Making extensive use of Japanese and U.S. sources, including wartime intelligence reports from the National Defense Archives in Tokyo and recently declassified U.S. documents, this book examines the reasons for Japan's failure to protect its merchant fleet.


Color centers in solids can serve as single photon emitters (SPEs) those are important in many quantum applications. Silicon carbide (SiC) is a promising host for color centers because of its well-established crystal growth and device technologies. Although color centers with extremely high brightness were found at the silicon dioxide (SiO2)/SiC interface, controlling their density and optical properties remains a challenge. In this study, we demonstrate control over the color centers at the SiO2/SiC interface by designing the oxidation and annealing conditions. We report that post-oxidation CO2 annealing has the ability to reduce the color centers at the interface and form well-isolated SPEs with bright emission. We also discuss the correlation between the color centers and electrically active defects.


A rich concurrent semantics has been developed along the years for graph transformation systems, often generalizing in non-trivial ways concepts and results fist introduced for Petri nets. Besides the theoretical elegance, the concurrent semantic has potential applications in verification, e.g. in partial order reduction or in the use of finite prefixes of the unfolding for model checking. In practice (graph) transformation systems are often equipped with Negative Application Conditions, that describe forbidden contexts for the application of a rule. The talk will summarize some recent results showing that if the NACs are sufficiently simple ("incremental") the concurrent semantics lifts smoothly to systems with NACs, but the general case requires original definitions and intuitions. Joint work with Reiko Heckel, Frank Hermann, Susann Gottmann and Nico Nachtigall


There are constantly 2 different standpoints on whether there is illicit sexual relations between Wu Zetian and Zhang Yizhi、Zhang Changzong .Affirmatives quote the classics,while negators consider that Wu Zetian was too old to indulge in sensual pleasures at that time.With the aid of modern medical science and physiology's achievements,this essay gives an analysis to social morality of Tang Dayasty and Wu Zetian's physical,mental and her spouse conditions,then it draws a conclusion that Wu Zetian could enjoy sex life in her later years,and so the two"zhangs"must be her "male imperial concubines".


The galvanic processes used for coating metallic or plastic surfaces generate wastes that should be properly treated before their disposal in a landfill. Stabilization /Solidification (S/S) converts them to solids and reduces the release of heavy metals. In this study, three real wastes (an exhausted electroless nickel plating bath, an exhausted chromium electroplating bath and a zinc plating sludge) were stabilized using different reagents: Portland cement type I, Portland cement mixed with soluble silicates and magnesium phosphate cements prepared with MgO extrapure or hard burned magnesia of about 70 % purity and phosphates like Na3PO4, Na2HPO4 or KH2PO4. In order to analyze the retention of the heavy metals by the matrix the samples were subjected to the leaching test number 2 of the Spanish Order 13/10/89 (similar to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure of the U.S. EPA). Heavy metal concentration of the leachate was determined using ICPMS. It was found that magnesium phosphate cements obtained by mixing hard burned magnesia with the different phosphates are appropriate for the Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) of the wastes containing nickel and zinc. The waste containing chromium showed in all cases a Cr(VI) concentration above the limit defined by the U.S.EPA for the disposal of a waste.


The research conducted in the present paper is mainly aimed at analyzing the causal relationships between the budget deficit and following macroeconomic variables: the gross domestic product, the harmonised index of consumer prices, the public debt and the real effective exchange rate, for Greece, during the period 2001-2014. The empirical study, conducted using the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) indicates that the analyzed variables are cointegrated, existing a reverse proportionate relationship between the budget deficit and the gross domestic product, and a directly proportional relationship between the budget deficit and the public debt. Therefore, the comparative approach of the effects determined by an unexpected rise in the budget deficit indicates a high speed and amplitude, with great persistence of the effect generated by the increase in the deficit on the real economy. Regarding the impact on public debt, it appears to be faster and with an increased amplitude and persistence. The study results do not illustrate any direct connection between the budget deficit and the other two macroeconomic variables - inflation and real effective exchange rate in the case of Greece. Hence, the exchange rate and the inflation variable react with a lower speed, less powerful and for a shorter period of time to the unanticipated increase in the budget deficit. The results reinforce the problem the arises increasingly more often, that is, if the Greek exit from the eurozone will come true or not. In terms of the accumulated debt default, the exit from the euro zone's most indebted member state of the Union seems inevitable, and the so-called Grexit could have serious consequences on both the Greek State and the stability of the whole European economy.


The research outlined in this article is based on the hypothesis that creativity in the classroom has the potential to be enhanced by implementing methods that appeal to the use of cognitive forced relations or remote associations. As a referring point, we used different postulates from various creativity theories such as associations, gestalt or transfer theory, in order to determine whether the divergent production of ideas within the classroom is encouraged when creativity techniques suggested by 20th century representative authors of creative thinking, such as Arthur Koestler or William Gordon, are implemented. Thus, creative multiple associations and synectic creation processes are tested so college students attempt solving specific problems, aiming to increase the divergent production of ideas.


This paper aims to build an XGBoost risk prediction model of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) with plateau healthcare dataset. The incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is very high in plateau areas. And it is difficult to detect partly due to the high cost of professional test. It will have high practical value to build a model to predict the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by using the common healthcare data (e.g. fundus data). The paper proposes an XGBoost prediction model of CVDs risk with the fundus disease and other healthcare data set. The influence of various fundus disease factors on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is analyzed in the study. The result suggests that the proposed XGBoost prediction model performs better in terms of accuracy and recall rate compared with other models.


During reconstruction and restoration of city geodetic networks, there is quite a common problem that is related to the nonhomogeneity of existing geodetic networks. In any city, local authorities operate with their coordinate systems. Such conditions lead to inconsistency between data of different services. There is only one way how to overcome the problem that lies in the creation and deployment of the new common coordinate system for the whole city. But such an approach has a lack connected with the necessity of transformation parameters acquisition for the latest and old coordinate systems. Insofar as old coordinate systems had been created with different accuracy, using various equipment, and measuring technologies, it is not possible to consider them as homogeneous. It means that we cannot use a classical conformal Helmert transformation to link different coordinate systems. In the presented paper were studied the different approaches for transformation parameters acquisition. A case study of the Almaty city coordinate system was researched and compared the following methods: Helmert transformation, bilinear transformation, the second and third-order regression transformation, and the fourth-order conformal polynomial transformation. It was found out that neither of the considered methods maintains the necessary transformation accuracy (>5 cm). That is why the creation of the transformation field using the finite element method (FEM) was suggested. The whole city was divided into triangles using Delaunay triangulation. For each triangle, the transformation parameters were found using affine transformation with the necessary accuracy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.687


2-Chloro-6-methylquinoline-3-carbaldehyde was condensed with o-Phenylenediammine and 2-aminophenol in presence of potassium iodide. The resulting Methylquinolino[3,2-b][1,5]benzodiazepine (MQBD) and Methylquinolino[3,2-b][1,5]benzoxazepine(MQBO) were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The metal chelates viz Pd(II), Rh(III) and Ru(III) of ligands were prepared and characterized by metal-ligand (M:L) ratio, UV-Visible, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopes and magnetic properties. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of MQBD, MQBO and its metal complexes were screened against various bacteria and fungi. The results show that all these samples are good antimicrobial agents.


When the Rouse distribution of relaxation times is inserted into Pao's constitutive equation as expressed by Huseby and Blyler, a simple two-parameter model results. The parameters can be fitted using the limiting values of viscosity and modulus at low shear rates. The modulus in this case is defined as the ratio of shear stress during steady flow to the recovered shear during creep recovery with the stress removed. The mathematical model, is then used to predict the behavior at high shear rates where flow is pseudoplastic and elasticity is non-Hookean. A sample of polyisobutylene and several high molecular weight poly(dimethylsiloxanes) can be fitted reasonably well. Silicones of lower molecular weight (3.7 and 5.5 × 105) are not correlated successfully, perhaps because not all the "recoverable shear" stored during flow can actually be recovered experimentally. The Rouse distribution can be generalized for added flexibility.


Empowering Teen Peers to Prevent Bullying: The Bully Busters Program for High School Arthur M. Horne, Amy Nitza, Brian F. Dobias, David L. Jolliff, Katherine A. Raczynski, and William Voors Research Press, Champaign, IL, 2012 181 pages (paperback), $39.95, ISBN 978-0-87822-664-1 CD with forms includedReviewed by Stacey GrenzEmpowering Teen Peers to Prevent Bullying is a great resource for anyone who wishes to begin a bullying prevention program for high school students. The Peer Leader Guide, sold separately, is equally useful. Also included with the book is a CD containing a facilitator's manual that includes all of the forms from both books for easy copying.The book begins with an introduction and rationale for the program. As most school social workers are aware, bullying is a prevalent and damaging problem that they must deal with daily. It is not only an elementary school issue, but continues in secondary education. Teens, the authors say, listen more to peers-especially older peers whom they admire-than to adults. In their research, the authors have also found that a teen's feeling of connection to school and his or her social and emotional skills serve as excellent protections against bullying. This program combines four strategies that are geared specifically to teens: connecting with older peer mentors, working in groups, increasing connectedness, and teaching social and emotional skills.Chapter 1 of Part I is an overview of the theories behind the Bully Busters Program for high school. Although violence and aggression may be present in the school environment, they can be reduced by creating an atmosphere of caring. In order to do that, one must look at all the factors that create a school's climate, such as teacher competence, values, selfawareness, accountability, caring, support, positive expectations, and physical environment. Next, the authors introduce the theories that have influenced the program. Attribution theory describes behavior, attachment theory provides insight into the ability to form meaningful relationships with others, social learning and behavior theories suggest that behavior may be increased or reduced through rewards and consequences, and emotional intelligence theory relates to diversity. Also described are systems, choices, and solution-focused theories, as well as the effects of risk and protective factors on students and group process.Chapter 2 details the steps needed to start a Bully Busters program. The first step involves creating a program advisory committee including all stakeholders (e. …


D. Giroldo, A.A.H. Vieira and B.S. Paulsen. 2005. Microbial degradation of extracellular polysaccharides released by a tropical strain of Staurastrum orbiculare (Zygnematophyceae). Phycologia 44: 671–677. The extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) released by a freshwater desmid, Staurastrum orbiculare (Zygnematophyceae), was characterized and their degradation by heterotrophic microbial populations was also evaluated. The EPS was purified by anion exchange column chromatography, the monosaccharide composition was determined by gas chromatography and the linkages of the monosaccharides by gas chromatographic analysis coupled with electron impact mass spectrometry. The EPS was mainly eluted in one weak acid fraction, although a smaller strong acid fraction was also eluted. The two fractions had similar composition and both of them were mainly composed of fucose, glucuronic acid, galactose, galacturonic acid, xylose, glucose, rhamnose and N-acetyl glucosamine. We monitored the entire EPS degradation, and also their components separately, during 35 days using pulse amperometric detection in a high-performance liquid chromatography. Fucose, galactose and especially glucose showed a faster degradation pattern than rhamnose and arabinose, whereas xylose and the total EPS showed an intermediate degradation pattern. The entire EPS was degraded in about 14 days evidencing S. orbiculare EPS as a high quality carbon source to the natural bacterial community of Barra Bonita reservoir.


Based on the study of present situation of the Tianmu Lake Basin,a questionnaire including individual information,residential recognition condition of environmental protection and eco-compensation and willingness to pay of residents and tourism was designed.Willingness to payment method,water resource value evaluation and income loss assessment have been chosen to evaluated the standard of ecological compensation.The gross amount of eco-compensation payment is 129240.8 thousand yuan according to WTP method.As to the water resource value evaluation,the result of which is 61904 thousand yuan.Income loss assessment reaches a total eco-compensation amount of 58390 thousand yuan.Comparing with the three results,we think the result of WTP can be regarded as the standard for tourists by introducing ticket price.To carry out ecological compensation,different evaluation systems and special policy must be worked out to protect the enthusiasm of local government and residents for water protection.


The article performs a comparative study between the image compression technique Local Binary Compressed format (LBC) proposed by the authors [11] and the standard image compression techniques used today (BMP, JPEG, PNG and GIF). The study is carried out for large medical images that need to be stored for longer periods of time. In the study, the most common types of medical images used are: X-rays and ultrasounds images. The effective representation of image format LBC is proven using an image quality index type, the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM).


The paper presents the optimization of sodium hypochlorite electrochemical production processes and zinc electroextraction by mathematical modeling method. On the basis of the model equations the values of the following parameters are defined - current density, components concentrations, duration for which there are maximum current efficiencies, minimum voltage and specific energy consumption. It is shown that the current efficiency maxima ― ∼70% for the platinized titanium anodes Pt/Ti ― correspond to current densities 7.5 A·dm -2 , and for the cobalt-oxide anodes CoO x /Ti ― 75% to current densities 2.5 A·dm -2 . The highest values of the conversion coefficients (2.54%) are at low sodium chloride concentrations ∼25 g·dm -3 . In case of increase in current densities up to 10 A·dm -2 , the conversion coefficient could grow to 6%, but this leads to a considerable increase of energy consumption ― 25 W·g -1 . In zinc electroextraction the lowest voltage ∼ 3.1 V is at current densities i = 200-300 A·m -2 and space between the opposite electrodes of 20-30 mm.


This chapter provides a systematic multidisciplinary framework that defines the role of technology in leveraging IC across borders and between headquarters and subsidiaries. In reaching this conclusion, this chapter investigates the strategic importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the management of Intellectual Capital (IC) within a Multinational Company (MNC) ecosystem. The chapter addresses the transubstantiation of MNC into boundaryless Global Knowledge-Based Organization (GKBMNC) which ultimately propagates into Learning MNC (LMNC). The latter is a suggested MNC category that sustains competitive advantage through systemic adoption of "Knowledge Iterative Supply Network (KISN)" model proposed by the authors. The chapter suggests a new multinational ICT/IC governance strategy that handles the emerging complexities associated with modern intangible resource synthesis. In effect, these complexities originate from the introduction of functionalities such as just-in-time knowledge supply, elicitation of tacit knowledge, and leveraging of the core competencies for the creation and maintenance of geographically distributed value proposition. Mirghani S. Mohamed New York Institute of Technology, Bahrain


THERE are two distinct types of paper machines to be found in the industry; the Fourdrinier machine, named after its sponsor, and the cylinder machine. These machines with modifications are used in the manufacture of all grades of paper and paperboard.


A novel structured catalyst of binderless micro-HZSM-5 zeolite coating was prepared on stainless-steeled tubes (i.d. 2 mm) through wash coating and vapor-phase transport (VPT) crystallization method. The subsequent crystallization of amorphous SiO2 binders improved the coatings adhesion tremendously by more than 10 times with the least amount of binders (<20% by weight), attributed to the remarkably enhanced interlock by the formed Mordenite Framework Inverted structure between zeolite particles. Catalytic cracking of supercritical n-dodecane (500°C, 4 MPa) was used to examine the catalytic performance of the coatings as prepared, indicating that MZC-V0.2 exhibited a catalytic activity improvement by 8% and a decreased deactivation rate by 48%. The improved catalytic performance may result from its high acid sites amount by incorporating extra-framework Al into HZSM-5 framework, and the possible depressing of pore-mouth deactivation through partial modification of surface acid sites during VPT treatment. This work provides a potential technique to prepare mechanically stable zeolite coatings with high catalytic activity but less binder usage.


Volumetric skeletal muscle injuries are prevalent, highlighting the imperative need for scaffolds to facilitate the healing process of such wounds. Human skeletal muscle is composed of multiple fascicles, which are parallel bundles of muscle fibres surrounded by a layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves. Replicating these structures presents a considerable challenge. Here, we developed a method to fabricate multifascicle human skeletal muscle scaffolds that mimic the natural structure of human skeletal muscle bundles using a seven-barrel nozzle. To form the core material to generate the fascicle structure, human skeletal myoblasts were encapsulated in Matrigel with calcium chloride. Meanwhile, to create the shell that plays a role as the connective tissue structure, human fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells within a mixture of porcine muscle decellularized extracellular matrix and sodium alginate at a 95:5 ratio was used. We assessed four types of extruded scaffolds monolithic-monoculture (Mo-M), monolithic-coculture (Mo-C), multifascicle-monoculture (Mu-M), and multifascicle-coculture (Mu-C) to determine the structural effect of muscle mimicking scaffold. The Mu-C scaffold demonstrated cell proliferation, differentiation, vascularization, mechanical properties, and functionality that were superior to those of the other scaffolds. Furthermore, in an in vivo mouse model of volumetric muscle loss, the Mu-C scaffold effectively regenerated the tibialis anterior muscle defect, demonstrating its potential for volumetric muscle transplantation. The multibarrel nozzle device was applied to create functional Mu-C muscle scaffolds that structurally mimicked human skeletal muscle. Our nozzle will be further used to produce other volumetric functional tissues, such as tendons and peripheral nerves.


A 36-year-old man presented to our institution with sudden onset central, colicky abdominal pain, vomiting and obstipation. He had previously required a laparotomy and splenectomy for trauma. There was also a relevant history of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated with local endoscopic resection 2 years prior and under cystoscopic surveillance. Examination revealed a distended, tympanic abdomen without peritoneal signs. Helical computed tomography demonstrated a mechanical small bowel obstruction with an additional finding of several hypodense lesions intraperitoneally (Fig. 1). After 48 h of conservative management without resolution of the bowel obstruction, operative management was decided upon. At laparotomy an adhesional small bowel obstruction was discovered with a closed loop of small bowel that required a limited small bowel resection. Additionally, innumerable 1–3 cm of deposits of splenosis on the bladder, pelvic floor, small bowel and an 8-cm omental deposit (Fig. 2) were noted. Splenosis intimately associated with the bowel that was resected was submitted for histopathological examination. This confirmed splenic tissue and was reported as being identical histologically to normal splenic tissue (Fig. 3). The patient had an ileus initially but otherwise enjoyed an uncomplicated recovery and left hospital on day 8 post-operatively. Splenosis is autotransplantation of splenic tissue due to splenic trauma or iatrogenesis. This is distinct from splenunculi, which are small nodules of spleen distinct from the main body of the spleen but retain the native blood supply of the spleen and represent congenital extraperitoneal entities. Splenosis is acquired and intraperitoneal. Although previously thought rare, it is now believed that it may arise in up to 65% of cases of splenic rupture. The extent of splenosis is thought to be a function of the degree of splenic injury and volume of tissue released into the peritoneal cavity. The size may vary from a


What transpires from research is that most teachers have knowledge and personal experience of what is happening in and to English outside their classrooms but their awareness and disposition towards ELF vary considerably (Illés and Szatzker 2013; Jenkins 2007; Schekulin and Dorn 2013). Practitioners' thinking is often fraught with conflicting views, uncertainties and ambiguities, which might have different reasons and explanations. When making decisions about targets and norms, for example, teachers may be constrained by their specific teaching contexts, especially by ones with strong exam-orientedness (Ranta 2010). According to a study carried out in Switzerland, even when teachers acknowledge the primacy of intelligibility over accuracy in principle, they are reluctant to make changes in their approach to teaching English (Murray 2003). This finding corroborates the general observation that "teachers tend to be unsettled by innovations in the curriculum and all aspects of pedagogic change" (Dewey 2012: 165). In addition, factors such as practitioners' proficiency (Llurda and Huguet 2003) and the type of institution where they work can also influence their attitude towards ELF (Decke-Cornill 2003). Despite clear arguments as to why this cannot be so (Seidlhofer 2011: Ch. 4), the outdated view of ELF as a new variety of English which should be described, codified and then taught still holds strong. In a recent study conducted in Hungary (Magnuczné Godó 2014), participating teachers perceived ELF as a variety which may replace or threaten Standard English. Medgyes (2014: 183) seems to support a similar conception of ELF in his action plan for teacher education where he suggests that a "grammar of ELF" should be delineated. Overall, it seems that even though teachers of English are aware of the major developments that have taken place in the use of English, they are unsure about how they are to be understood, or how they are to be related to their own teaching practice. They appear to be in a limbo where "they have already pulled native speakers off their pedestal but are not confident


1. The effect of variations in inspiration and expiration times on heart rate variability was studied in 78 healthy subjects (mean age 24.35±1.92...


OBJECTIVES
Mediation training can prepare healthcare professionals to manage conflict effectively in today's changing healthcare system. The primary purpose of the study was to measure the perceived comfort level of healthcare professionals with conflict before and after mediation training and to determine the extent to which mediation principles were applied within and outside the work setting. Secondary objectives were to observe firsthand transfer of skills and to identify subjects' perceptions of the impact of mediation training.

STUDY DESIGN
A cross-sectional, descriptive experimental design was used.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Over a 3-year period, 173 healthcare personnel, chosen from a community not-for-profit hospital, a health maintenance organization, a managed care insurance company, and a skilled nursing rehabilitation setting, received 25 hours of mediation training; of the personnel who underwent training, 130 participated in the pre- and posttraining survey. A Likert scale with a Cronbach alpha of .82 was used to measure perceived differences in comfort level with conflict before and after the training intervention.

RESULTS
The comfort level of healthcare personnel with conflict increased significantly (P < .01 or P < .001) for all groups of participants after training. The mean pretraining score was 5.92, compared with a mean score of 7.57 after training. Active listening, summarizing, and reframing were the mediation skills most often used by participants after training. Skills were transferred to interactions with patients and peers, and participants noted that they were able to intervene successfully early in problem cases.

CONCLUSIONS
Mediation training significantly increased healthcare workers' comfort level with conflict, and the skills were transferable to the healthcare workplace. Mediation training in healthcare settings can help resolve conflicts with clients at an early stage and prevent progression to costly litigation.


Objective:To Research zhuang medical prick treatment clinical efficacy of treating bronchial asthma. Methods:120 cases of bronchial asthma patients were selected and devided into zhuang medical prick treatment group,westen medicine(control group),according to the bronchial asthma severity order,by randomized controlled method,with 60 cases in each group.treating group was treated by Anti-asthma medicine combined with zhuang medical prick treatment,control group with conventional western medicine anti-inflammatory,Antispasmodic antiasthmatic,steroid,anti-histamine treatment.Contrast the two groups were observed before and after treatment lung function,asthma symptoms,signs of change. Results:The two groups after treatment in patients with lung function,asthma symptoms,signs,the degree of improvement compared with those before treatment itself was significant difference(P0.01),The treatment group response rate was 85%,The control group response rate was71.67%,Comparison of treatment efficiency of the two groups(χ2=2.406,P=0.121,P0.05) no significant difference. Conclusion:Bronchial asthma with zhuang medical prick treatment,and application of Western anti-asthma medicine therapy has the same effect,but the zhuang medical prick treatment in reducing the toxic side effects,reduce health care costs and other indicators have an advantage over simply using western medicine.


In order to research the effect of river beach protection engineering and scour hole reduced by the engineering,we take a typical river beach protection engineering as an example and set a large-scale local movable bed generalized model to research the fishbone type beach protection engineering.According to specific conditions of the model experiment,we analyze the feasibility of this method and give the model result of fishbone type beach protection engineering.The results show that this method can not only compare the beach protection effect among different engineering layout plans easily,but also get the morphological parameters of local scour hole,which gives a better guidance to the engineering design.


A P P R E C I A T I O N S In the second year of the center, its bibliography, Appendix I, shows the activities mostly of the project of the BIOsphere and the COSmos, BIOCOS, in mapping chronomes, time structures in us and around us, and their interactions in aligned physiological and physical time series. We thank the 114 authors who contributed to a total of 62 published titles (as of December 15, 2000), and thank the additional authors who contributed to a Festschrift honoring Franz, prepared by Germaine, and invited by Hans Kaiser, President of the International Society for the Study of Comparative Oncology, and John Delinassios, editor of the journals in vivo and Anticancer Research. Further thanks are due to many more individuals who participated in BIOCOS. We gratefully acknowledge the warm hospitality we enjoyed at Dr. Delinassios' International Institute of Anticancer Research in Kapandriti, near Athens, Greece, and at the Klinik Höhenried in Bernried, Germany, where we were particularly pleased to see Dr. Max Halhuber, former chief physician, in good health. His trust bore fruit three decades later thanks to Thomas Müller-Bohn and Germaine, as seen from Appendix 2 of this report. Appendix 3 deals with the unquestionable highlight of this year, a meeting in Tokyo which extended the fi nding of an association of certain frequencies characterizing human heart rate variability (such as the circaminutan and the about 10.5-second power) with geomagnetic disturbance to well over a dozen subjects studied by Andi Weydahl in the arctic auroral oval. Pertinent results were reported by Dr. Otsuka in a workshop on chronoastrobiology and chronotherapy organized by him on November 11 in Tokyo, to which BIOCOS participants were invited, with generously provided support for travel and unique hospitality, extended further by the travel of BIOCOS participants from Tokyo to Sapporo and from Sapporo to Urausu for a reception by Mayor Kaname Yamamoto, who seeks to extend to the residents of his city the offer of 7-day/24-hour blood pressure and heart rate monitoring, planned in Roseville, Minnesota. Another mayor interested in offering 7-day/24-hour blood pressure monitoring to his constituents is Stefano Cimicchi, of Orvieto (near Rome), Italy, in cooperation with Prof. Mario Bertini of Rome. Two of us visited the latter two cities in September 2000 for a meeting on urban planning. Under the keywords of assuring the mobility and independence of a city's residents, we advocated a stroke prevention program based on 7-day/24-hour monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate as a public service. Earlier in the year, we visited Lund, Sweden, where we learned that the number of strokes showed an increasing trend there, as it also has in Minnesota and Arkansas. This trend was preceded by an about 50-year cycle in Minnesota, and the increase had also been found by Prof. Miroslav Mikulecký in Slovakia. Is this due, among others, to the immigration of a high-risk population, or rather is it (also) part of a natural cycle? In the latter case, a controversy may arise in assessing the effect of treatment, perhaps akin to the debate of the greenhouse effect. There may not only be global warming, but at least in several geographic locations, a (global?) increase in strokes as a feature of a planetary effect of solar non-photic activity? Thus, it was more important to have a promise from Jarmila Siegelova, Professor and Head of Functional Medicine, and clinic chief Pavel Homolka, to initiate for stroke prevention a routine 7-day/ 24-hour monitoring of patients in St. Anna Hospital. In Prague, we were received by Bohumil Fišer, the professor and head of physiology in Brno and active associate in research, now also Minister of Health of the Czech Republic, who added that he would try to introduce chronobiology more broadly into his country's health care. One of his promises has already materialized: he sent data revealing the about 50-year cyclicity in stroke incidence found earJarmila Siegelová


Background: Retention in substance abuse treatment is difficult but essential for positive post-treatment outcomes. Aims: The present study is the first to explore factors related to retention in a long-term specialist residential substance abuse treatment programme for women in Australia. Methods: Archival data (e.g. socio-demographic, substance use, mental health, and length of stay) were collected from a sample of 71 women admitted to the programme between January 1997, and November 2002. Participants were divided into two groups based on their length of stay in the programme: less than 90 days (n = 42) and 90 days or more (n = 29). Results: A substantial proportion of the sample experienced comorbid substance abuse and mental health problems, with 60.6% (n = 43/71) reporting evidence of comorbidity (either a previous psychiatric diagnosis, or having been prescribed psychiatric medications). Overall, only 13% of residents completed the programme. Longer retention was associated with demographic (older ...


Memory Evolutive Systems (MES) give a frame, based on a 'dynamic' category theory, for studying natural evolutionary systems with an intermingled hierarchy of components varying over time, in which processes of higher complexity, up to intentionality, can emerge. They are also able to act as Dubois' internalist and strongly anticipatory systems [3, 4]. We prove that the possibility of emergence and of anticipation both depend upon a kind of "degeneracy property" (as defined by Edelman [5]) which we call the Multiplicity Principle MP. It says that there are functionally equivalent patterns which are not structurally isomorphic or interconnected by a cluster (more precisely: not isomorphic as Ind-objects [9]). An application is given to the emergence of a new artistic current (e.g. Cubism) in the MES representing the Art world.


Recent decades have seen growing concern over the lowering levels of engagement with mathematics in Australia and internationally. This paper reports on a longitudinal study on engagement with mathematics during the middle years and explores the influences of teachers on the participants" engagement with mathematics. Findings reveal that development of positive pedagogical relationships forms a critical foundation from which positive engagement can be promoted.


This paper presents a way to simulate damage for metal materials under large displacements and large deformations. It divides the complete damage range into a micro-damage and a macro- damage phase. The micro-damage phase is described by the Cocks/ Ashby void-growth model for isotropic, ductile materials under isothermal conditions. After reaching the critical void-volume fraction, a macro crack is introduced into the model. Therewith it becomes possible to simulate the damage evolution from nucleation and growth of first micro-voids to initiation of macro cracks and total failure of the material. The Finite Element Method is applied for the numerical solution process. For every incremental crack step a special mesh has to be generated. Therewith the crack path remains independent of the initial FE-mesh. A special data structure allows for a most effective data manipulation for the incremental crack propagation simulation. The concept presented in this paper allows the numerical simulation of cracking processes in metal sheets. Tuning the calculated results with observations on existing steel bridges, statements on the (residual) lifetimes can be estimated.


SUMMARY FMN and flavodoxin, when reduced by the action of ferredoxin-TPN+ oxidoreductase, have been shown to cause both univalent and divalent reductions of oxygen. Superoxide radicals, so generated, were detected by their abilities to oxidize epinephrine to adrenochrome and to reduce cytochrome c. Superoxide dismutase inhibited these actions of the superoxide radical. The ratio of the univalent reduction of oxygen, to the sum of the univalent plus divalent reductions of oxygen, was determined as a function of pH and of oxygen concentration. These data were compared with the results of similar measurements made previously, with ferredoxins and xanthine oxidase. FMN and flavodoxin carry out the univalent reduction of oxygen much less effectively than either xanthine oxidase or the ferredoxins. Furthermore, the univalent reduction of oxygen by xanthine oxidase and by the ferredoxins showed similar responses to changes in pH and oxygen concentration; whereas the behavior of the flavodoxin and FMN mediated systems was distinctly different. These results suggest that the reduction of oxygen by native milk xanthine oxidase may well be a function of its non-heme iron centers. The fully reduced form of menadione, generated by the action of Diaphorase, caused a predominantly divalent reduction of oxygen; whereas the semiquinone forms of this carrier, generated by the action of the ferredoxin-TPN+ oxidoreductase, caused primarily a univalent reduction of oxygen.


Objective To observe the thyroid function changes in the process of rhGH to treat growth hormone deficiency(GHD) children.Methods T_3,T_4 and TSH were separately tested by drawing the early morning empty stomach blood specimens before and after application of rhGH and the medication 1,3,6 months.Results T_3 and T_3/T_4 ratio were obviously reduced(P0.05)by comparing the group of GHD with the normal control group.It was significant that the levels of T_3 and T_3/ T_4 ratio were higher after treatment 1,3,6 months(P0.05).After 3-month treatment of rhGH,the level of T_4 was lower than the previous(P0.05).Conclusion It is worth to monitor the changes of thyroid function in the rhGH treatment.


In a general equilibrium model of incomplete markets with nominal assets and adverse selection, Cornet-De Boisdeffre (3) introduced refined concepts of "no-arbitrage" prices and equilibria, which extended to the asymmetric information. We now present the model with numeraire assets and study its existence properties. We show that equilibrium exists, as long as financial markets preclude arbitrage, under similar standard conditions, whether agents have symmetric or asymmetric information. This result departs from the rational expectations' outcome and extends to the asymmetric setting the classical existence property of symmetric information models with numeraire assets.


Peer mediation programs in schools are an effective way for children to learn the cooperative skills of conflict solving. This paper outlines the implementation of an action research based mediation program within a primary school setting. It examines both the characteristics of successful implementation and the dilemmas of change agentry. A model for cooperative skills in conflict solving is also outlined. It is suggested that peer mediation cannot exist in isolation and that connection to school philosophy, links with curriculum, effective teaching and learning practices, and a collaborative approach to professional practices are all important. The practices presented here are based on five core beliefs: (1) relationships are pivotal to the development of a child's social functioning; (2) cooperative relationships promote a deeper desire for learning; (3) teachers and schools can help promote positive relationships; (4) interpersonal conflicts are a part of life; and (5) lessons children learn about themselves will help them make connections later in life. Key aspects of one successful program are presented, along with a six-step outline of the process and theoretical assumptions. The benefits of instituting such a program include conflict resolution skills, higher self esteem, and an overall improvement of the school's climate. (Contains 11 references.) (RJM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** The Australian Guidance and Counselling Association 5th National Conference "Focus on Tolerance" 27th to 30th September 1995, Hobart, Tasmania PATHWAYS TO PEER MEDIATION


Astrodynamics Simulation is very important in the field of aerospace. Current universal simulation software, such as MATRIXx and MATLAB, could support the realization of astrodynamics simulation system efficiently. Based on engineering practice, the paper discusses the application scope of MATRIXx in Astrodynamics Simulation, and provides expanding methods to fit actual needs.


Endocrine treatment may be successful for female sterility caused by underdevelopment of the wonb. This involves only a small number of female infertility cases however. Gonorrheal puerperal or matastatic infections which eventually result in the obstruction of the fallopian tubes cause the greatest number of female infertility cases. The Rubin method of testing for the patency of the tubes is the most significant contribution to diagnosis and treatment of female sterility. Previously common conservative treatments for reestablishment of the tubes have proved useless mainly because the infection is usually 1 of longstanding by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery is the only recourse for reconstructing the tube and facilitating the juncture of the ovum and the sperm. 1 case history of a successful tubal implantation is cited as illustrative. This method can only be used in cases where the abdominal ostium is open and the tubal canal is patent through most of the isthmic portion of the tube. If these conditions are not met the following less successful methods must be tried: 1) salpingostomy and tubal plastic; 2) graft of ovarian tissue on uterine horn or tubal stump; or 3) ovary transplanted into the uterine cavity with intact pedicle.


6 The concept of "role" is dependent on a theory of systems (the role is what a 7 structural component of a system does in order to support the functioning of the 8 integrated system). Although assumed by default in most of the current scientific 9 literature, the theory of nested hierarchies of systems is unrealistic for the descrip10 tion of environmental systems (Iordache et al. 2011 AU2 ), because there are no true 11 emergent properties associated with each hierarchical level (emergent properties 12 are a conceptual must for the identification of hierarchical levels). A realistic 13 approach is by a pseudo-hierarchy of systems, which claims that simple biological 14 or abiotic environmental objects (and their associated new processes) are 15 perceivable and measurable only at certain scales. There is a continuum of relevant 16 scales of analyses in a complex environmental object (Iordache et al. 2011a, b). 17 This continuum of relevant scales is discretized for methodological reasons in 18 hierarchical levels, i.e., it is modeled by a limited number of hierarchically 19 organized systems, which has not reality, but has epistemic value. 20 In Chap. 19 of this book, it was shown that the overall pattern of metal mobility 21 at larger scale (e.g., catchments) apparently resulting from smaller scale processes 22 (e.g., local sites) cannot be reduced to the small-scale mechanisms because of the 23 intervention of larger scale processes, that are different from the small-scale


This essay aims to discuss the contradictions of the Brazilian management postgraduate programs and its impacts on the assessment process as well as on those professionals in the system. Departing from the confusion created between the notions of research and teaching, I contend that the postgraduation level is not "the" space for research in management in Brazil, but a place to teach how to perform the research. I present during my reasoning how this confusion creates distortions in the Brazilian management postgraduate programs as well as in the assessment system coordinated by the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level -or Education- Personnel (as known as CAPES). I suggest the master degree as an education level for teaching and the doctorate level for research.


One of the capabilities of diamond detectors is the measurement of neutron radiation, due to their carbon composition. In these work is described a campaign of measurements related with neutron irradiation using different sources: starting with a 252Cf standard neutron source, continuing with a well-known nuclear reaction at a low-energy tandem accelerator and finishing with neutron radiation produced in a hospital radiotherapy machine. The aim of all these measurements is to evaluate the qualities of diamond device to detect neutron irradiation, thus proving they are good candidates to be used as neutron dosimeters at hospital accelerators. Our preliminary results show that diamond detectors are a promising tool to be implemented in such a kind of facilities.


The status quo of rural population movement in Pearl River Delta and the new problems it brought to rural development were introduced.Under the urbanization background,rural population mobility not only promoted rural urbanization,diversified land rotation,improved land utilization and intensification of rural production,quickened population moving speed,also resulted into some problems,such as,household management and rural stabilization treatment,profit distribution of land rotation,agricultural subsidy,mobile population and regional polarization.


Several observations suggest that the leucine-rich repeats (LRR) domain of oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) may play an important role in inhibition of neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration after brain injury. To better understand structure-function relationships for the OMgp LRR domain and its effects in neurite regeneration, distinct OMgp leucine-rich repeat were deleted by PCR based site-directed mutagenesis. The gene deleted OMgp LRR fragments were expressed with GST protein and the expressed proteins were used to culture with NgR-expressing CHO and hippocampal neurons. Results show that the deletion of OMgp amino acid residues 25-56, 57-133,134-180 did not interrupt its effects in binding NgR-expressing CHO and inhibiting hippocampal neurons growth. But the fragment deleted amino acid residues 181-228 can only bind with NgR-expressing CHO and lost the effect of neurite outgrowth inhibition. Results suggest that the OMgp amino acid 181-228 is the predominant domain in neurite outgrowth inhibition of OMgp. The OMgp LRR fragment without amino acid residues 181-228 may be a potent reagent for encouraging regeneration in the adult central nervous system following injury.


Abstract Multiplayer distributed-parameter differential games are considered which employ state feedback control based on a sampled-data state information scheme All players have the possibility of exerting their control both from the interior and the boundary of the spatial domain occupied by the game. The Nash-strategy solution is first derived, which is then used for determining the non-inferior and minimax solutions. The results will be useful in practical games with state depending not only on time, but also on other independent variables, which can be regarded as spatial ones.


A method for analyzing reinforced concrete beams and beam-columns is developed, and the analytical results are compared to experimental data obtained by other investigators. The present method employs the stress-strain relationships for reinforced concrete and steel bars, and considers the combined effects of flexure, shear, and axial forces. The ultimate flexural moment and rotation capacities of reinforced concrete beams is associated with the amount of shear reinforcement provided. As a result, a relationship is proposed between the ultimate flexural moment capacity, the amount of shear reinforcement, and the inclination of cracks.


The pandemic, which devastated practically every corner of the world in 2020, had a deleterious effect on literary and academic activity in Sri Lanka as well. All plans had been made to hold the SLACLALS Conference "Continuing Postcolonialism" in May 2020, with venues booked, sponsorships secured, agreements reached with the keynote and plenary speakers, and some abstracts already received, but it had to be indefinitely postponed. As mentioned in last year's introduction, the spectacular gala normally held to announce the winner of the Gratiaen Prize was converted into a virtual event. Virtual conferences, workshops, seminars and prize ceremonies have their merits (more participants can be accommodated with no travel, meal or other expenses being involved), but the camaraderie generated by human interaction and the excitement of exploring a new city are lost. One sad constant from previous years is the demise of yet another senior writer. Last year's introduction referred to the passing of two writers who had been awarded the Gratiaen Prize: Carl Muller, the recipient of the inaugural prize, and Jean Arasanayagam, who won the silver jubilee prize. In 2020, Sybil Wettasinghe, who was the joint winner of the third Gratiaen Prize for The Child in Me, died at the age of 91. Dinali Fernando, Senior Lecturer in the English Department, Kelaniya, provides this memorial tribute:


After the Vietnam War came to a close in 1975, American citizens were greatly disheartened by the loss and devastation caused by the war. Facing high unemployment rates, high inflation, and oil shortages across the country, the American people were looking for a president who could revamp their spirits and take charge of the faltering economy. Known for his humanitarian efforts, James Earl Carter, later known as President Jimmy Carter, played up his farm-boy persona and won himself a presidential election. But his efforts to revitalize this troubled nation fell short of the mark. "The Carter Years" focuses on the administration of this president, including a section of more than 250 biographical entries covering all the key personalities connected to this administration; a chronology that spans the history of the administration; and a sizable appendix that includes important documents, such as inaugural addresses, important presidential speeches, tables listing the members of the White House staff, cabinet members, members of Congress and the Senate, and more. Biographical entries include: Bella Abzug; Zbigniew Brzezinski; William "Billy" Carter; Thomas S. Foley; Patricia Harris; Hamilton Jordan; Bert Lance; Walter Mondale; Thomas "Tip" O'Neill; Anwar Sadat; and many others.


E, E-8,10-dodecadienol-1,the sex pheromone of Laspeyresia pomonella,was synthesized by Schlosser-Wittig reaction of ω-hydroxy-alkylphosphonium bromide with E-2-butenal.The reaction has high E-stereoselectivity.


In recent times, smartphones, tablets and e-book readers have been introducing an increasing amount of computer vision based features. Some of the features include-unlocking using facial recognition, virtual reality based games, et al. In this paper, we have discussed another use of computer vision in daily device usage-adjustment of the screen, depending on the user's gaze. We shall be discussing the methods used to track the position of the eyeball, and how gaze-tracking can be used to make adjustments to the screen magnification, orientations and focus. Once eyeball tracking is achieved, the data can be used to change the magnification of the screen, or simply move the content depending on eye position-just like it would move in real life. We propose to use the device's inbuilt camera to take images of the user's eye position. These images can be processed using MATLAB-based software.


The cross sections of direct inelastic scattering for neutron on  ̄(198) Hg, ̄(199) Hg, ̄(200) Hg, ̄(201) Hg, ̄(202)Hg, ̄(204)Hg, ̄(203)T1, ̄(205)T1 and ̄(175)Lu are calculated with coupled channel optical model code ECIS-79.The incident neutron energy is from 0 to 20MeV.


We consider multi-channel networks where nodes may be equipped with heterogeneous radios, each potentially capable of operation on a limited portion of the total availa ble spectrum. Moreover even the channels may not all be identical; they may possibly have different propagation ch aracteristics, and may support different sets of transmiss ion rates. Much prior research on multi-channel networks has assumed identical channels and radio capabilities. However heterogeneity of channels and radios introduces a host of new issues that must be handled. In recent theoretical work we considered asymptotic transport capacity of multi-channel networks subject to switching constraints. This constitutes a class of instances involving heterogeneous r adios, albeit identical channels. We leverage some of the insights obtained from our theoretical results, and now con sider a more general model involving heterogeneity of radios and channels for networks of realistic scale. We id entify the key issues that differentiate heterogeneous multi-channel networks, and describe a design framework for routing and channel/interface assignment.


The mutual coupling in antenna arrays for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar is calculated using the far-field of specified sub-volumes in the antenna array structure. The far-field calculations are based on full wave simulations in CST Microwave studio using the transient solver. In this way the far-field radiation can be simulated from specified parts of the antenna structure. Based on these simulations, 3-dimensional mutual coupling coefficients can be estimated, and are in turn compared to an existing method estimating the mutual coupling matrix, which is not angle-dependent.


Drawing on the theory of moral neglect, this article proposes a person-situation interactionist model in which individual achievement value interacts with task performance to predict employee unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) through the mediating effect of moral inattentiveness. Two studies using survey and experimental vignette designs were conducted in China and the United States respectively to test our hypotheses. Study 1 with a sample of 470 employees revealed that employees with high achievement value were more likely to do UPB when they experienced lower task performance. Study 2 in a higher controlled setting replicated the results in Study 1 and found that the interacting effect of achievement value and task performance on UPB was mediated by moral inattentiveness. Theoretical and managerial implications of our results are discussed.


100 Avian and Orfeather broilers as trial materials,3 male and 3 female broilers were slaughted randomly at 3th,9th,12th and 16th week respectively.Breast and leg muscular tissue and fat pad were sampled,which were dyed with H.E.wraped with paraffin and sectioned.Slices were observed under 400time microscope,and diameter of adipocyte and muscle fiber were determined.The results showed that adipocyte diameter of development and growth distributed as a double peak before 9 weeks of age,but a single peak after a weeks of age.The diameter of breast muscle fiber of Avian broilers distributed as a single peak before 9 weeks of age but double or triple after 9 weeks of age;However,the constant single peak distribution of breast muscle fiber diameter was noted in Orfeather broilers throughout the experiment.The leg muscle fiber diameter of two breeds distributed as a single pesk at the age of 3 and 6 week,and multipeak after 9 weeks of age,It's illustrated that major gene might act on the process of adipocyte and muscle fiber multiplication and had active period and shutdown period.The genetic mechanism of muscle fiber diameter was identical with adipocyte,but major gene shutdown and promotion of muscle fiber diameter had distinctive characteristic of breed and location.


Focusing effect of laser-driven positron jets by self-generated target sheath fields has been observed for the first time experimentally and the results are supported by the computational studies. In the experiment, OMEGA EP short-pulse (0.7 ps, 500 J) irradiates mm-size gold targets with a concave back surface and reference flat-surface targets. Both targets exhibited positrons with quasi-monoenergetic energy peaks while targets with concave curvature also showed increased number of positrons at the detector. The data is consistent with hybrid-PIC simulations confirming that the time-varying electric fields driven by electrons escaping from the target significantly change the trajectories of positrons. These simulations show a small radius of curvature on the rear side increases the relative focusing effect and the positrons to electrons ratio in the escaping plasma. For the smallest radius of curvature, positron jets that are up to 10 times denser can be achieved.


Leversedge FJ, Boyer MI, Goldfarb CA. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippencott, Williams, and Wilkins. 2010. 136 pages. $69.00. In a 1foreword, Dr. Paul Manske states that this volume "is appropriate reading primarily for medical students, residents, fellows, therapists, and clinicians who encounter hand conditions on a regular basis." This last category of reader may be a reference to the increasingly notorious "part-time hand surgeon." I believe that the authors' preface more fairly represents their well-organized, effectively illustrated text: "We embarked on this project with the hope of creating a comprehensive but clinically relevant anatomy reference, from the elbow to the fingertips, which would be portable and accessible to all levels of clinical training." The authors have generally succeeded. The volume is a "pocketbook," and easily fits into my white coat's side pocket. Its 136 pages systematically cover the skeletal and muscular components of the upper extremity skeletal and muscular anatomy by region (hand, wrist, etc). Vascular and nerve anatomy (including brachial plexus) are presented in separate sections. The individual sections have useful bibliographies, the index is competent, and appendices include summaries of muscles, compartments, and anatomic spaces of the hand and wrist. The treasure of this book lies in the illustrations. The authors and illustrator spare no media, and use x-rays, clinical photographs, skillful fresh anatomic demonstrations, and crisp drawings to depict the complex anatomy of the upper extremity. The result in most sections is thorough and illuminating. The weakest section is the brachial plexus review, which is supported by 2 line drawings and a poorly organized discussion. The other nerve and vascular sections are much better. Other sections are very successful, and use their illustrations to excellent effect. The dissection of finger joints, intrinsic muscles, and wrist are some of the best I have ever seen, and the forearm specimens are also very well done. Some shortcomings include rare mislabeled illustrations (Fig. 1.3–4), the occasional unexplained acronym ("VISI," pg. 39), and constant switching from phrases to sentences in the text, a pattern I find difficult to read smoothly. The virtues of the book far exceed such shortcomings. I would find it very useful for a quick reference, for example, in preparation for a forearm exploration for secondary nerve reconstruction. I recommend this book for both its utility and beauty. William C. Lineaweaver, MD Editor


This paper studies the user satisfaction of a representative sample of urban elderly who receive hearing aids via the GES program (Explicit Health Guarantees). We used the operational construct of the Health Ministry of Chile, MINSAL clinical guideline No. 56 of 2007, named "Bilateral hearing loss in people of 65 years and older who require earphones", and that defines the items to be evaluated. The so-called "International Survey of Use of Earphones CIRUA" was applied. The sample considered in the study was defined as elderly people who have used the device for more than one year since its delivery. Finally, elderly people value the fact of receiving their hearing aids, recognize its usefulness, and appreciate how it has changed their life and their normal routines. They also indicate that falls have reduced falls and indicate that they have at present a better quality of life.


The performance of many solid-state devices including emissive displays, optical sensors, integrated optical circuits, and light-emitting diodes can be improved by applying a transparent high refractive index coating (≥ 1.65) onto the light-emitting or light-sensing portion of the device. Ideally, the coating should combine the excellent durability and easy deposition of a spin-applied polymer coating with the high refractive index and optical clarity of a vacuum deposited metal oxide coating such as titanium dioxide or zirconium oxide. While some success has been achieved in combining these very dissimilar materials to form transparent hybrid coating systems, for example, using sol-gel or nanoparticle dispersion techniques, the resulting coating systems often require complicated manufacturing schemes and have limited storage stability and reliability. We have demonstrated two new approaches to development of high refractive index polymer coatings. In the first approach, an organometallic polymer and a conventional organic polymer are combined to form a compatible coating. When cured at elevated temperatures, the organometallic polymer decomposes to form a highly dispersed metal oxide phase that imparts high index properties to the final hybrid coating. The new coatings are transparent and have refractive indices ranging from 1.6 to as high as 1.9 depending on the metal oxide content. The second approach utilizes our discovery that polyimide materials possess naturally high refractive indices in comparison to most polymer materials. Through careful molecular design, we have developed a new class of polyimide materials having refractive indices ranging from 1.60 to 1.78 at visible wavelengths and exhibiting excellent optical clarity. The new polyimides can be spin-applied to a layer thickness of more than 10 microns in a single coating step and form thermally stable films with good mechanical strength and adhesion to device substrates.


To boost research into cognition-level visual understanding, i.e., making an accurate inference based on a thorough understanding of visual details, visual commonsense reasoning (VCR) has been proposed. Compared with traditional visual question answering which requires models to select correct answers, VCR requires models to select not only the correct answers, but also the correct rationales. Recent research into human cognition has indicated that brain function or cognition can be considered as a global and dynamic integration of local neuron connectivity, which is helpful in solving specific cognition tasks. Inspired by this idea, we propose a directional connective network to achieve VCR by dynamically reorganizing the visual neuron connectivity that is contextualized using the meaning of questions and answers and leveraging the directional information to enhance the reasoning ability. Specifically, we first develop a GraphVLAD module to capture visual neuron connectivity to fully model visual content correlations. Then, a contextualization process is proposed to fuse sentence representations with visual neuron representations. Finally, based on the output of contextualized connectivity, we propose directional connectivity to infer answers and rationales, which includes a ReasonVLAD module. Experimental results on the VCR dataset and visualization analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.


To investigate impacts of intelligent and fashion factors of sports bras on consumers' emotions, decision-making and behavior, a quantitative analysis method combing macro affective computing and micro emotion data was proposed. The context where a consumer purchased sports bras was first simulated. In this process, an eye tracker and a multi-channel physiological recorder were utilized to collect physiological signal data from participants in an experimental setting. Then, big data and machine learning were both adopted to macroscopically perform data pre-processing, build a computational model, fulfill relevant prediction and evaluation, analyze correlations in physiological data features, and explore potential values existing in data. Furthermore, highly correlated data features were extracted to investigate micro causalities and identify reasons why consumer behavior and decision-making were supported by data about emotional physiology. The proposed method may provide considerably reliable data support for designers, product service providers, and other practitioners. As an innovative and universal integration approach, it has the potential to be applied in medical science, psychology, management science and other fields.


The Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-borne particle detector and cosmic ray observatory in operation since 2015, designed to probe electrons and gamma rays from a few GeV to 10  TeV in energy, as well as cosmic protons and nuclei up to 100  TeV. Among the main scientific objectives is the precise measurement of the cosmic electron + positron flux, which, due to the very large proton background in orbit, requires a powerful particle identification method. In the past decade, the field of machine learning has provided us the needed tools. This paper presents a neural network based approach to cosmic electron identification and proton rejection and showcases its performance based on simulated Monte Carlo data. The neural network reaches significantly lower background than the classical, cut-based method for the same detection efficiency, especially at the highest energies probed by the detector. Good agreement between simulation and real data is demonstrated.


The invention discloses a mining cement foaming machine using pneumatic transmission and a construction process thereof. The cement foaming machine comprises a cement mortar branch and a foaming branch which are combined in a mixer through pipes. The cement mortar branch comprises a stirring overhead tank, a water inlet pipe and an air inlet pipe, the water inlet pipe and the air inlet pipe are inserted in an inner cavity of a tank body, and the air intake pipe utilizes a gas source under a well. The foaming branch comprises a foam maker generating foaming foam, a water inlet pipe, an air inlet pipe and a foaming agent conveyer pipe, the water inlet pipe, the air inlet pipe and the foaming agent conveyer pipe are connected with an inlet of the foam maker, and the other end of the foaming agent conveyer pipe is connected with an output end of the foaming agent container. The string overhead tank transports cement mortar to the mixer utilizing compressed air in the gas source after cement is stirred, the cement mortar and the foaming foam continuously transported from the foam maker are mixed to form foamed cement. A water source and a gas source under a well are utilized to foam and transporting foamed cement, a motor can be removed, and only one motor used for driving a stirring shaft is disposed in complete equipment.


In recent years,the examples of the power plant for hyperbolic cooling tower demolition is more,but the blasting technology and safety measures have to be perfected.Taking two 100m high reinforced concrete hyperbolic cooling tower directional controlled blasting as example,based on the analysis of the characteristics of the cooling tower structure,this paper introduces the technical solutions and pretreatment measures of controlled blasting from the collapse direction,blasting gap,hole layout,the blasting network,etc.,and make targeted security measures for deleterious effects in controlled blasting process,such as flying stone protection,vibration control.The blasting ultimately made a success,so as to provide reference for similar projects.


Abstract One-dimensional heat conduction problem of friction for two bodies (half spaces) made of thermosensitive materials was considered. Solution to the nonlinear boundary-value heat conduction problem was obtained in three stages. At the first stage a partial linearization of the problem was performed by using Kirchhoff transform. Next, the obtained boundary-values problem by using the method of lines was brought to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, relatively to Kirchhoff's function values in the nodes of the grid on the spatial variable, where time is an independent variable. At the third stage, by using the Adams's method from DIFSUB package, a numerical solution was found to the above-mentioned differential equations. A comparative analysis was conducted (Och, 2014) using the results obtained with the proposed method and the method of successive approximations.


In this paper, we present a Rotman lens-fed Fabry–Perot resonator antennas (FPRA) for generating multi-mode OAM beams with low beam divergence. The Rotman lens works as a beamforming network in the FPRA for the multi-mode OAM operation, significantly simplifying the feed network of the antenna array. The partially reflecting metasurfaces (PRMS) composed of honeycomb complementary hexagonal patches and apertures are designed to construct the Fabry–Perot resonant cavity and enhance the directivity and meliorate the beam orientation of the generated OAM beam. The simulated and measured results verify the effectiveness of the proposed FPRA.


OF THE THREE POSSIBLE AREAS within which to analyze the condition of black people in America, i.e., the nation, the city, and the neighborhood, the last has received the least amount of careful scrutiny.' Very little is known about the social structure of black neighborhoods and their variation both within and between cities. Yet because black people have been physically and socially segregated in America, and frequently sufficiently isolated to be cut off from any meaningful contact with other neighborhoods, whether black or white, it is important to consider the extent to which black neighborhoods are institutionally unique, not only in comparison to white neighborhoods, but also as compared to each other.2 To shed light on this subject, it is the purpose of this paper to analyze comparatively perceptions of leadership in three black neighborhoods in a northwest Indiana city.


As the resource of energy, food and raw material, ocean had attracted more and more attention of researchers all of world. With the increasing of ocean engineering, underwater welding technology improved greatly in recent years accompany. Underwater wet welding was focused here at first, newly developments, including special wet welding electrodes and sensors were introduced. In the second, attention was concentrated on underwater welding robot, current progress on relative aspects of underwater welding robot-mechanism design, sealing method, long distance communication and remote control were put forward, and it was pointed out that developing welding robot was inevitable when men come from shallow water to deep water.


Share ratio contracts are a new derivative security which recently commenced trading on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). The payoff on a share ratio contract is based on the performance of an underlying share relative to an underlying benchmark index. The security provides investors with an opportunity to eliminate market risk and to trade solely on a company's specific risk. This article uses a Black-Scholes type hedging argument within a continuous time framework to derive an analytical solution for the current value of a share ratio contract. The sensitivity of the value of share ratio contracts to the underlying variables is also examined.


Using molecular light switch Ru complex Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz)(2+) and CdTe quantum dots (QDs), we have designed a label-free DNA fluorescent sensor for the detection of Ag(+) in aqueous solution.


We have developed a cost-effective method for accelerating the thermal wavefront recovery and shot rate of large, flashlamp-pumped, Nd:glass, Brewster-angle slab lasers of the type used for studying inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and laser-plasma interactions. This method removes waste pump heat by flowing slightly-chilled, turbulent gas over the flashlamps and blastshields after each shot, with the cooled blastshields serving as heat sinks for radiatively extracting residual heat deposited in the laser slabs. We performed both experiments and modeling to characterize residual optical distortions arising from both temperature gradients within the laser slabs as well as from buoyantly-driven convection currents in the amplifier cavity and attached beam tubes. The most rapid thermal recovery was achieved by reducing the temperature of the cooling gas by 0.5-1 C below the ambient temperature for about two hours after the shot. Model predictions for the 1.8-MJ National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser now being built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) show that such chilled-gas cooling would increase the thermal-distortion-limited shot rate from about one shot every eight hours to one shot every three to four hours, thus significantly increasing the potential scientific productivity of this major Department of Energy (DOE) facility.


Objective To explore communication about medication management during annual consultations in primary care. Design: passive participant observations of primary care consultations. Setting Two primary care centres in southern Sweden. Participants Consultations between 18 patients (over the age of 60 years) with chronic diseases and 10 general practitioners (GPs) were observed, audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using content analysis. Results Four categories emerged: communication barriers, striving for a shared understanding of medication management, evaluation of the current medication treatment and the plan ahead and behavioural changes in relation to medication management. Misunderstandings in communication, failure to report changes in the medication treatment and use of generic substitutes complicated mutual understanding and agreement on continued treatment. The need for behavioural changes to reduce the need for medication treatment was recognised but should be explored further. Conclusion Several pitfalls, including miscommunication and inaccurate medication lists, for safe medication management were identified. The purpose of annual consultations should be clarified, individual treatment plans could be used more actively during primary care consultations and efforts are needed to improve verbal communication and information continuity.


Abstract This paper examines heritage, and particularly intangible heritage, by concentrating on the experience of smell to explore a heritage site in Istanbul, Turkey: the Spice Market. Due to a restoration project, the site became the focus of the 2012 international workshop 'Urban Cultural Heritage and Creative Practice,' which aimed at documenting the existing and threatened scents of the marketplace. In 2016 a gallery exhibition, 'Scent and the City,' was created as part of an effort to raise awareness about how scent constitutes an important component of the heritage of place. After providing a brief overview of the marketplace's transformations since its construction in the seventeenth century, this paper covers various methods of scent research, including scent walks, mapping, oral history interviews, and artistic performances, and illustrates how the smellscapes of this historic, and now touristic, quarter of Istanbul are changing. By bringing a sensory approach to this important heritage site in Istanbul we demonstrate how an embodied approach, which forefronts scent as intangible heritage and a primary modality, can serve as a catalyst for individuals and communities to access their memories, emotions, and values and increase awareness of the role scent plays in defining locality.


The electrochromic properties of thin films prepared by electropolymerization of pyrrole and 2,2' bithiophene are described. The films change color reversibly when they are electrochemically cycled. The response times are less than 150 ms and the stability under repetitive cycling is good (105 cycles). The electrochromic parameters are compared to those of other electrochromic polymers.


Er: YAG laser irradiation utilizing the newly developed RCLase side-firing spiral tip was used for the cleansing of root canals following their bio-mechanical preparation with ProTaper Ni-Ti files. The distal and palatal roots of 20 freshly extracted molar teeth were instrumented to size F3 with ProTaper files. In the experimental group (10 teeth) the pulp chamber and the root canals were filled with EDTA 17% and the root canals were lased for 30 s using the Er: YAG laser irradiation at 600 mJ per pulse and a frequency of 12 Hz. In the control group (10 teeth) the root canals were not lased. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed clean wall surfaces of the lased root canals with open dentinal tubules, free of smear layer and debris. In the scanning electron microscope photographs of the walls of the non-lased root canals a considerable amount of debris could be detected. It appears that an efficient cleansing of the root canal system can be achieved by using the Er:YAG laser irradiation with the RCLase Side-firing Spiral Tip following bio-mechanical preparation of the root canal with Ni-Ti Taper files.


We focus on 'adaptive learning' for the resolution of conflicts between safety and efficiency in performance, and between design and operational flexibility, thereby increasing adaptive capacity. Safety cannot be improved by applying check lists alone. Balanced, safe performance is managing diversity rather than achieving consistency. Organizational learning is increasingly important for industry in its adaptation to change, but should be seen as both stakeholder‐ and process‐based. Organizations fail to learn when inherent traditional characteristics do not allow for the correct formulation of problems. Transformation in the learning process takes place when participants understand their own and others' benefits and losses. If learning is the conceptualization of a holistic approach, then the focus should be on the integration of knowledge from diverse backgrounds. Special attention is drawn to Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology as a potential tool in order to extend existing frames of interpretation, where all voices can be heard.


(57) Abstract: The present invention, prior to plasma etching and / or during, on the sidewalls of the structure defined by the side surface, a protective layer comprising at least one silicon compound, fully and chemical etch process precipitating with compatible second reactant relates anisotropic plasma etching method of structure defined by the side surface of the silicon substrate.


The field density of the biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana (Shiraki) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), was studied from Nov. 2009 to Apr. 2010 in Taichung, Taiwan. The result show that F. taiwana density was low in winter and rapidly increased during spring. The reproductive potential of female midges shows, however, no difference between sampling dates. It indicates that the preadult mortality might be one of the major factors of population density in the field. The demography of the biting midge was studied based on the age-stage, two-sex life table for cohorts fed on human blood and mouse blood. The intrinsic rate of increase for cohort fed on human blood was 0.0966 d-1, and 0.1296 d-1 for that fed on mouse blood. The net reproductive rate and the mean generation time was 14.6 offspring and 27.9 d for cohort fed on human blood, and 19.5 offspring and 23 d for cohort fed on mouse blood, respectively. The population projection shows that midge population suffers high preadult mortality in the field.


Significance In recent years, techniques for trapping and manipulating small particles and single molecules have catalyzed major advances in several fields of science. Here, we describe a new method for confining, manipulating, and assembling multiple particles in free solution using the sole action of fluid flow. The Stokes trap provides a fundamentally new method for particle manipulation and assembly using a simple microfluidic device and nonlinear feedback control in the absence of optical, electric, or magnetic fields. This method holds strong potential to enable fundamental studies in soft materials, colloidal science, and biophysics. The ability to confine and manipulate single particles and molecules has revolutionized several fields of science. Hydrodynamic trapping offers an attractive method for particle manipulation in free solution without the need for optical, electric, acoustic, or magnetic fields. Here, we develop and demonstrate the Stokes trap, which is a new method for trapping multiple particles using only fluid flow. We demonstrate simultaneous manipulation of two particles in a simple microfluidic device using model predictive control. We further show that this approach can be used for fluidic-directed assembly of multiple particles in solution. Overall, this technique opens new vistas for fundamental studies of particle–particle interactions and provides a new method for the directed assembly of colloidal particles.


The simulation of Cherenkov light Lateral distribution function (LDF) in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) initiated primary particles such as primary calcium, argon, proton iron nuclei, neutron and nitrogen have been performed using CORSIKA program for conditions and configurations of Tunka133 EAS Cherenkov array. The simulation was fulfilled at the high energy range 1014-1016 eV for four different zenith angles 0o, 10o, 15o and 30o. The results of the simulated Cherenkov light LDF are compared with the measurements of Tunka133 EAS array for the same particles and energy range mentioned above. This comparison may give the good ability to reconstruct the energy spectrum and mass composition of the primary cosmic ray particles in EAS. The main feature of the given approach consists of the possibility to make a library of Cherenkov light LDF samples which could be utilized for analysis of real events which can be detected with different EAS arrays and reconstruction of the primary cosmic rays energy spectrum and mass composition of EAS particles.


Family Archives Lost and Found.
An Exhibition by LCC MA Photography and PARC.

Featuring works by Millie Burton, Jan Cihak, Claudia Frickemeier, Lydia Goldblatt, Hannah Guy, Elena Inga, Penny Klepuszewska, Wiebke Leister, Jason Manning, Kevin Newark, Sian Pile, Kate Potter.

Exhibition at Eckersley Gallery, LCC with Private View and Gallery Talk, 15 November 2005, 5.00-7.00pm. Responses by Mark Haworth-Booth, Anna Fox, Sophie Howarth, Marjolaine Ryley, Joy Gregory, David Campany, Val Williams and Wiebke Leister.

Exhibition at Communication Space Skolska 28, Prague, 3 June - 7 July 2008 with and Opening Seminar on 2 June 2008 with talks by Val Williams, Jan Cihak and Wiebke Leister.

What distinguishes Family Archives from other archives? What is included in them and what is left out? What is their value, what do they look like and how are they kept? What kinds of events do they portray? How do they affect personal and collective memories? Who is the family archivist and who the photographer? What do their images mean to an outsider? What happens when their family archives get reconsidered within a new context? And what do they say about the passage of time?
Well, these are only some of the questions we discussed when embarking on the project ´Family Archives Lost and Found´. In fact, the works shown in this exhibition are all engaging with recent and not so recent family narratives. Some of them constructed, others rewritten. Some done in response to actual family images including names, specific dates or places, others based on family memories dealing with secret or confessional details.
Bound to change over time, the ´archival potential´ of these exhibits is just as open as these works are now disclosed from the past. Allowing us to cross the vulnerable border between Private and Public, they hide as they reveal, giving us keys to places that do not exist any longer or did only ever exist in our minds. They make us think about what was and what could have been instead. They trigger our contemplation – only of course if we are willing to engage with them as reflective mirrors of our own Family Archives.

The exhibition was curated by Dr. Wiebke Leister and Professor Val Williams, of PARC.

The Photography and the Archive Research Centre (PARC) and the MA Photography, both based at London College of Communication, have worked together on this project for several months in 2005. It was PARC's first substantial collaboration with a postgraduate group and, as such, was vital to the development of the Centre. Through working intensively with the students, we developed ideas around both content and curation, culminating in an exhibition and a mini study day, in which students presented their work and responses came from leading members of the London photography world, including Professor Mark Haworth-Booth (University of the Arts London), Sophie Howarth (Tate Modern) and the photographer Anna Fox.


In this paper, we introduce the concept of orthogonal convex structure contraction mapping and prove some fixed point theorems on orthogonal ♭-metric spaces. We adopt an example to highlight the utility of our main result. Finally, we apply our result to examine the existence and uniqueness of the solution for the spring-mass system via an integral equation with a numerical example.


To shorten the time of Linux developing and testing, improve developing efficiency. This paper particularly analyses the work principle, implementing details and key technology of Linux loadable kernel module mechanism viz. LKM, summarizes the cod-ing method and notice proceeding in allusion to the latest kernel stabilization edition 2.6 in developing. In the Linux environment implementing Zero-copy principle with LKM, the results indicate the application of LKM in Linux developing and researching can quicken the speed of developing greatly.


A hybrid generator with a PV energy conversion system is proposed with super capacitors and lead acid batteries in a DC- coupled structure. The objective of this system is to present works focuses on the strategy which makes it possible to ensure a high battery state of charge and overcharge security by designing a dedicated local control system. A dynamic model and a control design of the power system studied are proposed in this paper. Simulation of control characteristic was carried out using matlab and experimental results illustrate the performance obtained. It also shows the application of rectifier circuit in the hybrid system limited to purely resistive load. This paper proposes a single power conversion AC - DC converter with high power factor and high efficiency. The proposed converter is derived by integrating a half wave thyristor rectifier with resistive load and a series resonant active DC ? DC converter or charge controller for the PV installation.


The Roland Berger Professor of E-Business and IT Dean of Technology and E-Learning INSEAD Fontainebleau, France/Singapore Critical for Business Competitiveness I today's world, Information Technology (IT) forms the backbone of industries such as banking, airlines, and publishing, and is an increasingly important value-adding component of consumer products such as television sets, cameras, cars, and mobile telephones. IT is the dominant force enabling companies to exploit new distribution channels, create new products, and deliver differentiated value-added services to customers. In reality, there is often little difference between an organization's IT strategy and its business strategy.


The widely deployed grid-following converters (GFLCs) may lose synchronization under grid disturbances, presenting a critical challenge to the power electronics penetrated power grid. Existing methods for analyzing transient synchronization stability often assume an ideal current loop in order to keep the system model at low order. However, such approaches based on a simplified second-order model can lead to optimistic stability prediction and inappropriate design. This article applies a full-order model to explore the effects of the nonideal current loop. The unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) that determine the basin of attraction of the stable equilibrium point are located via a numerical continuation method. Moreover, the essential bifurcations leading to the emergence and disappearance of  UPOs are identified. A design principle with consideration of the effects of the nonideal current loop is derived to enhance the transient synchronization stability of GFLCs. Experimental results are provided to verify the analytical findings.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of onlay mesenteric flaps (MFs) with end-to-end jejunojejunostomy on stomal diameter, length of jejunum with reduced stomal diameter, abdominal adhesion formation, and healing.

STUDY DESIGN
Experimental study.

ANIMALS
Healthy adult horses (n = 6).

METHODS
Two hand sewn end-to-end jejunal anastomoses using a 1 layer simple continuous serosubmucosal suture pattern were performed in each horse ∼ 2 and 5 m oral to the ileocecal fold. Using a random design for selection anastomosis location (oral or aboral), 1 anastomosis was covered with 2 adjacent onlay MFs secured with interrupted sutures and cyanoacrylate glue. Two weeks later, adhesion formation, stomal diameter, length of reduced jejunal stomal diameter, and healing were evaluated.

RESULTS
Use of onlay MFs decreased stomal diameter (P = .05), increased length of reduced peristomal jejunal diameter (P = .05), surgical time (P = .003), and serosal fibrosis (P = .05). No difference was evident for adhesion formation, and degree of inflammation between techniques.

CONCLUSION
End-to-end jejunojejunostomy covered with 2 onlay MFs is not recommended because this technique results in luminal reduction.


orchards Abstract. Leaf dry weight per leaf area (LDW/LA); weight of leaf N per unit leaf area (LN/LA); leaf dry weight (LDW); and fruit quality, particularly sugar per fruit (SF); fruit fresh weight (FFW); and fruit dry weight (FDW) were measured over a range of daily average incident photosynthetic photon flux values (PPF) (50 to 1000 µmol·s -1 ·m -2 ) in 7-year-old prune (Prunus domestics L. syn. 'Petite d'Agen') tree canopies. Linear or curvilinear relationships between these leaf attributes and fruit characteristics were significant over the PPF range. Analysis of LDW/LA or LN/LA may be used to indicate tree canopy locations in which fruit size and quality is limited by suboptimal PPF. Various aspects of fruit quality, including


The spatial and temporal evolution of the electric and magnetic fields in a current-carrying plasma is investigated in the nonlinear regime. Using the magnetohydrodynamic equations, a nonlinear diffusion equation for the magnetic field in the plasma is obtained. This nonlinear equation is numerically solved and the spatiotemporal evolution of the electric and magnetic fields and the electron density distribution are plotted. It is shown that as the time passes, the profile of the electric and magnetic fields changes from a sinusoidal shape to a saw-tooth one and the electron density distribution becomes very steepened. Also, the mechanism of the filament formation is then discussed. Furthermore, the effects of the thermal motion, collisions, and ion mass on growth rate of filaments as well as the saturation time are argued. Finally, it is found that the energy dissipation is associated with the aforementioned effects and strong plasma density gradient.


Plantations, and associated invasions, of exotic Pinus trees occur extensively in the southern hemisphere, threatening the persistence of biodiverse Mediterranean‐climate vegetation. Large‐scale decommissioning of such plantations in the eastern Cape Floristic Region (South Africa) enabled a wide‐ranging study showing successful passive restoration of fynbos vegetation after afforestation. Using a paired study design, we compared the diversity, and floristic and growth‐form composition of post‐fire recovering fynbos in former plantations with that in recently burnt neighboring fynbos in a natural state within the Garden Route National Park. The fynbos of the study area showed good autogenic recovery after several decades of pine afforestation and a fire subsequent to the clearcutting of these trees. On average, native plant abundance and species richness (particularly of shrubs) were significantly lower, and non‐native plant species richness significantly higher, in former plantation areas than in natural fynbos, but these differences were small. Species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index) did not differ significantly between the two vegetation states. The former plantations harbored 91% of the number of native species that the natural fynbos had, while the similarity of the two floras was 65%. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination and multivariate generalized linear models accordingly showed no clear distinction in community composition between the two vegetation states. We concluded that the restoration potential of the montane grassy fynbos in the study area is superior to that previously documented in montane proteoid fynbos, and that fire and invasive alien plant control after clearcutting of the plantations is essential to promote fynbos restoration.


Educational scholars face a challenge. Critical pedagogues acknowledge that "education, every aspect of it one can imagine, is political" (Apple & Aasen, 2003, p. 1). Yet, this understanding of education as fundamentally political is in many respects disconnected from an analysis of how the politics and economics of education affect our relation to and utilization of the environment. Various critical schools of thought in environmental education have made important inroads into the political nature of our educational relationship to the environment (e.g., DiChiro, 1987, 2006; Fien, 1993, 2000; Hursh, Henderson, & Greenwood, 2015; Kahn, 2010; Payne, 1995, 1999, 2015, Robottom, 1987; Robottom & Hart, 1995; Russell & Fawcett, 2013; Stevenson & Evans, 2011). This special issue seeks to critically engage with and advance this scholarship by synthesizing insights from political ecology with recent debates in environmental education. Political ecology, as an interdisciplinary research agenda, has historically focused on the relation between the politics of knowledge, political economy, and environmental change (Biersack, 2006; Goldman, Nadasdy, & Turner, 2011; Robbins, 2004). In the introduction to this special issue, we help develop a nascent political ecology of education framework by synthesizing diverse areas of educational and political ecological scholarship. The resulting political ecology of education perspective sheds light upon how power relations, political economic processes, and their structural arrangements mediate education—from tacit to formal learning, influencing the management of natural resources, conceptions of nature-society inter-relationships, and interactions with the natural environment. Political ecology explores the relationships between environmental change and political, economic, and social processes (Greenberg & Park, 1994). It can be contrasted with classic ecology, which apolitically explores webs of relationships between organisms and their surroundings (Biersack & Greenberg, 2006). Political ecologists are keenly interested in the production, circulation, and application of environmental knowledge (Forsyth, 2004; Goldman et al., 2011). As Neumann (2005, p. 1) indicates in the opening to his text Making Political Ecology, "the environment and how we acquire, disseminate, and legitimate knowledge about it are highly politicized, reflective of relations of power, and contested." Despite this clear articulation of the relations between the politics of knowledge and those of the environment, political ecology has itself traditionally lacked a framework for understanding how the reciprocal relations between political economic forces and pedagogical processes mediate resource access, control, and land use and landscape change. Our objective in this introduction is to help develop a political ecology of education framework to illuminate these interrelations, contributing to a better understanding of the ways education, particularly educational practices focused on the environment, are inherently political and fundamentally impact nature-society relations. We begin by briefly reviewing the formative debates in anthropology, geography, and agrarian studies that led to the development of political ecology as an interdisciplinary area of inquiry. Next, we sketch out some of the major thematic debates within political ecology, highlighting areas of potential synergy with environmental education. We then develop a definition for the political ecology of education by synthesizing traditional definitions of political ecology, and simultaneously integrating those definitions