The ornamental fish farming species in Meta province is still incipient, although that can be a source of livelihood for many rural and urban families. However, to achieve growth of the business is essential and appropriate to generate the necessary knowledge on the biology, behavior and appropriate adaptation techniques and captive management of potentially cultivable species. The captive culture offers the possibility to diversify production, produce better quality animal husbandry and health, ensure continuous supply and help reduce pressure on wild populations generated by the indiscriminate extraction. Currently at the regional level, only few species have standardized protocols for captive breeding and cultivation on a commercial scale. Therefore, this study sought to characterize some productive variables four ornamental species of commercial interest to the cooperative COOPESCA: blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), pearl gourami (Trichogaster leeri) betta (Betta splendens) and scalar (Pterophyllum scalare). Variables were analyzed water quality, growth and physical development, nutrition, health and infrastructure used. The observations were made between August and December 2011. Overall, of the four species, 210 animals were monitored, grouped according to age and body size. In all groups, the increases in weight and height were directly proportional to feed intake. The water temperature was maintained at 21.5 ± 2.3 °C, the pH at 7.1 ± 0.6 and 49.5 ± conductivity 23 µS. Information collected to provide guidance to organize processes and make local production more profitable, so that it becomes an alternative employment and income for the fishing community, as well as strategy for the conservation, protection and recovery aquatic species and natural resources of the municipality of Acacias, Meta - Colombia.


Uveitis masquerade syndrome and orbital lymphoma are two entities that can mimic an inflammatory disease. In both conditions a delay in diagnosis can affect the vital prognosis. Uveitis masquerade syndrome is observed in up to 5% of patients referred for uveitis at a tertiary center [1]. It represents a wide group of ocular manifestations which do not respond well to well conducted corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy. The pseudo-uveitis or masquerade syndrome includes tumoral eye diseases, paraneoplasic syndrome, degenerative eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and metabolic diseases such as amyloidosis, ocular trauma or Schwarz syndrome. About 50% of the cases are related to malignant masquerade syndrome, mostly ocular lymphoma. In the diffuse form of retinoblastoma, children are usually older – about 6 years old [2]. In rare cases ocular diseases can be associated with a paraneoplasic syndrome: the carcinoma associated retinopathy (CAR) or more rarely the bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation [3]. Similarities between anti-tumoral antigens and antigens directed against Purkinje cells were described (Anti-YO and anti-HU antigens) [4,5]. As reported by Passarin et al., small-cell lung carcinoma can mimic ocular lymphoma and should be suspected in the presence of CV2/CRMP-5-IgG antibodies. Orbital lymphoma should be suspected in the presence of exophthalmos, double vision, reduced visual acuity or lid swelling according to the clini-


The productivity of any organization can be increased by optimizing the work process. Low productivity of workers is one of the reason behind the delay in delivery in manufacturing sector we know that in manufacturing sector labor is prominent thing. Improving the productivity means to make the best possible use of available resources and achieve maximum output. This paper focuses on the productivity of machine as well as labor by using fixtures, updated systematic layout and use of material handling equipment. This paper also covers the, what is productivity, which factors are affecting on productivity and efficiency. Maximum efficiency or productivity is trademark of any successful organization The objective of this paper is to identify the problem in medium scale industry due to time and effort required for any operations is high To tackle and understand a detailed analysis regarding processes using time study and work study. Due to implementation of all the measures the productivity of an organization is increases resulting in reduced effort and time required for operation and all operations done optimally.


The present invention belongs to the field of pharmaceutical formulation, it discloses an improved method of preparing exenatide release microspheres and exenatide release microspheres prepared by this method. In the method of the present invention, the first polymer is dissolved in methylene chloride, and then mixed with the methanol solution, to ensure rapid dissolution of the polymer, or added exenatide and exendin-protecting agent, to accelerate the exenatide and dissolution rate of the polymer, reducing the contact time of exenatide and an organic solvent and a polymer dissolution process of volatile solvent loss, while greatly improving the solubility of exenatide in the oil phase, increased drug loading, reducing the degradation of the drug during the manufacturing process, simplifying the process, shortening the preparation period.


Drawing on Talmy's forthcoming The Attention System of Language and elaborating on a series of previous studies, this paper addresses the interrelation of attention distribution, contextual modulation of meaning, and categorization issues in the area of evidentiality and epistemic modality Adopting a corpus-based approach, it will investigate how the default salience levels of evidential and epistemic semantic components in so-called epistentials (linguistic items that syncretistically represent evidential and epistemic components) can be raised, lowered, or even inhibited under the impact of immediately adjacent items that themselves associate evidential or epistemic semantic components (in combinations such as obviously certain or certainly obvious, and of 'epistential' adverbs with 'epistential' must). All the emerging attentional effects turn out to be asymmetric: the first item in the combination is seen to strengthen the less salient semantic component in the target morpheme, sometimes leading to a re-categorization of the target.


The management of clinical educational quality of medical trainee. In accordance with clinical teaching characteristics, in order to perfect and improve the management and inspect of clinical teaching quality the feature and law of clinical practice teaching management were studied and explored and after raising six-principles.


The nineteenth century saw deep changes in material culture. In addition to the new era induced by the industrial scale of material production, the relationship to the world of things changed, change which particularly concerned the middle class. This article takes interest in the bibelots, family souvenirs, collected artefacts and things from the past, which from 1830 onwards, invaded Parisian middle-class homes. Through them, the middle class began a commerce with the past—family-related, ancient, or exotic. In a paradoxical way, the middle class shaped an identity for itself during its leisure time, and intended to flee from the supposed uniformity of industrial products, the business world, and the new department stores. The middle class was fascinated by the new places where it looked for the unique and genuine objects : Normandy farmhouses, antique shops and salesrooms. Experts, auctioneers and interior decorators warded off errors of taste and fraudulent copies. The rising middle class invented new models for itself, casting glances at artists and their bohemian lifestyle and at socialites—groups who lived on its margins, and reinvented fashion styles. In conclusion, this article aims at understanding how, from the 1830s onwards, the middle class elaborated perceptions, taste and consumption through things, and thus, distinguished itself from aristocratic models and popular behaviours.


The purpose of this article is a search of optimal decisions in the creation of unified system in training of health teacher and correction of necessary conditions for guarantee of functional competency of specialist in future in according to demands of federal standards for common and professional pedagogical education.  Methods . The author's methodology based on long-term experience of training of teachers-valeologists in the system of postgraduate pedagogical education is the basis of this investigation. Method of investigation consists in filling-in the form and interview by 176 teachers in St.Petersburg on subject of pupils' healthy life style. Questionnaires and forms of interview contain two groups of questions. Indifferent questions for respondents are concerned to health essence and healthy life style and to factors determining a health. Questions on possible health-directed activity in schools are included there too. Questions directed on analysis of proper respondents proper qualities are included in the second questionnaire part. Complaints, anamnesis vitae and character of relation to professional duties are taken into account for additional evaluation of health, life style and functional state.  Results of investigation are represented in five tables and in commentaries to them. Results have revealed positive teachers relation to discussed problem in general. Some teachers showed insufficient competence and indifferent relation to decision of discussed problem. However, there are teachers (about 68%) who may be trained for creating health service in schools. This teacher's quantity is enough for difficult problem decision.  Scientific novelty of this investigation consists in methodological substantiation for unification of health-teachers training.  Practical significance is dictated by availability of negative tendencies in a state of health of children and teenagers that has caused search of organizational and pedagogical problem resolutions of forming among pupils of requirement and skills for a healthy lifestyle.


Using transversal pulse pre-ionization transversal pulse pre-ionization,a small diffusion-cooled longitudinal pulsed discharge CO 2 laser is described.15mJ pulse energy with 375W pulse peak power has been achieved up with PRR to 56Hz from a discharge tube of 7.5mm inner diameter and 50cm long.The pre-ionization electrodes are designed as helical to improve the laser beam quality.


The expected increase in the energy consumption in the coming years could lead to the depletion of energy resources compromising among other sectors the guarantee of food production in Brazil. Therefore, with the need for sustainable production photovoltaic energy is a promising alternative that can be combined with a sustainable form of production that is the hydroponic cultivation. In this sense, this work was developed with the objective of evaluating the economic viability of a photovoltaic energy system in the activation of a hydroponic bench. For this, two hydroponic benches with the same characteristics were considered differing each other for the form of pumping the nutrient solution, one of them maintained in a conventional pumping system connected to the electrical grid and the other with a pumping system activated by photovoltaic energy. From the survey of the mean cost value and the life expectancy of the equipment as well as the hourly cost of the conventional electricity it was possible to determine the total hourly cost of pumping of each system. The results showed that the adoption of the photovoltaic energy system provided an 87.6% reduction in the pumping costs compared to the system when using conventional electricity.


Disclosed are a hydrogen selenide preparation device and a method. According to the method, the hydrogen selenide is directly synthesized by hydrogen and selenium(Se), a hydrogen inlet pipeline (26) is fed into a selenium liquefaction and vaporization device (5), a primary synthetic reaction between the hydrogen and the selenium is started, synthesized an H2Se/Se/H2 mixing gas-liquid stream is fed into a filling tower-type synthesis reactor (8) and subjected to a continuous synthetic reaction, the Se in a selenium condensation separator (10) is condensed into liquid, then is separated and flows back to the synthesis reactor or the selenium liquefaction and vaporization device for continuing reacting, an H2Se/H2 mixing gas stream flows into a hydrogen selenide condensation separator (18), non-condensable gas hydrogen in the hydrogen selenide condensation separator is separated and conveyed back to the hydrogen inlet pipeline (26), the non-condensable gas hydrogen and the hydrogen are combined for supplying hydrogen, and finally, the H2Se is condensed and collected in the hydrogen selenide condensation separator.


This chapter discusses how the human rights of both Indigenous Peoples and forest-dependent communities have been addressed within the complex legal framework for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). Adopting a legal pluralist perspective that sees law existing in and through multiple sites and forms that extend beyond those associated with the authority of sovereign states, I conceive of REDD as being governed by a complex and heterogeneous array of sites of international and transnational law. I compare the manner in which two very different sites of law have addressed the human rights of Indigenous Peoples and forest-dependent communities in the legal norms that they have generated for REDD: the UNFCCC and the Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA).
I proceed as follows. I begin by providing a brief overview of the international legal principles, standards, and issues that relate to the recognition and protection of the human rights of Indigenous Peoples and forest-dependent communities in the context of environmental governance (section 2). I then provide an analysis of whether and how these human rights have been recognized in the context of the UNFCCC (section 3) and the CCBA (section 4). I open sections 2 and 3 with a discussion of the role of each site of law in the complex legal framework for REDD. I trace the development of the human rights of Indigenous Peoples and forest-dependent communities in these sites from 2005 to 2014. In my analysis, I draw on a range of primary and secondary sources as well as a set of semi-structured interviews that I completed from 2007 to 2014 with policy-makers, experts, and activists working on REDD around the world. I conclude by identifying they key research questions that my analysis raises about the relationship between human rights and REDD and more broadly about the development and implementation of various forms of law with respect to REDD.


To examine the effect of starch protein on hydroxypropylation, corn (normal and waxy) and potato starches were hydroxypropylated with propylene oxide at two levels (8.3 and 12.3% based on dry basis of starch weight) before or after proteinase (thermolysin) treatment, and then pasting properties of the starches were measured. For normal corn starch, protein appeared to be involved in hydroxypropylation, especially at the higher concentration of reagent (12.3%); the starch hydroxypropylated after proteinase treatment (Enz-HP) showed less reaction efficiency than that only hydroxypropylated (HP) or proteinase treated starch after hydroxypropylation (HP-Enz). This suggests a possible reaction between some of the reagent and the starch proteins that exist in the channel and surface of the starch granules. However, not much difference was found with the waxy corn starch, as it contains much lower amounts of amylose and protein than normal corn starch. The potato starch, which has no channels, showed complicated protein effects. For potato starch, a different access of the enzyme and chemical reagents to the granule matrix could be possible.


The figures most in control are, then, the artists, i.e. the painter and the writer. Velazquez depicts himself in an idealized form wearing the Palace Chamberlain's key on his belt and the red cross of the Knights of Santiago rather than as a working painter in a smudged smock, Fowles as a traveler on a train and as stage manager. Velazquez's focus is both on the inner world contained within the frame and on the world beyond the painting. As controlling artist he is ostensibly concerned with verisimilitude but, in reality, with problems of form: he represents himself as an aspect of the perspective, color, tone, balance, and value which comprise the finished painting. Yet he must paint what the King and Queen see, even as they watch him capture their likenesses. His attention to the scene must be completely reversed, however, probably by means of mirrors, for he becomes that which is captured on the canvas as well as the instrument of that capture.


BACKGROUND In Europe, 10% ‒ 40% of adults experience an unintended or sooner-than-intended birth. However, European research on family planning need and use is scarce. OBJECTIVE The Generations and Gender Survey is a cross-national panel survey collected in low-fertility settings in Europe, Asia, and South America. This paper demonstrates how to use this dataset to calculate family planning need and use and explores the possibility of comparison across countries and time.


Address for correspondence: Edgar Miller, Department of Clinical Psychology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. An immediate problem with 'reality orientation' is that it is an imprecise concept. It can be conceived narrowly as involving the kinds of procedure advocated by its originator, Folsom.l On the other hand, 'reality orientation' is quite often used to refer to a much wider range of psychological or psychosocial procedures for the management of confused or demented elderly patients living in institutions. Thus, for example, the title of Holden and Woods' book, Reality orientation: psychological approaches to the confused elderly,2 which covers a much wider range of procedures than those advocated by Folsom, and could give the reader the impression that reality orientation is a generic


ABSTRACT Carprofen (CAR) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to treat various musculoskeletal diseases and infections in food animals. While CAR residues in food animal tissues caused by veterinary medicine abuse are a potential danger to human health. In this study, a high-affinity monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CAR was prepared, and then an immunochromatographic strip for rapidly screening CAR in bovine muscle was developed to help enforce regulatory compliance. The visual detection limit (cut-off value) by the naked eye of the fabricated test strip was 12.5 ng g−1. Scanning by the strip reader, the IC50 of the test strip was calculated as 1.743 ng g−1, and the limit of detection (LOD, IC10) was 0.283 ng g−1. The proposed method provided an efficient tool for monitoring CAR in bovine muscle. Meantime, our work suggested great potential for the analysis of CAR residues in other food matrixes.


Objective The object of this study was to investigate the characteristic of magnetization transfer imaging(MTI)in corticospinal tract and non-corticospinal tract of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS),and explore correlations between magnetization transfer ratio(MTR)and clinical features,the signs of conventional MRI.Materials and Meth-ods 20 ALS patients and 16 age and sex matched healthy controls were examined with conventional MRI and MTI.MTR were measured in 5 regions of corticospinal tract and 3 regions of non-corticospinal tract.Results A significant reduction in MTR was found in definitely ALS compared to controls in all the 5 regions of corticospinal tract(P0.01).There were significantly differences in 3 regions of corticospinal tract between probably ALS and controls(P0.01).On the genu of corpus callosum the MTR was significantly reduced in definitely ALS compared to controls(P0.05).No correlations were found between MTR of corticospinal tract and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale(ALSFRS)score/disease duration.Conclusion MTI is a valuable and sensitive method for diagnosis ALS.The regions of non-corticospinal tract were also involved in ALS patients.


Two-phase flow is an important and common phenomenon in nuclear reactor systems, and the characteristics of two-phase flow such as heat transfer and pressure drop strongly depend on the radial distribution of void fraction. This paper is presenting the CFD simulation for void fraction radial distribution of mono- and poly-disperse air-water two phase flow using Euler-Euler two-fluid model. Interfacial forces including transverse forces such as lift, wall and turbulent dispersion forces are taken into account, Furthermore the bubble size distribution and bubble break-up and coalescence processes are taken into account in case of a poly-disperse flow by using the S-Gamma model. The sauter mean diameter and interfacial area concentration (IAC) distribution can also be obtained. The simulation results are compared to an experimental database of MT-LOOP test facility (FZD, Germany)[1].


Objective: Low back pain is one of the most common subjective symptoms presenting in Japan, but has no established curative therapy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed for low back pain, and are generally effective in alleviating pain; however, such drugs are frequently associated with adverse effects such as gastrointestinal symptoms. The present study thus investigated the effectiveness of a compound supplement containing piperines, theanine, creatine, α -lipoic acid, and proteoglycan for managing the subjective symptoms of low back pain.
Methods: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-comparison study in 79 adult men and women with chronic low back pain. Subjects took either placebo or the investigational compound supplement containing long pepper extract powder at a dose of 150 mg (45 μ g as piperines), theanine at 50 mg, creatine at 250 mg, α -lipoic acid at 3 mg, and salmon nasal cartilage extract powder at 50 mg (10 mg as proteoglycan) or placebo for 8 weeks. Subjective symptoms were assessed immediately before starting to take the supplement or placebo (baseline), 4 weeks after the start (Week 4), and 8 weeks after the start (Week 8).
Results: Japan Low Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JLEQ) scores were significantly lowered at Week 4 and Week 8 in the supplement group compared to those measured at baseline, and they were significantly lower at Week 8 compared to those of the placebo group (P=0.022). Approximately 30% of the JLEQ score of low back pain in the supplement group showed significantly improved compared to the placebo group. No clinically significant adverse events were reported during the study period.
Conclusions: The compound supplement tested herein, provided some relief for subjects with low back pain, and therefore could be useful in managing low back pain, and safe alternative or complement to NSAID therapy.


Emissions of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) during the storage of rough pig slurry and the fractions (solid and liquid) obtained by mechanical separation were investigated in a laboratory-scale study. Manures were stored for a period of 30 days in open vessels (1500 cm3 capacity) within a climate-controlled room which was kept at 25 ± 0.2°C. Gaseous emissions were determined with the dynamic chamber method by infrared photoacoustic detection. The main GHG emission from the liquid manures was CH4. CH4 losses from both liquid and solid fractions together were 3% higher than from the rough slurry. CO2 losses from both liquid and solid fractions together increased by 10% compared with rough pig slurry. Appreciable N2O fluxes were only measured from the solid fraction. Combining the losses during the storage of both liquid and solid fraction, they resulted in reduced NH3 emissions compared with the storage of the rough pig slurry. Evidence from the present study suggests that mechanical separation of pig slurry has the potential to increase up to 25% the emission of CO2-equivalents to the atmosphere during the storage of the separated fractions if compared with the rough slurry.


Pose estimation is typically performed through 3D images. In contrast, estimating the pose from a single RGB image is still a difficult task. RGB images do not only represent objects' shape, but also represent the intensity that is relative to the viewpoint, texture, and lighting condition. While the 3D pose estimation from depth images is considered a promising approach since the depth image only represents objects' shape. Thus, it is necessary to know what is the appropriate method that can be used for predicting the depth image from a 2D RGB image and then to use for getting the 3D pose estimation. In this paper, we propose a promising approach based on a deep learning model for depth estimation in order to improve the 3D pose estimation. The proposed model consists of two successive networks. The first network is an autoencoder network that maps from the RGB domain to the depth domain. The second network is a discriminator network that compares a real depth image to a generated depth image to support the first network to generate an accurate depth image. In this work, we do not use real depth images corresponding to the input color images. Our contribution is to use 3D CAD models corresponding to objects appearing in color images to render depth images from different viewpoints. These rendered images are then used as ground truth and to guide the autoencoder network to learn the mapping from the image domain to the depth domain. The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on the publicly PASCAL 3D+ dataset.


Abstract : Repeal of the combat exclusion law allows increased opportunities for enlisted women in the United States Navy, resulting in increased concern for gender issues. This work identifies five gender issues and estimates future impact on fleet readiness. The history of women's opportunities onboard Navy ships is initially reviewed in order to determine the magnitude of projected expansions. Estimates of the percentage of Navy women who will be recruited in the future, distributions among occupational specialties, and trends in retention of women versus men determine the projected growth in women's presence. These estimates and previous studies are used to postulate future impacts of pregnancy, single parenthood, physiology, sexual harassment and fraternization. U.S. Navy women, Enlisted, Gender issues, Ships, U.S. Coast Guard.


This paper proposed an evolution method in designing the morphology of a six legged-wheeled hybrid mobile robot which has the ability to climb over obstacles. A single objective evolution algorithm has been proposed to obtain an optimized morphology of a six legged-wheeled hybrid mobile robot with a smaller body while having best performance to climb over obstacles without collision. Results show that a fitter robot is obtained which is smaller and has a better performance in climbing obstacles than a manual hand-designed robot. The fittest robot obtained from the evolution has a very significant improvement in its fitness score compared to the manual hand-designed robot. In future, multi-objective evolution algorithm will be intended to be integrated into the evolution process to obtain a set of robot from the Pareto optimal solutions. Besides that, co-evolution of both of the controller and morphology will be investigated in order to have a more comprehensive evolution process.


Sorghum seed showed association of twelve fungi Among the fungicides and bioagents tested for their efficacy against seed borne mycoflora to improve seed germination and plant health study was made on fungal association with sorghum, seed germination percentage, shoot – root length and seedling vigour index which decreased as the storage period increased. Seed treatment with thiram + carbendazim (1:1) 3g/kg of seed was found superior in controlling the seed borne mycoflora (0.50 to 0.0%), increasing seed germination (88.00 to 71.00%), shoot length (12.8 to 10.82 cm), root length (7.3 to 5.45 cm) and seedling vigour index (1768 to 1155). How to view point the article : Koche, Mina D., Gadekar, R.M., Kapse, V.V. and Konde, S.A. (2012). Effect of seed dressing fungicides and bioagents on seed borne fungi, seed germination, shootroot length and seedling vigour index of sorghum at different storage periods. Internat. J. Plant Protec., 5(2) : 268-271.


Background: Refractive error (RE) is one of the most common causes of visual impairment around the world and the second leading cause of treatable blindness. Lack of awareness about risk factors and complications that arise, are the reasons for an increasing trend an early age.

Aims and Objectives: This study aimed at finding the influence of risk factors on RE among rural and urban schoolchildren and its prevalence.

Materials and Methods: A total of 1300 schoolchildren in the age group of 6-12 years were screened for REs. Children with visual acuity


I show that the counter-rotating core of the barred galaxy NGC 5728 could be explained by the internal dynamics of the bar. This supports the idea that the nuclear bar is counter-rotating.


Scienti c writing is about making the school website SMAN Ragunan Jakarta using PHP Framework, namely CodeIgniter 1.7.1. From the analysis of the prob- lem, design and create this web. Use of Codeigiter 1.7.1 to facilitate both the maker and developers to create and develop the school web is informative and interesting web for its users. Based on the results of tests or question- naires from 10 correspondents may stated that this website can provide information about the school SMAN Ragunan Jakarta. Bibliography (2005 - 2009)


An ABFC (adaptive backstepping fuzzy control) strategy is presented for one elevation equilibrator electro-hydraulic servo system of vehicle-mounted artillery with nonmatching uncertainty and parameters time-varying. Method of backstepping is used to overcome the problem of nonmatching uncertainty, adaption laws are adopted to eliminate the unknown parameters online. Fuzzy control is adopted to reduce the switching chattering phenomenon. Co-simulation results show that the ABFC strategy tracks the desired tracking trajectory well. The designed controller has nicer robustness and lower steady-state errors.


The plunging-in bias, not understanding the problem and not thinking about how best to solve it before starting to solve it, is a common but little recognized cognitive bias. Strategy education doe...


Silk gland are the modified labial gland.In silk worm larvae they secrete the silk fibre.Growth of the silk glands involves the swelling and increase in size of each of its cells.Size of the silk gland of each instar (I-V) (length and width) of Nistari race was measured using a micrometer superimposed over the gland and calibrated using a stage microme-ter. The morphological values were tabulated and analyzed statistically.


We report that the shift in the band gap of Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs quantum well structures can be precisely controlled by an Al layer buried between a spin-on silica film and a wet-oxidized GaAs surface. The blueshift in wavelength of the Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs quantum well photoluminescence (PL) depends linearly on the thickness of the buried Al layer. By changing the Al layer thickness, the PL peak wavelength can be tuned from 7870 A for the as-grown sample to 7300 and 7050 A after 20 and 45 s rapid thermal annealing at 850 °C, respectively. Applying this technology, Al layers with different thickness, i.e., no Al, 200 and 300 A thick, were applied to the oxidized GaAs surface in three adjacent regions with 200 μm spacing on a quantum well laser structure sample. Three wavelength lasers were successfully fabricated in a single chip by a one step rapid thermal annealing. All the lasers have similar threshold current and slope efficiency.


In A Fortunate Man, a vivid and moving account of a medical general practitioner working in a rural part of England in the 1960s, John Berger describes the lived realities of a vocational ideal. Despite numerous routine difficulties, Sassell, the focus of the account, "is nevertheless a fortunate man doing what he wants. Or more accurately what he wishes to pursue. Sometimes the pursuit involves strain and disappointment, but in itself it is his unique source of satisfaction. Like an artist or like anybody else who believes that his work justifies his life, Sassell … is a fortunate man."...


In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain L11 was used as potential probiont in preliminary in vivo assay using Artemia and blue crab juveniles as final host. Strain L11 at 108 CFU mL-1 was found able to penetrate into gnotobiotic Artemia as early as 6h exposure. The survival rate of Artemia incubated with strain L11 at concentration of 106 CFU ml-1 and challenged with V. harveyi was 62 ± 1%. The numbers of Vibrios in Artemia were reduced at the end of the challenge assay. The in vivo assay using blue crab juveniles, demonstrated that strain L11 at 106 CFU mL-1 showed significant survival (42 ± 1 %) compared with group challenged with V. harveyi with no probiont added (12 ± 1 %) after five days of exposure. Strain L11 also able to reduce the number of Vibrios and increased the weight of the juveniles.


We examined the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between psychological detachment and research performance using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping analysis. Participants comprised 923 teachers from 39 key universities in China, who completed measures
 of psychological detachment, research performance, and work engagement. The results indicated that psychological detachment was negatively associated with research performance, and that work engagement mediated this relationship. Our findings enrich understanding of the effects of psychological
 detachment on research performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.


In this paper, we argue that an explicit inflation-targeting policy is not likely to be a desirable monetary policy rule, even if it were agreed that a lower inflation rate is an important goal of policy. Inflation targeting is not neutral in the short or the long run, and a strict policy will tend to reduce the equilibrium growth rate. In terms of income distribution, a lower inflation target will tend to reduce real wages and profits and increase real interest rates, that is, the return to rentiers. In certain circumstances, it may still be possible to achieve a combination of both higher growth and lower inflation using other types of policy. However, this would actually require lower real interest rates, rather than the higher rates that are traditionally associated with anti-inflation policy.


The transformer model has gained a lot of success in various computer vision tasks owing to its capacity of modeling long-range dependencies. However, its application has been limited in the area of high-resolution unpaired image translation using GANs due to the quadratic complexity with the spatial resolution of input features. In this paper, we propose a novel transformer-based GAN for high-resolution unpaired image translation named Swin-UNIT. A two-stage generator is designed which consists of a global style translation (GST) module and a recurrent detail supplement (RDS) module. The GST module focuses on translating low-resolution global features using the ability of self-attention. The RDS module offers quick information propagation from the global features to the detail features at a high resolution using cross-attention. Moreover, we customize a dual-branch discriminator to guide the generator. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art results on the unpaired image translation tasks.


Aqueous−ionic liquid (A−IL) biphasic systems have been examined in terms of deuterated water, acid and IL cation and anion mutual solubilities in the upper (waterrich, in mole fraction) and lower phase of aqueous/IL biphasic systems, at ambient temperature. The biphasic mixtures were composed of deuterated acids of various concentrations (DCl, DNO3, DClO4 from 10 -2 to 10 -4 M mainly) and five ionic liquids of the imidazolium family with hydrophobic anion (CF3SO2)2N – , viz. [C1Cnim][Tf2N], (n = 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). Analytical techniques applied are 1 H NMR, 19 F NMR, KarlFischer titration, pH-potentiometry for ILs' cation and anion, water and acid determination, respectively. The effects of ionic strength (μ = 0.1 M NaCl and NaNO3 as well as μ = 0.1 M, 0.2 M and 0.4 M NaClO4 according to the investigated acid), the nature of the IL cation as well as the nature of the mineral acid on the solubilities of (D2O, D + , Tf2N – , C1Cnim + ) entities in the lower or upper phases were determined. Addition of sodium perchlorate enhances Tf2N solubility, while it inhibits ILs' cation solubility. Differences in ILs' cation and anion solubilities up to 42 mM have been evidenced. Consequences for aqueous biphasic system characterization, solvent extraction process of metal ions and ecological impact of ILs are discussed.


Background: Aseptic closed vitrification (VTF) systems have been proving their clinical effectiveness in recent years. Although the risk of pathogenic contamination between samples in liquid nitrogen storage has been a debatable issue among open VTF systems users, there is growing interest to hybridize systems. In short, some open system users aim to achieve the ultra-rapid cooling rates of direct LN 2 exposure and then seal the device into a plastic straw container. Specialized commercial LN 2 baths have been developed to assist in these hybrid-device systems. We strived to 1) determine whether LN 2 vapor sealing of straws presents safety and reliability concerns that create potentially harmful laboratory practices; and 2) reveal a validation method which verifies the competency of seals as a quality control practice. Materials and Methods: Using a repeated VTF (rVTF) model on research consented, discard embryos, human blastocysts were randomly assigned to either Control (n=19) or ultra-rapid cooling treatment (UR-TRT; n=22). Standard micro Secure-VTF (μS-VTF) warming of flexipettes was first performed without extraction/elution, then dried with sterile gauze. Re-VTF was performed at 1 min post-warming, by either: 1) Control μS-VTF; or 2) UR-TRT where flexipettes were dipped into LN 2 (5 sec), inserted in straws held in LN 2 and sealed closed for storage. Subsequently, all straws were warmed using standard μS-VTF procedures and elution in sucrose solutions. Following isotonic equilibration and 24h in vitro culture, blastocyst survival and development, respectively, was assessed. Results: Following the fatal rupturing of the first 3 UR-TRT straws, warming procedures had to be modified for possible LN 2 accumulation inside straws due to incomplete seals. By allowing for 15 sec of N 2 out gassing, the remaining 19 straws warmed without incident, yet 6 did reveal evidence of LN 2 seepage (41% incomplete seals). No difference in blastocyst survival at 0 h was evident between treatments; however development was reduced in the UR-TRT group at 24 h (86.7% vs. 62.5%). Conclusion: The hybridization of a UR-closed VTF system has proven to be a potentially unreliable, unsafe and less effective procedure in our rVTF model system. The inability to guarantee complete seals of super-cooled straws or the possible entry of N 2 vapors inside a straw upon sealing creates significant risks which are unnecessary quality control variables absent in standard aseptic, closed VTF methods. a solution not containing DMSO; rVTF: re-Vitrification; UR-TRT: Ultra Rapid Cooling Treatment; VTF: Vitrification.


Objective: To determine the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress with the employment status of people in Bali during Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Bali, Indonesia, in 2021. The instrument used was DASS-21 questionnaire, which was distributed to a total sample size of 96 people. The relationship between variables were analyzed with a p-value of <0.05 as the cut-off for a significant relationship. Results: Depression symptoms had a significant relationship with gender (p=0.024) while anxiety symptoms had a significant association with the employment status during the pandemic (p=0.027). Similarly, stress symptoms also had a significant relationship with gender (p=0.007) and employment status during COVID-19 pandemic (p=0.007). Conclusion: There is a relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress due to changes in employment status during the COVID-19 pandemic in Badung Districts, Bali.


Tourism data is crucial for effective tourism management since it enables national and local authorities to shape public policies in tourism and also enables the tourism industry to make appropriate business decisions. In 2016 new tourism data information system, called eVisitor, was introduced in Croatia, and this new system significantly eased collection and data processing. The aim of this paper is to assess the quality of statistical data on tourist traffic and to determine whether the technical improvement of the data collection system, which eased reporting on tourist traffic to information providers, contributed to the quality of collected data. This is done by applying Benford's distribution of first digits, i.e. Benford's law, to the collected data. Benford's law is based on the thesis that the first digits in numbers are not uniformly distributed and gives an expected pattern of numbers in the tabular data. Data that is not manipulated, accidentally or intentionally, should follow Benford's distribution of first digits, and deviations from Benford's distribution indicate that the data is compromised in some way. The conducted analysis has shown that the introduction of a new user-friendly data system did not affect the quality of collected data, but that the origin of the tourists was more important: data for domestic tourists have shown a statistically significant deviation from the expected Benford's distribution, so it can be concluded that their quality is lower than the data for foreign tourists.


The analytic method for phenols in water by HPLC was introduced.The method of SPE has a good stability and high recovery for the phenols.The extracted phenols were detected by gradient eluted mobile phase and UV wavelength programming HPLC.The method was proved to be accurate and good in reproducibility and less interference of impurities and of low detection limit.


Elastic deformations of their structure under the effect of the weight of the load on the one hand and their own elements on the other hand, DEBLAISE D., « Contribution to the elasto-geometrical modelling and calibration of parallel manipulators ». PhD Thesis. Supervisor Professor E. RAGNEAU – co-supervisor Assistant Professor P. Maurine. MARIE S., COURTEILLE E, MAURINE P., "Elasto-geometrical modeling and calibration of robot manipulators: Application to machining and forming applications". Mechanism and Machine Theory, 69, 13-43, 2013.


Recent evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can induce impairments in both insulin secretion and insulin action. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of ER stress on glucose production in vivo. Fasted rats were anesthetized and catheters were placed in the carotid artery, jugular vein, and jejunal vein. A pancreatic clamp was performed in which somatostatin was infused to inhibit pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion. These hormones were then replaced at basal levels. To examine the effects of ER stress on glucose production, 6,6‐2H2 Glucose was infused in the absence (CON, n =4) or presence of jejunal vein tunicamycin delivery (TUN, n =5). TUN induces ER stress through inhibition of protein glycosylation. Arterial insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, and free fatty acid concentrations were constant throughout experiments and were not different between groups. Glucose concentration and production increased by 72.7±25.3 mg/dl and 2.9±1.1 mg/kg/min (mean±SDEV), respectively, in TUN, but did not change in CON. Liver glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA were not different between groups. Liver, but not kidney, G6Pase activity (nmoles/mg protein/30min) was increased in TUN (8.0±1.6) vs. CON (0.2±0.3). Liver glycogen concentration was reduced by 62% in TUN vs. CON. These data suggest that experimental induction of ER stress can increase the production of glucose in vivo, in part, via activation of hepatic glycogenolysis and G6Pase.


The study of microtubules by biologists is a very time consuming task. To support the research on microtubules, this paper proposes an automatic analysis algorithm of the microtubules in (EB1) fluorescence images. The proposed algorithm consist of two parts. The first part is a segmentation technique based on mathematical morphology which extracts the microtubules out of a 2D image. After the extraction of the microtubules a tracking algorithm is started to extract information on the dynamics of the microtubules in video. Keywords— Segmentation, Tracking, Kalman filter, microtubules


The aim of the study consisted of adapting the self-report questionnaire Empathy Quotient to the Spanish population. A sample of 471 university students answered the questionnaire. The psychometric analysis showed a good fit for 23-item three factor model, similar to those proposed by other authors. Furthermore, the internal consistency was adequated and correlations with other empathy and emotional measures were found. In conclusion, EQ is a reliable and valid measure to evaluate empathy in non clinical samples, but a validation with a larger and more heterogeneous sample is recommended, together with test-retest and ejecution measures.


A wide variety of parametric approaches and co-expression networks have been developed for finding gene-by-gene interactions underlying complex traits from expression data. However, a little is known about the practical correspondence and synergistic potential of these different schemes. We provide a framework for parallel consideration of parametric interaction models with quantitative traits and co-expression networks based on a previously uncharacterized link between them. Resulting trait-specific co-expression network estimation method 1) serves to enhance the interpretation of biological networks in a more parametric sense and 2) exploits the underlying parametric model itself in the estimation process. It is tailored for simultaneous identification and classification of molecular interactions and pathways regulating complex traits by accounting for common characteristics of genetic architectures due to which the mainstream methods often lack efficiency. A remarkable advance over the state-of-art methods is illustrated theoretically and through comprehensive simulated scenarios. In particular, prognostically important novel findings in acute myeloid leukemia analysis demonstrate the method's immediate practical relevance. Author summary Here we built up a mathematically justified bridge between parametric approaches and co-expression networks that have become prevalent for identifying molecular interactions underlying complex traits. We first shared our concern that methodological improvements around these schemes adjusting only their power and scalability are bounded by more fundamental scheme-specific limitations. Subsequently, our theoretical results were exploited to overcome these limitations to find gene-by-gene interactions neither of which can capture alone. We also aimed to illustrate theoretically and empirically how this framework enables the interpretation of co-expression networks in a more parametric sense to achieve systematic insights into complex biological processes more reliably. The main procedure was fit for various types of biological applications and high-dimensional data to cover the area of systems biology as broadly as possible. In particular, we chose to illustrate the method's applicability for gene-profile based risk-stratification in cancer research using public acute myeloid leukemia datasets.


Abstract This paper explores the effect of maternal education on child health and the channels in which education operates by exploiting a change in the compulsory schooling law (CSL) in Turkey. In order to account for the endogeneity of education, variation in the exposure to the CSL across cohorts induced by the timing of the policy is used as an instrumental variable. The results indicate that mother's primary school completion improves infant health, as measured by very low birth weight, and child health, as measured by height-for-age and weight-for-age z-scores, even after controlling for many potential confounding factors. This paper also demonstrates that mother's primary school completion leads to earlier preventive care initiation and reduces smoking. Abstract This paper explores the effect of maternal education on child health and the channels in which education operates by exploiting a change in the compulsory schooling law (CSL) in Turkey. In order to account for the endogeneity of education, variation in the exposure to the CSL across cohorts induced by the timing of the policy is used as an instrumental variable. The results indicate that mother's primary school completion improves infant health, as measured by very low birth weight, and child health, as measured by height-for-age and weight-for-age z-scores, even after controlling for many potential confounding factors. This paper also demonstrates that mother's primary school completion leads to earlier preventive care initiation and reduces smoking.


In this work, we study the evolution of the noise generated by a great road in the agglomeration of Sousse and its impact on an urban in vicinity. The objective is to develop a reliable strategic noise map to quantify the sound levels produced by the road and to compare them with the regulatory limits. To do this, we make use of the method NMPB- noise prediction to estimate the nuisances emitted by such traffic. The results show that the residents are exposed to significant noise power levels and a confinement caused by building amplifies it. These high noise levels can threat the quality of the environment and to impact the health of citizens.


Abstract This paper reviews the current status of research into entrepreneurial identity. Identities – individual and organizational – can potentially serve as powerful elements that both drive and are shaped by entrepreneurial actions. Identity is, of course, a complex construct with multidisciplinary roots and consequentially a range of conceptual meanings and theoretical roles associated with it. Building on a framework for identifying schools of thought in the social sciences, we highlight the need for more critical studies of entrepreneurial identity that recognize, first, that entrepreneurial identity is a dynamic and fluid rather than (relatively) fixed and unchanging feature, and second, that research attention should shift from the analysis of identity per se (the identity-as-entity position) to the identity work processes through which entrepreneurial identities are shaped and formed (the identity-as-process position). Following a summary of the key contributions of the five papers included in this Special Issue, we conclude with some pointers for future research.


ABSTRACT This article examines the current internet content regulatory regime in Ethiopia from the perspectives of the extensively discussed and broadly accepted regulatory models namely statutory regulation, self-regulation, and co-regulation. It argues that although statutory regulation has been a potentially useful tool of regulation in Ethiopia, self-regulation and co-regulation models appear to be neither practised nor feasible in the Ethiopian context. A closer look at the regulatory patterns in the last decade – and emerging initiatives – suggest that a hybrid of five regulatory models namely statutory regulation, informal regulation, gatekeeping, self-censorship, and regulation through 'Social Media Army' are currently common in Ethiopia. This article then weighs sustainability and propriety of these approaches pursued by the Ethiopian government in regulating internet content.


Studies were carried out on enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of Celecoxib, a poorly soluble drug by solid dispersion technology.In the solvent evaporation and physical mixtures techniques, the polymers Croscarmellosesodium, Crospovidone, βcd were evaluated as carriers in solid dispersions for enhancing the solubility and dissolution rate of Celecoxib. Solid dispersions of Celecoxib with polymers were prepared at different ratios of drug and carrier and the dispersions were evaluated for drug content uniformity, dissolution rate and efficiency in comparison to Celecoxib as such. The feasibility of formulating the solid dispersions into compressed tablets was also investigated. The solid dispersions of Celecoxib with polymers could be prepared by solvent evaporation method employing methanol as solvent for Celecoxib.Solid dispersions in the polymer fraction gave rapid and higher dissolution of Celecoxib The increasing order of dissolution profiles given by polymers is CCS>CP>βcd.Among the polymer ratios the increasing order of dissolution is given as 1:3 < 1:2 < 1:1.Formulation of solid dispersions (co-evaporates) into compressed tablets resulted in increase in the dissolution rate of Celecoxib. The enhanced dissolution rate and efficiency of solid dispersions were retained. The work resulted in the development of new technology of enhancing the solubility and dissolution rate of insoluble drugs (such as Celecoxib) by solid dispersion technology (physical mixtures and co-evaporates). The solid dispersions with high solubility and dissolution rate could be employed in the formulation of immediate release tablets.


This paper descirbes the Available Motions Inventory (AMI) as a testing and evaluation system for measuring human physical ability based on components of industrial manual tasks. Using a microcomputer, the AMI subtest scores (71 for each hand) can be transformed into a meaningful design-oriented scoring system for intra-individual and inter-individual comparisons. Also, the AMI was shown to have a high test-retest reliability with a correlation coefficient of 0.85. This system can be used for design and modification of industrial manual tasks based on matching of human abilities with task requirements.


The present study has investigated the mechanical properties of micro steel fibre-reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer pastes by adding different contents of nano CaCO3. Three contents (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight of fly ash) were evaluated for nano CaCO3 while the content of micro steel fibres was kept constant at 0.5% by weight of paste. A control mix containing 0.5% micro steel fibres without any content of nano CaCO3 was fabricated for comparison purposes. The evaluated mechanical characteristics of micro steel fibre-reinforced geopolymer pastes were the compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, Charpy impact strength, hardness, fracture toughness, toughness modulus, bending stress–strain response, bending load-deflection behaviour, compressive stress–strain response and toughness indices. The outcomes of the present study showed that the utilization of 2% nano CaCO3 in micro steel fibre-reinforced GPC introduced the optimum mechanical performance for compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, toughness modulus, and hardness. . GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Objective:To study the value of cystatin C in monitoring the renal function of patients receiving chemotherapy with platinum containing regimens.Methods:The blood samples of the patients receiving chemotherapy with platinum containing regimens were collected before and 7 days after the therapy to detect the cystatin C and creatinine,and the correlation between them was also observed.Results:Thirty-seven patients received 74 cycles of chemotherapy in all.The correlation between serum Cr and Cystatin C was confirmed(r=0.398,P0.01);Cystatin C was correlated with creatinine significantly(r=0.412,P0.01),and its correlation with CCr was no better than creatinine(r=0.412 vs r=0.567,P0.05);the serum Cystatin C level of the patients was higher after chemotherapy than before(P0.01).Sixteen of the patients received chemotherapy with cisplatin for 32 cycles,and their serum Cystatin C levels increased(P0.01);21 patients received chemotherapy with non-cisplatin for 42 cycles,and the results were the same(P0.01).The serum creatinine concentrations were not significantly different before and after chemotherapy in the two groups(P0.05).The abnormal rate of Cystatin C in patients receiving chemotherapy with cisplatin was higher than that with non-cisplatin chemotherapy(P0.01).Creatinine was detected abnormal only in one case.Conclusions:Cystatin C presents a much more sensitive clinical marker than creatinine for early assessment of GFR damage caused by chemotherapy with platinum containing regimens,but as there are some difficulties in clinical application,it could not act as a substitute for creatinine.


1Department of Biological Chemistry 2Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology 3Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Apoptosis, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry 4Institute of Gerontology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 5Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA


The objectives of this study were to evaluate the rutting resistance of selected asphalt concrete mixtures used in Oregon. In particular, it considered the effect of mix type and lift thickness. Future studies will address the effect of base support and asphalt type or modifiers. This study makes use of the LCPC rutting tester to make these evaluations. Rutting tests have been widely used in Europe to rank the relative performance of both conventional and modified asphalt mixes.


From the Thirteenth National People's Congress of the Communist Party of China,the Party have gradually raised and systematically analyzed the political civilization with socialism,and have taken further steps to understand the regular patterns about socialist modernization construction.By explaining the most important questions of the political civilization,such as the meaning,the characteristic,the importance and the effective measures,the Party have profoundly revealed the objective laws governing the development of the political civilization with socialism,and structured a theoretical system.It is important for the expansion of Marxist theory about the political civilization with socialism.


A moment's thought suggests that people explain their own behavior quite diff erently from the way they explain other people's behavior. People know more (or diff erent things) about their own behavior, they have diff erent goals when explaining it, and they probably express their explanations diff erently in language. Th at the self diff ers from others as a target of explanation is a straightforward hypothesis, seemingly an obvious truth. But this chapter describes how the straightforward becomes complicated and the obvious unforeseen when we carefully examine a psychological phenomenon rather than take at face value what is generally claimed in textbook psychology. So explanations of behavior performed by self and other diff er. But exactly how? And why? Th ere are classic answers to this pair of questions (Jones, 1976; Jones & Nisbett, 1972; Watson, 1982). First, explanations for self and other diff er in terms of dispositional and situation causes—people explain, in the "actor" role, their own behavior using situation causes and, in the "observer" role, other people's behavior using dispositions. Second, this classic "actor-observer asymmetry" holds because people know more about their own experiences, intentions, and history and because, as actors, they attend to the situation and, as observers, they attend to the other person's behavior (Jones & Nisbett, 1972). In this chapter I examine the viability of these answers, both theoretically and in light of the existing evidence, and then discuss a pair of alternative answers. Th is alternative, to give a brief preview, suggests that explanations for self and other do not diverge in the use of person and situation causes but in other, more important aspects of explanation—for example, whether the explanation concerns intentional or unintentional behavior and whether it refers to reasons or causal histories, beliefs or desires. Furthermore, I will suggest that these self-other asymmetries exist


The 3He, 4He, Ne, and Ar in sedimentary pore fluids, extracted in situ, were measured on samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sites 398, 410, 419, 420, 424, 436, and 438. Earlier results from DSDP leg 15 are also discussed. Where regional sediment cover prevents direct penetration of seawater into basement rocks at sites 149, 436, and 438, He concentration profiles indicate slow vertical and/or horizontal advection of sedimentary pore fluids, suggesting that fluids can ventilate through the sediment cover either in diffuse, bulk flow or in "aquifers" confined to regions of relatively high permeability such as ash beds, sand/silt layers, or fracture channels in lithified sediments. At site 410, where basement outcrops are prevalent, no advection was detectable in the sediments; however, the basement was well flushed by seawater. On 1–5 × 108 years (apparent age) in sediments on the active continental margin off NE Japan.


Grief is a natural reaction to irrevcable loss This reaction is completed when the survivor shifts his energy to life apart from the lost Despite individual variations in the grieving process, generali y investigators have proposed a process model, vvhich includes threephases 1 Shock and clenial 2 Discomfort and social withdrawal 3 Reorgonization Grieving process is affected by the individual's personality previous life experiences, the significance of the loss, the nature of the relationship with the lost, social netvvorks, intercurrent life events, health If the process is successfully completed, the grieving individual can return to work, the social roles and to go to the new targets Even, pathological grieving process impairs the individual's biopsyhcosocial functioning A lot of terms are used to be describe for pathological grief distorted grief, unresolved grief, atpical grief Pathological grief is a distinct clinical entity A lot of risk factors for pathological grief is identified Three patterns of complicated and dysfunctional grief have been described 1 Chronic grief 2 Hypertrophic grief 3 Delayed grief Despite the general agreement about the type of symptoms, diagnostic criteria for pathological grief have not been completely structured There is a new approach to the concept of pathological grief in the recent studies Prigerson and ete (1997) suggested the term of traumatic grief They have tried to structured the diagnostic criteria of the traumatic grief In this review, grief, pathological grief, traumatic grief, diagnostic criteria are tried to be addressed


A synthetic route of terpenyl gallates was advanced.Gallic acid was acetylated to form 3,4,5-triacetoxybenzoic acid at first,3,4,5-triacetoxybenzoic acid was esterified with six terpenyl alcohols such as farnesol,geraniol,linalool,nerolidol,menthol,and hydroabietyl alcohol by N,N′-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide(DCC) with the assistance of ultrasound at room temperature to produce terpenyl 3,4,5-triacetoxybenzates,respectively.The terpenyl 3,4,5-triacetoxybenzates were then deacetylated by hydrazine hydrate to produce corresponding terpenyl gallates.The total yield of farnesyl gallate,geranyl gallate,linalyl gallate,nerolidyl gallate,menthyl gallate,and hydroabietyl gallate were 86.17%,85.26%,76.32%,87.50%,79.22% and 82.54%,respectively.The synthetic method had advantages of low reaction temperature,short reaction time,and high conversion rate.The chemical structures of above six terpenyl gallates were identified at last.


Objective To understand health requirement of caregivers of patients with Alzheimer and to analyze its influencing factors.Methods With convenient sampling,the survey was conducted among patients with Alzheimer and their caregivers from January 2009 to January 2010.Results The total score of health requirement of caregivers,the score of required knowledge and skill and the score of social support were 103.5±10.5,67.7±1.2,and 35.6±10.3 respectively.Disease course of patient and caregivers' age,gender,marital status,educational background were independent influencing factors that affect health requirement of caregivers.Conclusion Caregivers of patients with Alzheimer were with great health requirement,as a result,scientific nursing guidance should be provided for caregivers.


This article aims to describe one of the fanfiction genres – hurt/ comfort, which most often occurs within slash, i.e. the type of texts that focus on romantic/erotic relationships between two male characters. In hurt/comfort stories, one of the heroes is subjected to mental or physical suffering, while the other takes care of the wounded or the sick one. Pain and life -threatening situations allow the heroes to get closer to each other, make them realize a strong attachment, and build intimacy between them. Such texts can be read as criticism of traditional concepts of masculinity related to patriarchal culture.