We have used the Pauli-Schr\"{o}dinger equation in its covariant form, that is, written in the light-cone of a five-dimensional De Sitter space-time. Following standard procedures, the analogue of the Dirac equation is derived, standing for a galilean spin 1/2 particle in the presence of a external field. Some results are important to be mention, such as the expected g-factor, but in a galilean (not Lorentz) context. In addition, considering interaction, the Pauli-Hartree-Fock equation is obtained following in parallel to the ideas used to construct the Dirac-Hartree-Fock equation.


Objectives –  To explore case ascertainment, hospitalization, characteristics of both hospitalized and non‐hospitalized patients in a population‐based group of stroke patients.


This study presents a life‐cycle analysis (LCA) of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of biodiesel (BD) and renewable diesel (RD) produced from soybean varieties with altered oil profiles and meal composition. The varieties evaluated include those with high oleic oil content (78% of oil being oleic oil vs. the current content of 25%), high lipid content (25% vs. the current content of 19%) or high protein content (45% vs. the current content of 35%). The results suggest that high‐oleic soybean oil could reduce GHG emissions of RD by 1 g CO2e/MJ by reducing hydrogen consumption in the hydro‐treating stage of RD production. With the default allocation method (mass‐based allocation between oil and meal), changes in lipid and protein contents have negligible impacts on GHG emissions of BD/RD pathways. Since high‐protein soybean meal has a higher nutrient value, we employed the market‐based allocation for sensitivity analysis. Assuming a market price of $1.17/dry kg and an average of two substitute feeds with similar protein contents (corn gluten and fish meal), the allocation factor for soybean meal increases from 63 to 81%. Compared with the results for the case with commodity soybean using mass allocation, GHG emissions could be 1.9 and 1.8 g CO2e/MJ lower for BD and RD, respectively. In addition to product‐level LCA, we employed a land‐based LCA to evaluate the effect of soybean properties on product slates with the same land area and the associated displacement of conventional products. The results suggest that high‐lipid soybeans may offer more GHG savings than other varieties as the higher BD/RD yield replaces more fossil diesel. © 2023 UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory and Northrup, Ag. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


We investigated whether Hyuganatsu orange (Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka) contains water and acetic-acid soluble substances that increase bone mineral density (BMD) in ovariectomized rats. In in vivo study, femoral BMD can significantly increased. In in vitro study, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells significantly decreased. We speculate that Hyuganatsu orange contains biologically active substances other than hesperidin that increase BMD.


The authors summarized the classification of risks by their types: external and internal (functional and financial). It was noted that to the extent of the influence of external factors (legislation, the level of socio-economic development of the country, the behavior of investors, market conditions, the stability of the national currency exchange rate, etc.), it is practically impossible to assess the magnitude of external risks.
Financial risks were described and it was determined that three categories of risk are the main among them: market, credit and operational. In the management of financial risks, a comprehensive approach to their study should be applied, namely, taking into account all three types of risks and their interaction, which can prevent the occurrence of a negative event, or at least control it.
To assess the level of credit risk, the authors provided the most important financial ratios: credit activity ratio, reserve adequacy ratio, loan quality ratio, overdue loan ratio, maximum risk per borrower, concentration level of large credit risks, concentration level of credit risks per insider, concentration level credit risks among insiders, the write-off ratio from reserves, the level of profitability of credit operations. For an integral assessment of the level of risk, it is advisable to apply a synthesis of all these characteristics.
The importance of monitoring banking activity and the availability of appropriate information and statistical support is substantiated. It was determined that an important tool in risk management is their objective assessment. The theoretical foundations of statistical risk assessment of banking activity are described, their advantages and disadvantages are indicated: the method of expert assessments, multivariate average, index models, linear and logistic regressions, discriminant analysis, Value-at-Risk and Credit Portfolio View methods.


Coming in the new age of knowledge economy, a government shall inevitably accept the challenge facing its traditional frame of administration. The knowledge management has been symbolizing a governmental revolution or a trend to performing better governmental duties under knowledge economy conditions. Analyzing the reasons why a government has to introduce knowledge management, a knowledge framework is proposed for governments with all its integrated parts involved and their functions explained systematically. The concept of knowledge map, as the core of knowledge framework, is given with its functions discussed to support the implementation of governmental knowledge management.


This paper has two major parts. In the first part, a brief review of satellite communication is shown by mentioning types of orbit, frequency bands and a block diagram of satellite communication. Here, the block diagram reflects a general view of uplink, transponder and downlink section of a communication satellite. Description of each section has been given by explaining the function of every unit. The second part focuses solely on 'Bangabandhu Satellite-1', the first GEO satellite of Bangladesh, analyzing its costs, specifications and ground control stations. The footprint of the satellite including its primary and secondary coverage areas is shown in a figure. Finally, the impacts and applications of the satellite are given.


geophysical survey, which is now regarded as standard but was not perhaps so readily available during the period of the survey. The vast amount of data generated by the project is presented and analysed in closely written and information-packed chapters, outlining the methodologies and giving a chronological interpretation punctuated with distribution maps, tables and charts. The results are mostly presented in general terms across the survey area. Some more detailed local studies might have given a clear understanding of local processes and the character of the landscape. Inevitably, not all the evidence could be presented or discussed in detail and some aspects have been treated more fully by the authors elsewhere. The survey data must in itself stand as a formidable archive for further study of the area. The wealth of information and ideas can only be touched upon here. By the late Iron Age or the Roman period the general character of landscape and land use in later centuries was taking shape. Whilst the settlements were liable to shift position the basic pattern of settlement and land use persisted through to the nineteenth century, with hamlets dispersed through a mosaic of land use underpinned by the distinction between arable farmland and landes, the extensive areas of rough grazing which made up 40% of the area in the 1820s. Periods of more dramatic change are identified, mostly resulting from external stimuli and new ideas: the introduction and then the collapse of Roman marketing and production systems; the establishment of Redon monastery in the ninth century; the chateau landscapes of the fifteenthto seventeenth-century nobility and, perhaps linked to this, the rebuilding in stone throughout the countryside. Although the fourth to eighth centuries remain archaeologically and historically invisible the authors interpret the evidence at either end of this divide to suggest rural continuity rather than upheaval and depopulation. The period of greatest change, both socially and in the landscape, is arguably the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries when much of the mosaic of meadows and pasture, orchards and woods, arable and rough grazing, was dismantled and homogenised. Peter Rose Cornwall Archaeological Unit


Starting from the long-term existence of ribosome,the study on high resolution crystal structure of ribosome subunit was summarized,moreover,the relationship between ribosome structure and mRNA transcription accuracy and the relationship between peptide bond formation mechanism and 50S subunit structure were analyzed,in addition,the application of ribosome subunit structure in antibiotic development was expounded,finally,the new development direction of ribosome crystal complex was prospected.


During 1957 through 1964, 146 female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were collected in Uganda; data were also obtained from 23 pregnant elephants collected in Zambia in 1967. The reproductive status of 142 adult and subadult female elephants in Uganda was 17.6 percent pregnant, 79.6 percent not pregnant, 2.1 percent estrus, and 0.7 percent status unknown; 45.1 percent lactating and 5.6 percent lactation status unknown. Female elephants reach sexual maturity between 7 and 15 years in age. The reproductive rate of elephants in Uganda is decreasing. The duration of lactation was about 4.8 years. The postpartum conception interval has increased from 24.1 months in 1947-1950 (Perry 1953) to 77.0 months in 1964. Elephants in Uganda may breed during all months of the year; however, breeding peaks do occur because there are significantly more young born in the rainy seasons than the dry seasons. About 2 months after the onset of the rains, the physiological state of the female is apparently enhanced, and increased reproductive activity ensues. The increased activity continues about 2 months beyond cessation of the rains. In Zambia, breeding increases as the rainy season progresses and as the dry season progresses, breeding decreases. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 37(4):524-534 The range of the African elephant continues to dwindle with man's inexorable increase in population. Man's activities have destroyed habitat, disrupted migratory pathways, changed distributions, and altered behavior patterns with the net effect that much of the remaining habitat is inhabited by more elephants than it can support (Brooks and Buss 1962, Simon 1962, Buechner et al. 1963, Sikes 1968, and others). Parts of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have excessive numbers of elephants long overdue for reduction to a level commensurate with the carrying capacity of their habitat. Such reduction programs should be based on sound ecological knowledge gained from research. Knowledge of reproduction in the elephant is especially critical to understanding many aspects of their ecology, yet this is a facet of our understanding that is incomplete. Anatomy and development of the female reproductive system have been reported by Perry (1953, 1964) and Amoroso and Perry (1964). Early reports on age at sexual maturity and duration of gestation of the Indian elephant (Elaphas maximus) were made by Seth-Smith (1932), Hundley (1934), Burne (1943), and Flower (1943). Hill (1953) included information of a general nature on reproduction of elephants. Early studies of the corpus luteum of the African elephant show either small quantities of progesterone or none (Edgar 1952, Short and Buss 1965, Short 1966, Smith et al. 1969). Perry (1953) postulates that successive generations of corpora lutea may appear during the middle of gestation, whereas Buss and Smith (1966) give evidence which tends to refute this idea. Age at which females reach puberty has been reported by Perry (1953), Buss and Smith (1966), Laws (1966, 1967, 1969). Estimating age of wild elephants was initiated by Johnson and Buss (1965), Laws (1966), Sikes (1966), Krumrey and Buss (1968). The objective of this report is to describe some of the ecological characteristics of reproduction in the female elephant. The National Science Foundation (to I.O.B.) and the Rockefeller Foundation (to N.S.S.) supported the field work conducted in East Africa. The New York Zoological Society and Medical and Biological Research, Washington State University provided additional support. We are grateful for the cooperation given to our field work 524 J. Wildl. Manage. 37 (4):1973 This content downloaded from 184.108.40.206 on Fri, 27 May 2016 05:42:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms AFRICAN ELEPHANT REPRODUCTION Smith and Buss 525 by L. Tennant, Senior Warden of the Uganda Game Department. Members of the Uganda Forest Department directed by G. Webster were helpful at all times in supporting our field work. W. O. Pridham and J. J. Heppes, formerly District Supervisors of the Uganda Game Department, deserve special acknowledgment for their assistance with the collecting of elephants. Senior Game Guard C. Rwakaikara deserves much credit for his incredible skill in tracking elephants. W. R. Bainbridge, Chief Game Officer of Zambia Game and Fisheries and J. Hanks were instrumental in furnishing valuable specimens from the Luangwa Valley, Zambia.


The modelling of chemical reactors is necessary to understand and predict their behavior. Recently an approach named "compartmental modelling", based on the description of the reactor by a complex network of both structural and functional compartments derived from tracer experiments, technical information about the studied process and from CFD simulations was developed for some specific examples using very different rules from one author to another. The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical general methodology for compartmental modeling taking into account hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer and chemical kinetics.


This edition of the Arboricultural Journal includes three major papers which present three significant but widely differing contributions to arboricultural science each one addressing a key matter of interest. Jonathan Lageard used a mixed methods approach to gaining evidence for the growth and age of mulberry trees planted at The Charterhouse in London. This provides a helpful insight into the dating of planted fruit trees and into the use and application of different sources of information to aid the process. A rather different piece of research is reported by Peter Del Tredici (Del Tredici, 2022). Again, addressing a very neglected topic, Del Tredici considers the generally neglected subject of endocormic roots and their development and function. These structures are a form of adventitious root growing inside older trees with significant heart-rot and in fact are very important in terms of tree and growth. Furthermore, the phenomenon of endocormic root growth appears to be highly significant in smaller veteran trees such as hawthorn, birch, and rowan; a topic to be reported on in due course. This present paper provides a remarkable insight into what is currently known and of the history of the study of these poorly understood roots. The author also suggests the term "epicormic" be extended for adventitious roots where branches meet the ground. The study touches on several rather neglected topics including hollowing of veteran willows, and suckering/rooting of branches and fallen trunks especially in wet landscapes. Much of this takes us beyond the typical research into ancient and veteran trees and helps open up new lines of investigation and of discovery. Finally in terms of the papers, another hugely important topic at present is the spread of often catastrophic tree diseases. For those interested in or concerned by exotic Phytophthora infections, Andrew Walton and Andrew Smith have presented a wide-ranging review of literature on natural resistance to infection. This is a very important topic and with climate change and increasing globalisation the problems will certainly get worse rather than better in the decades to come. Insights provided by such reviews are therefore welcomed and particularly helpful. The issue ends with a letter to the editor from Peter Sterken (Sterken, 2022) addressing the matter of compression forks and axioms, and finally with book reviews.


In this paper we present an experience of the application of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) with four persons with severe language (and motor) impairments treated at an adult day centre for people with disabilities. Two apps on Android tablets were tried with one subject who had negatively experienced traditional communication boards in the past and with three subjects who had never been considered before for AAC intervention. After a six-month trial we achieved encouraging results: the ease of use of the proposed instruments enabled the persons involved in the experimentation to improve their communication capabilities, to better express their choices and feelings, and to potentially extend their communication circles. This experience testifies that AAC can be successfully applied to severe disabilities and encourages research in this direction.


A significant and eligible source such as wind energy has the potential for producing energy in a continuous and sustainable manner among renewable energy sources. However, wind energy has several challenges, such as initial investment costs, the stationary property of wind plants, and the difficulty in finding wind-efficient energy areas. In this study, wind power forecasting was performed based on daily wind speed data using machine learning algorithms. The proposed method is based on machine learning algorithms to forecast wind power values efficiently. Tests were conducted on data sets to reveal performances of machine learning algorithms. The results showed that machine learning algorithms could be used for forecasting long-term wind power values with respect to historical wind speed data. Furthermore, several machine learning models were built for analysis on the accuracy level of the respective models, i.e, the accuracy levels of the machine.


The term "microemulsion" refers to a thermodynamically stable isotropically clear dispersion of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant molecule. Now a day Microemulsion is an emerging trade and having worldwide importance in a variety of technological applications. These applications include enhanced oil recovery, combustion, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, metal cutting, lubrication, food, enzymatic catalysis, organic and bio-organic reactions, chemical synthesis of nanoparticles etc. This review article deals with feature and application of microemulsion. a brief introduction and definition, structure, type, formation characteristics, stability, phase behavior and the effect of additives, pressure, temperature on the phase behavior of microemulsion.


Studies on polyhedra have a very long history of more than 2000 years. However, there are still many interesting problems in this area.In this lecture we discuss many recent results and research problems including conjectures on the following topics:


, it will function as a permeation enhancer, increasing the drug's ability to permeate the nail bed. Drying time, non-volatile content, viscosity, water resistance test, and research were taken into consideration when optimizing the formulation. The ideal drug viscosity for the optimized formulation was around 131 cp, and the drying period was 3 min. As a result, neem oil's nail lacquer was effectively created.


This chapter describes an innovative program that weaves together adult learning, transformative education, and indigenous epistemology in order to prepare Alaskan rural indigenous social service providers to better serve their communities.


ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is a dynamic element in the soil, so new nitrogen fertilization alternatives are required as a way of maximizing its efficiency. Besides, vegetation sensors are a way to assess and manage the nutritional demands of plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources on photosynthetic pigments and their correlation with corn grain yield and dry biomass. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with nitrogen sources (mineral, organic and biological). Contents of chlorophyll a, b and total, as well as carotenoids, were evaluated. The chlorophyll indices evaluated by both methods were positively correlated with each other and with the grain yield per plant. Nitrogen fertilization 100 % mineral was superior, when compared to the other treatments, with increments of up to 44 %. There was a positive relationship between the methods of determining and estimating the chlorophyll contents. The grain yield per plant showed the highest values when using the 100 % mineral fertilizer source, with increments above 10 %, in relation to the other sources, spending US$ 89.77 on fertilizer and earning over US$ 538.60 on grain yield. There was a positive correlation between the photosynthetic pigments obtained by both methods and grain yield per plant. Both methods are recommended for the evaluation of chlorophyll concentrations.


This invention relates to a water resistant composition which comprises (A) polyvinyl alcohol, (B) a chitosan of which aqueous 1% solution has a viscosity not greater than 70 centipoise at 20 C. and (C) an aldehyde compound, as well as a heat-sensitive recording sheet which comprises said composition. The composition has excellent water resistant properties and the heat sensitive recording sheet has improved color forming properties and excellent resistance to water and sol vents.


A rotary cone crusher 10, comprising a support frame having a vertical axis X 12 and the shaped receiving member 14 is rigidly mounted in the frame 12, the molding member receiving central vertical axis X and the vertical axis 14 into a straight line . Crushing head 16 and the receiving member 14 is slidably engaged shaped and has a first, upwardly presented conical crushing surface 18. Crushing bowl 20 having a second, downwardly funnel presenting a second crushing surface 18 of the first crushing surface 22 spaced apart, which is mounted above the crushing head 16. Crushing bowl 20 is mounted in the cover 24 so as to obtain an eccentric broken vertical central axis Z axis X of the bowl 20 is inclined angularly positioned.


Abstract We examined the effect of irrigating alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with selenium-contaminated water on the oviposition response, larval feeding preference, development and survival of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hübner, a generalist herbivore. Alfalfa was grown in sand cultures under three levels of sodium selenate irrigation: (1) control with no Se added; (2) a low rate of 0.0066 g sodium selenate/60 liters water; (3) and a high rate of 0.20 g sodium selenate/60 liters water. The low concentration treatment resulted in 2.88 ± 0.52 μg Se/g plant dry weight and did not affect percent survival to adult eclosion compared with the control at 1.26 ± 0.11 μg Se/g dry weight. The high rate generated 305.81 ± 52.14 μg Se/g dry weight of alfalfa and significantly fewer insects survived compared with insects fed control alfalfa at 1.11 ± 0.12 μg Se/g dry weight. High Se levels, but not low levels, decreased the relative growth index for larvae. In two-choice bioassays (treated/control) neonate larvae did not discriminate between control and Se-treated plants at high or low levels. Fourth instars did not discriminate between plants with low Se levels and control plants, but preferred to consume plants with high, usually lethal concentrations of Se. Females preferred ovipositing on plants with low Se concentrations over control plants, but did not discriminate between plants with high Se levels and untreated controls. This indicates that although females and late instars may be able to differentiate between Se-treated and control alfalfa they do not avoid plants containing high concentrations of Se. Thus, alfalfa with high Se-treatment levels is resistant to S. exigua, and may serve as a population "sink," where females oviposit and few offspring survive to reproduce.


The use of plants presents a new field to explore in order to prevent the pollution caused by the employment of synthetic chemical compounds especially in corrosion inhibition. In fact, efficient inhibitors available are toxic and harmful for both human and environment. As a result, studies were conducted to extract molecule with protective ability against the corrosion of metal. Extract of tobacco, mangoes, coffee... were used to protect efficiently the steel from corrosive attacks of the media. The object of this work is the study of the inhibitor power of seeds of Nigella sativa from the corrosion of mild steel in acidic media by different electrochemical technique. This research has revealed that the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa can be used as an inhibitor of the mild steel corrosion in acidic media. It offers a good protection and its efficiency increases with the concentration.


This letter reports on a nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS) pressure sensor with p-doped silicon nanowires (average cross-sectional area ~100 nm2) as piezoresistive sensing elements. Taking advantage of surface micromachining, an absolute pressure-sensing device is developed using front-side isotropic etching. In contrast to the previously reported silicon nanowire (SiNW) pressure sensor processed with bulk micromachining through the backside deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), nonlinearity has been reduced to 0.31% (BFSL). In addition, the performance variations across the wafer have been significantly reduced to 6% in comparison with a 33% sensitivity fluctuation across the 8-inch wafer reported in our early work fabricated by a DRIE process. After front-side vacuum sealing, temperature-induced performance degradation has also been minimized. Moreover, the dramatic geometry downsizing (device footprint  $\sim 385~\mu \text{m}^{\mathrm {\mathbf {2}}}$ ) validates the scalability of the SiNW-based NEMS sensor. With excellent uniformity, the SiNW-based sensor can be commercially manufactured on an 8-inch wafer at lower cost with high yield.


Based on the survey data of 414 large grain farmers in 11 counties and cities in Poyang Lake District of Jiangxi Province, this paper used structural equation modelling (SEM) and hierarchical regression method to explore the relationship between risk perception, information acquisition, human capital and meteorological disaster adaptive behaviour of large grain farmers. This paper focuses on the mediating role of information acquisition in risk perception and adaptive behaviour and the moderating role of human capital in information acquisition and adaptive behaviour. The results show that the risk perception of large grain farmers has a significant positive effect on their information acquisition and adaptive behaviour. Information acquisition
ability of large grain farmers has a significant positive effect on their adaptive behaviour, and there exists a mediating effect between risk perception and adaptive behaviour; the human capital of large grain farmers does not play a moderating role in the impact of risk perception on information acquisition, yet has a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of information acquisition on adaptive behaviour. The results reveal the mechanism of meteorological disaster adaptive behaviour of large grain farmers and its influencing factors, which can be used as a reference for the government to make relevant policies.


When a speaker refers to a third person during a conversation, he or she must choose among a number of possible names (e.g., Jane, Dr. Smith, the President), the exact one chosen depending on the speaker and addressee's relation to that person. The experiments reported in this article investigate the degree to which listeners are sensitive to the social relations expressed in the choice of such a name. The first experiment presented stories that contained ambiguous names (e.g., it had two people who could be called Dr. Smith). The results showed that subjects used the social relationship implied by the name to determine reference. The second experiment showed that people remember the exact name used to refer to a person much more than they remember the exact word referring to an object. Thus, social information in names is picked up by readers and encoded into memory. These results suggest that social information in reference is not a secondary or optional part of language processing.


Achieving the competence to reflect on the degree of suitability of textbooks is not easy, so it is necessary to train prospective professionals in the knowledge and use of analytical tools to guide them in critically analyzing these curricular materials. In response to this research problem, this paper describes and analyses the implementation of a training intervention that aims to promote reflective competence in prospective Costa Rican teachers through the analysis of textbook lessons. The content of proportionality is chosen because of its central in the curriculum. The training activity was motivating for the participants and helped them to progress in the competence of lesson analysis. However, it is noted that the design needs to be improved in terms of time dedication, as well as attention to the necessary didactical-mathematical background knowledge on proportionality to achieve better results.


In the face of rapid urban and population growth and with climate change altering precipitation patterns, urban water management is becoming increasingly demanding. Numerous software, tools and approaches to study urban water flow behaviour and model hydrological processes exist. However, the understanding of water movement in urban areas, especially during extreme events, and the physical principles behind them, as well as the interaction between the natural and the urban hydrological cycle is still incomplete. For decades, models suited for urban hydrological analysis greatly impacted the improvement of flood protection, public health and environmental protection, changing the way we look at urban water and stormwater management. In order to calculate accurate quantities of runoff in any rainfall/runoff model, information about urban sub-catchment characteristics plays an important role. Size, shape, topography, as well as land use influencing infiltration rates and evapotranspiration, are of great importance to calculate accurate runoff quantities on the urban scale. New implementations to reduce runoff towards the sewer system, such as decentralised stormwater techniques, increase the urgent need for accurate and high-resolution local/neighbourhood-scale information. Spatial and temporal developments require water management models to be connected with GIS (Geographical Information Systems). Initially not being developed to interact with each other, multiple approaches exist to combine GIS with water management models. Nevertheless, defining urban sub-catchments for rainfall-runoff modelling is often still performed manually using specific maps or using simple surface partitioning algorithms such as the Thiessen polygons. A significant disadvantage in generating urban sub-catchments manually is the fact that natural surface inclination is usually not considered, influencing the size and shape of the delineated sub-catchments. So far, only a few studies have devoted attention to improving the way urban sub-catchments are delineated and the information about their surface characteristics is generated. This study evaluates a GIS-based approach to automatically delineate urban sub-catchments accounting for the location of nodes (actual manholes or drain inlets) as sub-catchment outlets. In order to compare the influence of the sub-catchment delineation methods (1 to 3), we use (1) a digital surface model (DSM) and (2) a digital elevation model (DEM) to automatically delineate the urban sub-catchments and compare these two methods with each other as well as with (3) already manually derived sub-catchments of a specific case study. Furthermore, we compare hydraulic simulation results from the software SWMM with measured flow data to infer the most accurate sub-catchment delineation method.


An affiliation for the last author is incorrectly omitted. Vasileios Lampos is not only affiliated with institution number 4, but also the following institution: Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.


Vitiligo is a kind of skin disease characterized by white hypopigmented patches. Although this disorder is not life-threatening, but has a serious cosmetic problem that affects the individual's emotional, psychological, and social well-being. A nine-year-old female child was diagnosed with Shvitra (~vitiligo) two years back who was presented with complaints of increasing area and number of depigmented patches of skin. She has taken PUVA (~Psoralen Plus Ultraviolet A), a type of radiation treatment, and corticosteroids but found no result. Then, an Ayurvedic treatment protocol was designed based on the signs and symptoms. The protocol includes Samshodhana (~eliminative) and Prashamana (~palliative) therapies with a combination of powdered herbal drugs having Raktaprasadaka (~improves the quality of blood), Raktashodhana (~blood purification), and Tridoshahara (~balances three regulatory functional factors of the body) action along with Bakuchi taila (~Psoralea corylifolia L.) for local application. The treatment protocol was found to be effective in the restoration of skin color.


Continuous efforts have been made to extend the scaling of ULSIs for the enhancement of the performance of the devices. However, it is also true that the end of the scaling of MOSFETs and BEOL interconnect is coming in near future. Since it is believed that continuous performance improvements as well as new values of LSI systems are required even in the era of post-scaling, we have to find new ways to improve and extend the function of LSIs and those efforts could lead to the innovation of electronics. Considering the issue mentioned above, we invited several experts ranging from material and device level to system and architecture level. We would like to use this opportunity to discuss on 'What is the next? (What is the post-scaling technology?)' together with participants all over the world.


We solve the disordered Holstein model via the DMRG method to investigate the combined roles of electron-phonon coupling and disorder on the localization of a single charge or exciton. The parameter regimes chosen, namely the adiabatic regime, $\hbar\omega/4t_0 = \omega' < 1$, and the `large' polaron regime, $\lambda < 1$, are applicable to most conjugated polymers. We show that as a consequence of the polaron effective mass diverging in the adiabatic limit (defined as $\omega' \to 0$ subject to fixed $\lambda$) self-localized, symmetry breaking solutions are predicted by the quantum Holstein model for infinitesimal disorder -- in complete agreement with the predictions of the Born-Oppenheimer Holstein model. For other parts of the ($\omega'$, $\lambda$) parameter space, however, self-localized Born-Oppenheimer solutions are not expected. If $\omega'$ is not small enough and $\lambda$ is not large enough, then the polaron is predominately localized by Anderson disorder, albeit more than for a free particle, because of the enhanced effective mass. Alternatively, for very small electron-nuclear coupling ($\lambda \ll 1$) the disorder-induced localization length is always smaller than the classical polaron size, $2/\lambda$, so that disorder always dominates. We comment on the implication of our results on the electronic properties of conjugated polymers.


A supersonic flight test was performed using a small scaled experimental airplane (NEXST-1) to demonstrate the aerodynamic design technology for the next generation SST. Aerodynamic forces at high Reynolds number and Mach 0.6-2.0 can be obtained from the flight test. Aerodynamic data at the transonic region were validated from comparing with flight test, CFD analysis and wind tunnel tests. When the CFD results compare with flight test results at high Reynolds number conditions, difference of the drag component was observed at both results. However, similar trend were obtained at CFD and flight test results at Mach number from 0.8 to 1.2.


According to the marketing survey in 2017, Android has gained the world's highest market share of smart phone operating systems. However, with the increase of APP functionalities requested by smartphone users, program logics, data structures and operation flows of APPs become more and more complicated. If there are no appropriate methods to facilitating complex App developments, it will result in that these APPs are not able to deliver on schedule, difficult to maintain and with low software quality. Therefore, this research proposes a development method for Android APPs from the viewpoint of navigation flows. A navigation flow is referred to as a series of screens switched in order to perform a function of a mobile application. We leverage navigation flows to address the issues regarding the pressure of time to market and the mismatch between design specifications and products. Thus, we came up with an APP development method based on navigation flows and MDA technologies. The proposed method can automatically transform navigation flows specified in wireframes to Android project code, meanwhile taking Android project structure into account. The productivity and maintainability of Android APPs can be improved by the proposed method.


In this paper, we discuss the learning of the experimental approach in mathematics by using discrete mathematics problems. Generally, the experimental approach is associated with physics or biology, sciences that are called "experimental sciences". Therefore, mathematics are not free from experiments. Indeed, when we draw a geometrical figure to try to answer a geometrical problem, we do an experiment. It is also the case when we calculate some terms of a sequence to have an idea of its evolution. When we do mathematics, we can do experiments. Today, we have more and more experimental instruments, we have calculators and computers with a lot of software that can do lot of mathematical work (Maple, Scilab, Mathematica, Xcas...). Our point of view is that experiment is at the heart of a more general process, the experimental approach. The experimental approach is a way that we can use to discover, it is not only experiment, it is also conjecturing, proving, questioning, defining... In France, experimenting in mathematics made its appearance in mathematics classrooms with school curricula. Very soon, we will evaluate the experimental capacities of our students with a test of experimental practice at baccalaureate (high school diploma), as we already have in physics or biology. Experimenting in mathematics is entering French mathematical classrooms. Our proposal to learn the experimental approach and so, experimenting, conjecturing, questioning, defining, proving... uses problem from discrete mathematics. More generally, we use what is known as a SiRC. A SiRC (Situation de Recherche en Classe) is a problem which is close to a research one. You can find a complete description of a SiRC in [GP03]. The SiRC situation, which we propose here, is a problem from discrete mathematics. It is given with an "easy understandable question" : the question only uses common language terms. The situation is given with some material, with which students can experiment. We think these situations could develop capacities used in an experimental approach. Here, the problem "the game of obstruction" that we propose is foregoing by a didactic study in which we use Brousseau's theory of situations, the notion of research variable of Grenier and Payan. We also use a description of the experimental approach to ripen our studies. This didactic study allowed us to see, a priori, which learnings are in game in these situations and which experiments, conjectures, proofs students can make. We experimented this situation with high school students. So, we also present the results of our experiments. We made a study of the place of the "experimental approach" in French high school, by studying curricula and books. We present results of our analysis.


This paper describes the Duluth systems that participated in SemEval-2017 Task 7 : Detection and Interpretation of English Puns. The Duluth systems participated in all three subtasks, and relied on methods that included word sense disambiguation and measures of semantic relatedness.


Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) lead to increased morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis-dependent patients and are costly to treat. Devices such as hemodialysis connector caps (Tego) and antimicrobial barrier caps (ClearGuardHD) represent promising interventions to reduce CLABSIs. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of these devices in reducing CLABSIs in hemodialysis patients who use tunneled dialysis catheters at outpatient dialysis units in a healthcare system.

 In a retrospective review of a quality improvement project, we compared cumulative 6-month CLABSI infection rates before and after transition from Tego connectors to ClearGuardHD caps. CLABSI events, reported to National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), were expressed as CLABSI events per 100 patient-months. All adult patients (age >18 years) receiving hemodialysis via a tunneled central catheter were included in the study from February 2018-August 2020. The study cohort was comprised of 13 outpatient dialysis units in a healthcare system with locations throughout the Northern Midwest and Southeastern United States. The date of change from Tego to ClearGuardHD was phased throughout the different units over the study period with events recorded 6 months pre- and post-intervention. Patients receiving home dialysis therapies were excluded from the study.

 The cumulative 6-month CLABSI event rate decreased by 75.7%; Tego (0.465/100 patient-months) vs. ClearGuardHD caps (0.113/100 patient-months). A total of 17 CLABSI occurrences were reported within 3,654 patient-months with Tego use. However, only 4 CLABSI occurrences were reported within 3,527 patient-months during ClearGuardHD use.

 ClearGuardHD caps reduced the rate of CLABSI among hemodialysis patients and are superior to Tego connectors. These findings support prior studies. Implementation of ClearGuardHD caps may help eliminate CLABSI-associated morbidity among individuals requiring maintenance hemodialysis therapy.


Three mutant strains(5M6,5M1 and 5B1) obtained from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.lactis L5 and grown in MRS medium,which contained a lethal concentration of neomycin sulfate,showed reduced H+-ATPase activity.The membrane-bound H+-ATPase activities of 3 mutant strains were reduced by 51.3% for 5M6,27.7% for 5M1 and 34.3% for 5B1 respectively.Cell shapes of the mutant strains 5M6,5M1and 5B1 were slenderer than that of the parental strain L5.Physiological performance indicated that the ATP level of the parental strain(0.63×10-18mol/cell) was lower than that of the mutant strains.The conversion rate of glutamic acid(GA) to γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) by parental strain L5 cultured in MRS at 37 ℃ for 12 h was 13.91%.The conversion rates of GA to GABA were 16.73% in mutant strain 5M6,15.6% in mutant strain 5M1 and 15.4% in mutant strain 5B1.The parental strain L5 transformed 13.91% GA to GABA. It was proved that the parental strain showed more acid and salt resistance than its mutant strains in an extended growth period.


On the basis of analysing the relationship between the staple industrialization and cultural development,the paper discusses the settings and major problems in promoting the staple industrialization and then puts forward the key countermeasures of speeding up the staple food industrialization in China.


Abstract. Coastal polynyas in the Ross Sea are important source regions of high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) – the precursor of Antarctic Bottom Water that
supplies the lower limb of the thermohaline circulation. Here, the response
of sea ice production and HSSW formation to synoptic-scale and mesoscale
cyclones was investigated for the Ross Ice Shelf Polynya (RISP) using a
coupled ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model targeted on the Ross Sea. When
synoptic-scale cyclones prevailed over RISP, sea ice production (SIP)
increased rapidly by 20 %–30 % over the entire RISP. During the passage of mesoscale cyclones, SIP increased by about 2 times over the western RISP but decreased over the eastern RISP, resulting respectively from enhancement in
the offshore and onshore winds. HSSW formation mainly occurred in the
western RISP and was enhanced responding to the SIP increase under both
types of cyclones. Promoted HSSW formation could persist for 12–60 h after the decay of the cyclones. The HSSW exports across the Drygalski
Trough and the Glomar Challenger Trough were positively correlated with the
meridional wind. Such correlations are mainly controlled by variations in
geostrophic ocean currents that result from sea surface elevation change and density differences.


During the past few years, various traffic-flow forecasting models, i.e. an ARIMA, an ANN, and so on, have been developed to predict more accurate traffic flow. However, these models analyze historical data in an attempt to predict future value of a variable of interest. They make use of the following basic strategy. Past data are analyzed in order to identify a pattern that can be used to describe them. Then this pattern is extrapolated, or extended, into the future in order to make forecasts. This strategy rests on the assumption that the pattern that has been identified will continue into the future. So ARIMA or ANN models with its traditional architecture cannot be expected to give good predictions unless this assumption is valid; The statistical models in particular, the time series models are deficient in the sense that they merely extrapolate past patterns in the data without reflecting the expected irregular and infrequent future events Also forecasting power of a single model is limited to its accurate. In this paper, we compared with an ANN model and ARIMA model and tried to combine an ARIMA model and ANN model for obtaining a better forecasting performance. In addition to combining two models, we also introduced judgmental adjustment technique. Our approach can improve the forecasting power in traffic flow. To validate our model, we have compared the performance with other models. Finally we prove that the proposed model, i.e. ARIMA + ANN + Judgmental Adjustment, is superior to the other model.


The fastener (1) for securing a device to a wall having a first wall (2) and a second wall (3) vis-a-vis one another and spaced one above each other, the fixing element comprising a first portion (11) and a second portion (12). The first portion (11) attaches to the first wall (2) and comprises a base (110) intended to be fixed to the first wall (2), a spacer (111) attached to the base (110) to the using a setting means arranged so as to allow to modify the position of the spacer (111) relative to said base (110). The spacer has a bearing surface (113) being supportable on a receiving surface (123) on the second portion (12) which is fixed to the second wall (3) vis-a-vis first portion (11).


This book is of essential importance when examination programs and treatment strategies are planned at the acute stroke unit as well as for practitioners involved in prevention of stroke or treatment of stroke patients. The book is written by a group of internationally recognized experts and innovative leaders in the field of evidence-based medicine and cerebral vascular disease. The first chapters comprehensively describe the etiology and clinical diagnosis of TIA and stroke, and all clinically relevant problems that are faced in the acute stroke phase are discussed. Secondary prevention, including the results of antiplatelet trials up to 1996, are critically discussed. Finally, the specific problems in rehabilitation with emphasis on treatment possibilities are more briefly described. The style is clear and concise and leaves room for a very welcome scientific, critical and valid discussion and at the end creates an authoritative book. The authors have succeeded in writing an exciting and engaging book that helps the clinician in interpreting the results of research from which guidelines about management of the stroke patient can be drawn.


The concept of modern foreign language teaching material has been enlarged and the teaching material has become the resources and instruments of students. Teachers should change the old teaching beliefs, and improve the levels of teaching theories and the capacity of the analysis of teaching materials. Based on the teaching material, teachers should cultivate the students' interests and inspire the motivation of students so as to develop their autonomy and the communicative competence.


The Spin Torus Energy Model (STEM) was introduced in Part 1 of the 'Redefining the Electron' series to define the structure of electrons and positrons so as to explain the nature of electric and magnetic fields, electric current generation from battery and induction sources, capacitor charge and discharge, and superconductivity. In Part 2, STEM is extended to define a structure Preons, quarks and nucleons and to explore the nuclear structure of atoms. The atomic model developed provides explanations for the physical characteristics and different allotropic forms of elements in the Periodic Table, their various bonding geometries, and for electron capture and beta decay. The third and final paper provides a STEM explanation for the particle-wave nature of EMR, spectral line emission and absorption, the photo-electric effect, the Compton effect, electron pair generation and annihilation, and Gravity.


Abstract The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused an unprecedented global social and economic crisis, with governments triggering numerous interventions across geographic regions. In this paper, we exhibit evidence of real-time survey of the Middle East discovering the effects of this crisis. We attempt to examine the moderating effect of coronavirus thought concern on employees' work performance. We used geographically responders survey from Saudi Arabia and Yemen and document variety in the level of tasks workers may perform from home. The approach applied in this study may be considered as a basic contribution for model thinking about how conceivable it is to work from home. The model utilizes to evaluate the effect of the pandemic, or structure policies are focused at reviving the economy. Results indicated the feeling about job is the most significant variable that determine worker performance. This is further supported by the significant association between the psychological state of mind and work performance. These implied that psychological feelings are significant in determining worker performance. Employees' work performance measure may promote and maintain the psychological feeling and work performance in businesses during the epidemic. This association between the feeling about job, fear and COVID-19 thought concern may imitate enhanced awareness about COVID-19 amongst workers. Our findings support the suggestion of the needs of large investments in order to push the economic wheel in all sectors, assure the flexibility of the economy and generate sustainable jobs. Graphical Abstract


Let [Formula: see text] be a finite group. We denote by [Formula: see text] the integer [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] denotes the order of [Formula: see text]. It is verified that some finite groups are uniquely determined by their orders and their product of element orders. In this paper, we prove that, if [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] are different prime numbers, then [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are characterized by [Formula: see text] and if [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text].


In addition to the legal aspects already discussed in the article, other issues arise that are relevant to the case study and accident and emergency (A&E) nurses.

Once the decision has been made that a patient lacks the requisite mental capacity (as defined in the MCA 2005) to make their own decisions, then the provisions of the Act will apply. A check must be made to ascertain if the patient in question has drawn up an advance decision that covers their present situation and/or if the patient has set up a lasting power of attorney (LPA). LPA gives power to a 'donee' to make personal welfare decisions on behalf of an individual at a time when the individual can no longer make such decisions (George and Dimond, 2007). If neither advance decision nor LPA exists, then decisions must be made in the best interests of the patient. While the MCA 2005 does not define 'best interests', it does set out the steps that should be taken to ascertain the best interests of the mentally incapacitated adult. One of the important requirements of the Act that applies to the situation …


A fuel-injection device for an internal combustion engine includes a stepped pump piston (29) movable in a cylinder bore (27) and defining therewith a driving chamber (35) and a pump working chamber (55), the latter being limited by an annular front face (53) at the smaller pump piston diameter. The chamber (55) is filled with fuel by being connected to a fuel supply line (21) before the device is actuated. The working chamber (35) which is at least indirectly defined by the larger end face (41) of the stepped piston (29) can be connected by a pressure line (37) containing a 3 port, 2 position valve (39) to a pressure line (13) or to a relief line (17). Opening of the pressure line (13) causes actuation of the piston (29) by the conveyance of a highly pressurised medium, located in a pressure reservoir, into the working chamber (35). A measured quantity of fuel admitted to the working chamber (55) is pumped through outlet openings (51) once the annular fuel (53) closes the supply line (21).


Ordered mesoporous carbons CMK-3, CMK-1 coated with poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)(CMK-3- PMMA and CMK-1-PMMA) and pristine mesoporous carbons CMK-3, CMK-1 were employed to adsorb vitamin B12(VB12) from water solution. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics of adsorption were investigated via batch experi- ments. It was found that the adsorption capacity of VB12 at 30, 40 and 50 °C can reach 688.2, 572.4 and 428.7 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption isotherm can be described by Langmuir model. The pseudo first- and second-order ki- netic models were employed to fit the dynamic adsorption. It was found that the dynamic adsorption follows the pseudo second-order model. The thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients obtained at different temperatures were used to evaluate the thermodynamic constants ΔG 0 , ΔH 0 and ΔS 0 . The negative value of Gibbs free energy, ΔG 0 indi- cates that the adsorption occurred via a spontaneous process. The increase in the value of -ΔG 0 with increasing tem- perature indicates that higher temperatures were favourable to the sorption process. The enthalpy values of ΔH 0 >40 kJ/mol(66.36 kJ/mol and 56.43 kJ/mol) for CMK-3-PMMA and CMK-1-PMMA confirm that chemisorption were involved in the adsorption process. This is consistent with the IR spectra and is another evidence for the formation of hydrogen bond between PMMA in the pore of CMK-3 and VB12. Keywords Mesoporous carbon; VB12 adsorption; Equilibrium; Kinetics; Thermodynamics Article ID 1005-9040(2010)-03-431-05


delamination caused bywirebonding andwirepull test For Integrated Circuit(IC)waferbackend[1, 2,3]. Tosolve andprevent those observed failures, an development, process developers havetodesign robustintegrated approach incorporating loading histories of backendstructures thatguarantee bothfunctionalit bothICbackend andpackaging processes isvital [3, 4,5]. backend structures that guarantee bothfunctionality andao h ovninlpacie fI rcs n reliability during waferfab processes, packaging,FrtecnnioapatcsofI poesad realifiabiit duringwandferb poe. sses,packagin packaging development, theICandpackaging design quaplificddiagatio otetsha lifetime.(Fgred ) 1 e show targets andrequirements arenottotally integrated. With therapid development ofCu/Low-k technologies andthe IC development. Subsequently, package development p p1 g ICdevelopment. Subsequently, package develop t .inherited weakness ofthermo-mechanical properties of runsasimilar cycle. Byusing reliability modelling and Cu/Low-k backend stacks, this partitioned practice cannot relate ittotheinteraction ofICandpackage assembly, lead tocompetitive technology development withshortersuchasIC/compound delamination, weaimatintegrating time-to-market, optimized performance, lowcostsand ICandpackage prototyping inorder todevelop reliable guaranteed quality, robustness & reliability. Therefore, ICpackages faster. thereisanurgent needtodevelop innovative and Thispaper presents parts ofourresearch toapproachintegrated thermo-mechanical design andqualification thermo-mechanical ICreliability byvirtually designing methods forwafer backend development. Figure 2shows andqualifying IC backendstructures inbothIC theareasofproduct development wherewe develop processing, packaging and testing processes. By virtual design andqualification methods bypredictive combining experimental andnumerical results, targeted modelling, including examples ofchallenges to'design failure modesandmechanisms as wellas theirforreliability'. interactions areunderstood. Itisfound that delamination isthekeytrigger forpassivation cracking andmetal shift. Evenmore,thelayout ofinterconnect metals inthe 1.ICe- package backend ofICshasamajoreffect onunderbond-pad prevent delamination wir passivalion crack 3.Total board delamination observed after waferprobing andwire reliable lst level *prevent delamination bonding. Reliable predictive modelling approaches enableinterconnections*reliable 1st&2ndlevel IC package development towards a first-time-right interconnections practice. warpage drop resistant


The three-dimensional wake transition for supercritical CO2 (SCO2) with Reynolds number ( Re) ranging from 100 to 300 is systematically investigated by large eddy simulation. Numerical results of the constant-property fluid are validated with the classical conclusions. The secondary instabilities, i.e., mode A (spanwise scale of ∼4.5 times cylinder diameter) and mode B (approximately equal to cylinder diameter), are well captured in the wake. The results at Re =  120 show that the evolution of vortex dislocations is mainly manifested in the alternating occurrence of three stages, i.e., the two-dimensional vortex shedding stage, pure mode A stage, and dislocation stage. The stable state of pure mode A is found at Re =  140. As Re continues to increase, the wake shows a gradual transition from mode A to mode B, rather than the transition from mode A* (mode A + dislocation) to mode B. The frequency spectrum in this process is the gradual shift of a single peak from the low frequency to the high frequency. The wake cycle sequence changes from the alternation of four structures at Re =  155 to the alternation of pure and "contaminated" mode B structures at Re =  170. The critical condition of wake "resonance" is determined at Re =  175, where the final state of the wake is relatively ordered mode B structure, representing the weakest three-dimensionality in the transition regime. After that, the three-dimensionality of the wake enhances with Re, and the probability of the occurrence of disordered structures increases accordingly. The vortex shedding frequency of the pure mode follows the order: 2D > B > A > A*. The width of the frequency spectrum is mainly related to whether the wake flow state is a continuous single mode or the alternation of multiple modes. Based on the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship, flow pattern in the wake transition process is finally discussed.


We report a case of Rhodococcus equi, an unusual pathogen, causing a right upper lobe lung abscess in a patient with Evan's syndrome (auto-immune haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia) who was treated with high-dose corticosteroid therapy. The patient was treated successfully with clarithromycin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and imipenen which appear to be effective in combination for this unusual condition in which the treatment regimen has been controversial.


We present the large-scale correlation function measured from a spectroscopic sample of 46,748 luminous red galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The survey region covers 0.72 h-3 Gpc3 over 3816 deg2 and 0.16 < z < 0.47, making it the best sample yet for the study of large-scale structure. We find a well-detected peak in the correlation function at 100 h-1 Mpc separation that is an excellent match to the predicted shape and location of the imprint of the recombination-epoch acoustic oscillations on the low-redshift clustering of matter. This detection demonstrates the linear growth of structure by gravitational instability between z ≈ 1000 and the present and confirms a firm prediction of the standard cosmological theory. The acoustic peak provides a standard ruler by which we can measure the ratio of the distances to z = 0.35 and z = 1089 to 4% fractional accuracy and the absolute distance to z = 0.35 to 5% accuracy. From the overall shape of the correlation function, we measure the matter density Ωmh2 to 8% and find agreement with the value from cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies. Independent of the constraints provided by the CMB acoustic scale, we find Ωm = 0.273 ± 0.025 + 0.123(1 + w0) + 0.137ΩK. Including the CMB acoustic scale, we find that the spatial curvature is ΩK = -0.010 ± 0.009 if the dark energy is a cosmological constant. More generally, our results provide a measurement of cosmological distance, and hence an argument for dark energy, based on a geometric method with the same simple physics as the microwave background anisotropies. The standard cosmological model convincingly passes these new and robust tests of its fundamental properties.


When welding pipes, due to the concentration of magnetic field lines in a ferromagnetic pipe with high magnetic permeability, the welding current magnetic field increases, magnetic blow, under. by the action of electromagnetic force, the arc length increases up to a break, the current and voltage on the arc fluctuate significantly, the seam dimensions change from a point to a large width, the process stability is disturbed, the welds formation and the welded joints impact toughness is reduced. Based on the study of the arc energy characteristics, according to which the voltage on the arc increases with increasing arc length, it was found that the arc moves along the tape end at a speed of 3.3 m/s, the electrode shape affects the welding arc. energy and voltage characteristics. In this case, the sum of near-electrode voltage drops depends on the work function of electrons from the cathode surface of the flux components and does not depend on the electrode shape, which confirms the main role of field emission in the arc and the arc concentration below. pinch-effect. To increase the welded joints impact toughness, it is necessary to reduce energy, heat input, crystal lattice microdistortions, microstresses, dislocation density, welding stresses, reduce the weld width, heat-affected zone, the deposited metal amount and refine the microstructure. An effective way to reduce energy is to increase the welding speed, which reduces the heat input, and reduce the arc length, arc voltage, which leads to an increase in the arc rotation speed, pinch effect, arc concentration and energy, heat input efficiency, reduce welding stresses, increase the crystallization rate, the microstructure refinement, the interatomic distance reduction and interatomic bonds increase. A process for one-sided high-speed welding of pipes for gas and oil pipelines with a low-energy composite electrode, which, due to low arc voltage, arc concentration, stability, energy reduction, heat input, welding stresses, microstructure refinement, interatomic distance reduction and interatomic bonds increase, provides an increase in the welded joints impact toughness 2-2.5 times has been developed. Minimum energy – maximum welded joints impact toughness


The paper presents first a systematic study of the possibilities of a Zener diode, concerning the relative variations of the stabilized voltage and the maximum obtainae useful power.


This paper gives an overview of the Matisse system and the Midlands Driver Information System The systems employ a network management system, variable message signs, and surveillance cameras for monitoring traffic incidents and relieving congestion.


In this study, we were interested in the physic - chemical characterization (SEM, BET, X-ray, DTA-TG, and IR) of the flying ashes stemming of the combustion of the coal in the thermal power station of JORF-LASFAR in EL Jadida (Morocco). On the one hand, we deduce from this study that these flying ashes are belonging to the class F Fly ash (according to ASTM standards). The X-ray diffraction shows that the ashes are mainly constituted by the aluminosilicate and the quartz. The thermal analysis (DTA-TG), the IR, and SEM proves the presence of the carbonates of the calcium. On the other hand, after washing the ashes, with the distilled water, an equilibrium of adsorption - desorption of the carbonates was reached after 30 minutes.


Studies were presented on the ways surface character of colloidal silica (SYLOID ® 244) can be altered from a hydrophilic to hydrophobic using natural latex milk. Effects of concentration and volume of the applied latex emulsion, LATEKS KAGETEX ® FA, were examined on structure of hydrophobic silicas and their physicochemical properties, including bulk density, capacities to absorb water, dibutyl phthalate and paraffin oil. Sedimentation rate and wettability with water were also examined for the modified and unmodified silicas.


The river basins in urban areas have undergone several negative structural interventions, which have generated changes in the hydrological dynamics. Thus, the present study aims to identify the urban evolution between 1976 and 2014 in the Joao Mendes river basin and to evaluate the most vulnerable areas in the basin in terms of socioeconomic aspects, which require priority actions, either structural and/or nonstructural measures, by the public power. For that, fieldwork was carried out, generation of the classification map of built-up areas and vegetation cover, and socioeconomic analysis based on income ranges in number of minimum wages by census sector (2010 census) and percentage of households with exhaustion by sector census based on the database provided by IBGE (2010). The results showed that there was an increase of approximately 85% of urban occupation (from 14% to 26.64%) in the basin between 1976 and 2014. It is important that the public power intensifies investments in the census tracts that presented the lowest percentages of households with exhaustion ranging from 0 to 25%.


Anaerobic digestion is the biological degradation process of organic matter under anoxic conditions, with production of methane and inorganic by-products, including carbon dioxide. Over the past years, many studies on anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) have been carried out at a laboratory, bench and pilot scale. This work aims to summarize the main features of the OFMSW anaerobic digestion techniques and to define the state-of-the-art of this process in Europe, at both a research and industrial level. To this end, the main experimental results, design solutions and technologies are compared, also in relation to capital and operating costs and data about full scale experiences are reported. Among the different aspects discussed, particular interest has been manifested in pretreatment possibilities in relation to substrate biodegradability and biogas production rate. The data collected and examined in this paper stress the aspects to be improved, in order to define future perspectives of the anaerobic process application for OFMSW treatment.


This paper proposes an accelerated life testing method for the storage vacuum electron device (VED) based on pressurization and establishes an accelerated life model. The accelerated life test of a VED is performed at 4.5 atm. The result showed that after pressurization the cathode current dropped faster than that when the VED was stored in air. The pressurization could accelerate the VED storage life.


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to better understand the effectiveness of buyers' defensive measures to thwart bid protests in government procurements.

Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 240 sourcing professionals concerning government source selections is used to analyze a logistic regression model exploring 6 antecedents of bid protests.

Findings
This research implicates the importance of oral presentations of offers, the type of value procured (i.e. services), protest experience, the quantity of document revisions, transaction costs and cost reimbursement contracts in receiving a bid protest.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this research is the first to explore sourcing strategy decisions that can contribute to the receipt of a bid protest. It adds clarity to an understudied market of business – the public sector.


【Objective】 To find the superiority between proximal femoral nail antirotation(PFNA) and dynamic hip screw(DHS) in the therapy of femoral intertrochanteric fractures.【Methods】 A set of 105 patients from January 2007 to December 2010 with femoral intertrochanteric fractures were involved,including 49 patients treated with PFNA and 56 patients treated with DHS.The data of patients were collected,including the operative duration,blood loss,recovery stage for walking,duration for fracture union and Parker scores of hip function.【Result】(1)Compared with DHS group,PFNA group had shorter operative duration,less blood loss,shorter recovery stage for walking,the differences were significant;But there was no significant difference on the part of duration for fracture union between the groups.(2)In unstable femoral intertrochanteric fractures,the excellent and good rate of PFNA group was higher than DHS group,the difference was significant;but there was no significant difference on the part of stable femoral intertrochanteric fractures between the two groups.【Conclusion】 Compared with the treatment by DHS,PFNA has more superiority in the therapy of femoral intertrochanteric fractures.


While in brain computer interface (BCI) field the research is focused basically on finding improved processing methods leading to both high classification rates and high bit transfer rates, in this paper the same BCIs performances are addressed but, this time, with the emphasis set on the subject-specific discriminative cognitive tasks selection process. In this respect, a set of twelve electroencephalographic (EEG)-discriminative mental tasks was proposed to be studied in conjunction with four different subjects. For each subject, a particular set of four mental tasks was selected. The classification performances corresponding to these particular sets of tasks were obtained using some standard processing methods (i.e., the autoregressive model of the EEG signals and a multilayer perceptron classifier trained with back-propagation algorithm). The superior classification rates achieved for the selected sets compared to other set of mental tasks commonly used in the 4-class BCI studies (i.e. the set proposed by Keirn and Aunon [3]) promote the idea of subject-oriented mental tasks selection process as a necessary preliminary step in any high-quality BCI application.


The paper deals with the proposal of new maintenance system on a semi-trailer combination. Analysis of wear and damage of air brake system components used on the semi-trailer combination based on real experience from practice and creation of the FMEA analysis of the system using software support are presented. The need for continuous improvement of product quality, reliability and safety arises from product specifications, government regulatory requirements, agency recommendations, legal implications and above all a company's desire to improve its market position and customer satisfaction. These issues require product manufacturers to perform risk analyses that identify and minimize part/system failures throughout the product's life cycle. The FMEA methodology is one of the risk analysis techniques recommended by international standards. It is a systematic process to identify potential failures to fulfil the intended function, to identify possible failure causes so the causes can be eliminated, and to locate the failure consequences so the consequences can be reduced.


Abstract : The study of glasses and glass-forming liquids (vitreous materials) constituted an area of basic research in chemistry rich in immediate applications to technology of importance to the Air Force. The fundamental output of this contract has been 18 basic scientific publications in the general areas of (1) micro-structure and phase separation, (2) electrical relaxation phenomena and (3) viscoelastic and structural relaxation in molten glasses. (Author)


The study investigating the exposed Archean lower continental crust of the Southern Granulite Terrain, India, shield important constraints on the nature and evolution of the deep crust, including the formation and exhumation of Granulites. The source for the high temperature granulite metamorphism for the southern granulite terrain may be attributed to high temperature carbonatite and alkaline intrusives in an extensional setting which followed an initial crustal thickening. The Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) in India is one of the largest exposed Precambrian deep continental crustal sections in the world consisting of multiply deformed Archean and Neoproterozoic high grade metamorphic and magmatic rock.


Chenodeoxycholic acid induced changes in the expression of microRNAs and genes involved in lipid, bile acid and drug metabolism in human hepatocytes


Household and similar waste generation in Catalonia between 2000 and 2009 has increased a 20.8%, meanwhile population for the same period has been a 18.7%. That means a small increase in generation per capita, rising from 1.51 to 1.53 kg/day, whereas the target established by the Catalan Municipal Waste Management Program (PROGREMIC) for 2012


This document describes the implementation of the approach to modelling some of the dynamics of (semantic) metadata that were described in D1.5.1 [MPD + 07] and D1.5.2 [MPAD08]. We focus here specifically on the interaction between the example clients and the NeOn toolkit, such that changes in networked ontologies can be propagated to the semantic metadata, and vice versa. This means that, for example, changes made to an ontology using GATE services can be propagated to the NeOn toolkit where other users can access them, and that changes made to ontologies by other users via the toolkit can be accessed by users of GATE services. The deliverable comprises two main parts. First, we describe the implementation of ontology change between GATE and the NeOn Toolkit, and second, we describe the Evolva plugin which enables ontological changes to be captured and propagated to the toolkit from folksonomy data.


anchez Dep. of Aeronautics & Astronautics, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA 02139 IEPC-01-017 A model of the plasma axial discharge in a Hall thruster, which includes effects of both losses to dielectric walls and heat conduction is presented. The interaction of the plasma with dielectric walls is included through three frequencies accounting for ion recombination, energy losses, and near-wall-conductivity. These frequencies depend on the secondary emission of the dielectric walls and the dynamics of the radial plasma flo w. Energy losses, concentrated in the acceleration region, reduce plasma temperatures, near-wall conductivity is marginal, and ion recombination is high in the diffusion region. The main effects of heat conduction are the smoothing on the temperature profile around the ionization region, and a strong restriction to the parametric range where efficient stationary solutions are found.


This paper attempts to develop a consistent theory for the choice of perform ance contracts in agriculture by analyzing the trade-off between quantity and quality and the presence of competence and uncertainty on the basis of the ex pected utility theory. This theory is able to explain many contract-related is sues, such as why the performance contract can be optimal even providing lesser quantity and quality than the spot market and why a trade-off between


Virtually all writings about 'Methodist involvement' in state-provided English education use Wesleyan material. It is the most accessible and it is complete: every year there is a report from the Wesleyan Education Committee to the Conference. Official information on the attitudes of the other British Methodist churches to elementary education can only be found by reading the Minutes of their annual Conferences or Assemblies: there are no comparable surviving papers on education. It could be this obscurity that has led to the other branches of Methodism being subsumed under the Wesleyans in the assumption that all took the same view of education. It is as though


Ultrasonic testing system developed for use in revealing hidden disbonds at rough, inaccessible interfaces between layers of material. Includes array of small piezoelectric transducers, receiving outputs electronically processed individually and combined in such way as to make system phase-insensitive, overcoming limitations imposed by phase-sensitivity. Development of present ultrasonic system and phase-insensitive-array technique which based motivated by need to detect disbonds under conditions of bondline inhibitor, liner, and fuel at ends of segments of solid rocket motor of space shuttle. Here, liner-to-fuel bondline very rough with respect to ultrasonic wavelength.


The temporal-spatial variation in efficacy of transgenic Bt cotton leaves from different nodes of the main stem and in different growth stages against neonate larvae of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner) were determined using the leaf-feeding method. The effects of leaves from both lateral branches of cotton in the field and seedlings in laboratory grown under different weather conditions on the neonates of the cotton bollworm were examined. Results show that efficacy of the leaves from the 2nd to 10th nodes on the main stem of Bt cotton R 19-137 was the highest, killing 97.0%-100% of larvae after 5 d feeding with 1.0-1.1 grades of leaf damage; the efficacy of the leaves from the 11th to 16th nodes decreased significantly with mortalities of 35.6%-67.6%, and survivors mainly in the 2nd instar. When the leaves from lateral branches of cotton in late July and late August were tested, mortalities of 30.9%-44.9% and 10.0%-30.0% occurred, respectively, indicating further decline of the control efficacy. The experiments also show significant influence of weather conditions, under which the Bt cotton grew, on the control efficacy of its leaves. The possible reasons for temporal-spatial variations in efficacy of Bt cotton leaves against the cotton bollworm and the importance of weather conditions in Bt cotton application were discussed.


We consider a variant of the game of Cops and Robbers, called Lazy Cops and Robbers, where at most one cop can move in any round. We investigate the analogue of the cop number for this game, which we call the lazy cop number. Lazy Cops and Robbers was recently introduced by Offner and Ojakian, who provided asymptotic upper and lower bounds on the lazy cop number of the hypercube. By investigating expansion properties, we provide asymptotically almost sure bounds on the lazy cop number of binomial random graphs $\mathcal{G}(n,p)$ for a wide range of $p=p(n)$. By coupling the probabilistic method with a potential function argument, we also improve on the existing lower bounds for the lazy cop number of hypercubes. Finally, we provide an upper bound for the lazy cop number of graphs with genus $g$ by using the Gilbert-Hutchinson-Tarjan separator theorem.


A new framework for presenting and analyzing the functionality of a modern DLL-based SAT solver is proposed. Our approach exploits the inherent relation between backtracking and resolution. We show how to derive the algorithm of a modern SAT solver from DLL step-by-step. We analyze the inference power of Boolean Constraint Propagation, Non-Chronological Backtracking and 1UIP-based Conflict-Directed Backjumping. Our work can serve as an introduction to a modern SAT solver functionality and as a basis for future work on the inference power of a modern SAT solver and on practical SAT solver design.


In this letter, characteristics of independently-controllable double-gated polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with ultrathin channel are characterized and analyzed experimentally and theoretically. As compared with the single-gated mode where only one of the gates is used for driving the device, 1.3–2.1 fold increase in drive current is achieved under double-gated mode as the two gates are biased simultaneously for driving the device. A remarkable lowering of barrier height 7–12 meV in the latter case due to the coupling of the two gate biases is identified as the major origin for such performance enhancement.


The major problem of this study is how struggle for maintaining love is reflected 500 Days of Summer movie based on individual psychological approach. This
study analyses structural elements of 500 Days of Summer movie and Tom Hansen's struggle for maintaining his love, based on individual psychological point of view. This research paper is qualitative research. The object study is Tom Hansen as the major character in 500 Days of Summer movie directed by Marc Webb in 2009. The primary data is 500 Days of Summer movie itself and the secondary data are taken from the other data, which have relation with the research, the underlying theory and other materials concerned to the analysis, such as biography of the director, some books of psychology, website about the movie and homepage of the movie. The technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis. the result of the study shows the close relationship between 500 Days of Summer and an individual psychology, particularly in human striving for maintaining his love in 500 Days of Summer movie directed by Marc Webb is about someone's struggle for maintaining his love.


Although chlorpyrifos has been restricted for use in the home, it is still permitted for agriculture and remains the most widely used organophosphate pesticide in the world. Animal studies and in vitro models have indicated that chlorpyrifos has direct and indirect effects on fetal and neonatal neural cell replication and differentiation. These effects include cholinesterase inhibition as well as immediate and delayed-onset changes in synapse formation, neurotransmitter release, neurotransmitter receptor expression, and intracellular signaling. Moreover, chlorpyrifos can exert simultaneous, opposite effects on axonal and dendritic growth. Now researchers from Duke University Medical Center show that chlorpyrifos has direct effects on the differentiation that determines the phenotypic fate of developing neuronotypic cells [EHP 114:667–672; Jameson et al.].


Though Burns enunciated no critical precepts on the comedy of love, he composed much of his best poetry not only within the eighteenth-century sanction of aggressive wit but also according to the tradition of humor as it later became associated with the distinctively Romantic expression of the comic spirit. Illustrative poems and letters reveal his mirthful delineation of human affection. With extraordinary insight into the realities of amatory experience, he treated a rich variety of subjects—the multifarious joys and problems of courtship, unrestrained passion, adultery, unwed parenthood, marriage, artificial conventions and morals, alcoholic stimulation, and defiance of social hypocrisy. His sympathy with the essential seriousness of love counterbalanced a perceptive awareness of human frailties; his basically empathic approach to the dilemmas of love often coalesced with portrayals of ludicrous situations or character traits that invited laughter. It was the fusion of these seemingly antithetical elements that impressed his nineteenth-century admirers, and this outstanding achievement has become increasingly significant in the light of more recent psychological analyses.


A single-channel broadband microwave spectrum measurement shceme based on PRBS-free optical compressing sampling and homodyne detection is proposed. The distinct differences as well as advantages of this scheme from traditional ones are as following. Firstly, optical pulses at a far-less-than-Nyquist rate are used to sample the broadband MW signal in a single channel. The optical pulse generation is only by modulating cascaded intensity and phase modulators with a single RF tone instead of any high-speed coding sequence modulation. Secondly, the spectral characteristics of the optical pulses are easy to be optimized in optical domain for different requirements without bandwidth limitations of electrical devices. The principle of this scheme is analyzed in theory and the performance is investigated in numerical simulation with a multi-band microwave signal with 20 GHz spectral range and SNR at 61 dB. The MW signal is reconstructed in a high fidelity with relative reconstruction error at 0.01 and SFDR at 99 dBHz2/3. The potentials for further performance optimization in practice are also dicussed.


Thank you very much for reading necessary dreams ambition in womens changing lives. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their favorite novels like this necessary dreams ambition in womens changing lives, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer.


AIM
Gold nanorods (GNRs), cellular imaging nanoprobes, have been used for drug delivery therapy to immunologically privileged regions in the brain. We demonstrate that nanoplexes formed by electrostatic binding between negatively charged RNA and positively charged GNRs, silence the expression of the target housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) within the CA1 hippocampal region of the rat brain, without showing cytotoxicity.

MATERIALS & METHODS
Fluorescence imaging with siRNA(Cy3)GAPDH and dark-field imaging using plasmonic enhanced scattering from GNRs were used to monitor the distribution of the nanoplexes within different neuronal cell types present in the targeted hippocampal region.

RESULTS & CONCLUSION
Our results show robust nanoplex uptake and slow release of the fluorescent gene silencer with significant impact on the suppression of GAPDH gene expression (70% gene silencing, >10 days postinjection). The observed gene knockdown using nanoplexes in targeted regions of the brain opens a new era of drug treatment for neurological disorders.


The interaction between sheared ExB ows and drift wave turbulence is investigated numerically with both two-and three-dimensional models. Drift wave physics diiers from other systems due to the strong dissi-pative coupling between ExB eddies and transported quantities, and so does its coupling to background ows. Zonal ow generation is an energy transfer mechanism within the polarisation current, mediated by Reynolds stress. Two dimensional turbulence always suppresses itself by generating strong ow shear layers. The three dimensional cases do not exhibit this scenario. The slab cases do establish ow shear layers with the turbulence surviving, but in the toroidal cases even this disappears. The implication is that ExB ow shear generation by turbulence is weak or nonexistent for tokamak edge plasmas, so that connnement regime transitions would have to come from self consistent properties of the neoclassical equilibrium. It is important to note that in any theory behind electric eld generation at low frequencies in a magnetised plasma, the situation is strictly ruled by quasineutrality. To obtain this result, we assemble the ion and electron continuity equations using the various drifts for the velocities, where the ExB, diamagnetic, and polarisation drifts are given (for ions) by dv E dt and for illustrative purposes we take n i er rp i in the inertia. For the electrons the drifts are similar except for the sign of the charge, and the small mass. From these we build the charge conservation law for = where J k = n i eu k ? n e ev k. We examine the ion polarisation current (the electron piece is small by m e M i), and compare with the terms (since v E is the same for all species it is arranged with),


Lists, challenges and competitions have a long and primarily lus- trous history in mathematics. Consider the Hilbert and the Millennium prob- lems. This is the story of a recent highly successful challenge. The book under review also makes it clear that with the continued advance of computing power and accessibility, the view that "real mathematicians don't compute" has little traction, especially for a newer generation of mathematicians who may readily take advantage of the maturation of computational packages such as Maple, Mathematica and Matlab.


This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of using interactive video conferencing technology to diagnose problems, prescribe interventions, and implement solutions for six mobility and transfer tasks in comparison with traditional home visits. Thirty-two community-dwelling adults with new mobility devices were randomized into either traditional in-home (n = 16) or telerehab (n = 16) intervention group. Each group received weekly, one-hour therapy sessions for four consecutive weeks. There were no significant differences in the number of problems identified, recommendations made, or number of recommendations implemented for five of the six tasks. The only task for which there were significant differences, moving from room to room, is likely attributable to the nature of the protocol which did not accommodate an inherent limitation in the technology, rather than a fatal flaw in the technology itself.


The article highlights the extremely important role of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the field of stimulating scientific and technical potential and public-private partnership. The necessity of supporting innovative potential, development of high-tech industries and expanding forms of public-private partnership is substantiated.


In this report we ask the questions Can fund managers form better-performing portfolios of stocks or bonds, in particular, can they take advantage of: 1) Single-index Capital Asset Pricing Models (CAPM), 2) Multi-factor models, 3) Generalized CAPM (G-CAPM) to improve stock and bond mutual fund performance? We find the following answers: 1) Using CAPM can increase gross annual returns by 70 basis points to 80 basis points, 2) Using multi-factor models can increase gross annual returns by 200 basis points or more, 3) Using G-CAPM can increase gross annual returns by 300 basis points or more.


The aim of the present study was to investigate associations of arch type and gender with plantar pressure distribution in non‐diabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without peripheral neuropathy (PN).


Summary

Recent reconnaissance soil surveys of proposed irrigation projects have revealed a belt of shallow soils overlying gypsum beds in the drier steppe zone of Northern Iraq.

The soil profile consists of two sharply contrasting layers—upper layer of Mesopotamian Alluvium and a lower layer of highly gypseous material. The Mesopotamian Alluvium is a brown fine-textured material, highly calcareous but very low in soluble salts, exchangeable sodium, and gypsum. The gypseous beds underlying this shallow soil mantle are relatively soft tertiary sediments (Fars beds) or their erosion products.

Despite abundant evidence of the non-toxicity of gypsum even in saturated solutions, observations on naturally occurring gypseous soil in steppe areas of Iraq and the U.S.S.R. show that root growth is inhibited where the gypsum content is 10 to 25 per cent, or higher, apparently because of poor transmission of air and water associated with bad structure.

Agronomic and engineering problems were considered, together with U.S. data on rooting systems of climatically adapted irrigated crops, in arriving at a classification.


Extreme-UV (EUV) lithography using light of wavelength 13.5nm is considered the leading technology option for future nodes (a reference to the smallest feature size) of high-volume semiconductor manufacturing.1, 2 In addition to the main challenge of developing high-power plasma sources, the performance of EUV resists—defined by the trade-off in resolution (half-pitch, HP), sensitivity (dose), and line-edge roughness—is one of the key factors for the cost-effectiveness of this technique. Researchers have invested intensive global effort in the development of resists using available projection tools. However, the resolution of these tools is limited due to the numerical aperture of the projection optics. For the future of EUV lithography, it is crucial to evaluate and eventually demonstrate the extendibility of the different resist approaches toward further technology nodes to have sufficient lead time to enable the commercialization of these materials. Interference lithography (IL) is a simple and low-cost method of creating aerial images without the limitations of projection optics. In this technique, the interference of two or more coherent beams generates a periodic aerial image on the wafer plane. EUV-IL combines the advantages of IL and the short wavelength of EUV. The EUV-IL tool installed at the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland uses an undulator source to coherently and homogeneously illuminate the transmission grating masks. The gratings are written with electronbeam lithography on silicon nitride membranes. The diffracted beams of different gratings with equal period interfere and create a sinusoidal aerial image: see Figure 1. The period of the interference pattern is half the period of the gratings if we use the first-order diffracted beams for interference. Unless a particular Figure 1. Interference scheme using diffraction gratings. We illuminate transmission gratings on a thin membrane using a spatially coherent beam. Diffracted beams interfere on the wafer plane creating a sinusoidal aerial image. All areas outside the gratings on the mask are coated with a thick polymer film, which completely absorbs the zeroorder beam. p: Period of aerial image modulation.


Severe damages in aboveground storage tanks (AST) have been often experienced due to earthquakes in Japan. In this paper, earthquake damages of ASTs which occurred for the last several decades are reviewed. These are damages in the 1964 Niigata Earthquake, the 1978 Miyagi Earthquake, the 1983 Sea of Japan Earthquake, the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, the 2003 Hokkaido Earthquake and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. The damages of ASTs can be classified into 3 types in accordance with the characteristics of earthquake. These are the impulsive motion due to a high frequency earthquake, the sloshing motion due to a low frequency earthquake and the tsunami attack. In the impulsive motion, buckling of sidewall plates and uplift of sidewall-to-bottom joints occurred. In the sloshing motion, sinking of floating roofs into liquid and buckling of sidewall-to-roof joints occurred. In the tsunami attack, ASTs moved and overturned to leak oil.


This paper deals with the issue on the export of Russia and Soviet Union's financial capital into the Northeastern China from 1895 to 1945. These four aspects are discussed: Historic backgrounds and reasons for the financial capital exports, Russia financed banks as the organizations of capital exports, rouble as the medium means for capital exports, and the contradiction between local national financial capital and foreign financial capitals. This issue is closely related to the colonization of the Northeastern China and competition for interests in the Northeastern China between foreign Powers with monopolized capitals in the modern time.


Nowadays, the plants sex-determining mechanism has become a research focus in the fields of genomics, evolutionary genetics and developmental genetics; however, it is difficult to be illustrated for its insta- bility and diversity. This paper generally introduced the home and abroad study developments of three aspects such as sex-determining genes, sex chromosomes and hormone regulation with the examples of the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana L., Silene latifolia L. Zea mays L. Cucumis sativus L. and Carica papaya L. etc, summarized the significant technical routes, experimental methods and problems to be resolved in the future, mainly introduc- ed the important breakthrough in this research field by the application of genetic analysis such as molecule markers, RNA silencing, FISH, SSH, BAC libraries and so on.


The environmental impact report, since becoming a legal requirement under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1970, has become an important part of American planning. Though an effective tool for considering environmental factors, it has some problems. The EIR is most effective when used cooperatively by the engineer and environmentalist at a point when project planning is still flexible enough to incorporate changes, yet well enough defined to determine areas of potential environmental concern. Mitigation measures, to minimize development's adverse effects, are the EIR's most important contribution. Their implementation must be insured whenever feasible, whether through informal public monitoring or legal regulation.