The objective of present research is to analyze the impact of knitted fabric structures, sewing thread types and stitch types on seam strength, seam slippage, seam pucker, and seam efficiency on quality of garments. Seams are basic necessities in the manufacturing of garments. In general, seam performance has an enormous impact on the garment quality. Seam and stitch types have a positive effect on the quality and appearance of garments. Seams of the garment must be durable and smooth. Stitch and seam types and stitch and seam parameters should be chosen according to the garments and fabrics (single jersey, rib, and interlock) Seam production of a garment also depends on structural and mechanical properties of the fabric such as strength, extensibility, protection, durability, appearance, and efficiency of the seams. The performance of seams also depends on the sewing conditions like size of needle, sewing thread tension, stitches per inch and lastly on the proper working and maintenance of the stitching machine. An experimental design was employed for the analysis which includes two types of sewing thread and four classes of stitch. The results exposed that differences existed between the two dissimilar threads in relation with seam quality Polyester-wrapped threads with a polyester filament core thread shows better seam strength, seam slippage, seam puckering and seam efficiency. It is noted that seam efficiency increases with seam angle and sewing needle type. It has been found that small ball point needle type exhibits poor seam efficiency but an improvement in efficiency has been observed with Medium ball point needle type and conical point needle type for all three knitted fabrics.


Reduced hematopoiesis, decreased lifetime of red blood cells, enhanced destruction of red blood cells and malnutrition have been noted as causes of anemia associated with malignant tumors1-3). However, the nature of this anemia differs with various types of carcinoma, and many aspects remain to be elucidated. In particular, there is little information on red blood cell phagocytosis of be reticuloendothelial system in animals with oral carcinoma. Red blood cell phagocytosis in the reticuloendothelial system was evaluated in order to examine red blood cell destruction, a cause of anemia in animals with cancer of the oral cavity.


The analytical model for moving vehicle-ballasted (unballasted) track-subgrade-ground vertical coupling vibration and the pseudo-excitation method are effectively combined, and the accurate power spectrums of train stochastic vibrating loads are directly obtained by using the power spectral of track irregularity, then the time histories of train stochastic vibrating loads are solved by the trigonometric series approach in which samplings are conducted in the frequency domain. Thus, a simple and effective method for calculating train stochastic vibrating loads in railway environmental vibration is provided. The power spectrum densities and time histories of train stochastic vibrating loads generated by a CRH3 high speed train for two cases with ballasted track and unballasted track are analyzed in the numerical example. The environmental vibration induced by trains has received a lot of attention from the public and railroad professionals. The analysis of train stochastic vibrating loads is the first step for the railway environmental vibration problems. The train stochastic vibrating load is mainly composed of moving constant load and stochastic vibrating load, in which the constant load is the train axle load and the stochastic vibrating load is the dynamic wheel-rail force caused by track irregularities, and the latter is the major factor 1,2 . Solution of the stochastic vibrating loads requires dynamic analysis of the train-track coupled system influenced by track random irregularities, and the impact of subgrade need to be considered when the railway is located in soft foundation. A lot of achievements 1-6 for calculation of the stochastic vibrating loads have been made by domestic and foreign scholars mainly by using the numerical method 3-6 . Using the conventional numerical methods such as FEM, the various states of train and track can be well simulated and the nonlinear vibration problem of the system can be analyzed. But for the high-speed train, especially when the train-tracksubgrade-ground dynamic coupled system is established in soft foundation, size of the numerical model is large, and calculation time step is short, so theses result in huge computational effort. In addition to numerical method, another method used to solve train stochastic vibrating loads is analytic method. The vibration deformations of foundation and buildings due to running train are small, so the vehicle-track-subgrade-ground coupled system can be considered as a linear system, the analytic method has an obvious advantage for the analysis of the linear system. In the references 1and 2, analytical models of the train-track-ground system were established to analyze the railway environmental vibration, which had considered the train stochastic vibrating loads induced by random track irregularity. In the above analytical model, the track random irregularity is modelled as the


Reflection electron energy‐loss spectra have been measured for medium‐energy electrons backscattered from a polycrystalline Au surface for emission angles between 15 and 90° with respect to the surface normal as well as for incidence angles in the same range. The surface excitation parameter (SEP) was extracted from each spectrum by fitting the raw data to theory and determining the ratio of the first surface loss peak to the elastic peak intensity. Both the energy and angular dependence of the SEP can be described by free electron theory when the electron momentum is rescaled by a material‐dependent parameter allowing the SEP in Au to be predicted for medium energies and arbitrary geometries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The aim of the study was to obtain the values of oxygen saturation in retinal vessels and ophthalmic blood flow parameters in a healthy Caucasian population and assess whether the oximetry parameters are affected by the flow rate or the vascular resistance.


In [To], the author presented a method of constructing all weakly regular pseudospherical surfaces corresponding to given Weierstrass-type data. While the construction itself will appear later as a separate publication, this report contains a complete and detailed description of the Weierstrass representation for weakly regular surfaces with K = A1, in terms of moving frames and loop groups.


The Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics Gamma Beam Source (ELI-NP GBS) facility will provide an high intensity laser and a very intense gamma beam for verious experiments. The gamma beam is generated through incoherent Compton back-scattering of a laser light off a high brightness electron beam provided by a 720MeV warm LINAC. The electrons are organized in compact trains with up to 32 bunches, each separated by 16ns. To optimize the laser-electron interaction and therefore the generation of the gamma rays, one big challenge is to precisely monitor the trajectory of each electron bunch. To match this requirement, at the interaction point two S-band cavity beam position monitors will be used, and the related readout system should perform bunch-bybunch position measurements with sub-μm resolution. Using 500MS/s ADC converters and dedicated data processing, the readout system proposes an alternative measurement concept. In this paper the architecture of the system, the implemented signal processing and the results of the first laboratory tests will be presented.


A concept for a highly integrated fractionation of lignocellulose in its main components (cellulose-pulp, soluble hemicellulose sugars and lignin) is described, based on the selective catalytic depolymerization of hemicellulose in a biphasic solvent system. This leads to an effective disentanglement of the compact lignocellulose structure, liberating and separating the main components in a single step. At mild temperatures (80–140 °C), oxalic acid catalyzes selectively the depolymerization of hemicellulose to soluble sugars in aqueous solution, whereas the more crystalline cellulose-pulp remains solid and inaccessible to the acid catalysis. In the presence of a second organic phase consisting of bio-based 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF), lignin is directly separated from the pulp and the soluble carbohydrates by in situextraction. The oxalic acid catalyst can be crystallized from the aqueous solution, recovered and re-used. The delignified cellulose-pulp obtained from this biphasic system can be directly subjected to enzymatic depolymerization, affording soluble oligomers and glucose at rates almost comparable to those observed for the hydrolysis of commercial microcrystalline Avicel®. Overall, the concept may offer a promising approach for an efficient and selective pre-treatment of lignocellulosic materials under mild and environmentally-friendly conditions.


This paper is devoted to a nwnerical method for calculating the pressure on the vertical two-dimensional valve basing on Navier-Stokes equa~ions. Numerical solutions at interior points are established by splitting Navie~-Stokes unsteady two-dimensional equations into two unsteady one-dimensional equations. An implicit scheme is obtained and the solution for these equations is established by the double sweep method. The values at the boundary points are calculated by the method of characteristics. This algorithm is applied to the concrete case presented at the end of this paper


Abstract : We use the term "revolution in military affairs" (RMA) a lot today. It comes up in briefings at the Pentagon. Journalists and academics write about it. We discuss it within the Armed Forces and with military leaders from other nations. That is as it should be, for RMAs can be disturbing. They demand considerable debate and dialogue if we are to master them. So what is the current RMA? Where does it stand today? And where will it go? As the essays in this issue of JFQ suggest, the revolution is alive, healthy, growing, and stirring the debates, insights, and passions which accompany rapid and significant innovation, especially in the United States. Indeed, the world will increasingly refer to the "American" RMA, for while military thought outside this country reflects some aspects of what is underway, it is here that the discussion is deepest and the technologies that drive the revolution are most robust. And it is here that the integration of those technologies with each other and with military organization and doctrine has already begun.


This study was to evaluate current agency programs that were available to aid victims of domestic violence and their effectiveness in reducing the long-term emotional state of victims. This study included 25 participants from various Domestic Violence Programs located throughout Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside counties. The participants were agency workers or previous agency employees. Participants were asked to answer two questionnaires. The first was a socio-demographic questionnaire, the second a questionnaire related to clients who have been in a treatment program for victims of domestic violence directed towards agency workers. A Post-Positivist paradigm was used for this study. The results of this study showed that most workers felt their agencies programs were effective in treating victims of domestic violence. The findings indicated that depression and anxiety were reduced in those who suffered from domestic violence abuse. It was also found that programs were effective in reducing additional bouts of abuse and increased independence.


This thesis started from the nature and characteristics of humanities education in higher vocational colleges.It analyzed the role and function of humanities education in higher vocational colleges,and argued that the permeating humanities education into practical education is an important method for humanities education in higher vocational colleges.The thesis combined the operational management and evaluation of practical teaching in Shenzhen Polytechnic,and puts forward detailed solutions on how to permeating humanities education into practical teaching in higher vocational colleges.


This study aims to analyze the compliance of company sustainability report in disclosing generic and sector specific indicators with GRI-G4 standard under economic category. The object of the research is PT Pertamina's 2014 sustainability report. This study is a qualitative research that uses secondary data obtained from official website of PT Pertamina (Persero) Tbk. Data collection method is documentation method.
Based on the research, it can be conclude the generic and sector specific indicators disclosure for Economic Category disclosed in the 2014 Sustainability Report of PT Pertamina (Persero) Tbk have not fully in accordance with the GRI-G4, because not every items required by GRI-G4 is included in indicators disclosure.
Keyword: Sustainability Report, Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI), Indicators, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)


The article attempts to describe the theory of frames by reconstructing the frame structure of verbal vocabulary of interpersonal relationships in terms of the dynamics of this knowledge representation. Theoretical analysis of the article exemplified with the verb 'to love' and its equivalents. A cognitive structure frame underlying its meaning is modelled and peculiarities of language representation of some of its elements are analyzed.


Used successfully for more than a century, waterflooding remains the most widely performed process relying on an external energy source to maximize reservoir recovery. Multiple factors across a wide range of disciplines contribute to the delivery of a fully optimized project, but not all of these critical success factors have been well-documented. A focus on further optimizing all the varying parts of the process has emerged over time to deliver project success. Waterflooding: Injection Regime and Injection Wells explores the benefits and drawbacks of both matrix and fractured injection and reviews the impacts that these injection regimes can have on waterflood performance.


Female genital mutilation is an ancient custom, practiced mainly in African countries. For several years, Africans has immigrated to Sweden and many of the women are genitally mutilated or circumci ...


The optimization of steam turbine rotor blades is strongly restricted by centrifugal stresses. To reach higher rotational speed or to obtain larger airfoils it is desirable to realize blade designs with very light, but robust blade tips. Hence, the aim for a composite material design of a turbine blade is to investigate a new method of providing raw material for turbine blades which consists out of standard turbine steel around the root section and much lighter material on the outer diameter of the blade.
 Iron aluminide alloys are of increasing interest as a structural material for lightweight construction in hot or corrosive environments due in part to the good and economical availability of the main alloying elements. Currently, the feasibility is being tested of replacing component areas with FeAl through hybrid construction, depending on local load requirements, and thus achieving effective weight reduction. The additive process laser-based direct energy deposition (L-DED) of Fe-28Al is investigated to produce hybrid material consisting of 12% Cr turbine steel and Fe-Al.
 Parameters and build-up strategies are varied in order to produce a crack-free and low-stress connection of the material partners while complying with given thermal boundary conditions. Thermography is used to achieve homogeneous process conditions when scaling to component size. Microstructure, hardness and chemical composition of the hybrid material are investigated as well as mechanical strength. It is shown that crack-free machining of test specimens and a component blank is possible after heat treatment.


Smart home is an important part of smart city and smart grid construction, in order to realize the interaction between the user and the smart grid system, this paper has conducted the research on smart home and its related technologies. Aiming at the smart home situation and existing development issues, this paper gives a discussion of the framework, presenting services and related technologies of the smart home. A smart home entities interaction design solution is presented. The work presented in this paper provides a reference for the future construction of smart home.


Thunderstorms (TS) are one of the most devastating atmospheric phenomena, which causes massive damage and adverse losses in various sectors, including agriculture and infrastructure. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variabilities of TS days over Bangladesh and their connection with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The TS, ENSO and IOD years' data for 42 years (1975–2016) are used. The trend in TS days at the spatiotemporal scale is calculated using Mann Kendall and Spearman's rho test. Results suggest that the trend in TS days is positive for all months except December and January. The significant trends are found for May and June, particularly in the northern and northeastern regions of Bangladesh. In the decadal scale, most of the regions show a significant upward trend in TS days. Results from the Weibull probability distribution model show the highest TS days in the northeastern region. The connection between TS days and ENSO/IOD indicates a decrease in TS activities in Bangladesh during the El Niño and positive IOD years.


The sea urchin embryo develops a calcitic endoskeleton through intracellular formation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). Intracellular precipitation of ACC, requires HCO3−/CO32− concentrating as well as proton export mechanisms to promote calcification. These processes are of fundamental importance in biological mineralization, but remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) use Na+/H+-exchange (NHE) mechanisms to control cellular pH homeostasis during maintenance of the skeleton. During skeleton re-calcification, pHi of PMCs is increased accompanied by substantial elevation in intracellular [HCO3−] mediated by the Na+/HCO3− cotransporter Sp_Slc4a10. However, PMCs lower their pHi regulatory capacities associated with a reduction in NHE activity. Live-cell imaging using green fluorescent protein reporter constructs in combination with intravesicular pH measurements demonstrated alkaline and acidic populations of vesicles in PMCs and extensive trafficking of large V-type H+-ATPase (VHA)-rich acidic vesicles in blastocoelar filopodial cells. Pharmacological and gene expression analyses underline a central role of the VHA isoforms Sp_ATP6V0a1, Sp_ATP6V01_1 and Sp_ATPa1-4 for the process of skeleton re-calcification. These results highlight novel pH regulatory strategies in calcifying cells of a marine species with important implications for our understanding of the mineralization process in times of rapid changes in oceanic pH.


Understanding of water breakthrough risks in complex multi-layer fractured reservoir is a critical aspect in developing and maximizing recovery of gas condensate assets. An integrated study involving multiple model realizations (single porosity, dual porosity-single permeability and dual porosity-dual permeability) was conducted in order to understand various water production risk scenarios. Study resulted in an opportunity for an effective production optimization after 10 years of production history from a gas condensate field in South-East of Algeria.
 In some modeling processes, the model is often built with one realization. Hence, dynamic data calibration and prediction lead to a stringent concept. Consequently, water risks are not fully assessed due to limited perspective. In this study, the dynamic modelling was enhanced with history matching regressions on multiple static model realizations resulting in a range of production forecasts. This significantly helped in understanding water production challenges in terms of breakthrough timing, water conduits and direction that was initially not obvious with a single realization concept. As a result, a better mitigation plan was devised to address those challenges.
 A new approach in modeling natural fracture reservoirs was applied during the static modelling process that resulted in proper fracture distribution in 3D and enabled a static model adaptive to surveillance data hence mitigating some core data gap. The process included quantitative model property adjustment based on an integrated multidomain approach including results of a detailed pressure transient analysis across different areas of the field, borehole image interpretation, characterization of conductive fractures, incorporation of production logging data and other surveillance data sets.
 A robust compositional model that allows accurate computation liquified petroleum gas and condensates recovery was implemented to improve the surveillance program and highlighting infrastructure debottlenecking requirements.
 This paper presents the results from a detailed analysis of multiple water risks scenarios from a complex multi-layer fractured gas condensate reservoir and discusses its impact on optimizing the field development plan. A systematic ranking was established to compare various water mitigation solutions and production optimization opportunity based on potential gain, operational complexity, and economical due diligence. The study helped the operator and field management team to select optiaml field development plan in addition to achieving hydrocarbon production sustainability assurance resulting in a substantial incremental gas recovery.
 The workflow presented in this study can be readily adopted for other gas condensate fields towards improved modeling practices in order to lay out some critical foundations prior to embarking into larger studies such as a fully integrated subsurface and surface network modelling to generate a robust production enhancement action plan.


With the advent of libertarian post revolutionary area, the individual has emerged from the mass, claiming to be the master of his own destiny, especially by getting back the possession of his body. The fact that suicide is no longer punished seems to confirm this new situation. Actually, if this act is not a punishable offence, we should not conclude that it is the recognition of a right but rather the acknowledgement of the inadequacy of a penalty which eventually affected the family of the suicide. Taboo of a taboo (death), suicide, because it asks our conscience questions which are never really answered, can only provoke contradictory and extreme reactions. This intimate pact between a person and death whereby he kills himself at the time he chooses, excludes the whole community. Society, getting its own back, only allows him to pull himself out furtively, because this fragile consensus doesn't tolerate any exception. That is why, as soon as a third person interferes in this process of self-destruction, the law is jack with its old severity; in a case of aiding and abelting suicide the law will try to remedy this questionable impunity by means of legal subterfuge; in a case when the victim asked someone to kill him, the third party, the main actor, will be prosecuted for wilful killing, murder or poisoning. However the third party may also become an ally in the fight against suicide when the law, unable to act directly on or to reason with the suicide himself or to forbid the action itself


1. Introduction Gerardo della Paolera and Alan M. Taylor 2. Between independence and the golden age: the early Argentine economy Ricardo D. Salvatore and Carlos Newland 3. Passing the buck: monetary and fiscal policies Gerardo della Paolera, Maria Alejandra Irigoin and Carlos G. Bozzoli 4. Economic cycles Adolfo Sturzenegger and Ramiro Moya 5. The labor market Sebastian Galiani and Pablo Gerchunoff 6. Capital accumulation Alan M. Taylor 7. International trade and commercial policy Julio Berlinski 8. Agriculture Yair Mundlak and Marcelo Regunaga 9. Industry Maria Ines Barbero and Fernando Rocchi 10. Banking and finance, 1900-35 Leonard I. Nakamura and Carlos E. J. M. Zarazaga 11. Business, government and law Sergio Berensztein and Horacio Spector 12. Epilogue: the Argentine puzzle Gerardo della Paolera and Ezequiel Gallo 13. Statistical appendix Gerardo della Paolera, Alan M. Taylor and Carlos G. Bozzoli.


To evaluate the occurrence of second malignant neoplasms (SMN) following chemoreduction (CRD) with carboplatin, vincristine, and etoposide (CEV) as frontline therapy in patients with retinoblastoma (RB).


Cooperative diversity at a system level is a promising method to improve the performance of the users located at the border of cells in distributed cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a Quality-of-Service based resource allocation algorithm for downlink OFDMA, in which Base Stations trigger cooperative diversity for users requiring a minimum data rate. As Downlink cooperation increases the spectral efficiency for users at the border of the cells, it enables to decrease the power required for these users. The remaining Best Effort users can then be served with more power, therefore increasing their sum throughput. The proposed distributed method is compared with other resource allocation techniques, and proves to be very efficient for the users with both types of Quality of Service.


We present a superconvergent hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for the steady-state incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on general polyhedral meshes. For arbitrary conforming polyhedral mesh, we use polynomials of degree k+1, k, k to approximate the velocity, velocity gradient and pressure, respectively. In contrast, we only use polynomials of degree k to approximate the numerical trace of the velocity on the interfaces. Since the numerical trace of the velocity field is the only globally coupled unknown, this scheme allows a very efficient implementation of the method. For the stationary case, and under the usual smallness condition for the source term, we prove that the method is well defined and that the global L2-norm of the error in each of the above-mentioned variables and the discrete H1-norm of the error in the velocity converge with the order of k+1 for k>=0. We also show that for k>=1, the global L2-norm of the error in velocity converges with the order of k+2. From the point of view of degrees of freedom of the globally coupled unknown: numerical trace, this method achieves optimal convergence for all the above-mentioned variables in L2-norm for k>=0, superconvergence for the velocity in the discrete H1-norm without postprocessing for k>=0, and superconvergence for the velocity in L2-norm without postprocessing for k>=1.


Introduction and objective: Otomycosis is a fungal infection of external auditory meatus. The acute form of the disease causes secretion and pruritus. The usual prescribed medicines for otomycosis are topical clotrimazole 1%, amphotericin B and otosporin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid for otomycosis. Materials and methods: In the present study 910 patients examined and those suspected to have otomycosis referred to medical mycology laboratory of Golabchi, Kashan. A questionnaire was also filled for each patient. Both direct and culture examinations were used to confirm otomycosis in the patients. Then the patients were treated with the mixture of isopropyl alcohol+acetic acid. Results: Out of 910 examined patients, 60 patients were suspected to have otomycosis and referred to medical mycology lab. Mycological examinations confirmed otomycosis in 52 patients (86.7%). Most of the patients (78.8%) were cured perfectly after therapy with the mixture of alcohol and acetic acid. After three weeks, in addition to elimination of clinical signs further smear showed no sign of disease. However in four patients there was a relapse of the disease.


Starting with an appreciation of the metaliterary quality of modern writing, i.e. its ability to explore the author's relationship with his/her own language, the essay focuses on the original ontological paradigm provided by Shakespeare's Sonnets. Here, the lyric voice explicitly addresses the issues of poetic craft, while operating a decisive shift from the poetic tradition inaugurated by Petrarch. The analysis mainly touches on the "Dark Lady" section and highlights the importance of the verb "engraft" as a keyword in the author's depiction of the complex relationship between art and life. While referring to the value of the act of writing as both form – a symbol for beauty – and creative practice, "engrafting" the text also shows its "dark side", emblematically pointing to the original rift form the One. This accounts for Shakespeare's wilful refusal to sign his collection: if writing is a pharmakon that poisons and heals at the same time, not writing his name in the book stands as the ultimate attempt to maintain his freedom, in an existential quest for the self necessarily leading to the disappearance of the authorial "voice".


Introduction: Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL), whose history began in the 1950s through observations by the surgeon Denis Burkitt on the African continent, is a type of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) characterized by a translocation in the Myc gene within the germinal center of the lymph nodes. It is highly invasive and proliferative, making it the human tumor that doubles in size most rapidly. It has three known etiologies: endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency. Objective: The project aimed to demonstrate the clinical and epidemiological differences of Burkitt's lymphoma, given the similarities between the etiologies. Methodology: A literature review was conducted, covering clinical case studies of the various subtypes, in order to


It is shown that in the frame of the phenomenological approach the most complete calculation of the spatial dispersion effect allows to predict some new types of the surface magnetic TM and EH surface polariton in the magnetic crystal with the linear magnetoelectric interaction.


The basic theory of direct torque control(DTC) of permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) is analyzed and then a novel radial basis function neural networks controller is presented. The neural networks structure design, learning samples and training algorithms are expounded. A conventional switching table of permanent magnet synchronous motor direct torque control is used to train radial basis function neural network. The controller could quickly select an output vector and the system using this neural networks controller has quickly parallel speed and high torque response. The simulation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor shows the effectiveness of the control scheme.


Objective:To establish a cold pathogen-induced disease in animal models,and by the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine to find differences in gene expression in rats and related signaling pathways of the cold excessive immune functions.Methods:The different gene expressions in the normal group,cold group,and drug group were analyzed by gene function,signaling pathway analysis methods and RT-PCR.Results:By screening differentially expressed genes for high-level,there were 21 differentially expressed genes and 10 pathways,which was closely related with the cold excessive immune function of disease genes and RT1-Ba gene and antigen processing and the delivery was included.Conclusion:The combination of differentially expressed genes in comparative analysis of spectra suggests that excessive cold pathogen and immune function are closely related.The result may provid an important way to the further study of pathogenic cold research in Chinese medicine.


Legislative regulations are drawn up and enacted to ensure that the statutory regulations are adhered to and adequate to fulfil their aims and objectives. Three applicabilities, namely philosophical, sociological, and juridical, strongly influence the effectiveness of statutory regulations. Philosophical applicability shows that laws and regulations must follow intellectual values that live in society. At the same time, sociological bearing states that the community recognizes any rule and regulation and meets the people's needs and developments. Juridical applicability indicates that an authorized institution must make the statutory regulations stipulate the content is suitable. The form of the Law does not conflict with the higher rules, and the legislator makes it through a predetermined procedure. This research is a descriptive analysis using a normative juridical approach. The study results indicate that the non-compliance of statutory regulation to the three applications will create the potential for carrying a judicial review, both formally and materially, which causes the court that has the power to review to cancel the Law.


The author indicates the blood picture changes by means of average values that have been found with 20 rats after undergoing fractionated short-time irradiations of the whole body of doses that amounted to 50 r five tlmes, and were applied within 14 days. The special sensibility of the eosinophil leucocytes, even towards fractionated irradiation, is stressed. The results show that the recuperation factor grows with increasing total irradiation periods. It must be assumed that while irradiation is in progress, regenerating and regressive changes are parallelly occurring in the hematopoietic tissue. Even in the case of an organism under the stress of irradiation, ACTH leads to a new fall in eosinophils while there is no such fall in lymphycytes. (auth)


T and NK cell neoplasms are relatively uncommon. Although bone marrow biopsy is indicated for staging evaluation of lymphoma, most T and NK cell neoplasms are detected in bone marrow without prior history. At our institute, from 2003 to 2015, 29 patients (male/female = 20/9, ages 46-86 years) had bone marrow biopsies positive for T and NK cell neoplasms. There were …


Red design is a very unique design theme, containing a large amount of information. It is a design which brings a revolutionary atmosphere in the traditional design language style. As a kind of cultural design, it enriches the cultural connotation of modern art and design. Today, we organically combine red design with modern art design so that red elements will still shine brightly today. This paper starts from the red design, takes the red element as the research object, actively explores the complementary topic between the red design and the modern art design in our country, attempts to by the dotted section discuss the advantage and the present situation of the red culture in the modern design and the basic methods of red design following in modern design, the research characteristics of red design in modern art design, the refining of red design in the modern design and the integration of red design elements in modern design elements, etc. This paper enables designers to actively understand and grasp the characteristics of China's red design, correctly understand the geographical environment, cultural characteristics, and national spirit of China in order to break through the thinking mode of predecessors who only analyze the revolution and popularity of red design. At the same time, this paper also attempts to demonstrate the feasibility of the fusion of red design and modern art design with concrete examples. The red design is one of the outstanding cultures that create the inheritance in the history of new China in our country. Red design today is a spiritual symbol of an era and it is affecting the way of thinking and daily life of the masses at any time and place.


Decision fatigue is something we have all experienced. Perhaps when you're looking at the 40th script request of the day or the blood results that have come back at 6.30 pm and you can't seem to think what to do next.

We each have a finite amount of mental energy that we can expend on decision making before our brain starts to look for a shortcut. It at least partially explains why weekend shoppers impulse buy and elite athletes make unaccountable decisions at the end of a game. Decision fatigue is also a well recognised reason behind poor clinical decision making, decision avoidance, and as a precursor to burnout. It doesn't just affect clinical members of the team, particularly with the rise of care navigation in surgeries; and negatively impacts the patient experience. Clinicians suffering from decision fatigue are more likely to make more conservative management plans1 and also to offer inappropriate …


Grant-free random access is a promising mechanism to support modern massive machine-type communications in which devices are sporadically active with small payloads. Under this random access, a unique challenge is the detection of device activity without the cooperation from devices. Furthermore, for only a few bits of data, it is more efficient to embed the data to the signature sequences so that the activity and data detection can be jointly carried out. However, compared with the vanilla device activity detection, joint activity and data detection has an extra discontinuous sparsity constraint, which makes the detection problem more challenging. In contrast to the prevalent way of first neglecting the discontinuous sparsity constraint and reinforcing it at the end, this paper proposes a novel approach to incorporate the discontinuous sparsity constraint into the optimization procedure. In particular, we first establish the equivalence between the discontinuous sparsity constraint and a continuous difference-of-norms (DN) form. Then, by introducing a DN penalty term in the objective function, an iterative DN penalty method with an increasing penalty weight is adopted. We prove theoretically that by solving each penalized problem to a stationary solution, the discontinuous sparsity constraint can be exactly satisfied when the penalty weight is sufficiently large, and the resulting solution is guaranteed to be at least a stationary point of the original problem. Due to the superior theoretical guarantee, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves around 10 times better detection performance than state-of-the-art approaches.


We run the GRB follow‐up system at the Xinglong Observatory of National Astronomical Observatories of China since 2006, as part of the East‐Asia GRB Follow‐up Observation Network (EAFON). It mainly comprises of the 80‐cm TNT and 1‐m EST telescope, and can automatically respond to the GCN alerts. Both telescopes slew relatively fast, being able to point to a new target field within about 1 min upon a request. Whenever available, the 2.16‐m NAOC telescope is also used. In 2006, the system responded to 15 GRBs and detected 7 early afterglows. Six GRBs have been detected in 2007 among the 18 follow‐up observations. However, only 1 out of the so far 5 GRB observations in 2008 were triggered in the early phase, probably because the current Swift pointing strategy does not favor near real‐time follow‐up in East Asia.


This research is a study carried along by the nine pedagogy courses from the higher education, operating in the Triângulo do Crajubar region, which is a metropolitan zone located in the region of Cariri, in the state of Ceara, whose objective is to analyze the teacher's training process, since the legislation under the number 11.274/2009 has blamed the reference earlier grades elementary school teachers, usually a pedagogue for lecturing the Physical Education classes. Therefore, we set out to investigate in which ways the curriculum and the menus of the disciplines that refer to Physical Education allow teachers to plan, evaluate and develop physical education classes that encourage the earlier elementary school student's physical and cognitive development. It is a basic and qualitative research, whose analysis is based on surpassing critical theory. The collected data were organized into categories, through them is possible for us to notice that it was given much emphasis on recreation, rather than an extensive, cultural and a full-body experience.


With the presentation of general layout of socialist 'quaternity' with Chinese characteristics,scholars illustrate and study in multi-perspective the practice and theory of social construction in various periods proposed by classic writers or main leaders as Marx,Engels,Lenin,Maozedong,Dengxiaoping,Jiangzemin,Hujintao according to problem of social construction of Marxism,making rich achievements.


An investigation was conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of laser-cladded 17-4 PH specimens via a coaxial powder feed nozzle. Various postweld heat treatments were also performed on laser-cladded specimens, and the results of mechanical testing were compared to those of the base plate. Tensile and yield strengths of cladded specimens after a H900 treatment (482℃/1h) was higher, but with lower ductility and impact toughness, than those of the base plate or cladded specimens subjected to solution and H1150M (760℃/2h+621℃/4h) treatments. Laser-cladded and H900-treated specimens exhibited the fatigue crack growth rate higher than H1150M-but lower than H900-treated base plates. Results of notched tensile tests in hydrogen indicated that laser-cladded specimens were more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement in H900-than in H1150M-treated conditions. The reduction of notched tensile strength with increasing the hydrogen pressure was quite obvious in the former and seemed insignificant in the latter. The extensive formation of reverted austenite in H1150M-treated specimens was responsible for the reduced susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement.


ONE of the still unsolved problems in medicine is a condition described in the medical literature as "chronic ulcerative colitis." As yet no completely successful treatment has been evolved, and many confusing reports on the efficacy of various therapeutic measures are still to be found. Most authors agree concerning the symptomatology and consider that the disease is essentially chronic in nature, with acute exacerbations as a characteristic feature. The majority of writers also agree that a chronic ulcerative colitis may be caused by several different agents. In one form of the disease, for which no specific cause has as yet . . .


This article presents the results of a week of observations around the 2 July 2019, total Chilean eclipse. The eclipse occurred between 19:22 and 21:46 UTC, with complete sun disc obscuration at 20:38–20:40 UTC (16:38–16:40 LT) over the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO) at (30.3°S, 70.7°W). Observations were carried out using ALO instrumentation with the goal to observe possible eclipse‐induced effects on the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region (MLT; 75–105 km altitude). To complement our data set, we have also utilized TIMED/SABER temperatures and ionosonde electron density measurements taken at the University of La Serena's Juan Soldado Observatory. Observed events include an unusual fast, bow‐shaped gravity wave structure in airglow images, mesosphere temperature mapper brightness as well as in lidar temperature with 150 km horizontal wavelength 24 min observed period, and vertical wavelength of 25 km. Also, a strong zonal wind shear above 100 km in meteor radar scans as well as the occurrence of a sporadic E layer around 100 km from ionosonde measurements. Finally, variations in temperature and density and the presence of a descending sporadic sodium layer near 98 km were seen in lidar data. We discuss the effects of the eclipse in the MLT, which can shed light on a sparse set of measurements during this type of event. Our results point out several effects of eclipse‐associated changes in the atmosphere below and above but not directly within the MLT.


The effect of thermal or Soret diffusion on differentiation in layered intrusions has recently been reexamined for explaining marginal reversals (Latypov, 2003). Previously, Lesher (1986) and Lesher and Walker (1986) provided a detailed analysis of the potential role of Soret diffusion in magmatic systems and published experimentally determined Soret coefficients for different composition melts. In these papers and more directly in numerical studies done by Cygan and Carrigan (1992) the effect of Soret diffusion compared to chemical diffusion was shown to be relatively minor, because of the roughly three order of magnitude smaller Soret coefficient and the relatively small thermal gradients expected in magmatic systems. Although Cygan and Carrigan (1992) provided numerical solutions to the coupled Soret – chemical diffusion problem for binary systems in an above-liquidus magma, they suggested that the minor effect they showed would be even smaller in subliquidus magmas.


This is a deeply thoughtful as well as theoretically sophisticated book which merits our serious attention to better appreciate time's complexity, the subtlety of the analysis and its emancipatory ...


With the rapid development of economic globalization,and the rise of emerging countries,the G8 increasingly revealed its lack of legitimacy and representativeness.Under the impact of the financial crisis,the Group20 is preparing to replace the G8 as the main forum of international economic cooperation,which not only reflects the current global economic entities have become more diversified,active-oriented status quo,but also meets the trend of multi-polarization in the global economy.However,the G20 also has some deficiencies itself.Through comparing the G8 and the G20,this paper proposes further strengthening the multilateral governance,and addresses the lack of participation in global economic governance.


Cold-formed steel is also called as light gauge steel sections. CFS section is widely used structural elements in India. One of the great advantages of cold-formed steel (CFS) is the immense flexibility that the material affords in forming crosssection. Whereas, the low strength-to-weight ratio of hot rolled steel members leads to increase in overall load on structure as compared with cold-formed steel sections which having high strength-to-weight ratio. The paper presents a review of experimental and analytical investigation of cold –formed steel lipped channels with perforated welded webs and flanges under buckling. In the experimental investigation three varying thicknesses and varying dimensions were tested under a compression behavior using UTM and IS811-1987. The analytical investigation is carried out by using CUFSM. The load carrying capacity and deflection of column compared with theoretical and experimental results. Research project aims to provide which section is economical, more load carrying capacity and lesser deflection.


We present a case of a 25-year-old woman with isolated aplasia of the lateral semicircular canal (LSCC), a rare congenital malformation that results in the absence or underdevelopment of the LSCC. The patient had vertigo, left-sided tinnitus, and persistent chronic headaches but no hearing loss. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to detect the malformation and associated vasculo-neural conflict. The aplasia of the LSCC was the only abnormality observed. The article explains the embryology of inner ear development and associated anomalies. CT and MRI were found to be effective imaging techniques for detecting ear malformations. The article also explains the importance of proper diagnosis and assessment of hearing loss for patients with this malformation.


(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionPractising basketball is always fraught with the probability of injury. This is primarily due to the presence of scrambling, collisions, increased muscular tension and physiological stresses during competitions. An injury is tissue or body organ damage resulting from any external impact. An injury can be caused by either a single strong or insignificant impact or a repeated impact on a particular muscle group [9, 10].In modern basketball, there are new trends in improving the techniques of general physical preparation of athletes and players' injury prevention. During general physical training, the basis of basketball players' endurance is formed, ligaments and muscles are strengthened and the mechanisms for preventing injuries during competitions are formed. However, in this study, the analysis of injuries in student basketball teams revealed a number of unsolved problems related to injury prevention. The level of physical fitness of athletes on student basketball teams prevents the use of many game tactics. Due to the high number of injuries to basketball starting-lineup players, substitutes, whose fitness level is much lower than that of the starters, very often play for the team. It was found that the student basketball team of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University failed to solve the task of injury prevention in the 2014 season. The team with the best player selection finished only fourth in the Russian student championship due to the high injury rate in its basketball starters. This fact points to the unsolved problem of injury prevention among team players.Studies conducted in recent years by the leading Russian and foreign experts in the field of basketball found that isometric exercises, properly used in the system of general physical preparation, significantly strengthens athletes' ligaments and reduces the risk of injury [3]. However, there is a lack of research that examines the integration of isometric exercises in the system of general physical preparation of student team basketball players to prevent injuries.Materials and methodsTo achieve the goals set in the study, the following methods of research were used: a questionnaire, an interview, a survey; a study of the dynamics of basketball players' physical fitness and performance during competitions; an assessment of student team basketball players' physical characteristics (physical fitness, functional state of the body and physical development); psychological testing of basketball players; educational experiment; statistical processing of the obtained data.All subjects understood the purpose of this study and provided written informed consent prior to participation in the study in accordance with the ethical standard of the Declaration of Helsinki.Questionnaires, interviews and surveys were used to study the training programs and sports activities of basketball players, the characteristics of the general physical training organisation, the dynamics of players' performance and the structure of general physical preparation management in the student basketball team of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.Basketball players' physical fitness and performance were studied by special control tests, observation, timing, paired comparison and analysis of the current results of the team in St. Petersburg championship and other competitions.Physical fitness tests were carried out to assess the level of physical fitness and special qualities development, as well as to analyse the impact of methods and means of general physical preparation on basketball players' motor skills to reduce injuries.To assess basketball players' functional status, rapid assessment and the criteria for functional state assessment were used. In addition, the results of the samples, using a breath-holding test (Stange-Genchi samples), were determined; fatigue index was calculated; tapping test and tremorography were carried out. …


In order to correctly assess the role of carbon sinks measured through the China Petroleum Carbon Sink Projects in Wuhan's Jiangxia District supported by China Green Carbon Fund,the Masson pine and China fir volume growth estimation models,the soil carbon storage measurement model were established,and the amount of the baseline vegetation carbon storage were estimated by means of GPS technology,and in reference with the collected data of previous basic study,field investigation data and field survey data in 2008 forest resources survey in Jiangxia District.The results show that the carbon storage of vegetations was 1 463.06 t, the carbon storage of the scattered wood biomass of Masson pine and China fir wood was 364.03 t,the carbon storage in forest soil organic was 26 046.44 t, the CO2 emission resulting from project activities was 313.04 t.The measurement results accurately reflect the basic state of carbon storage under the baseline scenario of the reforestation carbon sinks in Jiangxia District.


The invention relates to a safety device for a vehicle, especially for a motor vehicle, with an airbag unit (1) comprising a trigger generator and a folded in its non-functional position of the airbag in an airbag housing (2) behind a interior lining is fixed in the vehicle, associated in the interior paneling one of the air bag unit outlet opening is provided for in the event of an impact expanding airbag, which with a movable from the airbag retainer (4) cooperating with the catch plate (4) - is provided with a plurality of rivet holes (5) for its fastening, on the side facing the airbag side with scalloped circumferential flanges (9) and - extending transversely to the direction of movement of the catch plate (4) relief slots (6), and - is provided with an over the side facing the airbag when expanding airbag side of the catch plate (4) applied and this largely covering protection film (7).


The invention discloses a self-adaptation magnetic resonance parallel imaging method. The method comprises the steps that the sensitivity initial values of channels are pre-estimated and a dictionary is initialized according to k space data collected in a parallel mode; a target function corresponding to a target image is established according to the sensitivity values and the dictionary, wherein the dictionary comprises a sparse coefficient; the target function is substituted into an augmentation Lagrange frame, interaction updating is carried out on Lagrange multiplier vectors and the target function, and in the interaction updating process, iteration updating is carried out on the sensitivity, and the dictionary and the sparse coefficient are updated; learning is carried out through the updated dictionary, the structure information of the target image is extracted in a self-adaptation mode, and the reestablished target image is obtained according to the structure information and the target function. By means of the method, the structure information of the target image to be reestablished can be caught in a self-adaptation mode, and the sensitivity of each channel can be updated. The invention further provides a self-adaptation magnetic resonance parallel imaging device.


The present invention provides a method for increasing transmitting reliability in load balancing of virtual routing redundancy protocol (VRRP), wherein the method comprises the following steps: monitoring the message transmitting state of routing device in the virtual routing with a link fault monitoring technique, immediately triggering the taking-over and using of the virtual MAC address used by the routing device when the message transmitting state of the routing device is monitored to be abnormal; wherein the virtual MAC address is used for loading the message transmitting in which the destination MAC address is the virtual MAC address, and periodically transmitting the announcement message containing the virtual MAC address in the virtual routing. The method and device according to the invention can shorten the flow interruption interval caused by the device failure or the link failure to the outer network thereby increasing the VRRP reliability.


The Goddard Space Flight Center is currently developing autonomous navigation systems for satellites in high-Earth orbits where acquisition of the GPS signals is severely limited. This paper discusses autonomous navigation improvements for high-Earth orbiters and assesses projected navigation performance for these satellites using Global Positioning System (GPS) Standard Positioning Service (SPS) measurements. Navigation performance is evaluated as a function of signal acquisition threshold, measurement errors, and dynamic modeling errors using realistic GPS signal strength and user antenna models. These analyses indicate that an autonomous navigation position accuracy of better than 30 meters root-mean-square (RMS) can be achieved for high-Earth orbiting satellites using a GPS receiver with a very stable oscillator. This accuracy improves to better than 15 meters RMS if the GPS receiver's signal acquisition threshold can be reduced by 5 dB-Hertz to track weaker signals.


This paper seeks to examine the relationship between determinants of blood transfusion sustainability (BTS) that is master production scheduling (MPS) and total quality management (TQM) of Uganda. The study was founded on four objectives. The study looked at the direct relationship between MPS and the BTS, direct relationship between MPS and TQM, direct relationship between TQM and BTS. It also assessed how TQM mediated the direct relationship between MPS and BTS. The study used a quantitative method. A survey questionnaire was administered to collect data from 367 staff of regional blood banks and government university teaching hospital blood banks; and 213 were found to be usable. The main analysis was done using structural equation modeling. The study found that MPS had a positive and significant relationship with the BTS. The study found that the relationship between MPS and TQM was positive and significant. The study also found that the relationship between TQM and BTS was positive and significant. The study concluded that the effect of MPS on BTS was not mediated by TQM. It was recommended that blood banks seeking to achieve transfusion sustainability must invest in understanding the sector in which they operate. This includes understanding the blood demand requirement, customer focus, people involvement and timely delivery. The various stakeholders in the blood supply chain i.e. blood banks, hospital blood banks, funding agents, ministry of health, must also integrate to enhance the transfusion sustainability. Blood banks performance measures essentially timely delivery was very critical for saving lives of patients in need of blood. The study has provided a new conceptual framework that investigates the TQM mediating effect on the relationship of MPS and BTS, and thus can serve as an incentive for more research to be conducted in this regard in blood banks of different developing countries. The authors also proposed identifying the effect of other TQM factors such as process management, system management, supplier relationship and top management on BTS.


Interval data is attracting attention from the data analysi s community due to its ability to describe complex concepts. Since clust ering is an important data analysis tool, extending these techniques to interval dat is important. Applying traditional clustering methods on interval data los es information inherited in this particular data type. This paper proposes a novel dis sim larity measure which explores the internal structure of intervals in a prob abilistic manner based on domain knowledge. Our experiments show that interval clu stering based on the proposed dissimilarity measure produces meaningful re s lts.


Based on the design method of great distortion and appropriate extension to pump inlet, blades of large-scale flue-gas desulphurization absorption tower circulating pump were designed to obtain more suitable blade streamline shape for fluid flow in the internal flow field, the hydro-cyclone loss and noise of pump inlet were decreased while the pump performance and efficiency were improved. An impeller clearance automatic compensation device was added to the front shroud, which ensured the pump working in high efficiency area, and the volute sections 5 through 7 were designed to be double-channel to effectively reduce the radial force. Wear of the pump was greatly reduced and the pump service life was extended by developing a new material M26-23V alloy steel. The pump internal flow field was calculated through k-e model provided by CFD software Fluent 6.3, and the pump performance was predicted. The pump performance test results showed that the prediction performance curve was consistent with test performance curve. It can be concluded that the pump efficiency at design point reaches up to 85.3%, and the comprehensive technical index meet the design requirements. The pump service life was prolonged by rational structure design and favorable wear resistance.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


The papers in this issue trace a particular set of Maori interventions in anthropology, arts, museums and heritage in the early twentieth century and consider their implications for iwi 'tribal communities', development and environmental management today. They follow Apirana Ngata, Te Rangihiroa (Peter Buck) and some of their Maori and Pakeha (European New Zealander) allies at the Polynesian Society through the Dominion Museum expeditions, on Te Poari Whakapapa (the Board of Maori Ethnological Research) and in a variety of community research initiatives. The authors explore how engagement with ancestral tikanga 'practices' and with western technologies and institutions allowed these scholars and leaders to imagine te ao hou 'a new world' in Aotearoa New Zealand. Through the analysis of surviving photographs, films, artefacts, collections and displays, as well as the extensive written archives that were produced through their efforts, the articles in this issue explore how relational concepts and practices including whakapapa 'kin networks' and tuku 'exchange of treasures (taonga)' were mobilised as practical ontologies, that is, as methods for bringing new things (artefacts, systems, concepts) into being. The lasting effects of these collaborative projects on museums, scholarship, government administration and tribal cultural heritage are investigated, showing the enduring relevance of this work in the present.


This report is based on a small scale, Department of Energy and Climate Change commissioned, research project to better understand the barriers and drivers to energy efficiency faced by individual firms, particularly small and medium sized enterprises. This report is based on both qualitative and quantitative research and focuses on late stage barriers (where firms already have information on the type, costs and savings of the energy efficiency measures available to them). The research illustrates the wide range of motivations and barriers cited by businesses but shows there are no simple explanations for businesses behavior around take up of energy efficiency.


Scattering poses a fundamental challenge to biomedical imaging. Here we describe a new high resolution focusing approach to overcome scattering, termed time-reversal of variance-encoded light (TROVE), that combines optical time-reversal with acoustic tagging and variance-encoding.


The slurry has made good economic benefit and social benefit,made pulp simple process.The plasma technology in the Marine environment made of bored piles of the application of the sea will be bored pile construction to provide the reliable technical support.


A major portion of understanding and correcting speech misarticulation is the measurement of the articulator movements involved in speech production. Conventional methods used to determine relative tongue-palate positions utilize electrodes which provide only contact/no contact i nformation. The palatometer system described in this paper incorporates capacitive transducers which allow measurement of tongue-palate distance when no direct contact is present.


and Implications Forage mass and nutritional quality were measured in the total forage monthly from May through September and in live forage in the upper half of the sward in June and August and related to body weights, body condition scores and daily methane emissions in pastures grazed at a stocking rate of 1.98 cows per hectare by continuous, rotational or strip-stocking at a limited forage allowance over 3 years. Strip stocking tended to increase total forage mass in comparison to continuous or rotational stocking from July through October, while increasing in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and decreasing neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations in the total live forage compared to continuous stocking in August through October. Strip stocking increased the live forage mass in the upper half of the sward in August, but live forage in the upper half of the sward in rotationally stocked pastures had greater IVDMD and crude protein concentrations than pastures grazed by continuous or strip-stocking and lower NDF concentrations than pastures grazed by strip-stocking in August. Cow body weights and condition scores of cows in strip-stocked pastures in mid to late season were lower than cows in continuously or rotationally stocked pastures, but daily methane emissions in June or August did not significantly differ between stocking systems. Results imply limiting intake of lower quality pasture forage has negative effects on cow body weight and condition while not affecting daily methane emissions. Introduction In order to develop and promote agricultural production systems that improve economic and environmental sustainability of farming enterprises, there is the need to understand the multiple impacts of agricultural practices on environmental quality. Because of the photosynthetic capacity of plants to convert carbon dioxide (CO 2) to plant biomass, the conversion of dead forage mass and roots to soil organic matter, and the lack of soil tillage, grasslands have a greater capacity for carbon sequestration than land used for row crop production. However, grazing management may affect the extent of soil organic matter accumulation in pastures. Furthermore, grazing


For immersion lithography at 193 nm, there is concern that the immersion of resist in water during exposure might cause water to penetrate the resist or resist components to dissolve into water, or that water remaining after exposure might affect subsequent processes. It is also thought that the same concerns are likely to be felt even if using a protective top coat. In this paper, we report on three key findings. First, after immersing resist in water using virtual immersion methods and evaluating the effect of water on critical dimension (CD) and defects, it was found that CD changes and defects increase. Second, as a result of performing the same evaluation when using a top coat, it was found that CD changes and defects increase despite top-coat application. Finally, a significant amount of knowledge can be obtained for the development of optimal 193-nm immersion lithography equipment as a result of wafer processing using real inline tools for immersion exposure and coating/developing.


This article addresses the difficulties of witnessing dramatized within The Princess Casamassima. Although James offers the novel as a glimpse of the London poor and the conspirators, we find that little is seen of them. Instead, we must watch as others fail to gain full access to these same "mysteries." I examine Hyacinth's struggle to see and satisfyingly narrate his experience in relation to the similar activities of Rosy, the Princess, and the conspirators. I suggest that the rupture between observation and narration is a central feature of James's own exploration of the narrative form of the novel.


Let $s(n)$ denote the sum of proper divisors of an integer $n$. In 1992, Erd\H{o}s, Granville, Pomerance, and Spiro (EGPS) conjectured that if $\mathcal{A}$ is a set of integers with asymptotic density zero then $s^{-1}(\mathcal{A})$ also has asymptotic density zero. In this paper we show that the EGPS conjecture holds when $\mathcal{A}$ is taken to be a set of integers with missing digits. In particular, we give a sharp upper bound for the size of this preimage set. We also provide an overview of progress towards the EGPS conjecture and survey recent work on sets of integers with missing digits.


The article analyzes the impact of information and communication technologies on the development of modern social life, the value of virtualization in the information society in general and in its economic sector in particular. The author examines the virtual economy as a specific form of exchange processes, modernization determinant of which is the introduction of Internet technologies. It is emphasized that creating a unique information-technological basis of the modern society makes it possible to remodel the elements of a real market economy into the components inherent to a new type of economic life the virtual economy.


As indicated by the envelope, the letter was sent by Mrs. S.J. Owens (also addressed as Mrs. Steven J. Owens, Frances Elvira Owens or Frances Elvira Alexander Owens) from Webster, North Carolina to S.R. Owens (also addressed as Samuel Robert Owens or Samuel R. Owens). The letter is part of an ongoing correspondence between mother (Mrs. Owens) and son (Samuel Owens).


The paper describes the numerical simulation of hyperbolic heat conduction with convection boundary conditions. The effects of a step heat loading, a sudden pulse heat loading, and an internal heat source are considered in conjunction with convection boundary conditions. Two methods of solution are presened for predicting the transient behavior of the propagating thermal disturbances. In the first method, MacCormack's predictor-corrector method is employed for integrating the hyperbolic system of equations. Next, the transfinite element method, which employs specially tailored elements, is used for accurately representing the transient response of the propagating thermal wave fronts. The agreement between the results of various numerical test cases validate the representative behavior of the thermal wave fronts. Both methods represent hyperbolic heat conduction behavior by effectively modeling the sharp discontinuities of the propagating thermal disturbances.


SYNOPSIS. Intertidal suspension-feeding bivalves face reductions in the time available for feeding proportional to the duration of aerial exposure. Such individuals do not compensate by increasing their rates of feeding during immersion. Simulations of feeding behaviour, in terms of the energetic balance between the costs and the gains of changes in feeding rate, suggest that variation from the rates characteristic of the sublittoral condition would not enhance net energy gain for intertidal individuals. These findings are consistent with evidence of potential food limitation in the natural sublittoral habitat. Nevertheless, hydrodynamic factors may enhance the supply of food on the shore, so ameliorating the disadvantages of reduced feeding time. In addition, potential physiological compensations for reduced dietary quality include changes in gut residence time, the volume of gut occupied for digestion and (possibly) also in the provision of appropriate digestive enzymes. However, these compensations require days or weeks and are inappropriate on tidal time scales.


This study aims to create a dairy cow reproductive recording model by optimizing android use by farmers. The making of a dairy cow reproductive data recording model is based on an analysis of the needs of farmers. The data collection method was carried outby survey by extracting primary data using questionnaires and observation and secondary data based on recording supporting data. The data requirements obtained are then implemented in software programming using MySQL, PHP, web and Android Studio version 3.1 programming languages for windows. The software design uses the Sommerville version of the Waterfall Method (2011) with stages; data requirements analysis, design, implementation, verification and testing, installation and maintenance. The system's design is called Rekording Sapi Elektronik (REKS-EL) version 1.2 with a minimum of 1 or 2 GB android RAM, specifically Jellybean version 4.1 and above, while storage space capacity is above 5 MB. The tools designed are Farmer Profile, Livestock Identity, Performance, Reproduction and Marriage and Health of dairy cows, so user usage is more applicable. The software has been tested on the user in its implementation in the field. It will continue with the development (development) to keep it updated according to the needs of farmers.


The possible involvement of ABA and polyamines in the thermal acclimation process of photosynthesis in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Nankyoku No. 2) was investigated. Photosynthetic activity was measured in the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate and photosystem (PS) II chlorophyll fluorescence yield (Fv/Fm). Raising the growth temperature from 25/25°C to 38/38°C (day/night) caused gradual reduction in heat damage to photosynthesis from the prior exposure of intact leaves to 45°C. Thylakoids isolated from acclimated leaves were more thermostable than those from non-acclimated leaves, as judged by a lesser degree of reduction in PS II and PS I electron transport activity and the loss of 33-kDa polypeptides and manganese after exposure of isolated thylakoids to 40°C. The enhanced thermostability of the photosynthetic apparatus is probably attributable to the decrease in lipid unsaturation of thylakoid membranes. Exposing the plants to 38°C caused a rapid decrease in ABA content in leaves, which may exclude the possible involvement of ABA in increased thermostability of photosynthesis during the acclimation treatment. However, acclimation treatment caused a gradual increase in spermidine and spermine titers in leaves. Application of 5 mM spermidine or spermine to non-acclimated leaves made the photosynthetic apparatus more thermostable. Spermine treatment to isolated thylakoids from non-acclimated leaves also alleviated the heat-inactivation of photosystems. The results suggest that polyamines play a role in thermal acclimation of photosynthesis in cucumber.


In the present volume, which is a groundbreaking first modern account of Moravian missions in Australia, Jensz offers a critical and complex reading of the history of the Moravian missionary activities that took place between 1850 and 1908 in the British colony of Victoria (South Eastern Australia). Drawing on wide-ranging archival resources, Jensz reconstructs a chapter in Moravian mission history that hitherto has not received much attention. She admirably succeeds in connecting the details of this story to the larger developments and themes in Australian colonial history and the history of Christian mission. Jensz's account covers a time span of about sixty years and is based on the chronology of events between 1848 and 1908. While Moravian leaders had contemplated the idea of sending missionaries to Australia as early as 1772, serious deliberations began during the 1840s when the Moravian Church received several requests from officials associated with the colonial administration, inviting the Moravian Church to establish mission stations among the Aborigines. In 1850 missionaries Andreas Friedrich Christian Träger and Friedrich Wilhelm Spieseke were sent out and established within two years' time the Lake Boga mission station on land granted by the colonial government. This first attempt, marked by many adversities such as lack of public support and the hostility of surrounding farmers, lasted only four years and did not achieve any visible success. A second attempt, begun in 1858 with F. W. Spieseke and Friedrich August Hagenauer, led to the establishment of the Ebenezer station in 1859 and the Ramahyuck station in 1863, which both gathered small communities of Aboriginal converts. Between 1866 and 1868, there was also a short-lived attempt to extend the Moravian mission to the colony's interior. The last four decades of the Moravian mission were marked by the demographic decline of the


We focus on one aspect of labour market discrimination in New Zealand, namely occupational segregation. Using unit record data from Statistics New Zealand's 1997 to 2000 Income Surveys and controlling for productivity characteristics, we find evidence that Maori are consistently segregated into lower occupational classes than their measurable characteristics would predict. In addition, we estimate that discrimination of some form accounts for between 30% to 48% of the Pakeha/Maori wage differential.


Maize is a one of the most important cereal crop in the world agricultural economy both as food for man and feed for animals. It is a miracle crop having high yield potential. There is no cereal on the earth which has so immense potentiality and that is why it is called "Queen of Cereals". Maize is the only cereal which can be grown throughout the year in all three season of kharif, rabi and zaid.


The structures of three linear-chain platinum(II) diimine complexes have been determined [Pt···Pt, A]:  Pt(bpm)Cl_2·0.5(nmp) (3) [3.411(1), 3.371(1)], Pt(phen)(CN)_2 (6) [3.338(1), 3.332(1)], and Pt(bpy)(NCS)_2 (7) [3.299(2)] (bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, nmp = 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone). The Pt···Pt distances in these and in seven related compounds range from 3.24 to 3.49 A. While we find evidence of interligand interactions influencing these structures, the Pt···Pt bonds are the most important of the stacking forces. The metal−metal distances are generally consistent with an electronic structural model in which σ-donor/π-acceptor ligands strengthen Pt···Pt bonding interactions (for example, the Pt···Pt distances in 3 are 0.04 and 0.08 A shorter than in the bpy analogue). We have also found that the yellow form of Pt(dmbpy)(NCO)_2 (1b) (4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) has a columnar structure; however, in contrast to the linear-chain form (1), which is orange, the Pt atoms are well separated (>4.9 A). Interestingly, the yellow form is 7% denser than the orange form; this result is consistent with the concept that directed intermolecular interactions give rise to lower density polymorphs. Crystal data:  (3) monoclinic, C2/m (No. 12), a = 12.668(4) A, b = 15.618(6) A, c = 6.704(3) A, β = 93.43(3)°, Z = 4; (6) orthorhombic, Pbca (No. 61), a = 38.731(13) A, b = 18.569(3) A, c = 6.628(1) A, Z = 16; (7) orthorhombic, Pbcm (No. 57), a = 10.349(3) A, b = 19.927(5) A, c = 6.572(3) A, Z = 4; (1b) monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), a = 17.313(4) A, b = 12.263(3) A, c = 14.291(4) A, β = 114.00(2)°, Z = 8.


A stack creeling system for the continuous creeling of yarn from a supply of yarn includes at least two rows of creeling units wherein each creeling unit includes at least two discrete creel frames, the creel frames support the yarn supply for rotatably unwinding the yarn therefrom. The method of continuously creeling yarn from the yarn supplies includes creeling yarn from one row, securing the free end of the yarns from the other row to the captured ends of the yarn supplies in the one row and permitting the yarn supplies for the one row to be expended, wherein thereafter the yarn supplies are replenished and the method repeated to alternately creel yarn from the one and other rows to effect a continuous creeling operation.


The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the greatest challenges to humanity of last decades. Effective prevention of its development is the problem of decision-making with many criteria, high uncertainty of the results of a choice, insufficiently understood feedbacks. There has been collected statistics on the main indicators of the pandemic over the past year. However, according to most researchers, the initial data on the number of infected and fatal cases are significantly underestimated. This makes inaccurate other important indicators, in particular, those that characterize the nature of the dynamics, the rate of infection and its mortality. At the same time, a large number of research results provide additional sources of information to improve the quality of pandemic analysis and forecasts. Mathematical models infections spreading have been significantly developed, which make it possible to refine individual indicators.According to model estimates, the maximum number of daily cases can be 50 times higher than the official data, and the dates of maxima can be up to 4-5 weeks earlier. For Ukraine, the highest values of "excess mortality" (as a percentage of the average level in 2015 - 2016) were observed in September (15.8%), October (20.3%), November (33.7%) and December (29.2%). In January 2021, according to incomplete preliminary data it is expected the significant reducing of the indicator to the value less than 2%. Per 100 thousand inhabitants, the "excess mortality" in 2020 was about 38.8 thousands (in the first 5 months there were negative values of the indicator), and for the period from June 2020 to January 2021 - about 53.5 thousands, or 14.1% of the base level for this period. An analysis of Google's search queries gives grounds to assume that in early January 2020, the pandemic spread in many countries on different continents, and precautionary measures were taken too late.The obtained data show that the involvement of additional sources of information makes it possible to compensate for the imperfections of official operational data and to un-derstand better the patterns of occurrence and development of Covid-19 pandemic. At the same time, a system approach to decision-making on prevention the development of a pandemic should take into account the information on morbidity and mortality statistics as well as other information, in particular on virus mutations, re-infection, vaccination, testing, socio-economic consequences etc. This should be the subject of further research.


The forecast problem is considered for the audit data analysis automation. A forecast neural network model based on a modified liquid state machine is proposed. To choose the criterion of efficiency estimation of forecast neural network model and to offer the method of parametric identification of forecast neural network model. This allows you to increase the forecast efficiency by reducing computational complexity and improving the forecast accuracy. Software has been developed that implements the proposed method. The developed software is studied when solving the problem of forecasting indicators for data checking of the "paid-received" display.


Recent studies have suggested that the rates of reactions that occur on and in sulfuric acid solutions depend strongly on the activities of H2O and H+. To simplify the application of formulations for calculating rates of these reactions and thus facilitate their use in photochemical models of the atmosphere, this letter presents a parameterization for the activity of H+ based on the results of a comprehensive, but computationally intensive, thermodynamic model. The parameterization deviates from values given by the full thermodynamic model by <2% for temperatures between 186 and 326 K and sulfuric acid concentrations between 10 and 80 weight percent.


Molecular docking and semi-empirical calculations were used to establish the molecular model of Plumbagin inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and its two derivatives, Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) and Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD). The electronic structures and the binding energies of 1:1 inclusion complexes of host:guest ratio were calculated by Parametric Method 3 (PM3) calculations both in gas phase and in aqueous phase. Our results indicate the possibility of using BCD and its derivatives to encapsulate Plumbagin to prevent product degradation. MBCD forms the most stable inclusion complex with the binding energy −11.10 kcal/mol and −4.30 kcal/mol in gas and aqueous phase, respectively.


This study examines whether the temporal variations in smoking habits across generations and gender and among groups with differing levels of education fit the pattern proposed by the theory of the diffusion of innovations (TDI) (Rogers, 2003). We focus on the Italian case and employ a pseudo-panel derived from repeated crosssections of the annual household survey, "Aspects of Daily Life," that is part of the Multipurpose Survey carried out by the Italian National Statistical Office (ISTAT) for the period 1997 to 2012. The results confirm Rogers' TDI and show that smoking prevalence has declined over time and across age cohorts: younger men of all educational levels and women with higher education are less likely to smoke than are those in other cohorts. On the other side, less-educated women, who entered the smoking-diffusion process later that others are more likely to smoke. Hence, socioeconomic differences in smoking continue to persist, especially for women. According to Rogers' TDI, smoking prevalence is expected to decline further, particularly among little-educated women.


Background and Purpose: There is paucity of comparison between the effect of neural mobilization and kinesio taping in reducing pain on sciatica although individual approaches have shown to reduce pain. We compared the effect of neural mobilization and kinesio taping on pain and quality of life in subjects with sciatica. Methods: 30 subjects with sciatica participated in this randomized clinical trial. Subjects were randomly allocated into neural mobilization or kinesio taping groups. Outcomes included Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Sciatica Bothersomeness Index (SBI) and Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire (MODQ). Results: Although both neural mobilization and kinesio taping were effective in reducing pain and improving quality of life, neural mobilization showed statistically significant result than kinesio taping in Visual Analogue Scale and better results among other scales. Discussion and Conclusions: The results of this study show that although both neural mobilization and kinesio taping are helpful in reducing pain and improving quality of life in sciatica, neural mobilization is more effective compared to kinesio taping.


As the diseases of livestock and poultry are of great economic concern, there is a need for the development of newer and improved diagnostic tools in addition to the conventional diagnostic tools. So, the author find it necessary to give a brief description of the various traditional and advanced immune molecular tools that are helpful in accurate diagnosis of various infectious diseases of livestock and poultry for undertaking early prevention and control strategies.


Assessment of storm is accomplished by the storm area and duration rather than a simple analysis using the rainfall data of the ground rain gauge stations. One of the best expressions for assessing storm is Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analysis. The DAD analysis provides a powerful, objective, easy-to-understand three-dimensional perspective of storm rainfall, and is applied to estimate probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for the design of hydraulic structures. However, a general DAD analysis is prone to generate subjective errors to divide and accumulate sub-basins. Further it is difficult to understand the impact of recent localized and intensive storms due to the climate change. This research carried out to obtain DAD analysis of high accuracy in the small basin and relieve errors that occur in the analysis. Methods to estimate areal rainfall are the inverse distance weight (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK), while methods to accumulate area are the box-tracking and the point-tracking. The merits and demerits of these methods are discussed.


The complete magnetic resonance cooling system was introduced in this paper and situation which caused liquid helium loss in each link was discussed in detail.The change of numbers observed in each link were used to explain the problem and find reference value of normal working,which has positive references for directing cold header compressor to change the status from deviant stopping to normal working.


Over the past few years, significant efforts have focused on developing and validating molecular biomarkers to better define the subset of patients with stage II disease who might derive benefit from adjuvant therapy.


The present study explored the nature of the auditory P300 in response to filtered
words in ten normal hearing adults. P300 waveforms were elicited by a classic
oddball paradigm, and recorded using a net of 128 electrodes (HydroCel Geodesic
Sensor Net 128 1.0.). P300 waveforms from central, parietal, temporal right and
temporal left regions were selected for data collection. P300 latencies and amplitudes
for the largest deflection distinguishing responses to filtered from unfiltered words
between 248 and 652 ms post stimuli were collected from each electrode in each
region and these values were averaged obtain electrode group values. All filtered
versions of the word successfully elicited P300 waveforms at all four recording
locations in the form of large, vertex-positive deflections, which differed significantly
(p<0.05) compared to the electrophysiological responses to the unfiltered stimulus.
However, among the responses to the different filtered versions of the stimulus the
overall tendency was that statistical differences could not be seen, neither in terms of
amplitudes or latencies. The lack of substantial change in the P300 waveforms elicited
by the different filtered versions of the stimulus word suggests the use of the P300 as
a measure of filtered word performance is limited to the detection of a filtered version
of a word and not the degree


AbstractThis study determined the relationship among children's perceptions of their competence, teachers' perceptions of the children's competence, and the children's academic performance. Thirty kindergarten children were asked to rate their cognitive and physical competence as well as their perceptions of peer acceptance. Teachers rated the children on the same variables. The Metropolitan Readiness Test (MRT) was given to each child as an objective measure of academic performance.Findings revealed significant, positive correlations between the teachers' ratings of cognitive and physical competence and the MRT measures. There were also significant negative correlations between the child's rating of perceptions of peer acceptance and the MRT variables as well as the teacher's ratings of the child's cognitive competence.The results confirmed earlier findings that kindergarten children are not very good predictors of their own academic competence. The findings are discussed both from a cognitive as well as...


There is a need to make the front and specially the window on the phone more resistant to scratches and marks. The main reason for this is that scratched windows will spoil the appearance of the complete phone and customer will perceive variations on visual aspect that could make them change the brand. The improved scratch resistance for the front will also improve the yield during the production and make the phone appearance less vulnerable to abusive handling. The project will look into the possibilities to make the window and the front more resistant to scratches and marks from handling during both production and usage. A central part of the project is to find a test method that makes it possible to evaluate scratch resistance for different materials and coatings. The final goal is to give a new set of tests to improve the quality standards inside the company. An evaluation of equipment and tests inside the Sony Ericsson is part of the initial phase. Further study includes certain modifications on equipment and procedures. New methods available are searched through the Internet. Interview as well as brainstorming sessions were conducted. Project focus in two main directions: how to do the scratches and how to evaluate them. Several samples were tested. Opportunities to expand the project in different directions are suggested inside this report. Results provide new and better ways to evaluate coatings and windows resistance. Procedures are improved and tests, even when sometimes expensive, are included inside recommendations. Much information collected can be used to find alternatives for other uses inside the company. (Less)


Adenosine deaminase(ADA) activity and immunological functions following successfull bone marrow transplantation(BMT) was evaluated for 3 years in a 3-year-old boy with ADA deficieny and severe combined immmunodeficiency(SCID) who was diagnosed at the age of 1 month and recieved BMTs three times during the following 3 months from a HLA-identical brother. On 12th day of posttransplantation, ADA activities of lymphocytes and red cells, which were below one-tenth of the normal levels, began to increase and reached within the normal level on the 19th day. Simultaneously, dATP in red cells and dAdo in urine reduced significantly. The persistent chimerism of donor red cells disappeared spontaneously 2 years later, when ADA activity in red cells had decreased further to undetectable level. On the other hand, B-cell functions began to recover about one month after transplantation. T-lymphocytes with the surface markers of OK3, OK4, LeulO and Leu7 increased in number within the normal levels, although T-lymphocyes with positive OKT8 antigen delayed to appear untill about 2 months later. The in vitro responsiveness to PHA and Con-A mitoges started to recover slowly on about 3rd month after 3rd BMT. The patient is still quite healthy and developes very well without any GVHD.


This article presents the results from two expectation-states studies on gender and double standards for task competence. The emergence of such standards under several experimental conditions is investigated. In both studies, men and women, participating in opposite-sex dyads, worked first individually and then as a team in solving a perceptual task. As predicted, results from Experiment 1 show that although subjects of both sexes achieved equal levels of performance, women were held to a stricter standard of competence than men. This difference was more pronounced when the referent of the standard was the partner rather than self. Experiment 2 investigates the extent to which the double standard is affected by level of accountability for one's assessments. Results show a significant difference by sex of referent of standard when accountability was low, but not when it was increased. In both studies, measures of perceived competence in self and in partner reflected reported standards, as predicted. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.


High‐grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is a major form of ovarian epithelial tumor that is often diagnosed only at an advanced stage when it is already highly aggressive. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling using an analytically validated clinical next‐generation sequencing assay to identify genomic alterations in 450 cancer‐related genes in a cohort of 88 Chinese HGSOC patients. Overall, we detected 547 genomic alterations with an average of 6.2 alterations per tumor. Most of these HGSOC tumors had low tumor mutation burden and were microsatellite stable. Consistent with earlier studies, TP53 mutations were present in the majority (96.6%) of the tumors studied, and mutations in BRCA1/2 that affect DNA repair were also detected frequently in 20.5% of the tumors. However, we observed a 10.2% of mutated genes in the Ras/Raf pathway, all co‐occurring with TP53 mutations in the same tumor, which was unrecognized previously. Our results show that in HGSOC patients, there may be an unrecognized co‐occurrence of TP53 mutations with mutations in Ras/Raf pathway.


The subject of noise control effects the main planning principles both macro (urban planning scale) and micro (building planning scale) scales. In order to realise the comfort conditions in terms of outdoor sound, noise caused by traffic and industry should be controlled by land use and zone planning. In terms of urban acoustics, one of the factors affecting environmental noise is the sound reflection from the surfaces round the noise source. The aim of this paper is to determine how the reflections from surfaces increase noise in the different conditions. Especially, taking into consideration road traffics, the effects of reflections from facades were investigated by using a software. It has been determined that there are some relations between noise increasing, size of reflecting surface and the receiver distance from the noise source. Findings will be illustrated with tables and graphics. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E113232.


A robotic system has been developed to automate the crucible packing process in the CZ semiconductor wafer production. It requires the delicate manipulation and packing of highly irregular shaped polycrystalline silicon nuggets, into a fragile glass crucible. An online algorithm is presented to plan the packing. It uses a method called virtual trial and error. The online algorithm handles large numbers of highly irregularly shaped object of different sizes without requiring the object models. Working with the 3D range maps of objects, it is computationally fast enough to be applied in real-time to practical industrial applications, such as the CZ wafer manufacture. Simulation results show that it compares well with the human performance. The integrated system is shown to achieve high production rates, required precision and cost effectiveness.


Enzymes that scan double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) have been thoroughly analyzed and modeled. However, enzymes that scan singlestranded DNA (ssDNA) have been far less explored. In this Paper of the Week, a team led by Chi H. Mak and Myron F. Goodman at the University of Southern California developed a mathematical model to analyze enzymes that scan ssDNA. The investigators applied the model to an enzyme called activation-induced deoxycytidine deaminase (AID). This enzyme, found in B-cells, processively deaminates cytosine to uracil on ssDNA. The investigators established that AID scanned ssDNA in short, random, and bidirectional movements, performing deaminations with low efficiency, which could be critical for ensuring immunoglobulin mutational diversity. The authors point out that this study explores the unrestrained activity of AID on simple ssDNA. They add, "However, AID in "real life" acts on transcribed dsDNA. The model can readily be modified to accommodate a unidirectional scanning process to analyze deaminations occurring during transcription of dsDNA."