. In contrast, the PgI/PgII ratio (not mentioned by the authors), while not a marker of existing cancer, may be helpful in detecting subjects with atrophy and, consequently, increased GC risk. The paragraph entitled "gastric cancer screening" could have emphasized the cardinal point of GC prevention and screening. More than 95% of gastric cancers arise in a gastric mucosa extensively affected by the atrophic transformation that is universally recognized as the cancerization field. Such changes are overwhelmingly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, recognized by the WHO as a first‐class oncogenic agent. The early detection of atrophic changes and the eradication H. pylori are primary prevention strategies recommended in high‐risk countries. We share the authors' enthusiasm for the novel frontiers of silicon‐ based diagnostic tools, and the contribution of Shah and Bentrem in the same monographic issue comprehensively deals with this intriguing topic. However, we cannot forget that to date all these promising and possibly powerful biomarkers are yet to be validated, are not accepted in clinical practice, and remain basically restricted to cohort studies. While it is important to be aware of these new experimental tools, their mention should not overshadow the discussion of currently available diagnostic strategies. Unfortunately, for our patients, unpleasant invasive tests and procedures, including endoscopy, are still the most effective gastric secondary prevention strategies. Today, endoscopic examination with high‐magnification instruments remains crucial for our patients. By strategically combining digital endoscopy images with histology, patients at increased risk for GC may be confidently identified. As promising as they may be, presently available liquid markers alert us only of already advanced GC. The histological staging of gastritis is highly sensitive to detecting subjects at risk. This does provide the rationale for the cost‐effective early diagnosis of curable gastric neoplasia. Such a preventive strategy is clinically feasible and is supported by guidelines issued by international scientific societies as well as by authoritative experts. Both the "future directions" by Xia and Aadam, and the comprehensive review by Shah and Bentrem conclude by presenting a hopeful panorama for tomorrow's gastric cancer prevention. However, it is equally important to be alerted about the strategies that can benefit our patients today.


The paper overviews the concept of using circular patches as local features for image description, matching, and retrieval. The contents of scanning circular windows are approximated by predefined patterns. Characteristics of the approximations are used as feature descriptors. The main advantage of the approach is that the features are categorized at the detection level, and the subsequent matching or retrieval operations are, thus, tailored to the image contents and more efficient. Even though the method is not claimed to be scale invariant, it can handle (as explained in the paper) image rescaling within relatively wide ranges of scales. The paper summarizes and compares various aspects of results presented in previous publications. In particular, three issues are discussed in detail: visual accuracy, feature localization, and robustness against "visual intrusions." The compared methods are based on relatively simple tools, that is, area moments and modified Hough transform, so that the computational complexity is rather low.


Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of pancreatic carcinoma and to study the risk factors,diagnosis,treatment policy and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer.Methods The clinical data of 207 patients with pancreatic cancer were analyzed retrospectively.Results The incidence of pancreatic cancer in men were higher than that in male,and was increased with age.The initial clinical manifestation of pancreatic cancer patients was abdominal pain(49.7%),secondly jaundice(15.0%).The accuracy rates of ultrasonography,CT and ERCP were 75.9%,92.2% and 100.0%,respectively.The diagnosis rate of CA19-9 was 78.0%.6 patients had small pancreatic cancer,and 139 patients(67.1%) had stage Ⅳ disease.55 patients were treated by surgery,of which 2 survived more than 5 years.Conclusion It is important to pay attention to the initial symptom and choose reasonable detection and therapy method to improve the prognosis of the patients.


The objective of this research was to evaluate waters quality in Pari island waters for aquaculture purpose based on bacteriological information conducted in Mei and September 2011. Microbiological parameters analyzed were total density of bacteria for coliforms, E.coli, pathogenic, heterotrophic, halotoleran, phosphate-nitrate-ammonia breaker, and total cells. Method to analyze coliform bacteria was filtration, identification of pathogenic bacteria using biochemical test, density analises for heterotrophic bacteria, analises for phosphate-nitrate-ammonia breaker bacteria using pour plate, and total cell using Acridine Orange Epifluorescence Microscopy. Results showed that the abundance of total coliform cell was about 1000-7000 colony forming unit (cfu)/100 ml. The abundance of heterotrophic, halotolerant, phosphate-nitrate-ammonia bacteria in seawater was (3.6-4.3)x10 5 cfu/ml, (1.1-1.3)x10 5 cfu/ml, (0.5-3.44)x10 3 cfu/ml; and (3.6-6.7)x10 5 cfu/ml, (1.6-2.7)x10 5 cfu/ml, (0.6-5.22)x10 3 cfu/ml in sediment, respectively. The total cell of bacteria was (0.05-2.1)x10 7 cells/ml. The dog-conch (Strombus turturella) and blood-clamps ( Anadara granosa ) can survive in Pari Island and there was a significant increase in sea grass litter with growth average of 0.67 mm/day and 0.90 mm/day. During snails and clamps growth, there were found several genus of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella , Vibrio , Aeromonas , Pseudomonas , Citrobacter , Proteus , Shigella , Hafnia , and Yersinia . The results showed that Pari island waters was suitable for developing shellfish aquaculture dog conch and blood clamps. Keywords: bacteria, parameter, shellfish, aquaculture.


If all clocks within a distributed system share the same notion of time, the application domain can gain several advantages. Among those is the possibility to implement real-time behavior, accurate time stamping, and event detection. However, with the wide spread application of clock synchronization another topic has to be taken into consideration: the fault tolerance. The well known clock synchronization protocol IEEE1588 (precision time protocol, PTP), is based on a master/slave principle, which has one severe disadvantage. This disadvantage is the fact that the failure of a master automatically requires the re-election of a new master. The start of a master election based on timeout and thus takes a certain time span during which the clocks are not synchronized and thus running freely. Moreover the usage of a new master also requires new delay measurements, which prolong the time of uncertainty as well. This paper analyzes the results of such a master failure and proposes democratic master groups instead of hot-stand-by masters to overcome this problem by. It is shown by means of simulation that the proposed solution will not deteriorate the accuracy of the slave clocks in case of a master failure.


We introduce a method to calculate the van der Waals vibrational and rotational states of complexes which consist of an atom bound to a large aspherical molecule. A hamiltonian is derived using a body fixed frame, the orientation of which is determined by the molecule only. The cartesian components of the vector which connects the atom with the centre of mass of the molecule, are used as vibrational coordinates. The van der Waals vibrational states are then obtained as a linear combination of harmonic oscillator product (LCHOP) functions. The rotational constants are calculated by second order van Vleck perturbation theory. The method is tested on Ar-fluorene. The uncertainties in the structures which are determined by a rigid molecular model for the rotational constants, are typically of the order of the vibrational amplitudes. For the ground state the latter are ≈ 0·3 A for the motion of Ar along the fluorene plane and ≈ 0·1 A for the motion of Ar perpendicular to the plane. At energies below 27 cm-1, t...


Abstract : This report discusses the suitability of using several existing computational electromagnetics (CEM) codes for modeling antennas on complex structures. Complex structures are those with curved surfaces, edges, protrusions, and composite materials. Several models for wire and slot radiating elements have been developed. The performance of individual elements and arrays of elements over finite flat and curved ground planes is evaluated.


The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of the influence of the main capital on labor productivity in the economy of modern Russia. To identify the effect of capital-labor ratio on labor productivity production function models were used. To obtain the models, Rosstat cross-section data were used for 80 regions of Russia for the period 2010–2017 except for the autonomous districts that are part of individual regions). In addition, for the period 2014–2017 cross section data were used for 82 regions of Russia, including the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. The results of the simulation allowed us to determine that the capital productivity of labor in 2010–2017 explained from 75% to 81% of labor productivity in the regions of the country. In the period under review, there is a general tendency to reduce the impact of the capital-labor ratio, reflecting a decrease in the efficiency of using fixed capital in the country. The decline in the efficiency of using fixed capital in the economy may be a consequence of the formation of an institutional environment unfavorable to the economic development.


Ziziphus spina-christi L. extract from the northern region of Saudi Arabia, was investigated to determine its chemical composition and to evaluate its antioxidant and antifungal properties. Fresh leaves were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the yield was 8% w/w. Results of the qualitative study showed that this extract is rich in chemical compounds belonging to several classes (saponins, phenols, tannins). GC-MS analysis detected 38 chemical compounds with different concentrations representing 99.71 % of the total extract. However, Z. spina-christi leaves extract is mainly composed of Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethylester (18.80%). The extract has free radical scavenging activity at different concentrations and the best result was obtained with IC50 of 148.33 µg/ml. C. albicans and other Candida species caused vulvovaginal candidiasis, which is a high-risk occurrence in hospitalized patients. In vitro antifungal activity was investigated by the agar well diffusion test to measure and compare diameter of zones of inhibition (in mm) against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. Ethanolic extract of Z. spina-christi demonstrated a substantial inhibitory impact on several Candida species, especially against C. glabrata which has the highest inhibitory effect (90%). Therefore, Saudi Z. spina-christi leaves extract is a source of natural antioxidants and it can be used as well antifungal pharmaceutical product.


The use of resonantly enhanced four-wave mixing to generate high reflectivity phase-conjugate waves is discussed. A physical understanding of the mechanisms underlying the nonlinear response for a simple two-level system is presented followed by a discussion of the complicating effects of pump absorption, pump depletion, unbalanced pumps, and thermal motion. Modifications of the theory to describe four-level behavior are presented and compared with experiments. The application of nearly degenerate four-wave mixing to narrow-band filtering complicated by the A. C. Stark effect is dis-cussed along with examples of experimental observations.


Scientific evidence suggests that subjects affected by cardiomyopathies are at increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest usually in association with exercise training and competitive sport activity. Physicians are faced with the task to advise patients with cardiomyopathies how to combine the benefits of an active lifestyle without incurring the risk for adverse cardiac events. Physicians have an ethical, medical, and legal obligation to exhaustively inform the patient with cardiomyopathy of the risks inherent to exercise training and athletic lifestyle and, when the risk for cardiac deterioration or cardiac arrest seems to be likely, to advise withdrawing from sport. It seems reasonable that the potential risk of exercise training should not deny to the large proportion of patients affected by cardiomyopathies the many cardiovascular benefits offered by regular exercise. The current recommendations provide the basis for risk stratification and management of patients with cardiomyopathies who want to practice physical activity and offer to physicians updated knowledge for appropriate exercise prescription.


Boom,which directly relates to the reliability of crane,has a great impact on the performance of luffing boom-type crane.In view of the complex loads and high security requirements of luffing boom-type crane,a type of boom is designed and analyzed by using finite element method.The results show that the boom meets the application requirements,providing a reference for overall design and optimization of the tower crane.


There is no doubt that an organization's innovation performance determines its long-term success. Yet, to be successful in the short term, companies need to leverage their existing capabilities to ...


Some of the unreclaimed strip-mined lands in Ohio and similar areas of Appalachia constitute a valuable resource for educational, research and recreational purposes. Preservation of natural resources has focused on unique biological and geological resources of the state for inclusion in scenic, interpretive, or scientific preserves. Some of the unreclaimed strip-mined areas constitute unique scenic, scientific, and interpretive resources that could be incorporated into a preserve system, which could be expanded to permit numerous types of recreation suitable for unreclaimed areas. Criteria should be developed for the preservation of some of these unreclaimed areas before the most unique relicts of the Pre-Environmental Age are lost to the numerous reclamation programs now available. OHIO J. SCI. 79(4): 170, 1979 The extraction of mineral resources is usually accompanied by production of waste rock, tailings, and a hole in the ground that may or may not be visible. For centuries these residuals of mining have been considered nuisances, but part of the "price to be paid" in utilizing some of our geological resources. In some cases, the waste material was recovered for another use such as fill or road ballast, but often it simply marked the entrance to underground or surface workings. Some of these residuals not only changed the natural appearance of the landscape and caused visual pollution, but they also caused air and water pollution, thus degrading vital resources. The change of landscape and loss of resources was recognized by opponents of the mining industry more than 400 years ago. Agricola (1556) noted that " . . . the strongest argument of the detractors is that the fields are devastated by mining operations, for which reason formerly Italians were warned by law that no one should dig the earth for metals and so injure their very fertile fields, their vineyards, and their olive groves . . .". He pointed out that when the ores are washed, the water released poisons into the brooks and streams and either deManuscript received 15 June 1978 and in revised form 8 January 1979 (#78-35). stroys the fish or drives them away. Therefore, "the inhabitants of these regions, on account of the devastation of their fields, woods, . . . and rivers, find great difficulty in procuring the necessaries of life . . . " Strip mining has existed in the United States for more than 100 years and in Ohio since 1914 (Dickman 1964). The need for more coal at economically acceptable prices in combination with technological advances in earth-moving equipment produced significant increases in the amount of coal obtained by surface-mining techniques in Ohio during the 1940's (Collins 1976). As a result, larger areas than around the tipple of the underground mine were subject to landscape modifications. In the past, there was little incentive to reclaim mined land and almost all operators followed the same procedures. The frontier mentality of unlimited resources in America and the absence of strip-mine laws combined to produce the legacy of unreclaimed strip mines in Ohio. In addition to the degradation of mined land, the effects of strip mining commonly extended beyond the mine itself. For example, valuable farmland and other resources in the drainage basin of the mine have often been ruined by acidmine drainage and siltation of streams


Recently, due to rapid economic development, the renewable energy industry has been attracting attention as a measure against the primary energy depletion such as rising energy demand and fossil fuels around the world. Solar energy utilization technology, one of the most common eco-friendly facilities introduced in Korea, includes photovoltaic module technology, which converts electricity using a photoelectric conversion device, and solar thermal solar power, Technology and PVT system equipment that combines these. The PVT system refers to a system with a heat exchanger installed on the back of the module to prevent degradation of PV module performance due to excessive solar radiation in summer. As the surface temperature of the module increases, the efficiency decreases and it becomes the main cause of shortening the module life. Therefore, it is possible to improve the power generation by reducing the temperature rise of the module surface by securing the above disadvantages and to reuse the recovered heat for hot water supply and heating,these are advantages.It is also possible to improve the performance by efficiently utilizing energy per unit area. In this study, the performance analysis of the solar thermal (PVT) system was carried out considering the heat storage tank and the hot water supply load. As a result, the initial investment cost is expected to be 11 years, which is more economical than the existing hot water supply facility.


The procedure of whole-powder-pattern fitting without reference to a structural model, first proposed by Pawley for use with neutron powder data [J. Appl. Cryst. (1981). 14, 357–361], was extended as a tool for analyzing X-ray whole-powder data. X-ray data for α-SiO2, α-Al2O3 and CaCO3 used as test samples were first analyzed by individual profile-fitting techniques to establish the angle-dependent profile-shape model. Then the results were incorporated into the profile model of whole-powder-pattern fitting, where peak maximum positions of individual reflections are a function of unit-cell parameters while integrated intensities are independent variables. Whole-powder-pattern fits for the test samples showed that the correction for peak shift has a large influence on the overall fit of the pattern and the accuracy of refined parameters. It is also important to take into account the asymmetry and the angular dependence of the intensity decay rate in modelling the diffraction profile. The method developed was applied to an analysis of the powder pattern of a mixed monoclinic tetragonal ZrO2.


Background: Premenstrual symptoms are the cycle changes that a woman perceives as troublesome or problematic which escalate before menstruation. Imagery had been found to be very effective for the treatment of stress. Imagery is at the center of relaxation techniques designed to release brain chemicals that act as your body's natural brain tranquilizers, lowering blood pressure, heart rate, and anxiety levels. Hence the researcher felt the need to find the effectiveness of guided imagery technique in alleviating premenstrual syndrome among first year B.Sc. nursing students. Objectives: This study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of guided imagery technique in alleviation of premenstrual syndrome among first year B.Sc. nursing students. Methodology: The research approach adopted for this study was quantitative approach. The research design adopted for this study was pre experimental one group pre-test and post - test design. The purposive sampling was used to select the sample for the study. The sample consists of the sixty first year nursing students in selected nursing colleges. The Instrument used for the data collection was premenstrual syndrome assessment scale. Results: In the pre test level on premenstrual syndrome Mean Score was 95.8, SD 6.79 and Mean percentage 75.6%, post test Mean is 69, SD 4.12 and Mean percentage 55.2%, the percentage mean effectiveness was 21.4%. The 't' value was 50, shows that there is a reduction of premenstrual symptoms after the guided imagery technique. Conclusion and Recommendation: Special health education campaign related to the alleviation of premenstrual syndrome creates awareness, reduces morbidity rate. The present study proved that guided imagery technique was effective among the first year nursing students in alleviation of premenstrual syndrome.


The photoelectron industry,as a branch of high science and technology,is developing very fast in the21st century and will exert a far -reaching influence on the human beings.The development of photoelectron industry in China will not only help our economy to flourish in the knowledge -economy age of the21st century,but also strengthen our key competitive power in the world.To ensure a successful development of the photoelectron industry in China,we must make a strategic policy in accordance with the situation of China and the characteristics of the industry.


This article addresses Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), Equal recognition before the law, and its emphasis on supported decision making as one way in which an individual's legal capacity can be facilitated. After briefly describing Article 12 and the important paradigm shift it reflects, I identify the move from guardianship, or substituted decision making, to supported decision making that Article 12 represents. I then examine some of the early submissions on Article 12 that States Parties have made to the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, pointing out that several of these responses reflect a fundamental understanding of what supported decision making is. I conclude by noting some steps that states, NGOs, and people with disabilities can take to make it more likely that Article 12 will have more than rhetorical significance.


The past efforts on the use of linear Taylor instability theory to predict heat transfer and minimum heat flux during film boiling on flat plates are briefly reviewed. This is followed by a review of recent work on numerical evaluation of non-linear growth of the interface between superposed layers of immiscible fluids. In these studies the numerical results were obtained for the temporal and the spatial variation of the heat transfer rate and the interface shape during saturated film boiling on a horizontal surface at low and near critical pressures, and during melting of a substrate supporting a pool of warmer liquid. New physical insights gained from the analysis are discussed.


Image charge detection is a non-perturbative pre-detection approach for deterministic ion implantation. Using low energy ion bunches as a model system for highly charged single ions, we experimentally studied the error and detection rates of an image charge detector setup. The probability density functions of the signal amplitudes in the Fourier spectrum can be modelled with a generalised gamma distribution to predict error and detection rates. It is shown that the false positive error rate can be minimised at the cost of detection rate, but this does not impair the fidelity of a deterministic implantation process. Independent of the ion species, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2, a false positive error rate of 0.1% is achieved, while the detection rate is about 22%.


In this Chapter we described HPLC-based analysis of isoflavones profile of groundnut (Apios americana Medik) tubers. We identified a major peak that did not correspond to any known isoflavones. A water extract of groundnut tubers prepared at 4 °C showed the major and genistin peaks, whereas that prepared at 45 °C did not yield these peaks but showed a peak for genistein. The major peak was then isolated and purified through columns, and the chemical structure of the resultant component was analyzed and identified as genistein-7-O-genitiobioside. The component was degraded by β-glucosidase to produce genistein, suggesting that the groundnut isoflavone is converted into genistein, similarly to soybean isoflavones, by enterobacterial β-glucosidase, a deglycosylation process which has a significant impact on the absorption efficiency and bioactivity of isoflavones. The genistein-7-O-genitiobioside content of groundnut tubers ranged from 106.2 to 352.5 mg (100 g of fresh weight)−1, depending on their cultivation area. In addition, the content of genistein-7-O-genitiobioside and genistein, tended to be more peel than flesh. Soybeans have been recognized as the major or only food source of isoflavones; however, the present study suggests that groundnut tubers can serve as potential functional foods that provide a sufficient amount of isoflavones and significant health benefits. It is possible that these techniques and approaches described in this Chapter can be applied to other foods.


in historical perspective has attracted increased international academic interest in recent years, historians of nineteenth and twentieth century Belgium seem to have been little influenced by these developments. Belgian scholars have certainly paid attention to the construction of "otherness" and to the marginalisation of social categories on the basis of gender, ethnicity, age, class, respectability and sexual orientation, but they have rarely placed their analyses within precise conceptual and methodological frameworks. This introductory essay reflects on these historiographical trends and their echoes in Belgian history while examining the ways in which explorations of subaltern/marginal categories in late-modern and contemporary contexts – like the ones presented in this special issue – can contribute to spurring on new discussions about Belgian society and the logics of in/exclusion in a historical perspective. BELGIAN HISTORY AND THE MAKING OF MARGINALITY AND SUBALTERNITY


Professional organizations that advocate on behalf of environmental issues have become a permanent part of the American political landscape, representing 11 million members, and with 3.5 billion dollars in assets., Christopher Bosso considers how organizations that once contested the Establishment have become an establishment of their own.


Abstract The measurement and prediction of residual stress distributions in a fatigue pre-cracked and a plastically overloaded A533B steel beam are described. The residual stresses were obtained experimentally using the neutron diffraction technique. Finite element analysis was employed to predict the elastic-plastic response and residual stresses introduced after overloading. Comparison of the experimental results have been made with the finite element predictions (for both plane stress and strain conditions) averaged over the same sampling volume used to make the neutron diffraction measurements. It has been found that good agreement is achieved away from the near crack tip region. However, close to the crack tip the measured compressive residual stresses are significantly smaller than predicted. This difference is attributed to the A533B steel exhibiting a Bauschinger effect and yielding at a lower stress after a stress reversal.


Lambs born to ewes fed whole wheat grain were raised and fattened on whole wheat supplemented with varying levels of sodium chloride or elemental sulphur. Liveweights, wheat intakes, feed conversions and carcase weights were measured. Lamb birth weights increased with increasing quantities of energy, and of sodium chloride at high sulphur levels, offered to the ewe during late pregnancy. A weaning weight response to sodium chloride supplementation at high sulphur levels (P < 0.10) was substantially reduced when weaning weight was adjusted for ewe milk production. Lambs were successfully weaned at seven weeks of age to a diet of whole wheat grain. Their subsequent slaughter weights and carcase weights increased with sodium chloride supplementation up to levels of about 1.2 to 1.4 per cent. Little change occurred in the sodium chloride response when slaughter weight was adjusted for weaning weight. The importance of these results in relation to the mineral requirements of lambs fed whole wheat grain is discussed.


The author's research indicates that management's objectives in releasing shop stewards for courses and the shop stewards' objectives may be quite different. Views on how far courses should be "education" and how far "training", and the best structure for courses, also emerged from this study.


The legends of King Arthur have not only endured for centuries, but also flourished in constant retellings and new stories built around the central themes of the legends. Clearly, soon after movie-making was underway, Arthur was destined to hit the screen. This revised edition of "Cinema Arthuriana" presents 20 essays on the topic of the recurring presence of the legend of King Arthur in film and television from 1904 to 2001. Four of the essays included are taken directly from the previous edition, ten are revised from the original, and six are newly written. The essays cover such films as "Excalibut" (1981), "Monty Python and the Holy Grail" (1975), television productions up to the televised version of "The Mists of Avalon" (2001), and French and German films about the Quest for the Holy Grail and the other adventures of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.


Anti-barrel shape is a typical phenomenon for a cylinder deformed in the upsetting process superimposed with sufficiently high intensity of ultrasound. In this paper, the cylindrical specimens of aluminum 6061, ϕ 4.08mm×4.8mm, were performed as the experimental object. With the different temperatures of 350°C, 400°C and 500°C and the longitudinal vibration amplitudes of 6μm and 10μm, the anti-barrel forming law of cylindrical specimens was studied, as well as the material flow law in the forming process. Results show that, the anti-barrel profiles may show up elliptic and hyperbolic curves, as well as the circular arc. The forming process of anti-barrel profile consists of multiple processes of high-speed collision, low-speed collision, high-speed compression and low-speed compression. The formation of anti-barrel profile may effectively promote the uniform flow of the end material and avoid upward-moving of the lateral material which is inevitable in conventional upsetting. The barrel and anti-barrel profiles perform almost opposite types of hot-working streamline, of which the layout of arcs opening inward and outward respectively.


The author considers the problem of improving the quality of production processes and the delivery of public services in Russia, provided the use of outsourcing in the public administration in order to achieve efficient operation of public services. The author analyzes the barriers that exist in Russia for use of outsourcing in the public administration.


pregnancy; plasma volume begins to increase from the 6th gestational week and on average 50% of its increment is observed during the 25–30th gestational week. The results of the present study showed that estimated salt intake was slightly but significantly increased during pregnancy.3 Similarly, Gennari-Moser et al reported that urinary sodium excretion corrected for creatinine shifted toward a higher level in pregnant normotensive women compared with young healthy females.7 Thus, pregnancy may lead to increased salt intake to maintain the expanded plasma volume. Despite the volume expansion in pregnancy, BP is rather decreased during the 1st trimester and then returns to the same or slightly higher level as before pregnancy. When the ratios of systolic and diastolic BP to urinary sodium/creatinine ratio are calculated, they are lower in pregnant women at any gestational week compared with non-pregnant females,7 suggesting that the salt sensitivity of BP is blunted during pregnancy. This viewpoint is strengthened by an intervention study conducted by the same authors;7 salt loading caused a decrease in mean BP in pregnant women during the 1st trimester, although BP increased mean BP in non-pregnant women and the changes in mean BP were statistically different between the 2 groups. Thus, moderate salt loading may be beneficial in order to maintain not only the hemodynamic changes but also appropriate BP levels during pregnancy. BP will incrementally decrease under the influence of vasodilators and natriuretic humoral factors such as progesterone in pregnant women. On the other hand, the renin-angiotensin (RA) system, which increases BP by vasoconstriction and sodium retention, is greatly stimulated during pregnancy, probably because of the increase in renin induced by estrogen. Interestingly, it has been reported that, in a pregnant woman with essential hypertension, salt loading decreased BP,8 which might be caused by suppression of the RA system through moderate salt loading-induced volume expansion. Pregnancyinduced hypertension is considered to have volume depletion (a similar humoral and hemodynamic state is observed with pheochromocytoma and renin-producing tumors); as a result, it could be hypothesized that BP rises with salt restriction, because of the further decrease in plasma volume, which stimulates the RA system. The viewpoint that moderate salt loading may be beneficial in pregnancy-induced hypertension is comparable with the recent intervention trial to evaluate the effect of salt restriction to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension and/or pre-eclampsia. For example, Knuist et al9 examined the effect of restricting dietary salt intake during pregnancy for the prevention of umoral and hemodynamic changes occur during pregnancy, which may cause cardiovascular events that could result in maternal and fetal death in some cases.1,2 These changes are partly influenced by lifestyle factors, such as salt intake. However, there is little evidence to indicate the proper level of of salt intake during pregnancy.


ABSTRACT Within the human computation paradigm, gamification is increasingly gaining interest. This is because an enjoyable experience generated by game features can be a powerful approach to attract participants. Although potentially useful, little research has been conducted into understanding the effectiveness of gamification in human computation. In this experimental study, we operationalized effectiveness as perceived engagement and user acceptance and examined it by comparing the performance of a gamified human computation system against a non-gamified version. We also investigate the determinants of acceptance and how their effects differ between these two systems. Analysis of our data found that participants experienced more engagement and showed higher behavioral intentions toward the gamified system. Moreover, perceived output quality and perceived engagement were significant determinants of acceptance of the gamified system. In contrast, determinants for acceptance of the non-gamified system were perceived output quality and perceived usability.


Immune control composition comprising: a) bacterial DNA fragments wherein the DNA fragments ranging from 2.0 to 0.5 kb and are free of endotoxin; b) lipopolysaccharide E. coli, wherein lipid A of the lipopolysaccharides is degraded by alkali treatment and the molecular weight of the lipopolysaccharides is from 5,000 to 10,000 Daltons.


In the proposed paper, the problem of robust estimation of the polynomial regression parameters is considered with application to image processing. The polynomial regression model states that the intensity function of an image can be represented as a polynomial function of defined order within a sample window plus independent noise which is assumed to be Gaussian distributed with a small fracture of outliers. The developed procedure for robust estimation of the polynomial regression parameters is based on computation of partial optimal estimates using the least squares method which exploits the fact that the majority of the regression residuals have Gaussian distribution. The final estimate is selected by the principle of maximum a posteriori probability. In direct form, the proposed technique is computationally expensive. Since the regression parameters can be represented as a linear combination of local moments, it allows to decrease the computational complexity of the proposed technique by an order (i.e. by O(N), where N is the size of the used subsamples) because local moments can be calculated recursively. The estimated regression parameters can be used for robust estimation of image and background intensity, noise variance, as well as for adaptive image filtering and segmentation.


Objective To analyze the drug resistance of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with klebsiella pneumoniae in order to provide the basis for anti-infective therapy in clinic.Methods 317 strains of klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from the sputum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from 2009 to 2011,and their drug sensitivity was tested by K-B method.Results 101 strains of ESBLs were detected and the detectable rate was 31.7%,which showed a certain resistance to most antibiotics and 100% resistance to imipenem and cefoperazone/sulbactam.Conclusion The rational use of antibiotics,timely monitoring and clinical anti-infection treatment have an important significance on the treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with klebsiella pneumoniae.


PURPOSE: An aqueous ink composition is provided which has high color strength and produces images having a high light-fastness and water-fastness when printed on a substrate. CONSTITUTION: An ink composition comprises water, a water-dissipatable polymer and a dye, wherein the dye carries a group of formula (1) wherein: R1 is optionally substituted branched chain alkyl; and R2 is H, optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted aryl. The inks are useful in ink jet printers.


Combined electrical and electron spin resonance analysis reveals dramatic differences in the interface defect properties of the (100)Ge∕GeOxNy∕HfO2 and (100)Ge∕GeO2 interfaces from the seemingly similar interfaces of (100)Si with the HfO2 and SiO2. No dangling bond centers associated with Ge crystal surface atoms are detected. Only paramagnetic defects in the near-interfacial Ge oxide or Ge (oxy)nitride layers are observed. In contrast to the amphoteric traps related to the dangling bonds (Pb-type centers) commonly observed at the silicon/insulator interfaces, the major component of the Ge/insulator interface trap spectrum comes from slow acceptor states which show no correlation with paramagnetic centers and are resistant to passivation by hydrogen.


The primary purpose is to organize in Buryat Republic the Center of coloproctology basing on the large treatment-scientific-pedagogical complex. This center will combine inpatient and out-patient treatment, work out strategy and tactics in this sphere of medicine


We consider a canonical S 1 action on S 3 which is dened by (; (z1;z2)) 7! (z1 p ;z2 q ) for 2 S 1 and (z1;z2) 2 S 3 C 2 . We consider a link consisting of nite orbits of this action, where some of the orbits are reversely oriented. Such a link appears as a link of a certain type of mixed polynomials. We study the space of such links and show smooth degeneration relations. AMS 2010 Mathematics Subject Classication. 32S55, 57M25, 57R90.


This paper introduces the application possibilities of long-period waveguide gratings in planar structures of gradient waveguides. The analysis of resonance possibilities of coupling modes in gradient gradient structures was carried out. An original con guration of single-mode (gradient) structure and multimode decoupling area was proposed. The refractive properties of gradient areas were calculated on the basis of experimental data relating to the Ag ↔ Na ion exchange in soda-lime glass. The calculations of the resonance properties included the actual dispersion of the glass substrate. The in uence of the ion exchange technological processes (di usion, heating) on the character of the coupling modes' curves was also presented. The calculations indicate the possibility of obtaining these resonances in the wavelength range corresponding to the visible spectrum.


Aims:  Research into neuropsychological consequences of HIV has focused mainly on male subjects, and therefore very little is known about the disease in female subjects and, of course, about gender differences. The aim of the present research was therefore to investigate neuropsychological impairment rates and pattern in HIV male and female patients, with regard to the study of gender differences in tasks assessing attention, memory for texts, digits and words, psychomotor speed, verbal intelligence and abstract reasoning.


When we think about identity as the personal marker that defines us as individuals, it is impossible to divorce perception from its maker. As firm as identity is, it's malleability is apparent within the context of interpersonal relations, both personally and professionally. Each of us perceives the world uniquely, using lenses that fit our individual values, ethical and moral codes. That perception is also colored by our individual histories, and those moments filled with emotional fervor. How we are perceived will often mirror what we choose to reveal in different social contexts. However, when we leak aspects of our personalities that conflict with one another, spaces where the rational and emotional clash, perception can become frail. We propose that this is due in large part to our selfperception. How we perceive ourselves is a product of both nature and nurture to some varying degrees. While our backgrounds and cultures will help shape our identities and tendencies to individualize, we are often socialized to adapt to the norms of our chosen environments. And although our social connections help define the rules by which social progress can occur, fixed selfperceptions that outlie those shared by the great majority can stymie change in ways that can be devastating. We will examine these ideas within the context of Educational Leadership, to understand how cemented, self-perceptions with power – perceived or actual – influence a majority group. Educational Leadership: When Self-Perception Stymies Social Progress camille marie garcia & amanda claudia wager lesley university community of scholars 2018 Philosophy • How we are perceived will often mirror what we choose to reveal in different social contexts. However, when we leak aspects of our personalities that are in conflict with one another, spaces where the rational and emotional clash, perception can become frail. Fixed self-perceptions that outlie those shared by the great majority can stymie change in ways that can be devastating. Hence, uncovering learning patterns that are either ingrained or pliable, and examining their gross impact on impending change is necessary. • While this troubling reality persists beyond the thinning walls of academia, it is within its foundation that we seek to unveil how educational leaders knowingly mask those whose perceived power permeates and colludes the context by which necessary reform must take place. A system run by individuals risks being controlled by them. If individualism precludes self-serving systemic organizations, then who decides who should have power? If a system threatens to devalue an individual in order to survive, is defined by the very individuals it threatens, then who has control? • When education is no longer a viable tool for growing mindsets, and a fixed selfperception moves beyond an unalienable right – that we mistake not imaginary for real happiness how do we disempower the eminent front? What do you do when power impedes progress because of a leaders' self-perception? What are the implications of this global-social dilemma for Education? Administrators vs. Common Sense Politics Directors vs. Equitable Leadership Authority Figures vs. Supportive Environments Representatives vs. Civil Resolutions Teachers vs. Growth Mindset


The use of Java technology, through the implementation and application of virtual machines, is very wide because it presents a great advantage. It eliminates the need for programming individually distinct computing devices, with different specifications, resulting on compatible and homogeneous systems that integrate different devices such as computers, printers and mobile phones. Also sophisticated networks of sensors and actuators, used in precision agriculture, may benefit from the use of virtual machines. In this kind of systems, the implementation of virtual machines is usually restricted to the use of traditional microcontrollers with limited processing capabilities and memory range. Thus, the virtual machine is subjected to a fixed architecture. An alternative to this kind of implementation for sensors networks consists on replacing the microcontroller by a programmable semiconductor device, which allows the development of hardware, called FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). Besides the fact that this device has more memory and a greater processing capability, it is also more versatile than a microcontroller. It is expected that the FPGA, since it allows to create customized hardware, leads to a virtual machine implementation suited to the requirements and needed functionalities. The hardware architecture is built for the virtual machine. In this dissertation, it is developed a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) using a FPGA to evaluate whether this may be a good alternative to the use of microcontrollers in some applications.


In this paper we present a theorem which extends the results of an inequality originally due to Franz Rellich [4]. The theorem by Rellich establishes an inequality widely used in the spectral theory of partial differential operators. Our theorem allows for a broader range of application by extending the class of functions to which the theorem is applicable. Many authors call upon inequalities similar to the one established in our theorem in dealing with problems concerning essential self-adjointness of Schrodinger operators and other problems arising in oscillation theory of elliptic operators. In the first part of the paper we present Rellich's inequality and discuss some problems dealing with symmetric operators on Hilbert spaces where Rellich's inequality is a useful tool. We shall also discuss some important extensions of Rellich's work which were established by other mathematicians. One such extension was proved by W. Allegretto [1] in dealing with elliptic equations of order 2n. Another extension was established by U. W. Schmincke [5] in considering essential selfadjointness criteria of Schrodinger operators. Schmincke's extension is of particular interest to us due to his elegant proof. We follow Schmincke's method of proof. We then state and prove our generalization of Rellich's inequality along with a useful corollary. The paper concludes with a few brief comments on our result and other work which could be done with Rellich's inequality. RELLICH'S INEQUALITY Define the operator T by Tu = u cjxj4U on L 2(R n) with domain 92J(T) = CO(Rn\{O}). Then T is symmetric on 9(T). As Rellich mentions in [4] his inequality can be viewed as a means of finding the largest positive real number c such that the eigenvalues for the Friedrich's extension of T are nonnegative. Also, this could be viewed as finding the least point in the spectrum of Mu, u e CO (Rn\{O}), in the weighted Received by the editors August 5, 1987 and, in revised form, August 18, 1988. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 47F05; Secondary 26D10, 35P15, 47B25, 35J10.


The study shows that Bollnas Bostader should develop common working methods and introductory material for their caretakers in the case of apartment introduction. I think it would create the conditions for the consistent quality of the customer process. The study also shows that it is not at all certain that the immigrant tenants is experiencing the same communication problems as Bollnas Bostader experience, which I think requires a deeper investigation. By interviewing second property I have also come to the proposal to Bollnas Bostader that they can explore the benefits of developing a movie to their apartment introductions to better reach with their message. Finally I think it is important to have knowledge, not only in verbal-, but also in non-verbal communication to communicate with immigrant tenants who has difficulties with the Swedish language. Therefore I belive it would be useful for the caretakers to receive education in this area.


The students' concept of job location exerts certain influence on the development of advanced vocational education. An analysis is made on how to adjust the students' concept of job location, to realize properly the role of vocational education in job location and to enhance the development of advanced vocational education.