The City Complex Development and TOD originated from the Compact City are entrenched domestically. The New Urban Development such as these changes Structure of Urban space from the Automobile to the Public Transportation. Also, Transit-Oriented Development is drawing attention as sustainability because it has effects of Environment as Green growth. However, An empirical Study is insufficient about Influence Factors of Transit Oriented Development. Therefore This study sets up the Density spaced 1000m apart of Transit Oriented than the existing and did 7 Types considered of Accessibility, Complexity and Design Element according to the Factorial analysis. As a result, this study drew that (1) 'intraregional accessibility of public transit', (2) 'degree of development', 'pedestrian-friendly facility', (3) 'interzonal accessibility of public transit', (4) 'land-use of the city centre', 'complex using of rail station area', 'complementary public transit' are related 201 in number of the Subway stations according to the Multi-dimensional scaling.


A case of bulbous swelling of the tips of fingers and toes, central acro-osteolysis of terminal phalanges and bound-down skin of the extremities and face in a 14 year old girl, is reported.


Preparing a dataset representing business problems is an essential task in Machine Learning (ML) as a suitable dataset is critical to accurate ML models, which helps validate some events behind a business problem. For example, identifying relevant data features would be vital for predicting loan default in one bank as prediction models depend on the dataset, where bank staff may take some actions to mitigate the problem, getting insights from the ML prediction. However, preparing a dataset for validating potential business problems is challenging. Some challenges might include determining possible events leading to problems, identifying testable factors of the events, and mapping a testable factor to data features to extract relevant data from source data. ML models using irrelevant or unimportant data may give incorrect predictions, negatively impacting problem validation, consequently not solving business problems. We present a goal-oriented approach for preparing an ML dataset to address this challenge. The approach provides an ontology and a process for guiding data preparation. In addition, it helps explore problematic business events, refine a business event to find a testable factor, map a testable factor to a database entity and features, and extract data from a database or Big data. We illustrate the approach using a retail banking application and a Financial database. The experimental results, we believe at least, show that the approach supports preparing a relevant ML dataset, helping validate business problems.


Article on Portuguese as a Foreign Language teaching methodology. Learner of Portuguese as a Foreign Language often battle with the pronunciation. The author has found that there is a direct link between deficient pronunciation and contamination from written Portuguese (like English, Portuguese is not pronounced exactly as it is spelled). The variation of successful attainment of correct pronunciation is further affected by the variation of native-like command of English (the medium used to teach Portuguese) and mother-tongue. The author proposes a new methodology inspired on the Early Literacy methods of Phonics, where learners are exposed to Portuguese phonetics and encouraged to match this with a personal phonic metalanguage. The results are inspiring, and students demonstrate a greater awareness of correct pronunciation, are able to exert a higher level of self-correction throughout the teaching session, and feel more encouraged to participate in the class.


The popular use of medicinal plants to treat health problems is well known and disseminated from generation to generation, but little is known about toxicity and interactions. Therefore, this work aims to verify the perception about the use of medicinal plants for chronic patients in a community located in Rio Grande do Sul. A cross-sectional study was carried out with chronic diseases' patients from the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, RS that are users of medicinal plants. Sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics and aspects related to the use of medicinal plants were evaluated for 100 users of medicinal plants, predominantly female (90%) and mean age was 54.8 years. Most have incomplete elementary education (55%) and 95% of those interviewed receive a monthly family income of 1 to 3 minimum wages. There were 318 citations of plant species, of which 63 were different types. The most used were chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L, 9.4%), lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, 8.4%), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L., 6.2%) and macela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., 5%]. Regarding the preparation method, 52% of the patients performed infusion, 39% decoction, 7% decoction and infusion and 2% consumed in the mate. Most of the results on the medicinal plants used are consistent with the findings in the literature and it is noticed that a great part of interviewees knows that, even being natural products, medicinal plants may be dangerous.


Objective:To evaluate frequency,influence factors and treatment of chest pain after intracoronary stent implantation.Methods:Intracoronary stenting was performed in 580 indicated patients with coronary artery disease during the last 30 months,which included 408 males and 172 females with an average age of 63.4 years.In pre- and post interventional procedure,medical treatment of antiplatelet with aspirin and clopidogrel,anticoagulation with low-moleclar-weight heparin,dilating coronary,devalution of blood lipids,risk factors control were carried out in all patients and chest pain was recorded in all of them.Results:Of the 580 patients who underwent successful intracoronary stent,78(13.45%) patients presented chest pain.Chest pain was caused by myocardial ischemia in 32(5.51%) patients who had stent thrombosis,slow flow,side branch occlusion,arrhythmia.Chest pain of non myocardial ischemia occurred in 46(7.93%) patients who had stent dilating,anxiety,esophagogastric trouble.Conclusion:A high incidence of chest pain after intracoronary stent implantation was observed in our patients,and some of them represented myocardial ischemia .therefore we must pay attention to it and treat them actively.


This paper introduces the real options in the transqortation infrastructure public-private-partnership project and establishes a pricing model of real options by improving Black-Scholes model.Then a study is made on the single factor sensitivity analysis model based on the Greeks indexes and the multi-factor sensitivity analysis model based on Monte Carlo simulation.Finally,the applicability of the proposed models is illustrated through a case study.


As the further development of heavy ion physics requires much modern facilities, the possibility of building a new heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) was therefore surveyed. The idea of using the existing cyclotron converted to 1.7m sector focusing cyclotron (SFC) as the injector and constructing a new separated sec-


Silicosis is an irreversible chronic pulmonary disease caused by long‐term inhalation and deposition of silica particles, which is currently incurable. The exhaustion of airway epithelial stem cells plays a pathogenetic role in silicosis. In present study, we investigated therapeutic effects and potential mechanism of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)‐derived MSC‐likes immune and matrix regulatory cells (IMRCs) (hESC‐MSC‐IMRCs), a type of manufacturable MSCs for clinical application in silicosis mice. Our results showed that the transplantation of hESC‐MSC‐IMRCs led the alleviation of silica‐induced silicosis in mice, accompanied by inhibiting epithelia‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), activating B‐cell‐specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi1) signaling and airway epithelial cell regeneration. In consistence, the secretome of hESC‐MSC‐IMRC exhibited abilities to restore the potency and plasticity of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) proliferation and differentiation following the SiO2‐induced HBECs injury. Mechanistically, the secretome resolved the SiO2‐induced HBECs injury through the activation of BMI1 signaling and restoration of airway basal cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, the activation of BMI1 significantly enhanced the capacity of HBEC proliferation and differentiation to multiple airway epithelial cell types in organoids. Cytokine array revealed that DKK1, VEGF, uPAR, IL‐8, Serpin E1, MCP‐1 and Tsp‐1 were the main factors in the hESC‐MSC‐IMRC secretome. These results demonstrated a potential therapeutic effect of hESC‐MSC‐IMRCs and their secretome for silicosis, in part through a mechanism by activating Bmi1 signaling to revert the exhaustion of airway epithelial stem cells, subsequentially enhance the potency and plasticity of lung epithelial stem cells.


We report on the 0.5-200 keV spectral properties of Cyg X-1 observed at different epochs with the Narrow Field Instruments of the BeppoSAX satellite. The source was in its soft state during the first observation of 1996 June. In the second observation of 1996 September, the source had parameters characteristic to its hard state. A soft X-ray excess, a broad Fe Kα line and Compton reflection are clearly detected in both states. The soft-state broadband continuum is well modeled by a disk blackbody (accounting for the soft excess) and Compton upscattering of the disk photons by a hybrid, thermal/nonthermal plasma, probably forming a corona above the disk (also giving rise to the Compton-reflection component). In the hard state, the primary hard X-ray spectrum can be well modeled by Compton upscattering of a weak blackbody emission by a thermal plasma at a temperature of ~60 keV. The soft excess is then explained by thermal Comptonization of the same blackbody emission by another hot plasma cloud characterized by a low value of its Compton parameter. Finally, we find the characteristic ratio of the bolometric flux in the soft state to that in the hard state to be about 3. This value is much more compatible with theories of state transitions than the previously reported (and likely underestimated) value of 1.5.


Starch noodles were prepared from two types of bean (navy and pinto) starch and three sources of potato starch (ND651-9, Mainechip, and commercial potato starch). Physicochemical properties of those starches, and cooking quality parameters and sensory characteristics of the noodles were investigated. Potato starches contained significantly less amylose and more phosphorus when compared to bean starches. Amylograph pasting properties showed lower pasting temperature and higher peak viscosity for potato starches than for bean starches, but more shear stability for bean starches. Swelling and solubility of potato starches was significantly higher than for bean starches. Noodles made from bean starches exhibited cooking quality similar to that of commercial starch noodles with respect to cooking loss and cooked weight. Texture profile analysis (TPA) results showed starch noodles made from bean starches had higher hardness values, but lower cohesiveness values when compared to those from potato starches. Sensory panelists scored noodles made from potato starches higher in transparency than those made from bean starches. Both transparency and overall acceptability by sensory evaluation were significantly correlated with cohesiveness by TPA. With respect to texture characteristics of starch noodles, starch noodles made from potato starches were more suitable than navy and pinto bean starch noodles.


The main goal of this paper is to study singularities of generic lightcone Gauss maps and lightcone pedal surfaces of spacelike curves in Minkowski 4-space. To do this, we flrst construct lightcone height functions and extended lightcone height functions, and then show the relations be- tween singularities of generic lightcone Gauss maps(resp. lightcone pedal surfaces) and that of lightcone height functions(resp. extended lightcone height functions). In addition some geometric properties of the spacelike curves are studied from geometrical point of view.


We propose an efficient method for detecting and extracting fault surfaces in 3D-seismic volumes. The seismic data are transformed into a volume of local-fault-extraction (LFE) estimates that represents the likelihood that a given point lies on a fault surface. We partition the fault surfaces into relatively small linear portions, which are identified by analyzing tilted and rotated subvolumes throughout the region of interest. Directional filtering and thresholding further enhance the seismic discontinuities that are attributable to fault surfaces. Subsequently, the volume of LFE estimates is skeletonized, and individual fault surfaces are extracted and labeled in the order of decreasing size. The ultimate result obtained by the proposed procedure provides a visual and semantic representation of a set of well-defined, cleanly separated, one-pixel-thick, labeled fault surfaces that is readily usable for seismic interpretation.


Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have a limitation in information transmission capability since nodes in the network cannot communicate with any nodes in another network. Hybrid Wireless Networks (HWNs) is proposed for connecting MANETs to another network through gateway nodes that act as a bridge between the networks. Limited energy resource to HWNs is a challenging issue. If a source node selects a gateway and a route to it without considering the available energy of relay nodes, the probability of route breakage may increase leading to network instability and network partition problem. In order to mitigate these problems, an effective load balancing algorithm should be applied to HWNs. In this paper, we propose an adaptive gateway discovery algorithm aimed to create a well-balanced network. We also propose using a directional flooding technique to alleviate the drawback of load balancing information flood. Simulation results show that our protocol distributes the workload to mobile nodes more evenly. As a result, our protocol further extends the network lifetime without sacrificing the network performance when compared to the existing protocols.


The objective of this study is to construct an optimal model to predict when unification will occur in order to realize the national objective of achieving peaceful unification. This will be based on an objective measurement and analysis of various factors which may affect unification. This study has been conducted from 2009 to 2011 and has been resumed in 2014 for another five years. This paper summarizes the second year of research. Using 'unification clock' as a metaphor, 12 unification clocks have been constructed. Based on this, the Delphi technique has been applied as a means of predicting when unification could occur. According to the results, the general 'consensus-based' unification clock pointed to 3:48, which is one minute earlier than the results presented in the latter half of the previous year. In practical terms, results point to a period of stagnation. From November 2014 to early September 2015, results show that there have been no actual changes in inter-Korean relations. Despite the fact that the 'consensus-based' unification clock has made a slight progress in terms of politics, economics, and society, the regression in military and international relations areas have led to this outcome. This suggests that inter-Korean military relations have a significant impact in the progression of inter-Korean relations towards peaceful unification, and furthermore that issues of military trust-building and peace settlement can act as decisive factors in the 'consensus-based' unification. In the field of international relations, it can be deemed that strengthening of unification diplomacy has not yielded significant impact, or that the international environment has largely not been improved. In the case of 'South Korea-led unification' model of unification clock, results have been on the decline since the 2009 research. In this year's research, results show that the clock has retreated 7 minutes back, pointing to 4:59. Other than a slight progression in the social field, all times in the 'South Korea-led unification' model has shown a retreat. In particular, the general 'South Korea-led unification' model has, for the first time, retreated as far back as 5 o'clock. Compared to 2009, this is a 57 minute regression. The South Korean government has been pursuing a unification policy centered on the Trust-building Process of the Korean Peninsula and the establishment of a peaceful foundation for unification. Results of this study imply that future efforts must focus on developing a more specific policy as well as active unification diplomacy in order to build a foundation for international cooperation to create a consensus for peaceful unification.


Abstract:In 1689, Quaker leaders opened the first Friends school in Philadelphia to educate their children in an environment aligned with their values. The Board of Overseers opened more Friends schools over the course of the eighteenth century and began educating non-Quakers and students who could not afford to pay for schooling, reflecting both their charitable impulses and increasing demand for education in Philadelphia. While administrators and teachers made decisions with a wider educational market in mind, internal debates about Friends' civic and moral responsibilities to non-Quakers also shaped conceptions of education. Though Friends attempted to define the boundaries between Quakerism and the encroaching "spirit of the world," balancing benevolent school expansion with attempts to protect the sect's coherence proved a challenge. Quaker school leaders' decisions about staffing, student enrollment, and the objectives of schooling illustrate broader changes in the city's educational landscape, and the process of Quaker school expansion reflected Friends' deep-seated ambivalence about balancing educational charity and religious purity.


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This research is a quantitative research with a case study at the Office of Tax Services, Extension and Consultation (KP2KP) Dompu. With the aim of knowing the effect of service quality and tax knowledge on the level of compliance of individual taxpayers. This study uses a sample of 100 individual taxpayer respondents with sampling using purposive sampling method. The method used in this research is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. The results of this study indicate that service quality has a positive effect on the level of compliance of individual taxpayers and tax knowledge has a positive effect on the level of compliance of individual taxpayers. The value of Adjusted R Square for the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.614 or 61.4% of the individual taxpayer compliance level is influenced by service quality and tax knowledge. The remaining 38.6% is influenced by other factors apart from service quality and tax knowledge.


The rates of thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide vapor were measured by the static method at low pressures (0.2 to 20 mm. Hg), over the temperature range 300°–600 °C., in carefully cleaned g...


The authors implement the KKR CPA for systems with two atoms per unit cell. They apply this to the study of the electronic structure of nonstoichiometric Pd-H and Ag-Pd-H. They find in comparison with previous CPA calculations the effects of random hybridisation and random 'overlap integrals' to be important. They also discuss in detail the self-consistent effective medium.


After the full understanding of principal component analysis and kernel principal component analysis, the validity of kernel principal component analysis method is proved, and a new grid-based parameter optimization algorithm is introduced. Combining with BPNN, the classification experimental results show that this parameter optimization algorithm can get good results, The performance is superior to traditional methods.


In the present work, initially a mixed-three-spin (1/2,1,1/2) cell of a mixed-N-spin chain with Ising-XY model is introduced, for which pair spins (1,1/2) have Ising-type interaction and pair spins (1/2,1/2) have both XY-type and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya(DM) interactions together. An external homogeneous magnetic field B is considered for the system in thermal equilibrium. Integer-spins have a single-ion anisotropy property with coefficient {\zeta}. Then, we investigate the quantum entanglement between half-spins (1/2,1/2), by means of the concurrence. Classical correlation(CC) for this pair of spins is investigated as well as the concurrence and some interesting the temperature, the magnetic field and the DM interaction properties are expressed. Moreover, single-ion anisotropy effects on the correlation between half-spins is verified. According to the verifications based on the communication channels category by D. Rossini, V. Giovannetti and R. Fazio 63, we theoretically consider such tripartite spin model as an ideal quantum channel, then calculate its information transmission rate and express some differences in behaviour between this suggested model and introduced simple models in the previous works(chains without spin integer and DM interaction) from information transferring protocol point of view.


degree of duodenal irrita-bility was found. A partial gastrectomy was performed; recovery was uneventful and to this date patient has remained free from symptoms.


Thin films of yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide (YSZ) were successfully deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) for use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). YSZ was deposited on p-Si(100) by ALD using Tris(isopropyl-cyclopentadienyl)yttrium [(iPrCp)3Y] and tris(dimethylamino)cyclopentadienylzirconim [ZyALD] as metal precursors and ozone as oxidant. The normalized ALD cycle ratio of yttria cycles / total cycles used in making these films was varied to investigate the tunability of this process. Spectral ellipsometry was used to measure the thickness of the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were used to evaluate the composition and binding environments of as-deposited YSZ films. The normalized cycle ratio and the yttrium atomic percentage (Y atoms / metal atoms) have a linear relationship with a strong correlation, implying excellent tunability for this process. The binding environment analyses determine the oxidation state of the metals and show that decreasing the cycle ratio decreases the extent of yttrium hydroxidation.


Letter to Dr James Wilson Agnew (1815 - 1901) of The Royal Society of Tasmania, from Dr. George Fordyce Story (1800-1885) written at Kelvedon on the 1st July 1873 in reply to the queries proposed by Robert Brough Smyth (1830-1889) of Victoria respecting the flint instruments used by the Aborigines of Tasmania. Dr Story writes regarding his observations on flint instruments, weapons, manners and customs and the history of the Oyster Bay Tribe of aboriginals. This tribe traversed the East Coast of Tasmania from East Bay Neck (Dunalley) northward as far as Falmouth and George's River (St. Helens). RSA/B15


The multilevel and multi-operator double-form fuzzy mathematic model was applied to calculate and analyze the index system for the competency of physical education teachers and physical fitness of the undergraduates so as to evaluate the actual effects of physical education in colleges and universities. It was considered that the method is scientific, rational, realistic and of great value in application.


research, together with his ability to retain a critical view of them, and of Israeli society and the polity as a whole. Indeed, among the nice surprises that this otherwise academic work offers are accounts of the author's personal experiences. But, or rather in view of his long experience, one cannot ignore the author's warnings that some of the ideas coming from what has widely been thought of as a fringe group, started by ultraradical Meir Kahane, have made their way into what is considered to be a legitimate discourse and to political parties that are considered to be mainstream. When I finished reading the book, which ends with an account of the electoral victory of the right in 2009 and its consequences, I wondered what the author would say about the 2013 election results. It seems that beyond the rhetoric of "new politics" the triumph of the ideas (even if not all the forces) of the radical right continue to have a strong influence on the Israeli polity. It would also be interesting to know more about the connections that exist between the Israeli and the European radical right, which would only substantiate Pedahzur's claims. So read the book, keep it on your shelf, and look forward to Pedahzur's future works on the subject.


Background: Cellulosic biomass can be used as the feedstock for liquid biofuel manufacturing. However, high costs associated with transportation and storage of low-density cellulosic biomass has hindered cost-effective manufacturing of cellulosic liquid biofuels. Pelleting can increase biomass density and reduce transportation and storage costs. Results & discussion: This article reports the development of a predictive model, using response surface methodology, for pellet density in ultrasonic vibration-assisted pelleting of wheat straw. The results show that pellet density increases as ultrasonic power and cylinder pressure increase, and as biomass moisture content and particle size decrease. Conclusion: This model can predict the effects of process parameters on pellet density in ultrasonic vibration-assisted pelleting. The methodology can also be applied to investigations of pellet durability and power consumption.


The optimal design method for moving target indication(MTI) stagger code based on ant colony algorithm(ACA) is presented.Under the conditions that the maximum stagger ratio is less than or equal to the allowed value and the expansion multiple of blind speed is greater than that corresponding to the first blind speed,the ACA is used to search the optimal stagger code which makes the first notch depth of the stagger MTI filter as shallow as possible and the pass-band as flat as possible,so the target loss decreases when the clutter is supressed.The MTI stagger code design is a kind of combinatorial optimization problem,and the ACA is very suitable for solving this kind of problem.The provided design examples and performance analysis demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the design method.


In order to solve the problems brought by the fixed parameters of the TCP Vegas, such as unfairness, an algorithm of TCP Adaptive Vegas based on the adaptive parameters is presented in this paper. The simulation results demonstrate that the new algorithm can adjust the parameters adaptively according to the conditions of network. Compared with algorithms of Reno, Vegas, and Vegas-A, Adaptive Vegas enhances bandwidth competitive ability. Experiments verify the feasibility of embedding Adaptive Vegas algorithm, with results changing in accordance with the simulation results: the Adaptive Vegas shows a better compatibility with Reno than that of Vegas, while it retains the advantages of Vegas on performance of packet loss rate, delay, and delay jitter.


In this paper, a family of synchronous-asymmetric channel-hopping (CH) sequences for cognitive radio (CR) networks is constructed and their maximum-time-to-rendezvous (MTTR) lower bound is derived. The new sequences achieve full degree-of-rendezvous and optimal MTTR. They also have the unique property of enlarging cardinality without scarifying the MTTR. Their rendezvous-success (RS) rate and MTTR are compared with prior works. This family provides a flexible choice of CH sequences that have adjustable cardinality and RS rate for the CR networks with variable QoS.


The primary aim of the clinical work-up of a patient with a malignant disease is to define the site of the primary tumor, its size and possible invasion of adjacent structures, and to detect regional lymph node involvement and distant metastases. This staging procedure should result in an accurate assessment of the extent of disease. As this is a purely anatomical concept, it can be accurately described in standard topographic terms, e.g., "tumor in the roof of nasopharynx with metastatic nodes in the sternomastoid chain bilaterally in the neck." This constitutes the description of the Gross Tumor Volume. In many situations, a verbal description might be too cumbersome, and, also, for the purpose of data recording and analysis, a classification is needed. For the purpose of recording and documentation, it might thus be necessary to codify this anatomical description. There are several systems for coding anatomy. The system probably most widely used at present for describing the site of the primary tumor is Chapter 2 (Neoplasia) of the 9th edition of the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) (WHO, 1977). This code can be supplemented by a TNMor pTNMclassification, indicating the extent of the malignant disease (UICC, 1987, 1990). However, since the ICD code was designed for the purpose of epidemiology and health care statistics, it is not a pure topographic descriptor, and has been modified for oncological purposes in the ICD-O (WHO, 1976a, 1990) code. By means of this code, it might be possible to describe the Gross Tumor Volume and Clinical Target Volume in most situations, but it does not allow for a sufficiently detailed description of a number of different structures (e.g., lymph nodes) . Furthermore, laterality for paired organs and structures must be indicated by a supplementary code.


Radar measurements are influenced by soil surface moisture, surface roughness and vegetation. From bare soil cases, difficulties to separate the influence of these factors from radar measurements were highlighted. Such difficulties prevent the development of robust inversion method that can be applied everywhere. However, if surface roughness remains stable, radar measurements provide a good indicator to track soil moisture variations. The way of using soil moisture derived from radar measurements to estimate the soil water balance is discussed. It is shown that it is a good indicator for quantifying soil evaporation if the climate impact on moisture gradients near the surface is accounted for. Assimilation of surface moisture in a soil water transfer models improves simulation quality when the soil moisture accuracy is better than 0.02 m3/m3. Surface soil moisture variations can give information on soil characteristics within the top 50 cm soil layer, only. Below variations in soil moisture are weakly coupled to that at the soil surface. n Couverture neigeuse et régime hydrologique dans les montagnes d'Asie centrale Snow cover and hydrological regime in the mountains of Central Asia Pierre Chevallier, Bernard Pouyaud, Marie Mojaïsky


Spatial confinement of broadband THz pulses to a 10 micrometer spot is achieved using a twin-needle probe. Combined with a THz subwavelength aperture near-field probe, it enables broadband THz spectroscopy of single micrometer-size objects.


All the features of a living organism are controlled by the expression of specific genes, and the quality of the meat is no different. The present study was performed to correlate gene expression μ-calpain (CALP 1), m-calpain (CALP 2), calpastatin (CAST), thyroglobulin (TG), Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGTA1) and leptin (LEP) with the meat quality of Longissimus dorsi muscle in two genetic groups: Nellore (Bos indicus) and Canchim (5/8 Bos taurus x 3/8 Bos indicus) in two periods, and use it as a genetic marker. We analyzed 30 young bulls, 15 and 15 Canchim Nellore. The animals were kept on the installation of the experimental confinement FMVZ-UNESP-Botucatu, receiving the same diet and management. When reached a weight of approximately 370 kg and a subcutaneous fat thickness of 4 mm, they were slaughtered and samples of the Longissimus dorsi muscle were collected for analysis of the: total lipids (TL), shear force (SF), myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) and analysis of gene expression by RT-qPCR. Among the characteristics of meat quality, LT and MFI0 showed differences between breeds (P 0.05), as well as DGAT1, TG, and LEP. CAST was more expressed in Nellore (P<0.05). Regarding the correlation was only observed a positive relationship between DGAT1 and MFI0 (r = 0.79, P <0.01) in Canchim. Considering the results, it is suggested that the increased expression of CAST in Nellore animals led to a tougher meat compared to Canchim, and that gene expression can not be used as a genetic marker.


OBJECTIVES
Complex Medicare Advantage (MA) health plan choices may overwhelm immigrants, especially for those facing decision-making constraints due to limited English proficiency (LEP). We examined the trends and patterns of MA enrollment by immigration and English proficiency status.

STUDY DESIGN
We employed a cross-sectional design using data from the 2008-2019 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.

METHODS
Our outcome was enrollment in an MA plan. Our primary independent variables were immigration and English proficiency status. We categorized the sample into 3 groups: LEP immigrants, non-LEP immigrants, and US-born residents. After adjusting for individual-level characteristics, we estimated the adjusted rates of MA enrollment for each group.

RESULTS
Our adjusted analysis showed that MA enrollment was higher among immigrants than US-born residents, but the highest enrollment was found among LEP immigrants (LEP immigrants: 45.5%; 95% CI, 42.7%-48.2%; non-LEP immigrants: 42.1%; 95% CI, 39.4%-44.8%; US-born residents: 35.1%; 95% CI, 34.5%-35.6%). MA enrollment was higher among LEP immigrants with better health status (good self-reported health: 45.4%; 95% CI, 41.9%-48.8%; poor self-reported health: 41.4%; 95% CI, 37.7%-45.1%). However, we found small to no differences in the adjusted rates of MA enrollment between those with good vs poor self-reported health in both the non-LEP immigrants and US-born residents groups. We found no consistent enrollment patterns by socioeconomic status such as race/ethnicity, education, and income.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest higher MA enrollment among immigrants, especially for LEP immigrants. Future research should study the care experience of immigrants in MA.


Power and communications wiring can be brought to computers and computer terminals in a variety of ways. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses; some that are ideal for one library may be forbidden another. Options include use of extension cords, perimeter raceway (such as conduit, wiremold, and armored cable), and interior raceway (such as underfloor duct, flat conductor cable, and power poles). Three sidebars discuss 1) the National Electrical Code; 2) volts, amps, watts, etc.; and‐3) transformers, circuit breakers, and circuits.


ABSTRACT
The present research deals with the study related to the accounting aspects of the financial sector in consideration of an audit of the loan portfolio of the Municipal Savings and Credit Banks of Peru, based on the year 2016. The central object of the investigation is the determination of the main accounting aspects of the financial sector to be taken into account in an audit of the loan portfolio of the Municipal Savings and Credit Banks of Peru in 2016. In relation to the population, Peru's microfinance institutions; With respect to the sample, are the Municipal Savings and Credit Banks of Peru. As for the research method, this is descriptive, and the main technique is normative and documentary analysis. The main result obtained in the investigation is to have determined the relationship between the accounting aspects specific to the Peruvian financial sector in an audit of the loan portfolio of the Savings and Credit Municipal Banks of Peru in the study period, accounting systems that affect the presentation of the financial situation of these microfinance entities. Therefore, the main conclusion allows deducting the impact of the accounting aspect in the conduct of a financial audit to the loan portfolio of the Municipal Savings and Credit Banks of Peru.


Instructional designers are expected to be familiar with the epistemological underpinnings of several theories and their consequences on the process of instruction. Constructivism is the dominant theory of the last decade and supports construction of knowledge by the individual. This paper discusses the basic principles, the major goal of any instructional model is to point up how to plan, develop, implement, evaluate, and organize full learning activities effectively so that it will ensure competent performance by students. underlying constructivism.  Application of these principles on the process - analysis, development, evaluation - of instructional design poses certain challenges concerning issues such as pre-specification of knowledge, authentic evaluation and learner control. Most of the problems are attributed to the fact that constructivism is a learning theory and not an instructional-design theory. Therefore, instructional designers must attempt to translate constructivism into instructional design through a more pragmatic approach that focuses on the principles of moderate - rather than extreme - constructivism and makes use of emergent technology tools. Keywords : Instructional design, Constructivism,  Active learning, input, process, output,  feedback, learning


Working Group on the Environment XP visits have been studied,described the visit to share resources to go through the steps,and failed to visit analyzes the causes and find a solution to the problem.


In an increasingly computerized and connected world, one of the most ubiquitous technological presences in our life, the car, has been "resisting" this invasion. At a time when gadgets exploiting computing and wireless networking bombard us from every direction, cars remain a conservative technological island with the inter-car communication mostly visual (break and reverse lights, turn signals, horn, etc), executed by the driver and invented almost a century ago . When visibility is limited, such as on a foggy day, around the corner, or just further ahead on a congested road, there is no alternative source of information to assist the driver in his decisions. Moreover, beyond passive safety technologies such as seat belts and airbags, which have been substantially improved over the last decade, there is a tremendous opportunity to move forward to active safety using active accident avoidance technologies. In spite of current advancements in vehicular technology, today, the tail of traffic safety remains the same. According to a recently released U.S. Traffic Safety Facts Report between 1973 and 2003 the number of reported traffic accidents has remained relatively constant. Furthermore, the number of reported fatalities has decreased by only 10 percent between 1988 and 2003 (42,130 vs. 38,252). Not surprisingly, this mirrors closely with similar statistics recently released by the EU. Beyond the cost in human lives, the financial impact of this is staggering. The annual costs associated with traffic accidents are nearly 1 Trillion US dollars. This is equivalent to almost 3 percent of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The picture is clear, as more vehicles are added to the world's roadways, the situation can only get worse unless the technology improves dramatically. For this to happen, the adoption of wireless communication technology to support computer-based intercar communication protocols is required. The vision is an intelligent transportation system composed of smart vehicles exchanging data. This exchange of data enables these vehicles to execute applications for safe driving, traffic condition monitoring, dynamic route planning, e-commerce, etc. The recently adopted Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) spectrum for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure multi-channel communication is an indication of the increasing interest and expectations from this emerging technology. At first glance, the research community seems to have already accumulated the necessary results to solve this challenge. The Ad hoc networking research community finally appears to have a long awaited killer application domain, to which an impressive body of work can be directly applied. There are also significant results in other areas such as human-computer interaction, security, and computer vision that seem relevant


This study evaluates how the most recent CAP reform was affected by the enhanced role of the EP; assesses the extent to which maximum influence was exercised by the EP negotiators and provides insights to assist the EP in its approach to future reform negotiations.


Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease that is usually on the gastrointestinal tract. The pathophysiology of this disease is an increase in stomach acid causing anorexia nausea and vomiting. Anorexia if not addressed in a prolonged period of time will cause the occurrence of nutritional deficits. Nutritional deficits requiring nursing care. This research aims to know the description of the nursing care of typhoid fever in children with nutritional deficit. This research uses descriptive method with the draft case studies. The subject is studied namely nurses who perform nursing care on children's fever typhoid patient 2 are observed to use the documentation in the Anggrek Ward BRSU Tabanan. Data collection tools used in the form of sheets of observation. A method of data analysis in this research in the form of data reduction, the presentation of data and verification of the withdrawal of the conclusion. Based on the results of the case studies, analysis, there is a difference with the theory. A nursing diagnosis is enforced hipertermia. Planning made a diagnosis adjusted to enforced. Implementations there are several actions that lead to nutritional deficits. Evaluation using the SOAP with the problem resolved, summed up the research indicates that there are similarities between the child's fever typhoid patients in nursing care in the documentation, but there are some differences with the theory be used as a reference by researchers. This indicates that the documentation of nursing care are influenced by theories set as a standard by the nurse and researcher. Therefore, it is recommended the nurses are expected to perform the documentation detailed and comprehensive nursing as well as use the standard in accordance with the latest scientific developments.

Keywords: Nursing Care, Deficit Nutritionals, Typhoid Fever


Tenka tea" is a word that has not yet been widely used and recognized, with no clear and credible definition. Therefore, based on the clear definition of "tenka tea", this paper analyzes and studies the culture of "tenka tea" in Tang and Song Dynasties, and draws the following conclusions. 1. The proportion of tea poems relating to "tenka tea" in all tea poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties is very low, indicating that the use of "tenka tea" was not the mainstream at that time. 2. The use of "tenka tea" has taken on certain personal style. 3. "Tenka tea" as a living custom or drinking habit has shown certain local features. 4. "Tenka tea" has more or less taken on the tendency of "representing the tea drinking habits of northern minorities". 5. The application purpose of "tenka tea" has gone beyond the category of "personal preference and personal habit", and there is a tendency of basing on actual demand. 6. The emergence of "tenka tea" opponents shows that the concept of "mainstream" and "non-mainstream" ways of drinking tea already appeared in the Song Dynasty, and this concept continues to this day, which is consistent with the current phenomenon of "taking light drinking as the mainstream". 7. The study of "tenka tea" will provide a basis for us to systematically explore the formation and evolution of tea drinking customs of ethnic minorities. (受付日:2019 年 9 月 6 日,受理日:2019 年 9 月 17 日)


To determine the site of lesion from audiological data, the audiologist must take into consideration changes in response to sound that are related to both the frequency of the stimulus and the duration of stimulation. In Bekesy aUdiometry the diagnostically significant sign is a difference between the listener's response to interrupted and continuous tones (Jerger, 1960). The quality of this sign has been assumed to be the same for full-range and fixed-frequency audiograms. This assumption may not be warranted from the standpoint of either the interpreter or the listener. In order to obtain the fUll-range audiogram, time and frequency must be combined. As a result, the audiologist cannot separate a change in response related to a change in frequency from one related to duration of stimulation.


cell-agarose conglomerate was encapsulated with a 3% ultra-low-melting agarose solution and placed in a perfusion culture chamber. A permanent flow of fresh medium (Ham's F-12 supplemented with 50 jig/mI ascorbic acid and 2% fetal calf serum) was provided by a peristaltic pump which delivered 1 ml / h with on / off intervals of 30 mm. Samples were recovered after two weeks. Using electron microscopy abundant collagen fibril formation was shown. The collagen fibrils were identified histologically as cartilage specific type II collagen. No mRNA expression of collagen type X was observed using in situ hybridization. The cells appeared in a round cell shape with round nucleus and only slight variations in form and size. The present results indicate that the chondrocytes maintain their differentiated phenotype and continue to synthesize typical matrix products in this three-dimensional perfusion culture chamber. The synthesis of cartilage as graft material in reconstructive surgery might to be possible with this new culture system.


The effect of stress history under three dimensional stress conditions are one of the important phenomena which have to be evaluated for the accurate prediction of ground deformation.Various stress-controlled drained monotonic shear tests on the Chinese Fujian standard sand of relative density 30 % under complex stress conditions with different stress paths are conducted using the soil static and dynamic universal triaxial and torsional shear apparatus.The mean principal stress is controlled unchanged in the process of tests.The stress history conditions are varied so that their influences on shear strength and stress-strain relationship of saturated sand are explored.Test results show that under drained condition sand specimens with stress history of different type do not change their shear strength for a given mean principal stress.On the other hand,the stress-strain characteristics behaved differently with respect to the stress history.The elastic locus varied with stress history has directional and stress condition effects.Finally,introducing predominant parameters for the difference of the direction and the stress condition between stress history and shear process,as well as taking into account the experimental results,the elastic boundary space due to the stress history is expressed under three dimensional stress conditions.


The main purpose ofany public service globall», is to promote the general welfan: ofth« citizens oftltut specific country: The assumption cau thvrrtore he made that in order to promote th« gel/era! welfare of' the citizens; the pnblic sector should he managed eifeclive/y, cfficteutly and economicallv. Over the lost few years we have seen significant changes takingplace ill public admtnistration and manogcmctu in Sub-Saharan African countries. The main.factors leading to public sector reform can be [rewed hack to thefullowing criteria. namely. the rcdcfiuition ofth« rule of th« stale within socictv. secondly: measures HTn~introduced to enhance public management performance and Il1stZI'if is expected from governments to adhere io the principles olgood governance. Besides the above mentioned toctors, : reforming of a public sector can be triggered hy political SCuT/dals, corruption scandals and economic crises. rite last part nfthe paper brit:tly deals with tilt' approaches am! requirements to sustain reform. T\I'O approaches can he used. namely, {/ "hig bang" approach whichfocus on massive changes at once. or an incremental strategy in which the steps are carefully designed to huild support over lime.


A totally illuminated electrochemical cell has been developed with phenosafranin coated platinum foil as photoanode and bare platinum foil as photocathode dipped in deoxygenated aqueous solution of EDTA. The photovoltage increases with increase in [phenosafranin] on coated electrode. When chiorophyll-coated platinum foil is used as photocathode with phenosafranin (5 x 10-3 M) coated platinum foil as photoanode open-circuit photovoltage of 512mV, short-circuit photocurrent of 17 JIA/cm2, fill-factor of 0.33 and solar energy efficiency of 1.3 x 10 -2~~ have been obtained corresponding to white light irradiation ofIight intensity 22 mWcm -2, and the quantum efficiency is about 0.5~~at 540nm. The effect of pH on photo voltage generation has also been studied. The mechanism of photochemical reactions leading to photovoltage generation is also discussed.


Sperm Competition (SC) has been one dominant focus of evolution and behavioural ecology since its conception. Plastic SC responses evolved in response to rapid changes in SC risk. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster it is known that males reared with rivals mate longer, alter seminal fluid production and transfer an ejaculate containing more seminal fluid proteins, resulting in higher fertilization success and paternity share. Here I investigate potential longevity costs for males expressing plastic SC responses, as well as any longevity cost to females mating to these males. I also explore whether males vary sperm production in response to SC risk. I demonstrate that virgin males reared in high SC environments live significantly longer than males from low SC environments; mating negates this longevity benefit. I expected males to pay a longevity cost for their plastic SC responses: the counterintuitive finding suggests that males may trade-off this cost by reducing other expensive functions. In contrast, females showed no instantaneous longevity cost or benefit to mating with males from a high SC background. In addition to the plastic behavioural and physiological responses to SC risk already reported, I demonstrate here that male D. melanogaster also respond by increasing both sperm quantity and quality. Despite the longstanding use of D. melanogaster as a model species in SC research, this result has never previously been described. The work reported here reveals two major findings: male D. melanogaster adjust sperm quality in response to risk of SC, and that longevity of these males increases above that of males raised alone. This research raises new questions about plasticity in response to SC in this species, in particular, if the costs of the response are so small, why do males not constantly show the elevated response? The answer is likely to lie in the precise balance of trade-offs between different life history variables.


With the increase in the abundance and prominence of fog-based systems comes the increase in demand for smarter devices. This can be quite challenging since fog-based IoT systems need to adapt in the event of a sudden deterioration in the level of service they offer due to hardware or software fluctuations. Fog-based IoT systems need to become fault-tolerant in order to ensure the delivery of secure, reliable, robust, and dynamic services while addressing unexpected changes that may occur in terms of both hardware and software. To achieve such fault-tolerance, however, it is imperative to accurately define and identify the differences between errors, faults, and failures that may exist within fog-based environments. In this paper, we propose a solution to this problem and introduce an N-version anomaly-based Fault Detection (NvABFD) technique used for enhancing the fault tolerance of fog-based systems. Using NvABFD, it is possible to identify data anomalies, errors, faults, and failures that may occur in fog-based environments in near real time. We tested the NvABFD technique in a simulated patient monitoring system using the MobiAct dataset. Our results show an accuracy of ~99.9% in anomaly, error, and fault detection indicating that this technique may enhance fault-tolerance in a fog-based system by accurately identifying anomalies, errors, and faults as they occur.


Reactions of 7,7-dialkyl-7,8-dihydropteridines which are of potential use in modifying substituents on the pyrazine ring to yield compounds with inhibitory activity against 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase and dihydrofolate reductase are described. These enzymes lie along the pathway leading to the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate. 6-Methyl substituents showed typical reactivity of alkyl groups α- to a pyrazine nitrogen atom and underwent exchange of protium for deuterium under acidic and basic conditions: however, they failed to undergo clean bromination or aldol condensation. Autoxidation of alkyl groups at this position provided ready access to pteridines substituted with carbonyl groups at C-6. 6-Formyl derivatives underwent Wittig-type reactions to yield 6-aralkylidene compounds that are potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. Alkylation of the anion of 2,4-diamino-7,8-dihydro-6,7,7-trimethylpteridine occurred at N-8 in low yield. The reduction of the blocked dihydropteridine system was readily accomplished using catalytic hydrogenation in a manner analogous to that used for normal pteridines.


A method for patterning of CIGS thin film solar cells in which initially a plurality of superposed layers are formed on a substrate, which are subsequently removed with a rotary tool in sections again, characterized in that a rotating tool for the removal of layers is used over a back contact, said rotating tool having a centrally mounted to the drive axle asymmetric needle, an eccentrically rotating symmetrical needle or a needle centrally mounted to the drive shaft is equipped with a plurality of needle tips for Schichtenabtrag, wherein the distance between the needle tips and the axis of rotation of between 0.1 mm and several cm, and wherein the rotating tool is guided in such a way on the thin film solar cell, that a line or exposing a predetermined surface by selecting the direction of travel and offset of the feed is carried out.


Further study on reasoning and knowledge reduction by rough set theory in incomplete information system, analyses three different methods of knowledge system and knowledge reducing.How to find decision rules directly from such an incomplete information decision table is also discussed.


Solid state fermentation cultures of Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 3485 on moistened wheat bran produced high levels of α-amylase as judged by the specific activity of water extracts (500-700 units/mg protein) and by the enzyme concentration (around 0.15 g/L ) in those extracts. The purification of α-amylase by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose is described. A first DEAE-Sepharose chromatography step (binding of the enzyme contained in the water extract and further elution with 0.2 M NaCl, pH 5) was necessary in order to remove contaminants that hinder the binding of the glycoprotein α-amylase to the lectin. Elution was performed with 7.5 mM α-D-methylmannoside. The enzyme was obtained highly concentrated and purified with a specific activity of 2000 units/mg protein and a recovery of around 60%, free of α-glucosidase, amyloglucosidase and color contaminants. The purity of the enzyme preparation was assessed through nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and sucrose gradient centrifugation. An improvement of the performance of the purification procedure is presented in which the maximum capacities of both the anion exchanger and the lectin matrices were exploited.


The invention discloses a method and a system for realizing adaptive playout of video streaming of a digital family and related equipment. The method comprises the following steps of saving specification parameters of various digital media renders (DMR) in a digital media player (DMP) in advance; when the DMP receives a playout instruction of a digital media controller (DMC) and requests audio/video resources from a digital media server (DMS), reporting the specification parameters of the current DMR, which are saved in the DMP in advance, to the DMS; generating video streaming adapted to the specification parameters of the current DMR according to the specification parameters of the current DMR and returning the video streaming to the DMP by using the DMS; directly sending the video streaming received from the DMS to the current DMR for display by using the DMP, or performing format conversion on the video streaming received from the DMS and then sending the converted video streaming to the current DMR for display by using the DMP. According to the method, the system and the related equipment, the DMR concerned by a user is taken as a center, the specification parameters of the DMR are processed in the DMP and the DMS, the best video streaming according with the DMR specification is generated, and the adaptive playout of the video streaming is really realized in a network of digital living network alliance (DLNA).


Image-to-image transformation is the task of transforming an image from one domain to another. It includes the task of converting an image to an artistic style such as oil painting, tile art, and watercolor. These conversion techniques have rapidly advanced with the development of machine learning in recent years. This paper proposes a method for generating watercolor paintings using machine learning technologies. The proposed method uses conditional generative adversary networks (cGANs) to convert the style of input images from real to watercolor. Specifically, we propose a ConvUNeXt generator that generates high-quality watercolor images while preserving the color information of the original image. It employs an encoder-decoder structure with skip connections and introduces multiple ConvNeXt blocks to learn image features. Experimental results show that the proposed model significantly outperforms traditional rendering methods in the time consumption of image translation while achieving comparable translation performance.


Water soluble allergens of grass pollen (Dactylis glomerata) were purified by two successive steps of preparative isoelectric focusing in a flat bed of granulated gel and controlled by analytical isoelectric focusing in agarose gels. In order to separate components cofocusing in the same pH zone but having different electrophoretic mobilities, preparative zone electrophoresis in granulated gels was performed. The homogeneity of the fractions recovered was tested by isoelectric focusing and zone electrophoresis, followed by radioimmunodetection of the allergenic molecules on nitrocellulose prints. The major allergen of Dactylis glomerata pollen was purified with a yield of 7.5 mg from 10 g of pollen grains.


System and method for analyzing a device comprising a movably configured mass. The system includes a user interface to receive three channels of the three-axis accelerometer and acceleration data configured to detect the acceleration vector of the device, and outputs the three channels of the acceleration data. The user interface is configured to correlate the reference system defined by three orthogonal axes intersecting the three channels of the acceleration data at the vertices, the user interface includes a display and a selector. The display arrangement of apparatus relative to gravity, displays a set of options to represent the orientation of the three-axis accelerometer for arrangement and equipment of the three-axis accelerometer with respect to the apparatus. The selector selects one device array status options, one three-axis accelerometer arrangement options and one tri-axial accelerometer alignment state option.


The wake vortex development in the near field and extended near field behind a four engined large transport aircraft model fitted with an active winglet is presented. A detailed wind-tunnel investigation is conducted using a half-model focusing on the high-lift case of a typical approach configuration at a Reynolds number of 0.5 x 10 6 based on the wing mean aerodynamic chord and an angle of attack of 6.5 deg. The flowfield is observed using advanced hot-wire anemometry mainly focusing on the crossflow plane at 5.6 spans downstream of the model. Based on the time-dependent velocity components the wake flowfield is analyzed by distributions of mean vorticity, turbulence intensities, and spectral densities. Seven main vortical structures dominating the near-field wing vortex sheet roll up and merge to form the remaining trailing vortex in the extended near field. By the use of oscillating winglet flaps the velocity fluctuations at the core region of the remaining vortex are significantly influenced. Distinct narrowband concentrations of turbulent kinetic energy can be found for the farthest downstream plane documenting the presence of the disturbances generated by the winglet flaps which may result in an amplification of inherent far-field instabilities. The frequencies at which these narrowband energy concentrations occur are, on the one hand, dependent on the oscillation frequency of the winglet flaps; on the other hand, there are also independent energy concentrations within the frequency bands associated with wake instabilities.


Let M be a commutative cancellative atomic monoid. We use unions of sets of lengths in M to construct the V-Delta set of M . We first derive some basic properties of V-Delta sets and then show how they offer a method to investigate the asymptotic behavior of the sizes of unions of sets of lengths. A central focus of number theory is the study of number theoretic functions and their asymptotic behavior. This has led to similar investigations concerning non-unique factorizations in integral domains and moniods. Suppose that M is a commutative cancellative monoid in which each nonunit can be factored into a product of irreducible elements (such a monoid is known as atomic). For a nonunit x in M , let L(x) represent the maximum length of a factorization of x into irreducibles and l(x) the minimum such length. The functions L(x) = lim k→∞ L(xn) n and l(x) = lim k→∞ l(xn)


Mining from big data is one of the hottest topics in current trends of computer science. Attribute reduction to compute relative reducts from a given dataset is a key technique to use rough set theory as a tool in data mining, however, attribute reduction from a given dataset with numerous objects and attributes is very difficult. In this paper, to achieve attribute reduction from data with numerous objects and attributes, we try to combine generalized dynamic reducts and a heuristic attributed reduction using reduced decision tables.


The article considers the conceptual apparatus of internal financial audit, defines the regulatory aspects of its application, draws an analogy with classical audit, concludes that the process of transformation of the budgetary sphere and the introduction of internal audit into it is inevitable. The internal audit of the reliability of budget statements using a risk-based approach currently acts as a tool that will allow improving the effectiveness of control procedures and preventing possible risks of misinterpretation of economic categories and their subsequent incorrect reflection in the accounting system of budget accounting and reporting. Considering the novelty of the use of internal audit in the public sector, we consider it necessary to conduct a comprehensive review of this category.


Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) faces many challenges in the world of computer networks and systems. Technical skills used to exploit adversary networks and systems for intelligence purposes can also be used to attack adversary networks and systems. In the likelihood that exploitation is much more common than attack, technicians performing exploitation will gain much experience in their work. Because of this, these same technicians should also perform attack functions, as opposed to having separate forces. With respect to computer network defense, there are multiple DoD entities with varying interests and this has led to complicated organizational relationships. Realizing that computer network defense authority emanates from the Secretary of Defense, a simpler structure is to delegate his authority to a DoD entity and allow this entity to act on his behalf. These changes, should they be implemented, would continue DoD progress in cyberspace, allowing it to better protect U.S. security.


Background and Aims: Obesity is still a major health issue worldwide and bariatric surgeries are now considered one of the most effective ways to manage morbid obesity. Women who are obese in their reproductive age appear to be representing the majority of the patients seeking bariatric surgeries, accounting for (80%). The aim of this study is to assess women's awareness level of obstetric and gynecological impact of bariatric surgery on their health. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey. Methods: Online survey was used to collect data which was distributed through social media. Questions regarding the level of knowledge were included along with sociodemographic characteristics of the population. Statistical Analysis Used: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to conduct the statistics analysis. Results: The survey elicited a total of (457) valid responses that were analyzed. The majority of responses were from married women (66.3%). Most common age group where those from (15 to 24) years. However, nearly about three-quarters of participants were found to have poor knowledge (73.1%) and only small percentage had a good level of knowledge (3.3%) and the rest of the participants were in the moderate group. Further analysis showed that good knowledge was among those who have consulted a physician, underwent bariatric surgery, whom source of information was the internet, and whom had more than one source. Conclusion: The level of knowledge regarding the obstetric and gynecological impact among females was found to be poor in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia.


The hydrodynamic interaction effects between the multi-bodies can not be neglected when vessels are close to each other in congested and confined waters, such as in a harbour or narrow channel. Increase in speed and size of modern vessels make it necessary to consider this interaction effects when designing harbours and navigation channels. In this research, the hydrodynamic interaction effects of the spacing between vessels and water depth along with ship`s velocity are summarized and discussed. The goal of this research is to propose a guideline of appropriate speed and distance between passing and moored vessels to avoid the influence of hydrodynamic forces and to navigate safely in confined sea areas.


The matric flux potential and horizontal and vertical flux distributions are obtained for periodic irrigation channels by using boundary integral equation techniques. Numerical results are given for the special cases of semicircular and rectangular channels and the results compared with those of Batu [ Soil Science Society of America Journal , 42:545--549, 1978] and Warrick and Lomen [ Soil Science Society of America Journal , 40:639--643, 1976] for a flat strip. The results show that the matric flux potential associated with the flat strip and semicircular channel are similar; whereas for the particular rectangular channel considered the matric flux potential is subtantially increased in the region adjacent to the channel.


Abstract: Systematic data of rare earth elements (REEs) are presented in order to put some constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids responsible for two contrastive skarn deposits in Japan; the Kamioka Zn‐Pb and Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits. Carbon and oxygen isotopic studies have demonstrated that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn‐Pb deposits are of meteoric water origin whereas those for the Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits are of magmatic water origin. The REE abundances of epidote skarn derived from aluminous rocks, garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn derived from limestone, and interstitial calcite associated with sulfide minerals were determined for these contrastive skarn deposits by inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).


Two-part addition type room temperature vulcanizing(RTV)pouring sealants were prepared with vinyl silicone oil(SiVi),Al2O3,Si—H containing silicone oil,and other processed materials such as platinum catalysts,viscosifiers and adhesion promoters,etc.The effect of the Al2O3particle size and the type of flame retardant on the potting's performance was investigated.The results showed that the potting filled with Al2O3 with multiple particle sizes exhibited higher thermal conductivity and better application performance and mechanical properties,compared with the case where Al2O3 particles with single particles size were used.The loadings used in the potting with the mixture of various types of flame retardants for meeting the retardant requirements of FV-0 is less than that with a single type.Furthermore,the results showed that adhesion promoters used in the potting could promote the speed of the potting bonding to the substrate and the shear strength was 0.1MPa more compared with the potting without adhesion promoters as well.


Pulsars emit radiation over an extremely wide frequency range, from radio through gamma. Recently, systems in which this radiation significantly alters the atmospheres of low-mass pulsar companions have been discovered. These systems, ranging from ones with highly anisotropic heating to those with transient X-ray emissions, represent an exciting opportunity to investigate pulsars through the changes they induce in their companions. In this work, we present both analytic and numerical work investigating these phenomena, with a particular focus on atmospheric heat transport, transient phenomena, and the possibility of deep heating via gamma rays. We find that certain classes of binary systems may explain decadal-timescale X-ray transient phenomena, as well as the formation of so-called redback companion systems. We also posit an explanation for the formation of high-eccentricity millisecond pulsars with white dwarf companions. In addition, we examine the temperature anisotropy induced by the Pulsar in its companion, and demonstrate that this may be used to infer properties of both the companion and the Pulsar wind. Finally, we explore the possibility of spontaneously generated banded winds in rapidly rotating convecting objects.


In this paper, experimental results with the CODIR cognitive radar testbed are presented. Different optimization objectives for the tracking performance and/or the radar resource usage have been considered to test the optimization capability under various conditions. For that, a new generalized cost function has been defined that can be parameterized to the different objectives. The radar resource usage and the tracking performance has been analyzed using DGPS ground truth data. The system is able to adapt its radar parameter in real-time to meet one or a combinations of objectives. In the case of optimizing multiple conflicting objectives the relative prioritization can be adjusted and the system adapts its radar parameters accordingly.


The invention cervical spine fixator and thus as the driver about to be used, the cervical vertebrae consisting of a plate (12, 212) in contact with the cervical vertebrae fixing portion, a screw (14, 214) as soon coupled to the plate that is inserted secured at the same time the cervical spine fixator the method, in the plate, the adjacent portion of the screw is engaged, and then as the screw is inserted, the pressure deformed by the head of the screw is reverted to when fully seated in the head portion of the plate of the screw the screw a screw having a projection taken in the head head fixture member (16, 216) is formed, the upper surface has receiving grooves (22, 222) is a head portion and a screw head fixture member of the screw receiving of the plate doedoe fixed and, the receiving groove portion is composed of a recess in which the screw is inserted into the opening portion and the screw head is seated And, because the installation and removal of the screw 214, a groove is formed in a concave curved surface to the driver 230 is formed of the projections of the convex surface, as well as be easy to process to reduce the foreign body sensation after the procedure by reducing the thickness of the plate, and the effect that the procedure to ease and shorten the procedure time.


This research specifically aims to determine the moderating effect of CSR disclosure on the relevance of earnings value and book value. In addition, this study also aims to prove the different effects of CSR disclosure moderation on the relevance of earnings and book values in companies that have and do not have an independent board of commissioners. In this journal the accounting information reviewed includes the value of earnings and book value. Profit is the information in financial statements that is most often used by investors in company valuations. Book value is very important and cannot be ignored in measuring the relevance of earnings. Accounting information is said to have value relevance if the accounting information can be used to predict the market value of the company. In addition, this study also examines the differences in the effect of CSR exposure on earnings and book values for companies that have Independent commissioning and companies that do not have Independent commissioning. Nonfinancial information that also plays a role in value relevance is a corporate governance mechanism. The corporate governance mechanism adopted by the company includes establishing an independent board of commissioners. The test results show that earnings and book values have value relevance. The moderating effect of CSR disclosure on the relevance of earnings and book values shows that CSR disclosure decreases the relevance of earnings but increases the relevance of book values. From the results of the Chow test results indicate that there are differences in the CSR moderation coefficient on the relevance of earnings and book values in companies that do not have Independent commissioning.


The application of computerized data bases has swept through many industries, but their adoption at utilities has been slow. For about five years, the ability has existed for utilities to computerize their distribution facilities. Some have, most have not, and, of those that have, most have not been successful. Based on a 122-utility study, Vernon Graphics, Inc. has quantified some of the major stumbling blocks involved in the implementation of utility-distribution data bases. These are: fear of new technology and its impact on records management; large commitment of funds in a poor economy; inability to coordinate the three major using departments; difficulty in quantifying short-payback benefits; changing technology and changing operational priorities; and the large number of alternative approaches. The utility study has also identified some of the key differences between companies that are succeeding and those that are failing to achieve cost-effective benefits from these systems. Several simple solutions are presented that should help make utility-distribution data bases more acceptable. 2 figures, 1 table.


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A common predatory method among spiders is aggressive mimicry. The ant-eating Zodarion spider species performs this trick too: anatomically disguised as an ant, they are able to stealthily hunt and capture their preferred prey. However, this crafty technique by no means puts


The generation of tones from a NACA 0012 airfoil at zero angle of attack and Reynolds numbers of 50,000 to 150,000 was investigated using acoustic beamforming and surface flow visualization techniques in an anechoic wind tunnel. Boundary layer separation lengths were obtained using surface flow visualization techniques and XFOIL software and were input into a feedback loop equation to determine if the measured tones were generated by a feedback mechanism. Using the maximum point of velocity on the airfoil surface as a feedback length provided the best agreement with the measured tones. Boundary layer tripping on one airfoil surface resulted in a decrease in the primary tone amplitude and some of the secondary tone amplitudes. Applying a trip to both surfaces resulted in a significant noise decrease and no tones were observed.


Between December 1983 and April 1989, 1093 knee arthros copies were performed at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatlogy of Istanbul University , Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 96 of the procedures that were done between March 1987 and April 1989 were surgical arthroscopies; 59 partial meniscectomy, 10 synovial biopsies 6 pathologic plicae excision 6 articular cartilage debritment, 5 intraaticular adhesion excision, 4 loose body extirpation 3 cartilage shaving, 1 lateral retinacular relaase, 1 joint debriment, and 1 reposition and screw fixation of lateral tibial plateau fracture 23 of these patients were avaliable fr fnal evaluation. They were evaluted abjectively and subjectively, It is concluted that, due to lesser morbiditiy and lesser complication rate, easier and shorter rehabilitiation and sooner return to sports, arthroscopic operations have significant advantages over conventional open techniques.


Background Despite the lack of adequate studies on the safety of drugs in pregnancy, surprisingly, available evidence shows that pregnant women still take large number of drugs. Objectives The study aim was to determine drug utilization pattern and predictors of number of medications used by pregnant women. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey of 369 pregnant women attending a secondary health facility. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics using the Chi-Square test were carried out with level of significance set at p<0.05. Results Three hundred and sixty-nine women were interviewed. Their mean age was 27.7 years (SD± 4.78) and the mean number of pregnancies was 2.46 (SD± 1.34). On average, 2.62 medications were taken, with the lowest being 1 and the highest being 12 different medications during the course of pregnancy. Those who were on more than 2 medications were more likely to be older than 30 years, had lower education and with history of associated medical conditions. All participants were on one form of supplements or the other, nearly half had used antimalarials, 12.8%, 5.8% 2.4% were on antibiotics, anti-hypertensive and anti-retroviral medications respectively. All the medications prescribed were from category A, B, C, N, and none from category D and X. Conclusion Varieties of medications were used during the course of pregnancy among this population, however, most of these drugs were still within safety profile.


One of the important methods of creating positive motivation for students throughout the educational process is the application of a methodology called "uncompleted" situations. Usage of this technique have roots in human psychological behavior, according to Zeigarnik's effect, human remembers actions much better if they are incomplete, i.e. they were not resolved in a natural logical way. Such situations are recalled by our memory in similar circumstances. This research work highlights and gives complete mathematical examples of typology of incomplete assigned tasks, which have different motivational potential. This paper places emphasis on the question pertaining to the moment of interruption during the execution of a define task. In common cases, this problem is solved by the teacher during the process of searching for a solution to the given task, or in process of proving a theorem. During the discussion about possible solutions the teacher tracks the "thought process" of his students, which directly react on formed situations and at the same time simultaneously open up to the subjective substance of it dynamically perception and conceptualization. In the past it was revealed that there are definitive differences in the effect of "uncompleted" situations appearance amongst children, and it was established that effects are varied based on individual abilities and age.


Obstructive Sleep Apnea in children (OSA) is a Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDR) characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the Upper Airways (UA) during sleep and interfere with sleep patterns and growth and development in children. The gold standard treatment in children is the removal of lymphoid tissue surgery. Disease recurrence can happen and is believed to be due to craniofacial concomitant problems, among others. The objective of this systematic review was demonstrate the effect of the use of functional appliances in the treatment of OSA in children. The search was in the databases included "pubmed, scholar, Medline, scielo" with the filters, "human, children, in all languages, with the key words "obstructive sleep apnea and children and orthodontic appliance" between the years 1988-2015. Initially were obtained 49 studies, but only 8 studies were eligible by level of evidence. The researches presented clinical positive results but not statistical results. This systematic literature review showed that orthopaedic devices seem to be a good treatment option for children with OSA. Although the level of evidence of the effectiveness of these devices is weak to moderate.


Electrochemical degradation of phenol was evaluated at DSA (dimensionally stable anode), JP202 (Ru, 25%; Ir, 25%; other, 50%) electrode for being a treatment method in non-biodegradable organic compounds such as phenol. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of applied current (1.0~4.0 A), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, H2SO4) and concentration (0.5~3.0 g/L), initial phenol concentration (12.5~100.0 mg/L) on phenol degradation and UV254 absorbance as indirect indicator of by-product degraded phenol. It was found that phenol concentration decreased from around 50 mg/L to zero after 10 min of electrolysis with 2.5 g/L NaCl as supporting electrolyte at the current of 3.5 A. Although phenol could be completely electrochemical degraded by JP202 anode, the degradation of phenol COD was required oxidation time over 60 min due to the generation of by-products. UV254 absorbance can see the impact of as an indirect indicator of the creation and destruction of by-product. The initial removal rate of phenol is 5.63 times faster than the initial COD removal rate.


The National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX) is an ultra low aspect ratio device with a plasma current of 1 MA. The tokamak features auxiliary heating and current drive with a close-fitting conducting shell to maximize the plasma pressure. NSTX is designed for an experimental pulse length that will demonstrate quasi-steady state non-inductively driven advanced tokamak operation. The design also takes maximum advantage of existing facilities and components from previous Princeton devices to reduce the overall program costs.


This paper is an analysis of how training and experience can affect the ability for undergraduate engineering students to conduct engineering requirements analysis. An experiment was conducted where 16 students were given a 45 minute training program and asked to derive requirements based on documentation from an example engineering system. The experiment was conducted using four groups of four students, half of whom were a control group. The results were analysed to determine which combination of training and experience significantly affected the quality of the requirements the students recorded. What was found was that the training program caused significant increases in performance in many areas of the students' requirements analysis. This indicates that this type of short training session is effective at transferring knowledge about requirements development to students and would be beneficial if it were incorporated into undergraduate engineering education programs at UNSW Canberra Campus.


This thesis presents research that explores some of the issues in colour categorisation. The main issues explored are, firstly, the nature of the coding processes involved in representing colour categories and making colour judgements and secondly, the role of language in colour categorisation. It is shown that colour categories seem to be represented as separate internal codes; the influence of colour categories on colour judgements is partly a junction of the task requirements. For both category-identity and physicalidentity judgements, decisions about colours separated by inter-stimulus delay were more likely to show effects of categorisation than decisions about simultaneously presented colours. However, it was found that for visual search, category effects could be found with simultaneously presented colours. Evidence from the effects of interference on colour judgements suggested that categorical perception (CP) of colour is dependent on the availability of category labels and suggests that CP in colour at least, is a direct language effect. However, category identity judgements of colour showed no selective effect of verbal interference suggesting that a non-verbal category code is involved in making these decisions. Consistent with this claim was the finding of no hemispheric advantage for category identity judgements. Comparisons on three colour tasks (sorting, triads and visual search) were made between English and Ndonga speakers to further test the role of language in colour categorisation. While English has all eleven universal categories (Berlin & Kay, 1969), the Ndonga language lacks unique terms for some of these basic categories. Effects of this difference were found on all three tasks consistent with language being involved in colour category representation although it was unclear whether this was a direct language effect or whether there were genuine differences in perception between the two groups acquired as a result of colour language.


This paper describes two field tests conducted with visitors to shopping mall and with aged persons. For both of the field tests, we used an android we developed which is called "Telenoid R1" or 'Telenoid" for short. For both field tests we interviewed visitors regarding their impressions of the Telenoid. The results of the shopping mall showed that almost half of the interviewed visitors reported having negative feelings toward the Telenoid. But once they gave the Telenoid a hug, they changed their opinions from negative to positive. Meanwhile, the results of the other test showed that the majority of aged persons reported having a positive opinion. As a remarkable point, all aged persons who interacted with the Telenoid gave it a hug without any specific instruction from us. These results show that the Telenoid must be an acceptable medium for the elderly. However, the Telenoid might also be acceptable for younger persons because the visitors we interviewed developed positive feelings toward the robot after giving it a hug. These results inform our future research working with and developing androids.


During World War II, more than 110 000 Japanese Americans including those Americans of Japanese roots were forced into interior camps after Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. This experience left indelible scars on the Japanese Americans.


A novel structure with a pair of symmetric E‐shaped slots is applied in the design of ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with band‐notched characteristic. Based on the proposed technique, a printed monopole antenna is present. The band‐notched characteristic is achieved by introducing a pair of E‐shaped slots to reduce the interference of the existing wireless local area network (WLAN) band (fc = 5.2 GHz) and the required UWB bandwidth is also acquainted. To validate our design concept, the antenna is studied theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the proposed antenna has good UWB‐related performances and band‐notched function. The proposed symmetric E‐shaped slot is very effective and convenient to design the UWB antennas where band‐notch is required. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1594–1597, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25284


This paper explores the use of mobile technologies for healthcare work by community health workers (CHWs) in less developed countries. The paper draws upon existing literature to identify issues that can affect the success of such projects. This is further supported with a case study of the use of personal digital assistants to support local and remote working of CHWs in a developing country. Key issues related to the physical, practical and social contexts are likely to have an impact on successful mobile support projects.


Experiments on Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Caryedon serratus (Olivier) were conducted during (2009–12) at Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India under laboratory conditions (32+1°C and 75% r.h. Maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) stored in Magik bags (Coramandal fertilizers Ltd., India). The results showed zero adults, zero per cent insect damaged grains and zero grain weight loss up to six months of storage. Maize stored in Super bags (Grain Pro Ltd., Philippines) also recorded zero infestation, but grain stored in jute bags and plastic containers recorded 0.507 to 20.82% and 0.506 to 13.77% weight respectively. The number of C. serratus beetles on groundnut that emerged, ranged from 136.33 (Super bag) to 366 beetles (thin netted single layer jute bag). The pod damage caused by C. serratus was 0.75% (super bag) to 10% (thin netted single layered jute bag) at 30 d and increased to 85.4% to 100% at 180 d. The percentage viability and germination of groundnut kernels was 100% when stored in Magik bags at 180 d followed by 72% (Super bag ), 70% (Nylon bag) and about 50% in the other bags (cloth and jute).


Intrinsic parallelism is shown to have application beyond schemata and o-schemata. More general objects called formae are introduced and general operators which manipulate these are introduced and discussed. These include random, respectful recombination. The extended formalism is applied to various common representations and standard operators are analysed in the light of the formalism.


A bezoar is a collection of foreign material in the gastro-intestinal
 tract. A trichobezoar is a bezoar formed by the ingestion of hair.
 When the bezoar extends into the small intestine it is called as
 Rapunzel syndrome. Rapunzel syndrome is an extremely rare
 intestinal condition in humans. Trichobezoar with Rapunzel
 syndrome is an uncommon diagnosis in children is predominantly

 found in emotionally disturbed or mentally retarded youngsters
 can even present with complications like intestinal obstruction,
 perforation and peritonitis. Here we present a rare case of Rapunzel
syndrome with intestinal intussusception in a 6 year old girl.


Abstract The etiology of multiple myeloma (MM) remains incompletely understood; however, epidemiologic studies have suggested a possible link between exposure to environmental aromatic hydrocarbons—which serve as exogenous ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), which has been implicated in cancer biology—and development of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and MM. Herein, we demonstrate the functional expression of AHR in MM cell lines and primary human MM samples. AHR is expressed in putative MM 'stem cells' and advanced clinical stages of MM, and functionally contributes to MM tumor cell phenotype and proliferation. Antagonism of AHR directly impairs MM cell viability and increases MM cell susceptibility to immune-mediated clearance. Furthermore, our findings indicate that AHR antagonism may represent an effective means to enhance the function of other drugs, such as anti-CD38 antibodies, in future clinical studies. Taken together, these data identify AHR as a novel target for MM therapy.


AIM: Myocyte apoptosis in rats can be induced by acute ischemia, but time course and distribution of myocyte apoptosis were unclear.METHODS:DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labling(TUNEL) assay were performed to evaluate apoptosis in mycardium exposed to 45 minutes, 2 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours ischemia and sham-operated rats in vivo.RESULTS: DNA ladders were clearly visible in agarose gel of DNA from ischemic myocardium exposed to 2 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours ischemia, and DNA ladders became more apparent with increasing duration of ischemia. TUNEL positive cells with apoptotic morphologic characters were present in above ischemia time, and apoptotic index increased with increasing ischemia time. The majority of TUNEL positive cells were myocytes. Apoptotic index was higher in subendocardium than in subepicardium(P0.01), while higher in border ischemia region than in the central ischemia area(P0.05).CONCLUSION: A time-effect relation existed between the number of apoptosis and the time range of supposed time; Apoptotic myocytes scattered in the ischemic myocardium, mainly localized at subendocardium and ischemic border.


We present the full wave solution for a dipole source above a slab of left-handed medium of refractive index n = −1, but with ϵ and μ differing from those ideal values that create the perfect lens through taking ϵ = −(1+δ)−1 and μ = −(1+δ), where δ, and hence ϵ and μ, are real. Any modifications in resolution are therefore not due to loss effects within the lens. Finite solutions for the form of the fields throughout all space are obtained using the method of Hertz potentials, thereby regularizing the singular perfect lens solution. This regularization will facilitate subsequent perturbation analyses. Using an appropriately defined criterion, we examine the sensitivity of the lens resolution to the material imperfection δ. It is found that the resolution converges logarithmically with δ upon that of the perfect lens. Comparison of theoretical results with experimental data suggests that even this slow convergence is the best that can be achieved.


1It then describes in detail six instructional features of a multidimensional teaching process: a dual-focus communicative program philosophy, learner goals, instructional objectives ,the role of the learner, the role of the teacher, and a framework of three instructional practice modes. Recent discussions of "pronunciation" 2 teaching principles have examined a number of important rationale issues including: questions of whether pronunciation should (or can) be taught and, if so, what should be taught and how; expressions of the need for more controlled studies of changes in learner pronunciation patterns as the result of specific instructional procedures; views on whether and how research in second language phonology can inform classroom practices. These and many other pertinent concerns have been ably discussed in thorough and insightful state-of-the-art papers by Leather (1983) and Pennington and Richards (1986). When it comes to classroom practice, however, as Yule (1990) has observed, it may have appeared to novice teachers that the only classroom choice available is one between teaching pronunciation as articulatory phonetics or not teaching pronunciation at all. But could this limited choice of options be more apparent than real? Clearly, on the positive side of the picture, some creative and principled contributions to alternatives have come on the scene in recent years, with a small but steady movement toward some "new looks" in pronunciation teaching. This does not mean that there are not many remaining questions about a number of issues, and more 1 The focus of this discussion is pronunciation teaching and is not intended to include a review of research in areas of second language phonology. 2 The term pronunciation means different things to different people. In this paper, I refer to a range of pronunciation teaching practices.


Introduction: Respiratory system resistance Rrs measured by the forced oscillation technique (FOT) and FEV1 measure airflow obstruction but are dominated by central airways. Respiratory system elastance Ers is thought to reflect the available compliant airspaces and increases with ventilation heterogeneity, and thus could be a good measure of peripheral airway closure, or opening in reversibility testing. We investigated the hypothesis that changes in Ers with bronchodilator (BD) are better able to assess peripheral airway disease in asthma. Materials &Methods: FOT was measured at 4-22Hz in 19 asthmatics and 18 controls pre and post BD (Salbutamol 200 mcg). We developed an anatomically based 26 generation airway tree model (Leary D et al., J Appl Physiol. 2012 112:167-75) and evaluated effects of heterogeneous peripheral airway closure and global airway narrowing for comparison to the in vivo data. Results: In asthma, Rrs and Ers showed a larger BD response (25%) than FEV1 (16%) and, while Rrs decreased in both groups (25%, 12%), only Ers decreased in asthma (p