The groupness is a significant feature of wind wave breaking.Recent studies have shown that the analysis of wind wave breaking should base on wave group instead of single waves.Based on a series of wind wave breaking experiments,this paper investigates distinguishing characteristic indexes of breaking wave group which are quite different from those of non-breaking wave groups.Breaking wave groups were determined by multi-breaking criteria and mark signal recorded in situ simultaneously.The statistical distributions of 28 indexes on breaking and non-breaking wave groups was discussed,including indexes of wave groups,geometric indexes of single waves,local breaking criteria indexes,geometric indexes of wave envelope and indexes represent wave group energy structure.The results show that for wave steepness,crest front steepness,instantaneous wave slope,index in kinematic and dynamic breaking criteria,few overlaps can be found in their distributions on breaking and non-breaking wave groups,especially for the last two indexes,which in kinematics and dynamic breaking criterion.They are distinguishing characteristic indexes of breaking wave group.Other indexes can't be used to distinguish breaking and non-breaking wave groups owing to varying degree overlap of their distributions on breaking and non-breaking wave groups.


For impulse response test of weapon structure, different installation ways of the acceleration sensor will seriously affect the linear bandwidth of measurement, the high frequency nonlinearity of the measurement system is prominent, which causes the serious distortion of test signal. To improve the linear bandwidth of the impulse measurement system and improve the measuring accuracy of the impulse response signal, the Levy frequency domain model, frequency domain interpolation and time domain model method are applied to identify the acceleration sensor installation system. Based on these methods, the inverse filter signal processing technique is used to reconstruct the measured distortion acceleration signal so that the reconstructed signal is closer to the real response signal of structure impulse. The basic principles of the three model methods and their inverse filter performances are studied in detail in MATLAB. With inverse filter impulse signal reconstruction test, it shows that the interpolation frequency inverse filter method is the best and effective signal reconstruction method, it can restore impulse response signal with frequency within 15 kHz correctly. However, Levy model and time domain method also can be used to reconstruct impulse signal, but the reconstruction accuracy relatively is poor.


The domain of cluster analysis is a meeting point for a very rich multidisciplinary encounter, with cluster-analytic methods being studied and developed in discrete mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics, data analysis, data science, and computer science (including machine learning, data mining, and knowledge discovery), to name but a few. The other side of the coin, however, is that the domain suffers from a major accessibility problem as well as from the fact that it is rife with division across many pretty isolated islands. As a way out, the present paper offers a thorough and in-depth review of the clustering domain as a whole under the form of an outline map based on an overarching conceptual framework and a common language. With this framework we wish to contribute to structuring the clustering domain, to characterizing methods that have often been developed and studied in quite different contexts, to identifying links between methods, and to introducing a frame of reference for optimally setting up cluster analyses in data-analytic practice.


It is requisite that those who are willing to hear concerning the gods should have been well informed from their childhood, and not nourished with foolish opinions. It is likewise necessary that they should be naturally prudent and good, that they may receive, and properly understand, the discourses which they hear. The knowledge likewise of common conceptions is necessary; but common conceptions are such things as all men, when interrogated, acknowledge to be indubitably certain; such as, that every god is good, without passivity, and free from all mutation; for every thing which is changed, is either changed into something better or into something worse: and if into something worse, it will become depraved, but if into something better, it must have been evil in the beginning.


On the basis of the thorough analysis of DENG Xiao-ping's talent view, it is summarized the successful practical experience of the Chinese talent resource development since the eighty years of the 20th century, brought forward several ideas about the construction of Chinese talent team.


Objective To observe the change of beta-catenin and its follow gene c-myc in human fibroblast after induced by UVB,exploure their roles at UVB induced photoaging and cancer.Methods Isolation and culture human skin fibroblast by tissues methods,fibroblasts were irradiation at different dose UltravioletB,observation the cells'morphology under the invert microscope.Senescence cells were stained by β-galactosidase kit,the level of P16 protein were measured by western blot.The protein and mRNA level of beta-catenin,c-myc by western blot at different time points after UVB irradiation.Results Fibroblast senescence can be induced by ultravioletB irradiation at 20、40 mJ/cm2,the stain positive ration arrived at about 90%.The protein level of P16 increased obviously following times.The protein and mRNA level of beta-catenin and c-myc decreased obviously after UVB irradiation compared to control.Conclusion The beta-catenin and c-myc gene decrease in Human skin fibroblasts after induced by ultravioletB irradiation.


Objective : Cinnamon, is one of the commonly used herbs for type 2 diabetes mellitus in spite of variable evidence. This study aimed to show the effect of cinnamon when combined with metformin on the glycemic marker; serum 1,5 anhydroglucitol, and the metabolic syndrome markers; adiponectin and ghrelin, in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Patients and Methods : This is a randomized controlled trial that has been conducted over 12 weeks. It included 57 males and females who were 32-60-year-old. States that may affect the results were excluded. Group 1 patients (n. 30) were treated for 12 weeks with metformin alone, 500 mg three times daily. Group 2 patients (n. 27) were treated, for 12 weeks as well, with metformin, 500mg three times daily plus crude cinnamon, 3 g per day. A control group of apparently healthy subjects (n. 33) were used for comparing the results. Results : Metformin group showed a significant rise in 1,5 anhydroglucitol level (p 0.028) and an insignificant rise in ghrelin and adiponectin levels. The metformin plus cinnamon group showed a significant rise in 1,5 anhydroglucitol (p 0.017) and ghrelin (p 0.041), and a highly significant rise in adiponecting level (p value 0.009) that approached the control group level. Conclusion : adding, crude cinnamon to metformin produced significant improvement in 1,5anhydroglucitol and ghrelin levels and highly significant improvement in adiponectin level, suggesting that crude cinnamon is a beneficial adjunctive therapy in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.


The equilibration of an axisymmetric, linearly poroelastic layer of finite thickness is determined given an immobile, impermeable base and an impermeable, stress-free top surface. Analytical and numerical studies show that there are eigenfunctions corresponding to sites of fluid injection and removal. Numerical studies also show that an increase in effective stiffness accelerates the equilibration of initial disturbances with longer wavelengths. A Gaussian initial displacement is shown to spread radially rather than simply decaying in amplitude.


An investigation was carried out to develop a technique for detecting leak rates of less than 1 x 10/sup -11/ atm cm/sup 3//sec in order to measure the helium leak rate of radioisotopic heat sources. These heat sources consist of /sup 238/PuO/sub 2/ triply sealed in welded containers under a helium atmosphere. A static accumulation method was developed to perform leakage measurements in the range of 10/sup -10/ to 10/sup -13/ atm cm/sup 3//sec since commercially available heliium leak detectors cannot measure dynamic helium leak rates of less than about 10/sup -10/ atm cm/sup 3//sec. It has been experimentally determined that the accumulation system can measure helium leakages in the range of 10/sup -10/ to 10/sup -13/ atm cm/sup 3//sec. Random system errors of +-10 percent were found which are well within the limits of accuracy of +-20 percent given for the calibrated helium leak rate standards. (LCL)


Phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating with high laser-induced birefringence is inscribed in a non-polarization-maintaining Er-doped silica fiber, by a novel femtosecond laser line-by-line direct-writing method. Efficient single-polarization, single-frequency distributed-feedback fiber laser is achieved.


The apparatus includes an injection system, said injection system comprises capable inserted into a rigid outer tubular body (1) within the peritoneal cavity sows. The tubular body (1) has been rendered sterile envelope can be used for different animals (2) cover. The flexible tube (3) coaxial with the walking and allows its distal end is inserted into the fallopian tube angle of 45 ° beveled needle (4) (12) is connected. The proximal end of the flexible tube and the means (6) comprises a closed casing (7) at the other end of the piston (8) is connected to a piston sliding within said sleeve and capable of precision introduction of low volumes of liquid.


The determination of parameter distributions, including fault detection, in elastic structures is a subject of great importance in structural engineering and related areas of applied mathematics. In this article we explore, in both continuous and discrete settings, some methods for approximate solution of such identification problems in a one dimensional linear elasticity framework. Methods for related optimization problems based on the matrix trace norm are described. The main objective of the paper is to introduce a method, believed new with this article, for which we suggest the names adjoint null space method or complementary projection method. Computational results for sample problems based on this technique are presented.


Normal pancreatic islet (cid:2) -cells (PBCs) abundantly secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels, in order to maintain an adequate control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the insulin secretion are unclear. Improving our understanding of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) mechanisms under normal conditions is a prerequisite for developing better interventions against diabetes. Here, we aimed at identifying novel signaling pathways involved in the initial release of insulin from PBCs after glucose stimulation using quantitative strategies for the assessment of phosphorylated proteins and sialylated N -linked (SA) glycoproteins. Islets of Langerhans derived from newborn rats with a subsequent 9–10 days of maturation in vitro were stimulated with 20 m M glucose for 0 min (control), 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min. The isolated islets were subjected to time-resolved quantitative phosphoproteomics and sialiomics using iTRAQ-labeling combined with enrichment of phosphorylated peptides and formerly SA glycopeptides and high-accuracy LC-MS/MS. Using bioinformatics we analyzed the functional signaling pathways during GSIS, including well-known insulin secretion pathways. Further-more, we identified six novel activated signaling pathways ( e.g. agrin interactions and prolactin signaling) at 15 min GSIS, which may increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying GSIS. Moreover, we validated some of the regulated phosphosites by parallel reaction monitoring, which resulted in the validation of eleven new phosphosites significantly regulated on GSIS. Besides protein phosphorylation, islets islets stimulated islets/well. islets incubated KRHB (low islets fresh KRHB (low and islets incubated in KRHB m M glucose served controls. the 24-well plates KRHB was before after glucose stimulation for insulin measurement. For the proteomics part KRHB and islets centrifuged once snap-freezing Approximately 1500 islets were pooled per condition binding safeseal microcentrifuge tubes loss peptides binding to generic plastic tubes in the following digestion. Islets were stored at until further processing. Insulin levels in KRHB before and after by ELISA was per- formed the manufacturer's labeled peptides from 0 min to 10 min, and log 2 transformed for comparing 0 min (control) and 10 min for relative quantification of 13 target phosphopeptides. We assessed phosphorylation localization with PhosphoRS probability ( (cid:9) 0.99) of iTRAQ data set and required at least one diagnostic fragment ion of PRM results. We further confirmed high correlation of retention time (Pearson correlation of 0.9997) between 0 and 10 min from endogenous and heavy peptides (supplemental Table S1). The Skyline files were uploaded into Panorama Public (https://panoramaweb.org/labkey/UPTjTd.url). Experimental Design and Statistical Rationale— In this study, we used freshly isolated islets of Langerhans from newborn rats. Islets were serum starved then stimulated with 20 m M glucose for 0 min (control), 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min. Two biological replicates were performed. All the regulated proteins/phosphopeptides/sialylated peptides (z-score for p value (cid:8) 0.1) correlated (Pearson correlation of 0.77 to 0.79) with time scales between the two biological replicates. The PRM assay was performed using one biological replicate consisting of pool of islets derived from 20 pubs for each condition. The PRM assay was performed using several technical analyses. We chose to perform PRM assay for novel phosphosites by analyzing the sub-data set relative from the canonical insulin secretory- associated pathways to uncover new biological insights.


The characteristics of the heat transfer processes in a mini-scale channel of gallium flow under the influence of a transverse uniform magnetic field with magnitude of 0.1 Tesla are investigated numerically. The effect of the wall thermal boundary condition and the location of its application on the boundary is investigated by adopting three such boundary condition locations applied separately and in combination. Two values of Reynolds number are considered. Results show a clear impact of the induced electromagnetic force on the flow and heat transfer between gallium and the channel walls. The effect of the magnetic field on the flow and heat transfer increase with increasing the Reynolds number. The wall thermal boundary condition and the location of its application on the channel boundary have great impact on the results.


An apparatus permitting measurements of current and voltage thermal noise of two terminal devices has been built using a correlator amplifier and a controlled amplitude white noise generator. It allows accurate determinations of device impedance components, especially of nonlinear devices such as thin ferroelectric capacitors.


Core promoters, generally defined as the regions that direct transcription initiation, consist of functional core promoter motifs (such as the TATA-box, initiator [Inr], and downstream core promoter element [DPE]) that confer specific properties to the core promoter. Kedmi et al. identified the Drosophila TBP (TATA-box-binding protein)-related factor 2 (TRF2) as an enriched factor that supports DPE-dependent transcription. Using microfluidic affinity analysis, they discovered that short TRF2-bound DNA oligos are enriched for Inr and DPE motifs.


A connector of the present invention, by reducing the number of the connecting portions and attachment to the formed breast pump to simultaneously milking from both breasts of women, to even more easily using the breast pump, use It wants to reduce the number of parts to be handled. A connector includes a manifold with four ports. Individual tubes extends from three of the four ports, the plug member is provided in each tube. One tube engages the vacuum source, the remaining two tubes, engages the breast shield assembly in order to perform milking from both breasts. If it is desired to carry out the milking from one breast, while detaching the one of the two tubes connected to the breast pump assembly, engages the docking port of the manifold. .FIELD 1


We consider the Kolmogorov operator associated with a reaction–diffusion equation having polynomially growing reaction coefficient and perturbed by a noise of multiplicative type, in the Banach space $E$ of continuous functions. By analyzing the smoothing properties of the associated transition semigroup, we prove a modification of the classical identite du carre des champs that applies to the present non-Hilbertian setting. As an application of this identity, we construct the Sobolev space $W^{1,2}(E;\mu)$, where $\mu$ is an invariant measure for the system, and we prove the validity of the Poincare inequality and of the spectral gap.


The Way of Buddhist Meditation. Serenity and Insight according to the Pali Canon. Kheminda Thera. Lake House, Colombo 1982. xiv, 66 pp. For free distribution.


Anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal manure and lignocellulosic residues is gaining increased interest as a result of their wide availability, optimum physicochemical characteristics, high methane potential, and absence of conflict with the human food chain compared to energy crops. The aim of this study was to assess the biomethanation process of two lignocellulosic substrates, wheat straw (WS) and meadow grass (MG), with cattle manure (CM) under thermophilic (53 °C) conditions, focusing on nutrient availability in the reaction mixtures, along with C/N ratios. Results showed that, with the use of 50% WS on an organic matter basis in the feedstock and substitution of the rest of the volatile solids (VS) component share between CM and MG (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25), the methane yield can be increased by 20–24% compared to WS mono-digestion, with a methane production rate of 27, 23, and 22 N mL of CH4 g–1 of VS day–1, respectively. Moreover, the positive effects of coupled biological reactions in the reaction m...


The social aspects of psychology, religion, and gender are examined to identify cultural criteria that influence the acceptance of compost toilets. Attitudes toward handling excreta vary worldwide, but there is no direct cause-effect relationship between attitude and behavior. Likewise, the Muslim, Hindu and Judeo-Christian heritages vary in their doctrines regarding the handling of human excreta, which suggests that waterless toilets would be inappropriate where religion mandates water-based purification. In addition, gender-specific concerns associated with multi-family toilets and public conveniences are noted. Introduction The science of treating human excrement deals primarily with technology and degradation processes. It is not surprising, therefore, that the open literature is dominated by topics in the physical and natural sciences. What is surprising: the subject is not directly approached in the social sciences, e.g. cultural anthropology, human geography and behavioral psychology. This is unusual when one considers that the success of a treatment system depends on all the system components working together: device, process, nature, and society (Fig 1). The understanding of social issues is paramount if one intends to introduce an alternative sanitation system. Although treating excreta is a universal aspect of human existence, akin to food consumption, the topic has not been rigorously investigated by social scientists. The following report identifies three cultural influences that affect the acceptance (or rejection) of an alternative sanitation system: psychology, religion and gender. Psychological Issues The psychological aspects of treating human excrement are not well known. Although there is a universal consensus that body wastes are sordid, our elimination behavior and our feelings about it are all learned from our experiences, and evolve and change over time (Kira, 1995). As a result, there is no absolute right or wrong behavior or attitude, except within a cultural \ (\ context. In Western cultures, for example, the scale of excrement treatment stimulates different | public reactions. Mention a pit privy or compost toilet, and the giggle-factor often creeps into the \ expression. Mention a central sewage system or the health-related statistics and the general response \ is far from humorous. J With the exception of toilet training, the core of psychological literature is limited primarily to attitudes about human waste. Technically speaking, "attitude" includes three elements of behavior: cognition, perception and a tendency to act. Prof. Templer California School of Professional Psychology, notes that "the subject is an important aspect to human existence and is as taboo as sex was in the time of Freud and Kinsey" (Adams Templer 1998). Fifteen years ago Templer developed the Body Elimination Attitude Scale to measure an individual's level of disgust toward human waste. The attitude scale has been applied to various groups, such as occupations, and used as the basis for several doctoral dissertations (Corgiat et al.1984, Templer et al., 1986). Although the scale does not predict behavior towards a particular toilet system, it does reveal that groups of people vary in their tolerance towards human excrement. For example, food service personnel and bank employees indicate a higher level of disgust than nurses and sewage http://www.compostingtoilet.org/articles/wwarner.html ^ 12-4-2004 \ Cultural Influences that Affect the Acceptance of Compost Toilets: Psychology, R... pagina 2 van 6 workers. To the layman, these results are not surprising; for one would expect those exposed to excreta would be more tolerant ofand prepared to cope with — its undesirable characteristics. Th@se findings have direct implications toward the development and implementation of treatment systems that require handling of excreta products. For instance, those who design compost toilets probably have a more favorable disposition towards handling excreta than potential users. In concept, the bridge between attitude and behavior appears obvious. In reality, the relationship is complex and somewhat unpredictable. For example, McCarthy and Shrum (1994) found that personal values about recycling solid wastes did not have a direct relationship with recycling x behavior. Values did, however, influence attitudes; and attitudes about the inconveniences of 1 i? recycling influenced recycling behavior. Although these findings are consistent with previous work on values and health food purchases, the McCarthy and Shrum (1994) study did not include excrement in their attitude-behavior study. Even if the relationship between attitude and behavior were known, one could not draw a universal conclusion about man's reaction to a new toilet or waste treatment system. An explanation is in order. Psychological investigations follow scientific principles of fair sampling, which implies the results from a study pertain only to the sample population. One cannot deduce, therefore, that a Western attitude would be valid in an Eastern culture. Likewise, one cannot expect Western behavior in the East. If one applies these psychological considerations to the subject of alternative waste treatment, one ***• can understand the general skepticism towards compost toilets. To begin with, potential users are often unfamiliar with alternative disposal systems. Probably the most unfamiliar aspect of these sanitation options is that treatment requires some handling, at the household level, of the products. The cultural acceptability of handling human waste varies throughout the world. Although some cultures do not mind handling human excreta (faecophilic cultures), and others find it abhorrent (faecophobic cultures), most cultures are somewhere in between these two extremes. But these attitudes are not fixed. Experts in ecological sanitation note that when people see for themselves how a well-managed system works, most of their reservations about handling human waste disappear (Winblad 1998). A second cultural issue is whether waterless toilets will be accepted in cultures where washing after defecation is mandated by tradition and religion. " * K^Pp^^Jssjies ^ ^ . . . ^ \ Attitudes toward human waste are somewhat akin to attitudes toward diet. The mental dispositions \ towards both physical necessities are the result of cultural norms. And one of the dominant universal I influences of social behavior is religion. Religious doctrine both restricts diet (e.g. Islam prohibits \ pork) and promotes diet (e.g. Catholicism encourages fish on Friday). Although the influence of religion on waste behavior appears less obvious, it does exist. Concepts of clean and dirty, pure and polluting, are well developed in the major world religions. Although most religious doctrines lack modern medical explanations of disease, they have a ritual and spiritual significance. Running water, for instance, may be acceptable for drinking because it is exposed to sunlight; considered to be "alive" and therefore "pure", while water in wells (which does have these attributes) is deemed suitable only for washing (Franceys et al. 1992). Thus, when people are told that a new treatment method will make their environment "cleaner", it is often their own spiritual interpretation of "cleaner" that will be used. The world's largest major religion is Islam. Moslem doctrine prescribes strict procedures to limit contact with fecal material. Only the left hand can be used for cleansing after elimination; the right is used for eating. Moreover, the use of water for cleansing is specified. That is, a Muslim is obligated to use water to cleanse parts of the body through which impurities pass (Hooi and Hamzah, 1995). This obligation has direct implications for planning toilet facilities. For example, the Malaysian Cabinet has directed local authorities to incorporate the water requirements of Muslims in the design y » http://www.compostingtoilet.org/articles/wwarner.html 12-4-2004 Cultural Influences that Affect the Acceptance of Compost Toilets: Psychology, R... pagina 3 van 6 of public toilets. Although Hooi and Hamzah (1995) state that these additional requirements have not presented problems to non-Muslim users, one cannot assume all theocratic directives are benign. It is understandable why Muslims would be hesitant to use a waterless toilet, and why government directives might prohibit them. There are, however, Islamic cultures using waterless toilets. In Yemen and Zanzibar, where waterless systems have been traditional, the users wash themselves away from the toilet opening. Since this has not posed a problem for traditional waterless systems, it might be an acceptable solution in other washing cultures. In fact, an example from India shows a dry toilet system was successfully introduced to a washing, Hindu culture (Winblad 1998). Hinduism is the principle religion for the Indian sub-continent, which has a population reaching one billion. The principle Hindu text that details codes of conduct for rituals, the Atharva Veda, clearly specifies the use of water for sanitation. Van der Ryan (1978, p.17) writes: Observant Hindus... carry a brass vessel filled with water to a secluded spot away from running water, public roads, or temples. New garments are not worn, conversation is avoided. The feet ware washed before elimination and anal region is cleansed with water afterwards. Ending the ritual is symbolized by rinsing the mouth eight times with water. Although it is difficult to imagine entire urban populations following these rituals, one can see the impact of religion on water usage as well as class distinction. Followers of the Atharva Veda are primarily Brahmans, consequently upper-caste Hindus consume more water for sanitary purposes than lower-caste Hindus (the Untouchables, who traditionally carry away "nightsoil"). The implications for personal treatment of human waste are far reaching: a


Based on the characteristics of water resources in Xiabu River basin as well as its current development situation,the water demand for 4 drainage areas to be planned was predicted.It was put forward that the Tennant method should be employed to calculate the ecological water demand of the watercourse downstream Laluo Reservoir,a water source for irrigation,and the degree of its release satisfying the ecological water demand was analyzed.


Those studying persistence/attrition behavior need to give considerable thought not only to the process by which variables are selected but also to the adequacy with which they are measured.


Consumers are immensely vigorous in behavior and choice, their proclivity keeps on changing from time to time. Online shopping is one of the consequences of changed consumer behavior. Technological advancement and chaotic schedule has made online shopping very convenient and a preferred option. It is acquiring abundant significance in today's world because of its comfort to purchase goods from the vicinity of the consumer's comfort area. The present communication summarizes various factors influencing the buying motive of consumers towards online shopping. It comprises of various available literatures and offers theoretical basis to the academicians, practitioners and web-marketers. Key wordsFactors, chaotic, convenient, online shopping


Research to date has assumed that politics perceptions lead to uniformly negative outcomes. Recent studies, however, advocate examining theoretically relevant dispositional factors capable of differentially predicting politics perceptions—work outcome relationships. One individual difference factor possessing considerable scholarly merit in this regard is optimism. Building on recent research, the politics perceptions—optimism relationship was examined in a series of three studies. In particular, our objective was to determine whether optimism intensified or neutralized the potentially negative effects of perceived politics on job satisfaction and tension. Across samples, findings confirmed a moderating effect; notably, politics triggered increased stress and lower satisfaction for individuals with higher levels of optimism. In contrast, stress and satisfaction remained largely unaffected for less optimistic individuals reporting elevated levels of politics. These findings, which suggest that optimism may be associated with undesirable effects in threat situations, contradicts the preponderance of research affirming favorable stress reactions.


This paper describes the substation equipment,the purpose of inspection,types,methods,requirements,and the focus of attention during inspections, summed up the equipment inspection methods.In order to timely and accurate defect detection and elimination of equipment to prevent accidents substations to ensure the safe operation of substation equipment.


Introduction: Method Of Analysis Democratization In Mexico Overview Of The Book. The Consequences Of Electoral Competition: Theoretical Perspectives What Are The Consequences Of Electoral Competition? Some Competing Views Static Institutions - Representative Institutions And Accountability Dynamic Institutions - Reviving Representative Institutions Legislative Institutional Political Recruitment And Candidate Changing Decision-Making Arenas The Case Of Mexico - Mexican Voters And The Prohibition On Reelection Concluding Remarks. Legislative Change In Three States: Legislative Change In Mexico Theoretical Considerations - Electoral Competition And Legislative Change Evidence From Three Case Studies Electoral Competition In The Three States Autonomy Resources Decentralized Decision-Making Procedures Level Of Activity Evidence Of Change Through Time Conclusions. Legislative Change Across The Nation Local Legislatures In Mexico Resources Activity Autonomy Constituency Relations Conclusions. The Recruitment Of Governors Alternative Approaches To The Study Of Political Recruitment Primary Elections Political Recruitment Of Governors The Selection Of Governors The Removal Of Governors The Consequences Of Inter-Party Competition On Gubernatorial Candidate Empirical Evidence Conclusions. Changing Decision-Making Arenas Explaining Shifts In Policymaking Arenas - Previous Research Electoral Competition And Decentralization In Mexico Empirical Evidence Concluding Remarks Conclusion.


The study refers to a group consisting of immigrants' descendants of Germanic roots that originally came from a region known as Pomerania. This paper aimed to collect data concerning the issue of relationship between gender and social identity, from a perspective of comparing representatives of more than one generation, comprehending results of 16 interviews in the rural area of Santa Maria de Jetiba, ES. Members of eight couples were interviewed; four of them got married in the middle of the 20 th century, thus being together for more than fifty years, and the other four with less than three years of union. The confrontation of the assertions of elder participants and the younger ones shows that isolation, as time passes by, has become increasingly less frequent, and some aspects of the identity condition have changed over time.


The paper identifies the technological improvements/innovations which can support the socio-economic well-being of rural women in Nigeria. It is a participatory observation study with some rural women in selected villages in Bendel State, Nigeria involved in gari processing. The study shows that there are positive and adverse effects of gari processing. The.introduction of the gari processing machine has eliminated some of the drudgery associated with the traditional method of processing and the processing is now done in a shorter time. It has however transferred part of the processing work which traditionally belongs to the women, to the men and has therefore deprived them of a source of income.


Growth and development of the pinna in three species N . cordifolia , N . exalta (i), N . exalta (ii) and N . furcans were viewed in the department of botany of Obafemi Awolowo University, IIe-Ife campus. The results showed that all the venation of the pinnae of the species consist of a mid-vein and 2 lateral series of dichotomous vein all of which terminate freely near the lamina margins. Because it seems their venation patterns are similar, this might be one of the reasons for grouping them into one genus called Nephrolepis Schott. The development and growth pattern of N . cordifolia and N . furcans was uniform and consistent, while that of N . exalta gave two forms as the young was represented N . exalta (i) and the matured as N . exalta (ii). The growth patterns showing variations in the mid-rib, fertile and sterile pinnae provided useful specific distinctions.


This paper aims to evaluate the socio-economic factors of inequalities in common mental disorders (MDs) between advantaged and disadvantaged groups and also to determine the main contributors of inequality.,This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016–2017. The authors included 763 persons by stratified cluster sampling; clusters were cities, geographical area and households. Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to estimate of main inequalities determinant between advantaged and disadvantaged groups.,Overall prevalence of MDs was 22.6 and 35.6% in the advantage and disadvantaged groups, respectively. The concentration index was −0.013 [95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): −0.022, −0.004]; therefore, MDs were more concentrated in the deprived group. The risk of MDs in deprived group and females was 81 and 60% higher than advantaged group (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.28, 2.57) and males (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.24), respectively. Educational status [−0.06 (95% CI: −0.10, −0.01)] was the highest level of contribution in inequality in gaps between groups.,The socio-demographic inequality in MDs among adult population was more explained by lower educational level, married persons and unemployment variables.


1 We used data from 35 independently published studies world‐wide to analyse the effects of plant litter on the germination, establishment, species richness and above‐ground biomass of plants. Overall, the short‐term effects of litter on vegetation were mostly negative, although their magnitude varied with vegetation variable, study method, experimental duration, latitude, habitat, type and quantity of litter and target species.


The Indian Medical Association has said that it needs guarantees on the quality of generic forms of drugs before it could fully back a call from the Medical Council of India for doctors to prescribe generics whenever possible.

Clarifying the association's stand, its honorary secretary general, Narendra Saini, said, "We do not oppose [the Medical Council of India]'s directive but want the government to put mechanisms in place that guarantee the quality of the generic drugs available in the market."

In January the council wrote to the heads of medical colleges …


Abstract Dynamic covalent bond-based shape memory polymers (DCB-SMPs) are one of most important SMPs which have a wide potential application prospect. Different from common strong covalent bonds, DCBs own relatively weak bonding energy, similarly to the supramolecular interactions of noncovalent bonds, and can dynamically combine and dissociate these bonds. DCB-SMP solids, which can be designed to respond for different stimuli, can provide excellent self-healing, good reprocessability, and high mechanical performance, because DCBs can obtain dynamic cross-linking without sacrificing ultrahigh fixing rates. Furthermore, besides DCB-SMP solids, DCB-SMP hydrogels with responsiveness to various stimuli also have been developed recently, which have special biocompatible soft/wet states. Particularly, DCB-SMPs can be combined with emerging 3D-printing techniques to design various original shapes and subsequently complex shape recovery. This review has summarized recent research studies about SMPs based on various DCBs including DCB-SMP solids, DCB-SMP hydrogels, and the introduction of new 3D-printing techniques using them. Last but not least, the advantages/disadvantages of different DCB-SMPs have been analyzed via polymeric structures and the future development trends in this field have been predicted.


Accurately and rapidly predicting the shrink mold shape of direct injection-expanded foam molding is an important and difficult task. This molding method is widely used by sports shoe sole manufacturers to create shock-resistant materials. Modifying the shrink mold shape using the numerical optimization method is crucial to rapidly obtaining the correct shrink mold size. This study uses a series of rectangle specimens to identify the relationship between the thermal heating of molding and the expansion ratio of ethylene vinyl acetate foam material and then uses this thermal expansion ratio to simulate expansion behavior. The experiments in this study also use the actual shoe sole type, which has the original three-dimensional (3D) shape, and use the proposed simulation method to obtain the simulation expansion shape. This study also develops an optimization algorithm based on 3D registration and the Newton–Raphson method to obtain the shrink mold shape. We also manufactured the shrink mold and obtained the shoe sole product to compare any discrepancies between the product and the original 3D shape. The results of this method meet the requirements of the shoe sole factory (i.e., achieve a difference of less than 3 mm).


A wideband patch antenna is proposed. By using the dual-layer patch configuration and modified L-strip feed technique, the impedance bandwidth of the patch antenna for VSWR<1.2 is broadened to 22% with respect to 900 MHz, which is superior to the other available patch antennas. In addition, by means of the modified L-shaped strip, the high cross polarization levels of the proposed antenna are suppressed effectively. Simulation results are compared with the measurements, and a good agreement is obtained. The measurements show that the antenna has a low cross-polarization level (<-20dB) and an acceptable gain level (~9dBi) across the operating bandwidth. At last, a parametric study and a design guideline of the proposed antenna are also presented to facilitate the design and optimization processes for engineers.


The Carter Administration's water policy review team has identified the following problem areas within current federal water policy: 1) Planning and Evaluation Deficiencies, 2) Lack of Emphasis on Water Conservation, 3) Adverse Environmental Impacts, 4) Inequitable Sharing of Costs, and 5) The Large Backlog of Authorized Federal Projects. [White House, Office of Press Secretary.] Students of federal water economics have argued for such reform for at least two decades. [Eckstein; McKean; Hirshleifer, et. al.]. For the last several years, the focus of water policy analysis has been on the formulation and implementation of multiple objective planning procedures as codified in the U.S. Water Resources Council's Principles and Standards in 1973. I am among those who are skeptical that the Principles and Standards represent an unequivocal improvement in water planning, and believe the time is ripe for an economic reassessment of federal water planning. My objective in this paper is to restate and hopefully to extend the economic analysis in support of the


The chemical etching parameters (etching time, temperature, normality of etchant etc.) for use of CR-39 as neutron dosimeter have been optimized. The CR-39 films placed in polyethylene radiator were exposed to 252 Cf neutron source for different time intervals and the neutron fluences were varied from 4.68×10 6 to 2.7×10 8 n/cm 2 . Etched tracks were analyzed and counted at 400X with microscope and neutron recoil track density was calculated after every hour of etching. It was found that the track density increases up to a certain etching time and then decreases for higher etching time, which is considered due to removal of shallow tracks and overlapping of the tracks due to their size enlargement. Optimized etching conditions found are, 7 N NaOH solution at 70 °C (±) for 9 hr with continuous stirring. However, we found a linear relationship between neutron fluence and track density. UV-visible spectra were also obtained and analyzed for the pristine and neutron irradiated CR-39 films in the wavelength range 200-700 nm at room temperature. As seen from absorption spectra, the absorption edge is shifted towards longer wavelength with increase of fluence and therefore, indicates a decrease in the band gap. The study may be important for the future high energy accelerators and Radioactive Ion Beam Facilities where CR-39 can be used as a neutron dosimeter.


This paper presents the status, potential and constraints of establishing E-Governance infrastructure in Bangladesh. It also illustrates that implementing E-Governance will condense the venture of corruption in government sectors, which will definitely extinguish and affect every corrupted area, both Government and private. Beside these, implementing E-Governance will endow a fair election via e-voting system including electronic voter registration system. This analytical study is based upon current government commercial Acts, policies, information infrastructure and present corruption and political circumstances.


In developing countries, health insurance is not a commonly purchased financial instrument. Recent debates have revolved around extending health insurance coverage to a wider range of the population, primarily via compulsory insurance schemes. However, the debate rarely considers the competing demands placed on the family budget. In this paper, we have examined expenditure substitution patterns for both insured and uninsured households in a highly unequal developing country allowing for selection on insurance status. Our analysis suggests that expansion of health insurance coverage via compulsory schemes will create additional burdens for households, especially in terms of food purchases, and are, therefore, likely to require simultaneously implemented welfare or subsidy policies in order to be effective. It is not clear, then, that the benefits of a compulsory insurance scheme will outweigh the additional costs in terms of behavioural constraints, fiscal constraints and public sector service delivery capacity constraints. Date: June 2008. J.E.L. Classification. I11, G22, D14.


Microalgae represent an important source of valuable bioproducts (such as food, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, and pigments) and biofuel. They grow spontaneously in surface water and represent a contaminant that has to be separated. There is thus an urgent need to develop technologies to harvest and refine them. Depending on the microalgae species, different biocompounds can be found and appropriate separation and purification methods must be refined and selected. In this work, microalgae harvested in the Hammam Boughrara dam, situated in Tlemcen (north‐west of Algeria), were used as source to recover and fractionate bio‐derived molecules using membrane‐assisted processes. This study identified a suitable strategy to fractionate biomolecules using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. To maintain a stable permeate flux it was necessary to decrease the complexity of the solution prior to UF. This was achieved by separating triacylglycerols (TAGs) and pigments, after breaking cells, by solid–liquid–liquid extraction with a green solvent. The UF of the remaining aqueous phase permitted a recovery factor of 70% of the proteins and more than 85% of the carbohydrates in the retentate. The TAGs that were not recovered in the green solvent, and remained in the aqueous phase, were separated in the permeate with a purity of about 70% and a recovery factor of about 60%. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd


Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is widely considered in the literature as a purely pulmonary disease, however, the objective of this study is to reevaluate its etiopathogenesis, considering the role of the central nervous system (CNS) through neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity refers to the inherently dynamic biological capacity of the CNS to mature, change structurally and functionally in response to experience. This malleability is achieved mainly through the modulation of subsets of genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms that influence the dynamics of synaptic connections and the formation of neural circuits that culminate in the gain or loss of behavior or function. The end point of plasticity, however, is not always beneficial and can lead to significant maladaptive results depending on the nature and extent of the neuropathic process, the stage of neurodevelopment during which it occurs, as well as the integrity of the homeostatic regulatory mechanisms. . In the present work, it is proposed that DBP in a stable premature infant, without the presence of evident alterations in the chest radiographs but that requires minimal supplementary oxygen; It would correspond to a process of adaptation based on neuroplasticity, adapting to the need to receive a higher concentration of oxygen without any effort, such as greater use of the diaphragm muscle, and therefore the performance of a conscious respiratory process.


In order to obtain high quality casting metal, a new casting process, i.e . imposing simultaneously high frequency and main frequency magnetic field (in the following, the two types of the magnetic field are abbreviated as the multi electromagnetic field) from the outside of a mold was developed. To demonstrate the validity of the process, the meniscus behavior was investigated by using molten gallium as a simulator of molten steel. The effect of multi electromagnetic fields on the improvement of billet quality was different when with Sn 4.5 % Pb alloy was used as another simulator of molten steel. The experimental results showed that multi electromagnetic field can control the meniscus disturbance generated by electromagnetic stirring and eliminates surface defects of casting metal, and the solidifcation structure of casting metal was fined with magnetic flux density of stirring coil increasing.


We propose a triple-stacked wafer-to-wafer hybrid bonding technique for image sensor 3D integration by repeating (1) embedment of gold electrode sites, (2) Au/SiO2 bonding with a thin Si layer in between, and (3) subsequent lost-wafer processes.


When discussing the poetics of realism, we consider the fact that the indisputable dominant literary genre is the novel which, since the 18th century, in the context of romantization, turned out to be a suitable form for expressing the basic contradiction of romantization, the one between the individual and the community, where the hero is a direct expression of the archetype of the romantic individual. Later, in the nineteenth century, the novel became the main literary genre in Western literature as well, which, through the development of the psychological novel (the non-psychological, pre-psychological novel, is only a form of epic or satire) becomes an expression of the individualist vocation characterizing western civilization, when the latter has finally passed from the traditional (holistic) society to modern (individualist) society. Even in the poetics of socialist realism, the novel remains the most favorite lyrical genre (in addition to poems and lyrical poetry) being directly linked to the base paradigm of the communist regime, which was the creation of a 'New Man'.


Shape memory alloys (SMAs) remarkable properties have attracted much technological interest in many research fields in the last decades. Despite of being widely used in many applications, their constitutive modeling is still in focus for many researchers due to their great variety of complex behaviors. Although many efforts towards SMAs' thermomechanical behavior correct description has been done so far, it is common to find both simple models that are able to describe the main simple phenomena and more sophisticated models that are able to describe only a single complex phenomenon. Within this context, this article presents a one-dimensional macroscopic constitutive theory with internal constraints, which describes SMAs thermomechanical behavior, accounting for plasticity, plastic-phase transformation coupling, tension-compression asymmetry and transformation induced plasticity. Comparisons between experimental data found in the literature and numerical results provided by the model attest its capability to capture, besides the basic phenomena, more advanced features concerning SMAs' behavior.


Protecting against link failures in communication networks is essential to increase robustness, accessibility, and reliability of data transmission. Recently, network coding has been proposed as a solution to provide agile and cost efficient network protection against link failures, which does not require data rerouting, or packet retransmission. To achieve this, separate paths have to be provisioned to carry encoded packets, hence requiring either the addition of extra links, or reserving some of the resources for this purpose. In this paper, we propose network protection codes against a single link failure using network coding, where a separate path using reserved links is not needed. In this case portions of the link capacities are used to carry the encoded packets. The scheme is extended to protect against multiple link failures and can be implemented at an overlay layer. Although this leads to reducing the network capacity, the network capacity reduction is asymptotically small in most cases of practical interest. We demonstrate that such network protection codes are equivalent to error correcting codes for erasure channels. Finally, we study the encoding and decoding operations of such codes over the binary field.


The depression in critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ of several dilute solid solutions of transition elements in Al, Zn, In, and Sn was measured as a function of residual resistivity and concentration. In Zn-Mn and Zn-Cr, localized moments are present and ${T}_{c}$ decreases linearly with concentration with a slope $\ensuremath{-}\frac{d{T}_{c}}{\mathrm{dc}}$ of 315 and 170\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K/at.%, respectively. By comparing these numbers with theory, a value of about 1.4 eV was found for the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange integral. In all other alloys, the critical temperature is still depressed but much less than in Zn-Mn and Zn-Cr, and the depression becomes less rapid with increasing concentration of impurities. However, no saturation is found up to the maximum concentrations reached. The effect here found is different from that taking place in dilute alloys containing nontransition metals in that the depression of ${T}_{c}$ is larger, giving rise to suppression of superconductivity at sufficiently high impurity concentration. An analysis of the data for Al-Mn, Al-Cr, Al-Fe, Zn-Fe, Zn-Co, and Zn-Ni shows that in these systems the observed decrease of ${T}_{c}$ is satisfactorily accounted for by the smoothing out of the gap anisotropy and by the formation of localized virtual states, whose effect on the superconducting properties has been studied theoretically by Zuckermann. In-Mn and Sn-Mn do not fit the foregoing picture; however, the results obtained rule out the presence of magnetic moments in these two systems in bulk form. The apparent contrast with the results obtained in thin films is discussed. Some results on ternary alloys are also reported. It is shown that no effect on the critical temperature of In-Mn dilute solutions is produced by the addition of Pb.


Superconducting coils limit current is usually measured on unloaded short samples of strands extracted from the same cable used to wound the coil. However, the critical current density of Nb $_{3}$Sn strands is strongly dependent on the applied strain. This dependence is well reproduced by the so-called exponential scaling laws on strands subject to uniaxial loading. Unfortunately, no standard procedure exists to apply these laws under the complex stress condition experienced by the strands inside Rutherford cables for particle accelerator magnets. As a consequence, an empirical limit from magnet tests was set in the past: 150–200 MPa of maximum equivalent stress within the coil, considered as a block of uniform material. It is not clear how this number relates with the actual stress/strain state in the strands and if it is possible in magnet applications to infer the coil degradation from single strands tests. In this context, this paper presents a model to estimate the critical current degradation of superconducting coils as a function of the applied strain. The model results were compared against the critical current degradation measured on impregnated cable stacks subject to transverse pressure.


The transmission of seed-borne pathogens and the infection of the host plants are influenced by ambient conditions, mainly temperature and soil moisture. This research studied the effects of temperature and fungicide on the transmission of Bipolaris sorokiniana from seeds to above and below ground barley (Hordeum vulgare) plant parts. The rate of transmission and the potential for fungus sporulation on the apice of coleoptiles were also quantified. These studies involved two seed samples (treated or not treated with the fungicide iminoctadine at 70 g a.i./100 kg seed) sown in non-sterilized field soil at five temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 oC). An additional trial was conducted in sand soil, at 25 °C, to follow the fungus transmission over a period of 35 days. The relationships of temperature to transmission were represented by quadratic model equations. The observed and estimated fungus transmissions were higher at 18 - 25 oC and 18.1 - 21.3 oC, respectively. The fungus sporulation was also influenced by temperature and reached its maximum at 19.3 oC. The infection of barley coleoptiles initiated ten days after planting and increased steadily for more than 28 days.


The central Golan is a remote and rugged region bordered by Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan. Yet a quarter of all ancient synagogues from the second to ninth centuries C.E. are located there. The synagogue of Deir Aziz sheds new light on why these monumental synagogues have survived.


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The data for establishing the digital basin include the spatial data,water recourses information and relevant economic statistical information of a river basin.The production and management of those data scatters in different administrative authorities,and the data are of the characteristics of large quantity,isomerization and multiple dimensions.However,the traditional data copy to establish the unified digital basin will never achieve essential progress under the current condition of separated administrative departments in China.Therefore,based on the researches on information sharing modes for digital basin,the feasibility of sharing basin information was discussed under the current techniques.A new information sharing mode for river basins by use of WEB API was proposed based on the actual situation of river basins.The accuracy and effectiveness of the present method was validated by an application case in Qinhuai River basin.


Objectives To compare cardiovascular risk factors as well as rates of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged women from urban areas in Scotland and Sweden. Design Comparative cross-sectional study. setting Data from the general population in urban areas of Scotland and the general population in two major Swedish cities in southeast Sweden, south of Stockholm. Participants Comparable data of middle-aged women (40–65 years) from the Scottish Health Survey (n=6250) and the Swedish QWIN study (n=741) were merged together into a new dataset (n=6991 participants). Main outcome measure We compared middle-aged women in urban areas in Sweden and Scotland regarding risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), CVD diagnosis, anthropometrics, psychological distress and lifestyle. results In almost all measurements, there were significant differences between the countries, favouring the Swedish women. Scottish women demonstrated a higher frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, low vegetable consumption, a sedentary lifestyle and also more psychological distress. For doctor-diagnosed coronary heart disease, there were also significant differences, with a higher prevalence among the Scottish women. conclusions This is one of the first studies that clearly shows that Scottish middle-aged women are particularly affected by a worse profile of CVD risks. The profound differences in CVD risk and outcome frequency in the two populations are likely to have arisen from differences in the two groups of women's social, cultural, political and economic environments. IntrODuctIOn Despite major reductions in recent decades, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and hospitalisation for both genders in all European countries. The public health burden of CVD events is substantial, and it is a valid reason for implementing prevention programs of first and recurrent events. 2 In industrial countries worldwide, low socioeconomic status has been demonstrated to be associated with higher rates of coronary disease. Low level of education was the socioeconomic status marker most consistently associated with increased risk of acute myocardial infarction across 52 countries. About half of the increased risk associated with low education was due to modifiable lifestyle factors. The effect of education was more marked in high-income countries, compared with low-income and middle-income countries and probably reflects different stages in the epidemiological transition. 4 The crucial role of social, economic and cultural factors in determining such a common disease is more evident when evaluating data on women; for them, recent societal evolution has led to impressive increases in labour force participation and changes in their economic role. Furthermore, in the past 20 years, the political and economic profile of Europe has undergone extraordinary changes. When describing the epidemiology of CVD and its risk factors in European women, this profound evolution cannot be neglected. Two tales of cardiovascular risks— middle-aged women living in Sweden and Scotland: a cross-sectional comparative study Carina Wennerholm, Catherine Bromley, AnnaKarin Johansson, Staffan Nilsson, John Frank, Tomas Faresjö To cite: Wennerholm C, Bromley C, Johansson AK, et al. Two tales of cardiovascular risks—middle-aged women living in Sweden and Scotland: a cross-sectional comparative study. BMJ Open 2017;7:e016527. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-016527 ► Prepublication history for this paper is available online. To view these files please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ bmjopen2017016527). Received 24 February 2017 Revised 9 June 2017 Accepted 22 June 2017 Department of Medical Sciences, Community Medicine/ General Practice, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Public Health Observatory Division, NHS Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK Department of Medical Sciences, Nursing Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Scottish Collaboration of Public Health Research & Policy (SCPHRP), Edinburgh, UK Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK correspondence to Dr Carina Wennerholm; carina. wennerholm@ liu. se Research strengths and limitations of this study ► Comparisons of health and health risks in different countries could improve our understanding of how factors in the social environment influence health. ► There is much scope for improving the cardiovascular risks of Scottish middle-aged women, even from targeting traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. ► Many of the questions in the Swedish questionnaire were replicated from the Scottish Health Survey questionnaire, which improves the comparison between data from the two countries. ► Self-reported diagnoses were available in both countries. In addition, the Swedish data included details of doctor diagnoses. ► As the incidence of cardiovascular diagnosis in general is relatively low for middle-aged women, the absolute number of affected women in the Swedish data needs to be considered in the comparisons. group.bmj.com on November 2, 2017 Published by http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ Downloaded from


• Flowers are intricate and integrated three-dimensional structures predominantly studied in 2D due to the difficulty in quantitatively characterising their morphology in 3D. Given the recent development of analytical methods for high-dimensional data, the reconstruction of flower models in three dimensions represents the limiting factor to studying flowers in 3D. • We developed a


OBJECTIVE:To prepare Yanshen capsule and to establish its quality control method. METHODS: The contents of Panax Pseudo-ginseng,Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei and Radix Astragali in Yanshen capsules were identified by TLC; the content of Emodin in Yanshen capsule was determined by dual wavelength zigzag TLC scanning method with N-hexane-acetic ether-formic acid (20∶10∶0.5) as developer. The wavelength was 437nm and the reference wavelength was 700nm, and the scatter parameter was 3.0. The slit was 0.4mm×0.4mm in size. RESULTS: The Panax Pseudo-ginseng,Radix Et Rhizoma Rhei and Radix Astragali showed clear spots and well-separated in TLC. The linear range of Emodin was 0.5~2.5μg·mL-1(r=0.997 1), with an average recovery of 95.06%(RSD=1.44%,n=5).CONCLUSION: The method is simple and feasible, and the established criteria is suitable for the quality control of Yanshen capsules.


In this paper, the formulation of a computational model for predicting the response of synthetic-fiber ropes is presented along with some preliminary results. The governing equations of the system are derived using the classical equilibrium approach coupled with assumptions on the kinematics of deformation and constitutive behavior of the rope material. A three-parameter damage model for evaluating the degradation of rope properties under both monotonic and cyclic loads has been included. Computational modeling of the rope response can be carried out using either displacement or load control. Numerical simulations of damaged rope behavior compare quite well to experimental data. Additional data, however, are still needed to validate the predictions of the software model.


There are a growing number of learning applications for mobile devices on the market but according to the research literature the effects of these are often contradictory or not generally visible (Hassler et al., 2016). Several meta-analyses have focused on the effect of using applications or the design of learning management systems (Hwang & Tsai, 2011; Wu et al., 2012), but not on the profiles of students using mobile devices for learning purposes, which is the topic of this study. According to several authors, changes in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) have resulted in the rise of a new generation – the so-called Net Generation (Hartmann, 2003) or Digital Natives (Prensky, 2001). This generation is described as a homogenous group with similar ICT skills. Van den Beemt, Akkerman and Simons (2010) questioned this assumption and gave an overview of the empirical studies that showed more of a variety among students ICT use. In two studies (Van den Beemt et al., 2010, 2011a) they focused on differences in the students' use of ICT in everyday life for interchanging, browsing, performing, and authoring. Their cluster analysis showed four profiles of applying ICT: traditionalists, networkers, producers, and gamers. Related to the context of learning using ICT, the DIGCOMP framework (Ferrari, 2013) highlights five important competence areas: information, communication, content creation, safety, and problem solving. The DIGCOMP framework is also used in the Estonian national curriculum to support the development of students' digital competence. However, there are validated instruments for evaluating digital competence that are missing.


It is widely accepted that engineering graduates should not only be technically competent but they should also be skilled in communication and teamwork, have social and global awareness, be self-directed and have an expectation of life-long learning. However it is much less clear how these "soft skills" are best developed in undergraduate engineers in the context of their studies. We have worked with over 350 students from freshman to seniors to develop a reflexive approach to their work. This has been done in the context of project-based, design courses, involving both individual and group work in the disciplines of mechanical and chemical engineering. We conclude that student attitudes clearly evidenced the need for engineering staff to model reflective practice and place regular emphasis on its value as a professional learning tool. Exercises in reflective thinking are most effective if integrated into other more 'traditional' engineering tasks rather than being set as 'stand alone' tasks. We argue that the best way to make expert knowledge accessible to non-experts is through getting the experts to reflect on their successes and failures.


The intention of this paper is to examine the capabilities of one-component polyurethane (1C PUR) adhesives when applied to hardwoods under different moisture conditions for the purpose of glued-laminated timber. To evaluate the perofmance of bondings, tensile shear strength tests (DIN EN 302 - 1 : 2004) and compression shear strength tests (ASTM D 2559 - 04) were conducted. Before the tests, the specimens were conditioned in standard atmosphere (A1) or boling water (A4).


The 2001 Annual Symposium Series on The Transportation, Land Use, and Environment Connection, sponsored by the UCLA Extension Public Policy Program, took place October 14-16, 2001 at the UCLA Conference Center in Lake Arrowhead, California. The special theme for the conference was Redefining, Reevaluating and Reinventing Transit. The symposium contained twelve sessions. These were: 1. Reinventing Transit: Introduction and Symposium Overview; 2. Looking Back, Looking Ahead: The Challenges to Transit's Renewal; 3. How Can We Best Measure the Costs and Benefits of Transit? 4. Just Transit? Transit Dependents, Civil Rights, and Transit Policy; 5. How Can We Make Transit Work in California? 6. Matching and Selling Transit to Emerging Markets; 7. Transit and Land Use: Evaluating the Connections; 8. Green Transit: Transit and Environmental Quality; 9. Lessons From Abroad: What U.S. Transit Systems Can Learn From the Developed and Developing Worlds; 10. Transit Services for the Next Generation; 11. Pulling Ideas Together and Putting Them Into Practice; and 12. Putting It All Together: Closing Thoughts on Reinventing Transit.


LNG supply system for vehicles is composed of LNG cylinder,vaporizer,gas supply device,constant pressure valve and safety device.The principle and requirements of LNG supply system for vehicles,functions and technical conditions of various equipment are described.Key techniques of LNG supply system for vehicles,such as gas supply process,overpressure protection and so on are introduced.


One of the most important stages of virtual colonoscopy is colon segmentation, since an incorrect segmentation may lead to a misdiagnosis. Geometric deformable models (GDM) are found as efficient and attractive tools for structural based segmentation in particular to extract objects with complicated topology. There are two parameters influencing the overall performance of GDM algorithm; the distance between the initial contour and the actual object's contours and the stopping term which controls the deformation. To overcome these limitations, a two-stage based segmentation is utilized to extract the rough but precise initial contours at first. Then, extracted boundaries are smoothed and fined using a modified GDM algorithm by improving the stopping terms of the algorithm. The proposed method considerably removes false contours obtained during the first stage. The improvement of 6% on the accuracy of the segmentation method in comparison with region growing method is also achieved.


For many people, the first things that come to mind when you think of Scotland are its mountain wilderness, glacial valleys and lochs (lakes), which makes it a preferred holiday destination. More recently, Scotland has also become the center of attention for HCI and UX researchers and practitioners from all over the world: Scotland's biggest city, Glasgow, will host CHI 2019, the biggest and most prestigious annual ACM SIGCHI conference, which is annually attended by around 2,500-3,500 people from all over the world.


This paper explores the evolution of the training and function of the French rabbinate in the interwar period. The First World War thrust Jewish clerics out from obscure institutional positions to the very forefront of national activity as 'soldiers' for their community and for the nation. The war experience furnished the French rabbinate with a set of new vehicles for representing a novel model of Jewish integration. Martial and paternal masculinities were both patriotically French and 'modern' in their embrace of secular social service and community.


Since the year 2000, the performances that are obtained from the point of view of the networks processors make it possible to use real distribution applications. Particularly, in remote maintenance domain, the network quality makes it possible to have several expertises readily available. As a result, the quality of maintenance increases as it becomes faster, more reliable and highly efficient. The TEMIC tele-maintenance application connects mobile users (via their PDA terminal) to information systems in order to perform activities in areas such as corrective, preventive and conditional maintenance. The TEMIC tele-maintenance platform is based on a three-level architecture: collection and surveillance, intervention and reporting, diagnosis and collaboration. The use of wireless networks is one of the TEMIC distinctive characteristics, which allows connection between mobile tele-maintenance qualified actors. Another distinction is the design of active and autonomous industrial network devices that are easily and efficiently deployable in an industrial setup


In this article, the author draws upon ethnographic data from a group of homeless and housed youth and young adults who congregated in one city square in the northeastern United States. The author applies social capital theories to understand the positive and negative aspects of street life for each group involved. In this setting, participants found commonalities and befriended one another. By maintaining and nurturing these ties, each group expanded their access to both practical and symbolic resources and provided one another with affective supports, which alleviated feelings of alienation and isolation. Participants benefited in multiple ways by participating, but also placed themselves in potentially harmful and problematic situations as a result. The author explores the utility as well as consequences of extended social ties made through these subgroup affiliations to understand the nuances of social capital and the role of diversified peer groups within homeless street settings.


Abstract : Recent research suggests that trusting and empowering subordinates is more likely to lead to success in combat than the traditional authoritarian mode of structuring relationships within a military hierarchy. My purpose in this article is to step back from contemporary research and experience into recent history to see if empowerment is just a fresh cliche, or a principle of leadership with a record that can stand up to scrutiny. I have selected three campaigns that are of limited scope and short duration in which to compare the effectiveness of the opposing forces with the relative emphasis in each force on empowerment and authoritarianism. These campaigns are the German invasion of France in 1940, the Japanese seizure of Malaya and Singapore from the British in early 1942, and the Chinese intervention against American forces in Korea in 1950. As long as the combat power of an army derived from closely packed masses of human beings, and the general could see most of the battlefield, unquestioning obedience and submission by subordinates was a prerequisite for coordinated action on the battlefield. Independent thinking by subordinates was not necessary, and it could lead to disarticulation of the general's battle plan. In the 19th century, rifled small arms and explosive artillery shells ended the era of close-order combat. Subsequent developments in weaponry have imposed progressively greater dispersal on the battlefield. The evidence of the three campaigns to be discussed indicates that while coordinated action still requires quick and complete compliance with orders, blind obedience by subordinates who have only limited understanding of the context in which they are acting reduces combat power. On the other hand, autonomous obedience by subordinates who understand their commander's objective, and have discretion to act as they see fit to further the achievement of that objective, can assist numerically inferior forces to win.


Performance data are reported for a commercially available laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) setup, equipped with a custom-made cell. The low dispersion ablation cell and the connecting tubing achieve a 99% washout of the aerosol in (cid:1) 6 ms, enabling separated pulse responses at frequencies up to 200 – 300 Hz. In addition, the cell employed supports a post-acquisi-tion methodology for the deconvolution of overlapping ablation positions in scanning mode by an iterative Richardson – Lucy algorithm. This enables correctionof the distortionin the scan pro fi le upon traversing layers with dimensions below the physical size of the laser beam. By overlapping the ablation positions of a 1 m m diameter laser beam, a lateral resolution in the order of 0.3 (cid:3) 0.1 m m was demonstrated for scanning of m m-sized layers in high capacitance multi-layer ceramic capacitors.


Objective To discuss MRI features of delayed encephalopathy due to acute carbon monoxide poisoning (DEACMP), to improve its diagnosis.Materials and Methods MRI findings in 19 cases with DEACMP were retrospectively analyzed.Results (1) Of 19 cases, 7 showed confluent foci within periventricular white matter and centrum semioval, presenting as massive symmetrically-distributed lesions with long T 1 and long T 2 signal. (2) Punctuate, spotty abnormal signal within globus pallidus was seen in 4 cases, of which the lesion was bilateral in 3 with long T 1 and long T 2 signal. The remaining one showed short T 1 and long T 2 signal in right globus pallidus, while long T 1 and long T 2 signal in left substantia nigra. (3)Symmetrical long T 1 and T 2 signal in periventricular white matter and centrum semioval, and abnormal signal in basal ganglia were seen in 8 cases, of which abnormal signal in bilateral globus pallidus was accompanied in 7, and abnormal signal in right internal capsule and in the head of left caudate nucleus was accompanied in one.Conclusion MRI is the best means for the diagnosis of delayed encephalopathy due to acute carbon monoxide poisoning.


The Spanish rhetorician Quintilian ( c. AD 35– c. 100) studied in Rome and, after moving back home for a few years, returned to the capital in the wake of Galba (AD 68). Here, he taught Latin rhetoric for two decades, enjoying the financial support of Vespasian. After his retirement from teaching, he wrote the twelve books of the Institutio oratoria , a work that discusses all the technical aspects of rhetoric but provides, above all, an image of the perfect orator in light of Cicero's teaching. 1 Quintilian's work makes wide use of the orators of the Roman Republic: besides Cicero, the rhetorician mentions twenty-nine orators, from Appius Claudius Caecus to M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, providing more than a hundred testimonia and fragments. Quintilian deals extensively with such writers in his tenth book


The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is widely considered one of the United States' greatest intelligence failures. This narrative is largely oversimplified, as the Intelligence Community provided ample and repeated warnings to operational commanders in the Pacific. Despite being unduly assigned blame for the surprise attack, the community rapidly regains the confidence of Admiral Nimitz and sets the stage for a resurgent US Navy to halt the Japanese invasion force in the Coral Sea and score a resounding victory at Midway. This paper examines the fall and rise of the American intelligence effort in the Pacific Theater and the challenges faced by the men tasked with deciphering Japanese intentions.


The spatial structure of urban system in Hubei Province has been measured by fractal method and GIS technique,and the whole urban system has been divided into four sub-urban system by use of Breaking Point Model.On the basis of that,the rule of the evolution of the spatial structure of the urban system has also been deduced.The results show:Firstly,there is higher distribution density of cities,and the distribution of population is similar to that of cities;Secondly,the types of the spatial structure of the urban system are agglomerative in which the distribution of cities is along roads,rivers and transport lines,and there exist a tendency of uniform distribution for the evolution of the urban systems;Thirdly,the changing of the spatial structure of the urban system is a network stage,where there exist an equilibrium between concentric forces of major cities and eccentric strength of small cities,meanwhile,there exist a dispersive tendency for spatial distribution of the cities from along alone lines to along three-following.At last,according to the results and the urbanization planniog in Hubei Province,the paper has put forward the optimum ideals of the spatial structure of urban system.


Stepwise refinement is an invaluable analytic tool for solving complex problems, but it is somewhat artificial for the simple problems encountered in the first half of an introductory programming course. This paper describes an alternate process which still provides for a gradual transition from a problem to an algorithm which solves the problem. Each algorithm, which is unambiguous and English-like, is synthesized from sample data and can be routinely translated into a (structured) program.


Gunung Halimun National Park (GHNP) is one of the remaining tropical forest in Java, still has high interaction with people who live in the surrounding areas.Eventhough there were some studies on ecology and ethnobotany in this area,it is still lacking of information on these subjects.This paper presented the results of ethno-ecology studies at several areas in GHNP such as East Halimun sector (around Gn.kendeng) and South Halimun sector (around Pangguyangan). The studies were carried out through vegetation analysis with Random Quadrats method and Participation method with interview technique.By these methods data were collected for the Important Value Index (IVI) and the Use Value Index (UVI) of species.These values showed that rasamala (Altingia excelsa), for tree stage, has the highest IVI and UVI but for the sapling stage the IVI is low. Kianak (Castanopsis acuminatissima) for tree and sapling stages the IVI is high but the UVI is low, while for maja (Magnolia macklottii), the UVI is high but the IVI is low for both tree and sapling stages. Based on these data, analyzed was done regarding the presence and the prospect of these species, in the context of the lifestyle of the villagers.


The invention provides a motor train unit with dispersed and relatively concentrated power. The motor train unit comprises a head dynamic unit, a tail dynamic unit and a trailer unit, wherein each of the head dynamic unit and the tail dynamic unit comprises an end trolley and at least one section of motor train; the trailer unit is connected between the head dynamic unit and the tail dynamic unit and comprises at least one section of motor train; mechanical equipment, electric appliance equipment and network equipment of transmission, traction and control systems of the motor trains are the same; mechanical equipment, electric appliance equipment and network equipment of transmission, traction and control systems of the end trolleys are the same; and the end trolleys, the motor trains and trailers are connected with one another through train hooks and connectors. Therefore, vehicles in the dynamic units can be conveniently replaced, and the detection rate and the overhaul difficult of the motor train unit can be reduced; the motor train unit can be conveniently grouped and adjusted; a series of dynamic units with different traction power can be produced according to demands; and the dynamic units with different power configurations can be used in head and tail grouping of the same train.


Existing research differentiates beliefs about success and intelligence into two categories: fixed and growth mindset. This popular categorical view aims to account for differences in performance, success and failure, but does not address the influences of task parameters. To better explain nuanced performance differences as a result of individual beliefs and task parameters, the current set of experiments proposes the Strategic Mindset Model as an alternative. This model posits that (1) fixed mindsets may be adaptive in some circumstances, (2) mindset interacts with task parameters to influence performance and (3) that mindset is malleable and can be influenced by experience. The experiments presented here provide evidence for all three tenets of the Strategic Mindset Model, suggesting that mindset may be a strategic choice that exists on a continuum, and that participants may select a degree of fixed or growth orientation dependent on task parameters and objectives. Results from these experiments call into question some of the assumptions made in Mindset Theory, and may be used in practice by educators, coaches, and researchers to elicit improved performance in the face of varying task parameters.


Species of thermophilic  Campylobacter  spp. are agents of campylobacteriosis outbreaks in humans, and poultry products are implicated as major sources of infection. The detection of  Campylobacter  spp. was performed by conventional microbiology in poultry carcasses collected in slaughterhouses and species were identifiied by multiplex-PCR. Thermophilic  Campylobacter  spp. was verified in 63.8% of the samples, being 72.2% in chilled carcasses and 55.5% in frozen carcasses. Of these, 83.3% were positive for  C. jejuni  and 66.6% to  C. coli , while 50% were positive for both. The presence of thermophilic  Campylobacter  spp. in ready-to-eat poultry products represents a potential source of human campylobacteriosis.  Keywords:  campylobacteriosis; poultry slaughterhouses; thermophilic bacteria.


The fundamental question to clarify the identification of millions of individuals brought from sub-Saharan Africa into slavery in Brazil, over three consecutive centuries, is touted in the absence of official documentation of the transatlantic slave trade, which we know to have been destroyed, as well as testimonies others about the ethnic origin of the mass enslaved at the time. If it is true that the language substance the identity space of a people, these facts do not preclude the relevant research if this is redirected to the evidence revealed by the African linguistic repertoire base that are in the form of currents lexical contributions in Portuguese of Brazil, legitimized by Brazilian writers of various ages. His etimos probably or precise may discover its language, hence the origin of its speakers. In this plan of view, the data from our research, extended by the existing historical information about the transatlantic slave trade, revealed the predominance of cultural and linguistic of Bantu element, through all cycles of economic development of Brazilian colonial territory, in relation to West African in fewer, but equally significant, localized in mining and urban activities. However it should be noted that the terms Bantu and Ioruba are not part of this story.


THE SUBJECT of phloem transport has been quite adequately reviewed in recent years. Curtis (1935), Mason and Phillis (1937) and Crafts (1938) have summarized existing data and hypotheses, each from his respective point of view. The opinions expressed by the many workers in this field are diverse both as to tissues involved and forces responsible for movement. Hence, it is anticipated that further reviews will contribute less than presentation of experimental results. EXPERIMENTAL.-Since the problem of phloem transport is an old one, many different experimental methods have been employed in its attempted solution. The present study utilizes the advantages gained by the use of tracer elements and presents data which heretofore have not been available by means of the application of older methods. This method is characterized by extreme convenience in manipulation, and it allows detection of extremely minute quantities of migratory material. It is rapid, direct and precise to about seven per cent under the conditions of these experiments. The object of the study is to follow the translocation of phosphorus from the leaf to other parts of the plant. It is known to accumulate in the leaves following delivery there by the transpiration stream (Biddulph, 1940). In order to demonstrate its redistribution, an "injection technique" was employed to localize an amount of radiophosphorus in the leaf to be studied; then the radiophosphorus was followed to other parts of the plant by means of its radioactivity. The path of its movement can be adequately traced by means of the presence of the radioactive material in the tissues traversed. The investigation consists of two parts, as follows: first, experiments were conducted in order to learn how closely the migratory phosphate follows the vascular traces of the petiole while moving from the leaf into the stem; second, experiments were conducted in order to learn whether the radiophosphorus, after leaving the leaf, moved through the xylem or the phloem of the stem. Both parts yielded evidence on the direction of movement in the stem. Vascular anatomy and translocation.-Cotton seed (Gossypium sp.), obtained from the Agronomy Department of the Alabama Experiment Station, was delinted by immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid for three minutes, washed free from acid and dried. The seeds were then dusted with Semesan and placed in moist paper toweling (Scott Tissue Towels No. 5a, Folded) to germinate, after which they were transferred to sand culture or to solution culture.


In 2003, the French government advised manufacturing enterprises to associate service to the product they manufacture in order to keep competitive. A problem for these enterprises concerns the identification of the "feasible" service, i.e. the service that will allow a firm to be on the top in comparison to its concurrents, close to its customers and profitable. This paper aims to propose a way to determine this feasible service. The proposition is based on two assumptions: the first one concerns the fact that manufacturing firms are organized according to a specific model that correspond to the enterprise culture and that it will not be totally questioned. The second assumption concerns the fact that it is possible to differentiate products according to their technological complexity and their customer relationship


The patient was an 85-year-old woman who visited our department about two and a half years previ-ously with a lump in her right breast that had been pointed out to her by her facility staff. She was diagnosed as having invasive ductal carcinoma T2N0M0 in her right breast. Right breast mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed the following. Invasive ductal carcinoma, 40 mm, n0, Stage ⅡA, ER(-) PgR(-) HER2(3+). In view of her age, we chose clinical follow-up without adjuvant therapy. About one year after the surgery, elevated levels of serum AST and ALT detected in a blood test led to the detection of an 8-cm liver tumor. Liver biopsy performed by a gastroenterologist revealed the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma HER2(3+). We chose to treat her with only trastuzumab and pertuzumab, because we deemed taxane treatment to be too invasive considering her general status. By half a year after the start of therapy, the liver tumor almost disappeared. After one and a half years, there was no evidence of tumor progression. The standard therapy for metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer is combination therapy with trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel. In cases like the present case, that are at a high risk of side effects from chemotherapy, anti-HER2 therapy alone may be selected.


Combined with practical work the application of improve soil in innovation work for train speed-rising of Zhe-Gan railway lines is introduced.Construction,quality control and inspection of improve soil are mainly discussed in order to perfect construction technology of railway roadbed and provide references for similar works.


Twenty-four asparagus germplasms as experimental materials were analyzed by using inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR),and the results showed that 98 fragments of DNA were amplified with 10 primers by using ISSR-PCR,among which 74(75.61%) fragments were polymorphic.Each primer amplified 10 fragments of DNA.The genetic similarity coefficient was analyzed,and a tree diagram constructed by using UPGMA algorithm.According to this tree diagram four countries varieties form China,Japan,Italy and America were distinguished,but the Netherlands and the USA cultivars were constructed one group;and the results of the principal component analysis and the similarity coefficient analysis are basically consistent.


Reasonable Co-opetition Mechanism of stakeholders plays a key role in the stable development of ecological industrial symbiosis network(EISN).The structure and system of mechanism which was based on the economic mechanism design theory and combined with the analysis of the relationships of EISN stakeholders were designed.Then the Nash equilibrium objective function of the whole EISN was set up.And finally the Co-opetition Mechanism of the EISN stakeholders was established to realize the sustainable development of the EISN.


Older persons in our society are forced into retirement arbitrarily and thus experience great difficulty in psychosocial adjustment. The social benefits provided by society fail to foster the original aims of the program; as a result the older person must seek additional aid or part‐time employment.


In this paper, Samuel et al.1 reviewed a single-surgeon experience in treating patients with radiculopathy and myelopathy and also utilized the 2015 and 2016 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to evaluate the outcomes of arthroplasty for patients with myelopathy. In their single-surgeon experience, they found that myelopathy patients were improved at 6 weeks but not at 2 weeks based on their Neck Disability Index and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scores. The NSQIP database study showed that the myelopathy patients had longer operative times and lengths of stay, with no increase in perioperative complication rates. The weaknesses of this study lie in the 2 databases used. A single-surgeon study is critically dependent upon the surgeon performing the study. What may be true for one surgeon is not necessarily generalizable to the average surgeon. So results may vary, depending upon who is performing the operation. In addition, it is highly likely that some of the lack of differences between the radiculopathy and myelopathy groups are due to the small sample size that is likely underpowered. For example, there were 11 radiculopathy patients (91.7%) in the 1-level group and 1 (8.3%) in the 2-level group, vs. 10 myelopathy patients (66.7%) in the 1-level group and 5 (33.3%) in the 2-level group. Yet, the p= 0.12 suggests that there was no difference. Clearly, this is highly likely to be underpowered. The weaknesses of a national database study are also well-recognized. They include the inability to control for variables, the completeness of the database, the accuracy of the data, as well as the severity of the morbidity. In addition, NSQIP only measures the outcome out to 30 days postoperatively, so only 4 and not 6 weeks. Despite the above weaknesses, it is likely that the findings of the authors are based in reality. In theory, there is no reason why myelopathy should not respond to arthroplasty. As long as the myelopathy is due to pathology that can be reached behind the disc level and does not extend to behind the vertebral body and there is no instability, it should be amenable to treatment by arthroplasty. Since ossifying diseases such as ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament or extensive osteophytes are contraindications to arthroplasty, by definition, one is performing arthroplasty on patients with herniated discs with or without minor spondylotic spurs. Once the herniated disc is removed, the myelopathy should theoretically resolve. In fact, this has been born out by several papers on the topic. We have previously published two studies on the topic based on the US FDA-IDE (Food and Drug AdNeurospine 2019;16(3):574-575. https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.19edi.015 Neurospine


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