The aerodynamic characteristics of double-container train under the cross-wind affects the stability deeply.In this paper,taking advantage of 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier and k-e turbulence model surface pressure,velocity distribution and aerodynamic parameter of the train were computed with saftware computational FLuids Dynamics(CFX)under conditions of 25?m/s cross-wind and 120km/h speed,and the maximal cross-aerodynamic load was obtained finally.


This section contains list of manuscript sources and interviews relevant to discussion of role that Dutch publishing houses played in the rise of English language commercial science publishing after the Second World War, that was preceded by the decline of science publishing in German.Keywords: Dutch; science publishing


Urban growth, a dynamic and demographic phenomenon, refers to the increased spatial value of urban areas, such as cities and towns, due to social and economic forces. Nowadays, urban lands are rapidly increasing, replacing non-urban lands such as agricultural, forest, water, rural, and open lands. In this study, a CA-Markov model was utilized to predict the growth of urban lands and their spatial trends in Seremban, Malaysia. The performance of the CA-Markov model was also assessed. The Markov chain model was applied to produce the quantitative values of transition probabilities for urban and non-urban lands. Subsequently, the CA model was used to predict the dynamic spatial trends of land changes. The change in urban and non-urban land use from 1984 to 2010 was modeled using the CA-Markov model for calibration purposes and to compute optimal CA transition rules as well as to predict future urban growth. In the accuracy assessment process, the CA-Markov model was validated using a Kappa coefficient. The overall accuracy of the Kappa index statistics was 83%, which indicates the excellent performance of the model proposed in this study. Finally, based on the CA transition rules and the transition area matrix produced from the calibration process using the Markov Chain model, future urban growth in Seremban for 2020 and 2030 was simulated.


The photoelectron emission (PE) from the cathode surface of a hollow cathode discharge (HCD) with a sub-breakdown bias applied, and hence no discharge present, was measured within the framework of an optogalvanic (OG) experimental arrangement. The work function dependence on the applied sub-breakdown voltage was investigated. The PE component in a real OG measurement was found to manifest itself as an instrumental effect together with nonresonant ionization which we call here space ionization (SP). The convolution of these components was determined experimentally as an instrumental function. A deconvolution procedure to determine the actual OG signal was developed.


The Prosecutor, Special Court for Sierra Leone, under Article 15 of the Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (the Statute) charges: BRIMA BAZZY KAMARA also known as (aka) IBRAHIM BAZZY KAMARA aka ALHAJI IBRAHIM KAMARA with CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND OF ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II and OTHER SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, in violation of Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Statute are set forth in this indictment. For the purposes of this Indictment, organized armed factions involved in this conflict included the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) and the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC). Also are included Individual Criminial responsibility and Charges include terrorizing the civilian population and collective punishments, Unlawful killings, Sexual and Physical violence and attacks on unamsil personnel. Keywords:ALHAJI IBRAHIM KAMARA; Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC); BRIMA BAZZY KAMARA; Civil Defence Forces (CDF); IBRAHIM BAZZY KAMARA; Indictment; Individual Criminial responsibility; Revolutionary United Front (RUF); Special Court for Sierra Leone


AbstractUltramarathon running, competing in distances beyond the 26.2 mile marathon, is one of the fastest growing segments of endurance competition. The sport has more than tripled in entrant size over the past 12 years and now attracts over 26,000 athletes on an annual basis. However, there is a limited understanding of what motivates individuals to pursue such a taxing physical and emotional activity. This study explored the dimensions of the Zaichkowsky Personal Involvement Inventory (PII) and the Laurent and Kapferer Consumer Involvement Profile (CIP) as predictors of ultramarathon runners' intention to participate, behavioral participation, and perceived skill level. Multiple regressions indicated that the cognitive and affective facets of the PII scale were significant in predicting the behavior and that the cognitive facet of the PII scale was a unique significant predictor of the perceived skill. In addition, it was found that the CIP affective dimensions of "pleasure" and "sign value" were unique significant predictors of the intention to participate.Key words: Ultrarunning, endurance sport, involvement theoryIntroductionThe recreational activity of running has experienced remarkable growth. Running and jogging experienced a 6.7% increase from 2008 to 2009, with 43.89 million athletes participating in the sport ("Outdoor recreation participation report," 2010). Ultramarathon running, the sport of foot racing in events surpassing the traditional 26.2 mile marathon distance, has attracted a highly motivated segment of the running authence. The sport has more than tripled in entrant size over the past 12 years. In 2010, 26,842 individuals competed in ultradistance events, amassing a total of 46,280 finishes (Medinger, 2011).Most ultramarathoners perform continuously for more than four hours, while some maintain pace for more than 24 hours and beyond when 100 mile or multi-day races are entered. Muscular degeneration occurs over these extended race distances, while mental and physiological exhaustion comes into play. Competitors must monitor fluid intake, electrolyte levels and food consumption, while also monitoring emotional and cognitive decision-making abilities. The ultramarathon experience has been defined as a hypothetical mystical state of consciousness, and is referred to as an "Absolute Unitary Being" by Hones (2004, p. 40). However, ultramarathon running is not limited to the elite. The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer 3-Day encompasses three 20-mile segments over an extended weekend. In 2012, the event encompassed 14 major U.S. cities. Participants raised awareness for breast cancer programs and generated millions of dollars to fund breast cancer research and community health programs ("20123-Day Schedule," 2012).Though literature provides a definition of ultramarathon running, there is a limited understanding about what motivates individuals to pursue such taxing physical and emotional activities. Few studies have investigated the psychological schemas of competitors who ran 100 miles and beyond.The construct of involvement is frequently used to explore the psychometric profiles of participants in different sports. Sport involvement is defined by Dimanche, Havitz, and Howard (1991) as follows:psychological state of motivation, arousal, or interest between an individual and recreational activities, tourist destinations, or related equipment in one point in time, characterized by the perceptions of the following elements: importance, pleasure value, sign value, risk probability, and risk consequences (p. 237-238).Involvement has been a popular measure within leisure study. Gender study of the involvement among leisure participants indicated that women had higher activity-attraction involvement than men (Wiley, Shaw, & Havitz, 2000). Mclntyre (1989) incorporated the measurement of the involvement within a beach camping setting while Aj zen and Driver (1992) constructed a multi-item involvement profile as a predictor of behavioral intent among leisure sport participants. …


Abstract : As the US Army's only significant ground combat force deployed in Korea, the Second Infantry Division merits special attention. The Division is positioned north of Seoul astride the main invasion route from North Korea into South Korea and there is no corps-level US Army headquarters currently deployed in Korea. Accordingly, the Division may be committed to battle early in a future Korean war and this commitment may be under the operational control of a Republic of Korea Army Corps. This paper proposes that the Second Infantry Division is a strategic asset of the Combined Forces Command in Korea and that its commitment to battle with a Korean corps is a political--not a military-- decision with profound implications for the United States. It further proposes that once committed to battle, the Division's success in combat is critical to the US-ROK alliance and that Combined Forces Command should resource the Division to enhance its probability of success. The paper examines the Northeast Asia security environment, the US-ROK security relationship and the Second Infantry Division's contribution to that relationship, analyzes coalition warfare and combined operations from a historic and doctrinal perspective, identifies leadership, capabilities and doctrinal differences between the US and ROK armies and concludes with tactical recommendations for Combined Forces Command to apply to the Second Infantry Division in a US-ROK combined operation.


The vapour generation of cadmium by the reaction with sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4) was performed using a continuous flow reactor. The effects of thiourea and coba1t(II) ions on the sensitivity of the determination were tested. Depressive effect of chelating compounds (EDTA) on the Cd signal was investigated. The method was applied to the determination of Cd in soil extracts and the results were compared with the results of ETAAS and FAAS. The detection limit (3σ) was 0.03 ng cm-3 and the precision for 2 ng cm-3 was up to 10 %. A certified reference material CRM 483 (BCR) was extracted and analyzed for cadmium content, the results were in good agreement with certified values.


A designing method of a casing structure with a support plate is characterized by comprising the steps that an outer casing body, an inner casing body and the support plate are machined respectively and are assembled together finally; the support plate with upper and lower edge plates and front and back installation edges is machined; the inner casing body with an embedded groove is machined; the outer casing body with an embedded groove is machined, and the support plate, the inner casing body and the outer casing body are assembled in assembly sequence after being machined; the support plate is embedded into the inner casing body from back to front, then the outer casing body is embedded on the outer edge plate of the support plate front back to front, and the support plate and the outer casing body are connected together through bolts; a bolt fixing hole is machined in the upper edge plate of the support plate and the outer casing body in a combined mode, the outer casing body and the upper edge plate of the support plate are fixed together through the bolt, and finally related through holes are machined in a combined mode. The designing method has the advantages that the casing is divided into multiple parts to be machined independently by means of the structure, machining is convenient, the machining quality is also ensured, and the machining cost is also reduced.


Though briefly touched upon in Chapter 1, this chapter explores more fully the organizational structure of orchestras in the United States, including characteristics and functions particular to the not-for-profit orchestra. Organizational charts are discussed and explained, along with sample orchestra organizational charts, including examples of small, medium, large, co-operative, and chamber orchestras. The various roles of administrative staff are explored, including staff positions that are sometimes held by musicians in the orchestra. The chapter then shifts its focus to the hiring, management, and support of the musicians, including the organization's relationship with unions (both artistic and non-artistic) and collective bargaining.


A simple coin-tossing game leads to the study of real sequences, x and y, with the remarkable property that the products of their differences are majorized by the differences of their product. Such sequences are said to form a double-dipping pair . The following conjecture arises when the game is governed by sampling balls from urns: if A, a, B, b are non-negative integers with A ≥ a and B ≥ b , then x and y form a double-dipping pair, where x k = ( A − K a ) , y k = ( B − K b ) , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , … . The conjecture is proved here under the additional restriction - b ≤ A − B ≤ a . The proof is based, in part, upon the observation that the polynomials, x → ∑ k ( a k ) ( b n − k ) ( 1 − x ) k , n ≤ a + b , have reciprocals, all of whose Taylor coefficients (about x = 0) are non-negative.


Abstract When a new disease emerges, there are at first no specific medicinal products to treat it. This has also been the case in the Covid-19 pandemic. Scientists and health professionals have been trying to establish the best treatments possible using the already-existing medicines that are normally used for different indications. The off-label use of medicinal products is a standard part of medical practice. If it meets certain criteria, it is not contradictory to the standard of care. Nevertheless, the urgency of the pandemic situation brings about new issues. What amount of data on efficacy and safety should be considered sufficient to scientifically justify the off-label use of a particular medicine? How should health professionals reflect the rapid scientific developments and high levels of uncertainty in their clinical practice? How can be these factors influenced by the politicisation of medicine? The paper deals with the outlined questions in order to analyse and concretise the criteria for off-label use of medicinal product in the specific context of the Covid-19 pandemic.


The Practical Lexical Function model (PLF) is a recently proposed compositional distributional semantic model which provides an elegant account of composition, striking a balance between expressiveness and robustness and performing at the state-of-the-art. In this paper, we identify an inconsistency in PLF between the objective function at training and the prediction at testing which leads to an overcounting of the predicate's contribution to the meaning of the phrase. We investigate two possible solutions of which one (the exclusion of simple lexical vector at test time) improves performance significantly on two out of the three composition datasets.


Unicentric Castleman disease is rare disorder that is characterized by a single tumour, often located in the mediastinum or mesentery. We describe the case of a 29-year-old woman who presented with anemia in whom we found a localized hyaline-vascular subtype tumour, which we resected.


This study aims to examine the impact of cross-border e-commerce on rural income in China. Economic reforms in China since 1978 have led to the emancipation of approximately 700 million individuals from poverty. Recent rural economic growth in China has been significantly influenced by the widespread adoption of e-commerce, which is being hailed as a potent tool for reducing poverty in rural regions. Through enhanced access to government services, banking facilities, healthcare, and other vital amenities, as well as the provision of global market opportunities for goods and services, e-commerce exhibits the potential to have a profound impact on poverty alleviation. The study leverages data from village-level surveys conducted in rural areas. The analysis is conducted using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) model. The findings indicate that cross-border e-commerce plays a pivotal role in boosting rural income levels, enabling local communities to participate in international trade, and expanding their market presence. The conclusions underscore the significance of e-commerce as a driving force in poverty alleviation initiatives in rural China.


Acid mine drainage (AMD) lake of Xiang Mountain in Anhui Province, China, was characterized by acidic waters (pH around 2.8) containing high concentrations of soluble metals and sulfate. To investigate the function and dynamics of this extreme ecosystem, four water samples were collected from the lake in the fall of 2010. The acidophilic community structure was analyzed by molecular approaches, and bacterial and archaeal clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes were constructed. In contrast to dominance of chemolithotrophic acidophiles in typical AMD environments, autotrophic iron/sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were detected in only one sample with low abundance. Unexpectedly, the Cyanobacteria group was the predominant in all four samples (54.9%−77%). Chemoheterotrophs Acidiphilium and Acidisphaera were also abundant. These two heterotrophic groups contain bacteriochlorophyll that can perform photosynthesis, an advantage to grow and survive in such oligotrophic acidic environments. Only two clone sequences related to Legionella (2.8% of the total clones) were recovered from one sample in sharp contrast to its higher abundance (12.7%) in the summer of 2009. All archaeal sequences were affiliated to the phylum Crenarchaeota. The results of statistical analysis suggested that the water chemistry of the AMD lake controlled microbial composition of the AMD ecosystem.


The call for 'sustainable degrowth' has recently turned into a focal point of critical social and ecological debate, as well as a framework for diverse strands of activism. So far, little is known about the motives, attitudes and practices of grassroots activists within the degrowth spectrum. This article presents results of a survey conducted at the 2014 International Degrowth Conference, revealing both the presence of a widely shared basic consensus among respondents and their broad division into five distinguishable sub-currents. A cluster analysis shows that degrowth provides a framework for a diversity of critical and transformational approaches. We identify and describe five such currents: eco-radical sufficiency-oriented critics of civilisation; moderate immanent reformers; a transitory group of voluntarist-pacifist idealists; the modernist rationalist Left; and the alternative practical Left.


This paper analyzes the mode and the features of KC Wong's donation to education and discusses the reasons and motives for the donation in order to gain an insight into his spiritual ambit.The paper holds that his donation is characterized of benefit to the society and contribution to the country in terms of donation path,human-orientation in terms of donation ideology and practice ideology typical of Ningbo Bang known for being astute and practical in terms of donation operation.


The research-production trials have been conducted to study the impact of organic mineral supplement Bioplex-iron on the performance and hematological qualities of suckled sows. It is found that substitution of iron sulfate in the premix composition for Bioplex-iron stimulated prolificacy in suckled sows, their milking capacity, increase of the total pig litter weight and piglets longevity.


In this volume of j^othnagel's great series of monographs, it lias been necessary to insert an original article on diphtheria in the place of that written by Baginsky in the German edition, that writer having made arrangements for a separate translation of his work. The difficult task of filling his place has fallen on Dr. W. P. Northrup, who also edits the other articles in the volume, and it may be said at once that the work has been exceedingly well done. The article is very straightforward, reads well, and is remarkably free from padding. The bacteriology is most capably treated and well illustrated, and all the most important recent work on the subject is mentioned. In the clinical description of the course of the disease, Dr. Northrup's classification of the various types appears somewhat artificial. It would, indeed, appear almost impossible to reduce the varying clinical forms of diphtheria, complicated


In this article, we address the scheduling problem in wireless ad hoc networks by exploiting the computational advantage that comes when scheduling problems can be represented by claw-free conflict graphs where we consider a wireless broadcast medium. It is possible to formulate a scheduling problem of broadcast transmissions as finding the maximum weighted independent set (MWIS) in the conflict graph of the network. Finding the MWIS of a general graph is NP-hard leading to an NP-hard complexity of scheduling. In a claw-free conflict graph, MWIS may be found in polynomial time leading to a throughput-optimal scheduling. We show that the conflict graphs of certain wireless ad hoc networks are claw-free. In order to obtain claw-free conflict graphs in general networks, we suggest introducing additional conflicts (edges) with the aim of keeping the decrease in MWIS size minimal. To this end, we introduce an iterative optimization problem to decide where to introduce edges and investigate its efficient implementation. We conclude that the claw breaking method by adding extra edges can perform very close to optimal scenario and better than the polynomial time maximal independent set scheduling benchmark under the necessary assumptions.


It is an urgent task for medical institutes and medical staff to prevent medical disputes. The main reasons for medical disputes were medical cause and non medical cause. Medical cause was mainly because of the poor quality of medical staff: poor morality, poor skills and lack of a law mind; Non medical cause was mainly because of lack of medical knowledge, poor understanding of medical policies and ill intentions of the patients side. The preventing measures were put forward: to upgrade the morality of medical staff, to improve the professional skills of medical staff, to intensify the legal consciousness of medical staff, to improve the service ideology of medical units, to properly handle the relation between the patients and doctors and to coordinate the social relations.


To study the infection states of the HBV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cel ls and liver tissue of patients with hepatitis B,the damage of the liver tissue is detected by pathology.The result showed that HBV DNA positive rate in the liv er tissue was identical tendency with the infection rate of HBV DNA in PBMC.The HBV DNA positive rate in PBMC was going higher along with the damage of the live r tissue.


Increasing diversity among community college students and the rising demand for a culturally competent workforce necessitate community college faculty across all disciplines to adjust their pedagogical choices to effectively serve diverse students while preparing all students for the new global era. The purpose of this narrative study was to explore what culturally competent pedagogies effective community college instructors use and reasons behind their choices. The study was conducted at a large community college in the Pacific Northwest. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with ten instructors teaching in different disciplines. In addition, the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) was used to measure participants' intercultural competency. The findings revealed that the participants were cognizant of the growing diversity in their classes and made a number of pedagogical choices to accommodate their students' needs. The findings also revealed that the participants' teaching in the Humanities and the Adult Basic Skills departments had more latitude in engaging diversity and choosing materials to fit the needs of their students compared to science and vocational field instructors.


The production of free radicals has a role in the regulation of biological function, cellular damage, and the pathogenesis of central nervous system conditions. Epilepsy is a highly prevalent serious brain disorder, and oxidative stress is regarded as a possible mechanism involved in epileptogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of some antioxidants in epileptic patients and also verify if there any variation in their concentrations and activities after treatment. A total of 25 patients (15 M:10 F) with primary generalized epilepsy and 25(16M:9F) normal controls all aged 18-48yrs were recruited for the study .Ten patients (6M:4F) who were on Phenobarbital treatment for a minimum of one year with no seizure for ≥6 months were considered for the post- treatment studies. Total antioxidant status (TAS), erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH) were measured using standard methods. Plasma TAS concentration for epileptic subjects before treatment was significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared to the controls. However, erythrocyte MDA concentration for epileptic subjects was significantly increased (p<0.01) compared to the controls. The erythrocyte GSH-Px activity for epileptic subject was significantly decreased (p<0.01) compared to the controls. Similarly, the activities of SOD and CAT for epileptic subjects were significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared to the controls. Erythrocyte GSH concentration for epileptic subject was significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared to the controls. A signifcant inverse correlation was obtained between MDA and measured antioxidants among the epileptic subjects before treatment. This study revealed that epileptic subjects are in state of oxidative stress, suggesting that free radicals may be implicated in epilepsy. Antioxidant status in blood of epileptic subjects shows improvement after treatment.


Mixed transmission of SDH /ATM / IP is a sort of advisable transmission mode of metropolitan area optical network.It is not only compatible with TDM applied widely for the moment,but also meets the growing demand of a large number of data service.Besides,it adopts the most matured networking and protecting technology of SDH and absorbs the protecting attribution of ATM and IP,so it is more convenient for control.


Nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy is associated with challenges for both patients and physicians. Early recognition is crucial, and when appropriate, renal biopsy should be considered to differentiate preeclampsia from other causes of glomerulopathies. Pregnancy in a woman with nephrotic syndrome is high risk, and more data are needed to highlight pregnancy outcomes.


Over the last two decades there has been global debate about the future of healthcare systems and uncertainty in regard to how health reform should be undertaken. In many countries healthcare refor...


This disclosure describes a device and method for encoding the coefficients associated with the block of video data. Further comprising: in one example, the method based on a transform block size used to convert the intra-coding mode, and a block of video data used to predict the block of video data, selecting a scanning order of the coefficients, and to forward the selected scan sequence may include generating a syntax element for the block of video data.


We study context-free grammars whose generated language is bounded (that is, subset of some expression w ̊ 1 . . . w ̊ d called bounded expression). We investigate the underlying generating process of such language and show that there exists a bounded expression u1 . . . um over the production rules, such that the language is generated only by sequences of production rules conforming to the bounded expression. We give an algorithm to compute such a bounded expression, and an optimal upper bound on its running time. 1998 ACM Subject Classification F.4.2 Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems


This research aims to ; Analyzing the gain of high conceptual knowledge and critical thinking ability of students by using problem based learning model and conventional learning, Analyzes whether the gain of high conceptual knowledge and critical thinking ability of students that are taught by model learning problem based learning is better than students who are taught by conventional learning. This research is a quasi experiment research with two class pretest-posttest design. The research population is all students of class X MAN 3 Medan semester II academic year 2016/2017. The population for this research are 11 classes. The sample in this research was taken by two random classes consist of 80 students. Class X MIA-3 as an experiment class taught by problem based learning model assisted visual media consist of 40 students, Class X MIA-4 as a control class taught by conventional learning consist of 40 students. The instrument of this research used essay test for high conceptual knowledge and critical thinking ability that has been validated. The resulting data were analyzed using statistic t test. The results showed that: The gain average in the high conceptual knowledge of students taught by the problem based learning model assisted visual media is in high category and using conventional learning is in medium category. The gain average of critical thinking ability students using model problem based learning model assisted visual media is in the high category and using conventional learning is in medium category. The gain average of high conceptual knowledge of students taught by problem based learning model assisted visual media is better than taught by conventional learning. The gain average of critical thinking ability of students taught by problem based learning model assisted visual media is better than taught by conventional learning.


The microbial lipopeptides , which is an important kind of biosurfactants , possesses powerful surface activities and peculiar biological properties. The primary structure of the lipopeptides is mainly composed of a hydrophilic peptide moiety and a hydrophobic alkyl chain. Because of its chemical composition and amphiphilic behavior , the lipopeptides can be exploited in many fields such as pharmaceutics , food and cosmetic industries , environmental remediation and oil recovery. The surfactin , primarily renowned for its exceptional surface activities as well as biological properties , is one of the most active microbial lipopeptides. Surface2active and biological properties mainly occur at interfaces and are governed by the conformational state of molecules at hydrophobicP hydrophilic interfaces. This paper reviews the recent progress in molecular behavior of microbial lipopeptides represented by surfactin at the airP water interface.


The necessary conditions for the nonconservative solution of the mixed H2/H∞ optimization problem have been presented. It was found that, for a controller of the same order as the plant, these conditions require a neutrally stablizing solution to a Riccati equation and a solution to a Lyapunov equation which has no unique solution. This paper develops a method for solving a suboptimal problem that converges to the true mixed solution while requiring only stabilizing solutions to Riccati equations and unique solutions to Lyapunov equations. Two numerical examples are presented. The numerical solution technique is based on the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell algorithm.


Russian Abstract: В статье раскрывается значение ценностей и целей в жизни общества и личности, рассматриваются результаты интенции сознания на определенные цели и ценности.English Abstract: The author discloses the meaning of values and purposes in life of society and a person, the results of conscious intentions to the determined values and purposes.


Anti-drug policy simulation through mutually exclusive criminal and social policies has led to dramatic growth of drug-related crime in Russia to 1 billion crimes a year. It must be replaced by an effective policy based on criminological theory.


Prevention and early detection are fundamental tools in thecontrol of the oral cancer. Until recently screening and earlydetection of oral cancer has been dependent on a completevisual examination. Since simple examination is subject toobserver variability adjunctive screening aids have beenintroduced to aid in early detection of oral cancer. The presentpaper outlines a brief overview of techniques in improving theidentification of potentially malignant changes of the oralmucosa. We conclude that further research with clear objectivesis strongly required to optimize and validate these oral screeningprocedures.


Summary form only given. X-rays emitted from high-density plasmas created by femtosecond laser pulses in the sub-keV to MeV energy regions are of great interest as diagnostics particularly for ICF plasmas. The incoherent X-rays radiated have a high-brightness due to the small size and short lifetime of the high energy density plasma. These radiation sources with short pulse durations are expected to provide high temporal resolution for x-ray absorption and other applications such as x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy used to measure dynamic processes in laser excited materials. We describe our theoretical model which couples time-dependent hot electron production with a non-equilibrium aluminum collisional-radiative model. The numerical simulations provide the optimum parameters (laser intensity and target thickness) for maximizing the efficiency of converting 40-fs of incident energy from HERCULES laser into Kα and K-shell-line aluminum emission. Predictions as a diagnostic tool relevant to future experiments will be presented.


The day center (DC) of the mental health service (MHS) of Local Health Unit 16 of the Region of Liguria was opened in March 1989, in compliance with the regional law 39/1988. Staffing the organization was rather difficult. In the two years preceding the opening of the center, an interest group was formed whose members began to meet independently or, in the last six months, with the support of a supervisor psychoanalyst. Not all the members of the initial group ultimately came to work at the center; some preferred to withdraw before its opening, and others joined later. At present the team is composed of a psychiatrist, who acts as coordinator; two psychologists; a head nurse and four regular nurses; and an educator. The psychiatrist, the psychologists, the educator, and three of the nurses work part time at the center on a quantitatively varying work schedule, the rest of their time being spent at the mental health center, where they monitor patients individually and participate in the work groups. In addition, there are psychologist trainees, on a rotating schedule, who are valuable for the liveliness and freshness of their contributions. The choice of working part time or full time at the day center was much discussed. Full time better guaranteed continuity and control of the situation, which caused some anxiety, especially at the beginning. Part time relieved the burden of being too much in contact with the seriously ill patients, who suffered profound anxieties. In our two years of work, we have noted both centrifugal and centripetal tendencies in response to these opposing needs.


A new sensor is based on array of FBGs with reflectivity of 0.005%. The response time is within 3 minutes, the leak position is determined automatically with an accuracy of ± 2 meters at distance up to 10 km.


Bar code technology is a high technology.This thesis discusses the features and the production technologies of bar codes and the way to recognize them.It also gives a detailed exposition of the bar code technologies as used in libraries such as in checking on work attendance and in circulation service.


A multiple variable model is developed for a multiple-effect low temperature desalination system. Multiple-effect water desalination has been used in industry for decades due to its high efficiency and high quality of fresh water production. Here, its dynamical process is modeled based on the mass and heat conservation laws and then expressed in terms of a state space equation, enabling people to carry out analysis and design controllers.


Correlations are presented for subchannel and bundle friction factors and flowsplit parameters for laminar, transition and turbulent longitudinal flows in wire wrap spaced hexagonal arrays. These results are obtained from pressure drop models of flow in individual subchannels. For turbulent flow, an existing pressure drop model for flow in edge subchannels is extended, and the resulting edge subchannel friction factor is identified. Using the expressions for flowsplit parameters and the equal pressured drop assumption, the interior subchannel and bundle friction factors are obtained. For laminar flow, models are developed for pressure drops of individual subchannels. From these models, expressions for the subchannel friction factors are identified and expressions for the flowsplit parameters are derived.


At present the seniors as a unique group in our society bear tremendous mental pressure-the school and their parents pay more attention to their grade and overlook their body and mind health. As a result , the number of those with mental desease is increasing. It influences the improvement of mind and body and realization of the quanlity education.It is searched for the necessity of mental health education through a survey from two key senior middle schools.


Objective: Oropharyngeal carcinomas are associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol but also HPV infection. HPV-associated carcinomas have a more favorable prognosis in contrast to tobacco- and alcohol-induced carcinomas. Frequency and outcome of HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas (tonsils and base of tongue) in a cohort with high prevalence of smoking are reported. Method: A group of 114 patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (60 tonsil tumors, 54 base of tongue tumors) was controlled. Surgery, chemoradiation, or radiotherapy was performed according to the stage of disease. Complete follow-up was obtained in fall 2010. Histologic slides were retrieved and stained for p16 as HPV association indicator. Results: All 114 patients (81% smokers, 64% tumors stained positive for p16, tonsils 73%, base of tongue 54%). With a median follow-up of 28 months, 31 patients had disease progression and 39 patients died. Three-year PFS rates were 79% and 52% in patients with p16+ vs p16- tumors (P = .001 by log-rank test). In Cox regression analysis, only stage and p16 were independent prognostic factors. For PFS p16 had a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.44% (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.78). Conclusion: Even in a European population with high prevalence of tobacco smoking, p16 positivity remains a strong favorable and independent risk factor, as has previously been shown in US cohorts with far lower smoking prevalence.


According to an engineering sample, applying silo theory and frame stress and strain analysis, this paper discusses the possibility of rebuilding screen coke building while satisfying demand of process and structure safety. It also describes economic effect of rebuilding and convenience of construction.


Context . Rings have recently been discovered around the Centaur 10199 Chariklo.
 Aims . In this paper we present new photometric data, obtained at the 4.2 m SOAR Telescope, aiming to investigate Chariklo's absolute magnitude and rotational period, which is still unknown, and to look for potential cometary activity.
 Methods . The field background of the images was very crowded so several approaches were used for the extraction of Chariklo fluxes. The background sources were subtracted using difference image analysis and then aperture photometry was applied. A Fourier polynomial fit was used to determine the period.
 Results . We find a synodic rotation period of 7.004±0.036 h. The visual absolute magnitude derived from the SOAR data is H v = 7.03 ± 0.10. We model the rings' contribution to the flux, and find that the derived H v is consistent with the predicted ring system aspect angle. We also revised the Chariklo system albedo (4.2%) and effective radius (119 ± 5 km) from a re-analysis of Herschel and WISE thermal data obtained during 2010 with the correct Hv value. No coma is detected from the SOAR data, nor in previous VLT images acquired in 2007−2008, where the rings' aspect angle was close to zero. The upper limit to the dust production rate is 2.5 kg/s.


CSCW systems introduce new requirements for access control, which cannot be met by using existing models. In this paper, a new role based access control model, RBCSAC (role based collaborative systems access control), is introduced to meet these requirements. This model formally describes the relationship between the key elements of access control such as data, operation, privilege, role and user. It provides the method for recording access control information. The model grants and revokes access privileges of cooperative users by assigning them some roles and canceling their roles. Two role assignment rules are also provided and two operation legality checking rules. RBCSAC model is brought forward aiming at accommodating with the characteristics of collaborative systems such as multi user, interaction, collaboration, real time, dynamic. This model can meet the requirements for access control in CSCW systems adequately.


In the neutral chloride-containing environment the duplex stainless steels perform better. In this case the erosive aspect of the damage is the dominating one. A higher chemical stabili ty of the passive films (which can be ranked, e.g., through the traditional Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) of the duplex stainless steels with respect to traditional austenitic ones ensures a higher resistance. Figure 1 Anodic cyclic potentiodynamic scans for solution-annealed grade 2205 in 10 vol% HCl at room temperature, scan rate 2 mV s


Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and a leading cause of cancer-associated mortalities in the world. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves an important role in the process of metastasis and invasive ability in cancer cells, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) have been investigated for promoting EMT. However, in the present study, the role of the sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) in TGF-β1-induced EMT development was investigated. Firstly, bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the overexpression of SMS1 negatively regulated the TGFβ receptor I (TβRI) level of expression. Subsequently, the expression of SMS1 was decreased, whereas, SMS2 had no significant difference when MDA-MB-231 cells were treated by TGF-β1 for 72 h. Furthermore, the present study constructed an overexpression cells model of SMS1 and these cells were treated by TGF-β1. These results demonstrated that overexpression of SMS1 inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT and the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, increasing the expression of E-cadherin while decreasing the expression of vimentin. Furthermore, the present study further confirmed that SMS1 overexpression could decrease TβRI expression levels and blocked smad family member 2 phosphorylation. Overall, the present results suggested that SMS1 could inhibit EMT and the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells via TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.


The Communicating with Sound panel for CHI '85 will focus on ways of expanding the user interface by using sound as a significant means of output. As a user's communication from the computer has progressed from large (and often smeary) printout to a teletypewriter and, finally, to the multi-window workstation displays of today, the emphasis has remained primarily on visual output. Although many user terminals and workstations have the capability of generating sound, that capability is rarely used for more than audio cues (indicating status such as an error condition or task completion) and simple musical tunes. Research shows that sounds convey meaningful information to users. With examples of such research, the panel members will demonstrate a variety of uses of sound output, discuss issues raised by the work, and suggest further directions. The intent of the panel is to stimulate thinking about expanding the user interface and to discuss areas for future research.
In the statements that follow, each panelist will describe his or her own work, including the data and audio dimensions used, the value of the research, remaining issues to be addressed, and suggestions for future research and application. A list of references is included for those who wish further reading.


This paper is a study of the development, implementation and evaluation of the grouping of young children with adolescents in a self-contained primary-intermediate split class that took place in a compensatory school during the 1983-84 and 1984-85 academic years in the form of a Grade 2/8 class and a Grade 3/7 class. It was adopted as an alternative to the traditional solutions offered in response to the needs of the compensatory school. The class was also unique because of the classroom philosophy that synthesized cross age tutoring and vertical grouping, to be defined in Chapter I, and the Montessori method. It was a significant departure from the traditional rotary system common at the intermediate level. The entire programme was integrated using the "language across the curriculum" philosophy recommended by Ontario's Ministry of Education. This philosophy suggests that language should transcend the domain of the English teacher and be dealt with effectively in every subject area. It also implemented the whole language approach, to be defined in Chapter I, through the study of theme units that was reinforced by extensive field studies and student-produced plays. The study also examines the change process as it relates to problems encountered when developing and implementing such an innovation. The final chapter offers recommendations for compensatory schools, suggestions for the adoption of alternatives in education such as the Grade 2/8 class, and assistance to those teachers who would serve as innovators in the educational system.


The paper presents the essence of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Special attention was paid also to the role and place of stakeholders in the CSR, among whom suppliers are the most important. Relationship with them and the problems resulting from untimely payment of liabilities are described. In the study the results of research published in two Reports: BIG InfoMonitor SA and the Portfolio of Polish Companies Receivables were used. It was also pointed to the need to deepen research the creation of good practices in the area of relations with suppliers and recipients. It was also pointed to the necessity of deepening research on the creation of good practices in the area of relations with suppliers and recipients.


Two high-definition television (HDTV) communication systems created for broadband communication networks are discussed. Nationwide HDTV transmission and distribution services and HDTV subscriber distribution services are examined. A network architecture for high-quality HDTV transmission is described. The transmission bit rates of HDTV services, which are the basic factors in constructing the network frame, are considered. Two HDTV coding algorithms, subband discrete cosine transform (DCT) and subband differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) are described, and their coding bit rates discussed. A synchronous-digital-hierarchy-based synchronous transfer mode network design suitable for the transmission of HDTV signals in broadband communication networks are described.<<ETX>>


Network security authentication technology most widely used is the Kerberos authentication mechanism,and X.509 certificate-based authentication mechanism.But neither of these mechanisms are not direct a single application in a grid environment,the design of a hierarchical domain authentication model,the grid environment is divided into three levels of trust domain.Mainly to solve the problem of how the X.509 certificate into a Kerberos ticket.Proposed a protocol key independent of the user password key generationmethod,and finally through experimental and theoretical analysis to validate theimproved Scheme security.


The urgency of mitigating the effects of climate change has now become a global agenda, influencing policy implementation in a variety of countries, including Indonesia. Carbon tax or carbon tax is one of the economic types of evidence to support the reduction of carbon emissions in Indonesia. A carbon tax is a policy that taxes carbon-generating activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Because the oil and gas industry are a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, it is the primary target of carbon tax policies. The purpose of this research is to assess the impact and macroeconomic effects of carbon tax policies on the Indonesian oil and gas industry. To assess the overall impact of a carbon tax, this study employs a qualitative approach combined with two research techniques. In the oil and gas industry. The findings show that carbon tax policies can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from Indonesia's oil and gas industry, but they also have a negative impact on the industry's profitability and investment. For optimal results, a mature strategy is required.


We present a brief history of TMX-U's electron cyclotron resonant heating (ECRH) progress. We emphasize the 2-year performance of the system, which is composed of four 200-kW pulsed gyrotrons operated at 28 GHz. This system uses WR42 waveguide inside the vacuum vessel, and includes barrier windows, twists, elbows, and antennas, as well as custom-formed waveguides. Outside the TMX-U vessel are directional couplers, detectors, elbows, and waveguide bends in WR42 rectangular waveguide. An arc detector, mode filter, eight-arm mode converter, and water load in the 2.5-in. circular waveguide are attached directly to the gyrotron. Other specific areas discussed include the operational performance of the TMX-U pulsed gyrotrons, windows and component arcing, alignment, mode generation, and extreme temperature variations. Solutions for a number of these problems are described.


The theory of two price markets of Cherny and Madan (2010) yields closed forms for bid and ask prices. Defining profits as the difference between the mid quote and the risk neutral expectation and capital as difference between the ask and the bid price one obtains precise expressions for these entities and thereby also returns. New expressions are developed for the bid and ask prices in terms of the sensitivity of the inverse distribution function to the quantile level. The latter turns out to be a measure of risk exposure at the quantile level. The theory is illustrated on unhedged exposures in the Black Merton Scholes model, followed by variance swaps and call options for variance gamma underliers. It is argued that markets should economize capital and furthermore the maximization of expected utility may involve an uneconomic use of capital. We further observe that stock positions should be revised downwards from zero delta in left skewed markets in response to the target gamma when minimizing capital committments.


8 CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular distraction is an effi cacious treatment modality for neonates with PRS, and should be considered the fi rst line intervention to avoid tracheostomy. Patient variables including birth weight, syndromic status, neurologic impairment and multi-level airway obstruction do not preclude the utilization of MD; however, predicting the future necessity of tracheostomy and the ability to decannulate following MD of these patients is less reliable.


The Tri-State Agricultural Distance Delivery Alliance (TADDA) is a new distance education consortium. The three land grant universities in the Pacific Northwest (the University of Idaho, Oregon State University, and Washington State University) developed TADDA in cooperation with Eastern Oregon University and four of the region's community colleges (College of Southern Idaho, Blue Mountain Community College, Treasure Valley Community College, and Walla Walla Community College). TADDA was established to develop and deliver a bachelor's degree program in general agriculture to distant learners located at community colleges and other learning centers in the region. This paper describes the TADDA consortium and identifies some of the principal challenges that face the alliance. The cultural differences among the three land grant institutions, the regional university, and community colleges tend to be the greatest barrier to inter-institutional collaboration. The challenges of creating a common curriculum, and seamless course development and delivery are also discussed. (Author/DLS) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** Traversing State Boundaries With Distance Education: The Tri-State Agricultural Distance Delivery Alliance U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) O This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy.


OBJECTIVE To study the effect of difference-dose and time of radiation on distortion product otoacoustic emission(DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response(ABR) in mice. METHODS Seventy fourweek-old mice were randomly divided into four groups, one control group and three experimental groups, and then each experimental group was randomly divided into two subgroups which DPOAE and ABR were measured on the third and seventh day after exposure to radiation. The radiation doses for the 3 experimental groups were 8, 12 and 16 Gy respectively. RESULTS There were no significantly difference in the DPOAE amplitudes at all frequencies after exposure to different doses of radiation on the 3rd day after radiation between each experimental group and control group(P 0.05). However the DPOAE amplitudes of each experimental group were significantly lower than those of control group on 7th day at 8, 10 and 12 kHz(P0.05), but no significant difference at 4 and 6 kHz. The DPOAE amplitudes decreased gradually with radiation dose increased(P 0.05). The response thresholds of ABR increased significantly on 3rd day after exposure to different doses of radiation in experimental groups(P0.05), however a recovery to normal occurred on 7th day after exposure. The wave I and II latencies of ABR in each experimental group were significantly longer than those in control group on 3rd day after exposure(P0.05), however a recovery to normal occurred on 7th day after exposure. CONCLUSIONThe impairment of radiation with a different single dose on hearing function in mice may occur on 7th day after radiation, especially in high frequencies. The hearing impairment in the retrocochlear auditory pathway may be temporary.


Background and purpose:  Excessive inflammation and apoptosis are pathological features of endotoxaemic acute renal failure. Activation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) is involved in inflammation and apoptosis. We investigated the effects of inhibiting GSK‐3 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute renal failure, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), inflammation and apoptosis.


Architectural live project education (including Design Build projects, Extension Projects and Service Learning) is evolving rapidly. Emerging research describes, defines and analyses contemporary activity. Much is based on case studies that rely on the quality of the author's critique or is not located within a wider theoretical, historical or cultural context. The aim of this paper is to develop an objective method to analyse live projects that includes the peripheral and promotes diversity and evolution. The paper analyses 154 contemporary live project case studies located in twenty-eight different countries that have been drawn from the online Live Projects Network between April 2012 and January 2016. This paper explores three connected questions: What differentiates and connects contemporary international live projects? What live project models and strategies have emerged to date? What influence are live projects having on architectural education, research and practice? Ordering live projects by singular categories such as outcome or motive fails to acknowledge their complexity or to reveal new models and strategies. Quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrate that human and physical resources and contexts have the greatest influence on diversity of live project models and strategies. The expertise of the live project participants is capable of overcoming contextual resource limitations via design ingenuity. A Taxonomy has been developed to illustrate the relationship between these factors. This allows us to identify the ways in which live projects are influencing contemporary architectural education, research and practice.


Background: The present research has focused on the effect of radioactivity on drinking water from five sites in the region of Zahedan city. Materials and Methods: The measurement of water activity in wells, river and spring has been used as a screening method. The determination of gamma emitters was performed by use the application of gamma spectrometry. Results: The values of Radium concentration was between less than 2 mBq/l to 3±0.4 for water wells, 5±0.4 mBq/L for river, and less than 2 mBq/L for spring. Conclusion: All values of activity in the selected water samples were lower than the permissible limit for drinking water consumption. The water was safe for drinking, washing and agricultural use. Iran. J. Radiat. Res., 2007; 5 (2): 97-100


Background . Severe orthopedic complications of osteomyelitis occurred in 22%–71.2% of children with osteomyelitis in previous studies. At the same time 26.5% of children with complications of osteomyelitis, according to data of The Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, have multiple bone lesions. The challenges involved in the orthopedic treatment of musculoskeletal system disorders are diverse and complex. In some cases, inadequate attention is paid to the need to treat the facial bones of the skull, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and jaw bones. Aim . The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the need for a variety of options and to determine the best strategies for comprehensive medical rehabilitation, involving orthopedic and maxillofacial surgeons and other healthcare providers, for children with complications of osteomyelitis, who had destruction of the long tubular bones of the jaw. Materials and methods . Between 2011 and 2015 26 children (10 males and 16 females) aged 1.5–17 years with multiple localized lesions after osteomyelitis were treated in The Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedic. In addition to severe orthopedic disorders, there has been a loss of TMJ, which resulted in severe functional impairment and impaired development of the facial bones of the skull. Results . There was a individualized approach to the treatment of pediatric patients with complications of osteomyelitis. Early diagnosis and proper treatment prevented severe changes in the musculoskeletal system and maxillofacial area in pediatric patients. Conclusion . The modern concept of comprehensive medical rehabilitation of children with complications of osteomyelitis should include an interdisciplinary approach involving orthopedic and maxillofacial surgeons. Early diagnosis in children ensures the timely formation of individualized rehabilitation programs, designed to improve the anatomical and functional characteristics of the affected bones. Along with comprehensive orthopedic treatment, bone-reconstructive surgery of the facial bones of the skull should be focused on restoration of chewing function, external respiration, speech, and facial esthetics.


In order to realize the uninterruptible power supply in the master-slave independent micro-grid system, the micro-grid inverter needs to realize the mode switching of the grid-connection/grid-disconnection. How to reduce the transient oscillation during switching, so as to effectively achieve seamless mode switching is a key issue to be solved. In this paper, a typical master-slave control independent micro-grid is used as an example, the strategy of mode switching is improved in two aspects. On the one hand, the state-following algorithm is adopted to improve the switching strategy of the outer loop. On the other hand, the current inner loop is taken by the H∞ robust controller to improve the robustness of the controller. Compared with the traditional PI control mode switching, this paper illustrates the feasibility of the proposed strategy through the simulation and experiment verification. The improvement strategy in this paper can effectively reduce the voltage and current oscillation during mode switching.


Objective To investigate the curative effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride in combination with Chinese traditional patent medicine Xiaoyaosan in the treatment of postpartum depression. Methods seventy patients with postpartum depression were randomly divided into control group and observation group. The patients of control group were treated with paroxetine; the patients of observation group were treated with paroxetine combined with Xiaoyaosan. The efficacy and the adverse effect of the treatment were evaluated with Hamilton depression rating scale( HAMD) and adverse drug reactions scale( TESS) respectively. Results HAMD scores after treatment of observation group are better than control group; The total ef-ficiency of observation group was 94. 29%,much better than contro group,with statistical significance( P 0. 05). The adverse effect was less in observation group after treatment,with statistical significance( P 0. 05). Conclusions Xiaoyaosan combined with paroxetine in treatment of postpartum depression was efficient and less adverse effect,which should be widely used in the clinical practice.


The paper deals with analysis of turbine governor positioning system of hydroelectric power plant regarding nonlinear resonance jump. The term "resonance jump" is used in the case of a sudden jump of amplitude and/or frequency and/or phase of a periodic output signal of a nonlinear system. Resonance jump cannot occur if excitation is such that the response of the system is transient and cannot be defined by solving nonlinear differential equations. Resonance jumps can cause severe damage and the mechanical, hydraulic and electrical systems with the saturation should be analyzed with the respect to the possibility of occurrence of resonance jump. In the paper the analysis of the water turbine governor positioning system with the respect to the occurrence of resonance jump is described. Two methods of analyzing system with the respect to resonance jumps are described: the simulation method and the analytical method. When using the simulation method, the analysis of the variations of important parameters, including dead zone is performed and the simulation procedures are detailed. Then, the confirmation of the results of simulation is given by the analytical analysis method based on the describing function approach. At the end, the fuzzy regulator for avoidance of nonlinear resonance jump in turbine governor positioning system is involved.


Since publication, concerns have been raised about the level of contribution of the research reported in this article, compared to the authors previous publication: Kennedy C. Chinyowa, Willy Mwakapenda & Selloane Mokuku (2017) Crossing the River: Towards an emerging pedagogy for integrating arts and mathematics education, Mosenodi Journal 20:1, 48-56. When approached for an explanation, the authors agreed that significant further revisions are needed to clarify the novel aspects of the research reported, and therefore, they have agreed to retract the article. The authors apologise for this oversight and plan to resubmit a revised paper for consideration by the journal.


The potential of a bistable oscillator is taken as two quadratic wells separated by a quadratic barrier. The Brownian motion of a particle in such a field has been computer simulated for a variety of values of the barrier height and friction constant. The rate of passage over the barrier conforms well to Kramers' theory. A chain in which each of the bonds is a bistable oscillator was then studied as a model of conformational transitions in a polymer. One question investigated was to what degree do the transitions occur cooperatively. The bond transition rates are found to compare fairly well with a Kramers‐like theory, with no cooperativity. However, a direct examination of the correlation between transitions shows some enhancement of the transition rate of near neighbors immediately following the transition of a bond.


Using a combination of simple optical techniques, plain old white light, and image processing, two Lawrence Livermore researchers and a colleague from the City College of New York (CCNY) have developed a technique for imaging tissue structures--tendons, veins, tumors--deep beneath the skin. The ultimate goal of this research is to dramatically improve the ability to perform minimally invasive cancer detection. ''With a technique called spectral polarization difference imaging [SPDI], we use different wavelengths of light to reach different depths. We also use the polarization properties of the light to help us select the light that penetrates into the tissue and is reflected back out of the tissue as opposed to the light that bounces off the tissue surface,'' says Livermore physicist Harry Radousky, acting Director of University Relations. ''We then image the tissue structures at the different depths, based on how these structures absorb, scatter, and depolarize light. This technique, combined with fiber optics, charge-coupled-device cameras, and image enhancement calculations, allows us to image up to 1.5 centimeters inside tissue, far deeper than the millimeter depths managed by other existing optical techniques.'' The basic research to develop this technique was funded by the Department of Energy through one of itsmore » centers of excellence in laser medicine--the DOE Center for Laser Imaging and Cancer Diagnostics directed by Robert Alfano, M.D., at CCNY. A branch of this center is hosted at the Laboratory within the Materials Research Institute. wavelengths in the visible spectrum are scattered and absorbed within the tissue. For even longer wavelengths--those in the near-infrared spectral region--scattering and absorption of the photons is even further reduced.'' The light that passes through the filter then passes through a polarizer. The light that finally hits the tissue sample is thus not only of a given wavelength but also of a selected polarization. As photons penetrate the tissue, they interact with various tissue structures that may have optical properties different from those of the host tissue. Finally, some of the injected photons emerge from the tissue in the backscattering direction. The intensity of the backscattered light depends on the optical characteristics of the tissue at the sample's surface as well as below its surface at a particular location. Light that reflects from the surface (known as a spectral reflection) is polarized and can be removed with a second polarizer set to reject this light. This phenomenon is similar to the way sunglasses work to remove the polarized glare from surfaces, such as the water surface in a swimming pool. The light that backscatters from somewhere below the surface of the tissue is depolarized and consequently can pass through this second polarizer. This remaining light passes through a 50-millimeter camera lens, which is coupled to a CCD detector that captures the image in an exposure of a few milliseconds.« less


This study explored help‐seeking behaviours, group identification, and perceived legitimacy of discrimination, and its potential relationship with perceived lung cancer stigma.


The present work has the objective of obtaining the Long-term Care Insurance's premium value which consists on the payment of a certain amount according to the insured's dependence degree; this insurance, already, exists in some countries like the USA, France and Germany. Dependent person is someone that has no autonomy and needs help to carry out daily activities. Thus, this insurance was adjusted to a continuous time Markov Chain, by a multiple state model with five states (healthy, weak dependence, moderate dependence, severe dependence and death). These states were obtained with the clustering application by the CLARA method (Clustering LARge Applications) to a database, provided by Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados. This database contains patient's evaluation variables, daily activities, locomotion and cognitive status. Subsequently, with Mathematica software, Chapman-Kolmogorov's differential equations were numerically solved, obtained from the calibration of transition intensities by the data provided. Finally, simulations of the costs associated with the patient's dependence were made and the insurance's premium was calculated.


FIELD: electrical equipment.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the electrical equipment, in particular to the supercapacitors. Supercapacitor consists of the sealed protective housing, electrically isolated from each other first and second electrodes. One or both of the electrodes are also insulated from the housing. Cell free volume and space between the electrodes are filled with electrolyte, which is the HSOor HNOacid solution, or NaOH or KOH alkali, or the KCl, NaCl, KNO, NaSOsalts solution. On the first electrode surface carbonaceous materials are deposited, containing radioisotopes with the one type beta decay or the radioisotopes mixture with beta decay C-14, H-3, Ni-63, Sr-90, Kr-85. Supercapacitor manufacturing method consists in the first and second electrodes preparation with the carbon-containing materials surface layer deposition, first and second electrodes in the sealed housing placement and their electrical insulation from each other, filling the electrolytes housing. Introducing the C-14 isotope onto the first electrode surface carbon-containing materials layer.EFFECT: invention allows to develop the electric charge accumulating device not requiring charging from the external electricity source.4 cl, 12 dwg


In this paper, a direct power control (DPC) using output regulation subspaces (ORS) for a three-phase two-level converter is presented. An optimal controller design and the use of optimized modulation techniques permit to improve the system performance minimizing the necessary grid-connection inductance. ORS plus proportional controllers are proposed for the generation of the reference vector to decrease active and reactive power errors and to achieve unity power factor. The generation of the reference vector is carried out thanks to simple pulse width modulation techniques. The computational cost of the proposed control is really low and all the calculations can be done online allowing its implementation in low cost microprocessors. Simulation and experimental results are shown in order to illustrate the good performance of the proposed control strategy


Lately, pyroelectric thin film detectors gain in significance in the field of presence detection. In the paper, different variants of Pb(ZrTi)O 3 based detector arrays with 8 to 256 pixels are introduced. The sensing elements are arranged on thin micromachined SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 membranes [1-4] as mechanical supporting structure with both low thermal mass and low heat conductivity into the substrate to achieve a high detectivity. For shaping these membrane structures, the most promising technology is micromachining, either from back or from surface of the silicon substrate. Self-polarized PZT thin films with a pyroelectric coefficient p up to 2.1 * 10 m 4 C/(m 2 K), dielectric loss tan i of less than 0.01 and a dielectric coefficient l r of about 250 are deposited in a multi-target sputtering process at comparatively low substrate temperatures of about 520°C. In the paper, presence detectors using thin film pyroelectric IR detector arrays as well as detector design, detector simulation, detector manufacturing and detector characteristics are discussed. In addition, pyroelectric material investigations and preparation of micromachined structures in combination with the back-end process of the pyroelectric active capacitor structure are presented.


The results of the design, implementation and evaluation of a semi-anechoic chamber to guarantee reliability in data acquisition for diagnosis of mechanical systems are presented. Noise analysis is one of the predictive maintenance techniques that detect faults based on the monitoring of characteristic parameters of proper functioning of a system. To do this, the characteristics of insulating and absorbent material were determined, and their arrangement inside the chamber. The evaluation was performed using the analysis of acoustic signals emitted by a source (internal combustion Diesel engine) under its normal and failure operation. These signals were acquired using a sound level meter and analyzed in the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform.


Fourteen land management units have been demarcated for different kinds of uses and management considenng soil texture, depth, clay, gravel and calcium carbonate content. The soil type heterogeneity was highest in southern zone followed by Krishna Godavari Delta zone while it was lowest in high altitude tribal zone. Eleven soil types have been found under paddy cultivation in the state. Three to five paddy growing soil types were found to occur in each agroclimatic zone and have shown to respond differently to a given level of management thus, requiring more than one fertilizer recommendation for each agro-climatic zone. The current practice of zonal recommendations result in lot of fertilizer misuse. Soil-based fertilizer recommendations, if adopted, require three levels of fertiliser management packages for the entire state instead of the currently practiced seven zonal recommendations. Additional keywords: Benchmark soil, !Jail type, managernent unit, paddy


In a knee joint endoprosthesis having a femoral part and a tibial part, the latter are mounted so as to be pivotable about a hinge pin of a hinge joint from a stretched position into an angled position. They have stems which include a bending angle between them in the angled position. In the stretched position they point in opposite directions. On its upper end facing the femoral part the tibial shaft opens into a tibial plateau and with its lower end facing the tibial part the femoral stem opens into a housing in the walls of which the hinge pin is mounted and on the lower end of which facing the tibial part a runner is fastened in each case. The tibial part and the femoral part are designed as parts of an endoprosthetic system. This comprises a specific femoral part which is mounted in each case so as to be rotationally movable about an axis of rotation at right angles to the tibial plateau relative to the associated rotary tibial part. Another femoral part of the system is mounted so as to be rotationally immobile in a mounting firmly connected to a hinge tibial part. The tibial parts, on the one hand, and the femoral parts, on the other hand, each have the same outer dimensions irrespective of whether the femoral parts are mounted so as to be rotationally movable or rotationally immobile relative to the respective tibial parts allocated to them. The tibial stem is fastened in a bending plane including the bending angle at right angles relative to a lower side of the tibial plateau facing it. On the lower side of the tibial plateau it is supported by three ribs of which two extend in the transverse direction and one extends in the bending plane in the direction of a rear part of the tibial plateau included by the bending angle. A sliding attachment which carries sliding surfaces on its two lateral parts which are located opposite each other relative to a mid-plane extending through the tibial stem in a manner plane-parallel to the bending plane is fastened on the tibial plateau, in each case one runner of the femoral part facing these sliding surfaces.


Total conversion of the pump energy into a subharmonic wave was achieved in parametric degenerate amplification in a KDP crystal of a hyper-Gaussian beam of an injected signal with a quasidiffraction divergence.


The dynamic voltage distribution ratio and operation synchronism of vacuum switch with multi-breaker is the key determinant of the success interruption. Based on the transient equivalent model of vacuum switch with triple-break, the article analyzed equivalent capacity and voltage distribution ratio in different gap. The continuous transition model of vacuum switch with multi-breaker which described the interruption process of the arc in vacuum was set up. The dynamic simulation of vacuum switch with triple-break was implemented in the Transient Analysis of Control Systems (TACS) within ATP to simulate the influence of the diverse voltage distribution ratio and operation synchronisms to breaking capacity. From the simulation, the maximum range of operation synchronisms and the permissible maximum deviation of grading capacitors with little effect to breaking capacity were obtained. The result provided the theory basis for choosing the control accuracy and velocity characteristics of operating mechanisms and the magnitude and economy of grading capacitors.


The integration of Ukraine into the European educational area requires for the new method of approaching to preparation of the lecturers in the institutes of higher education. The operational experience of the chair of pedagogy and psychology in the national pharmaceutical university for training masters in the profession of «Pedagogy of the higher school» is being examined in the clause. It is proved, that the quality of preparation depends on the presence of the system of work for training the frames for the higher school. The optimal combination of the kinds of educational and research work will stipulate the quality of training the lecturers.


All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. An optimization-based approach for solving a time-harmonic multiphysical wave problem with higher-order schemes Mönkölä, Sanna Mönkölä, S. (2013). An optimization-based approach for solving a time-harmonic multiphysical wave problem with higher-order schemes. Abstract This study considers developing numerical solution techniques for the computer simulations of time-harmonic fluid-structure interaction between acoustic and elastic waves. The focus is on the efficiency of an iterative solution method based on a con-trollability approach and spectral elements. We concentrate on the model, in which the acoustic waves in the fluid domain are modeled by using the velocity potential and the elastic waves in the structure domain are modeled by using displacement. Traditionally, the complex-valued time-harmonic equations are used for solving the time-harmonic problems. Instead of that, we focus on finding periodic solutions without solving the time-harmonic problems directly. The time-dependent equations can be simulated with respect to time until a time-harmonic solution is reached, but the approach suffers from poor convergence. To overcome this challenge, we follow the approach first suggested and developed for the acoustic wave equations by Bris-teau, Glowinski, and Périaux. Thus, we accelerate the convergence rate by employing a controllability method. The problem is formulated as a least-squares optimization problem, which is solved with the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm. Computation of the gradient of the functional is done directly for the discretized problem. A graph-based multigrid method is used for preconditioning the CG algorithm.


This paper proposes a multi-phase voltage regulator module (VRM) based on the buck topology employing the current amplification and absorption technique. Main advantages of the proposed topology are the fast transient response and capability to keep constant the output voltage in case of severe load changes. The design, simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed topology.


of the tumor to theadjacent phrenic nerve. The entire thymusandthe tumoris resected en bloc with thesurrounding mediastinal fat and lymphnodes. If the tumor is fixed in the pleuraand pericardium, segments of these struc-tures are removed in continuity with thesurgical specimen, as are portions of theinnominate vein, if necessary. The phrenicnerveis dissectedfreeof


We build a 3D face shape model, including inter- and intra-shape variations, derive the analytical Jacobian of its resulting 2D rendered image, and show example of its fitting performance with light, pose, id, expression and texture variations


ABSTRACT Heat stress is an environmental challenge that reduces plant productivity and growth. Plants have developed corresponding mechanisms to survive this adverse environmental stress. To demonstrate the mechanisms of how plants adapt to the environmental challenge, the heat response experiments involving Arabidopsis thaliana were retrieved from the GEO database. After quantile normalization of the GEO raw data, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to heat stress were identified by robust rank aggregation (RRA) algorithm, including 384 up-regulated and 302 down-regulated genes. Then, systematic bioinformatics analyses disclosed that the up-regulated DEGs were mainly related to protein refolding, abscisic acid catabolic process, potassium ion import, response to hydrogen peroxide, cytochrome complex assembly, and apoptotic process, and the down-regulated DEGs were involved in microsporocyte differentiation, syncytium formation, adventitious development, glutathione metabolism, and glycine metabolic process. The up-regulated DEGs also had more complicated PPI interactions than the down-regulated DEGs, and potential core genes of heat stress tolerance were provided. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of core genes Hsp70-2 (At5g02490), Hsp70-3 (At3g09440), and Hsp70-4 (At3g12580) has been measured to validate the outcome of integrated bioinformatics analysis. Our work will extend our understanding of heat-responsive mechanisms and these DEGs might be potential markers for plant heat stress-resistance studies.


Field production of organic fresh-market tomatoes in the U.S. Desert Southwest is desired by local producers and consumers. Tomato yield and fruit quality can be seriously impacted by heat stress (HS) and beet curly top virus (BCTV) infection of the main-season crop. We examined delayed planting of HS tolerant cultivars as a strategy for avoiding and mitigating these abiotic and biotic stressors. In 2016, seven putative HS tolerant cultivars, and one considered to be heat susceptible, were transplanted to the field in mid-summer to avoid peak populations of beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), the vector of BCTV. In 2017, seven HS tolerant cultivars, one heatsusceptible, and two hot-set hybrid cultivars were transplanted in mid-summer. Fruit set was above 75% for most entries, including the heat-susceptible checks. Open-pollinated (OP) and hybrid cultivars exhibited a range of yields from 21.3 to 148.6 Mg/ha and fruit quality ratings from poor to excellent. The OP check 'Super Sioux' displayed consistently good yield and quality across years. The correlation between fruit set and yield was low (R 2 = 0.29) and significant only at the 0.10 level (P<0.09). The incidence of curly top (incited by BCTV infection) was less than 10% in both years, indicating mid-summer planting aided disease avoidance. 'Flamenco', the earliest variety, and two later maturing varieties 'Florida 91' and 'Skyway 687', are recommended for further evaluation. Mid-summer planting of small and medium-fruited tomato cultivars appears to be a viable option for organic fresh-market tomato production for the fall market in the Southwest USA.


Donna E. Shalala, Health and Human Services secretary, received an honorary degree from The George Washington University in 1993. Dr. Shalala served as chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison from 1988-1993, president of Hunter College at the City University of New York for eight years, and as assistant secretary of policy development and research at the Department of Housing and Urban Development during the Carter administration. Dr. Shalala is a leading scholar on the political economy of state and local governments, and has held tenured professorships at Columbia, CUNY, and the University of Wisconsin.


To the Editor: Alemtuzumab may be an important therapeutic alternative in T-cell malignancies, as they involve high levels of expression of the CD52 cell-surface antigen (1). Furthermore, for many of these conditions, satisfactory standard treatments are still not available. At present, the results are promising for T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (2) and MF/SS (3), although some of these preliminary experiences are from refractory heavily pretreated patients (4) and caution should be taken when evaluating them. Here, we present details of a 32-yr-old woman diagnosed with primary cutaneous CD30-negative CD8-positive cytotoxic large T-cell lymphoma. She began 18 months before with the onset of several cutaneous lesions progressively affecting face, torso, arms, and legs. The immunohistochemistry of the skin biopsy identified a dermal involvement by an atypical lymphoid population of large cells expressing CD3, CD5, CD8, CD16, and CD52 surface markers, as well as the cytotoxic granules granzyme Band T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1). These neoplastic cells did not express CD30, CD4, CD56, CD57, and Epstein–Barr LMP-1. Furthermore, physical examination, computed tomography, and bone marrow biopsy detected no other abnormalities, and the only alteration noted in biochemical tests was the elevation of lactate dehydrogenase (617 U/L). Treatment with oral steroids followed by psoralen and long wave ultraviolet (PUVA) radiation provoked only a minimal transitory response in the patient. After frank progression affecting the whole body, four cycles of CHOP produced only a minor reduction of the lesions followed by a further progression 2 months later. Salvage regimens failed, first with gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (5) and later with deoxycoformycin. Thus, at this point we decided to administer alemtuzumab treatment (30 mg per intravenous infusion) three times a week during 12 wk. Alemtuzumab was well-tolerated despite a mild infusion-related reaction during the first and second infusions, and a mild transient neutropenia and thrombocytopenia from which the patient recovered after the treatment finished. The size of the lesions progressively diminished and, 3 months post-therapy, the patient finally achieved a complete response that has been maintained with a disease-free survival of 9 months. The only infectious complication was an herpes-zoster skin infection that was successfully resolved with oral acyclovir. Primary cutaneous CD30-negative CD8-positive cytotoxic large T-cell lymphomas represent a subgroup of T-cell lymphomas with a poor prognosis (6). Indeed, this case was refractory to four lines of treatment (anthracycline, platinum and nucleosideanalog-based regimens), with no response or progression observed few weeks following treatment. Interestingly, treatment with alemtuzumab produced a slow and progressive regression along to several months, finally achieving a complete response which has been maintained for 9 months. This is an isolated and preliminary experience but it does reinforce the proposition that alemtuzumab may merits testing alone or in combination with chemotherapy in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and probably in the whole group of T-cell lymphomas expressing CD52.


ed from a report prepared by Prof. C. Langway, Jr. The facility is the responsible unit for processing, cataloging, and redistributing ice cores that are drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, and other polar and sub-polar regions. Samples remaining after preprogrammed studies are satisfied are redistributed to approved recipients, in accordance with the research objectives of the National science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Polar Programs (DPP) and their Core Sample Distribution Policy. Under this arrangement a commercial freezer facility stores most of the cores (80 percent), with some storage capacity used and located at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Department of Geological sciences (20 percent). A curator handles and arranges for redistribution and shipment of the ice cores. The objective of maintaining the Central Ice Core Storage Facility is to centralize and to maintain an accurate inventory of the ice cores and other polar samples recovered in DPP's general ice core drilling operations in both the northern and southern hemispheres and to make the portion of these samples not originally preprogrammed available to NSFapproved recipients at worldwide locations for various investigations. The facility operates under contract with DPP. The contract identifies the work to be performed and the costs required which are as follows: • to provide technical advice (but not transport costs) to assist in the coordination of ice core shipments from the field to a U.S. port-of-entry; • to provide technical advice (but not transport costs) to assist in safely transporting the frozen cargo from the port-of-entry to the storage facilities; • to process, handle, catalog, and redistribute ice core samples on a national and international basis in accordance with the research objectives and policies of NSF/DPP; • to upgrade procedures, equipment, and materials used for handling and transport of ice core samples; • to arrange for and rent suitable commercial freezer space to store ice core samples; • to update, organize, and distribute an information sheet maintained for each ice core or parts thereof remaining; and • to maintain a graphical inventory of the ice cores that are available for redistribution under the general program. The listing below is of curator activities for the period November 1983 through July 1984. Ice core sample redistribution during this period is as follows: Date Institution Location Core Sample Study 11/30/83University of C.C. 1963-66 Cl,Be 3/05/84 Rochester Greenland (Elmore) 11/08/83Oregon Graduate C.C. 1961 CH4, N20 01/03/84 Center Greenland (Rasmussen) 11/08/83Oregon Graduate Byrd 1968 CH4, N20 01/03/84 Center Antarctica (Rasmussen) 11/22/83 SUNY, Albany C.C. 1963-66 Elemental 02/07/84 (Chylek) Greenland Carbon 09/05/83 Nat'l Bureau Dye 2, 1977 Composition (and in of Standards Greenland of particles progress) (Currie) in surface snow samples 12/26/83 University of C.C. 1963-66 Krypton 81 01/04/84 California Greenland dating (Craig) 12/26/83 University of Calif. Dye 3, 1981 " " 01/04/84 (Craig) Greenland 12/26/83 University of Calif. Byrd 1968 " " 01/04/84 (Craig) Antarctic 01/27/84 University of Bern Byrd 1968 C02 concen02/15/84 (Oeschgcr) Antarctic tration 01/04/84 University of Calgary Crete 1974 Acidity 03/21/84 (Giovinetto) Greenland 04/24/84 University of Bern Byrd 1968 CO2 Concen06/15/84 (Oeschger) Antarctic tration and 13C 04/24/84 University of Bern Dye 3, 1981 H2 concen(and in (Oeschger) Greenland tration progress) 04/25/84 University of Milcent 1973 XRF analysis (and in Chicago (Smith) Greenland of pollutants progress) 04/24/84 Oregon State C.C. 1963-66 Ir, Ni, concenUniversity Dye 3,1981 tration of (LaViolette) Greenland 17 gases Byrd 1968 Antarctica 06/04/84 New Mexico Institute Byrd 1968 Volcanic ash (and in of Mining and Tech. Antarctica progress) (Kyle) The current ice core archive contains 16 individual ice cores recovered from various geographical locations in Greenland and Antarctica. Detailed information is contained in the brochure "Ice Core Samples from Greenland and Antarctica," October, 1983. A total of nearly 10,000 meters of cylindrical aluminum foil reinforced containers encase the ice cores, which vary in diameter from 3 to 5-1/4 inches and which were recovered by various drilling methods. Various portions of all cores have been studied by a number of investigators; consequently no core is currently continuous over the original depth interval drilled. NSF/DPP has funded the Buffalo service facility under a peer-review contract arrangement sinec'1975/76. Funding has been adequate with full cost justification required and provided on an annual basis. Experience has showed that closer coordination and fuller understanding of the core storage facility's purpose and objectives might be better accomplished if management control were in the DPP science section. As an example, coordination of cold storage space, needs, projections, transport problems, redistribution, etc., would be better met if these requirements were discussed within the science section and integrated with anticipated ice core acquisition plans resulting from field drilling activities. Recommendations and approvals for ice core requests for scientific studies should be based on considerations established by scientists familiar with the total impact of the study. The studies should be approved based on scientific merit and judgment, especially if considerable resources are involved in sample preparation and analyses. In some cases, tens or hundreds of meters of ice samples that require weeks or months of sample preparation are requested and approved; in other cases single samples are requested and approved which require only a few minutes of preparation. Whether a large or small sample request is involved, considerable care and preparation is required for each sample shipment, These simple facts are often neither obvious nor necessarily reflected upon in the original sample requests. We are pleased to report that since the beginning, every frozen shipment that has been prepared or handled by this facility arrived safely at its destination. Since full science justification is required initially to obtain an ice core (a science plan) and a significant effort is subsequently involved to store, ship, and catalog the ice, an appropriate and rigorous scientific decision-making system should exist for the further use of core samples. The establishment of a committee that decides action on ice core sample requests might improve the overall situation. Finally, for the future Antarctic ice coring program, it would be prudent to consider ice core storage and limited laboratory science facilities for the proposed McMurdo laboratory. Appendix E Motivation for C02 Research Prepared by Dr. Stephen Schneider National Center for Atmospheric Research The United States currently has no capabilities to measure ice core C02 content. Analysis of the carbon dioxide content in ice cores has been successfully carried out at Bern and at Grenoble although there are problems of the interpretation of the results. The basic idea that the C02 content of trapped gases in ice cores reflect paleoatmospheric conditions is rather straightforward. However, the measuring techniques are difficult, and the interpretation of the measured data in terms of atmospheric C02 concentrations is complicated. From a scientific point of view, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air through time is of critical importance to the unraveling of cause and effect between suspected climatic forcing mechanisms and observed or proxy climatic. records. Thus, it was with considerable relish that climate theorists greeted the news that trapped C02 in ice cores had been analyzed by several groups (Berner and others, 1980; Delmas and others, 1980) Indeed, from Berner and others' (1980) first publication, climate modelers (Thompson and Schneider, 1981) plotted hypothetical temperature time series over the past 20,000 years based on assumed C02 forcing alone. But further analysis of their work by the Swiss scientists caused them to discount their preliminary, the very high mid-Holocene value. They attribute the initial result to drilling fluid contamination. This case points out the need for close and continuous interaction between those responsible for the scientific objectives of ice drilling and those responsible for the technical or engineering issues. In this case, the engineering imperatives may require drilling fluids, but the scientific objectives cannot tolerate certain kinds of contamination. To reconcile such potential conflicts, a scientific oversight body could be consulted to help the technical specialists meet their needs without unduly degrading the purpose of the venture in the first place, scientific inquiry. Perhaps such problems could be solved by advanced laboratory testing to determine which drilling fluids cause what kinds of contamination to the signals under study. From such testing, preferred fluids might be identifiable that would be adequate from both the perspective drillers and that of the scientists. Many such examples can be given--and many will arise--that argue for the need to have strong scientific goal-setting and ongoing oversight of the spectrum of ice coring activities. Because ice core C02 research already takes place at two European laboratories, the question of duplication of effort is relevant. In support of a U.S. CO laboratory it should be noted that duplication is not an issue because of the following: 1) The nature of interpretation (modeling of the results warrants multiple efforts by different groups). 2) The difficulties tied to the measuring techniques can be better evaluated if additional laboratories would play a role. 3) A total lack of U.S. expertise in ice core C02 research will be detrimental to the large scale U.S. efforts in understanding climatic change.