Aim To investigate the mRNA and protein level of S1P2 receptor in kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic mice and mesangial cells under high glucose condition treated by berberine,and to explore the role of berberine in S1P2-mediated fibronectin expression and MAPK signaling pathway.Methods Mice were induced diabetes by intraperitonal injection of alloxan,and randomly divided into normal,diabetes and berberine(high dose and low dose) groups.The fasting blood glucose,kidney weight/ body weight,blood urea nitrogen,serum creatinine and urine protein 24 h were measured after 12 weeks.The mRNA and protein level of S1P2 receptor in kidney of diabetic mice were detected by real-time PCR and western blot analysis,respectively.Protein expression of S1P2 receptor,fibronectin and MAPK phosphorylation in mesangial cells treated by berberine under hyperglycemia condition were measured by western blot analysis.Results In alloxan-induced diabetic mice,berberine significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose,blood urea nitrogen,serum creatinine and urine protein 24 h,and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of S1P2 receptor expression in kidney.In vitro,berberine remarkably decreased the mRNA and protein level of S1P2 receptor and fibronectin expression in mesangial cells cultured under hyperglycemic condition.In addition,phosphorylation of MAPK(ERK1/2,p38MAPK and JNK) was inhibited by berberine treatment.Conclusion Berberine down-regulates S1P2 receptor expression and abolishes fibronectin expression by inhibiting activation of S1P2-MAPK(ERK1/2,p38MAPK)signaling pathway in diabetic condition,which may be one of molecular mechanisms of berberine in diabetic nephropathy treatment.


SOURCES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND SPORTS PARTICIPATION IN MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN Sarah Conklin, MS George Mason University, 2011 Thesis Director: Dr. Anastasia Kitsantas The present study investigated sources of social support (parent, friend, and teacher), physical activity, and sports participation with middle school children. It was hypothesized that social support would predict physical activity, the combination of the sources would predict higher levels of physical activity, and there would be differences across demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, parental language use). Results revealed that social support was a significant predictor of physical activity and sports participation, and the combination of the three social support sources predicted higher levels of physical activity and sports participation. There were differences based on gender, with females reporting higher levels of support for physical activity, and males reporting higher support for sports participation; ethnicity, with Caucasians reporting the highest levels of support; and parental langue use, with Hispanics who speak English reporting the highest levels of support. Recommendations for parents, teachers, and schools are discussed.


The effects of low dose 710 MeV Bi and 305 MeV Kr ion irradiation on boron redistribution and electric activation processes in silicon during furnace annealing have been studied. It was found that hundred MeV ion irradiation enhances the shift of boron depth distribution towards the depth of the material and significantly decreases the electrical activation of dopants. The difference in dynamics of boron activation between reference and high energy heavy ion irradiated silicon samples is attributed to formation of stable defect clusters in the ion track range.


1 Paul Nahin's envelope-folding problem The solution to a problem can be too perfect, winning our admiration, but not our engagement. In contrast, a solution that is still rough and ready round the edges retains the power to draw us in, making us want to try our own hand. This was our response to reading Paul Nahin's account of what he calls the "envelope-folding problem" and to which he devotes a six-page section in his recent book When Least is Best [10, §3.3]. Perhaps attempting to share our enjoyment with readers of Normat is ill-advised, merely depriving them of similar pleasurable diversion. But the stimulus we should most like to transmit, in the hope that readers can resolve matters further, is that of discovering more than we can explain.


The paper presents an analysis of current trends in methods of modeling uncertainty, with a particular emphasis on the theory of monotone measures and the fuzzy sets theory. Subsequently, a critical review of the concept of defining and evaluating the concept of risk was conducted. On this basis, the definitions of risk used so far have been classified, and a new, generalized idea of a qualitative and quantitative perspective of the concept of undertaking implementation risk has been proposed. The designed model allows for the assessment of risk also in unusual situations, for which there are no historical data that make it possible to use classical methods in the area of he set theory, mathematical statistics and the probability calculus, which forces one to use subjective expert assessments.


The traditional cutting tools grinding reveals inexact tool flutes that altered the tool strength and affect the chip evacuation capabilities. Moreover, the normal rake angles are neither exact nor varying smoothly on the rake face along the cutting edge. Adopting the rake face grinding process, the wheel shape and path are optimized using GODLIKE scheme in order to grind the tool flutes with exact helical and normal rake angles while keeping close matching to the designed flutes. A tapered ball-end mill is considered in this study due to its extensive role in five-axis sculpture surfaces machining. With this approach proposed, a simple grinding wheel replaces the complex wheels commonly used, and the deviation between the designed and the generated flutes reveals less than 4 % of the tool minor radius. Beside all, a relationship between the radial and the normal rake angles are established.


We present an efficient algorithm to solve the problem of optimal multi-location robot rendezvous. The rendezvous problem considered can be structured as a tree, with each node representing a meeting of robots, and the algorithm computes optimal meeting locations and connecting robot trajectories. The tree structure is exploited by using dynamic programming to compute solutions in two passes through the tree: an upwards pass computing the cost of all potential solutions, and a downwards pass computing optimal trajectories and meeting locations. The correctness and efficiency of the algorithm are analyzed theoretically, while a discrete robotic clinic problem and a continuous robot arm problem demonstrate the algorithm's practicality. This is an extended version of a paper submitted to ICRA 2008 [1].


Converging technologies (CTs) refer to the synergism of nano, bio, info and cognitive sciences and technologies (Roco and Bainbridge 2002) and, relatedly, knowledge systems that "enable each other ...


The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of replacing corn in feedlot cattle diets with chemically treated or thermochemically treated (extruded) corn stover (CS) and modified wet distillers grain with solubles (MWDGS) on DMI, gain, carcass characteristics, and feedlot economics. Angus × Simmental steers (n = 128, initial BW = 455 ± 47 kg) were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments: (1) 55% corn, 35% MWDGS, 5% vitamin/mineral supplement, and 5% untreated, ground CS on a DM basis (CON), (2) CS treated with 5% CaO (DM basis) and stored in an Ag Bag (BGCS), or (3) CS treated with 5% CaO (DM basis) and extruded (EXCS). Both treated CS diets contained 20% CS, 40% MWDGS, 35% corn, and 5% vitamin/mineral supplement (DM basis). There were no differences (P ≥ 0.11) in feedlot performance and carcass characteristics between BGCS and EXCS diets; therefore, data are presented as the contrast of CON versus BGCS and EXCS, combined. During the finishing phase, feeding CaO-treated CS reduced (P ≤ 0.03) ADG, DMI, G:F, and final BW when compared to steers fed CON. Carcasses from steers fed BGCS or EXCS diets had decreased (P ≤ 0.05) BF, YG, and HCW and tended (P = 0.07) to have decreased KPH when compared to carcasses from steers fed CON. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.16) among dietary treatments for LM area or MS, regardless of dietary treatment. However, steers fed BGCS had lesser (P < 0.01) cost of gain when compared to steers fed EXCS. Feeding treated corn stover as a substitute for corn stover may not be a viable strategy for heavier weight cattle that are approaching finish weight. Replacement of corn with CaO38 treated CS and MWDGS in beef finishing rations reduced feedlot growth and carcass weight, regardless of whether CS was bagged or extruded.


[Objective] Observed Banxiaxiexin Tang combined Sini San treatment of functional dyspepsia of clinical efficacy.[Method] the altogether 98 cases,give the pinellia to flow swifdy the heart soup to gather four counter disperse,1 medicinal preparation,Shui Jian the clothing,on 15th is 1 treatment course every day,altogether carries on 2 treatment courses.[Results]2 after treatment,most symptoms were improved,only a very small number of patients is not valid.[Conclusion] Banxiaxiexin Tang combined Sini San treatment of Functional dyspepsia of good clinical efficacy.


This paper studied the decoction process in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases,discussed the factors which influenced the process,such as the process of preparing Chinese crud drugs,the water used,soaking process,decocting times,the special decocting methods,the amount of water added,the volume of decoction obtained and the time of decocting.It considered that decoction process in Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases might provide the basis for the modern standardization of decoction process to guarantee the quality of decoction and curative effect.


ABSTRACT This study aims to determite the types of shells contained in Ambai village, Ambai Island District, Yapen Island Regency, to know what kind of shellfis is utilized by the community of Ambai village, to know the diversity of species of shell found on the beaches of Ambai village, Ambai Island District, Yapen Island Regency, and to know how the habitat charteristics for the type of shell (Pelecypoda/Bivalvia) in the village of Ambai. This research was conducted on three stations. The method used in this reseach is line tansect method white data analysis is done descriptively and quantitatively, and to know the diversity of type using Shnnon wiener diversity index. The resultas of study found eleven types of (Pelecypoda/Bivalvia) consist of six families located at the reseach location of the type Vepricardium sinense (Cardiidae), Polymesoda cauxaus, Polymesoda bengalensis (Corbiculidae), Hiatula chinensis (Psammobiidae), Meretrix meretrix, Gafrarium tumidum, Gafrarium pectinatum, Periglypta reticulata (Veneridae), Anadara antiquata, Barbatia decussata (Arcidae), Tellina virgata (Tellinade). The shellfish used by the community of Ambai village consist of four types namely type Polymesoda cauxaus, Polymesoda bengalensis, Anadara antiquata, and Meretrix meretrix . In transect I was fornd characteristic type of muddly sand substrate, transect II and III  type of substrate of muddly sand  fine sand, nested sand. With the diversity index of shellfish species located in the beach of Ambai village, Ambai Island District Yapen Island Regency is H'=1, Can be categorized as low. Key words : Shellfish (Pelecypoda/Bivalvia), Ambai village.


PFPE-b-PVDF and PFPE-b-poly(VDF-co-HFP) block copolymers [where PFPE, PVDF, VDF, and HFP represent perfluoropolyether, poly(vinylidene fluoride), vinylidene fluoride (or 1,1-difluoroethylene), and hexafluoropropylene] were synthesized by radical (co)telomerizations of VDF (or VDF and HFP) with an iodine-terminated perfluoropolyether (PFPE-I). Di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) was used and was shown to act as an efficient thermal initiator. The numbers of VDF and VDF/HFP base units in the block copolymers were assessed with 19F NMR spectroscopy. According to the initial [PFPE-I]0/[fluoroalkenes]0 and [DTBP]0/[fluoroalkenes]0 molar ratios, fluorinated block copolymers of various molecular weights (1500–30,300) were obtained. The states and thermal properties of these fluorocopolymers were investigated. The compounds containing PVDF blocks with more than 30 VDF units were crystalline, whereas all those containing poly(VDF-co-HFP) blocks exhibited amorphous states, whatever the numbers were of the fluorinated base units. All the samples showed negative glass-transition temperatures higher than that of the starting PFPE. Interestingly, these PFPE-b-PVDF and PFPE-b-poly(VDF-co-HFP) block copolymers exhibited good thermostability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 160–171, 2003


Introduction: the study of cardiovascular disease is of great importance for the establishment of prevention strategies and policies in primary health care. Objective : to determine the risk factors that determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in adults in Family Doctor's Office No.16-12 at the "Santa Clara" Polyclinic. Methods: observational, analytical and transversal study in adults registered in 2017. Patients were selected by simple random sampling. It was carried out a bivariate analysis through simple and stratified 2x2 contingency tables to look for relationships between risks and cardiovascular disease, prevalence and prevalence reasons; the aetiological fraction of exposed and the population aetiological fraction indicated the impact of the elimination of the risk factor if preventive measures had been established. Results : there was a significant relationship between cardiovascular disease and risks except for overweight-obesity. The prevalence of the disease was four times higher in men and older adults, five in hypertensive patients, 2.5 in diabetics, 2.6 in smokers, 3.1 with hypercholesterolemia and 2.6 with hypertriglyceridemia. Being overweight-obese increased the prevalence of some risk factors. Conclusions: the stratification exposed the modifying action of the overweight-obese condition, which increased the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients, older adults or with hypercholesterolemia. The prevalence in exposed and the population morbidity and mortality can decrease with actions of elimination of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, especially in overweight-obese.


The quantum Landau collision operator, which extends the widely used Landau/Fokker-Planck collision operator to include quantum statistical effects, is discussed. The quantum extension can serve as a reference model for including electron collisions in non-equilibrium dense plasmas, in which the quantum nature of electrons cannot be neglected. In this paper, the properties of the Landau collision operator that have been useful in traditional plasma kinetic theory and plasma transport theory are extended to the quantum case. We outline basic properties in connection with the conservation laws, the H-theorem, and the global and local equilibrium distributions. We discuss the Fokker-Planck form of the operator in terms of three potentials that extend the usual two Rosenbluth potentials. We establish practical closed-form expressions for these potentials under local thermal equilibrium conditions in terms of Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein integrals. We study the properties of linearized quantum Landau operator...


The Bank of Japan has published the Corporate Service Price Index (CSPI) since January 1991, and data used in the index has been collected since January 1985. Based on the Bank's ample experiences of compiling the CSPI, this paper has introduced the actual methods of quality adjustment to compile the CSPI and the results of quality adjustment in 2000. The Bank has been endeavoring to adjust the quality as much as possible by using various methods as well as to introduce many newly expanding service items at the time of revising the base year and collect as many samples as possible in compiling the CSPI. The small degree of declines in prices estimated from quality adjustment successfully indicates the features of the services industries—that is, their low productivity. Still, such quality adjustment has faced many obstacles that are connected to how the output of services should be defined. Technological innovation induced by the progress of information technology and heterogeneity of services accelerated by deregulation and supplemented by information technology have become the two biggest recent changes and these changes have complicated quality adjustment in service prices. These obstacles are not confined to Japan only; rather, they should be considered as applicable to service prices worldwide. † email@example.com


ABSTRACT The atomization characteristics of 4 handheld sprayers (Leco P-1, Colt ULV Aerosol Generator, ULVAFAN MK2, Turbair ElectraFan 12) and a Stihl SR400 backpack sprayer were evaluated with the use of water- and oil-based solutions. The effects on droplet-size spectrum (i.e., droplet size) for 3 insecticides (Tempo SC Ultra®, Anvil 10+10®, and Aqua-Reslin®) were also evaluated. Generic solutions were used to simulate the physical properties of the active-ingredient solutions in some tests. Significant differences were observed in the droplet spectrum generated by the different sprayers. The volume median diameter of the equipment tested ranged from 14.9 to 90.5 µm for the water-based solutions and from 11.7 to 92.4 µm for the oil-based solutions. The Colt ULV sprayer was the only one tested that complied with label requirements for aerosols, yielding acceptable DV0.5 values of 14.9–16.0 µm with water-based Aqua-Reslin and 14.1 µm with Anvil 10+10. The information presented will allow equipment operators to make an informed decision when selecting equipment and operational parameters.


Implementing relationships-based pedagogies in infant and toddler settings might assume that teachers' experiences of emotional labour will be acknowledged. This assumption may be complicated by assessment practices that both rely on and detract from relationship-building opportunities with infants and toddlers. Assessment also relies on reciprocal relationships between teachers, and between teachers and families. Drawing on sociocultural theoretical perspectives, this article illustrates how one team of infant-toddler teachers in Aotearoa-New Zealand reframed their assessment understandings and practices to acknowledge their experiences of emotional labour with infants and toddlers. Consequently, positive changes in the teachers' relationships with children, with families and with each other eventuated. The author argues that reconceptualising relationships in infant-toddler settings requires an understanding of assessment as a reflexive, relational process that can occur during everyday interactions, and emotional labour as central to relationship-building. Implications include teachers' need for time, reflective dialogue and support to address tensions between assessment and relational pedagogy, so that relationships might be reconceptualised and the importance of emotional labour acknowledged.


Aldol condensation reactions are very important C–C coupling reactions in organic chemistry. In this study, the catalytic performance of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in the aldol condensation reaction of formaldehyde (FA) and propionaldehyde (PA) was investigated. The MxAl-LDHs (denoted as re-MxAl–LDHs; M = Ca and Mg; X = 2–4), as heterogeneous basic catalysts toward the aldol condensation reaction, were prepared via a two-step procedure. The catalyst exhibited a high PA conversion (82.59%), but the methacrolein (MAL) selectivity was only 36.01% due to the limitation of the alkali-catalyzed mechanism. On this basis, the direct intercalation of L-proline into LDHs also has been investigated. The influences of several operating conditions, including the temperature, reaction time, and substrate content, on the reaction results were systematically studied, and the optimized reaction conditions were obtained. The optimized Mg3Al–Pro-LDHs catalyst exhibited a much higher MAL selectivity than those of re-MgxAl–LDHs.


(1) ISPRA Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Geological Survey of Italy, Roma, Italy (firstname.lastname@example.com), (2) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy, (3) Department of Geological Sciences and Geotechnologies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy, (4) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Roma, Italy


In 2016, growth in the life sciences and analytical instrumentation market kept up the pace of the past few years. Sales rose a little more than 4% to reach about $47 billion, companies say. Combined sales of the top 25 firms tracked by C&EN, which account for roughly half of the total instrumentation market, were up 1.7%. The field is clearly divided between large and small players. Within the top 25 firms, as ranked by 2016 instrument sales, the top 10 contribute 74% of sales. By itself, Thermo Fisher Scientific accounts for almost 18% of the group total and 9% of the broader market. At 2.8%, combined sales growth for the top 10 was above that for the full 25 but below that for the entire industry because of declining sales at a few companies that restructured in 2016. Although some of the top 10 firms made acquisitions and jettisoned


Silicon nanowire array with high density of hydroxyl groups is presented here to detect vapor of methylphosphonate (DMMP), a simulant of the high toxic nerve agent. The whole fabrication process of silicon nanowire array sensor device was highly compatible with CMOS technology. It was found that the current in nanowires array treated with plasma exhibited a large and reversible change when exposed to DMMP vapor. The silicon nanowire array sensor can easily and rapidly detect DMMP vapor with a detection limit down to 0.2 ppm, the highest sensitivity reported to date. These initial promising results provide opportunities for manufacture of ultra-sensitive and low-cost nanowire sensors for DMMP vapor detection.


Deregulated expression of MYC is a driver of colorectal carcinogenesis, necessitating novel strategies to inhibit MYC function. The ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 (HECTH9, ARF‐BP1, MULE) associates with both MYC and the MYC‐associated protein MIZ1. We show here that HUWE1 is required for growth of colorectal cancer cells in culture and in orthotopic xenograft models. Using high‐throughput screening, we identify small molecule inhibitors of HUWE1, which inhibit MYC‐dependent transactivation in colorectal cancer cells, but not in stem and normal colon epithelial cells. Inhibition of HUWE1 stabilizes MIZ1. MIZ1 globally accumulates on MYC target genes and contributes to repression of MYC‐activated target genes upon HUWE1 inhibition. Our data show that transcriptional activation by MYC in colon cancer cells requires the continuous degradation of MIZ1 and identify a novel principle that allows for inhibition of MYC function in tumor cells.


This project is an examination of two types of engagement mechanisms, online and in-person focus groups, used in a large multi-sector public engagement initiative held in Central Newfoundland, between February and July 2013. Each mechanism is evaluated according to a seven point evaluative framework which was developed by the researcher and includes data collected from surveys administered to participants and key informant interviews with the organizers of the initiative. Components of the evaluative framework included resource accessibility, task definition, independence, likelihood to participate again, representativeness, fairness and expectations of the organizers. Overall, focus group participants felt much more positive about the criteria of task definition, independence, fairness and were much more likely to feel strongly about participating in a similar initiative again. While both engagement mechanisms tended to be unrepresentative of the population of Central Newfoundland, due to the low level of participation for the online component, it is difficult to conclude which mechanism better represented the demographic make-up of the population. Initially, organizers felt very positive and optimistic about the online component. After the initiative, however, they discussed ways of improving the online experience and reiterated their support for using two mechanisms of engagement for future initiatives.


In Xuzhou power grid,a single- phase outlet grounding fault happened on the 110 k V line of a 220 k V substation,which led to zero sequence current protection maloperation of several 110 k V lines. The zero sequence voltage,which appeared when the single- phase grounding fault happened,resulted in the neutral gap's breakdown of the110 k V transformers which were connected to the non- fault lines. Consequently,the zero sequence short circuit current flowing in the opposite direction through the non- fault lines was responsible for the zero sequence current protection maloperation. This paper put forward two countermeasures: one was to add a directional element to the zero sequence current I,II protection of the 110 k V line,and the other was only to use the last segment protection of the zero sequence current. The two countermeasures have been applied to Xuzhou power grid and good operation results have been achieved.


Abstract Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a powerful motogen and mitogen for epithelial cells. The factor is a 90-kD heterodimer composed of an α chain containing four kringle motifs and a β chain showing structural homologies with serine proteases. It is, however, devoid of enzymatic activity. Recently, it has been reported that HGF activates migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and is angiogenic. In this article we discuss (1) the molecular domains of HGF required to activate in vitro and in vivo endothelial cells, studied by use of molecular mutants, and (2) the characteristics of the angiogenic response to HGF in an experimental model system of implanted reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel). Two groups of mutants were made and used in vitro and in vivo: one with deletions of kringle domains and one with substitution at the cleavage site of the HGF precursor. In vitro, HGF variants containing only the first two (HGF-NK2) or the first three kringles (HGF-NK3) of the α chain did not in...


In the Philippines, direct seeding has evolved as a low-cost manual method of crop establishment. The traditional manual transplanting demands high labor and often results in delay in planting since labor is already getting scarce in most rice-producing areas of the country. There are, however, some issues associated in direct seeding which need particular attention. Among other things, directly-sown seeds are vulnerable to bird attacks in the field which normally results to a variable plant stand. This study attempts to develop a low cost seed coating technology as a way of solving bird infestation and other problems associated with seedling establishment of wet direct seeded rice culture. Locally available materials like cow and carabao manures, rice bran, carbonized rice husk (powdered and sieved), and vermicast (sieved) were tried and tested for their possible application as coating material. Using these materials, a simple and machine-free seed coating process was developed which can easily be done at the farmers' level. Results of bird feeding tests showed that seeds coated with cow manure (as binder) and rice bran (as outer coating) proved to be the best among all other materials tested. In all of the trials conducted, 100% of the samples of the uncoated paddy seeds were consumed after 2 days of exposure to birds. On the other hand, for those coated with cow manure and rice bran, only 20% were consumed even when the exposure was extended up to 10 days. The coated seeds also were able to withstand against crumbling when submerged in water for 24 hours. Moreover, they could be used for mechanized seeding as the coating could withstand against the crumbling effect of the seeder's metering mechanism.


While tracing small particles floating at the surface of a steady, uniform, open channel flow, measurements were obtained of the Lagrangian characteristics of surface turbulence. The experimental technique was photographical using a stroboscope as light source. In this way the changing velocity of a particle was observed as it moves along its path line. The width to depth ratio of the flow considered was large so that dispersion was due exclusively to diffusion caused by surface turbulence. Mean square values, time scales, covariance functions, and variance spectra of the Lagrangian velocity fluctuations were obtained. It was found that the estimated Lagrangian covariance functions might be very closely approximated by exponential functions.


There are two major fields in which renal biopsy in Anderson-Fabry (AF) disease may play a role. The first is investigation, when we are involved in a trial to investigate particular aspects of AF nephropathy or the effect of therapy. In this case, the reason and the time to perform a renal biopsy are planned by the scientific board. The second is when we are looking after a patient with AF with renal involvement. In this case, in the typically affected male, biopsy can be useful but is not mandatory. Instead, in an asymptomatic female with only mild proteinuria, or a male adult over 40 years of age with normal renal function, it is important to perform a renal biopsy. Indeed, it will possible to demonstrate organ involvement of AF disease, and so it will be correct to start enzyme replacement therapy. Moreover, sometimes a patient may have a clinical picture not immediately ascribable to AF disease (macrohematuria, nephrotic proteinuria, etc.); in these cases histological examination may reveal a double pathology (IgA nephropathy, diabetic changes, etc.) associated with typical changes of Fabry nephropathy.


than 180 species, most of which are understory shrubs of primary forests (Zhu et al. 2012). Although the genus is pantropical, some 160 species occur in tropical Asia with one species extending into Australia (Zhu et al. 2012) and three species in warm temperate regions of Japan, the northern limit of the genus (Yamazaki 1993). Twenty three species are in Africa (Jannerup 2006), and three species are known from New World (Urban 1899, Robbrecht 1982, Zanoi 1989). Whereas some species are quite widely distributed in Asia, at least 69 taxa are local endemics. In Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia, 32 of 71 and 18 of 54 taxa, respectively, are endemic (Zhu et al. 2012). Lasianthus could be interesting for the study of speciation and biogeography in Southeast Asia. Within the Asian regions, recent taxonomic revisions have been published for Thailand (57 species, Zhu 2001a, Zhu 2002b), China (33 species, Zhu 2002a, Zhu & Taylor 2011), and the Malesian region (131 species, Zhu et al. 2012). Preliminary taxonomic treatments have been published for Cambodia (Dy Phon 2000) and Vietnam (Hô 2000), and new species have been described from Vietnam (Zhu & Roos 2002) and India (Karthigeyan et al. 2011, Kumar et al. 2014). Despite these publications, taxonomic studies of Lasianthus in Asia are still required. Pitard (1922–1924) documented 37 species of Lasianthus from the French Indochina region, with nine of them from Cambodia. Since then Flora of Bokor National Park, Cambodia II: Four New Species and Nine New Records of Lasianthus (Rubiaceae) from Cambodia


The use of games in teaching of foreign languages is that students learn the foreign
languages easier, the students enjoy this method, they participate classes with love and willingly
and the stuff that they learn seams to be much more permanent. Games in the process of teaching
foreign languages seem to be a forward key for the teachers. Moreover, the teaching of the
languages through the games, will learn the students to share, to have a friendship, to socialize
and to communicate among others. The most important thing for the teacher is to know which
games is propper for the basic language skills, to choose the game for the purpose and to
applicate it correctly. One of the principles of foreign language teaching is to develop the four
basic language skills. These skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing which consists of
the functional integrity. Teaching of foreign languages includes a lot of games and a lot of
researches have done about these issue. Since I have personaly applied these games in TOMER
Gazi University (Gazi University the Turkish Language Teaching Center) I can tell that I was
getting exellent results. Most important thing is to be able to applicate it and at the end to have
possitive results.


The biological clock, a highly specialized, hierarchical network of biological pacemakers, directs and maintains proper rhythms in endocrine and metabolic pathways. The clock adapts to environmental changes, specifically daily light-dark cycles, as well as rhythmic food intake. Time-specific food intake has profound consequences on physiology of nutrition absorption in the body. As per the Vedic routine, one should eat only twice a day after performing Agnihotra ( Homam ) in the morning and in the evening (before sunset). Food takes about 8 to 11 hours for proper digestion and thus keeps the body strong and energetic. Aacharya sushruta and Charaka also mentions specific time for food; all these times are fixed scientifically. This topic throws light on the physiology behind the right time for food as explained in ancient literature. In this study, right time for gaining maximum nutrition from the food consumed will be explored under scientific background.


1003 is a multipotential embryonal carcinoma (EC) clonal cell line which can be induced to follow different developmental pathways by altering the composition of the culture medium. When grown in serum‐containing medium the great majority of 1003 cells remain undifferentiated; they express the ECMA 7 cell‐surface embryonic antigen and very low amounts of vimentin. In serum‐free medium, most 1003 cells differentiate into neuroepithelial cells. The majority of these cells are still labelled with ECMA 7 antibodies. They contain higher amounts of vimentin than EC cells, but no neurofilament proteins. Neuroepithelial cells then differentiate into neurons through a stage of preneurons containing both vimentin and the 70‐K neurofilament protein. Fully differentiated neurons contain 70‐K neurofilament protein but no vimentin. The 200‐K neurofilament protein is detected later in the neurons. Mesenchymal cells (induced by re‐adding serum) express high amounts of vimentin organized in networks. Preneurons, neurons, and mesenchymal cells do not express ECMA 7 antigen.


Single crystals of olivine change to polycrystalline aggregates through dynamic recrystallization during creep at temperatures of 1550-1650°C and stresses of 40-120 MPa. The deformation of the dynamically recrystallized specimens displays nearly plane strain, and the maximum elongation of samples is perpendicular to original c- (for 〈110〉c) or b-axis (for 〈101〉c). The preferred orientation development associated with dynamic recrystallization begins with the rotation of subgrains as a result of accumulation of dislocations due to crystalline slip. With increase of strain, new grains are formed at high angle subboundaries and at grain boundaries. The b-axis fabrics at this stage show two maxima: one near the original direction, and the other near parallel to the maximum compression (shortening) axis. In the final stage, where recrystallization is complete, recrystallized grains also undergo significant plastic strain, and strong a- and b-axis concentrations parallel to, respectively, the maximum elongation and maximum shortening (compression) axes were found. Thus two processes of preferred orientation development in syntectonically (dynamically) recrystallized olivine occur under our experimental conditions: lattice rotation due to dislocation glide, and nucleation and growth of new grains. Strong correlations of final preferred orientation with strain indicates that the former process dominates. Applying these results to deformation in the earth, it is suggested that the preferred orientation is kinematically controlled by crystalline slip even when dynamic recrystallization occurs, indicating that the seismic anisotropy in the deep upper mantle corresponds directly to flow pattern rather than to stress orientation.


ABSTRACT

The objective of this research is to analyze the potential of street lighting tax and advertisement tax in Banda Aceh City. The research type used in this research is descriptive method.
The data type used is secondary data collected from DPKKD Banda Aceh from year 2007 until 2011. The potential of street lighting tax and advertisement tax is analyzed by using a matrix formula based on overlay analysis tools in terms of the criteria of growth and contribution to four classification criterias, ie: prime, potential, developing, and underdeveloped.
The result of this research shows that street lighting tax in prime classification are years 2008, 2009, and 2010, whereas 2007 and 2010 classified as potential, with the average of growth and contribution for five years classified as prime. Advertisement tax during 2007 until 2011 classified as prime, with the average of growth and contribution for five years classified as prime.

Keywords: Street lighting tax, advertisement tax


The article analyzes the metaphor "Copernican revolution," used by Kant to highlight the core idea of his philosophy. The author argues that Kant uses the analogies with mathematics and natural science for establishing criteria of scientific character of knowledge. These criteria include the hypothetic-deductive or a priorimethod of thinking, which determines the apodictic, i.e. necessary and objective, character of the basic laws of nature, as well as the verification of laws a priorithrough experiments.The author focuses on Kant's idea of the possibility of scientific metaphysics based on these criteria. She claims that the structure of scientific metaphysics and the epistemological status of its statements depend on what kind of objects it deals with: with phenomena given to us by sensuality, with only conceivable "things in themselves" or with supersensitive "objects of an idea." In the last part, the author interprets the meaning of the metaphor "Copernican turn" as the upgrading of logic, the idea of "transcendental idealism" and discusses the possibility of using the metaphor "Ptolemaic system" to characterize the practical philosophy of Kant.


Atmospheric transport models are often used to simulate the distribution of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) for atmospheric inverse modeling. However, errors in simulated transport are often neglected in the context of inverse flux estimation. We coupled the commonly used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the greenhouse gas module (WRF-GHG), to enable passive tracer transport simulation of CO2 and CH4. As a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model, WRF’s transport is only constrained by global meteorological fields via initialization and at the lateral boundaries; over time the winds in the center of the domain can deviate considerably from these (re-)analysis fields that are constrained by observations. The aim of this study is to have the WRF-simulated transport represent reality as closely as possible, which in this case means staying consistent with the (ERA5) reanalysis fields used as boundary conditions.

Therefore, two ways of blending ERA5 with WRF-GHG were tested: (a) regularly restarting the model with fresh initial conditions from ERA5, and (b) nudging the atmospheric winds, temperatures, and moisture to those from ERA5 continuously, using the built-in FDDA option (four-dimensional data assimilation). FDDA constantly forces the model towards the physical reference state (ERA5) by adding an additional tendency term at each grid point and time step.

Meteorological variables, as well as the concentrations of CO2 and CH4, were analyzed by comparing with observations. We also compared mixed layer heights (PBLH) with radiosonde-derived observation. We found that performance in horizontal winds and PBLH are slightly better in the nudged simulation (NS) compared to the simulation incorporating frequent restarts (RS). The advantage of grid-nudging is notable when comparing CH4 with aircraft measurements from the CoMet campaign. However, differences in soil moisture increase over time, as soil moisture is not used for nudging. The consequence is a change in the Bowen ratio and thus in vertical mixing, impacting the distribution of GHG tracers in general.

To preserve the benefits of nudging and avoid the divergence of soil moisture, we recommend a hybrid approach, combining nudging with daily re-initializations. This technique will be used in an ensemble-based regional inversion system currently under development to make use of satellite-based measurements of GHGs.


Aiming at a method of robot control system for the robot's non-linear uncertain systems and the traditional non-linear internal model control in the control deficiencies,this paper introduced a based on dynamic compensation inverse of radial basis function(RBF) internal model control for nonlinear uncertain systems method.At the same time,in the introduction of RBF to establish the inverse model,there is model free adaptive control(MFAC) method as an additional controller.Both forward and backward models will be automatically modified online when they deviate from the plant.The simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper not only to the robot's constant perturbation system has good robustness of time-varying uncertainties remain better tracking results,with better real-time performance,robustness,and online calibration.


Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of by BiPAP for patients with COPD and tape D respiratory failure. Methods Choice 128 cases with hypoxemia by COPD in our hospital from 2006.1 to 2009.6. were divided into BiPAP group and conventional therapy treatment group, the BiPAP group were treated by conventional therapy at the same time to use BiPAP, the conventional therapy treatment group were only treated by conventional therapy.After therapy, 128 cases' PaO2 was ascensus, PaCO2 were decreased. There were significance level of pH, PaO2 and PaCO2 between (P< 0.05).Results After therapy, 28 cases'RR and HR were decreased, PaO2 and SaO2 were ascensus, PaCO2 were decreased. There were significance level of RR, HR, PaO2, SaO2 and PaCO2 between observation groups and control groups(P< 0.05). Conclusion COPD with tape II respiratory failure treated by BiPAP is very safity and efficacy, it's worth to clinical application.

Key words:
BiPAP;  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;  Tape II respiratory failure


IP OVER DVB: MANAGEMENT OF SELF-SIMILARITY Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) defines the carriage of multimedia information to clients by means of MPEG-2 Transport Streams (TS). Multimedia information, due to coding and compression, is variable bit rate (VBR) in nature. Furthermore it displays burstiness on different time scales. Due to its bursty nature, VBR video requires more bandwidth than its mean bit rate. Stuffing bits are inserted into the TS to make TS constant bit-rate. In this thesis, we propose a system, which makes use of the wasted bandwidth, due to stuffing bits in MPEG-2 TS, by carrying best-effort IP traffic with the prioritized video traffic. We investigate the statistical properties of the traffic on the proposed network. We give a detailed description for the traffic characteristics, i.e., self-similarity and long-range dependence. We use the NS simulator to simulate the proposed system for different network resource configurations, i.e., bottleneck bandwidth, buffer size, and different traffic characteristics, i.e., self-similarity (Hurst parameter). Analyzing the results, we suggest a bandwidth-driven network resource allocation policy, assuming a fixed overall traffic demand, since it improves both throughput and queuing delay.


Up to now there are not detailed studies about the structures and the kinematic related to the Plio-Pleistocene tectonics in southern Sardinia, although tectonic activity during the latest million years is long since known in the Island. Then, the general aim of this research is to improve the understanding of the recent geological evolution of the southern Sardinian block, trying to calculate the extension affecting the crust, to reconstruct the paleostress fields and to define a model of the tectonic evolution of the southern Sardinia during this period, considering the new data obtained from this research and the data available from literature on the geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean, in particular about the opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea. To achieve this purposes, the research focuses on the study of the most important structure related to the Plio-Pleistocene tectonics: the "so-called" Campidano graben. This structure has been studied mainly interpreting the seismic lines acquired in the Campidano plain by SAIS in the early sixties and by the joint venture AGIP-Progemisa S.p.A. in the early nineties that have been made available for this research by the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna and Progemisa S.p.A. The continuation of the Campidano in the Cagliari Gulf has been studied interpreting the ministerial seismic lines aquired by AGIP in the seventies in the offshore of Cagliari.
The main results achieved from the research are:
- the 3D model of the Middle Pliocene erosional surface at the base of the Samassi formation detected in the subsurface of the Campidano plain;
- the extension values and the deformation rates affecting the Campidano area during Plio-Quaternary times;
- the reconstruction of the paleostress field active during Pliocene time in the Campidano graben;
- a comparison between the structural setting of the Campidano and the structural setting of the southeastern Sardinian margin;
- the integration of the data achieved during this research with the data available from literature on the geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean, in particular about the opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea.
The 3D model of the Middle Pliocene erosional surface has been built using the two-way time structural maps of this surface carried out in both the northern and southern Campidano. This surface shows a gently rolling landscape, typical of the erosion and planation surface developed in continental environments, both in the subsurface of the southern and northern Campidano plain. In the Campidano of Oristano, the maximum depth of the bottom of the Samassi formation is approximately -1100 m, while in the southern it is roughly -900 m (mean velocity assigned 2 km/s).
The two-way time structural maps show that both the northern and the southern Campidano graben are bounded in the western edges by master faults dipping to the east, but differences arise in the trends of the faults: mostly N-S in the northern Campidano and NW-SE in the southern Campidano.
N-S normal faults affected the whole Samassi formation and the within-plate basalts that post-date it, so we may admit that an important extension occurred after its deposition, that is in Pleistocene time.
The structures from seismic interpretation, that characterized the Plio-Quaternary evolution of the so-called Campidano graben have been validated during the drafting of the two-way time maps and with the structural and stratigraphic data available on surface. This allowed to construct a validated 3D model from which achieved the most possible reliable values of extension and paleostress.
To quantify the Plio-Quaternary deformation in southern Sardinia the 3D model of the Middle-Pliocene erosional surface (roughly 3.5 Ma in age) has been considered. The extension has been calculated restoring the cross-sections achieved from the 3D model. In the southern Campidano, extension values range from 205 m to 596 m and the percentage of extension from 1.65% to 5.72%. In the northern Campidano extension values range from 171 m to 465 m and percentage of extension from 0.84% to 2.50%.
Although the Plio-Pleistocene time-markers (3.5 Ma the erosional surface at the base of the Samassi formation and 2.5 Ma the surface sealed by the basalt lava flows in northern Campidano and a reflector calibrated with the Campidano1 well in the southern Campidano) are not very well constrained, they allow to estimate the vertical slip rate (0,6 mm/yr) and the extension rate (0,3 mm/yr in the northern Campidano and 0,4 mm/yr in the southern Campidano).
Considering the erosional surface sealed by the basalt-lava flows of the "giare" to the east of Campidano that occurs up to 550 m above the sea level and the age of 3.0 Ma of the basalts that seal it, an uplift rate of 0.18 mm/yr can be calculated if a marine origin for this surface is confirmed. Furthermore, the difference in elevation between the higher basalts that crop out in the central Sardinia (approximately 700 m in the Orroli basalt plateau) and those detected in the subsurface (-440 m in the northern Campidano) is related to tectonic activity that is at least Pleistocene in age. Therefore, during the whole Plio-Quaternary tectonics, considering the Middle Pliocene erosional surface at the base of the Samassi formation detected at -1100 m in the northern Campidano, vertical displacements on the order of 1800 m can be inferred.
The paleostress field active during Pliocene time in the Campidano area has been reconstructed using the movement vector on the fault plane achieved from the restoration of the Middle Pliocene erosional surface in both the northern and southern Campidano using two different methods that showed almost the same results.
In the northern Campidano, an extension oriented roughly E-W, with the principal stress axes: σ1=263/77; σ2=356/1; σ3=86/13; has be inferred. In the southern Campidano, the extension is oriented roughly ENE-WSW, with the principal stress axes: σ1=105/85; σ2=332/3; σ3=242/3.
The evolution during Pliocene in the southern Sardinia seems to be strictly related with the evolution of the sector of the southern Tyrrhenian basin located roughly south of the 40° parallel. This can be infer from the similarities in ages and stuctures in the eastern Sardinian margin and Campidano area. It seems that the extensional tectonics started in the Upper Miocene in the Sardinian Basin and Cornaglia Terrace and migrated westward in Sardinia and eastward in the Vavilov Basin.
Concerning the Pliocene tectonics affecting Sardinia, therefore, it seems to be directly related to the beginning of the extension in the Tyrrhenian Basin, due to the eastward roll back of the subducting Adriatic plate.
It seems, instead, that the Pleistocene tectonics recognized in Sardinia can not be related directly with the evolution in the Tyrrhenian Basin, because, although extensional tectonics continued in the Marsili Basin until now, no active tectonics occurs in the Sardinian Basin and Cornaglia Terrace. Thus, the recent uplift affecting the southern Sardinia is most likely related to the lithospheric structure inherited from the pre-Pliocene geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean, during which the lowering of the density in the mantle lithosphere could be caused an uplift up to 1620 m, if a normal thick mantle lithosphere (90 km) is considering as start point, or up to 720 m, considering the present day thinned mantle lithosphere (40 km), or by the thinning of the mantle lithosphere connected with process of intensive convective heating (thermal thinning).


Focal injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were targeted into mouse somatosensory cortex, in vitro, with a template. Injections were made at different depths and in different locations in the whisker‐barrel‐defined somatosensory map in order to determine quantitative connectivity patterns within and between barrel‐defined cortical columns. Cortices were sectioned in a plane parallel to the pia at 75 βm. Data were collected directly from microscope slides by computer.


We studied the pure rotational lineshapes of HF in gaseous argon (30–330 Amagat) at ambient temperature. The measured absorption coefficients were fitted by a sum of Rosenkranz profiles to obtain widths, shifts, and asymmetry parameters. We compared them with the literature data and ascribed the detected line asymmetry to the line mixing effect whose influence was considered in the framework of semiclassical approach.


Glucose, tryptophan, indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-pyruvate, and 2-hydroxy 2- (indol-3-ylmethyl) -4 methods and compositions that can be used to produce monatin from ketoglutarate There is provided. The method is also disclosed for the production of indole-3-pyruvate and 2-hydroxy 2- (indol-ylmethyl) -4-keto glutaric acid intermediates. The compositions provided include nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, chemical structures, and cells. The method includes


A formal approach has been chosen to investigate Vladimir Mayakovsky's poetic credo: the functional analysis of the literary process constitutes the guiding principle for the description and classification of the analysed issues. A small selection of poems has been investigated focusing on rhythmic elements and stylistic procedures: the texts are divided into their component parts, so that the constructional processes can be analysed according to their artistic function. Mayakovsky's "ripped" verse reminds us of Cubism, being made up of a continuous succession of microtmesis and palindromes; it arouses a sort of "shift" in the literary language and generates a fuzzy semantic system, in which the semasiological weight of each lexeme undergoes a change due to its disposition in the verse line. Once the formal analysis on the selected poems was completed, it appeared clear how specific rhythmic-syntactic devices and formal procedures actually carry with them not just a solid poetic vision, but also a subliminal sense of humanity.


: The selection of power distribution components is of great importance in electrical facilities. Cable and busbar systems are widely used applications, such as electric vehicle charge stations, microgrids and energy storage systems, for power distribution in the distribution grid. In this study, the current distribution on the parallel conductors and magnetic field distributions around cable and busbar structures is evaluated for studied application where the power is distributed using a cable system between a converter transformer and a converter. All modeling and analyzes are conducted using ANSYS Electronics Suite software, by applying balanced and pure sinusoidal current excitation. Obtained results show that, when the busbar system is installed for power distribution, current distribution between parallel conductors is decreased to the negligible level, and the calculated magnetic field density is about 73.7% lower than the cable system.


This study investigated the effect of different cereal-legume blending ratios on nutritional quality and functional property of different blends. The legumes and steeped cereals were cleaned, minimally roasted, dehulled, milled and sifted separately. A single-factor experiment with three levels of the factor (cereal: legume ratio 85:15, 75:25 and 65:35 coded as B1, B2 and B3, respectively) with two replications were used to conduct the experiment. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS statistical software and compared with the recommended values for the age group of 6-24 months. Mean separation result showed that protein, fat, energy, crude fibre and ash contents were significantly (p<0.05) different among the blends where B3 revealed higher values. Protein contents of B2 and B3, ash and fiber content of the three blends, as well as energy value of B3 were within the recommended levels. However, none of the blends met the recommended fat content. Calcium, zinc and iron content of the blends increase as the proportion of legumes increase, but only the iron value was within the recommended level. The molar ratio of phytate and the three minerals were within the recommended value for better absorption. Water solubility index increased as the proportion of legume increased from 15% to 25% then decreased as legume increased to 35%. B1 revealed significantly higher viscosity values  (248.43±3.35cP) and viscosity decrease as the proportion of legume increased. Based on 10 nutritional and functional criteria, B3 possess the most desirable among the studied blends. Key words : Cereal-legume blend, proximate composition, anti-nutrient, phytate/mineral molar ratio


A new model for the anisotropic etching of Si predicts a maximum dissolution rate at 22 wt. % KOH:H2 O and a zero etch rate at the solubility limit of KOH in H2 O, which is in good agreement with experiments on {100} and {110} Si. However, the {111} etch rate may decrease continuously with OH− concentration (no peak) and appears to be blocked by OH:3H2 O or some other threefold complexes that attach themselves to every bond on this surface. The strong effects of organics on the etching of convex corners, groove bottoms, and the relative etch rates on the three major orientations are noted, as are the possible effects of Fe and other impurities on the etching velocity and geometry of misorientation steps. The ability to pass current preferentially down the face of these steps needs to be developed before several unique functions can be tested. These include the fabrication of atomic wires, chiral molecule filters, and a sort of flying carpet type of air foil; the functions of which are based on clockwise facing steps on all four walls of holes in single crystal wafers. Vertical thin studs containing controlled pore diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 nm can be formed easily into semipermeable membranes and other complex structures. These interdigitated three dimensional structures can be applied to desalinization, fuel cells, biological membrane and neuron simulation, chemical and nuclear reaction schemes, and much more. The fabrication of micromirrors and lenses is also discussed.A new model for the anisotropic etching of Si predicts a maximum dissolution rate at 22 wt. % KOH:H2 O and a zero etch rate at the solubility limit of KOH in H2 O, which is in good agreement with experiments on {100} and {110} Si. However, the {111} etch rate may decrease continuously with OH− concentration (no peak) and appears to be blocked by OH:3H2 O or some other threefold complexes that attach themselves to every bond on this surface. The strong effects of organics on the etching of convex corners, groove bottoms, and the relative etch rates on the three major orientations are noted, as are the possible effects of Fe and other impurities on the etching velocity and geometry of misorientation steps. The ability to pass current preferentially down the face of these steps needs to be developed before several unique functions can be tested. These include the fabrication of atomic wires, chiral molecule filters, and a sort of flying carpet type of air foil; the functions of which are based on clockwise f...


Starting from the fall of 2006, the instruction of library and information science majors in Hungary has been enacted in a two-tier education system complying with the Bologna declaration for higher education. It was in spring of 2008 that the Ministry of Education and Culture released the list of requirements for training and qualification of the second level, the magister (or master's) degree, which determines the corpus of knowledge and professional competences the would-be graduates are to command. The study discusses the system of requirements of the BA (bakkalaureus or bachelor-level) instruction currently conducted, the subject directions announced by the 11 institutions of higher education participating in the instruction, the general and professional stock material, the personal and professional competences to be learned in the master-level instruction, the scope of knowledge and subjects pertaining to the permitted subject directions as well as the topical items of information related to the master-level training.


At one time, sweetener discovery was largely a matter of chance. Now it is possible to design and synthesize new sweet compounds based on the studies of structure-taste relationships, computer modeling, and biochemical chemoreception mechanisms. This new volume presents the latest results of such studies and defines the status of methodology to design sweeteners, the evaluation of sweeteners' sensory properties, the mechanism of action of sweeteners, and legislation for the regulation of sweeteners. In addition, this volume presents, for the first time outside of the patent literature, discussions of three major new structural classes of sweeteners: arylurea dipeptides, guanidineacetic acids, and substituted *b-amino acid.


ObjectivezzThe loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) has been known as an indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission. Nicotine increases the release of serotonin levels. The current study investigated whether cigarette smoking would make difference in LDAEP among male patients with major depressive disorder. MethodszzTwenty-four non-smoking and 20 smoking male patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) were recruited. There was no significant difference in severity of MDD symptoms between the two groups. The age of participants ranged from 20 to 65 years old. Event-related potentials (ERP) N100 were measured on 5 different sounds (55, 65, 75, 85, 95 dB) and on 5 electrodes (Fz, Cz, Pz, C5, C6). The N1/P2 peak to peak amplitudes and amplitude slope according to 5 different sounds were calculated. ResultszzLDAEP was significantly weaker in the smoking group in comparison to the non-smoking group (p<0.05). Among non-smoking group LDAEP was negatively correlated with a core depression subscale of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) (r=-0.41, p<0.05). ConclusionzzLDAEP of the smoking patients with MDD group was weaker than the non-smoking patient with MDD group's. This result suggests that smoking may have increased the release of serotonergic neurotransmission in patients with MDD. Future studies need to examine LDAEP changes before and after tobacco use among smoking patients. Korean J Psychopharmacol 2011;22:89-95


The enrichment and extraction behaviors of titanium(Ⅳ) in 1-propanol-potassium thiocyanate-aqueous system and the separation conditions from other metal ions were investigated.The results showed that the 1-propanol aqueous solution could be well divided into two phases in the presence of sodium chloride.The complex of [Ti(SCN)62-][C3H7OH2+]2 formed from protonized 1-propanol([C3H7OH2+]2) and [Ti(SCN)62-](which was generated by titanium (Ⅳ) and potassium thiocyanate) could be completely extracted by 1-propanol during the phase separation process.When the concentration of 1-propanol,potassium thiocyanate and sodium chloride was 30%(V/V),8.0×10-2 mol/L and 0.17 g/mL,respectively,the extraction yield of titanium(Ⅳ) was higher than 98.9% while ,V(Ⅴ)、Ce(Ⅲ)、Mg(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)、Al(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Ag(Ⅰ)and W(Ⅵ) were not extracted to realize the separation of titanium(Ⅳ) from the above-mentioned metal ions.This method has been successfully applied to the determination and extraction separation of titanium in the sample of synthetic water with satisfactory results.


China's modern revolutions and its socialist practice distinguish modern Chinese history from that of other parties that have been enthusiastically promoting the discourse of Asia. However, instead of either to affirm or to reject China's revolutionary socialist practice in the past, the question is that every important impression of, or judgment on problems in contemporary China will inevitably affect our observation and evaluation of the earlier period, reshaping our study and understanding of that period. Conversely, a reshaped understanding like this will remold, to a considerable extent and in the form of providing perceived origins to contemporary problems, how we identify and understand various pressing problems in our own time. Therefore, we must identify issues with structural significance to challenging existing interpretations, pay special attention to dilemmas and predicaments that are specific to the lived experience, and in so doing to seek incorporating China successfully into the construction of discourses about Asia. More generally speaking, the ability to be aware, to enter and experience, and to comprehend each other's deeply layered frustration and uneasiness, is one of the keys that determines if the various subjects covered by a discourse on Asia can be successfully incorporated into the constructing process of such a discourse. Moreover, sharing as much as possible other people's deeply rooted frustrations and uneasiness, while learning about the other party intellectually, is the only way, through which the formation of one's own subjectivity can truly embrace actual connectedness with other people. Only if the inter-connectedness has inherently become part and parcel of one's own, could an East Asian community be considered to have acquired some basis of its subjectivity. A meaningful future Asia needs to be constructed with coherent mutual connection rooted in inter-subjectivity and a collective subjectivity rooted in the real experience of each nation.


In this paper, main task was to perform investigations of stability and application properties of nanofluids based on mineral transformator oil and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Previous investigations have shown that the addition of nanoparticles in the base fluid can improve the thermal conductivity and breakdown voltage of the base fluid. Results of preliminary tests where commercially available surfactant (oleic, palmitic and stearic acid) were used have not showed satisfactory stability of nanofluids. Therefore, new surfactants were synthesized based on copolymers of methyl-, dodecyl-, and dimethylaminoethyl-methacrylate. Copolymers of selected compositions were synthesized directly in the transformer oil under isothermal conditions by using bifunctional peroxide initiator. Distribution of molecular mass of polymers were obtained by GPC/SEC method and viscosity of polymer dilute solution by capillary viscometry method. The synthesized copolymers have shown as effective surfactants - it was found that after seven days the 22-26 mass.% of nanoparticles was dispersed. Addition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in transformer oil along with present polymeric surfactant causes a decrease of the breakdown voltage. However, the obtained values are still within the limits required by corresponding standards.


In spite of the difference in their approaches, Chabod responded to Braudel's remark with warm acceptance and acknowledgment of this way of perceiving sixteenth-century history. This response was not only characteristic of a man whose erudition and breadth, exhibited in these some twenty-two hundred pages of history, denote extraordinary openness of mind and vast intellectual energy. It also expresses once more what is in fact [pace Popper) the great forte of historicism compared with most other preconceptions, spoken or unspoken, which inspire historical writing: its flexibility and open-endedness. The re-publf* cation of Chabod's works thus provides us with salutary and vivifying examples of a methodological perspective which remains of value and importance even as we pursue, along with Braudel and many others, the path of the social sciences.


This paper sets out to provide an overview on coordination of religion & science, and their real meaning in life of human being. Religion is a human activity (Dow, 2007) and a matter of belief and practice, as a product of human mind (Albert Einstein, 1930). It is a primary, essential universal social phenomenon which seriously concerns almost every human being (Ambedkar, 1957). Religious phenomena are naturally arranged in two fundamental categories of "beliefs and practices" the first one indicates "states of opinion" in the representation of the mind and the second" determined as modes of action. Religion is the foundation of society connected to social progress. Durkheim ignored the possibility that religion was coming out of the human brain, the mind, without the help of "society." there is no reason or justification for Religious leaders to remain themselves ignorant, aloof, isolated or blind-folded from these developments and also to keep their followers scientifically unaware ignorant, illiterates and continue to dogmatically opposing new thinking. First of all there is need to open up themselves, develop capacity to understand the new science evolve with changing time, accept the reality and help to newer generation in providing a scientific basis to preaching their faiths. Because the only purpose of religion is to collectively and individually educate their followers to live mentally, thoughtfully, intellectually, physiologically, nutritionally, physically and academically in sound good health in harmony with the laws of nature. Scientific education leads toward scientific temper & knowledge. Man can make this scientific literacy functional. All knowledge is neither science nor power. When observed facts are organised in a way that shows how they are related, knowledge becomes science. i.e., science explains the relation between facts and is concerned not only with what happens but with how and why something happens. Functional scientific literacy is portal of real life which comprises of three main domains i.e. nature of science, science process skill and use of science understanding in daily life. By keeping these three perspectives, school science curriculum should be such that prepares young generation to use scientific knowledge outside of formal education setting in guidance of religious mind (spiritual thought).thus religion and scientific education moves hand in hand which makes functional to every scientific product of mind.


On the standard view, logic is concerned with reasoning, more in particular with fixing criteria for the soundness and validity of arguments. This chapter investigates the prospects of basing logic on cooperative information exchange instead of valid reasoning. The game of interrogation is a logical idealization of the process of cooperative information exchange, which makes stiff demands on the witness. Relative to a suitable language, and a semantic interpretation for that language, the logic of interrogation has to provide us with logical notions by means of which we can arbitrate the game. In general, a semantics for a language in terms of context change potentials states the interpretation of a sentence as an operation on contexts. Instead of viewing semantics and pragmatics as constituting two separate components within a theory of meaning, the authors make a move towards integrated theory by shifting logical perspective from valid argumentation to cooperative communication. Keywords: cooperative information exchange; interrogation; pragmatics; semantic interpretation


Disastrous flood,in the light of systems analysis of disaster,is one of the most active and sensetive factors for natural disasters.The analysis for the highest water level,flow quantity of peak flood and flooding disaster\|caused area at Chenlingji Hydrometric Station of Dongting Lake in the years of 1950 to 1999 has shown that disastrous flood of Dongting Lake concurred in high frequency and with huge energy dissemination and strong capacity of sand transportation and that the floods are direct and/or indirect factors for inducing ecological disaster such as waterlogging,rat plague,snail breeding(only host of blood fluke)soil deterioration,water pollution and so on.\;Carring quantities of sand,suspended substance with harmful solute,disastrous floods pour into Dongting Lake and form 4 ecological disastrous chains:(1)disastrous floods→collapse of dike and/or dams,burst of floods,and waterlogging→water pollution;(2)disastrous flood→soil loss→silt deposit→soil deterioration;(3)silt deposit→wetland swelling,hydrophyte rampancy→ecological disfunction of lakes;(4)wetland swelling→snail breeding,rat plague.Viewing the situation as a whole,the formation process of all ecological disastrous chains originate from disastrous flooding,and indicate the flooding is the cause of concurrence of ecological disasters.\;On the other hand,disastrous flooding contribute significantly to the compound impact of concurrence of ecological disaster.And obviously this compound impact is the results of mechanical blocking of wetland for water and sand,flow weakening and silt deposit of hydrophyte and waterlogging of Yangtse flood and cause vicious circling of flooding,silt deposit,wetland swelling and concurrence of ecological disasters.Consequently,the repeated burst of flooding accelerate the depositing of silt and naturally swelling of wetland and increase the capacity of disastrous floods,furthermore,amplify the disaster caused energy for every factors of ecological disaster community.\;Based on the analysis of hydrological data at Chenlingji of Dongting Lake,this paper fully investigates the disastrous flood and its disaster\|caused capacity,and then explores the complex ralation between disastrous floods and concurrence of ecological disasters.Finally,the compound interaction and effect of the concurrence of ecological disasters due to disastrous flood in Dongting Lake area are discussed in details by theory of systems analysis for disaster community.\;As every ecological disaster\|caused factor is amplified by flooding,its serious long\|term hazard to the social economy and resource environment will continue in consequence of higher frequency of flooding,longer time of flooding,larger area of sandy soil,faster breeding of snails,more serious rat plague,more pollutions of waters and more weakening of aquatic resources.Hence,the importance of harnessing and development of the Dongting Lake is to efficiently control the water and sand poured into the Lake.


9021Background: In the double-blind, phase 3 KEYNOTE-189 study (NCT02578680), pembro + pem + plt significantly improved OS and PFS over pbo + pem + plt as first-line therapy for nonsquamous NSCLC. ...


ABSTRACT Aim: A number of germline polymorphisms have shown promising predictive role for chemotherapy related toxicity in colorectal cancer patients. However, large-scale validation trials are necessary before pharmacogenetic findings are incorporated into clinical practice. We investigated 17 polymorphisms in 11 genes for their association with toxicity of fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin (TS, MTHFR, ERCC1, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD, GSTT, GSTP, GSTM, ABCC1, ABCC2) in colorectal cancer patients enrolled in a prospective randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: TOSCA is a non-profit, Italian, multicentre, randomized, non-inferiority phase III study conducted in high-risk stage II and stage III colorectal cancer patients treated with 6 or 3 months of either FOLFOX-4 or XELOX adjuvant chemoterapy. A planned sample of patients was accrued in the ancillary pharmacogenetic study. The primary endpoint was the evaluation of the relationship of genetic polymorphisms with occurrence of grade 3-4 CTCAE toxicity event (grade 2-4 for neurotoxicity). Results: From July 2007 to October 2011, 531 patients were enrolled from 26 experimental centres (194 patients in 6-month FOLFOX-4 arm, 194 patients in 3-month FOLFOX-4 arm, 74 patients in 6-month XELOX arm, 69 patients in 3-month XELOX arm). Grade ≥3 neutropenia and grade >2 neurotoxicity events occurred in 150 (29%) and in 132 patients (24.8%), respectively. Diarrhea grade > 3 events occurred in 34 (6.5%) patients. None of the studied polymorphisms showed clinically relevant association with toxicity. Conclusions: In the studied population, we ruled out a strong predictive role of known genetic variants for toxicity. Future investigations should address novel polymorphisms emerging from genome-wide association studies. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Abstract Background Periodontitis and osteoporosis are most popular among aging population and both conditions might be linked, even though, this suggestion still until now debated. Objectives A meta‐analysis on previous investigations has been used to evaluate the correlation between periodontitis and osteoporosis to determine whether osteoporosis is a local indicator of bone loss, or whether it is depending on or related to periodontitis causes. Methods The literature database, including but not excluding, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Science Citation Index Expanded, was searched in this work during Feb, 2020. We conducted the investigations contain cohort studies, cross‐sectional studies, as well as case–control studies with relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup and Sensitivity analysis were also applied to identify heterogeneity sources. Results 23 observational studies with 12 cohorts, 7 cross‐sectional and 4 case–control studies, were included, together with 2,157,037 participants. Osteoporosis patients were more exposed to periodontitis (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.50–2.54). Subgroup analyses showed that the higher risk of osteoporosis in periodontitis patients exists in both cross‐sectional studies (OR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.80–2.61) and case–control studies (OR 2.63; 95% CI, 1.69–4.09), and marginally in cohort studies (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.16–2.49). Conclusion Review analyses have shown that osteoporosis is closely related to the increased risk of periodontitis in the future. Dental specialists better to understand the potential association between periodontitis and osteoporosis.


The lipase PS-C II (lipase from Burkholde- ria cepacia immobilized on ceramic particles)-cata- lyzed acylations of N-acylated 2-amino-1-phenyletha- nol (rac-1) and N-acylated norphenylephrine (rac-2) have been studied in imidazolium- and pyridinium- based ionic liquids, in tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) and in their mixtures. Enzymatic chemo- and enantioselectivities in the presence of hydropho- bic EMIM · NTf2 and hydrophilic EMIM · BF4 have been studied in more detail using high substrate con- centrations. The preparative-scale kinetic resolution of rac-1 and rac-2 (both 0.45 M) with vinyl butanoate in the mixture of EMIM · NTf2 with TBME (2 : 1) took 9 and 27 hours, respectively. Microwave-assisted acy- lation of rac-1 and rac-2 in the presence of EMIM · NTf2 proceeded similarly to the reactions under nor- mal conditions.


This study proposes automation measures of anti-collision detection within EMS(Electrical Mono Rail System). EMS is a full automation transport equipment mainly used in production process, such as car manufacturing planets, electronic factories and food processing plants among manufactures. This research paper presents a plan for creating a smart EMS and overcoming an weakness of EMS. The mechanical strength and durability are ensured in the expected major collision region by performing a CAE analysis. Automated equipment has to respond to a sudden accident which is based on the self-image recording function and wireless transmission function. This equipment will record a sudden crash course in real time and record it. This record eventually becomes known to distant places with users. Because of this equipment, the unexpected accident is prevented and is reduced a human damage and is expected to improve productivity. Therefore, this research results are as follows. The first, the full automated conveyor controller is developed within from 3 to 4 millimeter stop range according to increase of load weight in 1.5 tons. The second, wireless image recording system for the measures of unexpected accident is developed through the CAE analysis of main parts for the exact stop control. The most important final purpose of this research is developed the wireless image recording system for the unexpected accident.


Impedance spectroscopy for piezoceramics under high-power application was investigated. Impedance spectra under bipolar high electric field were completely different below and above TC. Below TC, high-power impedance spectra could be successfully fitted to a three resistance-constant phase element (3 R-CPE) equivalent circuit. Above TC, however, a 2 R-CPE equivalent circuit was sufficient to fit with high-power impedance spectra. For this reason, there was another relaxation factor caused by high-power application in the ferroelectric phase. From the high-power impedance spectra below TC, the nonlinear response of capacitance under a high electric field was calculated. Hence, domain wall motion would appear as a relaxation factor. Subsequently, high-power impedance spectra before and after cyclic unipolar fatigue treatment were compared. Considering the assumption that domain wall motion appeared as a relaxation factor, the capacitance caused by domain wall motion was decreased after cyclic fatigue. In conclusion, we believe that domain wall pinning could be evaluated by separating other electrical properties. In this work, the measurement possibility by impedance spectroscopy for high-power application for piezoceramics was investigated.


In this work we present an electrochemical and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of locally induced oxidation of the Cu(100) surface in naturally aerated 0.1 M NaClO 4 , pH≤ 4 acidic solutions. The oxygen reduction reaction induces a near-electrode alkalization by the steady generation of OH - , producing a decaying pH gradient from the surface toward the bulk of the solution. The pH gradient profile and the concomitant surface processes are dependent upon the bulk solution pH, polarization potential, and polarization time. The local alkalization occurring in the presence of dissolved oxygen in the solution influences substantially the surface properties. These are manifested by distinctive changes in electrochemical behavior and illustrated by in situ STM images in solutions with different bulk pH values. A semiquantitative estimate suggests almost 6 units of pH increase near the Cu(100) electrode in 0.1 M NaClO 4 solution with bulk pH 2 after 25 min of polarization at anodic potentials. The similarity between electrochemical and STM results obtained in naturally aerated solution with bulk pH 4 and those registered in alkaline solutions with pH 9 confirms the local alkalization effect.


The adaptation theory that came up in 1971 argued that people react to good and bad events in their life, but they eventually return to a stable level of well-being. Adaptation to context is a very important subject that attracts much attention from many branches of linguistics. we should do deep study about the paper. As Malinowski suggests that utterance "becomes only intelligible when it is placed within its context of situation." Interpretation, in essence, a communicative activity, also only takes place in the special context. Due to its extemporariness, interpretation is more dependent on the context. Study of the relation between context and interpretation should gain its due attention in this field. Interpretation is dynamic contextual communication. Inspired by Vershueren's adaptation theory from the viewpoint of pragmatics, which involves the issue of language choices, this paper attempts to study on interpretation context from the perspective of adaptation theory in this thesis.


Third order statistics of speech signals are not identically zero, as it would be expected based on the linear model for voice. This is due to quadratic harmonic coupling produced in the vocal tract. Based on this observation, third order cumulants are employed to address the endpoint detection problem in low SNR level recordings due to their immunity to (colored) additive non-skewed noise. The proposed method uses the maximum singular value of an appropriately formed cumulant matrix to distinguish between voiced parts of the speech signal, and silence (noise). Adaptive implementations are also proposed, making this method computationally attractive. Results of batch and adaptive forms are presented for real and simulated data.<<ETX>>


The crosslinked microspheres of alginate were synthesized by inverse suspension polymerization,and the effect of the concentration of sodium alginate solution and stirring speed on the formation of microsphere was studied.Biopolymeric adsorbents with amidocyanogen were synthesized based on alginate polymeric matrixes by chemical modification.The adsorbents were characterized by FTIR and determination of ammonio content.When the concentration of sodium alginate solution was 3%-4% and stirring speed was 250-300r/min,the crosslinked microsphere had regular morphology and high mechanical strength.Uranium can be removed effectively from low concentration uranium solutions by the alginate-based adsorbent(SATT)modified with triethylenetetreamine,and the removal rate was more than 92%.The adsorbent was expected to use for wastewater treatment in uranium hydrometallurgy.


We collected information using the Electroencephalograph (EEG) EmotivEpoc, and the software complement of the Eye Tracking system SMI RED250mobile. As a first step, it was stored in text files, the readings of each EEG sensor during the time the presentation of 5 violent images and 5 non-violent images were observed. The database was collected with 50 volunteers, consisting of 25 men and 25 women. The database was later loaded into R, for the execution of the algorithms of data mining, K-means, K-medoids, Hierarchical Clustering, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines, Adaboost and Decision trees. In the clustering methods, a random clustering was presented and with little information, with the Naive Bayes, SVM and Adaboost models, a classification with a high percentage of error was obtained using the Decision Trees method, we obtained one of the worst results, with the highest error rates in the classification performed with the test data of selected method. Based on the results obtained, no significant difference was found in the individual's gender, which affected his reaction when viewing images with violent and non-violent content.


Traffic control and management is a major problem in many cities, especially in growing and big cities. Traffic signals solve the problem of traffic conflict on intersection by time division multiplexing. The efficiency of traffic flow through an intersection depends on the phases, sequence and the timing of the traffic signals. Due to randomness, traffic signal timing optimization is complex and blind. This paper proposes a new model for an adaptive signal controller that optimizes the phases sequence as well as the timing of the traffic signals. Then using modified job scheduling algorithms the sequence of approaches on an intersection is generated.


Dendroarchaeology is under-represented in the Gulf Coastal Plain region of the United States (US), and at present, only three published studies have precision dated a collection of 18th–19th-century structures. In this study, we examined the tree-ring data from pine, poplar, and oak timbers used in the Walker House in Tupelo, Mississippi. The Walker House was constructed ca. the mid-1800s with timbers that appeared to be recycled from previous structures. In total, we examined 30 samples (16 pines, 8 oaks, and 6 poplars) from the attic and crawlspace. We cross-dated latewood ring growth from the attic pine samples to the period 1541–1734 (r = 0.52, t = 8.43, p < 0.0001) using a 514-year longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) latewood reference chronology from southern Mississippi. The crawlspace oak samples produced a 57-year chronology that we dated against a white oak (Quercus alba L.) reference chronology from northeast Alabama to the period 1765–1822 (r = 0.36, t = 2.83, p < 0.01). We were unable to cross-date the six poplar samples due to a lack of poplar reference chronologies in the region. Our findings have two important implications: (1) the pine material dated to 1734 represents the oldest dendroarchaeology-confirmed dating match for construction materials in the southeastern US, and (2) cross-dating latewood growth for southeastern US pine species produced statistically significant results, whereas total ring width failed to produce significant dating results.


Achieving optimal balance between maize yield and water use efficiency is an important challenge for irrigation maize production in arid areas. In this study, we conducted an experiment in Xinjiang China in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the response of maize yield and water use to plant density and irrigation schedules. The treatments included four irrigation levels: 360 (W1), 480 (W2), 600 (W3), and 720 mm (W4), and five plant densities: 7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). The results showed that increasing the plant density and the irrigation level could both significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI). However, LAI expansion significantly increased evapotranspiration (ETa) under irrigation. The combination of irrigation level 600 mm (W3) and plant density 12.0 plants m−2 (D4) produced the highest maize yield (21.0–21.2 t ha−1), ETa (784.1–797.8 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE) (2.64–2.70 kg m−3), with an LAI of 8.5–8.7 at the silking stage. The relationship between LAI and grain yield and evapotranspiration were quantified, and, based on this, the relationship between water use and maize productivity was analyzed. Moreover, the optimal LAI was established to determine the reasonable irrigation level and coordinate the relationship between the increase in grain yield and the decrease in water use efficiency.


ESTUDIOS TEOLÓGICOS EN TORNO AL OBJECTO DE LA FE Y A LA EVOLUCIÓN DEL DOGMA. Fascicle 2. By Fidel G. Martínez. Publicación de la Sociedad Internacional Francisco Suárez, 1958. Pp. 118. For a dozen years and more, Fidel Garcia Martinez, Bishop of Calahorra and La Calzada in Spain, and stalwart opponent of "ecclesiastical faith," has carried on a zealous crusade to persuade the theological world that every definition pronounced by the magisterium is to be believed with divine faith. Four of his recent articles which appeared originally in Spanish theological journals have been stacked together and are now republished as the second fascicle of his Estudios teológicos. The slim volume contains nothing new except an epilogue in which the author neatly sums up his position. A critique of this thesis cannot be attempted in a short notice. It is, as thoughtful theologians such as Lennerz, de Aldama, Salaverri, Jiménez, and others have pointed out, open to serious objections. The divine assistance which guarantees infallibility does not make God the author of the defined statement, but is the cause why the author of the statement (the Roman Pontiff alone or along with the bishops) is preserved from error. It is one thing to preserve the author of a statement from error, and another to be the author of that statement. St. Mary1 s College, Kansas Cyril Votiert, SJ.


A method extracting galic by using carbon dioxide as extractant at supercritical state is investigated.The best condition of it is,temperature 35~40 ℃;pressure 15 MPa;exact desage about 5~6 L/h·g.


New catalysts based on oxide systems have been used for the synthesis of nitriles. It has been shown that, in a series of contacts containing Na, K, Pb and Ca, the overall nitrile yield increases. When formaldehyde is used instead of methanol, the ratio C 2 H 3 CN/C 2 H 5 CN in the initial mixture increases by a factor of 2-9.


In the conventional Kalman estimator (CKE), the ability to track the time-varying formants could be improved by using a forgetting factor. However, due to such a forgetting factor, the CKE becomes very sensitive to the impulsive pitch excitations and produces poor parameter estimates. To reduce the effects of the impulsive pitch excitations, the authors propose the robust Kalman estimator (RKE) with a forgetting factor, in which the error signal is assumed to have a normal mixture distribution. From the simulation results on the synthetic speech data, it is found that this proposed robust Kalman estimator could be well utilized as a sequential parameter estimation method.<<ETX>>


One of the most attractive ways to increase power handling capability in power modules is to increase the operating temperature. Aluminium nitride based ceramics are claimed to be the ideal candidates to be used as substrates. However, depending on the elaboration process a decrease of the AlN dielectric strength may be observed. These results are discussed in the following paper.


In the last week of August, 1997 there was exchange of heavy flring between Pakistani and Indian forces across the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Kashmir. This cost lives on both the sides including that of a Major of the Indian army. This sudden flare-up amounts to a negative development for the operationalization of the so-called Gujral doctrine. This 'Doctrine' is understood to mean, briefly, India's policy of signillcantly improving relations with her neighbours including Pakistan, even if friendly policies adopted for this purpose by India towards her neighbours are not appropriately reciprocated. Recent pact with Bangladesh on Ganges Water or improvement in our relations with Nepal are instances of the Gujral doctrine in action. Likewise, initiation of Foreign Secretary level talks with Pakistan also flows from this doctrine. But the recent development in Kashmir comes as a dampener. Yet, in order to show the relevance of the Gujral doctrine our Government has reacted by saying that by starting unprovoked flring the 'hawkish elements' within Pakistan are trying to 'derail' Foreign Secretary level talks, but they will not be allowed to succeed in their 'design' and will be 'isolated'. In the present piece we do not suggest that these talks should be abandoned, but we assert that very little can really be expected from them. As the case of Pakistan is sui generis, Mr. Gujral, in his bid to improve relations with Pakistan, is most likely to be disappointed even if we hope that he were not. But hope and reality often quarrel with each other and Mr. Gujral' s hope on the Pakistan question is no exception. There are certain obvious reasons for this. Such reasons,as briefly surveyed below, will convey the hometruth for us all, including Mr. Gujral. The home truth we are speaking of is straight and simple : to improve Indo-Pak relations signillcantly and that


The brazing filler metals for brazing Al-alloy at middle temperature are summarized,including Al-Si alloy,Sn-Zn alloy,Sn-Pb alloy,Cd-Zn alloy,Pb-Bi alloy and Zn-Al alloy.Through the comprehensive analysis and comparison of every brazing alloy,it can be found that Zn-Al alloy can be perfectly used as the brazing filler metals for brazing Al-alloy at middle temperature.


In this paper, the authors report recent results on automatic classification of free text documents into a given number of categories. The method uses multiple sensors to derive informative clues about patterns of interest in the input text, and fuses this information using a neural network. Encouraging preliminary results were obtained by applying this approach to a set of free text documents from the Associated Press (AP) news wire. New free text documents have been made available by the Reuters news agency. The advantages of this collection compared to the AP data are that the Reuters stories were already manually classified, and included sufficiently high numbers of stories per category. The results indicate the usefulness of the new method: after the network is fully trained, if data belonging to only one category are used for testing, correctness is about 90%, representing nearly 15% over the best results for the AP data. Based on the performance of the method with the AP and the Reuters collections they now have conclusive evidence that the approach is viable and practical. More work remains to be done for handling data belonging to the multiple categories.


Abstract : Iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt in tungsten and tungsten alloys are analyzed spectrophotometrically by taking aliquots of a hydrofluoricnitric acid solution that has been buffered to a pH of 6 by the addition of ammonium tartrate and sodium borate. No subsequent adjustment of pH is necessary for the spectrophotometric determination of the iron, copper, or cobalt. The iron is determined with ortho-phenanthroline, the nickel with dimethylglyoxime (using an ammoniacal medium for trace amounts and an ammoniacal-sodium hydroxide medium for large amounts), the copper with neocuproine, and the cobalt with nitroso-R salt. Large amounts of iron are determined titrimetrically after sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide precipitations. A direct method for the gravimetric determination of large amounts of nickel in tungsten with dimethylglyoxime by use of the ammonium tartrate-sodium fluoborate buffer system is described. Copper is determined electrolytically after dissolution in hydrofluoric and nitric acids and addition of hydrogen peroxide. Large amounts of cobalt are determined potentiometrically with potassium ferricyanide. (Author)


Production/operations managers want to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their subordinates. If an ineffective subordinate cannot be terminated the operations manager must devise a means of coping with this individual. A mail questionnaire survey of manufacturing firms listed in the 1984 Standard and Poor's Register of Corporations, Directors and Executives and a parallel telephone questionnaire survey were administered to production/operations managers in the USA. One hundred and eighty‐four usable returns, representing 82 manufacturing organisations, were received. Results show that coping strategies used by production/operations managers vary as a function of the superior's age, level of management and years of experience. Coping strategies change over time. Recently passive strategies have been used to a greater extent. Previously more active strategies were used. Active strategies for dealing with ineffective subordinates are now gaining favour again.