Contact stress is created whenever force is applied within small areas on the surface of an optical component. This stress depends on the magnitude of the force, the shapes of both surfaces in contact, the size of the contact area between the optical and mechanical bodies (both considered to be elastic), and the pertinent mechanical properties of the contacting materials. In this chapter, we summarize a theory based on equations of Roark for estimating the magnitude of compressive contact stress for a variety of commonly used glass-to-metal interface types involving lenses, windows, mirrors, and prisms. A relationship from Timoshenko and Goodier is then applied to estimate the tensile stress accompanying this compressive stress. A "rule-of-thumb" tolerance for this tensile stress based on work published elsewhere is stated. The stress and surface deflections resulting from radially unsymmetrical application of axial clamping forces on opposite sides of rotationally symmetrical components are approximated for simple cases. The analytical models forming the bases for the stress equations given here are believed be conservative representations of real-life situations.

A compressive force exerted over a small area on an optical surface causes elastic deformation, i.e., strain, of the local region and hence proportional stress within that region. If the stress exceeds the damage threshold of the optical material, failure may occur. Rigorous calculations of damage thresholds for glass-type materials are complex and rely on statistics to determine the probability of failure under specified conditions. We report key results of these studies and the basis for the generally accepted rule-of-thumb value of 1000 lb∕in. (6.9 MPa) for the tensile stress in glass that might cause damage. As a further approximation, we assume that the same tolerance applies to nonmetallic mirror materials and optical crystals. For simplicity, we refer to all optical materials as glass and all mechanical ones as metal. Stress also builds up within the mechanical members that compress the glass. This usually is compared with the yield strength of that metal (generally taken as that stress resulting in a dimensional change of two parts per thousand) to see if an adequate safety margin exists. In critical applications (such as those demanding extreme long-term stability), stress in mechanical components may be limited to the microyield stress value for the material.

Since operational environmental conditions invariably are less stringent than survival conditions, damage is not a concern, but detrimental effects on performance can occur. Mounting forces then may cause optical surfaces to deform, i.e., become strained. Such deformations may affect performance. No meaningful general tolerances for surface deformations can be given since they depend on the level of performance required and the location of the surface in the system (surface deformations are less significant near an image but are more significant near a pupil). Closed form equations for estimating surface deformations, as functions of force applied to optical components, are available only for a few cases. These evaluations are best done by finite-element analysis methods. Such methods are beyond the scope of this work.


In 'Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat', Lukács analyses the commodity-structure as 'the universal category' that frames society as a whole. Taking seriously the aspiration to follow Marx in going 'to the root of the matter', Lukács examines the ways and extent to which the commodity structure extends into and remoulds society, focusing on living individuals, their needs and relations to things as use values. We propose a reading drawing on the idea of concern-in-indifference, which addresses the complexity of the practice of owning that underpins Lukács's analysis. We argue that attention to this complexity enables us to shine a light on the commodity structure's capacity to conceal, directing us away from Lukács's focus to an appreciation of the significance of the universal category's power to deny a future ethical substantiality of togetherness while giving rise to singular beings for whom this substantiality remains an orienting vision.


We provide a compendium of inequalities between several quantum state distinguishability measures. For each measure these inequalities consist of the sharpest possible upper and lower bounds in terms of another measure. Some of these inequalities are already known, but new or more general proofs are given, whereas other inequalities are new. We also supply cases of equality to show that all inequalities are indeed the sharpest possible.


In this paper,we study Lagrange duality and scalarization in multiobjective optimization.Under some weak assumptions,we prove a Lagrange multiplier theorem,two weak saddlepoint theorems,a weak duality theorem and a strong duality theorem.Finally,a theorem onscalarization is also presented.


Messages in newsgroups are hierarchically organized into several thousands of groups such as soc.religion, alt.atheism, etc. Automatic text classification can help users determine the most relevant group to post a message. However, because of the huge size of newsgroup data sets, high time complexity and low classification accuracy are great challenges for automatic message classification. To solve these problems, we propose a system named Key Terms Extraction and Term Weighting (KETW) to automatically classify new messages for large newsgroup data sets. The system consists of two parts: (1) utilize the special properties of newsgroup data to extract representative terms for each group and use these terms for training rather than the whole vocabulary; (2) give terms different weights according to their importance. Our experimental results demonstrate that the technique of refining the training set reduces to 10% of the storage and still achieve good performance.


The fungus Phomopsis sp. was isolated consistently from samples exhibiting leaf symptoms on jatoba (Hymenaea stigonocarpa) in Federal District, Brazil, in 1999. In the greenhouse, ten plants were inoculated and ten were left untreated. Leaf symptoms on jatoba were observed after one week on wounded inoculated leaves, and Phomopsis sp. was successfully reisolated from disease tissue. No symptoms were seen on control plants. This is the first report of Phomopsis sp. found on jatoba in Brazil, under natural field conditions. This isolate also was inoculated on leaves of 13 plant species and caused leaves symptoms in 12 those plant tested for pathogenicity. The isolate was not pathogenic to Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa plants


This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of fully-integrated, fully-batch-microfabricated electromagnetic vibrational energy harvesters. The 4 – 15 mm structures utilize embedded NdFeB powder micromagnet technology, and represent some of the smallest magnetic energy harvesters demonstrated to date. Of three different designs, the best performing demonstrated 13.2 μVrms at the device resonance of 530 Hz and 1 g (9.8 m/s) excitation. This corresponds to a predicted maximum output power of 23 pW and a normalized power density of 1.6 ×10 W/cm·g. While the power from these prototype devices is limited, ongoing design and fabrication improvements aim to increase their performance.


While the birth of later‐born girls seems least welcome in India, where gender discrimination persists, birth order and sibling sex composition effects among surviving children are less known. The current study investigates whether later‐born girls are discriminated from their siblings once children survive up to primary school age in India. Examining the effects on test scores reveals that there is no negative later‐born effect for girls among surviving children. Instead, girls seem to be consistently at an advantage if they have elder sisters. Furthermore, gender bias among primary school age children is detected only in households of larger size. This implies that gender discrimination is severe in terms of survival, but once children survive up to primary school age they are treated equally.


A lignocellulolytic and thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1 was investigated for its production of biopolymers (exopolysaccharides, EPSs) using agricultural waste corn stover. The maximum...


The text is an attempt to analyze and interpret a selection of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's thoughts about education relating to music education, the thoughts that I find as reminiscences of assumptions and methods of Emil Jaques-Dalcroze. He focuses his discourse on the issues related to the moment when the musical education of the child takes form and also on the quality of the child's first contacts with music, and the role of parent and teacher in the child's appreciation of music. A comparison of the assumptions regarding musical education of Rousseau and Jaques-Dalcroze may seem interesting, because, despite the passage of successive decades, they seem to be still valid, as, for example, the one that speaks of the joy of discovery that should accompany the child in the learning process.


Introduction The objective of this study is to evaluate the persistence patterns and discontinuation rates from ruxolitinib in clinical practice. Ruxolitinib was the first Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor approved for treating intermediate-risk or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post‒polycythemia vera myelofibrosis, and post‒essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis. Ruxolitinib was investigated in 2 randomized, controlled, phase 3 efficacy trials in patients diagnosed with myelofibrosis (COMFORT-I and COMFORT-II).

Methods A retrospective database inception cohort study is developed from 2 large US claims databases, the IMS Health® database containing National Council for Prescription Drug Programs pharmacy-dispensed prescription claims and the MarketScan® database containing patient-level data from approximately 100 health plans (data from active employees, early retirees, COBRA continues, and dependents) and from Medicare Supplemental data. We identify a cohort of myelofibrosis patients who were prescribed ruxolitinib between November 1, 2011 and August 31, 2012 in the IMS database and between November 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012 from the MarketScan database. Patients are followed from the date of the first ruxolitinib claim, defined as the index date, until the last enrollment date or date of last claim recorded if greater than the last enrollment date in the MarketScan database or for a fixed 3- and 6-month period in the IMS database. When analyzing treatment discontinuation, patients with primary or secondary myelofibrosis are required to have ≥1 ruxolitinib dispensed prescription(s) and to have ≥3 months of pre-index data and ≥3 or 6 months of follow-up post-index data. Discontinuation of ruxolitinib was defined as a >30-day gap from the last day of supply from the prior prescription fill. Demographic and ruxolitinib discontinuation rates at 3 and 6 months post-index date for patients in each database are reported in this analysis with the Clopper-Pearson confidence interval.

Results In patients prescribed ruxolitinib in the IMS database, mean (SD) age at the index date was 63.4 (13.2) years for patients followed for 3 months (n=183) and 63.3 (13.6) years for patients followed for 6 months (n=115). The MarketScan database inception cohort comprised 161 patients with mean (SD) age of 66.8 (12.2) years. Age was comparable and not substantially different across the 2 databases. Discontinuation rates in the IMS database were 60.9% and 73.0% at 3 and 6 months follow-up, respectively; in the MarketScan database, discontinuation rates were 41.1% and 48.4% for patients with a minimum of 3 and 6 months follow-up, respectively.

Conclusions These analyses indicate that the discontinuation rates for patients receiving treatment with ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis are not low and are most pronounced within the first 3 months of treatment. Results suggest the magnitude of unmet need in myelofibrosis and for additional medications that can improve treatment outcomes.

Limitations of this study pertain to a traditional claims database inquiry. As patients were identified from 2 distinct databases, there may be some data overlap. Diagnostic information on the basis of claims databases is not always accurate. Future research using rich clinical data from chart reviews is needed to identify clinical determinants of persistence/discontinuation. The discontinuation rates observed from these 2 large representative databases are substantial, reflecting inherent variability of point estimates and differences in data collection for the 2 data sources. Future studies should examine the reasons for discontinuation so that findings may be incorporated into disease/medication adherence management programs.

View this table:

Table. Discontinuation Rates From Ruxolitinib

Disclosures: Fonseca: IMS Health - a company that received funds from Sanofi to conduct the study: Employment. Silver: Sanofi : Consultancy, Research Funding. Kazis: Sanofi and IMS: Consultancy. Iqbal: Sanofi: Employment, Equity Ownership. Rose: Sanofi: Employment. Khan: IMS Health: Employment.


The current article aims at studying translation peculiarities of terminological nominations describing cosmetic products that are presented on the official site of the Yves Rocher company. Some lexical-semantic peculiarities of translation of terminological nominations of Yves Rocher cosmetic products for face care were the focus of this research. During the analysis of terminological nominations of cosmetic products, the problem of partial correlation of such nominations in French and Russian has been revealed. Therefore, an attempt has been made to complete the existing official translation and present the obtained results in the form of "Yves Rocher Cosmetic Guide" with comments that can help choose from the cosmetic products of this company, as well as other French cosmetics brands.


Most researchers of the European settlement of North America assume that the local populations were decimated solely by introduced disease. Challenging that assumption, this book demonstrates that Native American societies responded to European encroachment in complex and varied ways.


This thesis has explored the attitudinal resources of English Academic Book Reviews(EABRs) by adopting Martin's APPRAISAL system and De Carvalho's EABR schema as the theoretical framework,with more attention paid to the Attitude system and the Engagement system.The results show that the distribution of attitudinal resources in different rhetorical moves changes systematically.


Among 14 children (3.5 %) with glucose intolerance, 7 (50.0 %) patients were diagnosed with leukemia and 7 with aplastic anemia. Eight patients (57.1 %) were diabetic (A1c ≥ 6.5 %, fasting blood glucose ≥ 126.0 mg/dL with clinical presentation of polyuria, polydipsia or weight loss) whereas 6 (42.9 %) were prediabetic (A1c in between 5.7 – 6.4 %). By univariate regression, fasting blood glucose (R2=0.538, P=0.003), glucocorticoid dose (R2=0.920, P<0.001) and volume of transfused red blood cell (R2=0.789, P<0.001) were positively correlated with A1c. Multiple regression analysis suggested accumulated glucocorticoid dose (R2=0.920, P=0.019) as a strong risk factor of glucose intolerance.


This research mainly explores about gender identity dilemma and transsexual from Einar character in The Danish Girl movie script. Gender is contrary to sex, 'gender' has social, cultural and psychological rather than biological connotations. It is defined in terms of femininity and masculinity, Einar is a man who have more femininity than masculinity, and in the end he changes his primary sex to the second sex (man into woman). This research focused on two points: (1) To find out about Einar character in relation to his gender identity dilemma. (2) To find out second about how Einar determined his gender to solve his dilemma. Having collected data, this reaserch analyze by ways of identifying, interpreting, describing, and evaluating. To analyze this point, this research use the theory of Gender Identity by Pilcher and Whelehan (2004) and Transsexual by Benjamin (1999). This research put scripts from movie script The Danish Girl, then took dialogues and narrations that showed Einar dilemma. The results of this research explained how gender identity dilemma in Einar character. After analyzing the data, there are two conclusions. Firstly, Einar is described as a man who has a feminine tendency; submissive, inferior, and emotional. Secondly, there is a solution to find his identity. In transsexual, this solution is called genital surgery.


This research project builds on research previously done on the subtilisin-like serine proteinase VPR, from a psychrotrophic Vibrio species and its structural homologue aqualysin I (AQUI) from the thermophile Thermus aquaticus. We set out to design a mutant of VPR using site directed mutagenesis that would be both more stable against heat denaturation and retain the high activity of the wi ld type enzyme. Starting with two different templates, one being a C-terminal truncat ed form of the enzyme (VPR ΔC), containing two proline mutations, N3P/I5P, close to the N-terminus of the protein, which had shown increased stability but loss of catalytic activity. The ∆C truncated form was produced by introducing a mutation as a stop codon at C277 to imitate the structure of AQUI in more detail. The other template contained t he ∆C mutation and additional six mutations on a loop that may act as a hinge for mov e ents that are postulated to be important for catalysis. The A116T/Q117R/A119H/S120 R/G121R/S123A (6x) mutant had shown an increase in activity without losing stabil ity to any degree. On top of these templates two mutations were added; N15D and Q142K. The N15D mutation had been shown to introduce a salt bridge yielding higher st ability but with no detrimental effects on activity. The Q142K exchange on the other hand incr eased significantly the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Thus, we attempted to impro ve stability of the two mutants by introducing the N15D mutation, while the Q142K muta tions was added with the purpose of increasing catalytic activity. The VPR ∆C/N3P/I5P/N15D/Q142K mutant was a success, giving an 8°C rise in the T m, a 10°C rise to the T 50% and the catalytic activity was slightly higher than that of the wild type enzyme. The VPR ∆C/6x/N15D/Q142K led to a 3°C rise in both Tm and T50%. To examine the effects of the N3P/I5P mutation on the flexibility of the structure, fluorescence quenching with acrylamide w as preformed comparing AQUI, VPR∆C and VPR∆C/N3P/I5P. The results indicated that the environmen t of Trp6 in VPR∆C/N3P/I5P is not as accessible as in VPR ∆C probably due to tighter packing of the Nterminus.


The magnitude of the moisture transport by the atmosphere into the Antarctic interior is determined from a mass transport model which allows a longitudinal variation in the annual flux values. It is indicated that the use of monthly mean transport and temperature values underestimates the annual moisture transport required by observed accumulation values in the interior, consequently a relatively much larger fraction of the annual moisture transport must occur in conjunction with positive temperature deviations from mean monthly values. This relation is examined at Byrd station where it was found that during the austral summer 1957–8 the threeday period with the highest 700 mb temperature accounted for nearly 20 % of the annual moisture transport. The variation of the moisture transport with altitude is examined and its effect as a constraint upon the maximum central height that the ice sheet may attain is briefly discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00446.x


The collation code of some Tibetan character in DUCET is not suit for Tibetan syllable's collation.The reason behind that is there are two alphabets in Tibetan:modern Tibetan alphabet and Tibetan transliterating alphabet.These two alphabets share some common letters and some of these common letters have different order in different alphabet.To these letters,only one collation code is not enough.The paper revises the collation code of some Tibetan letters so that they Default Unicode collation Element Table be collated in the desired order.The letters that their collation code have been revised are:(1)Tibetan subjoined consonant ■;(2)Tibetan Transliterating consonants ■;(3)Tibetan Transliterating consonants ■ and ■;and(4)spacing vowels ■.


Measures for verification and validation (V&V) of models, simulations and data (M&S) have been always important aspects and caused specific activities ensuring quality and utility of M&S results and their interpretation. Along with rapid innovations and increasing performance of computer systems, networks and software, capabilities as well as complexity of models and simulations are permanently increasing. Therefore, major M&S challenges nowadays concern mastering of M&S complexity as well as development of measures for quality assurance regarding correctness, validity and usefulness of models, simulations and its data. This contribution presents a summary of experiences gained by the development and practical application of national process and documentation guidelines for M&S development, verification and validation. 1.0 OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGRATED QUALITY ASSURANCE STRATEGY In parallel and in context of international standardisation activities of SISO-PDG-GM-VV, MSG-054 and MSG-073, the German Armed Forces and its Procurement Office (BWB) had launched some case study projects for development and application of national guidelines in accordance with international standards or guidelines like GM-VV ([20]). This paper is a brief summary of essential aspects and lessons learned by application of these national guidelines in two case studies ([1], [16]). 1.1 Guideline for Model Documentation The documentation guideline defines core requirements of structure and content of work products and documentation, and it provides templates for documenting an M&S project and its associated V&V efforts throughout the entire model development life cycle. As shown in Figure 1, the essential elements of this documentation guideline are adapted from GM-VV based on a meta-model description including role concept, document templates, methodological support, and a tailoring concept ([1]). STO-EN-MSG-123 7 1 German V&V Case Studies – Experiences and Lessons Learned Figure 1: Documentation guideline ([1]). 1.1.1 Meta Models The fundamental structure of the guideline is illustrated in the form of a set of meta models, which serve as common basis to describe the introduced core elements, such as role concept, documentation templates, supporting and tailoring concept, their semantics and relationships between these elements. In addition, all meta models are specified and organized in different degrees of abstraction to meet the specific needs of each user group of this guideline ([1], [2]). 1.1.2 Roles and Responsibilities In order to define functional tasks and competencies for persons participating in model development, documentation and V&V activities, a well-structured role concept is introduced. During the process of project planning, roles are assigned to individuals or organizational units with certain responsibilities, e.g. contributory or decisive responsibilities. While several roles may support in the creation of a product, exactly one responsible role can be assigned to each work product. Since an M&S project should normally involve three kinds of parties [5], namely participants from the sponsor side, the developer side, and the Independent V&V (IV&V) [6], this role concept has been developed in a manner which offers an organizationindependent orientation for project management. Figure 2 shows the relationship between roles, their responsibilities, and tasks defined in this documentation guideline. 7 2 STO-EN-MSG-123 German V&V Case Studies – Experiences and Lessons Learned Figure 2: Roles, responsibilities, and tasks ([1]). 1.1.3 Documentation Templates To facilitate the proposed model documentation activities, concrete structure and content requirements for each work product created during the M&S life cycle are specified in the form of documentation templates. A structured process for developing M&S applications and conducting their V&V was applied as the reference process as developed by [2], [3], [7]. As shown in Figure 3, this national documentation guideline provides detailed documentation templates for the description of Sponsor Needs (SN) and for work products in the different model development phases, such as Structured Problem Description (SPD), Conceptual Model (CM), Formal Model (FM), Executable Model (EM), and Simulation Results (SR). In accordance with GM-VV and with respect to compatibility with other international M&S concepts [7], [8], or guidelines and standards like REVVA [13], IEEE 1516.4 [9], and DoD Standard Practice [11], these have been taken into account too. Thus, all of the proposed templates can be directly applied to an M&S project or adapted as required before use. Figure 3: Document templates for the different M&S work products ([1]). STO-EN-MSG-123 7 3 German V&V Case Studies – Experiences and Lessons Learned 1.1.4 Methodological Support This documentation guideline also contains recommendations of selected practical methods, supporting tools, and standardized processes (e.g. the German V-Modell XT [12], [14], [15]) by means of which each potential user could find a more efficient way of preparing documents for model development and its V&V, as well as exchanging data (or information) among all involved project participants. 1.1.5 Application of the Proposed Tailoring Because of different characteristics of organization structures and project environments, this model documentation guideline needs some kind of adaptation or tailoring prior to application. For this purpose, a multistage tailoring concept is developed, which enables the project-speciffic selection of essential products, documents, and activities for developing M&S applications and conducting their V&V according to specified cost, time, and application constraints. By applying this tailoring mechanism, only relevant M&S products have to be taken into account during the model development process. This implies a reduction of project complexity. 1.2 A Generalized V&V Concept – The "V&V Triangle" As Figure 4 illustrates, two closely associated parts of V&V activities (model V&V and data V&V) are specified for application as part of model development [1], [2]. As an example, this model development process defines five modeling phases (depicted as black boxes) and their related work products. These development phases symbolize sets of activities to transform one work product into its successor. Figure 4: The "V&V-Triangle" ([1], [2]). 7 4 STO-EN-MSG-123 German V&V Case Studies – Experiences and Lessons Learned The V&V process is organized as a triangle-like matrix. The columns of the matrix represents the V&V main phases, which are associated with the work products (also referred to as intermediate products); while intersections between the columns and rows split the V&V main phases into V&V sub-phases. During V&V, each work product is examined for internal consistency and completeness with respect to the intended purpose of the model. Subsequently, the transformation consistency is checked by pair-wise comparison of all work products. Regarding model V&V, one work product is input to a V&V phase, numbered 1 through 5. Each V&V phase is again split into sub-phases, each with a defined sub-aim to detect the internal defects or transformation defects. In each sub-phase numbered as x.1, the absence of internal defects in each particular work product should be demonstrated. For example, in sub-phase 1.1, it should be ensured that the problem description is free of misunderstandings and inconsistencies, and in sub-phase 3.1, a syntax check can be applied to the formal model for comparison of the chosen formalism. In any other sub-phase, the pairwise comparison between the current work product and each previous work product can be performed to confirm the absence of transformation defects. For instance in sub-phases 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4, the formal model could be compared with the conceptual model, the structured problem description, and also the sponsor needs. With respect to data V&V, two types of data should be distinguished: raw data and processed data. Raw data are obtained directly from different sources, which are in general unstructured and unformed data. Processed data are, however, created by analyzing, editing, transforming, or adapting raw data during the modeling process. Thus, data V&V involves credibility assessment of raw data and processed data, which are essential for creating a work product. It should be noted that raw data are usually only relevant for specifying products in early model development phases, for example Structured Problem Description and Conceptual Model, and are not directly applicable for products like Formal Model and other succeeding products. Therefore, the associated V&V of raw data are undefined for certain work products [3]. 2.0 CASE STUDIES This section describes the two pilot projects planned for applying the proposed quality-assurance strategy. Both projects, sponsored by the German Armed Forces and its Procurement Office (BWB), are concerned with development of training simulators being designed and developed by the simulation software company szenaris. While the main emphasis of the first project was a case study on quality assurance of a pontoon bridge training simulator which focused on introduction and application of a specific M&S documentation guideline including a tailoring concept. The second project, a case study of a robot training simulator, focused on applicability and effectivity of the "V&V Triangle" concept and a graph-based V&V concept for root cause analysis ([7], [15], [20]). 2.1 Quality Assurance of a Pontoon Bridge Training Simulator (Case Study for Application of the Documentation Guideline and Tailoring) In parallel with the development of apontoon bridge team-training simulator (see Figure 5), the application of the proposed documentation and tailoring concepts was defined as case study, which was conducted cooperatively by the project sponsor (BWB), the M&S developing inst


Background: Acceptance of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF)
undergoing hemodialysis is different. Acceptance will affect the physical
and psychological health of patients and can improve their quality of life
and psychosocial adaptation. Acceptance can be influenced by
knowledge, perseverance or enthusiasm, means or resources, long
diagnosed and spiritual level.
Objective: To determine the relationship between the spiritual level and
the level of knowledge towards the acceptance of CRF patients
undergoing hemodialysis.
Method: Quantitative research (correlation/observation analytic) with
cross sectional approach. The total sample was 101 respondents. Data
collection used the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES)
questionnaire, knowledge of hemodialysis, and Illness Cognition
Questionnaire (ICQ) validated and reliable. Data analysis using
Spearman correlation test and multiple linear regression test.
Results: There is a significant relationship between the spiritual level
and the level of knowledge on the acceptance of CRF patients
undergoing hemodialysis with p-value 0.000. Linear multiple regression
analysis shows the spiritual level has more influence on acceptance than
other factors with a beta value of 0.550.
Conclusion: The spiritual level and level of knowledge have a
significant relationship to the acceptance of CRF patients undergoing
hemodialysis. The most influential factor towards acceptance is the
spiritual level. Dialysis nurses are advised to continue improve their
ability to provide spiritual nursing care to patients undergoing
hemodialysis.


The effect of the atomizing pressure of fuel on thermal NOx formation has been studied in a practical combustion system (kerosene flow rate : 14.4 kg/h) with liquid fuel pressure atomizer. The experimental results indicated that about 30% reduction in NOx formation can be obtained when atomizing pressure is decreased from 1.37 MPa to 0.40 MPa. The decrease in atomizing pressure decreased NOx formation by approximately 20% as compared with the standard condition in atomizing pressure at various ranges of fuel consumption rate. The results are explained in terms of decrease of the mean flame temperature caused by increasing Sauter mean diameter due to decreasing atomizing pressure. In this case, it is confirmed that both the particulates and total hydrocarbon emissions were at negligible levels in the exhaust flow ; consequently, the combustion efficiency was not affected by this simple technique for suppressing NOx formation.


La0.7Sr0.2Ni0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSNF), having thermochemical stability, superior ionic and electronic conductivity, and structural diversity, was investigated as a cathode in SOECs. Exsolution of nanoparticles by reduction of LSNF at elevated temperatures...


The source and features for the Russian set phrases mainly contain the following items: 1) reflecting the major events in the Russian history; 2) reflecting the Russian's natural environment; 3) reflecting the Russian's life custom 4) reflecting the national psychological features; 5) coming from the Russian folktale, fairy tales and fables; 6) reflecting the special things and social phenomenon for the Russian ancient social life; 7) the famous book and the well-known saying are the ones of the source for the set phrases.


By using the dual distance distribution and its properties for code C with length n and number of code words M in GF(q),this paper presents lower bounds and upper bounds for the mean value and variance of hamming distance of non-linear codes in GF(q) when M is odd.


A system for establishing digitally encoded text comprising: (a) an input device user (54) having a plurality of inputs (56), each of the plurality of inputs being associated with a plurality of characters being operable by the system user inputs to generate an input sequence each time input is selected by manipulating the input device user, the sequence corresponding to the sequence of inputs input generated so selected and having an ambiguous textual interpretation, the ambiguous sequence being generated due to the plurality of characters associated with each input, having also corresponding to the sequence of inputs that have been selected textual interpretation unambiguous sequence generated; (b) a memory (104) containing a plurality of objects, each of the plurality of objects associated with an input sequence, (c) screen (53) to represent a system output to the user; and (d) a processor (100) coupled to user input device, memory and display, the processor: (I) processing each generated input sequence to select an input an ambiguous selection of one or more of the plurality of characters associated with said input to identify from the plurality of objects in memory at least one object that is associated with the input sequence being processed; (II) simultaneously processing each generated input sequence to select an input for an unambiguous selection of a specific character associated with said input to identify the unambiguous textual interpretation associated with the generated input sequence; and (III) generating an output signal causing display on a screen at least one of the identified objects associated with the generated input sequence as a textual interpretation of the generated input sequence and simultaneously display the identified unambiguous textual interpretation that is associated with the input sequence.


Aim With comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of levonorgestrel after single and multiple administration of the combined oral contraceptive, this study would provide pharmacokinetic data for safety evaluation on proloned treatment of this monthly long_acting oral contraceptive. Methods Nine healthy fertile women received the monthly combined oral contraceptive (containing LNG 6 mg and quinestrol 3 mg) for up to 1 year. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to drug intake and at consecutive time points after oral administration for determination of serum LNG by RIA. Intraindividual comparison was applied in this longitudinal study. Results Serum LNG concentration_time curve showed an open two compartment model after single dose administration, with 2.86±1.60 hours for αT1/2 and 1.52±0.35 days for βT1/2. C max of LNG was observed after 2.56±1.13 h in the 1st treatment cycle. Mean Cmax was 141.36±70.20 nmol/L with significant interindividual variation. C max in 12 th treatment cycle reached to 314.83±128.55 nmol/L,which was much higher than that in the 1st cycle. AUC 0~28 were 182.42±135.85 and 533.96±319.31 nmol/L·d-1,respectively, also showing statistically significant difference. There was no meaningful difference on T max after single and multiple dosing. The mean value of βT1/2 in the 12th dosing was 1.67±0.48 days, which showed no marked changes, suggesting that multiple dosing did not influence the velocity of drug metabolism. Cd21 declined below 100 pg/ml. Conclusion There was no obvious accumulation of LNG after repeated dosing of this monthly long_acting combined oral contraceptive.


Sierra Negra, one of the highest peaks in central Mexico, is the site of the Large Millimeter Telescope. We describe the first results of a comprehensive analysis of the weather data measured in situ from 2000 October to 2008 February to be used as a reference for future activity in the site. We compare the data from two different stations at the summit considering the accuracy of both instruments. We analysed the diurnal, seasonal and annual cycles for all the parameters. The thermal stability is remarkably good, crucial for a good performance of the telescopes. From the solar radiation data, we developed a new method to estimate the fraction of time when the sky is clear of clouds. We show that our measurements are consistent with a warm standard atmosphere model. The conditions at the site are benign and stable given its altitude, showing that Sierra Negra is an extremely good site for millimeter and high-energy observations.


Delamination is the most common reliability issue of IC and will cause severe damage to function/life. In this paper, TOF-SIMS and XPS were taken to analyze the chemical status of leadframe surfaces with different die bonding processes. From the analysis, the root cause of delamination at the interface between molding compound and leadframe was due to additional tin and lead on the leadframe surface.


Impedance measurement is widely used at present, it can be applied to clinical monitor such as blood leakage monitoring during hemodialysis. However, some patients have the symptom called "cold sweating" that may occur during hemodialysis treatment. It affects the results of impendence measurement. So to distinguish the difference between blood leakage and sweat at the same time, it could provide better method for blood leakage monitoring during hemodialysis. This study presented a wearable device with a conductivity sensor for sweat and blood leakage monitoring based on wide frequency range analysis. The device had self-calibration function to reduce the interference in environment. The experimental results show that the proposed wearable device could distinguish blood concentration that mixed artificial sweat successfully. Overall, it has high potential application in clinical use.


The clustering routing protocols attract many research papers that result from their well topology control, less demand resources, and less energy dissipation. The cluster routing protocols consist of single hop communication and multi hop communication. Single hop is applied between sensor node and its related cluster head. Multi hop is applied between cluster heads to base station. The previous two communication modes depend on the cluster head election. Appropriate cluster-head election can drastically reduce the energy consumption and enhance the lifetime of the network. The fuzzy models are used frequently for cluster head election. The fuzzy models can be built either expert's knowledge or numerical data. The authors propose fuzzy model using adaptive Takagi-Sugeno for wireless sensor network protocol (FATSN). The FATSN protocol is implemented by modified merging algorithm of fuzzy clustering with expected value (MCFEV). The FATSN protocol compares with the famous cluster routing protocol LEACH, EEUC, CHEF, and FCM protocols. The results show that FATSN protocol is efficiency


The present study aimed to survey the native medicinal plants in the biome Caatinga in the community of Sitio Nazare from Milagres, in Ceara, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews with 100 persons, from 25 to 85 years old, were recorded. Sixty-two species were pointed for medical information on use, used plant part, therapeutic indication and methods of preparation of home remedies. We also prepared the collection of botanical material and production of exsiccates. The most representative families reported in this study were: Fabaceae (15 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (7 spp.), Cucurbitaceae and Malvaceae (3 spp.). On the preparation of remedies, we found that all parts of the plants were used, predominantly the roots (33.77%) and the barks (29.87%). The most common way of preparation observed was tea (49.21%), followed by syrup (40.69%). These collected data revealed that popular knowledge on medicinal Caatinga plants were important for disease control in the local population and it has contributed to other ethnopharmacology studies.


Pat Barker is a contemporary British writer,who had her Regeneration published in 1991 as her first novel on the subject of war,depicting the repression of the Victorian war regulations over combatants during the First World War and searching for the ways of healing the mental wound.Shell shock is the result of the enormous pressure of the mind under the traditional idea of masculinity and war justice.Through individual narrative during the process of Dr.Rivers' medical treatment the novel exposes the tension and opens a dialogue between the individual consciousness in terms of the consciousness as it remembers things and the conventional war heroism or war justice so as to break down the constraint of the traditional values and to build up the understanding of the nature of war for human beings' spiritual healing.


Humic‐like substances (HULIS) are unresolved compounds isolated from organic matter in atmospheric aerosols. Understanding the chemical structures and sources that control the hygroscopicity of HULIS is important for predicting its environmental impacts and possibly useful for parameterization of the hygroscopicity of organic aerosol (OA). Here, the hygroscopic growth of HULIS from total suspended particles samples in Beijing was analyzed using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer. The hygroscopicity parameter of HULIS (κHULIS) was determined to be 0.06 ± 0.03, and was found to correlate positively with O:C and f44 from offline aerosol mass spectrometry. Additionally, κHULIS was correlated positively with oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) and correlated negatively with cooking OA and biomass burning OA, for which the source‐related OA types were from mass‐spectral‐based positive matrix factorization analyses. Further analysis resolved substantial κ values of 0.09 and 0.22, respectively, for less‐oxidized and more‐oxidized OOA, in contrast to the low κ values for cooking OA and biomass burning OA. Extensions of O:C‐ and source‐based parameterizations reasonably estimated the hygroscopicity of total OA with a moderate contribution from HULIS. This result and the fact that the obtained OOA contributions to κ of OA were similar to those from different environments suggest the applicability of parameterizing the hygroscopicity for a wide range of OA in particular based on source‐related structural characteristics.


Introduction : The aim of the study is to present fermented milk products intake and related factors by Turkish and Polish students of dietetics. Material and methods : Dietetics students of both Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (SUM), Poland and Izmir Katip Celebi University in Izmir (IKCU), Turkey were kindly requested to fill up an on-line questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions about personal data, consumer preferences, substantive knowledge and assessment of factors conditioning the purchase of fermented milk products. Statistical significance between the groups were checked with the Mann-Whitney U test, t test and Chi squared χ2 test.  A statistically significant difference met the p<0.05 condition. Results : There were 162 Polish and 181 Turkish respondents taking part in the research. The most common fermented milk product among both the SUM and IKCU students was plain yoghurt. Its intake was declared by over 95% of the respondents in both groups. In the group of the Polish students, fermented milk products are consumed mainly for breakfast (61.11%) and as a snack between meals (58.02%). Turkish students significantly more frequently prefer to eat them for dinner (50.28%) and lunch (48%). Only 21.06% of the Polish students and 29.3% of the Turkish students consume fermented milk products every day. Products with no colour additives and preservatives are selected by 67.9% of the SUM students, while IKCU students more often choose products with probiotics and prebiotics (43.10%) as well as products with reduced fat content (40.3%). Quality, composition of products, manufacturer, packaging, advertisement were determined the significant factors that preconditioning the selection of fermented milk products. Conclusions : Cultural differences concerning fermented milk products are reflected in eating habits and consumer preferences. Plain yoghurt is a frequently chosen product by both the SUM and IKCU students. There were differences between the respondents in terms of times of the day, amount and types of consumed fermented milk products. Moreover, factors preconditioning their selection vary between the two groups.


A new audible‐liquid‐helium level detector using the thermal oscillations of helium gas has been developed. A liquid level can be easily detected by a clear sound change of a vibrating plastic film which is fixed on top of a stainless‐steel tube. This level meter is very simple, but more convenient and economical compared with commercial electronic types of level meters.


The negative transfer effect of Chinese dialects on English pronunciation is the main reason for the English pronunciation errors of the learners.Through the test of English pronunciation's segmental phoneme,it is found that the respondents often pronounce the English vowels and consonants by using the tongue position and methods of their Chinese dialects,which results in some pronunciation errors.But most learners are willing to accept the systematic pronunciation training to correct the dialect accent in their English pronunciation.English teaching in colleges and universities should find the pronunciation teaching methods suitable for learners of China's dialect areas,in order to reduce the negative transfer effect of local dialect on the English pronunciation.


The invention relates to an illuminating device and a method for assembling the illuminating device. The illuminating device comprises a lamp shade, an optical engine which is arranged and contained in the lamp shade, and a driver used for driving the optical engine. The illuminating device further comprises an adapter connected between the optical engine and the driver. The adapter comprises a carrier. The optical engine and the driver are both connected to the carrier. The driver is detachably and mechanically connected to the carrier, so that the driver is electrically connected with the optical engine.


The article describes the processes of institutionalization in scientific discourse. The awarding of a scientific degree, an academic rank, a scientific publication, etc. are considered to be acts of institutionalization, which are symbolic in the context. Acts of institutionalization are connected with expert status construction.


The Berezin symbol ?A of an operator A on the reproducing kernel Hilbert
 space H (?) over some set ? with the reproducing kernel k? is defined by ?
 (?) = ?A k?/||k?||, k?/||k?||?, ? ? ?. The Berezin number of an operator A
 is defined by ber(A) := sup ??? |?(?)|. We study some problems of
 operator theory by using this bounded function ?, including treatments of
 inner product inequalities via convex functions for the Berezin numbers of
 some operators. We also establish some inequalities involving of the Berezin
 inequalities.


PURPOSE: An ultrasonic image and heartbeat sound supplying service system and method thereof through a mobile communication terminal are provided to increase the interest of a family about a fetus by transmitting the ultrasonic image and heartbeat sound of a fetus. CONSTITUTION: A fetus data storing unit(110) receives the ultrasonic image and heartbeat sound data of a fetus. A subscriber information storing unit(120) stores subscriber information including the specification of a mobile terminal. A screen image forming unit(130) forms a screen image by converting the ultrasonic image into the specification of the mobile terminal. A ring tone forming unit(140) converts heartbeat data according to the specification of the mobile terminal. A transmitting unit(150) combines the screen image with a ring tone.


Requirements engineering is widely accepted as a top success factor for IT (and non-IT) projects. Qualified requirements engineers need to possess not just factual knowledge, but also many skills. Yet, it is unclear which competences requirements engineers actually need, and how these competences may be addressed appropriately in education. As a methodological framework, we devised an approach, Competence-Oriented Didactics, which rests on a sound pedagogical underpinning. This paper shows how Competence-Oriented Didactics is applied to a requirements engineering course in several iterations. In contrast to more traditional teaching approaches, students shall not only acquire technical requirements engineering knowledge, but, at the same time, develop non-technical competences that are necessary for requirements engineering. In particular, students shall better understand why requirements engineering and its core methods, techniques, and skills are needed. Moreover, students shall develop and expand the necessary skills for requirements engineering. Consequently, learning shifted from an instructive to an active and inductive style, which makes students actively discover relevant requirements engineering issues and gain hands-on experiences through carefully devised exercises. Systematic evaluations indicate that the described didactical settings works well. This paper has two main contributions: first, a systematic, competence-driven approach to develop learning settings, and second, a learning setting that is equally directed towards technical and non-technical competences of requirements engineers and demonstrably achieves its goals.


This article aims to expose the role of sound from people's speech and its effects when they address each other, from the light of the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah. Sound has great importance to convey the message of personal objectives among the people. We speak everyday with our parents, relatives, neighbours and others within our own community and beyond. Consequently, proper addressing with soft sound has paramount benefits. Nowadays many people do not care about this sensitive part, due to the sound intonation sometimes leads to awaken feelings, either positive or negative corner. The Qur'an and the Sunnah give special value in this aspect in the time of conversation with people regardless their religions and tribes even with unbelievers. Allah mentions in the holy Quran when he addressed to Moses and Aaron (peace be upon them): "But speak to him mildly; perchance he may take warning or fear (Allah)" (20:44). This verse indicates to the wonderful style of dialogue with people even if he denies God and does not believe in the Creator of this prolonged universe. Moreover in this paper we will discuss about the impact of sound when they speak with other as well as importance of way for conversation. Apart from that the solution for the negative effects of coarse sounds, in this research we will follow analytical and inductive approach.


The entities are characterized by two attributes. Therefore, they can be arranged in a two-dimensional matrix. Let I and J be the number of rows and columns in the matrix. Hence there are a total of I  J entities competing for the H units of the good. The variables i and j vary over the sets M = {1, 2, ... I} and N = {1, 2, ... J}, respectively. There are given positive real numbers pi,j. They represent the entities' claims on a share of the H units of the good. As far as possible the distribution should be proportional to the numbers pi,j. Row and column sums in the pi,j-matrix, and the sum of all entries in the matrix, are denoted as follows: pi,N = jN pi,j pM,j = iM pi,j pM,N = iM,jN pi,j Similar notation is used for other indexed variables. It is convenient to normalize the numbers pi,j by defining qi,j = pi,j  H / pM,N for all i and j Then qM,N = H. Let ai,j denote the amount of the good allocated to entity (i, j). These must be nonnegative numbers satisfying aM,N = H. The ai,j-matrix is called an allocation. For now, there is no requirement that ai,j be an integer. Perfect proportionality can be achieved by letting ai,j = qi,j. If there are no further constraints, this is the obvious solution to the problem. Further restrictions are imposed. There are given positive numbers ri for i  M and sj


Background: At the end of the'Waste Drug Disposal Project', collection and disposal of waste drugs remain a social issue. Objective: This study aimed to provide suggestions to improve the drug waste management system in Korea by comparing domestic and overseas relevant programs. Methods: This is a comparative study between South Korea, Australia, Canada, France, and the US. These overseas countries were selected because they have been operating waste drug management programs continuously to date. Comparison was conducted by a pre-determined analysis frame including legal regulation, enforcement program and its performance. Results: All selected countries except Australia had legal regulations on drug wastes. The US had the largest variety of drug waste disposal methods. Canada had recommended that pharmacies actively participate in drug waste withdrawal programs. France had the largest variety of methods to promote relevant programs, including window sticker, SNS, and app, as well as the highest level of awareness and participation. Australia had the lowest level of awareness and participation in pharmaceutical waste management programs. Pharmaceutical companies took responsibility of paying for these programs in the selected overseas countries. Conclusion: Further efforts should be made to establish a clear guideline including the role of pharmaceutical companies, and to develop various methods for the public to be aware of appropriate ways of disposing drug wastes in Korea.


bad foods changing attitudes about what we eat is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our digital library hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the bad foods changing attitudes about what we eat is universally compatible with any devices to read.


I 1879, von Winiwater described a patient with an unusual arterial disorder.' This patient was the first reported case of what was later to be known as thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger's disease. Leo Buerger gave the first description of TAO in the English literatures in 1908. He described young men with a progressive arterial disease of the extremities resulting in gangrene and amputation. On the basis of his pathologic examination of the amputation specimens, Buerger labeled the condition thromboangiitis obliterans to distinguish the disease from atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis obliterans.^ After Buerger published a book in 1924 on vascular disorders of the extremities in which he described TAO in detail/ interest in the disorder grew. A lack of strict diagnostic criteria, however, led to over-diagnosis of TAO in subsequent years,"* and as a result some authors began to question the existence of TAO as a distinct vascular disease.̂ "® Subsequently, however, many rebuttals appeared in the literature with convincing data in support of thromboangiitis obliterans as a distinct entity.^ " Today, thromboangiitis obliterans is recognized as a nonatherosclerotic, inflammatory, occlusive disease of small and medium-sized arteries and veins primarily involving the distal extremities. The disease most commonly affects young men who are smokers and often results in severe disability and digital amputations. While dermatologists are commonly involved in the evaluation and treatment of peripheral vascular dis-


Emotional contagion is considered a precursor to empathy, which is an integral component of social functioning in life. Previous research into infant emotional contagion typically utilises the "contagious crying" paradigm, which focuses solely on negative emotional contagion, invoked by the distress of others. Additionally, there has been debate as to whether contagious crying truly taps into the construct of emotional contagion. This thesis investigated the effect of laughing and crying infant videos on the joy and sadness facial expressions of adults (Experiment 1) and infants aged 6-to-12-months-old (Experiment 2). It was predicted that adults and infants would experience positive and negative emotional contagion to the laughing and crying infant videos, respectively. Additional correlations on empathy and prosociality were conducted, for adults in Experiment 1, and parents of infants in Experiment 2. It was predicted that higher empathy would correlate to higher prosociality. Adults' and infants' facial expressions during video conditions of infants laughing, crying, babbling, and neutral were recorded, and analysed, using a facial recognition software. Results from both experiments found stronger support for positive emotional contagion, but marginal support for negative emotional contagion. Specifically, adults showed higher percentages of joy expressions in the laughing video condition, over other video conditions. Infant facial expressions yielded no differences across conditions, but reported the highest frequency of social referencing in the laughing video condition. These findings suggest that adults and infants experience positive emotional contagion, but marginal negative emotional contagion. Implications for considering alternative forms of emotional contagion were discussed, and improving on methodological measures were discussed.


Using AAO as a template,many plastic polymer nanotubes have been prepared by wetting of polymer melt or solution.However,the nanotube from elastic polymer has not been reported.EVA,a typical elastomer,has been used to prepare nanotubes by wetting AAO template with polymer melt and solution.Results of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) demonstrate that EVA nanotubes are prepared using either EVA solution with different concentrations or polymer melt at different temperatures.The thickness of EVA nanotubes,obtained from polymer solutions of 5.0 wt% and 7.0 wt%,are 40 nm and 60 nm,respectively.As for the melt wetting method,the structure of products depends on the temperature and flow property of polymer melt.The forming mechanism of polymer nanotubes is also discussed.


In recent years, with the accelerating progress in the technology of distributed and Internet architectures (e.g., CORBA, WWW), we have seen the emergence of distributed applications of a larger size and of greater complexity. Some of these applications, such as groupware and applications for e-commerce, are computerized tasks that have been conducted by human beings.
Distributed applications typically consist of some kind of distributed objects that communicate with one another to achieve a collective goal. The difficulty in developing such complex applications is the increased complexity in the coordination of objects. The programming languages (such as C++ and Java) and distributed and networking architectures (for example CORBA and DCOM) that are in use today do not address this well because: (1) their coordination mechanisms are not sufficient for the level of control that is required, and (2) codes for computation and those for coordination are typically intermixed, thus making codes for coordination hard to understand, maintain, and reuse.
The objective of this research is to provide a solution to overcome these two problems and relax the difficulties in software development they introduce. This research provides a way to precisely describe coordination in distributed applications in a modular and hierarchical way, and also develops some methods to construct distributed applications in an organized fashion.
In this solution, we will define an object-oriented coordination model that (1) supports various coordination mechanisms, (2) separates coordination codes from computation codes, and (3) allows construction of distributed applications in various granularity. In addition, we will define software development methods for the systematic construction of distributed applications. Based on the model and methods, an integrated development system consisting of a runtime environment and a CASE tool can be developed.
Our approach will be examined and evaluated by putting it into practice in constructing a distributed application.


Background: Cystic fibrosis is the most common heredity disease among the Caucasian population. More than 350 known pathogenic variations in the CFTR gene (NM_000492.4) cause CF. Herein, we report the outcome of our investigation in two unrelated Iranian families with CF patients. Methods: We conducted phenotypic examination, segregation, linkage analysis, and CFTR gene sequencing to define causative mutations. Results: We found two novel mutations in the present study. The first one was a deletion causing frameshift, c.299delT p.(Leu100Profs*7), and the second one was a missense mutation, c.1857G>T, at nucleotide binding domain 1 of the CFTR protein. Haplotype segregation data supported our new mutation findings. Conclusion: Findings of this study expand the spectrum of CFTR pathogenic variations and can improve prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for CF.


Some preliminary results on the comparison of scintillation efficiencies of scintillators based on two white oils are described. It is shown that a new solvent, technical white oil, has a better scintillation efficiency than that of medicinal paraffin. A possible reason for this higher efficiency is discussed.


Indurated clay formations are under consideration as potential host rock formations for the disposal of radioactive waste in several countries. The favourable features of such formations for deep geological repositories include an excellent hydraulic barrier function, high capacity for dissolved radionuclide retention and considerable self‐sealing potential. The development of a brittle fracture network (excavation‐induced damage zone, EDZ) around underground structures during construction and operation cannot however be avoided. To assess the impact of the EDZ on long‐term safety of the repository, a detailed structural inventory of the fracture network and the relevant hydro‐mechanical phenomena and processes during excavation and the subsequent operation phase is required. This then forms the geomechanical basis for the development of conceptual and numerical models of the EDZ. Here we present some empirical and experimental evidence from the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory (URL), summarizing the key phenomena and processes associated with the creation and evolution of an EDZ in the Opalinus Clay. In particular, the significance of rock mass anisotropy is highlighted, both as a likely origin for far‐reaching pore fluid pressure changes and as a controlling factor in EDZ development during the excavation process.


Recent studies by Karsenty and co-workers at Columbia University, New York, have demonstrated the importance in skeletal remodeling in mice of serotonin in the brain and in the periphery. Leptin ac ...


An age-related alteration in the cardiovascular response to exercise training are evident. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of exercise and age on blood velocities in common carotid artery in 82 healthy men between the age ranges of 21 to 67 years old. Blood velocities are characterized to five components of velocity waveforms as peak systolic (SI), second systolic (S2), incisure between systole and diastole (I), peak diastolic (D) and end-diastolic velocity wave (d). Decrease of blood velocities in peak systolic (r=-0.711, P< 0.0001) and in peak diastolic velocities (r=-0.521, P< 0.0001) with aging are improved and partially restore in particularly older men. The velocity ratio of S2/S2-1 as a reflection index increase with age (r= 0.797, P< 0.0001), however is smaller in exercise-trained older compared with sedentary peers. The ratio of 1-I/D as a vascular elastic recoil index decrease with aging (r=-0.640, P<0.0001), but is relatively higher in exercise-trained men. Exercise training improves the age-related deterioration in blood velocities and its indices in healthy men. In the further investigations, the assessment of aerobic fitness and vascular aging has potential by using the criteria of peak systolic and peak diastolic, and its indices.


Industrial sociology needs more than one set of methods. So far, field work has been dominated by observation and the nondirective interview, and methodological thinking has been preoccupied with discovery, social organization, and the conceptual social system. In the future there should be greater insistence on quantitative methods and analytical concepts.


Ships and automobiles are fabricated from thin curved plates. To assemble these parts, welding is commonly used. However it is impossible to avoid distortion induced by welding. The distortion causes problems not only in the assembling process but also in the final products. The shrinkage of the weld zone is just one of the reasons for the distortion during assembly. Other factors, such as positioning, fixtures and welding sequence must be controlled to achieve the required precision. In this research, a finite element method (FEM) for predicting the welding distortion of three-dimensional curved structures for considering positioning and the gap between parts is proposed. In this method, an interface element is introduced to model the joining process. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through the prediction of the welding distortion of curved plate structures and the influence of the gap correction is investigated.


In this paper, the author has reviewed the microbial & clinical impacts of the one-stage full-mouth disinfection and quadrant scaling root planing in Periodontics. Periodontal diseases are one of the most common in the oral cavity and have an infectious nature triggered by pathogenic microorganisms that first lead to gingivitis and may develop to periodontitis and, if not treated, to tooth loss. Periodontitis is characterized by loss of attachment in the conjunctive tissues followed by alveolar bone destruction and consequent formation of periodontal pockets. To overcome a bacterial transmission, 'one-stage full-mouth disinfection' was introduced for the treatment of periodontal infections. This treatment strategy resulted in significant clinical and microbiological improvements when compared with the standard sequential treatment.


Abstract A dynamic model for a new principle of percussive-rotary drilling is presented. This is a non-linear mechanical system with two degrees of freedom, in which friction-induced vibration is used for excitation of impacts, which influence the parameters of stick–slip motion. The model incorporates the friction force as a function of sliding velocity, which allows for the self-excitation of the coupled vibration of the rotating bit and striker, which tends to a steady state periodic cycle. The dynamic coupling of vibro-impact action with the stick–slip process provides an entirely new adaptive feature in the drilling process. The dynamic behaviour of the system with and without impact is studied numerically. Special attention is given to analysis of the relationship between the sticking and impacting phase of the process in order to achieve an optimal drilling performance. This paper provides an understanding of the mechanics of percussive -rotary drilling and design of new drilling tools with advanced characteristics. Conventional percussive-rotary drilling requires two independent actuators and special control for the synchronization of impact and rotation. In the approach presented, a combined complex interaction of drill bit and striker is synchronized by a single rotating drive.


In After Whiteness, Jennings critiques the phenomenon of Whiteness, arguing how the conflation of European mastery, White male, colonial power, and the internalisation of notions of White superiority becomes the means by which epistemology is developed. Jennings illustrates howWhiteness became conjoined with patriarchy and colonialism to unleash an ethic of mastery, self-sufficiency, and control, as the defining elements for what constitutes notions of development and progress. Jennings' work, which is aimed primarily at Theological education, distils the means by which the production of knowledge and pedagogical insights on the craft of ministry, has been informed by coloniality and Whiteness. Jennings is clear that this analysis is not about White people per se. Rather, it is the epistemological underpinning of a set of theo-cultural constructs, systems and practices that govern how theology and education operate in the west and which inform our ways of being and our praxis (pp. 23–156). One of the many great insights I took from this work was the extent to which a cult of mastery, self-sufficiency, and top-down notions of patrician control, all executed under the aegis of whiteness has stymied the emotional and intellectual agency of people racialised as White as much as it has traduced those racialised as the 'other'. The whole book, in many respects, is summed in Chapter 1, which is entitled 'Fragments'. Like the remainder of the book, the author uses poetry, narrative vignettes, and theological reflection, to outline the problems a neo-colonial ethic of whiteness has caused for the task of forming men and women into the mind of Christ through the medium of theological education. After Whiteness will become in its own way, every bit as influential as his earlier and now classic, The Christian Imagination. After Whiteness is, in many respects, an admirable sequel, but it is in other ways, so much more. It is an heartfelt cri de cœur for a more reflective and self-aware mode of theological education; one that will enable all human beings to flourish and not primarily those racialised as White!


We present two new ligands, 2,3-dihydro-1-(2-pyridyl-methyl)-imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridinium bromide (L1·Br) and 2,3-dihydro-1-(4-pyridyl-methyl)-imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridinium bromide (L2·Br), which have been synthesized and fully characterized as coordinating cations. The reactions of Cu(BF4)2 (compound 1), Cu(NO3)2 (compound 2), CuBr2 (compound 3), Cu(NO3)2 and NaN3 (compound 4), Cu(NO3)2 and NaSCN (compound 5) with L1·Br and CuBr2 with L2·Br (compound 6) have been carried out. The crystal structures of the resulting metal–organic assemblies have been determined and the intermolecular interactions of the compounds in the crystalline phase have been analysed. A mononuclear copper(II) compound has been obtained with CuBr2, in which the copper(II) ion adopts a tetrahedral geometry with a CuNBr3 coordination motif. With Cu(BF4)2, two L1+ cations and two bromide anions chelate the copper ion giving a CuN2Br2 motif, while the BF4− is present as a non-coordinating counterion. With Cu(NO3)2, a five coordinated copper complex is obtained whereas when bridging ligands such as NaN3 and NaSCN are added into the reaction mixture of L1·Br and Cu(NO3)2, two novel dinuclear copper coordination cores of [Cu2(μ1,1-N3)2(N3)4]2− and Cu(CH3O)2(SCN)4]2− form. The presence of the large heteroaromatic cationic DIP moiety within the ligand system leads to the formation of 1-, 2- and 3-D supramolecular arrays based on the interactions of the π systems between adjacent molecules.


Adaptive regulation problem is solved for a class of nonlinear systems whose Jacobian linearization may have uncontrollable modes with eigenvalues lying on the right half-plane. By proposing a continuous version of the LaSalle-Yoshizawa theorem and using the technique of adding a power integrator, we developed a constructive design tool that solves the adaptive regulation problem under continuous framework. We designed a C/sup 0/ adaptive control input, an update law for unknown parameters, and a C/sup 1/ control Lyapunov function which is positive definite and proper. A physical example is provided to illustrate the proposed adaptive control schemes.


Small scale fishing profits in two communities in the Upper Parana River floodplain (Porto Rico – PRI and Porto Sao Jose – PSJ villages) are assessed based on interviews carried out with professional fishermen. There is a high illiteracy level in both PRI (50%) and PSJ (44.5%). The main contributions to income are "vessel costs" and "fish consumption" by the family. Specific tackle (such as cevadeira) and gear used for fishing close to dams make the gear costs higher at PSJ, emphasising the heterogeneity of the activity. The majority of fishermen in both villages have income comple mentation activities associated with tourism, because floodplain fishing is not a profitable occupation with any poverty alleviation capacity. Since the ecosystem is seriously disrupted, nowadays fishers are vulnerable to high oscillations in costs and income due to uncertainty in catches aggravated by flood control of the dams.


A new phenomenon at the TJ-II stellarator is reported. The line-integrated density measured by a microwave interferometer systematically shows bursts of fluctuations at regularly spaced values of the mean density across a very large number of discharges. Related modes are also observed with other diagnostics, such as the magnetic pickup coils and the heavy ion beam probe. The mode is tentatively identified with an acoustic mode, and its relation to confinement transitions at TJ-II is discussed.


target loci. The graphs show the relative enrichment of KDM2B at of mammalian genes and biological structured biological concepts related to pathways and diseases. The experimental data sets were used to query the IPA and to compose a set of interactive networks taking into consideration canonical pathways, relevant biological interactions, and cellular and disease processes. The significance of the association between the experimental data sets and the Ingenuity ® Knowledge Base concepts was measured in two ways: (a) a ratio of the number of molecules from the data set that map to a particular Ingenuity ® Knowledge Base concept, and (b) a Fisher's exact test was used to estimate the statistical significance of overlap between the two gene sets. To predict alterations in the activity of transcription factors that can explain the observed gene expression changes in PDAC cell lines expressing shKDM2B we considered transcription factors with z-scores >3 and a p overlap value of <0.01. The regulation z-score represents a statistical metric of the direction of the transcriptional changes (>1.5 fold) caused by KDM2B in at least 4 PDAC cell lines compared to the changes regulated by the transcription factor of interest in the Ingenuity ® Knowledge Base. The positive or negative sign of z-score indicates activation or repression, respectively, of a particular transcription factor; a z-score higher than 2 is considered significant. The overlap p , value, calculated using Fisher's Exact Test, measures whether there is a statistically significant overlap between the dataset genes assigned for a particular transcription factor in Ingenuity ® Knowledge Base and the genes that are regulated by KDM2B. with biotynilated anti-goat IgG antibody (1:200 dilution in blocking solution) for 1 hour at room temperature. Specimens were washed 3 times in 0.3% Triton X-100/PBS and treated with ABC reagent (Vectastain ABC kit #PK-6100) for 30 min, followed by three washes 3 min each. Finally, specimens were stained for peroxidase for 3 min with the DAB (Di-amine-benzidine) substrate kit (Vector Laboratories, cat no. SK-4100), washed with water and counterstained with hematoxylin. Slides were photographed with an Olympus DP72 microscope.


Sine the period of reform and open with the sustained growth of our country's economy, kidnapping crime, which once dispersed, again rises. Because such crime has serious harmfulness to the society, it is always the important po int on which the penal code cracks in various countries of the world. At present , there are still quite a few arguments about handling it in theoretic and real operation field. This paper tries to deeply investigate the concept of this crim e and the constitution of it and suggest to the legislators to list the kidnappi ng crime in Article 17 of the penal code.


Because of the scarcity of extant studies in the literature on airport business models, this study aims to identify a framework for airport business model design. Exploratory research obtained from key Thai respondents was used, and the data analysis was further enhanced by an extensive review of related grey literature available in public domains. With our qualitative data analysis, we propose the generic airport business model framework as a foundation for designing business models. Strategic partners, core business activities, human resources and sustainability-related projects should be considered basic components driving an airport to achieve high performance. The remaining business model components should be customised depending on business environments and location contexts.


Work was conducted among traditional, subsistence whale hunters in Lamalera, Indonesia in order to test if kinship or lineage membership is more important for explaining the organization of cooperative hunting parties ranging in size from 8-14 men. Crew identifications were collected for all 853 hunts that occurred between May 3 and August 5, 1999. Lineage identity and genetic relatedness were determined for a sample of 189 hunters. Results of matrix regression show that kinship explains little of the hunters' affiliations independent of lineage identity. Crews are much more related amongst themselves than expected by chance. This is due, however, to the correlation between lineage membership and kinship. Lineage members are much more likely to affiliate in crews, but beyond r = 0.5 kin are just as likely not to affiliate. The results are discussed vis-à-vis the evolution of cooperation and group identity. Alvard, M. Kinship, lineage, and cooperative hunting Page: 3 Introduction People frequently form cooperative groups in order to realize the benefits of collective action. While humans are not the only species that forms social groups, we are unique in the degree to which we regularly rely on the help of conspecifics to satisfy basic needs such as subsistence, defense, and offspring care (Hill 2002). In simple foraging groups, people help one another care for children (Ivey 2000), acquire difficult to obtain resources (Alvard and Nolin 2002), share food (Kaplan and Hill 1985), and fight other groups (Chagnon and Bugos 1979). In complex contemporary society instances are even easier to come by. Examples include unions, political parties, nation states, firms, college fraternities, sports teams, and universities. Kin selection (Maynard Smith 1964) and inclusive fitness theory (Hamilton 1964a, 1964b) offers good evolutionary explanations for why cooperation among relatives should be common. Kin selection is the process by which traits are favored because of their beneficial effects on the survival of relatives (Grafen 1984). Because kin share genes due to common descent, behaviors that increase the reproductive success of relatives can also increase the future representation of ego's genes. Thus, kin selection theory predicts that, all other things equal, individuals will be more likely to favor kin than non kin, and close kin than more distant kin. Hamilton's well-known rule predicts altruism can evolve if the following equation obtains rB C > 0, where r = the coefficient of relatedness between the actor and the recipient, B = the fitness benefit to the recipient, C = the fitness cost to the actor. The coefficient of relatedness is defined as the probability that two individuals share a copy of an allele through common descent (Wright 1922). For example, between sibs r = 0.5, between grandparent and grandchild r = 0.25, and between cousins r = 0.125. Thus, nepotism will evolve if the recipient of the favor is sufficiently related, the benefit is sufficiently great, or the cost sufficiently low. Kinship has been shown to be an important social organizing principle across a wide variety of taxa (Dugatkin 1997), and especially so in the social insects (Bourke 1997). For example, Sherman's work on Belding ground squirrel alarms calls is well-known (Sherman 1977). Among humans, some of the best work shows that people are less likely to kill kin than non-kin (Daly and Wilson 1988; Johnson and Johnson 1991). Chagnon and Bugos' (1979) analysis of a Yanomamo axe fight was among the earliest analysis to use kin selection theory to examine human social behavior. As predicted, combatants on each side were more related to one another than expected by chance. Within fields of study that take an evolutionary approach to human behavior, the role of kinship in explaining cooperative behavior within preindustrial societies is now taken for granted to some extent (Alexander 1987; Chagnon 1979, 1980; Hamilton 1975; see review by Voland 1998:363), although as I shall show, the extent of its importance is ambiguous (Brown 1991; Jones 2000; Richerson and Boyd 1998) Kinship has also long been argued by cultural anthropologists to be the primary organizing principle in tribal societies (Kuper 1982, 1996). In spite of what appears to a common ground, however, there has been little work over the last twenty years to integrate the two approaches. Indeed, kinship within the field has been "denaturalized" by many cultural anthropologists in the late twentieth century (Collier and Yanagisako 1987; Schneider 1984; for a review see Peletz 1995). A standard critique of kin selection theory applied to humans points to the incongruity between kin -genetically defined, and kin-culturally defined, to put it simply. This point was made the strongest by Sahlins (1976:58) when he stated "Kinship is a unique characteristic of human societies, distinguishable precisely by its freedom from natural relationships." The hyperbole of this statement seems obvious. But while it is impossible to maintain the position that cultural kinship has nothing to do with genetic kinship, it is equally difficult to deny that people commonly organize themselves in ways that do not correspond to coefficients of relatedness. Sahlins (1976:26) wrote, "...local kinship networks...will comprise a determinate and biased proportion of any person's genealogical universe." 2 This is most apparent in Alvard, M. Kinship, lineage, and cooperative hunting Page: 4 systems of unilineal descent. Genetic kinship does not distinguish between individuals equivalently related. People who follow norms of unilineal decent, however, define as kin only those persons who share common decent through either the male or female parent. In such systems, two people who are each equally related to Ego genetically may be defined differently according to kinship norms -one as in-group member, the other as an outgroup member. In Sahlins' words "...even so the son of a man's brother may be one of the clan of the ancestor's descendants while the son of his sister is an outsider and perhaps an enemy" (1976:12). In a patrilineal system the coefficient of relatedness for Ego and his mother's brother's son, and his father's brother's son (both called cousins in English) is 0.125. While the latter shares Ego's lineage identity, the former does not. The difference is not simply a semantic one, as I will show below. The social relationships between ego and these individuals differ though the genetic relationship does not (see Figure 1). A kinship system based on kin selection, all other things being equal, predicts a bilateral descent or kindred system (implied by Murdock 1949:57). Kindreds are ego-based and consist of the group of all near relatives. In contrast to a unilineal system, in a kindred system no distinction is made between relatedness reckoned through one or other of the parents' lineages. Cross-cultural work notes the relative rarity of such systems; only 36% of the 857 societies in Murdock's ethnographic atlas have bilateral descent systems. Unilineal systems are much more common: 47% in Murdock's sample practice patrilineal descent, 14% practice matrilineal descent, and 3% claim a double descent system (Murdock 1967). Structural-functional anthropologists of the mid 20 century offered a number of hypotheses to explain why groups might develop unilineal descent, though they did so without knowledge of kin selection theory, of course. The most compelling argument is that group members organized by unilineal kinship ties have the advantage of unambiguous group identity (Murdock 1949:60-61). This is because only full siblings share an identical network of kin since only sibs share parents. Other classes of relatives, like cousins for example, share only a portion of their kin in common. While cousins share a set of grandparents, they each also share a second set of grandparents with a different set of cousins (unless their parents were cousins themselves, of course). Figure 1. The relationships between ego and his two cousins marked A and B. The coefficients of relatedness beween Ego and both A and B are 0.125. In a patrilineal system B shares Ego's lineage identity, A does not. Lineage 1


Mythimna convecta adults, reared at 22 °C on semi‐artificial diet or oat seedlings (Avena sativa L.), were exposed to a range of constant temperatures between 10° and 30 °C. Pre‐oviposition period and adult life span were inversely proportional to temperature. Mean life span was significantly longer in virgin than in mated females. Actual fecundity and fertility of eggs peaked at 20 °C and declined towards both high and low temperatures. Most eggs were laid during the first few days after mating, irrespective of temperature. Potential fecundity varied with pupal weight and larval nutrition. Mean daily oviposition was expressed as % potential fecundity realized and, like survival, the relationship with time was summarized using non‐linear regression models. The optimum temperature for the survival of males and virgin females was 22.5 °C.


1,1′-Decamethylenebis-4-aminoquinaldinium diiodide (DECA; dequalinium) is an anti-tumor agent and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor whose mechanism of action with PKC is unknown. This study reports that with human PKCα, DECA exhibited competitive inhibition (K i = 11.5 ± 5 μm) with respect to RACK-1 (receptor for activatedC kinase-1), an adaptor protein that has been proposed to bind activated PKC following translocation (Ron, D., Luo, J., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24180–24187). When exposed to UV light, DECA covalently modified and irreversibly inhibited PKC (α or β), with IC50 = 7–18 μm. UV/DECA treatment of synthetic peptides modeled after the RACK-1-binding site in the C2 region of PKCβ induced modification of Ser218-Leu-Asn-Pro-Glu-Trp-Asn-Glu-Thr226, but not of a control peptide. This modification occurred at a tryptophan residue (Trp223) that is conserved in all conventional PKC isoforms. In overlay assays with native RACK-1 that had been immobilized on nitrocellulose, UV-treated control PKCα bound well to RACK-1, whereas UV/DECA-inactivated PKCα had reduced binding activity. The significance of these findings is shown with adenocarcinoma cells, which, when pretreated with 10 μmDECA and UV light, exhibited diminished 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced PKCα translocation. Overall, this work identifies DECA as a tool that prevents PKC translocation by inhibiting formation of the PKC·RACK-1 complex.


MARS IN THE SPOTLIGHT Geographies of Mars: Seeing and Knowing the Red Planet. K. Maris D. Lane (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 201 1). Pp. 227. $45. ISBN 978-0-226-47078-8.As the nineteenth century turned into the twentieth, the planet Mars became a sensation. The American and European public resonated to the latest findings from a number of astronomers and science popularizers that Mars was inhabited by an advanced civilization of intelligent beings, busily building a vast network of canals to irrigate their arid planet. Although this episode has been previously analysed in many excellent books, Maria Lane, informed by her sensibilities as a historical geographer, brings us a fresh take in Geographies of Mars. In this fascinating book she eschews the argument that the story can be adequately explained as misguided observations by a few rogue astronomers and instead enlightens our understanding through the lens of geography.The central figure in Lane's story is Percival Lowell, the Boston Brahmin who in 1894 built a major observatory at a high desert site in Flagstaff, Arizona Territory. Lowell observed Mars in detail and through his popular books and lectures promulgated startling maps showing a complex network of linear features criss-crossing the planet. These features had first been seen by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli, but it was Lowell who made them real for most of the public, as well as for some astronomers. Other astronomers, who could not confirm the existence of such features with their own excellent telescopes at other locations, were highly sceptical of Lowell's claims, but their arguments were to no avail outside of professional circles. Mars became aplace, one that was intriguingly both Earth-like (water and vegetation, deserts, polar ice caps, seasons, day and night cycles, an intelligent civilization) and exotic (colder and drier than Earth, populated by strange beings, advanced engineering on scales far exceeding anything on Earth). From this milieu emerged H. G. Wells's War of the worlds (1898) and the fact that popular culture still today associates "the Martians" with alien invasions. Lane emphasizes that knowledge production was an intricate dance between (a) consensuses reached in the usual professional scientific communications, and (b) assertions inhaled by the public in the writings of Lowell and other wildly popular astronomy writers such as the Frenchman Camille Flammarion.Lane uses the tenets of geography, or more exactly spatial relationships in a physical and cultural context, to investigate how it was that the Martians became such a widely accepted concept. In the end she concludes that "the geopolitical moment in which the inhabited-Mars narrative unfolded - dominated as it was by European imperialism and American expansionism - produced an intellectual and social climate in which the view of Mars as an arid, dying, irrigated world peopled by unfathomably advanced beings was really the only interpretation . …


Mode coupling is studied in a parabolic index fiber with a lossy boundary and square cross section. Statistical deviations of the fiber axis from perfect straightness and random changes of its width are considered as causing mode coupling. The excess loss caused by these mode coupling mechanisms and the loss penalty incurred for a certain degree of narrowing of the impulse response are estimated.


In this article, we present two studies that helped us understand the kinds of support that students need to learn science successfully from design activities. Both were enacted in the context of an approach to learning science from design called learning by design (LBD). In our first study, we designed and integrated a paper-and-pencil scaffolding tool, the design diary, into an LBD unit to support students' design-related activities. We learned two important lessons from the first study. First, we refined our understanding of the processes involved in designing and the ways we might present those processes to students. Second, and more important, we observed that in the dynamic, complex environment of the classroom, not all of the scaffolding could be provided with any one tool or agent. We found that students need multiple forms of support and multiple learning opportunities to learn science successfully from design activities. In our next study, we provided additional support through an organized system of tools and agents. Our analysis of data from the second study leads us to believe that supporting multiple students in a classroom requires us to rethink the notion of scaffolding as it applied to groups of learners in a classroom. We put forth the notion of distributed scaffolding as an approach to supporting hands-on inquiry learning in a classroom. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 185–217, 2005


Snowmelt‐driven floods result in large societal and economic impacts on local communities including infrastructure failures in the United States. However, the current U.S. government standard design precipitation maps are based on liquid precipitation data (e.g., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Precipitation‐Frequency Atlas 14; NOAA Atlas 14) with very limited guidance on snowmelt‐driven floods. In this study, we developed 25‐ and 100‐year return level design maps of snow water equivalent (SWE) and 1‐ and 7‐day snowmelt including precipitation events (e.g., rain‐on‐snow) using long‐term observation‐based gridded SWE developed by University of Arizona (UA) incorporating the national snow model product (SNOw Data Assimilation System; SNODAS) over the contiguous United States (CONUS). For the 44 U.S. states where the NOAA Atlas 14 maps are available, the design snowmelt values from this study exceed the standard design values in 23% of the total extent. The snowmelt values exceed the NOAA Atlas 14 design precipitation by up to 171 and 254 mm in the northeastern United States; 127 and 225 mm in the north central United States; and 191 and 425 mm in the western mountain United States for the 25‐ and 100‐year return levels, respectively. A comparison of 7‐day design snowmelt between with and without precipitation shows that including precipitation results in an average increase of 42 and 68 mm for 25‐ and 100‐year return levels, respectively, over snowmelt that do not include precipitation. The design snowmelt maps from this study complement the NOAA Atlas 14 design precipitation and provide additional guidance on infrastructure design for snowmelt‐driven floods in the CONUS.


PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Sensory Ecology, Information, and Decision Making PART 2: SENSORY PROCESSING 2. Sensing the World 3. Encoding Information 4. Sensory Systems: Trade-Offs, Costs, and Sensory Integration PART 3: COMMUNICATION 5. Signalling and Communication 6. Multimodal Signals and Communication 7. Trade-Offs and Costs in Signalling 8. Deception, Mimicry, and Sensory Exploitation PART 4: DIVERSIFICATION AND DIVERGENCE 9. Arms Races, Coevolution, and Diversification 10. Adapting to the Environment 11. Divergence, Sensory Drive, and Speciation PART 5: CONCLUSIONS 12. Concluding Remarks


Dr. Reinolds (Boston) raised this issue at the 19-year meeting of the American Gynecological Society. V. advises under ordinary conditions, that is, with anterior views and the need to accelerate labor, after the expiration of water - anesthetize the woman in labor and bend the head, with posterior views - turn on the legs; if it is impossible to turn or bend the head, forceps, even with posterior views.


In today's world, the changing environmental conditions of organizations make it difficult for these organizations to achieve success. The key to being successful is that organizations can comprehend the changing environmental conditions, keep up with these changes, and carry out continuous improvement efforts within the organization with all their employees. In the understanding of total quality management, it should be considered as taking precautions before making mistakes, instead of detecting and correcting mistakes that can be made depending on changing conditions after they occur. Organizations that continue their activities within the framework of this understanding can meet the needs of their customers and the environment and continue their existence by increasing the quality of their products and services. In this study, the principles and objectives of the concept of total quality management are examined, and the place and importance of these concepts in terms of organizations are touched upon. Keywords: Organization, Total Quality Management, Customer


In comparative tests of several kinds of untreated bands for capturing the larvae of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella L.) at Yakima, Wash., a paper-burlap band proved equal or superior to one of burlap, which is customarily used, and is much less expensive. Heavy roofing paper and light crepe paper were the least effective of the banding materials.

In an unsprayed block in 1927, bands averaged from 167 to 258 larvae per band for the season. In 1928 in another unsprayed orchard, bands averaged from 336 to 1,322 larvae per band for the period July 10 to November 14.