The problem of human trafficking under the guise of illegal TKI trade (Human Trafficking) is still a crime that can threaten human security throughout the world including in Indonesia and more particularly in four districts in West Nusa Tenggara, West Lombok, Central Lombok Regency, East Lombok Regency, and North Lombok Regency. IOM Indonesia's Counter Trafficking Unit is one of the international organizations that have the task of dealing with human trafficking issues. With the sense of need to play an active role in overcoming the problem of illegal TKI trade in NTB, therefore Counter Trafficking Unit cooperates with NTB government to jointly seek various strategies to create human security in the form of illegal kindergarten trade in four districts namely West Lombok regency, Central Lombok, East Lombok Regency, and North Lombok Regency of West Nusa Tenggara Province. The methodology used by researchers in this research is qualitative method with descriptive technique. This method according to the researchers will be able to describe and explore problems that occur systematically, valid, factual and accurate. Furthermore, the main purpose of this research is to see how the role of Counter Trafficking Unit in assisting NTB Government to overcome the illegal trade of migrant workers by Traffickers (Calo/ PJTKI) in NTB. The conclusion of this research is IOM Counter Trafficking Unit has a role set in handling the problem of illegal TKI trade in NTB, ie as role expection, strengthening of role conception, establishing partnership with NTB government from 2001 -2018.


Magnetic excitations in a Nd{sub 2}BaNiO{sub 5} powder sample were investigated by inelastic neutron scattering. Well-defined one-dimensional (1D) gap modes were observed {ital above} {ital and} {ital below} the N{acute e}el temperature {ital T}{sub {ital N}}=24 K. In both temperature regimes the measured dynamic structure factor was found to be consistent with that calculated for transverse Haldane gap modes in a quantum-disordered {ital S}=1 linear-chain antiferromagnet. The energy gap does not show any appreciable {ital T} dependence at {ital T}{approx_gt}{ital T}{sub {ital N}}. However, in the ordered phase the spin gap {ital increases}. The observed behavior is totally different from that found in other Haldane gap systems undergoing 3D antiferromagnetic ordering, such as CsNiCl{sub 3}. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}


Objective To measure the quadrilateral length and thickness of the Lumbar isthmus in order to provide the practical anatomy data for the lamina osteotomy replantation and for the design of a " 工 " shaped titanium plate. Method The length and thickness of the isthmus of 32 dried adult male's lumbar spines were directly measured from L1to L5with a vernier caliper and dividers, excluding the appearances of malformations and breakage. Results(1)The length of the superior(A) edge of the Lumbar isthmus gradually increased from L2to L5(from 6.47±0.90 mm at L2to 8.38±0.98mm at L5),and that of the inferior(C) edge progressively decreased from L1to L5(from 7.86±0.93 mm at L1to 4.77±0.64 mm at L5); The medial(D) edge of the isthmus from19.07±0.86 mm at L1, the longest, to 12.92±1.40mm at L5, the shortest; The lateral(B) edge of the isthmus from11.24±0.80 mm at L3, the longest, to 9.87±0.65 mm at L4, the shortest;(2) The thickness of the intersection E between the lateral edge and the superior edge ranges from 6.10±0.23 mm at L1, the thinnest, to 7.53±0.35mm at L3, the thickest; The thickness of the intersection F between the lateral edge and the medial edge ranges from5.10 ±0.25 mm at L1, the thinnest, to 6.41 ±0.27 mm at L3, the thickest; The thickness of the intersection G between the inferior edge and the medial edge gradually decreases from L1to L5(from 7.51±0.42mm at L1to6.25±0.27mm at L3); The thickness of the intersection H between the lateral edge and the inferior edge gradually increases from L1to L5(from 8.59±0.30 mm at L1to 10.11±0.35 mm at L5). Conclusion The study further reveals the Lumbar isthmus quadrilateral anatomical parameters. The best part of the Lumbar isthmus Osteotomy is at 3 ~ 4 mm from the lateral edge of the isthmus. It is in parallel with the medial and lateral edges.The thickness of the " 工 " shaped titanium plate is 1.2 mm, the length of the upper side is 9mm, the length of the lower side is 10mm, and the height is10 mm.The lengths of the miniature screws are 6 、8、10, and 12 mm,while the diameter is 2 mm.


The present invention relates to a method of transmitting a signal by an MME(Mobility Management Entity) in a wireless network, the method comprising: receiving a tracking area update message from an UE(User Equipment); transmitting, on reception the tracking area update message, an Update Location message comprising an IMS voice over PS(Packet Switched) session supported indication to an HSS(Home Subscriber Server), wherein the IMS voice over PS session supported indication indicates whether or not an IMS Voice over PS Session is supported homogeneously in all tracking areas in the serving MME.


A new image matching method is proposed based on delauney triangulation of this paper. The first step of this method is making the delauney triangle segmentations of the 2 reference images; second, covering each paired triangle with the parallel lines or the polar lines; thirdly, matching the image points using the epipolar geometry constraint. The method gets rid of the classic time-consuming dense matching technique, effectively resolves the problem of match missing caused by the line lengthening and shortening, and greatly improves the speed and accuracy of matching.


Abstract Giuseppe Bruni, a pioneer in the development of structural chemistry and the chemistry of solid solutions and isomorphism, and also outstanding for his researches in the chemistry and technology of rubber, was born in Parma, Italy, in 1873, and died in Milan in 1946. The news of Bruni's passing did not, for some unexplained reason, become known to most of his many friends and admirers abroad until the end of 1949. After graduating in Parma in 1896, he joined the renowned Ciamician at Bologna University, where for nearly ten years he worked mainly on the nature and theory of solid solutions and of isomorphism. In 1908, he summed up his researches in this field in a monograph entitled "Solid Solutions and Isomorphism," published in Germany under the title "Feste Losungen und Isomorphismus." He temporarily left Bologna to work with van't Hoff in 1900–1901, and the latter subsequently emphasized the importance of Bruni's researches in the following words: "Ce savant a contribue d'une partie preponder...


IV This investigation seeks to understand the changes in the associated volcanic and human systems during and after the 1975-1976 sudden thermal events at Movmt Baker volcano. Included are reviews of some of the conclusions made by scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and universities around the U.S. during that event. A questionnaire was also presented to people in communities around the volcano to outline current understanding of volcanic activity and hazards aissociated with Mount Baker. The source of the Moxmt Baker thermal activity in 1975-1976 was never conclusively identified at the time. There appears to have been a small decrease in the amount of thermal activity since 1975, but thermal activity levels have never returned to their pre-1975 levels. Little has changed in the structure of the volcano: weaknesses identified in 1975-1976 in the hydrothermally altered material that comprises the bulk of the summit of Mount Baker still exist today. Four hypotheses about the source of thermal activity at Mount Baker in 19751976 were presented to scientists that worked on, or are working on, Mount Baker. This method was intended to gain perspective about what has changed in our understanding of volcanic activity in general and about Mount Baker. The results helped focus my research on pertinent data that helped identify probable sources of the thermal activity. Most importantly, gas analyses have identified the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in a plume above the volcano indicative of magma present in the volcanic system. Thus, activity in 1975-1976 might have been magmatic in nature and not strictly hydrothermal in nature as has been previously accepted. V This investigation also describes community awareness of volcanic understanding including hazards associated with Mount Baker to better illuminate the connection between a volcano and its surrounding communities. A questionnaire asked individuals around Mount Baker about; 1975-1976 events, Mount Baker volcanics, and volcanology in general. Although construction of the questionnaire proved problematic, some facts are clear. Some individuals have misconceptions about the hazards associated with Mount Baker, including concerns of lava flows disrupting their tovms. Individuals are willing to comply with officials in most situations, but not all of them would be willing to leave their homes. Also, most individuals interviewed were unaware of a hazard assessment issued for the public by the U.S. Geological Survey, and individuals have spent little to no time exploring the educational resources already available. These findings indicate that a more active outreach program is necessary to educate the people in surrounding communities about hazards at Mount Baker. The 1975-1976 events at Mount Baker can be better explained today in light of our new understandings and the technology available to volcanologists. Also, the educational needs of the surrounding communities can be outlined with the use of a community survey, thus facilitating future educational outreach opportunities. TABLE OF CONTENTS vi PAGE ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................x INTRODUCTION TO THE THESIS..................................................................................I CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION............................................................................I PART I: MOUNT BAKER GEOLOGY AND INTERPRETATION................................5 CHAPTER 2: Historical Mount Baker Activity pre-1975...................................... 6 Location.......................................................................................................6 Geologic History of Mount Baker.............................................................. 6 Pre-1975 Historical Activity....................................................................... 9 Synthesis.................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3: 1975-1976 Thermal Events at Mount Baker................................. 16 Tephra........................................................................................................ 16 Heat Flux and Snow Melt..........................................................................18 Water Chemistry....................................................................................... 20 Geophysical Analysis........................... 21 Initial 1975-1976 Interpretations.............................................................. 23 CHAPTER 4: Modem Interpretation of 1975-1976 Events................................. 27 Seismicity...................................................................................................28


Personal pronoun confusion ("I/me" for "you" and "you" for "me/I") was studied longitudinally in the language of a highly imitative preschool child with normally developing language. The proportion of pronoun confusion was compared with proportion of imitative utterances and with level of linguistic complexity. Over a 5-month period, pronoun confusion decreased as imitation decreased and linguistic complexity increased. The developmental changes that occurred were qualitative as well as quantitative. Several categories of pronoun confusion were observed. These were similar to pronoun confusions reported in older language-disordered children. Pronoun confusion was related to (a) a tendency to imitate utterances of others, (b) early production of "you" as a productive linguistic form, and (c) a tendency to use a pronoun rather than a noun for self-reference. Clinical implications are presented.


Temporal evolution of fluorescence signal of rhodamine-6G for trapping of colloidal gold nanoparticles using Bessel beam illumination was studied for surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) based sensors. A stable SEF signal was achieved after 4-minutes of trapping.


The 2016 presidential election was dominated by anti-immigrant rhetoric where truths counted for less than bombast, obscuring the fact that the majority of refugees and immigrants are women and children. This article describes how teachers and students in a school for newly arrived immigrants are adapting to the reality of the new administration.


Introduction: propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that is being used since years and it is most commonly used induction agent now a days.it has become very popular because of its characteristics of smooth induction and smooth recovery as well. in our study we studied the use of propofol during maintance of anesthesia and we compared two techniques of propofol administeration: continous infusion and bolus doses of propofol. Material and methods: This was an hospital based randomized control prospective study. After assessing patients and recorded all the vital parameters,patient was induced with iv propofol and in Group I, maintenance of anesthesia was achieved with an infusion of propofol at the dose of 100 μg/kg/min, while in Group II, maintenance of anesthesia was achieved with infusion in IB dose of 0.5 mg/kg on the need basis.Hemodynamic and other monitoring parameters were observed continu usly and oted at an interval of 5 min during the operation.Intraoperative depth of sedation was measured by observers assessment of alertness and sedation scale. Score of 1 was considered to be the adequate depth of sedation while score 2 or more was considered to be inadequate depth. CI group patients with inadequate depth were excluded from the study. IB group with inadequate depth was given boluses dose of injection propofol 0.5 mg/kg.Patients were ventilated with 100% oxygen with Bains Circuit. After surgery was over in IB group, no additio al dose was given while in continuous group infusion was stopped immediately. Result: There was no statistical significant differences among demographic parameters such as age, weight and sex. After 30 min of induction, there was a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure in both the groups and the statistically significant difference was there between Gr upsI and II (P= 0.05). there was a significant reduction of DBP from the baseline, and statistically, significant difference was there between Group I andII (P=0.033). The mean dose of propofol was r ired more in CI as compared to IB. There was a statistically highly significant diff rence b tween b th the group with respect to a dose of propofol (P= 0.001).71% of study subjects did not have any side effects. 14% had hypotension and 7% had bradycardia. Apnea was more in group II than group I subjects. Conclusion: In our study, we compared two commonly used methods of dosing regi ens, i.e., IB and CI. Both regimens provided comparable hemodynamic stability, depth of sedation, the incidence of adverse effects and recovery time. CI was associated with higher dose requirement and hence higher cost while it was also found to be the more satisfactory mode of anesthesia for both surgeons and patients. Each mode has its own advantage and disadvantage, and hence the method of choice depends on anesthetist's preference, availability of equipment and patients factors.


Biological and software systems share a common property from evolution: they need to change and adapt to either a new environment or a new requirement. If the environment or requirement changes, those systems that have high evolvability will survive and others will be eliminated. The evolvability of a biological system has been widely studied and shown to be dependent on several properties: self-organization, modularity, gene duplication, gene robustness, and symbiosis. This position paper discusses the evolvability of a software system with respect to these properties. Our study shows that software systems share similar evolvability properties with biological systems. We conclude that studying and comparing the internal structures as well as the overall evolution process of these biological systems can help us understand software systems from a holistic 'product-lifecycle' perspective thereby helping us develop software systems with better evolvability traits


In the context of the recent interest in solvable models of scattering mediated by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians (cf. H. F. Jones, Phys. Rev. D 76, 125003 (2007)) we show that the well-known variability of the ad hoc choice of the metric {theta} which defines the physical Hilbert space of states can help us to clarify several apparent paradoxes. We argue that with a suitable {theta}, a fully plausible physical picture of the scattering can be recovered. Quantitatively, our new recipe is illustrated on an exactly solvable toy model.


In this paper, a cloud system security mechanism is defined for information management in Hadoop environment. The work has integrated in the Hadoop environment to manage the information on cloud server. It includes the file level security, user level security and communication level security. At the earlier stage of work, as the user enters to the system, the user role will be identified by performing the authentication and authorization. Once the authentication is proven, the information management over the Hadoop server will be performed under file level security. A key based hybrid approach will be applied to achieve the file level security. In this work, SHA and AES based combined approach will be applied for file level security. In third stage of work, the secure information transmission will be provided for private users using session based communication. The work will be implemented in java integrated Hadoop environment using Netbeans IDE.


Confidence is the inner demand of human beings and also the everlasting goal of pursuit for mankind. The development of market economy in China has led to the transformation of interpersonal relationship, featuring a transfer from the interpersonal trust to institutional trust. The lack of institution is the main cause for the crisis of credit. Therefore, it is proposed in the paper that to establish and improve the judicial systems and the credit system be an important approach to alleviating the crisis of confidence.


Ureteral endometriosis is a rare form of endometriotic lesion. It can be intrinsic or extrinsic, intrinsic being more rare than extrinsic. Extrinsic ureteral involvement can lead to silent damage to the kidneys. It is commonly seen in women with rectovaginal endometriosis. They present with a variety of symptoms from flank pain to hematuria. Though it responds to medical management, it will require definitive surgical intervention such as a simple cyst excision to the extent of ureteric resection and reanastamosis.


There are several innovation methodologies reported in the literature starting from simple concepts such as technology push and market pull all the way to Disruptive innovation. Almost all these methods do not provide for customizability and extensibility. The method described in this paper is called Quick and Dirty Innovation Method or QaDIM in short to represent the fact that the method can be used rather easily to identify incremental innovation opportunities. The paper will first describe the basic concept, and then proceed to give a sample framework before proceeding to describe the extensibility. The method allows firms and individuals to define new operators as well as select operators from an existing operator base thereby offering both extensibility and customizability.


Stimulation of neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces antinociception that is mediated in part by noradrenergic neurons that innervate the spinal cord dorsal horn. Because norepinephrine‐containing neurons are not found in the PAG, noncatecholamine neurons in the PAG must project to, and activate, spinally projecting catecholamine neurons located in the pons or medulla. The present studies determined the projections of neurons in the ventrolateral PAG to the A5, A6 (locus coeruleus), and A7 catecholamine cell groups that are known to contain spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons. The anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the ventrolateral PAG, and labeled axon terminal profiles were identified near noradrenergic neurons that were visualized by processing tissue sections for tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Highly varicose, anterogradely labeled terminal profiles were found apposed to the dendrites and somata of tyrosine‐hydroxylase‐immunoreactive neurons and non‐tyrosine‐hydroxylase‐immunoreactive neurons in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. These axon terminal profiles were more dense on the side ipsilateral to the BDA deposit, and both A7 and locus coeruleus neurons received a more dense innervation than did the A5 neurons.


The effect of gutting on sensory, microbiological, and chemical properties of European hake (Merluccius merluccius var. mediterraneus) stored in ice was studied. Gutting of hake noticeably affected the development of gram-negative bacteria: counts of Enterobacteriaceae, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Pseudomonas throughout ice storage were higher in gutted than in ungutted samples. These differences in microbial loads were also reflected in the lower sensory scores of both raw and cooked hake, in the quicker trimethylamine accumulation, and in the higher contents of putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and histamine found in gutted hake. All of the fish quality indicators studied showed that gutting made hake more susceptible to spoilage during ice storage and decreased its shelf life by 4 days.


An efficient and accurate transonic unsteady aerodynamic method is needed for predicting flight loads, flutter and aeroelastic stability for advanced aircraft. There have been new developments and many improvements to older codes. XTRAN3S was improved and is a useful code for the near term. However, to predict the unsteady aerodynamics for high performance maneuvering aircraft, the Euler/Navier-Stokes codes must be extended and improved for complex 3-D configurations. The long term goal is development of Euler/Navier-Stokes unsteady aerodynamic methods for aeroelastic analysis.


Objective To study the effect of the molecular adsorbent recirculation system ( MARS) on oxygenation , peak inspiratory airway pressure and hemodynamics in severe sepsis patients with ventilation. Methods We reviewed and follow-uped severe sepsis patients with ventilation been treated for 27 treatments with MARS bedsides in ICU from November 2002 to December 2003. Results There was no significant difference in pH and PaCO 2 between post-MARS and pre-MARS.PaO 2,SaO 2 and oxygenation index(PaO 2/FiO 2) increased significantly,peak inspiratory airway pressure and heart rate decreased significantly ,and mean arterial pressure increased significantly. Conclusions MARS could improve the oxygenation and hemodynamics,and decrease peak inspiratory airway pressure in severe sepsis patients with ventilation


The Srotas, besides performing numerous functions at both macroscopic and microscopic level, which when gets disrupted, causes pathological features; hence it is immensely required to understand the physiological and pathological concepts of srotas. Generally srotas are considered only at gross level, as structures, carrying material. But the concept of srotas is very deep and minute, which can be explained with the help of cell adaptation concepts, explained by the modern science. This article shall be helpful in putting forth the ayurvedic perspective of srotas along with modern pathological considerations.


There are a number of studies related to the effects of the strong-motion duration on the response of building structures. However, the findings regarding these effects are very contradictory. Some studies report significant effects, and other studies report minimal or no effects. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of this issue. It describes results from seismic analyses of reinforced concrete frame buildings subjected to earthquake motions with different strong-motion durations. Three buildings (4-, 10-, and 16-storey high) designed for Vancouver were used in the study. Forty-four ground motion records were used as excitation motions. The records were scaled to different intensity levels in order to produce responses ranging from elastic to large nonlinear responses of the buildings. The scaling was conducted with respect to the spectral acceleration at the fundamental periods of the buildings. The response parameter considered was the maximum interstorey drifts of the buildings. The results showed that the strong-motion duration does not have effects on the drifts when the seismic excitations are scaled to spectral acceleration at the fundamental building period. Introduction The strong portion of an earthquake record at a given site, which is normally referred to as the strong-motion duration, depends on a number of parameters including the type and the magnitude of the earthquake, the distance from the earthquake source to the site where the record is obtained, the soil condition at the site, etc. Normally, the strong-motion duration during small earthquakes, at short epicentral distances, and at stiff soil sites is expected to be smaller than that during large earthquakes, at long distances, and at soft soil sites. A number of studies have been conducted in the past for the quantification of the strongmotion duration and its effects on the response of structures. Bommer and Martinez-Pereira Postdoctoral Fellow, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0Y3 Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5 Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5 Risk Specialist, Public Works and Government Services Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada, K1A 0S5 Proceedings of the 9th U.S. National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering Compte Rendu de la 9ième Conférence Nationale Américaine et 10ième Conférence Canadienne de Génie Parasismique July 25-29, 2010, Toronto, Ontario, Canada • Paper No 810 (1999) reviewed about 30 different definitions of strong-motion duration. Given the differences in the assumptions involved in these definitions, one can expect significant variations in the computed strong-motion duration using different definitions. Regarding the effects of the strongmotion duration on the response of structures, the conclusions from different studies are very contradictory. Some studies report significant effects, and other studies report minimal or no effects. Hancock and Bommer (2006) observed that the differences in the conclusions of different studies are primarily associated with the response (i.e., the damage) parameter used for the quantification of the effects of strong-motion duration, and the definitions used for determining the strong-motion duration. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of the strong-motion duration on the drift of reinforced concrete frame buildings designed according to the National Building Code of Canada. This was done by seismic analyses of three reinforced concrete buildings designed for Vancouver. Description of Buildings The plan and the elevation of the buildings used in this study are shown in Fig. 1. The buildings are for office use and are located in Vancouver, which is in a high seismic hazard zone (National Research Council of Canada, 2005). The buildings are the same in plan but have different heights. As shown in the figure, the buildings include a 4-storey, a 10-storey, and a 16storey building, which can be considered representative of low-rise, medium-rise and high-rise buildings respectively. The plan of each building is 27.0 m x 63.0 m (Fig. 1). The storey heights are 3.65 m. The lateral load resisting system consists of moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames in both the longitudinal and the transverse directions. There are four frames in the longitudinal direction (designated Le and Li in Fig. 1; Le – exterior frames, and Li – interior frames) and eight frames in the transverse direction (Te and Ti). The distance between both the longitudinal and transverse frames is 9.0 m. Secondary beams between the longitudinal frames are used at the floor levels in order to reduce the depth of the floor slabs. The secondary beams are supported by the beams of the transverse frames. The floor system consists of one-way slab spanning in the transverse direction, supported by the beams of the longitudinal frames and the secondary beams. The slab is cast integrally with the beams.


According to the introduction of four types of personality and temperament including Sanguine,melancholic,choleric and phlegmatic,this paper analyzed the impact of data collecting accuracy for people with different personality and temperament under different observing environment during the observation process.The results could help us identify the traits of people's temperament to maximize favorable factors and minimize unfavorable ones,and finally to improve the observation quality.


ठIn this study a method of statistically comparing the volume swell behavior of selected materials in representative JP-8s and alternative fuels is described. This approach is based on obtaining volume swell data is a set of reference JP-8s and the alternative fuel. The overlap in the 90% prediction intervals is then used as a measure of the comparability, and by extension the degree of compatibility, between 'typical' JP-8 and the alternative fuel. In the specific case examined here the alternative fuel is a 50% v/v blend of JP-8 and a Fischer-Tropsch fuel. The results of the statistical analysis showed that in a arbitrarily blended JP-8 fuel there is greater than 50% chance that this fuel would exhibit volume swell behavior that is within the range of 'typical' low-aromatic JP-8s. From this it was concluded that the chances of an acute failure of O-ring seals and sealants with a 50% JP-8/FT fuel blend was low and there was no compelling evidence in the data that there was a significant likelihood of an acute sealing failure resulting from the use of this blend.


OBJECTIVE
To search the interaction protein of Schistosoma japonicum gynecophoral canal protein (SjGCP).

METHODS
The recombinant rSjGCP was used as a target to search the T7 phage display cDNA library from 44-day adult Schistosoma japonicum.

RESULTS
A total of 70 ESTs were obtained. The bioinformatics analyses to the screening results revealed that 5 interaction proteins or peptides of SjGCP were found. CONCLUSION; Interaction proteins or peptides of SjGCP are successfully obtained through screening the T7 phage display library.


The invention relates to the field of medicines which are related to diabetes. Specifically, the invention relates to a compound containing an adamantane tetranitrazoleacetic acid structure, which is as shown in a general formula I, has a treatment effect against the diabetes and is used as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, as well as a preparation method and an application in the aspect of treating the diabetes, wherein the groups are as defined in the specification.


Two Phragmites species, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. and Phragmites japonica Steud., have drawn public attention worldwide as a plant material for waterfront revegetation and riparian buffer zone. These plants have excellent functions in cleaning water quality, preventing soil erosion in addition to offering various habitats for wild animal communities, fishes, birds and mammalia. However, sites where Phragmites australis and Phragmites japonica are planted often suffer from disturbance of erosion, sedimentation and lodging, etc. In this study, therefore, growth response to lodging of Phragmites australis and Phragmites japonica was examined as one of the disturbance. As the results, lodging tolerance of Phragmites japonica was higher than Phragmites australis. In addition, it was also proved that the disturbance and bare field formation by river water itself was the most important factor in promoting epigeal stolon elongation and establishment of Phragmites japonica. Therefore, for creating stable waterfront vegetation and riparian buffer zone using Phragmites species, Phragmites japonica is preferable for strand line with frequent disturbance, while Phragmites australis is preferable in the hinter-field with little disturbance.


A modular method for the synthesis of 3-aryl-4-(arylethynyl)-2H-chromen-2-ones from 2-iodoaryl 2-arylacetates and arylacetylenes has been developed. The carbonylative Sonogashira coupling–intramolecular aldol casade reaction was carried out in the presence of Pd(PPh3)2(Cl)2 as the catalyst. The one-pot approach that involves the in situ formation of the 2-iodoaryl 2-arylacetates from the corresponding 2-iodophenols and 2-arylacetyl chlorides followed by the palladium-catalyzed carbonylative annulation in the presence of the arylacetylene has also been described for the formation of the 3-aryl-4-(arylethynyl)-2H-chromen-2-ones.


By using the introduced varieties of sea buckthorn as the materials, this experiment studied on the dynamic changes of conservation rate, shoot growth, plant height, crown diameter and fruit yield. And then, the test conducted a comprehensive evaluation of their ecological adaptation in the Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that among the tested varieties, there was greater difference, most of the tested varieties were suitable for cultivation in Heilongjiang Province, and there were the satisfying varieties of Chuyi, Hunjin, Chengse, Wulangemu to cultivate. The article studied the adaptability of sea buckthorn in order to provide a scientific basis for the production and cultivation of Heilongjiang Province's sea buckthorn.


Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an orphan recessive kidney disease mostly caused by mutations in NPHP1 and 20 other genes encoding proteins that localize to primary cilia. To date the pathways linking altered primary cilia function to progressive kidney scarring in NPH remain poorly defined and therapeutic options allowing NPH patients to escape end-stage kidney disease are lacking. Distinct proteins mutated in NPH interact with components of the Hippo pathway, an important regulator of cell fate. YAP (Yes-associated protein) overactivation has been shown to induce renal scarring while YAP inhibition showed protective effect in kidney diseases unrelated to NPH. Yet, the therapeutic potential of YAP inhibition in NPH has not been formerly assessed. Here we studied the impact of both genetic and pharmacologic YAP inhibition on the NPH-like phenotype caused by a bi-allelic mutation of Lkb1, a ciliary kinase interacting with NPHP1. Contrary to non NPH renal disease, our results reveal an unexpected protective role of YAP in Lkb1 mutant kidneys. Indeed, YAP genetic disruption drastically increase kidney disease burden in Lkb1 deficient mice, while pharmacologic inhibition of YAP failed to improve their phenotype. Collectively these results suggest that YAP inhibition is not a valid therapeutic strategy in NPH and suggest that LKB1 and YAP are parallel negative regulators of a yet uncharacterized pathway detrimental for kidney health.


Legacy pollution issues abound in the poorer countries and cause significant damage to local populations. According to WHO and the World Bank, up to one billion people are affected by pollution related issues. We examined four locations where pollution had been causing health problems, and where the pollutants have now (or will soon) been cleaned-up with Blacksmith Institute intervention. We then estimated the resulting health impact and cost benefits using established epidemiological data and methodologies.


Based on Sack's theories of Conversation Analysis,taking radio hot-line program as the material resource and combining the features of radio station,the paper analyses the turn constructional units and rules governing the turn-taking in radio hot-line programs.It also summarizes and discusses the features of turn-taking in this special communicating manner.


The purposes of this research were to study and compare the knowledge on computer law of bachelor's degree students of 3 departments in Faculty of Industrial Education, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang.


We describe a system that employs a GPS device and a single calibrated camera mounted on a moving vehicle to produce a road appearance map as a comprehensive mosaic of individual orthogonal views. The system first transforms the current image of the road acquired from a driver's perspective into the orthogonal view by inverse perspective mapping. The orthogonal image is aligned with previously recovered parts of the mosaic with respect to the interpolated GPS coordinates and bearing. Experiments have been performed on videos taken along public roads through Croatian countryside and small cities. The obtained results are provided and discussed.


In an attempt to characterize the signals on the blocked elements and to assess the image degradation they cause we collected the individual-channel signals from a clinical matrix array on a phantom through a layer of absorbing rubber and on the human liver intercostally. The signal amplitude and nearest-neighbor normalized cross-correlation exhibited significantly lower values for the blocked elements than for the remaining elements on the aperture. The channel-signals were summed coherently in the elevation dimension to create a synthetic receive 1-D aperture data-set. B-mode images of liver vasculature that were created for a growing synthetic 1-D aperture indicate that beamforming with the blocked elements turned off can reduce noise and improve visibility of targets.


Abstract Objective In the first 100 days of his U.S. presidency, Joe Biden sought to comfort Americans who had lost loved ones to the pandemic and to initiate a surprisingly progressive policy agenda. I interpret these two cardinal features of his early presidency in terms of two traumatic losses in Biden's personal life, contextualizing the argument within a 3‐tiered model of personality. Method This psychobiography of a single case mainly follows an inductive, grounded‐theory approach that aims to find patterns in the data that both explain a life and link to evidence‐based constructs in psychological science. Results As Biden understands his own life story, the deaths of his wife and daughter in 1972 and first‐born adult son in 2015 forged an empathic sensibility that enables him to connect deeply with other Americans through shared grief and pain. These two traumatic events also inform the uniquely conciliatory approach he followed to instigate social change. Conclusions The first 100 days of the Biden presidency provide a striking example of how a particular person's life history comes to meet the broader historical moment. The findings have implications for how personality researchers think about redemptive life stories and the nature of late‐life narrative identity.


In this paper the experimental fact that the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetic moment of dysprosium metal shows a marked departure from the Bloch ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ law at low temperatures is interpreted as due to magnetic anisotropy. The calculation is in the spin-wave approximation and gives a result which agrees well with the observed temperature dependence of the magnetization if the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy is suitably chosen. A discussion on the atomic origin of the magnetic anisotropy is given.


This paper studies regional differences in price and competition in municipal competitive procurement in Sweden. The bidding process is a first-price, sealed bid auction. The piecewise pseudo-maxim ...


Abstract We prove an upper bound for the fifth moment of Hecke L-functions associated to holomorphic Hecke cusp forms of full level and weight k in a dyadic interval K ≤ k ≤2K, as K → ∞. The bound is sharp on Selberg's eigenvalue conjecture.


OBJECTIVE
MicroRNA-206 plays important roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression of various human malignancies. However, its involvement in cervical cancer has remained unclear.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine the expression patterns and clinical implications of miR-206 in cervical cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-206 in cervical cancer cell lines and primary tumor tissues. The clinicopathologic significance and the prognostic value of miR-206 expression were further determined. Finally, the effects of miR-206 on HeLa cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration were investigated.

RESULTS
MiR-206 expression was significantly downregulated in cervical cancer samples when compared with normal adjacent tissues. Low level of miR-206 was associated with advanced FIGO stage (p < 0.001), positive lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), poor differentiation (p = 0.016), and human papillomavirus infection (p = 0.007). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that decreased miR-206 expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for overall survival. In addition, transfection of miR-206 mimics in HeLa cells was able to reduce cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit cell invasion and migration.

CONCLUSIONS
miR-206 may act not only as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker, but also as a potential target for molecular therapy of cervical cancer.


To provide a power receiving device capable of voltage value at the time of communication is to adequately protect the communication unit even when close to the voltage value at the time of power reception. A power receiving apparatus includes a receiving antenna for receiving a non-contact, and the power supply unit, and a communication antenna, and a communication unit for communicating via a communication antenna, a communication switch, and a switch controller. Feed unit is connected to the power receiving antenna, and outputs an output voltage according to power received via the power receiving antenna. Communication switch is connected between the communication antenna and the communication unit. Communication switch may be transition and conduction state by the communication unit is conducting a communication antenna, and a cutoff state in which the communication unit is disconnected from the communication antenna. Switch when the switch control unit, the descending output voltage of the power supply unit is one for shifting the switch to cut-off state when rises above the first voltage, exceeds the smaller second voltage output voltage than the first voltage It shifts to the conductive state. .FIELD 1


The most vulnerable and affected group by the negative impacts of climate change are the least developed countries. This fact is contributed by lack of structural and financial resources to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) developed a technology transfer framework to create a mechanism so that low carbon technologies (LCT's) are transferred to the least developed country in an effective and sustainable manner in order to curb and reduce the amount of GHG emissions and mitigate the impacts of Climate Change. The book analyses the suitability of the framework in enabling transfer of technology by assessing the suitability of framework using Tanzania as a case study as well as identifying channels of diffusion of LCT's. Among other things, the book identifies climate entrepreneurs as key players in diffusion and deployment of LCT's and the significance of a bottom up approach in technology transfering process where local participation and involvement need to be enhanced and strengthened from the initial stages of the process.


Ionization of a helium atom by intense extreme ultraviolet laser pulses is investigated in a frequency regime where the high-frequency stabilization condition is only fulfilled for the lowest single ionization channel. Multiphoton double ionization substantially contributes to the total ionization probability for superintense fields. As a result, no obvious stabilization against total ionization occurs. A detailed view of probabilities into different single ionization channels as a function of the field strength is presented. We find that the probabilities into some ionic channels peak at field strengths corresponding to one-photon resonances between field-dressed ionic states in the high-frequency Floquet theory. Thus we propose a sequential ``ionization-excitation'' mechanism in the dressed energy picture: first, one-photon absorption causes single ionization, leaving the ion in its dressed ground state; second, the ion is excited to a new state via one-photon absorption at the field strength where the resonance condition in the dressed ionic system is fulfilled. To reveal the sequential mechanism in the time domain, we also take a time-dependent view on the channel-resolved probabilities, observing the decrease of the ground-state ionic channel probability during the laser pulse when the field strength is such that a resonance condition exists between the dressed states in the ion.


1. Energy carriers For the development of carbon-free energy, hydrogen is considered as promising fuel. For the storage and transportation of hydrogen, however, several compounds have been investigated as candidates of energy carriers, e.g., liquid hydrogen, methane, methyl cyclohexane, and ammonia. In the future, these carrier compounds will be produced by renewable energy sources, such as solar heat and power, wind power, and hydropower. Then the carrier is transported to energy consumption sites. Most of production of hydrogen carriers and recovery of hydrogen involve catalytic processes [1]. Hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of hydrocarbons. By using renewable energy, electrolysis of water or steam is considered as the candidate. Catalytic Sabatier reaction has been known as production process of methane from CO2 and hydrogen. Hydrogenation of toluene is the well-established catalytic process, whereas catalytic dehydrogenation of methyl cyclohexane has been developed recently. [2] The amount of synthetic ammonia exceeds 150 million tons per annum by the Haber–Bosch process. This process has been a wellestablished technology for ammonia synthesis from its invention in 1906 using doubly promoted iron as a catalyst. A Ru-based ammonia synthesis catalyst is known to be more active than Fe-based catalysts. [3] Recently, Ru-loaded electride [Ca24Al28O64](e)4 or other supported Ru catalysts were reported to be active. [4] Although ammonia has not been synthesized or used as an energy carrier or fuel so far, this has been attracting attention as an energy carrier. Clearly, the catalysts are key in the production and utilization of ammonia fuel.


The resins and asphaltenes of three heavy oils differing in origin (Permian and Carboniferous) and vanadium content (0.025–0.165 wt %) have been studied as sources for isolation of spectrally pure ...


The subject innovation is to occur as the angle adjustment of the back panel, soft smoothly by improving the structure of the angle adjuster, and further adjust the angle of to so as to adjust the angle of inclination of the seat plate a to greatly improve user's convenience and comfort chair unit relate to. The subject innovation is in the seat plate 10 and the back panel 20 and the leg 30 is provided with a chair (1), the first seat plate bracket 40 fixed to the bottom face central portion of the seat plate (10); Is fixed to an upper portion of the leg 30, the first seat plate bracket leg bracket 50 connected to 40 and the first shaft (S1); A torsion spring (T1) to elastically support the seat plate 10 is chukseol to the first axis (S1); A second seat plate bracket 60 fixed to the bottom rear portion of the seat plate (10); Is fixed to the lower portion of the back panel 20, a second seat plate bracket backing bracket 70 which is connected to 60 and the second shaft (S2); A torsion spring (T2) to elastically support the back panel 20 is chukseol to the second axis (S2); The second is formed by the seat plate 2 including the bracket 60 and the backboard bracket 70, the locking member 80 and the angle adjustment to be installed on the lever 90.


✓ The hypothesis that the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia play a role in spinal blood flow regulation was tested in cats. Five cats were subjected to paravertebral sympathectomy, two to combined sympathectomy-adrenalectomy, three to adrenalectomy alone, and five controls received no treatment. Laminectomy was carried out to expose the T4–10 cord, and autoregulation was tested by measuring blood flow from the lateral columns with the hydrogen clearance technique during manipulation of systemic pressure with intravenous saline infusion and nitroprusside administration. The cord was then contused at T-7 with a 400 gm-cm impact injury. Posttraumatic blood flow was recorded, and neurophysiological function was assessed with somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) monitoring. Before injury, blood flow in the untreated (control) group had no consistent relationship with mean systemic pressure over the range 80 to 160 mm Hg. In contrast, in all cats with paravertebral sympathectomy, whether accompanied by adrenale...


Automaton is a model that can describe the behaviors of a system in scientific research.The working states can be checked when it is used in practice.Only lots of times of tests and diagnoses should it be taken into practice.The premise is changing the non-deterministic FSA into the deterministic FSA in model checking which is based on automaton.This paper introduces finite-state automaton,gives out the algorithm of how a non-deterministic automaton shift into the corresponding deterministic automaton.At the end of this paper,this algorithm is analyzed.


We discuss a model comprised of a chain of three Kerr-like nonlinear oscillators pumped by two modes of external coherent field. We show that the system can be treated as nonlinear quantum scissors and behave as a three-qubit model. For such situation, different types of tripartite entangled states can be generated, even when damping effects are present in the system. Some amount of such entanglement can survive even in a long-time limit. The flow of bipartite entanglement between subsystems of the model and relations among first-order correlations, second-order correlations, and the entanglement are discussed.


In this research, I have studied a method called Normalizing Flows, to transform probability densities. The idea is to construct complex distributions starting from a simple initial density by applying a sequence of invertible transformations. The flows have been used in conjunction with stochastic recurrent networks which are trained with Stochastic Gradient Variational Bayes (SGVB), a low variance gradient estimator. Two variants of the flows namely 'planar' and 'radial' have been used to model time sequences from inverted pendulum dataset. In addition to the aforementioned flows which have already been proposed, a new flow based on 1D convolution, has also been proposed. This has been termed as 'Convolution Planar Flows'. However, despite the fact that this flow has a sound mathematical basis, it was not found to be working satisfactorily.


First , based on the classical method of economic base analysis, this paper studies the change of Tianjin industry comparative advantage from 1990 to 1995 by comparing with Beijing and Shanghai. The major conclusion is that electronic and telecommunications, transportation equipment manufacturing, food production of Tianjin are becoming to take precedence, while chemical fibers and raw chemical materials and chemical products with good natural environment declining. Then the paper concentrates on industrial structure and leads to a viewpoint that Tianjin industry exerts lower environmental pressure and knowledge and technology intensive industry sectors with lower input of water and less pollution tend to burgeon. Moreover, the author gives some advice on developing a proper industry relationship between Beijing and Tianjin.


Coherent pulsed wind lidar usually determine value and sign of wind speed thanks to a frequency shift provided by an acousto-optic modulator. The maximum measurable speed is then limited by half of the bandwidth. Noise whitening is performed for each range gate by subtracting noise spectrum to the signal spectrum. This last step is time consuming, is adding noise and could suffer from residual signal. In this paper we present the use in a pulsed lidar of an all optical hybrid detector module, formerly developed for coherent telecommunications. The main advantages of quadrature detection are to determine the sign of wind speed without frequency shift, and to flatten the noise floor without additional noise acquisition, for a better frequency estimation. We present a simple statistical estimation on performance gain using heterodyne quadrature detection. Experimental procedure in pulsed mode and comparison results of performance with classical detection are also presented.


The electric field required to sustain streamer propagation is important to the interpretation of breakdown in nonuniform field geometries. Basic measurements of the minimum field for propagation have been carried out in uniform fields. These have shown that above a 'threshold' value of field, there is an increasing probability of propagation up to a 'stability' field at which propagation always occurs. Comparison is made (a) with earlier work in both uniform and nonuniform fields, (b) with a survey of the mean stresses required for breakdown under lightning impulse and steady voltages. This leads to the conclusions that the stability field is a better parameter to use than the threshold field in making comparisons with lightning impulse breakdown and that the threshold field corresponds more closely with the stress required for steady voltage breakdown. Humidity effects are discussed.


Watching TV is a practice many people enjoy and feel comfortable with. In the context of interactive TV, a program is defined by means of a structured multimedia document delivered to the viewer's digital TV equipment. While watching TV, a user can be offered the opportunity to edit the program with explicit or implicit edit operations.
 In this paper we exploit the concept of end-user live editing of interactive video programs by proposing an environment where such a live editing can take place. We contextualize our proposed approach in the context of the Brazilian Interactive Digital TV platform.


We consider chiral loop corrections to the effective couplings which describe the strong interactions of two heavy mesons of even or odd parities and a light pseudoscalar meson, within a framework which combines heavy quark effective theory and chiral perturbation theory. The strong couplings are extracted from the experimental results for the decay widths, after including chiral corrections. We find that the introduction of positive parity heavy meson fields into the framework gives relevant contributions to the chiral loop corrections of the effective couplings. The counterterms' contributions are studied by making a randomized fit distribution of the relevant couplings at {mu}{approx_equal}1 GeV. Then we discuss the chiral extrapolation based on calculated loop contributions. The inclusion of positive parity mesons in the chiral loops is found to be important for the lattice QCD studies of charm meson properties, where the knowledge of chiral limit behavior is required.


Due to non-stop increase of communication subscribers, the loss and distortion of data (voice, video...) is emphasized. Meanwhile, IEEE-SA (Standard Association) has developed a new standard for advanced audio coding (AAC) in August 2013, called IEEE 1857.2 for contributing to those issues. This new standard for AAC is an efficient lossless audio codec (coding decoding) technique, in improving audio quality for compression and decompression, optimizing bandwidth during transmission, saving storage space, speeding up the video streaming, audio streaming and others video or audio data. This survey consists not only of describing the different existing techniques for lossless audio compression, and also of showing the state of the art of this recent lossless standard for AAC upon its most popular predecessors.


Ti-6Al-4V is a well-known Ti alloy widely used in the aerospace industry and belongs to the group of difficult-to-machine materials. It is less suitable for both conventional chip removal (machining) techniques and electric discharge machining (EDM). The very low material removal rate (MRR) of the Ti alloys during the EDM process causes prohibitively long machining durations. The goal of this study was to improve the EDM performance of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy by the addition of graphite powder into the kerosene dielectric liquid. The EDM performance was quantified by MRR, tool electrode wear rate (EWR), relative wear (RW), surface roughness and texture properties. The experiments conducted have shown that the use of graphite powder mixed with the kerosene dielectric (GPMKD) during machining considerably increases the MRR, improves the Ra and Rz(DIN) surface roughness and decreases the RW. 3D topographic views of the machined workpiece surfaces attained with GPMKD revealed uniformly distributed surface valleys and peaks over the surface and peaks with short and round tops since the discharge energy of a spark is distributed over a large area at the machining gap. The experimental results strongly indicate the adaptability of the proposed technique to EDM die sinking and EDM drilling applications of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in the aerospace industry. The ED machining performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using GPMKD is also compared to that of AISI 1040 steel, which is commonly used in EDM applications.


A novel distributed multiprocessor system is being developed for a specific government application which requires product development in under 14 months. The system development incorporates a 32-bit advanced modular processor (AMP) with extended local bus (ELB) capabilities and a dual redundant 21-bit VME backplane interface. The AMP is a 6*9 inch double-sided module which integrates the MIPS R3000/R3010 RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) microprocessor chip set with three 55K gate VHSIC chip designs to achieve a performance capability of over 20 VAX MIPS. Multiple AMPs will be used in the system with additional growth capability of up to 10 AMP modules. An I/O processor and four I/O modules will be developed to provide VME bus extension capabilities and other interface functions. In parallel with the hardware development is an extensive Ada software development which includes a loosely coupled multiprocessor real-time operating system and associated diagnostics and support software. The design methodology for the AMP is presented, including system architecture, software development, and a comprehensive verification process which emphasizes the importance of integrating software and hardware prior to ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) fabrication.<<ETX>>


Sustained mass loss from Himalayan glaciers is causing supraglacial debris to expand and thicken, with the expectation that thicker debris will suppress ablation and extend glacier longevity. However, debris‐covered glaciers are losing mass at similar rates to clean‐ice glaciers in High Mountain Asia. This rapid mass loss is attributed to the combined effects of; (a) low or reversed mass balance gradients across debris‐covered glacier tongues, (b) differential ablation processes that locally enhance ablation within the debris‐covered section of the glacier, for example, at ice cliffs and supraglacial ponds, and (c) a decrease in ice flux from the accumulation area in response to climatic warming. Adding meter‐scale spatial variations in supraglacial debris thickness to an ice‐flow model of Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, increased mass loss by 47% relative to simulations assuming a continuous debris layer over a 31‐year period (1984–2015 CE) but overestimated the reduction in ice flux. Therefore, we investigated if simulating the effects of dynamic detachment of the upper active glacier from the debris‐covered tongue would give a better representation of glacier behavior, as suggested by observations of change in glacier dynamics and structure indicating that this process occurred during the last 100 years. Observed glacier change was reproduced more reliably in simulations of the active, rather than entire, glacier extent, indicating that Khumbu Glacier has passed a dynamic tipping point by dynamically detaching from the heavily debris‐covered tongue that contains 20% of the former ice volume.


Exceptionally high ozone ground level concentrations (>200 ppb) observed in Denver, Colorado, on the afternoon of March 4, 1978, are explained in terms of enhanced photochemistry combined with isentropic transport of ozone from the stratosphere. The maximum ozone concentrations observed on March 4 is the highest recorded for the 1975–1978 period. Inspection of the local pollutant and meteorological data shows high early morning accumulation of precursor gases and enhanced potential for afternoon photochemical activity. Objective cross-sectional analysis and trajectories on isentropic surfaces indicate that some air parcels that mixed into the boundary layer over the city on the afternoon of March 4 were derived from a stratospheric intrusion 3 days earlier. It is concluded that a combination of these factors resulted in the exceptionally high ozone concentrations.


NetFlow analysis can provide insight into worm behaviors. In this paper, we report the results of a detailed analysis of a publicly available dataset, the 2003 / 2004 wireless traces from the CRAWDAD repository at Dartmouth. This dataset contains packet headers captured from the Dartmouth wireless network between November 2003 and February 2004, a period in which numerous worms were being observed in the wild. IP packet headers were converted to "degenerate" NetFlow records (1 flow record per packet) and the resulting flow files analyzed using the SiLKtools. Our approach was to use information available on worm and virus outbreaks during the period covered by the data and to use this information to develop profiles for each worm that could be used detect the presence of the wormin the traffic. The initial analysis involved manually studying the traffic for some key ports exploited by worms and looking for changes in network traffic which would give us time windows to filter the traffic for more detailed analysis. In addition to identifying many of the worms active during the period, we observed a number of related phenomena. The initial analysis showed heavy ICMP traffic from early November till second week of January after which it suddenly drops. We also observed sudden appearance of peaks in the SMTP traffic (possibly the result of Mass mailing worms, but more likely due to other causes) throughout the Dataset. In addition to reporting our findings for this data set, we hope that the description of our techniques will serve as a guide for others undertaking similar analyses. We note that the anonymization of the IP addresses and the requirement that we not attempt to break it resulted in our inability to investigate some behaviours in the traffic completely.


A network coding based hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) scheme is proposed for mobile relay systems. The simulation results of the relay system using a 1/2 recursive systematic convolution code over binary phase shift keying show that the proposed scheme provides a definite improvement in throughput performance compared to existing relay-based HARQ (relay-HARQ) schemes.


Objectives
Studies that examine bidirectional relations between subjective aging and depressive symptoms have remained rare. We addressed this issue by investigating longitudinal linkages between awareness of age-related change (AARC) and depressive symptomatology in midlife and old age. Assimilative and accommodative self-regulation strategies and calendar age were studied as moderators.

Method
Analyses were based on two measurements (Time 1: 2012, N = 423 (40-98 years); Time 2: 2015, N = 356). AARC was operationalized as perceived age-related gains and losses. Data were analyzed by means of a cross-lagged panel model and multiple regression.

Results
Perceived losses but not gains had an effect on change in depressive symptoms over time. The reverse effect with depressive symptoms predicting change in AARC was not significant. The association between perceived gains but not losses and change in depressive symptoms was moderated by self-regulation; when perceived gains were low, less increase in depressive symptoms was reported when accommodation was high. The association between AARC and change in depressive symptoms was stable across the entire second half of the life span.

Discussion
Results suggest that a better integration of research on subjective aging with clinically relevant developmental outcomes is a promising future pathway.


In this note we extend the well-known limiting formulas due to Bourgain-Brezis-Mironescu and Maz'ya-Shaposhnikova, to the setting of fractional Sobolev spaces on the torus. We also give a \(\Gamma\)-convergence result in the spirit of Ponce. The main theorems are obtained by using the nice structure of Fourier series.


Compared with conventional liquid batteries, all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) show great promise for enabling higher safety in electric vehicles without compromising operational durability and range. As a key component of ASSBs, solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) need high ionic conductivity and favorable interfacial compatibility between electrodes and SSEs. In the recent decade, numerous efforts have been devoted to SSE advancement and fruitful achievements have been made, particularly regarding metal anode‐oriented SSEs with high energy density. This review focuses on the historical process of SSEs employed in ASSBs. The new understanding and origins for the enhanced ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of SSEs are first summarized. As to the cathode/SSE interface, its decomposition mechanism and modification strategies are analyzed. As to the interfacial issues of SSEs with anodes, the mechanisms of dendrite formation and penetration into the SSEs are discussed in detail. Additionally, assisted by a library of big data sources, contributions are systematically highlighted from different countries, institutions, and corresponding authors to significantly advance SSE progress, and certain insights are provided into the underlying relationships between various items in a collective manner. Finally, current challenges and potential strategies are identified for the future development of SSEs in ASSBs.


To analyze the diversity and dynamic changes of predominant bacteria during ensiling,the silage fermented in natural and silage treated with inoculants,which named CK and unit 1 respectively,were sampled in the case of days 0,1,3,5,15,30,60.The pH of each sample was measured and the genomic DNA of microorganism was extracted respectively.After purified by DNA gel Recovery kit,the genomic DNA was subjected to PCR with 16S rDNA(V3 region) primers(341F-GC and 518R).The amplified DNA fragments were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) and the dominant bands were excised for sequence analysis.The results showed that the pH of unit 1 dropped more rapidly than that of CK,the species of predominant bacteria and numbers of each species also more abundant.


This review summarizes the synthetic method of RGD containing pseudo peptides and peptidomimetics.RGD containing pseudopeptides and peptidomimetics can be prepared by various synthetic procedures.


While discussing lyric poetry in his theoretical treatise, G. R. Derzhavin mentioned various types of inspiration he experienced while writing poetry. Derzhavin's contemporaries, and later the critics, noted the poet's outstanding ability to inundate well-known literary plots, themes, and even words with new content. Satirical poem by A. P. Sumarokov on the topical issue of the noblemen's attitude to service and leisure was perceived by Derzhavin polemically, and prompted him to write the ode "Felitsa".


I introduce a new distinction between two types of paternalism, which I call 'internal' and 'external' paternalism. The distinction pertains to the question of whether the paternalized subject's current evaluative judgments are mistaken relative to a standard of correctness that is internal to her evaluative point of view—which includes her 'true' or 'ideal' self—as opposed to one that is wholly external. I argue that this distinction has important implications for (a) the distinction between weak and strong paternalism; (b) the distinction between soft and hard paternalism; and (c) medical practice, where internal paternalism can, and probably often does, occur.


Studies providing direct experimental evidence of species impact on litter dynamics in forest ecosystems are limited. The decomposition processes in subtropical forests are also poorly understood. We studied variation in quality and quantity of leaf litter production, decomposition, and N and P loss from decomposing foliar litter in three tree species as well as a mixed-species plot in a subtropical broad-leaved forest of northeastern India. The annual leaf litter production was highest in Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (7293 kg·ha–1·year–1) followed by Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (6902 kg·ha–1·year–1), mixed plots (6808 kg·ha–1·year–1), and Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm (6299 kg·ha–1·year–1). The annual N and P inputs through litter were highest in the mixed plot (N, 111.0 kg·ha–1·year–1; P, 4.8 kg·ha–1·year–1) and lowest in the Rhododendron plot (N, 65.6 kg·ha–1·year–1; P, 2.9 kg·ha–1·year–1). The highest decay rate was recorded for Neolitsea (k = 0.89) and lowest for Myrica (k = 0.53) litter. The ...


Sir, We report two cases of accidental nutmeg poisoning (myristica fragans). A 29-year-old man and his 27-year-old wife were admitted simultaneously following collapse at home. Both complained of auditory distortion, micropsia, nausea and dizziness prior to collapse. Six hours previously they had eaten a pasta dish, the ingredients of which were seemingly innocuous. Both patients were elated and had widely dilated pupils which reacted slowly to light and accommodation. They were admitted for observation and slept soundly for 6 hours. On waking, the husband complained of intense thirst and dizziness; but his wife felt well. On close questioning, the husband revealed that he had accidentally added one third of a 30 g spice jar of nutmeg to the meal whilst cooking it. All investigations including liver function tests were normal. Twenty-four hours after admission, both seemed well and were allowed home. They suffered no further sequelae. The earliest report of nutmeg poisoning in the UK was by P. W. Hammond (1906). He had attended a patient who had taken nutmeg as a home remedy for irregular menstruation. More recently nutmeg has been used for its hallucinogenic effects, often by 'hippy-type' subcultures. The commonest reported features ofnutmeg poisoning are drowsiness, visual halluciations, vomiting and tachycardia. Anticholinergic effects are widely reported. This feature is not compatible with the hypothesis that the active component of nutmeg is a mono amine oxidase inhibitor. The active component of nutmeg was widely believed to be myristicin (Shulgin, 1966), an aromatic ether believed to be metabolised to an amphetamine-like compound. However, this view has recently been challenged by Famsworth (1979) who claims that the active component is still unknown and that myristicin in itself is, in fact, harmless. The toxic dose of nutmeg is about 5 g (Green, 1959), though patients ingesting several times this dose are not necessarily more severely affected, possibly due to the emetic effect of nutmeg. One death due to nutmeg poisoning is reported by Dodge (1887). Treatment of nutmeg overdose is purely supportive. Emesis may be useful in minimizing absorption.


To the Editor:— We should like to emphasize that the greatest problem in preventive medicine today is the preservation of peace. In order to achieve a lasting peace, we feel that the extension of the principle of law and order to the world level is the only method that will work. To this end, it is necessary that the United States officially propose that the United Nations be strengthened sufficiently to enforce peace, and that the charter of the United Nations be amended for this purpose. There are apparently three courses open: an indefinite armed truce, a third world war and world government. Opinion in favor of world government is growing rapidly in the United States and throughout the world. We do not know whether or not Russia will join in a world government. The only way to find out is to make the proposal. The United States can lose


Preparation of biodiesel through transesterification reaction between waste food oil which had been pretreated and methyl acetate catalyzed by immobilized lipase Novozym435 is studied. The main components of the biodiesel are methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate. Factors affecting the reaction rate are also investigated. An orthogonal experiment is designed using six factors and five levels L25(56) and results show the best reaction conditions are: waste food oil is 2.0 g, the usage amount of immobilized lipase Novozym435 is 8.0 % of oil weight, mole ratio of methyl acetate to waste food oil is 10∶ 1, reaction temperature is 60 ℃, reaction time is 18 h, the usage amount of 3-hydroxymethyl-methane is 40.0 % of oil weight, the usage amount of t-butyl alcohol is 0.5 mL. Yield of biodiesel can reach about 86.43 % under the optimal conditions. Some properties of biodiesel produced by transesterification are tested and the results show the product with better burning characteristics accords with the quality standard of America and -50# light diesel oil standard of our country.


In this thesis we performed an initial analysis of a single business process fromadministrative data management, with respect to identifying the need to bindauthenticated identities to actions at the different steps of the process. Based onthis analysis we proposed a new model for the business process. We evaluatedour model with different evaluation criteria, set during the initial phase. Basedon discussion with the stakeholders, we arrived at the conclusion that eventhough our proposed system solves a lot of privacy related problems for thestakeholders, in case of business processes, it is not easy to change the legacysystems. We also found out an interesting set of problems that can arise withsuch systems.


The validity of the traditions collection, Kāfī's Uṣūl, the Imamate section, called Kitāb al-Ḥujja, which is considered as one of the most important Shī'a ḥadīth sources on the subject of Imamate, has in general been taken for granted among earlier scholars. It has been because of their attention to authenticity of issuance as a basis for approving traditions and enjoying the external evidences of the soundness of traditions.
However, in view of the later scholars, whose reliance in assessment of traditions has been mainly focused on the authenticity of the transmitters of sanad, the statistics of valid traditions has reduced to about 40 percent. Some, with great strictness in the two fields of sanad and the text of the narrations,
have considered only 10 percent of these traditions as sound and valid.
Searching for similar traditions (mutābi') from other tradition sources for traditions of weak sanad in Kāfī's Kitāb al-Ḥujja, this article indicates that 90 traditions, equaling 13.31 percent of these traditions have valid mutābi' according to Ayatollah Khu'ī's rijālī judgments.


This article presents the development of a hybrid parallel algorithm for solving the Dirichlet problem for the two-dimensional Poisson equation. MPI and OpenMP were chosen as the technology for parallelization. For the numerical sequential solution of the Poisson equation, an explicit "cross" scheme was used (the Jacobi iterative method). A parallel algorithm was implemented by the method of decomposition of regions, namely, one-dimensional decomposition. In the article in the form of tables and graphs shows the acceleration and efficiency of parallel algorithms using MPI and OpenMP technologies separately and were compared with the acceleration and efficiency of the MPI + OpenMP hybrid algorithm. Also, the choice of the hybrid program architecture is justified and the distribution of data between processes is explained. The results show the effectiveness of using a hybrid algorithm for solving such problems and show the acceleration of time by 1.5-2 times. The presented algorithm was tested on a cluster of the computing center of the Novosibirsk State University for a different number of points in the computational domain (from 64x64 to 1024x1024). The results of the presented work can be applied to the simulation of problems of hydrodynamics, ecology, aerodynamics, the spread of chemical reagents, the propagation of heat and other physical processes.


Methodological debates among political philosophers have become preoccupied with the relevance of ideal theories for guiding action in the real world. Following Sen (2006, 2009), these controversies have been deeply shaped by the metaphor of navigating a mountainous terrain. The rough idea is this. Ideally just societies are analogous to high points in a landscape of social possibilities, with lower altitude points being analogous to less just social worlds. Questions about the relevance of ideal theories for guiding action are then transposed to questions about the relevance of information about these high points for navigating the terrain in search of higher ground (i.e., greater justice). Metaphors are useful tools for framing and guiding theoretical inquiry. (So are fables, thought experiments, and the like — generally, models.) They help by making the subject of inquiry both more abstract and more concrete. Metaphors make a subject more abstract by isolating central components of a subject, bracketing complicating factors that can obscure our view of the relationships between these central components. Metaphors render the abstraction tractable by invoking a particular concrete object to represent — to stand in place of — the more complex subject we wish to study. We then study aspects of our subject by exploring the workings of its concrete representation. Thomas Schelling (2006) has given us vivid examples: we can learn about the complex dynamical processes underlying certain macroeconomic regularities by studying the game of musical chairs; we can learn about the processes underlying the cyclical rise and fall of disease rates by studying the operation of a heating and cooling system regulated by a thermostat. Metaphors are useful aids because they impose limitations on inquiry — they obscure certain aspects of a subject so as to highlight and focus our attention on others. But these benefits bring a risk: that our use of metaphors not only masks certain aspects of a subject temporarily, but renders us indefinitely blind with respect to them. This can occur when a particular metaphor comes to define the contours of a subject instead of being used as a tool for exploring a particular aspect of a subject. For example, the cyclical feedback loop represented by a thermostat might be useful for studying the feedback relationship between aggregate disease rates and aggregate vaccination rates. But if we


A spiritual well-being-based nursing intervention may boost older adults' resilience-based recovery. Its potential contribution may have positive knock-on effects: controlling skyrocketing healthcare costs; reducing the productive population's social burden of supporting the older adults; and alleviating a generational conflict. However, healthcare policy-makers are still skeptical about investing in those healthcare resources which would develop and implement a spiritual well-being-based nursing intervention for older adults. It is time for nurse scientists, as front-line gatekeepers for patients' omnidirectional well-being, to escape from thinking within the box by actively addressing first the feasibility, then the direct and indirect effectiveness on actual patient outcomes, and finally the cost efficiency of a spiritual well-being-based nursing intervention for the added benefit of easing the decision-making of healthcare policy-makers.


Nishinomiya city has conducted a large-scale evacuation exercise for the citizens against the assumed Nankai-Trough Tsunami disaster on January 27 2013. In the occasion, we conducted the observation of the evacuee behaviors by GPS loggers. Then, a numerical evacuation model based on a multi-agent theory is constructed. The complex road network is incorporated in the modelling with the modification of some roads based on the on-site survey. The retardation of the evacuation by the evacuee density is also considered. The simulation is compared with the GPS log. The results indicate that the situation of evacuation training is reproduced by the model on some level. Finally, the evacuation of large number of people (10000) is tested with the numerical model.


Long-term meteorological data for the Arctic are sparse. One of the longest quasi-continuous temperature time series in the High Arctic is the extended Svalbard Airport series, providing daily temperature data from 1898 until the present. Here, I derive an adjustment to historic temperature observations on the island of Nordaustlandet, north-east Svalbard, in order to link these to the extended Svalbard Airport series. This includes the Haudegen observations at Rijpfjorden during 1944/45 and a previously unrecognized data set obtained by the Norwegian hunters and trappers Gunnar Knoph and Henry Rudi during their wintering at Rijpfjorden in 1934/35. The adjustment is based on data from an automatic weather station at Rijpfjorden during 2014–16 and verified with other independent historic temperature observations on Nordaustlandet. An analysis of the Haudegen radiosonde data indicates that the surface temperature observations at Rijpfjorden are generally well correlated with the free tropospheric temperatures at 850 hPa, but occasionally show the occurrence of boundary-layer inversions during winter, where local temperatures fall substantially below what is expected from the regression. The adjusted historic observations from Nordaustlandet can, therefore, be used to fill remaining gaps in the extended Svalbard Airport series.


Social media not only has a positive impact but also provides an opportunity for someone to commit a crime, one of which is hate speech which can be detrimental to the perpetrators themselves, society, and the country itself. However, there are still people who are unfamiliar with regulations prohibiting hate speech on social media which can violate the rule of law and cause anxiety to other members of society, so analysis is needed to identify the factors that caused this crime. The purpose of this study is to find out what factors cause someone to hate speech on social media. The research method used is library research, with a causal approach and a juridical approach—research materials consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary materials. The processed data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively, namely describing the data in a quality manner in the form of sentences that are orderly, logical, and effective. The research results obtained are factors that cause a person to make hate speech on social media, consisting of internal factors or factors from within the individual; and external factors. Among the many factors that cause someone to make hate speech on social media, it is the factor within the individual that is often the main cause of someone to make hate speech on social media.


Medical education interventions often have methodological challenges due to repeated measures and learning that often occur in groups. These challenges can be addressed appropriately by applying the relevant statistical techniques. Without the proper evaluation methods, an educator might conclude that a new curriculum or intervention is effective when it is not, or vice versa. Early consultation with a statistician is ideal, as many of these issues affect the sample size needed to detect meaningful differences and should be incorporated into the statistical analysis plan. This primer, along with examples, may be a useful place to start the discussion with the statistician.statistician.


For the high performance torque tracking and the flux observer of the induction motors,a passivity-based tracking controller and adaptive observer are proposed.By utilizing the passivation property of the induction motors,we put forward an asymptotical torque tracking controller.The equilibrium point of the system is reassigned and the damping injection controller is proposed to improve the convergence rate of the system.To simply the structure of the flux observer,the stator currents and the rotor flux are used as the states to construct the adaptive flux observer.An adaptive controller is developed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to realize the online estimation of the flux magnitude,motor speed and stator resistance.The observer gain is chosen to decrease the effect of the speed estimation error.Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive-observer-based passivity tracking control strategy can effectively improve the static and dynamic performances of the induction motors.


The idea of a global day of prayer is one that appeals to and inspires people of all ages. They want to be involved. We need to do all we can to encourage them – even if this means changing what we have done for years. WDP is not our personal property; it belongs to all who believe in the power of prayer. So, if someone new expresses an interest in being involved in WDP in your area, please welcome them and seize the opportunity to do things a little differently.


Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae can be indispensable for establishment and growth of tree seedlings in infertile lowland wet tropical soils. Persistence of mycorrhizal fungi after disturbance, however, is problematic to assess. We used a greenhouse bioassay employing Psidium guajava L. and Allium cepa L. to estimate the most probable number of mycorrhizal fungus propagules in two Costa Rican soils (Oxic Dystropepts) with different vegetation histories. We collected soils at the La Selva Biological Station from sites in secondary forest, abandoned pasture, and plots kept bare of vegetation for four and six years. Both bioassay hosts yielded positively correlated estimates of mycorrhiza propagule numbers. Median propagule estimates per 100 gm dry soil for the pasture site are 57 and 63; these estimates significantly exceed those for the other sites which range from 0.2 to 10 for bare plots and were estimated to be 0.6 and 10 for secondary forest. These bioassay estimates are positively correlated (Pearson r = 0.66 and 0.72) with counts of whole spores in these soils, but not with counts of sporocarps, spore clusters, or the most numerous, spores apparently empty of cytoplasmic contents or parasitized. Growth of both bioassay hosts in pasture soil significantly exceeded growth in soils from the other three sites in accord with the bioassays and whole spore counts.


We present Codestrate Packages, a package-based system to create extensible software within Codestrates. Codestrate Packages turns content creation from an application-centric model into a document-centric model. Codestrate Packages no longer restrict users to the feature set of the application. Instead packages allow users to add new features to their documents while already working on them. They can match the features to their current task at hand. Supporting the reprogrammable nature of Codestrates, new features can also be implemented by users themselves and shared with other people without having to leave the document. We illustrate the application of Codestrate Packages in an example scenario and present its technical concepts. We plan to conduct multiple user studies to investigate the benefits and barriers of Codestrate Packages' document-centric approach.


A simple method of pore modification coupled with the removal of surface defects of a deca-dodecasil-rhombohedral (DDR) zeolite membrane has been developed via carbon (C) deposition. Carbon deposition was achieved by controlled decomposition of the structure-directing agent (SDA), 1-adamantanamine (1-ADA), into the membrane pore surface. Membranes that were synthesized with and without pore modification were characterized by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, the performance of the membranes was evaluated by permeance studies. The non-wetting characteristics of C had imparted hydrophobicity to the membrane pores, leading to enhanced permeability of the gas mixture. Modified membranes were shown to offer a relatively high hydrogen permeance of 13.47 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1. The selectivity of H2/CO2 was 4.9 based on single gas permeation and the separation factor increased to 8.5 for a H2–CO2 gas mixture at room temperature. In the light of these findings, the current technique is proposed to be useful for making a defect-free C-loaded membrane in a single step with high separation selectivity and permeability in tandem. This is the novelty that was achieved.


Mixtures made by milling into polystyrene the powdered metals copper, magnesium, aluminum, and a non-tarnishing magnesium-aluminum alloy were found to have a wide variety of dielectric behavior, Explanation is proposed on the basis of the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars∗ theory with the additional hypothesis of particle-particle contact of varying resistance dependent upon the nature of the oxide coating on the particles.


Turbulence, characterised by cascades of excitations across lengthscales, is ubiquitous in nature. Many of its statistical steady-state properties are universal, but little is established experimentally about how they emerge, starting from an equilibrium system. Here, we initiate a wave cascade in a two-dimensional Bose gas, using a large-scale oscillating force, and probe it on all lengthscales from the forcing one to the small one where energy is eventually dissipated. We observe two key phenomena conceptually associated with the development of turbulence – the emergence of statistical isotropy under anisotropic forcing, and the spatiotemporal scaling of the spectrum of excitations at times before any energy is dissipated. This new microscopic view on turbulence could enable further studies relevant for fields ranging from mesoscopic physics to cosmology.


Abstract Chromitite layers in mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions represent a special case of cumulate rock where chromite is the sole liquidus (cumulus) mineral. Different mechanisms for the formation of chromitite layers have been postulated. In order to provide geological and petrological constraints for these models, chromitites and hosting mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Bacuri, Niquelândia and Ipueira-Medrado layered complexes in Brazil were investigated. The Bacuri Complex (2·2 Ga) is a large layered intrusion of the Amazon Craton. Chromitite layers of the Bacuri mafic-ultramafic complex are restricted to a 30–120 m-thick sequence of ultramafic cumulates overlying mafic cumulates. Most of the chromite is concentrated in a several metres-thick chromitite layer (the main chromitite) located at the base of the ultramafic cumulates. Cryptic variation of olivine with stratigraphic height (from Fo89 at the base to Fo76 at the top) is consistent with extensive fractionation of the ultramafic sequence. The stratigraphic position of the main chromitite supports a model for its origin associated with a major new influx of primitive parental magma. The cause of chromite saturation must therefore result from changes in magma composition resulting from mixing new influxes of primitive magma with a fractionated magma resident in the magma chamber. The Niquelândia Complex (0·8 Ga) is a large layered intrusion in central Brazil. The Niquelaândia Complex has a thick (up to 4 km) Ultramafic Zone consisting mainly of dunite and interlayered harzburgite, websterite and several centimetres-thick discontinuous chromitite layers. A stratigraphic interval hosting relatively thicker and more consistent layers of chromitite occurs in the intermediate portion of the Ultramafic Zone. Compositional variation of olivine composition through this interval indicates that the magma located below the interval where chromitites occur was more primitive than the magma located above them. This feature is consistent with a model in which chromitites were formed by new influx of primitive magma, and mixing with slightly more fractionated resident magma. It is however intriguing to note that chromitite seams in the Niquelaândia Complex are mainly hosted by dunite. Different from chromitites observed in other large layered intrusions (e.g. Bushveld, Great Dyke), chromitite seams in the Niquelaândia Complex do not appear at the base of cyclic units. In the Niquelaândia Complex, the crystallisation of clinopyroxene as a cumulus mineral occurs immediately after the crystallisation of orthopyroxene. Extensive Cr depletion through clinopyroxene crystallisation is suggested as an explanation for the absence of chromitites at the base of cyclic units in the Niquelaândia Complex. The Ipueira-Medrado intrusion (2·0 Ga) is a small sill (7 km-long, 0·5 km-wide) consisting mainly of a basal Ultramafic Zone (∼250 m-thick) and an upper Mafic Zone (∼40 m-thick). At the upper part of the Ultramafic Zone a thick (5–8 m) and continuous chromitite layer (MCL) occurs. Cryptic variations of olivine suggest that the lowered sequence located below the MCL crystallised in a dynamic magma chamber undergoing frequent replenishment with primitive magma. Chromite compositions are very similar and show no systematic fractionation trends over the 5–8 m of the MCL, indicating that a continuous supply of primitive parental magma occurred during the time span of chromite crystallisation. Cryptic variation data for olivine rule out a model for the origin of the MCL from mixing new influxes of primitive parental magma with a fractionated magma resident in the magma chamber. In fact, the most primitive compositions of olivine occur in dunite and harzburgite located immediately below the MCL. Lithogeochemical and isotope data suggest that chromite crystallisation in the MCL of the Ipueira-Medrado sill was triggered by changes in physical–chemical parameters associated with crustal contamination. We propose that an increase in oxygen fugacity resulting from assimilation of carbonate-rich host rocks was the triggering factor leading to crystallisation of chromite as a sole cumulus phase in the Ipueira-Medrado sill. The unusually thick chromitite layer of the Ipueira-Medrado sill is interpreted to result from a large volume of magma passing through a conduit hosted by carbonate-rich crustal rocks. The examples of chromite deposits studied indicate that chromitite layers are associated with changes in the melt composition at stratigraphic horizons of the magma chamber. However, the specific trigger responsible for appropriate phase changes leading to chromite crystallisation may be different for each deposit.


Kalman filter algorithms based on the UDU super T covariance factorization are discussed, with special attention given to algorithm implementation efficiency. A U-D-factored covariance error-analysis algorithm is formulated, and its efficiency and numerical stability are demonstrated in a representative orbit determination problem. The numerical results are compared with those obtained using covariance error-analysis formulas, and the comparison highlights the numerical superiority of the present algorithm. A byproduct of the U-D analysis is a highly efficient algorithm mechanization of the arbitrary gain covariance update formula.


A new series of octahedral rhodium (III) complexes 1-8 of the type [(Ln)2Rh(dppz)]Cl (n=1-6) and [(Ln)2Rh(dppz)](PF6) (n=1, 7, 8), in which L = 2-phenylpyridine with different modifications as C, N-chelating ligand and dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine have been synthesized and fully characterized. The photophysical properties of the complexes were investigated. The X-ray single crystal structures of five complexes [(L1)2Rh(dppz)](PF6), [(L2)2Rh(dppz)]Cl, [(L3)2Rh(dppz)](PF6), [(L4)2Rh(dppz)](PF6) and [(L8)2Rh(dppz)](PF6) confirmed the anticipated structure and revealed the effect of substitute on the structure of complex which was reasonably explained through experimental electrochemical characterisation. The interaction of complexes 1-8 with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) has been verified by the fluorescent detection of ethidium bromide (EB) displacement studies. The result clearly suggested that the DNA-binding abilities of these Rh complexes is not only influenced by the DNA-intercalator dppz by also highly influenced by the electronic and steric properties of the C, N-chelating ligand.