INTRODUCTION The introduction of the generation 3 digital radio systems broadcast architecture transforms the broadcast system from an audio based broadcast system to a general digital data broadcast system that carries audio content along with advanced application services (AAS). The transition to this architecture necessitates changing traditional audio based studio transmitter links (STLs) to generic IP based data links.


Free-space optical (FSO) communication is becoming more popular as it can achieve high data rates. Gamma-Gamma turbulence channel is generally considered as a perfect channel of the FSO link, while the imprecise channel is modelled as a superposition of the perfect channel and a Gaussian random variable. We present bit error rate performance of subcarrier intensity modulated signal transmission over FSO communication systems with an imprecise channel.


Recently in Japan, railway ballasts have been flown out several times by heavy or intense rainfalls. However, the mechanism has not yet been investigated in detail, so that the risk and the countermeasures cannot be reasonably proposed. Therefore, in this research, model tests and numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the flow-out mechanism. It was found that the seepage characteristics of ballast beds can be expressed based on Forchheimer law not on Darcy law. Progressive failures were observed in the model tests. It was also found that the stability of the ballast beds can be reasonably explained by the proposed micro-mechanic approach.


Urinary incontinence is estimated to affect over 5% of the adult population. It is defined by WHO as one of greatest medical problems of the 21 st century. Urinary incontinence affects approximately 50 million adults in Europe and the United States. Overactive bladder (OAB syndrome) is defined by the International Continence Society as urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia. OAB affects approximately 50 million adults in Europe and the United States, with prevalence increasing with age. Current therapy consists primarily of anticholinergic drugs. Muscarinic receptor antagonists such as tolterodine, oxybutynin, trospine, solifenacin and darifenacin are the mainstay of treatment for OAB. Muscarinic receptor antagonists have varying efficacy, safety, tolerability and side effects. The aim of this study is to present the current knowledge and opinions on pharmacological treatment of OAB in the menopausal period.


— The present paper represent the efforts undertaken for the development of an semi-automatic robot that may be used for various post-disaster rescue operation planning and their subsequent execution using one-way communication of video and data from the robot to the controller and controller to the robot respectively. Wireless communication has been used for the purpose so that the robot may access the unapproachable places easily without any difficulties. It is expected that the information obtained from the robot would be of definite help to the rescue team for better planning and execution of their operations. This study thus forms the basis of any further extension of our present work to real life mining scenario where the risk to human life needs to be minimized and at the same time the


In this work, an exact solution of Einstein's field equations in isotropic coordinates for anisotropic matter distribution is obtained by considering a particular metric choice of metric potential grr. To check the feasibility of the model, we have investigated all the physical characteristics of a realistic star. It is found that the model is potentially stable, and the adiabatic index is greater than 4 3 . The model have been analysed for Compact star 4U 1538-52. Subject headings: General relativity; Exact solutions; Anisotropy; Relativistic compact stars; Isotorpic Coordinates


The various robust linear programming models investigated so far in the literature essentially appear to be based either on what is referred to as 'rowwise' uncertainty models or on 'columnwise' uncertainty models (these basically assume that the rows - resp: the columns - of the constraint matrix are subject to changes within a well specified uncertainty set). In this paper, we discuss a special case of columnwise uncertainty namely the subclass of robust LP models with uncertainty limited to the right handside only. (this subclass does not appear to have been significantly investigated so far). In this context we introduce the concept of ' two-stage robust LP model' as opposed to the standard case(whichmightbereferredtoas'single-stage robust LP model') and we address the question of whether LP duality can be used to convert a LP problem with RHS-uncertainty into a robust LP problem with uncertainty on the objective function. We show how to derive both statements of (a) the dual to the robust model and (b) the robust version of the dual. The resultUniversity Paris-6, France - Email : firstname.lastname@example.com ing expressions of the objective function to be optimized in both cases, appear to be clearly distinct. Moreover, from a complexity pointof-view, one appears to be efficiently solvable ( it reduces to a convex optimization problem) whereas the other, as a nonconvex optimization problem, is expected to be computationally difficult in the general case. As an application of the 2-stage robust LP model introduced here, we next investigate the robust PERT scheduling problem, considering two possible natural ways of specifying the uncertainty set for the task durations: the case where the uncertainty set is a scaled ball with respect to the L1 norm; the case where the uncertainty set is a scaled Hammingballofboundedradius(which, thoughleading to a quite different model, bears some resemblancetothewell-knownBertsimas-Simapproach to robustness). We show that in both cases, the resulting robust optimization problemcanbeefficientlysolvedinpolynomialtime.


Editor Journal of the American Medical Association. Dear Sir: —I desire to call the attention of the profession to a symptom or condition which I have noticed very prominently in two cases of trichinosis, and which was present in two other cases, though not so prominent as in the first two, or so evident that I would have observed it had I not looked for it. This condition was a yellowish color in one case, and a brownish yellow color in the other three, extending over the hands and wrists and up the forearms over both flexor and extensor surfaces. The skin elsewhere was clear, and the conjunctiva showed no signs of jaundice. My attention was first called to it by one of the patients on whom it was present; afterward, upon examination, it was found on all four, occurring, as near as could be ascertained, about the seventh day


Fracture mechanics of brittle failures of concrete structures due to the propagation of a cracking zone indicates that the nominal stress at failure should not be constant but should decrease as the structure size increases. This size effect may be described by a simple size-effect law recently derived by dimensional analysis and similitude arguments. A formula for diagonal shear failure based on this size-effect law was published, verified, and calibrated by a large set of data from the literature. The present paper improves this previous formula in two respects: fJ) the effect of maximum aggregate size, distinct from the effect of the relative beam size, is incorporated and (2) the formula is extended to cover the effect of stirrups on the shear capacity of concrete. The new formula is verified and calibrated according to a larger data set than before, consisting of several hundred test results compiled from the literature. [t is shown that the new formula achieves an appreciable reduction in the coefficient of variation of the deviations of the measured data from the prediction formula.


Researching on the construction of agricultural science and technology service system under the trend of industrial integration,implementing the service industry to lead the development of modern agriculture strategy,and improving the level of agricultural modernization and the comprehensive production capacity have the important meaning. Research shows, Beijing agricultural science and technology service system in the network is perfect,but in the management system,the main service collaborative innovation,infrastructure construction and other aspects are still insufficient. Facing the integration development trend of the modern agriculture,efforts should be made to strengthen the organization and leadership,overall coordination,mechanism innovation system,new agricultural science and technology service system combined with services of public welfare service and market construction.


............................................................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14 Context .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Background to the research .............................................................................................................. 14 Research problems ........................................................................................................................... 18 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 18 The paradox frame ............................................................................................................................ 21 Thesis structure ................................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2 Social-ecological literature review ....................................................................................... 23 Literature review of the contextual considerations for researching complex problems of native vegetation management in south-east Australia ............................................................................. 28 History and art in Australia: Early narratives of the Australian environment .............................. 29 Media ............................................................................................................................................ 37 Policy narratives ............................................................................................................................ 39 The Australian biophysical environment: A review of research into managing bushfire and native vegetation ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Native vegetation in south-east Australia..................................................................................... 44


OBJECTIVE: To optimize the extraction technology of volatile oils from Paeonia suffruticosa in Zhuolinqing capsule and preparation process of β-cyclodextrin(β-CD). METHODS: The extraction technology of volatile oils from P. suffruticosa was optimized by orthogonal test with the yield of volatile oils as index and with granularity, immersion time and amount of water as factors. Preparation process of β-CD was optimized with utilization ratio and yield of volatile oils as index and with the ratio of β-CD to volatile oils, preparation temperature and mixing time as factors. RESULTS: The optimum extraction process was as follows: screen mesh of 24, adding 15-folds water, immersing for 30 min. The optimized preparation technology was adding 8-foldsβ-CD, inclusion temperature of 50 ℃ and mixing for 2 h. CONCLUSION: The method is simple and rapid with high extraction rate of volatile oils and high yield of inclusion complex, which is suitable for industrial production.


The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is becoming an important aquaculture species in China, Japan and Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the biological performance of a tubular type of subsurface cage for sea cucumber grow-out by in-situ tests. The cage structure was constructed of...


Due to the excellent performance and energy efficiency, modern nonvolatile memories (NVMs) have become popular alternatives to DRAM as main memory. However, the intrinsic characteristics of NVMs are quite different from those of DRAM, making existing designs of system and application software unfavorable on NVMs. For example, a write operation typically takes much more time and energy than a read operation on NVMs, and system or application software should try to reduce write activities so as to enhance the overall performance and energy efficiency of the system. In this work, we propose a novel design of NVM-based self-balancing binary search trees for red-black tree, a widely used dictionary structure. Through intentionally mixing up the pointers of red-black tree nodes, we effectively decouple the pointers of a red-black tree into two parts, namely (a) the pointers that maintain the logical structure of the red-black tree and (b) the pointers that keep the memory addresses of the nodes of the red-black tree. By doing so, the NVM writes are significantly reduced, and the performance and energy efficiency are remarkably improved. The efficacy of the proposed design is then verified by experimental studies, where the results are quite encouraging.


In this paper, assume that Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture, we got a better upper bound of the exceptional real zero for a class of modulo, and thus we generalized the results of reference [3].


Intends to argue that research on the legitimacy of the actions of violent acts of police activity among other controversial issues about the function and efficient outcome in the event of response strongly enforcement: crimes in progress, trigger gun, coercive driving with the use of handcuffs , etc., act as needed to repel certain situations they are in. The provision of the state public security title aims to protect the social order and safety of persons and property, under the aegis of law, customs and the discretion of the function.


In order to solve the contradiction between the traditional system of magnetic heading measurement and design requirement for the size of fuzes,a new method of magnetic heading measurement for spinning projects is put forward.Based on the phase information at zero output of the magnetic sensor during its relative motion and interaction with geomagnetic field,parameters of spin phase angle,spin rate and angle between projectile axis and geomagnetic field can be measured and calculated,providing real-time data for analyses of aerodynamics characteristics,projectile-payload interaction and projectile-weapon interaction.


Western North America preserves a rich record of Eocene life and environments under globally warm climates, and represents an interval where significant coal and other minerals were deposited. The Eocene is of interest to biologists and paleontologists for its record of the appearance and rise to dominance of many plant, insect, and mammal groups now typical of the temperate forests of North America, admixed with groups now well represented in tropical areas or restricted to eastern Asia. This record is also of interest for its potential contribution to our understanding of interactions between climate, the biota, and the ecosystems they occupied, under atmospheric carbon dioxide levels much higher than today. Documentation of the Eocene in western North America offers insights into the effects of future greenhouse climates. A special symposium held at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America in Vancouver, British Columbia, brought together geologists, paleontologists, and biologists w...


The thermal stability and photoluminescence degradation of Mn2+ in fluorescent lamps used BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+,Mn2+ phosphor are investigated. The detection of impurity containing manganese with high valence demonstrates the oxidation of Mn2+ during baking process at 700°C and it partly leads to emission degradation of Mn2+. The emission of Mn2+ mainly originates from the energy transfer of Eu2+→Mn2+. The oxidation of Eu2+ decrease the amount of Eu2+ centers and thus finally causes the degradation of Mn2+. Some traps are revealed to be induced during baking process and it further weakens energy transfer efficiency of Eu2+→Mn2+ and decreases the emission of Mn2+.


A research area that has gained interest of marketing researchers in recent years is the comparison of consumer behavior on the Internet and traditional brick-and-mortar stores. We offer an overview of the recent developments in this research area and summarize the key findings along two dimensions: 1) factors that may cause behavioral differences in the two types of shopping environments; and 2) patterns of behavioral differences identified in the literature. We also outline our own recent work as an example to illustrate how this stream of research can help improve marketing strategies and tactics on the Internet. Directions for future research are discussed in the last section.


Dr. Tsimikas: The current recommendation based on several large-scale clinical trials is to treat all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with statin therapy to achieve an appropriate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level, similar to patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD). The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) has identified diabetes as a CHD equivalent, categorizing the patient as being at very high risk for a cardiovascular event, and has set an LDL target of less than 100 mg/dl. The NCEP ATP III updates went even further and suggested that an optimum goal of less than 70 mg/dl may be appropriate for this class of patients. I believe the only reason not to treat a patient with diabetes with a statin is the occurrence of a documented intolerable adverse effect.


The key problems in designing of VLSI circuits are high power consumption, larger area utilization and delay which affect the speed of the computation and also results in power dissipation. In general speed and power are the essential factors in VLSI design. For solving the issues, a new architecture has been proposed. In the proposed system, the two high speed multipliers, Modified booth multiplier (MBM) and the Wallace tree multiplier are hybridized with Carry Look Ahead adder (CLA) and formed a hybridized multiplier which delivers high speed computation with low power consumption. MBM is proposed to reduce the partial products whereas Wallace tree multiplier is accompanied for fast addition and CLA is used for final accumulation. This hybrid multiplier produces better results in terms of speed and power than the conventional designs. The simulation results prove that the hybrid architecture is superior to other multipliers. It is done by using Xilinx tool and it is implemented using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array).


Specific reading disability, or dyslexia, co-occurs with other developmental disorders at higher rates than would be predicted by chance. Significant comorbidity has been reported between dyslexia and specific language impairment (SLI; McArthur, Hogben, Edwards, Heath, & Mengler, 2000), speech sound disorder (Pennington, 2006), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (Willcutt & Pennington, 2000), central auditory processing disorder (King, Lombardino, Crandell, & Leonard, 2003), dyscalculia (Badian, 1999), and developmental coordination disorder (Visser, 2003), among others. Investigating comorbidity is important both clinically and theoretically, because it challenges us to think about how these disorders are best categorised, and probes our understanding of their underlying causes (Pennington, 2006). This special issue of Scientific Studies of Reading is devoted to investigating the comorbidity between dyslexia and SLI. Although dyslexia is characterized by severe difficulties with written language, SLI is a severe impairment in oral language development (Leonard, 1998). Both are diagnosed by exclusion: Children with dyslexia or SLI do not have impaired nonverbal intelligence, sensory impairSCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF READING, 14(1), 1–7 Copyright © 2010 Society for the Scientific Study of Reading ISSN: 1088-8438 print / 1532-799X online DOI: 10.1080/10888430903242076


The adequacy of microwave heating is judged based upon the criterion of heating uniformity per unit liquid volume and upon the ability to analytically characterize the liquid power density distribution. Two aspects of liquid power density uniformity are addressed. Microwave oven irradiation of water as the test fluid was considered as one alternative. Alternate fluids were also considered. It is judged that it is not appropriate to use a microwave oven for the boiling simulation studies. It is concluded that the use of microwave radiation, while not straightforward, is feasible for simulation of the nuclear heat source in transition phase boiling studies. A waveguide, with a cyclohexane-ethanol test fluid, will satisfy two of the major requirements.


Research on art creation entitled Suara Hati Dance Collaboration involving dancers (students) and children with visual impairments (disabilities) to answer concerns about how a dancer feels dancing in the dark. This research method is a collaboration between the potential of dancers and the artistic potential of blind children. The dancers' explorations were inspired by the behavior of the character Gendari in the  Mahabarata story, who closed his eyes all his life only to feel the same darkness as his husband, Destrarastra. Exploring the potential of blind children is an important part of this research to determine the process and form of work. The results of this study provide an artistic experience for dancers, moving in the dark just following their auditory instincts. Providing space for expression and artistic experience for blind children, fostering self-confidence, courage, and a sense of pride in being able to work with dancers and appear in performances that are shown publicly.Keywords: voice, heart, collaboration, visual impairment, Gendari, movement, darkness.


E Michael Lewiecki , Andrew J Laster , Paul D Miller , and John P Bilezikian New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA Arthritis & Osteoporosis Consultants of the Carolinas, Charlotte, NC, USA Colorado Center for Bone Research, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Lakewood, CO, USA Metabolic Bone Diseases Units, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA


There has been a renewal of interest in Direct Nuclear Propulsion (DNP) because of the Air Force Forecast II recommendation for the development of the technology. Several nuclear concepts have been proposed to meet the Direct Nuclear Propulsion challenge. In this paper we will present results of an initial study of the potential of a cermet fueled nuclear system in providing the desired DNP capabilities and featuring a set of unique safety characteristics. The concept of cermet fuel for DNP applications was first developed by ANL and GE working independently more than 20 years ago. The two organizations came to several remarkably consistent conclusions. The present work has consisted of collecting a unified set of design parameters from the set of design results produced in the earlier work. The conclusion of this exercise was that a cermet-fueled DNP design looked extremely promising from performance and safety considerations and that it deserves serious consideration when the decision to develop one or more concepts for DNP is made.


BACKGROUND
Expert patient care has been associated with improved outcomes for neurology patients, yet timely access to specialists is challenging. The employment of nurse practitioners (NPs) holds great potential to increase access to neurologic ambulatory care, however little practical guidance exists to date for how this may be achieved.

LOCAL PROBLEM
To improve timely care provision for patients with neurologic disease, we employed a multidisciplinary care utilization framework that used NPs to expand clinic appointment availability.

METHODS AND INTERVENTION
After evaluating our baseline performance, we applied a standardized approach to the deployment of NPs in neurology clinic with regard to scheduling clinic sessions and patient appointments. The primary outcome measure was appointment availability measured over 6 months preintervention (June to November 2016) and 6 months postintervention (June to November 2017). Secondary measures included NP effort allocation.

RESULTS
The postintervention period demonstrated an increase in available appointments (3,731 preintervention vs. 4,318 postintervention) and scheduled appointments (2,014 vs. 2,685). Nurse practitioners spent more time practicing at the fullest extent of their licensure. All improvements were accomplished without the hiring of additional staff.

CONCLUSIONS
A multidisciplinary care utilization framework for NP employment across neurology subspecialties resulted in an increase in appointment availability. Furthermore, this model is likely to be sustainable due to provider satisfaction and financial viability.


Abstract In antisense trials, oligodeoxynucleoside phosphorothioates (S-oligo) stereoisomers arise from the thiophosphate R/S configuration. We have explored effective separation of these isomers by the combination of DEAE ion-exchange (IELC) and reversed-phase (RPLC) liquid chromatography. Twenty-six S-oligos and some of the natural counterparts were examined. In the presence of DMTr at the 5′-end, isomers could be separated well by ELC, while RPLC gave good resolution in the absence of this protecting group. Combination of these two different modes leads to more effective isolation. aDedicated to Dr. Yoshihisa Mizuno on the occasion of his 75th birthday.


The social historian, Nataliia Lebina examines the politicization of everyday life, erosion of the private sphere, and transformation of popular mentality in Leningrad during the interwar era. While focusing on the distinctiveness of the Soviet experience under losif Stalin, Lebina argues that, by contrast, in the first quarter of the twentieth century, Russian society was pursuing the familiar trajectory of modernization, industrialization, and urbanization followed by the west. Rather than precipitate the transformation of social norms, the earliest Soviet legislation consolidated the social processes that predated the revolution and were associated with the demise of the autocratic monarchy and the emergence of liberalism and bourgeois values. Because the new state could not fully support that earlier agenda for social change, it diverged from civil society, which still clung to modern western notions. Such was the pluralistic nature of the New Economic Program (NEP) that, for a few years after the civil war, official and popular culture coexisted in parallel spaces. The book is divided into four chapters dealing with the means used to transform everyday life: policies governing traditional social norms and concepts of deviance, in particular drinking, criminality, prostitution, and death rituals and suicide; the state's inversion of social norms and pathologies, in particular the promotion of atheist lifestyles and communal living; the imposition of direct norms to regulate housing and clodiing, and of indirect norms in leisure and private life. Lebina's treatment of the 1920s is insightful and rich. With the end of prohibition between 1924 and 1928, she tells us, alcohol consumption rose by 800 percent, affecting especially young workers, who could afford to patronize the 364 beer halls throughout the city. The state and the party proved unable to address the social withdrawal of young people through alcohol and substance abuse, or through suicide, or to come to terms widi the fact that most of these forms of deviance were particularly prevalent among the working class. Lebina ascribes the growing rates of criminal behavior to the deurbanization of the city's central districts. Once off limits to the working class, thanks largely to the apartment peredel or repartition of the civil war years, the city center became the site of social behavior that had earlier been relegated to workers' quarters on the periphery. By the 1920s, deviant behavior was politicized. Socioeconomically motivated hooliganism was manipulated and exploited for political purposes as were generational tensions and the rejection of customs and values by the young generation. Leisure was also politicized: ballroom and popular dances were tainted as relics of the decadent "bourgeois" past, and accordion-playing was privileged at the expense of guitarplaying and romantic ballads. Such mechanisms as the reduction in the number of paid religious holidays and the adoption of the longer or staggered work week had a profound impact on leisure activities and disrupted family life.


An Applied Research Project (Political Science 5397) Submitted
to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University-San
Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree
of Masters of Public Administration, Spring, 2011.
 Faculty Approval: Dr. Patricia Shields
 Dr. Emily Balanoff-Jones
 Mr. Jeff Lund, MPA


In recent years,the case relating to schools comes more and more,including degree,diploma or punishment,etc.Although for the same type of cases,there is much different treatment during the judicial practice.It has already been regarded as an important content of university management.A brief discussion about it is given in this paper.


Abstract Airborne multispectral digital imagery was used to detect imported fire ant mounds in northeast Mississippi pasture. Images were acquired using a GeoVantage GeoScanner camera system, flown at an altitude of 610 m, for a resolution of 0.25 m, and 305 m, for a resolution of 0.1 m. Images were obtained during May 2002, August 2002, November 2002, and February 2003. Distinct mound signatures could be seen in images from May, November, and February; August images were difficult to interpret. Many mounds appeared as dark or light spots of bare soil surrounded by a halo of vigorous vegetation. Up to 75% of mounds were visible in false color infrared images. Mound characteristics (area, height, activity, percent vegetation cover) and image characteristics (image color, spatial resolution) all affected mound detection for at least one sampling period. Increasing spatial resolution from 0.25 to 0.1 m did not affect mound detection in May; during other times of the year, increased resolution improved detection by ≈38%. False color infrared images were generally superior to true color images for mound detection. Potential overestimation because of commission errors was 17–29%.


The MinUsageTime Dynamic Bin Packing (DBP) problem aims to minimize the accumulated bin usage time for packing a sequence of items into bins. It is often used to model job dispatching for optimizing the busy time of servers, where the items and bins match the jobs and servers respectively. It is known that the competitiveness of MinUsageTime DBP has tight bounds of Θ(√łog μ ) and Θ(μ) in the clairvoyant and non-clairvoyant settings respectively, where μ is the max/min duration ratio of all items. In practice, the information about the items' durations (i.e., job lengths) obtained via predictions is usually prone to errors. In this paper, we study the MinUsageTime DBP problem with predictions of the items' durations. We find that an existing O(√łog μ )-competitive clairvoyant algorithm, if using predicted durations rather than real durations for packing, does not provide any bounded performance guarantee when the predictions are adversarially bad. We develop a new online algorithm with a competitive ratio of minØ(ε^2 √łog(ε^2 μ) ), O(μ) (where ε is the maximum multiplicative error of prediction among all items), achieving O(√łog μ) consistency (competitiveness under perfect predictions where ε = 1) and O(μ) robustness (competitiveness under terrible predictions), both of which are asymptotically optimal.


In this article, Prof. Darrel Amundsen critiques Judge Reinhardt's comments regarding "Historical Attitudes Toward Suicide" in his Compassion in Dying opinion. Amundsen demonstrates that the court's characterization of ancient Jewish and Christian practices is inaccurate and misleading because it fails to acknowledge the complexities of the moral issue of suicide. Amundsen discusses martyrdom, suicide in general, suicide by the ill, and euthanasia in ancient Judaism. In contrast to the court's commentary, Amundsen demonstrates that regard for human life is a central feature of Jewish ethical monotheism. Furthermore, the author challenges the court's conclusions about early Christianity, and explains why its treatment of the issue of suicide in early Christianity is misleading and inaccurate. Amundsen's discussion of early Christianity includes suicide, martyrdom, and especially the Augustinian teaching on suicide. He concludes that the court's treatment of the issue of suicide in early Christianity is so historically and conceptually muddled as to be fundamentally inaccurate.


Sr 2TiSi 2O 8 with fresnoite type structure was synthesized by substituting Sr 2+ for Ba 2+ in Ba 2TiSi 2O 8 at 1250℃,the indexing result of the XRD pattern shows that Sr 2TiSi 2O 8 crystallizes in tetragon system with the lattice parameters a=b =0.83135nm, c =0.0190nm.The second harmonic generation (SHG) effect of Sr 2TiSi 2O 8 is about 8 times larger than that of KH 2PO 4(KDP).The ultraviolet absorption edge of Sr 2TiSi 2O 8 is around 270nm.Preliminary investigation of crystal growth was carried out by using the method of spontaneous nucleation.


The cointegrated nature of UK consumption and income is examined using 'official' seasonally adjusted data and data which have been seasonally adjusted using an alternative well-established method. It is found that the presence of cointegrating relationship is dependent upon the method of adjustment used, a result reflecting the warnings of Wallis (Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63, 18–31, 1974). This result has major implications given the plethora of cointegration studies conducted using seasonally adjusted data.


Pakistan provides seasonal hunting permits to the rulers of Gulf countries for hunting of Asian Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis macqueenii) in different parts of the country. This research deals with (transnational) seasonal land acquisition of different rangelands/deserts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. So far, no comprehensive research has been conducted in Pakistan on this issue. This research attempts to address the impact of seasonal land grabbing by the foreigners on livelihood assets of local stakeholders in South Punjab, Pakistan. Based on the idea of 'control grabbing', this research uses 'sustainable livelihood framework' as an analytical framework. Quantitative and qualitative data were acquired from three (out of a total nine) randomly selected hunting sanctuaries in the districts of Rajanpur and Dera Ghazi Khan. The results revealed that natural assets of local population (agricultural land and rangeland) are adversely affected during the entire hunting season. Limited access to natural assets (especially livestock fodder) has long-term negative impacts on livelihood diversification of the locals as the number of livestock – one of the most important assets of respondents – is continuously decreasing in the case study area. We recommend that land enclosure should be restricted to a limited area for a limited time, and that the Government should develop an effective monitoring and evaluation system.


Hypermanganesemia related pallidal T1-hyperintensity is a rare manifestation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).1 Levodopa-unresponsive parkinsonism has been described in HHT.1 We report a patient who presented with brain abscess–related seizures and was diagnosed with the HHT-juvenile polyposis overlap syndrome with hypermanganesemia. This report highlights the multifactorial pathogenesis of hypermanganesemia in HHT.

### Case report.

A 35-year-old man was referred for embolization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) which were detected on a chest CT done to investigate the cause of a left frontoparietal abscess.

A month earlier he presented with recurrent generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain MRI showed a ring-enhancing left frontoparietal mass with edema (figure, A and B). Biopsy revealed purulent fluid which grew Streptococcus viridans and anaerobic Gram-negative rods. He had a past history of epistaxis, left eye hemorrhage, gum bleeds, iron deficiency anemia, and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy revealed multiple telangiectasia involving the gastroduodenal mucosa and colonic polyps. A colectomy revealed multiple tubulovillous adenomas. His family history was positive for epistaxis in his mother. His examination was unremarkable except for oral telangiectasia. Hepatic function assessed by liver enzymes was normal.

Figure Coronal T1 with contrast (A), sagittal T1 with contrast (B), and axial T1 FLAIR (C, D) MRI sequences …


In the nano-scale era, to improve the system reliability the major challenge is to predict the NoC component failures in runtime and propose an efficient technique. To predict the failures in runtime, probabilistic based models have been proposed in the literature. However, these techniques provide an empirical model to predict failure. Hence, there is a need for the dynamic fault-model that predicts the runtime failures in NoC design. This paper presents a novel fault-model for the interconnection links in application-specific Network-on-Chip (NoC) design. The proposed model acts as a baseline reference to predict the faults during the runtime of an application on NoC. The experimentations have been carried for different widths of the interconnection links by providing application-specific traffic patterns. The results show that the meantime to failure of an interconnection links having width of 0.3 μm, and 1 μm getting reduced with increase in the link bandwidth.


Background: In the last few years, an association has been described between lower bone mass at the onset of disease and higher severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Objectives: To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to bone remodeling associated with severity of disease and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with early-onset arthritis. Methods: We included 268 PEARL (Princess Early Arthritis Register Longitudinal) patients genotyped with Ilumina Inc. Immunochip. This array includes 556 SNPs with different density levels in semaphorins 4b, 4d and 4f, DKK1, 2 and 3, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), RANK and RANKL. All SNPs with genotyping rate <98%, with frequency of the minor allele <1% and those that were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, were excluded. In addition, among the SNPs in linkage disequilibrium, a representative one was chosen, so that only 159 were finally studied. The intensity of treatment, the activity of the disease measured by the DAS28 and HUPI indices, as well as having achieved at least low activity after 2 years of follow-up were chosen as surrogate severity variables. The association of each of the SNPs with these variables was analyzed by linear regression, and ordered logistic regression according to the variable, and adjusted for potentially confusing variables, such as age, sex and presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. We selected those SNPs that were consistently associated with ≥3 surrogate severity variables, and then, the relationship of the selected SNPs with BMD of the forearm, lumbar spine and hip (Hologic-4500 QDR) was analyzed by means of linear regression adjusted for age and sex. Results: As shown in the attached table, 11 SNPs were associated with the severity of the disease; 7 of them were also associated with BMD, although only 3 confirmed the previously described relationship between severity of disease and BMD. SNP GENE MOLECULE DISEASE ACTIVITY BMD rs4355801 LOC441377/TNFRSF11B OPG Decrease No relationship rs3134058 TNFRSF11B OPG Increase No relationship rs10505346 TNFRSF11B OPG Increase No relationship rs6469804 TNFRS11B/COLLECT10 OPG Decrease No relationship rs1805034 TNFRS11A RANK Decrease Decrease rs599323 TNFRSF11A/ZCCHC2 RANK Increase Increase rs386283 AKAP11/TNFSF11 RANK-L Increase Increase rs1324004 AKAP11/TNFSF11 RANK-L Decrease Increase rs111900837 AKAP11/TNFSF11 RANK-L Increase Decrease rs7142875 AKAP11/TNFSF11 RANK-L Increase Increase rs7557277 AKAP11/TNFSF11 RANK-L Increase Decrease Conclusion: This preliminary study highlights the relationship between gene variants of molecules involved in bone remodeling and the severity of early-onset arthritis. However, more studies are needed to confirm this relationship and validate it in other populations. This would confirm the involvement of these gene variants in disease activity and bone mass variation. References: [1] Llorente. I, et al. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are associated with decreased bone mineral density: baseline data from a register of early arthritis patients. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(5):799-806 [2] Forslind K. et al. Hand bone loss measured by digital X-ray radiogrammetry is a predictor of joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38(6):431-8. Disclosure of Interests: Noelia García Castañeda: None declared, Amalia Lamana: None declared, Nuria Montes: None declared, Ana Ortiz: None declared, DOLORES MARTINEZ-QUINTANILLA JIMENEZ: None declared, Cristina Valero: None declared, PABLO MORENO FRESNEDA: None declared, Irene Llorente : None declared, Javier Martin Ibanez: None declared, Carmen Martínez: None declared, Rosa P. Gomariz: None declared, Ana Triguero-Martinez: None declared, Santos Castañeda Consultant for: Amgen, BMS, Pfizer, Lilly, MSD, Roche, Sanofi, UCB, Isidoro González-Álvaro: None declared


From an elevated standpoint, one can draw a clear picture of what they observe from many dimensions. Based on this perspective, the editor of this book, Prof. Muhammad Shoaib Pervez, provides a cap...


A full-duplex (FD) transceiver is characterized by its capability to receive and transmit at the same time and frequency. As a result of this simultaneous operation the inevitable loopback interference signal should be properly estimated and thereby suppressed. While the common approach for modeling the communication systems is focused on the baseband representation of Tx and Rx signals, the challenge of FD transceivers is to estimate and subtract the interference signal in the RF domain. In this respect, the non-linear and imperfect behavior of the involved components such as power amplifier (PA) and low-noise amplifier (LNA) in dealing with high power RF domain signals play an important role in the performance of a FD system. In this project we aim to develop an OFDM-based simulation platform which includes the RF domain description of the signals (after up-conversion), where the effect of imperfect components in RF domain can be simulated. Upon successful performance of the developed platform, the validity of different FD transmit strategies can be evaluated.


Takagi-Sugeno neural fuzzy models (TS-models) have commonly been applied in the development of traffic flow predictors based on traffic flow data captured by the on-road sensors installed along a freeway. However, using all captured traffic flow data is ineffective for the TS-models for traffic flow predictions. Therefore, an appropriate on-road sensor configuration consisting of significant sensors is essential to develop an accurate TS-model for traffic flow forecasting. Although the trial and error method is usually used to determine the appropriate on-road sensor configuration, it is time-consuming and ineffective in trialing all individual configurations. In this paper, a systematic and effective experimental design method involving orthogonal arrays is used to determine appropriate on-road sensor configurations for TS-models. A case study was conducted based on the development of TS-models using traffic flow data captured by on-road sensors installed on a Western Australia freeway. Results show that an appropriate on-road sensor configuration for the TS-model can be developed in a reasonable amount of time when an orthogonal array is used. Also, the developed TS-model can generate accurate traffic flow forecasting.


Biometrical evaluation is a valuable tool for the study of biosystematics of plant taxa. This study assessed morphological variation and phenetic relationship in the Cucurbitaceae species in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Plant specimens were collected by simple random sampling across the municipality and 11 species were identified in the study area. Analysis of variance and multivariate analyses were used to determine the differences and identify variation among morphological characters among the species, respectively. Genetic similarity among the taxa was generated by single linkage algorithm of Bray-Curtis similarity index. Wide variations were observed in the morphological characters; Telfairia occidentalis had the longest pods (46.3 cm) and the longest vines (831.4 cm), while Cucumis sativus had the shortest vines (162.3 cm). All the species had multi-seeded pods; Lagenaria breviflora had 734.7 seeds, which was significantly more than the seeds in other species, Citrullus lanatus had 438.3 seeds and Momordica charantia had the fewest seeds (12.7) per pod. T. occidentalis had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the heaviest seeds (89.8 g) of the species. Three major clusters were identified; Lagenaria abyssinica and L. rufa had similarity index of 0.9; Cucumeropsis mannii and Citrullus lanatus had index of 0.89. Principal component analysis established close relationship between T. occidentalis and L siceraria; then L. breviflora, Citrullus lanatus; Cucumeropsis mannii, Cucurbita pepo, Cucumis sativus, Lagenaria rufa and Lagenaria abyssinica, Luffa cylindrica and Momordica charantia, indicative of genetic similarity among the taxa. Closely related species are potential materials for interspecific hybridization and improvement of the family.


Background and purpose: With increasing competition and growing stress on players to perform has led to increased injuries. An ankle sprain is one of the most common sports injuries which requires an effective rehabilitation protocol. The primary purpose of this study is to determine which training medium is better (water versus land) when training balance for functional ankle instability. Methods: Thirty subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability were randomly assigned to two groups-water training and the land training group. They completed the balance retraining protocol of 4 weeks (thrice a week) in the respective mediums (water and land). The balance improvement was assessed on Star Excursion Balance Test (for dynamic balance) and the One Leg Stance Test (for static balance) on 3 intervals-days 0, week 2, and week 4. Results: The results show that both groups improved significantly from day 0 to week 4. The within-subject factor was significant for static as well as dynamic balance. The between-subject factor was non-significant for static as well as dynamic balance. The time into group interaction was significant for 4 directions-anterior, posteromedial,


Several types of sewage waters are generated during airport functioning. They can be divided into industrial, domestic, and rain waters. It is known that 1 m3 of discharged sewages, which have been not sufficiently purified, can result in a situation when from 10 to 50 m3 of natural clean water becomes unsuitable for many types of usage. In [17], treatment technologies, employed at treatment plants, depend on sewage water types and their compositions and can differ substantially. Quality of treated waters can also differ depending on technology. Considerable amount of harmful sediments are created during all types of treatment processes. They also require to be utilized. In [2], at the same time, treatment plants are objects, where it is possible to get additional alternative energy sources and other valuable materials. Therefore, searching for environmentally friendly and energy-efficient ways to organize airport sewage systems is an actual task.


This paper proposes an analysis of variable amplitude fatigue data obtained for the P355NL1 steel, using a strain-based cumulative damage model. The fatigue data consist of constant and variable amplitude block loading, which was applied to both smooth and notched specimens, previously published by the authors. The strain-based cumulative damage model, which has been proposed by D.L. DuQuesnay is based on the growth and closure mechanisms of microcracks. It incorporates a parameter termed net effective strain range, which is a function of the microcrack closure behavior and inherent ability to resist fatigue damage. A simplified version of the model is considered, which assumes crack closure at the lowest level for the entire spectrum and does not account for varying crack opening stresses. In general, the model produces conservative predictions within an accuracy range of two on lives, for both smooth and notched geometries, demonstrating the robustness of the model.


The aim of this paper is to propose the use of elliptical basis function probabilistic neural networks in automatic defects classification. The aim of classification is to assign a new pattern to a class, on the basis of already classified patterns. In eddy current based inspection, the patterns are sequences of complex voltages whose shape depends on the kind of defect affecting the conductive object under test.


This paper applies the Feedback Error Learing and H framework to develop a robust model and adaptive architecture for web server performance control and service delay guarantees. Web server model is approximated with a two tank system that includes many uncertainly components. In contrast with web server delay control that only control delay, our architecture based on H robust control and queuing model predictor enforce server utilization and delay guarantees for different classes on virtual servers. A simulation evaluation demonstrates that H robust control can provide robust request utilization and request response time for Internet servers.


Organic photovoltaic (OPV)cells have attracted considerable attention due to their potential forflexible, lightweight, and low-cost application of solar energy conversion.Since a 1% power conversion efficiency (PCE) OPV based on a single donor–acceptor heterojunction was reported by Tang, the PCEhas steadily improved around 5%. It is well known that a high parallel (shunt)resistance and a low series resistance are required simultaneously to achieveideal photovoltaic devices. The device should be free of leakage currentthrough the device to maximize the parallel resistance. The series resistanceis attributed to the ohmic loss in the whole device, which includes the bulkresistance and the contact resistance. The bulk resistance originated from thebulk resistance of the organic layer and the electrodes; the contact resistancecomes from the interface between the electrodes and the active layer. Furthermore, it has been reported that thebulk resistance of the indium tin oxide (ITO) of the devices dominates theseries resistance of OPVs for a large area more than 0.01 cm. Therefore, in practical application, the large area ofITO may significantly reduce the device performance. In this work, weinvestigated the effect of sheet resistance (Rsh) of deposited ITO on the performance of OPVs. It wasfound that the device performance of polythiophene–fullerene (P3HT:PCBM) bulk heterojunction OPVs wascritically dependent on Rsh of the ITO electrode. With decreasing Rsh of the ITO from 39 to 8.5 Ω/□, the fillfactor (FF) of OPVs wasdramatically improved from 0.407 to 0.580, resulting in improvement of PCE from1.63 ± 0.2 to 2.5 ± 0.1 % underan AM1.5 simulated solar intensity of 100 mW/cm.


As studied the-50 ℃ low temperature steel 15MnNiNbDR and correlative forging and welding material.The main technology of manufacturing the-45~-50 ℃ 2000 m3 ethylene spherical tank have been cleared.Through strict control of the manufacture progress,the developed ethylene spherical tank have a volume of 2000 m3 and designed temperature of45 ℃ and designed pressure of 1.75 MPa.


Mitral valve (MV) function is the result of the mechanical interaction of different anatomical structures complexly arranged within the left heart (LH), with the blood flow. MV or LV structural abnormalities might cause valve regurgitation which in turn can lead to cardiac muscle overload and heart failure. Surgery remains the standard of care for operable patients, and interventional approaches for MV repair and replacement have more recently expanded the therapeutic options for high-risk patients. Patient-specific computational models of the heart are now becoming more and more reliable in reproducing realistic in-vivo conditions, allowing to investigate on the computer different therapeutic scenarios and to predict the most successful treatment. In this study, we describe the potential of a computational tool for MV modelling based on the integration of state-of-the-art patient medical imaging with fluid-structure interaction (FSI) computer simulations. A patient referred to our centre for MV regurgitation underwent both cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and 3D transoesophageal-echocardiogram (TOE). An automatic method was used to segment the MV from TOE and the LH from CMR and to compute patient-specific boundary conditions, which were used as input for the FSI simulation. Our simulation was able to reproduce realistic MV kinematic and flow velocity within the LH (figure 027-a). Incomplete leaflet coaptation (figure 027-b) confirmed the presence of regurgitant flow, as per patient pathological condition. The maximum, non-symmetrical stress distribution on the leaflets was found at the systolic peak. Our study showed that a patient's image information can be successfully integrated into computer simulations to accurately simulate LH and MV mechanics in a patient-specific case. Benefiting from a customisable and automatic implementation, such tool has the potential to simulate several surgical or interventional scenarios helping to identify the most suitable treatment, as well as to provide the ideal setting for the design of personalised MV device.Abstract 027 Figure 1 Output from computational tool for MV modelling


— How can stability help platform to thrive? In management sciences, traditional studies have based on theoretical concepts of platforms ecosystem and its stability conditions, but no one have found numerical answers. Suppliers-Consumers mutualistic network sustains the needs of suppliers and consumers in daily life. Global economic changes threaten these networks to move from stable state to the instable one and creating perturbations inside platforms. Here we developed a mathematical model (S-C model) which incorporating the dynamics, interactions and mutualistic network for platform ecosystem. This model served to us to predict the system's stability conditions, our predictions can be calculated using the reduced model (with artificial data). But we faced with difficulty of random variables that made the system more complex, so to better achieve our results we used the Monte Carlo method to simulate the variables and find out their confidence interval that contribute to the stability conditions. Our model can serve as a paradigm to understand and control the stability of platforms in real mutualistic networks for the safeguard of platforms. The general principle can be extended to a wide range of disciplines to deal with stability issues .


Objective It is to discuss the value of radionuclide renal dynamic imaging for diabetes mellitus nephropathy(DN) so as to provide reference for clinical treatment and prognosis predicting.Methods 25 patients with diabetes mellitus were divided into non-proteinuria group(10 cases) and proteinuria group(36 cases) according to the results of proteinuria qualitation and quantitation.14 healthy people were chosen as control group.Radionuclide renal dynamic imaging was performed and the levels of blood creatinine (Cr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN) and urine albumin(ALB) were measured in the three groups.Results In non-proteinuria group,the GFR and FF were higher than those in control group(P0.05 and P0.01).In the proteinuria group,the GFR and ERPF were obviously lower(P0.01),the FF and the levels of blood Cr,BUN and urine ALB were higher than those in control group(P0.01 and P0.05).GFR and ERPF had negative correlation with disease course and the levels of blood Cr,BUN,urine ALB(P0.01 and P0.05).Conclusion Radionuclide renal dynamic imaging is helpful for the diagnosis of early stage of DN and damage extent of renal function so it can provide evidences for the choices of therapeutic regimen.


A pupil detection algorithm that exhibits a high detection rate is presented. This work builds on two previously proposed algorithms and includes a procedure that provides an initial global adaptive threshold that is further adjusted by a feedback loop. The processing steps involve a blurring phase, two morphological operations, contour determination using Laplacian, a convex-hull enclosure as well as a novel contour processing solution that ensures that the contour of maximum circularity is always chosen as the pupil. Finally, the Least Square Fit to Ellipse (LSFE) procedure is used to accurately estimate the position of the pupil center. The proposed algorithm achieves a 95% average detection rate at five pixels for two representative databases.


Cooperative game theory is relevant for ensuring reliability of power grid of electricity markets, where central objectives of its transmission sector clash with the private incentive of its players. It is a critical component of market engineering as also is differential pricing, which is used here for pricing of transmission. Another tool used in the model for transmission sector, is a power vector to identify coalition partners. This procedural model is explained in three phases of game theory and is illustrated using a 24 bus power system. The results are significant and show that loss, congestion and total power flow in lines decrease considerably, improving efficiency. (6 pages)


This report documents the processing of Uranium-233 at the Rocky Flats Plant (Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site). The information may be used to meet Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC)and for determining potential Uranium-233 content in applicable residue waste streams.


Imported from abroad in recent years,digital piano,as a new collective class teaching has get great attention.Piano lessons and classes of diversity break the traditional piano teaching "one on one" teaching method for individual instruction,so that more students improve their comprehensive ability to use the keyboard to train them to adapt to society's complex talent;and in the shortest time in the maximum range the popularity of the piano willcome,to better meet the large number of other arts,and arts students on the piano Piano capacity needs.


Due to the limited resources of the Internet of things terminal, the speed of image recognition is difficult to meet the application requirements. A design method of a fast image recognition accelerator based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. A pipeline processing scheme combining software and hardware is designed. The operation strategy of the parallel image block, parallel input channel, and parallel output channel is adopted. Based on this strategy, a model of terminal resources and recognition time is established. By solving the model, the optimal number of image partition blocks and convolution parallel parameters are obtained. The experimental results show that the computational performance of the proposed accelerator is improved from 8.86 GOPs to 12.26 GOPs, which effectively improves the speed of image recognition.


Within the past decade, migration has become an increasingly controversial subject in Western countries, producing a right-wing and nationalist backlash. In Europe, Germany became the core of the Syrian refugee crisis in 2015 and gained global attention for Chancellor Angela Merkel's open-door policy towards refugees. This substantial influx of refugees into the country caused a sharp discursive shift regarding migrants and refugees in the German media during and after 2015. At the same time, Donald Trump announced his eventually successful presidential campaign by cultivating a starkly anti-immigrant platform, which generated disproportionate media attention for his campaign and intensified anti-immigrant rhetoric in mainstream media. In both countries, the discourse on migrants and refugees derived from similar racist historical stereotypes about men of color being sexual predators. I argue that despite the differences in the German and American contexts of these discursive shifts, the similar discursive trends in both countries' mainstream media and the manufactured, transnational accumulation of racist rhetoric on social media demonstrate that migration is the primary issue that increasingly unifies right-wing parties.


This thesis is the morphological study about rhyolite dome in northern Cheongsong, Korea. Study area is located in Yeongyang sub-basin of Kyeongsang basin, in Yeongyang sub-basin, there are sequence of Ulyeonsan Formation, Donghwachi Formation, Gasongdong Formation, Cheongryangsan Conglomerate, Osip...


The reasous of in-evenness at thickness 0.01 mm 1050 aluminium foil surface are analysed.The aluminium foils with even surface are produced through rolling oils tests and improving producing process.


M eaning, C om m unication and Theory of M ind. R ichard Breheny (reb35@ cam .ac.uk) RCEA L, U niversity of Cam bridge, Trum pington Street Cam bridge, CB2 1Q A U K A bstract The study of language, m eaning and com m unication in the cognitive sciences has undergone a kind of conceptual inflation in the past tw enty years or so. N ot only has the very nature of hum an com m unication com e to be seen as, in m any respects, G ricean, but also linguistic m eaning itself has com e to be w idely regarded in term s of the effect of language use on m ental states. A s a result, a m ore or less explicit assum ption about the conceptual abilities of agents w ho have linguistic and com m unicative com petence has been adopted in a variety of disciplines ranging from language acquisition to form al sem antic theories: that these agents have the ability to represent and m ake inferences about the m ental states of others. The purpose of this paper w ill be to offer considerations in support of the contrary, m ore m inim alist view that neither m eaning nor com m unication involve the representation of m ental states essentially. Correspondingly, agents w ho are com petent w ith regards language use and com m unication need not possess m eta- cognitive abilities. Introduction The study of language, m eaning and com m unication in the cognitive sciences has undergone a kind of conceptual inflation in the past tw enty years or so. N ot only has the very nature of hum an com m unication com e to be seen as, in m any respects, G ricean, but also linguistic m eaning itself has com e to be w idely regarded in term s of the effect of language use on m ental states. A s a result, a m ore or less explicit assum ption about the conceptual abilities of agents w ho have linguistic and com m unicative com petence has been adopted in a variety of disciplines ranging from language acquisition to form al sem antic theories: that these agents have the ability to represent and m ake inferences about the m ental states of others. The purpose of this paper w ill be to offer considerations in support of the contrary, m ore m inim alist view that neither m eaning nor com m unication involve the representation of m ental states essentially. Correspondingly, agents w ho are com petent w ith regards language use and com m unication need not possess m eta-cognitive abilities. The D ilem m a. D ifferent theories of language and com m unication presuppose different kinds of cognitive capacities - either explicitly or im plicitly. A m ong the m ore prom inent and m ost influential pragm atic theories - theories of speech acts, conversational im plicature and the like - are theories w hich are broadly G ricean in their stance. G ricean theories can be defined as those theories w hich analyse utterances as acts by one agent w hich seek to alter the m ental states or attitudes of other agents in part by getting the other agent to recognise their intention to so do. It follow s that G ricean approaches to pragm atics presum e that com m unicating agents posses the cognitive ability to represent the m ental state or attitudes of other agents and/or to m ake inferences about these. O f course, G rice's theory of conversation as presented in his Logic and Conversation (G rice 1975) contains a w orking-out schem a for conversational im plicature w hich is a piece of pure belief-desire psychology, w ith inferences being explicitly m ade about the attitudes of another agent. A t a perhaps m ore fundam ental level, influential theories of basic speech acts such as assertions adopt a m ore or less G ricean stance. Stalnaker's speaker presupposition fram ew ork, in particular, presum es that agents involved in conversation assum e a com m on ground. A proposition is com m on ground, or presupposed by the speaker, if the speaker is disposed to act as if she believes it or assum es it is true and believes that her audience believes or assum es it is true. A ssertions and suppositions are acts w hich seek to change the presuppositions of the participants in the conversation by adding w hat is asserted to w hat is presupposed . (Stalnaker 1978:323). Thus, according to Stalnaker's m odel of assertion, in order to engage in conversation one m ust be able to represent speaker presupposition. A nd the structure of this presupposition can be represented by a K ripke sem antics in w hich the accessibility relation is serial, transitive and Euclidean, but not necessarily reflexive (Stalnaker 1996:282). In other w ords, putting aside certain idiosyncrasies, speaker presupposition is structurally sim ilar to other attitudes and therefore requires sim ilar conceptual abilities to represent it. O ther influential accounts of speech acts fundam entally incorporate som e notion of com m on ground w ith basically the sam e structure- see Searle (1969), Lew is (1969), Schiffer (1972), and m ore recently Clark (1996). Sperber and W ilson's Relevance Theory (1986/95) also supposes that basic assertive


A study is presented of the sensitivity of potential future $pp$ colliders to quark compositeness. The analysis uses normalized dijet angular distributions compared to expectations from leading-order contact interaction models.


Centrifugal spinning plays an increasing role in providing affordable yet 7 successful homogenous fibres for pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, we used 8 our own-simplified spinneret-design to prepare stable gel-like dispersion of vitamin C 9 for potential scar treatment, through incorporation of a cationic resin of Dowex 50X, 10 which may aid in the vitamin-stability. Four formulations were developed for vitamin 11 C encapsulation. Formulations coded as X1 and X2 contained the resin, 12 diethyleneglycol (DEG) and disodium hydrogen orthophosphate 12-hydrate (DiHO) at 13 two levels. Similarly, formulations coded as X3 and X4 contained DiHO at two levels 14 with the use of the resin but with the addition of sorbitol. The spinning method 15 produced uniform-droplets with gel-like nature and an average dimeter of circa ~800 16 μm from 1-mm diameter perforations. In general, the formulations did not show 17 significant difference in encapsulating vitamin C, with an exception of the X3 18 formulation, which includes lower level of DiOH and sorbitol and showed superior 19 encapsulation of ~30% of vitamin C.The DSC studies revealed the physical 20 compatibility of the used ingredients and solubilisation role of DiOH or sorbitol on 21 the drug in an amorphous dispersion or solution state, in addition to support the 22 argument of stabilization-effect of the resin on vitamin C. Interestingly, the level of 23 DiOH has shown a controlling-role in terms of drug release. Thus, only formulations 24 with higher level of DiOH (X2 or X4) resulted in complete drug release within 24h. 25 Finally, we demonstrated that sorbitol addition could relatively prolong in vitro-drug 26 release. In conclusion, our spinner provides simple-mean to produce gel-like droplets 27 containing vitamin C, in which variation of its ingredients, mainly DiHO and sorbitol 28 can manipulate its encapsulation capacity in the Dowex resin, thus its potential 29 stability, in addition to control the rate and the fraction of the drug to be released 30 under in vitro conditions within 24h. 31 32


"Instruction ends in school room, but education ends only life". The quality of the learning in derided by the quality of teachers and by the way the teachers engage the learners in their class room. So class room teaching demands more innovation and improvisation in the new millennium. In recent years there has been a groundswell of interest in how computers and the internet can best be harnessed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels. Now ICT is playing a remarkable role in the education sector. Finding that access to digital communication technology has made learning more interesting and boythe, this study was undertaken to identify the attitude of secondary school teachers towards the use of technology in their classroom, and to study the influence of sex, locality, teaching experience and type of management of school towards use of technology.


With the technological benefits and challenges computer-mediated communication provides, interactants in social network service (SNS) communication are driven to use language creatively, overcoming the disadvantages and exploiting advantages. This creative language use leads to innovative language change that often extends beyond SNS environments. In this regard, the medium is not merely a restrictive but also a facilitative factor. Communicative acts are fundamentally bound by the interactants' desire to express politeness, especially in face-threatening acts, well articulated in Brown and Levinson's (1987) model. In recent research, however, the issues of the norms of politeness and impoliteness as well as those of appropriateness have been highlighted (Locher Watts 2005, Locher Bousfield 2008). Interactants employ not only mitigating strategies to alleviate face-threatening but also use impoliteness strategies, which are often disguised politeness. Drawing upon the data from a 26-million-word corpus of synchronous SNS communication, involving two or more participants, in 3,836 instances, developed by the National Institute of the Korean Language, this paper addresses how SNS interactants make use of diverse elements of language to show their polite and impolite stances in interpersonal negotiation. For instance, interactants use fragments, interjections, letter-based ideophones and emoticons, exaggerated punctuations for emotiveness, omission of regular punctuation marks, intentional violation of orthographic rules, prolific slang expressions, deviated spelling to create cuteness or intimacy, among numerous others. All these creative strategies lead to language change at lexical, grammatical and discourse levels.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spacing on eucalyptus in silvopastoral
system under production and chemical composition of Brachiaria decumbens. Four treatments were used,
which were related to the three spaces planting of eucalyptus (3x2, 6x4 and 10x4m) plus the control treatment
(no tree). The experimental design was randomized complete block with four treatments, four blocks and
two repetitions per block, and the analysis was made by repeated measurements. It was found effects of treatment
on the forage mass yielding and dry matter accumulation rate (DMAR). There were no effect of planting spacing either or leaf/stem ratio or CP percentage, NDF percentage and mineral percentage. Planting spacing
of Eucalyptus urophylla affects both production and chemical composition of Brachiaria evaluated up to
the 24 months.


Aiming at the characteristics of wireless Internet access,Puts forward fast detection binary tree conflict decomposition algorithm,and analyzed and researched it,the mathematics expression of time slot number of conflict message of N activation packet decomposes in average and the handling capacity and the computer experiment result have been gotten.


The issue of diagnostics, treatment and social rehabilitation of patients with endogenous psychoses with episodic course remains one of the most urgent problems of psychiatry, which, despite the considerable advances of science and practice, has not found a definitive solution. Significant difficulties of nosological separation in the group of endogenous psychoses with episodic course and evaluation of the pathopersonological aspect of the clinic are related to schizoaffective disorder.
The aim of the study was to establish a typology of pathopersonological transformations in patients with schizoaffective disorder based on the analysis of clinical-psychopathological, medical-psychological, clinical-ethological characteristics of remission. On the basis of "Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital" (Zaporizhzhіa) 102 persons with the established diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder were examined. The main methods of the study were clinical psycho-pathological, psychodiagnostic, patho-psychological, clinical-anamnestic, clinical-medical, social-medical and statistical analysis.
As a result of the conducted research, on the basis of the analysis of clinical-psychopathological, medical-psychological, clinical-ethological characteristics of remission, the typology of pathopersonological transformations was established.
The presence and prevalence of 4 main types of pathopersonological transformations in schizoaffective disorder ("affective-labile" (20.1 % of the contingent), "paranoid-dysthymic" (17.3 %), "hysteroid-agonistic" (25.9 %), "Neurocognitive-deficient" (16.9 %) and "mixed" (19.8 % of the contingent)), which differ in clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological, medical-psychological, neuropsychological and clinical-ethological characteristics and cause social (labor and family) maladjustment of varying degrees.
The clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological, medical-psychological, neuropsychological and clinical-ethological features identified in the study can be used to determine the type of pathopersonological transformations and its severity in patients with schizoaffective disorder and, accordingly, quantitative characteristics of individually needed psychopharmacological, psychotherapeutic and social rehabilitation activities and evaluation of their effectiveness in dynamics.


Fabrication of integrated circuit chips to compensate for faulty memory elements is discussed. Procedure for testing chips to determine extent of redundancy and faults is described. Mathematical model to define operation is presented. Schematic circuit diagram of test equipment is provided.


Process for producing a microfluidic device comprising an obtained laminated structure of individual laminate layers, wherein for creating at least one layer (11) comprising a 3D structure (13) within a layer of 2D planar occurs a specific pattern or structure 2D by etching, punching, cutting, laser cutting, cutting roller and any other suitable method followed by a process of mechanical forming and / or heat to create the 3D structure corresponding to the pattern of 2D or structure 2D wherein the layer of basic 2D to create the layer 3D structure consists of an anisotropic material and the 2D layer is treated with mechanical or thermal forming such that as a result of pattern 2D or structure 2D is forced out of the plane to form the 3D structure.


Taking Hengyang normal university as the example,analyzed about the practice situations of tourism management profession from practice management system,practice base,studies on practice investigation and so on,pointed out the existing problem.And some advice was proposed for the tourism managers to refer.


In this research, the application of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-
Reflectometry (GNSS-R) delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) for sea ice remote sensing is
investigated.
Firstly, a scheme is presented for detecting sea ice from TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1)
DDMs. Less spreading along delay and Doppler axes is observed in the DDMs of sea
ice relative to those of seawater. This enables us to distinguish sea ice from seawater
through studying the values of various DDM observables, which describe the extent
of DDM spreading.
Secondly, three machine learning-based methods, specifically neural networks (NNs),
convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and support vector machine (SVM), are developed
for detecting sea ice and retrieving sea ice concentration (SIC) from TDS-1
data. For these three methods, the architectures with different outputs (i.e. category
labels and SIC values) are separately devised for sea ice detection (classification
problem) and SIC retrieval (regression problem) purposes. In the training phase, different
designs of input that include the cropped DDM (40-by-20), the full-size DDM
(128-by-20), and the feature selection (FS) (1-by-20) are tested. The SIC data obtained
by Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS sensors are used as the target
data, which are also regarded as ground-truth data in this work. In the experimental
stage, CNN output resulted from inputting full-size DDM data shows better accuracy
than that of the NN-based method. Besides, performance of both CNNs and NNs is
enhanced with the cropped DDMs. It is found that when DDM data are adequately
preprocessed CNNs and NNs share similar accuracy. Further comparison is made between NN and SVM with FS. The SVM algorithm demonstrates improved accuracy
compared with the NN method. In addition, the designed FS is proven to be effective
for both SVM- and NN-based approaches.
Lastly, a reflectivity (


We have investigated a region identification technique for multi-dimensional adaptive control in an optical communication system. Performance of SLA is evaluated in terms of gain, power, bandwidth, extinction ratio.


the latecareer interactions between the fi nancially desperate Holz and the distant Bahr. As stated, the early years show the greatest direct exchange of lett ers between the two. It is the period of great youthful optimism in which Bahr and Holz were beginning to fl ex their literary muscles and challenge the predominant cultural environment. Th e episode in which Bahr and Holz fi rst join Ott o Brahm's Freie Bühne only to revolt has been the focus of scholarship and, as the editors point out, the lett ers in this collection correct an assumption by scholars, based in part on Bahr's account decades later. Bahr was not one of the editors but rather a regular contributor. Th e confl ict of playwright and director came to the fore in 1908 when Bahr was att empting to bring Holz's work to the stage. Having lett ers only from Holz during this period would seem to negate any real insight, but the editors' decision to include a parallel correspondence between Bahr and Anna von Mildenburg bring alive Bahr's unguarded thoughts about Holz and his reactions to his lett ers. Finally, the lett ers during the war years and aft ermath provide sad witness to the hardships under which Holz struggled. Th us, in addition to being a valuable scholarly resource, this volume shows the creative skill of the editors in providing a fuller picture of the past when the extant Briefwechsel cannot do so. Raymond L. Burt University of North Carolina Wilmington


OBJECTIVES
To identify the most responsive method of measuring gait speed, to estimate the responsiveness of other outcome measures, and to determine whether gait speed predicts discharge destination in acute stroke.

DESIGN
A prospective cohort study.

SETTING
Five acute-care hospitals.

PATIENTS
Fifty subjects with residual gait deficits after a first-time stroke.

INTERVENTIONS
Five- (5mWT) and 10-meter walk tests (10mWT) at comfortable and maximum speeds, with 2 evaluations conducted an average +/- standard deviation (SD) of 8 +/- 3 and 38 +/- 5 days poststroke.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Standardized response mean (SRM = mean change/SD of change) was used to estimate responsiveness for each walk test, the Berg Balance Scale, the Barthel Index, the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM), and the Timed Up and Go (TUG).

RESULTS
The SRMs were 1.22 and 1.00 for the 5mWT, and.92 and.83 for the 10mWT performed at a comfortable and maximum pace, respectively. The SRMs for the Berg Balance Scale, the Barthel Index, the STREAM, and the TUG were 1.04,.99,.89, and.73, respectively. The probability of discharge to a rehabilitation center for persons walking at < or = 0.3m/s or > 0.6m/s at the first evaluation was.95 and.22, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The 5mWT at a comfortable pace is recommended as the measure of choice for clinicians and researchers who need to detect longitudinal change in walking disability in the first 5 weeks poststroke.


Magnetic resonance coupling radio energy transmission technology has become a research hotspot of radio energy transmission technology because of its advantages of high transmission efficiency, long transmission distance and small transmission radiation distance and small transmission radiation. However, when two coils transmit energy through magnetic coupling, they have the disadvantages of low transmission efficiency in low coupling region and "frequency splitting" phenomenon in medium and high coupling region. In this paper, the solution of loading the auxiliary coil is presented, and the radio energy transmission system before and after loading the auxiliary coil is modeled and analyzed. Then, the paper deduces the theoretical relation and simulates the transmission efficiency and output power before and after loading the auxiliary coil, and carries out the experimental verification. Theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental structure all verify the effectiveness of the loading auxiliary coil.


Author(s): Dempster, Dylan Harper | Advisor(s): Russell, Christopher T | Abstract: Currently, the Martian atmosphere is thin, arid, and unable to support liquid water. Surface features on Mars suggest that the atmosphere was not always like this but instead was robust enough to support rivers and oceans. Determining how exactly the atmosphere transitioned from the thick, wet atmosphere that created massive surface features to the dry one we observe today is dependent upon a thorough understanding of the interaction between the Martian ionosphere and the solar wind. The structure and composition of the ionosphere play an important role in this interaction. Dust storms on Mars occur seasonally and can be large enough to disturb the structure of the upper atmosphere. Utilizing insitu observations by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) satellite, this study analyzes the impact of dust on the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. By accounting for predictable sources of ionospheric variability like EUV Flux, SZA, and neutral densities, the less quantifiable impact of regional and global dust activity is determined. The results of this study suggest that significant dust activity can cause disturbances in ionospheric densities. These disturbances are tied to perturbations in the thermosphere caused by aerosol heating of atmospheric dust. A complete analysis of the evolution of the Martian atmosphere requires the inclusion of the impacts of dust activity on the Martian ionosphere.


Photograph of a Maori shearing group at the Bay of Islands, taken 190? by an unidentified photographer. Shows them under a weeping willow tree. A cart stacked with wool bales is behind. Copy photograph taken by an unidentified photographer.
Source of title - Title supplied by Library
Quantity: 1 b&w copy photographic print(s).
Physical Description: Silver gelatin print 16.2 x 21.2 cm


ABSTRACT More knowledge is needed about variability of starch functional traits in adapted and exotic germplasm and possible genetic effects of these traits before conducting rigorous inheritance studies and breeding programs for starch quality. We studied and compared the range of variability for starch functional traits in a set of Corn Belt inbred lines with a set of exotic inbred lines from Argentina, Uruguay, and South Africa. Reciprocal hybrids of some of the lines within each set were compared with their parents. Functional traits were examined by using differential scanning calorimetry on starch extracted from single kernels of genotypes. The set of Corn Belt lines had a wider range of values for most traits than did the set of exotic lines. For both sets of lines, the maximum value for peak height index was as high as that previously reported for the waxy endosperm mutant. Although the Corn Belt lines exhibited a wider range of values for range of retrogradation than the exotic lines, the exotic ...


"Reference Group", which is the typical modern term in Sociology, Psychology and Anthoropology, has been known as a useful concept for investigations of Value-judgement, Polital Attitude, Mass Communication Process, Deviant Behavior and so on. But it is difficult to find there the theory of "Reference Group". There is no "Reference Group Theory" to be worthy of the name. Some people, therefore, have been suspicious of its "true" scientific efficiency. And, being lack of the firm theory, there is a good deal of popular misunderstanding about it.So, we must confirm, first of all, its theoretical character for the sake of its better future development.Reference Group Theory, on the one hand, is theoretically based upon Symbolic Interactionism (T. Shibutani, R. Turner and others). This theory lays great stone on individual's subjectivity, his standpoint and his subjective reference. However, it does not relate these to the structural factors of social actuality, so that it can but treat abstract individual's free, voluntary and unrestricted subjectivity. It'll be nothing but "Idealism".On the other hand, Reference Group Theory has actually its foundation on American Mass Society, especially the situation consisted of social change, social conflict and social mobility. But it has strongly pragmatic dispositions stressing "Adaptation to surroundings", and becomes the social theory that urges "Conformity to a given society" (particularly in the case of Functionalists such as R.K. Merton and S.N. Eisenstadt).To devote these weakness and defects, we must have more Socio-Psychological concern in examihing this theory, above all in defining the term of "Reference Group". And, beyond Symbolic Interactionists and Functionalists, we have to concentrate further our attentions upon the concrete individual's socio-psycho-logical subjectivity that means "Deviation" from a given society, "Solution" of its conflict situations and "Creation" for new social systsms.


To evaluate the degree of vascular impairment in muscles of the lower extremity, xenon-133 washout was studied in a group of legs with impaired circulation and in another group with normal circulation during both resting and stressed conditions. Blood flow was computed as a discrete time function based on a single compartment model with time-varying flow. Linear discriminant analysis was performed, using the flows at the discrete times as discriminators. The resulting discriminant coefficients allow any leg so studied to be represented as a point on the discriminant score axis, which thus becomes the axis of severity of impairment.


Background: Humans are widely exposed to environmental perfluoroalkyl substances ( PFAS ), which may alter glucose homeostasis . However, research linking PFAS exposure to glucose tolerance during pregnancy is limited and the results were inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the association between PFAS exposure and glucose homeostasis in pregnancy in a large prospective cohort.

Methods: A total of 2747 pregnant women who participated in the Shanghai Birth Cohort, had blood samples in early pregnancy and completed a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 gestational weeks were included. 10 PFAS were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) in the plasma samples in early pregnancy. Logistic regression was used to explore the associations between PFAS concentrations and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), while multiple linear regression was used to model the associations between PFAS and OGTT fasting, 1-h and 2-h glucose levels. Potential confounders were adjusted. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and a quantile-based g-computation approach were employed to explore the joint and independent effects of PFAS on glucose homeostasis.

Findings: The incidence of GDM was 11·8%. One log-unit increment in plasma concentrations in early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of GDM for perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) [adjusted odd ratio (aOR)=1·23, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1·05,1·44] and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) (aOR=1·25, 95% CI: 1·07,1·46). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) and PFHpA were positively correlated with 1-h and 2-h glucose levels.  Results of the mixed exposure model showed that the joint effects of PFAS were significantly associated with abnormal glucose homeostasis; PFOS, PFNA and PFHpA may be the main contributors. The above associations were more prominent among women with a normal prepregnant BMI.

Interpretation: Environmental exposure to PFAS may affect glucose homeostasis in pregnancy and increase the risk of GDM, especially in normal weight women.

Funding Statement: This study was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (41991314 and 81530086) and the Collaborative Innovation Program of the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (2020CXJQ01), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2019YFA0802501), and supported in part by the National Human Genetic Resources Sharing Service Platform (2005DKA21300).

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethics Approval Statement: This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.


Two cases of aberrant muscle bundle causing obstruction to right ventricular outflow are described. The relatively large number of cases collected by authors seems to indicate that the condition is more common than generally suspected. The fact that the aberrant muscle traverses the right ventricular cavity from the region of the crista supraventricularis to the lower part of the anterior wall of the right ventricle suggests that it takes its origin from the oblique component of the moderator band. Since two chambers in the right ventricle may beformed from a diaphragmatic type of infundibular stenosis, the term aberrant muscle bundle is preferred to two-chambered right ventricle. The need to separate this entityfrom other types of infundibular stenosis is emphasized because of the important surgical implications. The angiocardiographic features of this condition are examined and compared with selected cases of tetrad of Fallot. It is shown that filling defects low in the right ventricle may be present, and 'channels' traversing the aberrant muscle may be simulated, in cases of tetrad. Though these similarities exist, the diagnosis of aberrant muscle can often be made before operation.


Objective: To assess the correlation between the Denis classification and clinical outcomes. Subjects and Design: We performed a retrospective study of 87 patients with spinal injuries in the thoracolumbar region. All patients were admitted to the Oswestry Spinal injuries unit between Jan 1990 and December 1998. Following a review of their notes, CT scans and radiographs, we attempted to classify their injuries according to the Denis (3 column) Classification of spinal injuries. Outcome Measures: The patients were assessed both at the time of presentation and on subsequent follow up. Neurological function was assessed using the Frankel classification. Results: The results of the study show that the correlation between Denis classification and clinical outcome is poor. In addition, the relative proportions of the two most common Major Injury types described by Denis were reversed in our study with Burst fractures forming the majority of injuries. This difference in out come was attributed primarily to the increased use of CT scanning in our study. It appears that Denis misdiagnosed a significant number of burst (two column) fractures as compression (anterior column) fractures. Conclusions: Our findings showed no correlation between the degree of instability and the number of columns disrupted. We believe that only 3 column fracture dislocations are fundamentally unstable. In addition, our results support the practise of treating vertebral fractures by conservative means with no apparent correlation between treatment modality and neurological outcome at long term follow up.


In this work, we compared the pharmaceutical-technological characteristics of ranitidine hydrochloride film coated tablets (tablets R1, tablets R2) of different manufacturers as well as the influence of excipients of the core tablet and/or film-coating. The results of assay (R1=97.55% ± 1.81%; R2=95.03% ± 0.82%), uniformity of dosage units (R1=267.55 mg ± 4.96 mg; R2=308.75 mg ± 2.67 mg), friability testing (R1=0.037%; R2=0.009%) and disintegration time (R1=239 sec; R2=317 sec) of tablets for both generic drugs meet pharmacopoeial requirements. Significant variations were observed in hardness testing for tablets R1 (RSD=26.69%) compared to hardness testing for tablets R2 (RSD=5.64%). Tested pharmaceutical equivalents may be considered bioequivalent because of the results of in vitro dissolution testing of ranitidine tablets (R1=97.17% ± 1.39%; R2=96.99% ± 3.76%). Tested tablets, containing various excipients, and having different pharmaceutical-technological characteristics, have met all requirements of the European and American pharmacopoeias. Tablets R2 were harder and had lower disintegration time, which resulted in the dissolution of more than 80% of ranitidine within 45 minutes. Patients with lactose intolerance have to be cautious when taking tablets R2, since these tablets contain lactose.


Built environment is expected to play a role in active living, which integrates physical activity into daily life. In this context, a key issue facing planners and engineers is how urban and suburban residential environments are linked to auto ownership and travel choices. Using quantitatively described residential environments of travelers in Charlotte, North Carolina, this paper considers several relationships, specifically trips and modes with auto ownership and residential location. Auto ownership is lower in neighborhoods that score high on accessibility, while trips increase in accessible and walkable environments. Mode choice for work-based trips is sensitive to travel costs and environmental factors. The results of nested logit models suggest correlation between motorized modes, reflecting some reluctance to switch to non-motorized travel. Although increasing walkability and accessibility are associated with greater likelihood of walking and attendant decreases in motorized modes, drive trips remain overwhelmingly dominant. At the same time, the apparent willingness of travelers to switch to walk and transit trips for utilitarian travel purposes bodes well for the push for healthier, more active living and the environments to support it. Our findings suggest that, in environments rating high on density, connectivity, pedestrian and transit facilities, and other features of highly walkable and accessible areas, people own fewer vehicles but make more trips. They also are more likely to choose non-drive modes. For communities seeking to encourage active living and mitigate the impact of heavy use of private autos, including declining public health, long-term planning that encourages such environments may provide some relief.


Tertiary butylalcohol and hydrochloric acid were used to synthesize t-butyl chloride,which then reacted on magnesium to yield t-butylmagnesium chloride.Finally tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride was synthesized from t-butylmagnesium chloride and dimethyldichlorosilane using cuprous cyanide as the catalyst.The product was characterized by MS,IR and 1HNMR.The purity of the product was 99.3% and the product yield was equal to 74.2%.


There is no department of the study of the Bible in which English scholarship has more resolutely refused to follow the lead of German scholarship than in the study of the Fourth Gospel. The time will come when scholars everywhere will recognize that V'estcott and Sanday were the means under God of preserving that Gospel for the use of our generation. It is the loss of the Fourth Gospel that is the cause of that thinness of blood which