In this study, microemulsions containing etofenamate were prepared and evaluated as dermal delivery carriers. The developed microemulsions consist of oleic acid, Span 80, Tween 20, Cremophor EL, Transcutol and ethanol. The percentage of etofenamate loading in the microemulsions was 5% (w/w). The characterization of formulations included droplet size, zeta potential, pH, conductivity, PDI, refractive index and viscosity. Moreover, e x vivo penetration study was carried out using mice abdominal skin. The developed formulations were analyzed for their cytotoxicity via MTT assay and tested for their anti-inflammatory properties opposed to LPS-stimulated nitrite prοduction in RAW 264.7 cells. As ideal formulation, M2 ETF, was chosen due to its greater permeation, lower penetration as well as higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to other microemulsions.


ABSTRACT Community gardens vary in several ways: they are cultivated by different kinds of communities in various locations, entail individual or communal plots and the extent of active participation (e.g. gardening) differs. In this paper, we study seven community gardens with varying organisational designs and objectives, and investigate the extent to which these influence the enhancement of social cohesion. We also take into account to what extent differences in motivation among community gardeners matter. Despite these differences in motivation, however, we find that in all of the cases studied, people talk to and get to know others, and mutual help is widespread. We, therefore, conclude that community gardens contribute to the development of social cohesion – even if people are not particularly driven by social motivations. Moreover, while participants who are motivated by the social aspects of gardening naturally show a higher level of appreciation for them, these social aspects also bring added value for those participants who are motivated primarily by growing vegetables.


Characterisation of germplasm resources is vital for efficient management of breeding programs. Commonly used methods include biochemical, morpho-agronomic, molecular and to some extent cytological characterisation. With an effort to rescuscitate an ailing national sunflower breeding program after a series of major droughts, 16 female (A) lines and 10 male (R) lines were morphologically characterised. Ten morphological variables namely days to 50% flowering, head diameter, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, nodding, lodging, number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter and uniformity were used for characterisation. Data was collected and analysed using Genstat software. After an ANOVA, principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to examine distribution patterns in the germplasm. Significant differences were observed for the variables (p˂0.001). Hierarchical clustering on morphological data indicated an overall similarity index of 91%, that is, 9% dissimilarity was observed. For PCA, it can be observed that the cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines are more spatially distributed as compared to the R-lines. The genetic base of the collection was observed as narrow and would need more diversification otherwise inter-crosses will not produce much gain.

 Key words: Morphological variables, compositae family, principal components analysis, cluster analysis.


As David Crystal points out in The future starts here ", see http://www10.gencat.net/casa_llengues/binaris/parlament_David_Crystal_EN_tcm303-50901.pdf, three sociolinguistic revolutions occurred in the nineties and are evolving today at swift pace: i) globalization of English as a world language, ii) sociolinguistic "death" for roughly more than half of the world's languages in the next half of the century, and iii) the rise of Internet as a global medium. Two additional revolutions could be mentioned: iv) the rise and fall - and particularly, the collapse - of pluralistic language planning in former or new confederative zones, as in ex-Yugoslavia and Russia, but also Central and Western Europe; v) increasing immigration flows all over the world, entailing new challenges for multilingual integration in the "First World" countries, where xenophobia and racial polarisation are strengthened by a strong return of Jacobin and chauvinistic attitudes. In this presentation, the author tried to show trough a theory of integration and disintegration applied to multilingual contexts how populism and nationalism thrive on a distortion of facts: endangered languages actually suffer much more from national chauvinism than from the expansion of English as an international Lingua Franca, which may be considered as an asset for a more connective and tolerant world; Internet turns out to be a widely open medium to linguistic minorities, and plays an outstanding role in fostering diffusion and elaboration of languages such as Kaszub or Frisian and many endangered languages, though we should not rely only on virtual spaces for the support of sociolinguistic pluralism; while some minority languages as Welsh and Basque are experiencing a significant sociolinguistic revival through language planning, a whole set of languages previously protected by federative states are entering a process of assimilation in Eastern Europe. As far as immigration in Europe is concerned, integration is most often understood as mere assimilation, while integration is a complex process depending on the balance of four kinds of inclusive and exclusive trends in society (assimilation, pluralism, separation and segregation), determined by at least three independent factors (structural, as citizenship and linguistic identity; functional, as social mobility, job opportunities and bilingualism; attitudinal, as tolerance). Unfortunately, the populist mind bets more on assimilation and overt functional and attitudinal segregation than on pluralism and tolerance, heading towards a disintegrative approach to new demographic and socio-cultural patterns induced by globalization. With the weakening of national state and social welfare induced by economic globalization, national statesmen actually can afford a certain amount of national disintegration more easily than in the past fifty years, while populism thrives on division, polarisation and conflict, often encouraged by bewildered voters. We should expect a counter-cynical program from social sciences, in order to fight back the new rhetoric of semantic shifting (e.g. the wrongly construed equations integration = assimilation, or multiculturalism = disintegration, while most of the so called "multicultural policies" are actually undermined by covert separation and segregation). New conceptual tools are needed, such as a genuine Integration Theory, and new forms of axiology in order to unveil of the three major strategies of the populist mind: conceptual shifting, subjective polarisation and role inversion.


(16) is formed below the second interlayer insulating layer (15) on the upper electrode as an upper electrode wiring power supply (13) of the feed line film-type electron source array to prevent a short circuit. Further, by limiting the electron emitting portion by the second interlayer insulating layer (15), covering the defects on the boundary segregated electron acceleration layer (12) and the first interlayer insulating layer (14), inhibit the breakdown time.


Today over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is being created every single day where 753 crore people on this planet are creating 1.7mb of data each second. Most often than not, Researchers only scratch the surface when it comes to analyzing which algorithm will be best suited with their dataset and which one will give the highest efficiency. Sometimes, this analysis takes more computational time than the actual execution itself. Aim of this paper is to understand and solve this dilemma by applying different predictions models like Neural Networks, Regression and Decision Tree algorithms to different datasets where their performance was measured using ROC Index, Average Square Error and Misclassification Rate. A comparative analysis is done to show their best performance in different scopes and conditions. All data sets and results were compared and analyzed using SAS tool.


We propose the exact S-matrix for the planar limit of the = 6 super Chern-Simons theory recently proposed by Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis, and Maldacena for the AdS4/CFT3 correspondence. Assuming SU(2|2) symmetry, factorizability and certain crossing-unitarity relations, we find the S-matrix including the dressing phase. We use this S-matrix to formulate the asymptotic Bethe ansatz. Our result for the Bethe-Yang equations and corresponding Bethe ansatz equations confirms the all-loop Bethe ansatz equations recently conjectured by Gromov and Vieira.


We have real-time data everywhere and every day. Most of the data comes from IoT sensors, data from GPS positions, web transactions and social media updates. Real time data is typically generated in a continuous fashion. Such real-time data are called Data streams. Data streams are transient and there is very little time to process each item in the stream. It is a great challenge to do analytics on rapidly flowing high velocity data. Another issue is the percentage of incoming data that is considered for analytics. Higher the percentage greater would be the accuracy. Considering these two issues, the proposed work is intended to find a better solution by gaining insight on real-time streaming data with minimum response time and greater accuracy. This paper combines the two technology giants TensorFlow and Apache Kafka. is used to handle the real-time streaming data since TensorFlow supports analytics support with deep learning algorithms. The Training and Testing is done on Uber connected vehicle public data set RideAustin. The experimental result of RideAustin shows the predicted failure under each type of vehicle parameter. The comparative analysis showed 16% improvement over the traditional Machine Learning algorithm.


The article gives an assessment of the hydrological regime on the River Tesha sector . The assessment was obtained during the pre-project study of the object and allows making project decisions on clearing the riverbed. The River Tesha Basin has been well studied in the past. However, there was no data based on long-term observation of the river's hydrological regime parameters in the area under consideration; hence, the authors performed calculations for data recovery by interpolation between existing hydrological posts, as well as for obtaining their representative series and determining their hydrological characteristics. Correlation between changes in flow rates and water levels in the river was found, as well as between the riverbed morphological parameters (depth, width, cross-section area) and its hydraulic characteristics (flow rate, flow rates). The completed assessment of the hydrological regime makes it possible to forecast river flooding at high water levels as well as flooding of the surrounding area, and to make project decisions thereafter, including the identification of flooding areas, the dump sites choice, these sites functioning period f that depends on when and for how long they will be flooded during the year.


Clouds are primarily condensed water vapour that produce very small ice crystals held in the atmosphere as a light reflecting mass. As cumulative contingencies, their most arresting attribute is the power to take form whenever, wherever and from thin air. Produced as a unique object at Factum Arte digital mediation studio in Madrid, the backlit alabaster Cumulus Calcite reveals veins of minerals running throughout the stone that astoundingly correspond with a cloud's aerial fluxes. The original digital image was carved into the translucent slab with CNC milling technology driven by software that renders tonal information into relief surfaces. Despite being 'carved in stone' the luminous shape undergoes substantial changes. As soon as the viewer steps aside, the cumulus implodes into a rugged formation of canyons and cliffs. What was once nebulous floating mist is transformed into a variegated topographical terrain. Caught up in the intermittent perception of sky and earth, reflective light (albedo) or transmitted light (lithophane), medium as reproductive technology or affecting account of sensorial weather, is the poetics of deep geological time and the transitive formations of atmospheric phenomena.


This work addresses the problem of target localization in adverse non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments by using received signal strength (RSS) and time of arrival (TOA) measurements. It is inspired by a recently published work in which authors discuss about a critical distance below and above which combined RSS-TOA measurements are inferior to RSS-only and TOA-only measurements. Here, we employ a state-of-the-art estimator for the considered target localization problem and study its performance against its counterparts that employ each individual measurement exclusively. It is shown that the hybrid approach is not the best one by default. Also, we propose a heuristic approach to choose the best measurement for each link in order to enhance the performance of the estimator. The new approach implicitly relies on the concept of critical distance, but does not assume certain link parameters as given. Our simulations show that the proposed approach works well, matching or even improving the performance of the best fixed choice in all considered scenarios.


Discrete-event simulation has been used as an analysis tool to evaluate the new production system concepts and has also been used in the operation and planning of manufacturing facilities. However, sensitivity analysis has to be used to find the best resource combination to execute the construction tasks. The results of the sensitivity analysis can assist project managers in planning effective resource assignment based on their goals. This paper presents the discrete-event simulation of the supply chain operations in a naval shipyard using the ARENA® software. This paper presents a model which supports the operations planning and the decisions on capacity in the naval shipyard. The experiments performed present the service level of the current operations and their results show that the proposed model shows good performance in terms of the quality of the solution.


This paper considers the Multinational Enterprise (MNE) as a differentiated learning network with subsidiaries playing a critical role in managing knowledge. Drawing on sample of 92 subsidiaries operating in Greece, this paper empirically tests the relationship between sources of technology acquired and/or generated (internally or externally) and relates them to differently strategically motivated subsidiaries.


Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments beneath the earth's surface. The Electrical Resistivity method was used for the hydro-geophysical investigation of groundwater resources in coconut Garden of Horticulture College so as to discover a sustainable source of water, to meet the various requirements of the campus. The main objectives of the present project were to conduct hydro-geophysical investigation of groundwater potential and to obtain aquifer distribution within the study area in order to delineate possible sites for drilling tube wells for irrigation water supply. A special technique called 'Resistivity Scanning' is found to successfully delineate the fractured geometry of formation. This technique will provide an insight into the nature of subsurface formations. Wenner configuration of electrode arrangement is mostly practiced for the resistivity observations. Resistivity observations were taken with vertical electrical sounding (VES).


This paper describes the characteristicsof natural dusts,artificial dusts and industrial dustsin such aspects as mineral phases,chemical components,morphology and sizes.Quartz,calcite,albite and sericite constitute the main phases of natural dusts and industrial dusts with high SiO2,CaO and low K2O,Na2O in chemical composition.The fine particles are mainly in the range of 0.3 to 5μm,of which the dustsof sizes less than 2μm are over 85%.SEM observations show that the dusts are mainly irregular in shape,and the surface is rough. The dissolution and electrochemical action of dustsin valine acid liquor at the simulated human body temperature(37℃) in 32 hours were investigated.pH and electric conductivity values of these different dusts varied somewhat differently,and increased rapidly in the first 4 hoursgenerally,and chemical reaction reached the equilibrium in 8 hours.Before and after the reaction,the pH values of the solution changed insignificantly;valine had larger buffer function on powder.The total amountsof dissolved ionsof K,Ca,Na,Mg were in the range of 31~331 mg/L,with the amount of Ca dissolved ions being the highest,reaching 15 to 255 mg/L,followed by K,Mg,Na.The total amountsof dissolved ionsof Fe,Zn,Mn,Pb,Ba,Cr,Ni,V were in the range of 3.06~20.60 mg/Land those of Al,Si were 1.12~22.8 mg/L.Each element was dissolved relatively rapidly in the first 8 hours.The relative solubility of dusts in valine acid was in order of wollastoniteserpentinesepiolite; the cement plantindustrial dustsnatural dustspower plantindustrial dusts.The wollastonite and power plant industrial dusts,which have high content of CaO,showed highest solubility,suggesting a poorer corrosionresisting capability and lower bio-resistibility.Sepiolite and cement plant industrial dusts,which have high content of SiO2,showed lowest solubility,suggesting a higher corrosion-resisting capability and stronger bioresistibility.


Software engineering has faced many challenges since it was formulated as a discipline, since several paradigms have emerged, some have matured and others simply disappeared with time. Its concepts are evolving and being used for several years, always adapting to new realities, with mobile computing could not be different. Mobile computing has been introduced in the context of computing for a while now, but only a few years ago, driven by the rapid evolution of mobile devices, there was a breakthrough and popularization of this paradigm. New technologies were developed and eventually were released the first development kits for mobile platforms, presenting to the developer a completely new way to create and deliver their applications. The evolution of mobile software followed the evolution of hardware, which in each new launch brought a new possibility for the developer. But this facility to develop and publish to mobile platforms took its toll, applications have evolved and become more complex, but little or no software engineering was being applied in the development of these applications, or tools were used that do not fit in the mobile context. And more developers seeking to enter the mobile world has brought some concepts based on web development that does not fit perfectly with the paradigms of mobile computing. The objective of this dissertation is to present the key aspects of mobile computing and show the need for applying software engineering in this context, thus applications can be developed exploiting the full potential of mobile technologies. As part of this work it is also proposed a mobile solution to work in a real life problem, which is violence against women. Thus it is shown that computing and mobile software can act on problems of our daily life, in order to make it better.


The new 2016 Honda CRF1000L Africa Twin is a serious 1 000cc adventure motorcycle, featuring an all-new, compact parallel twin engine with 70kW power and 98Nm torque on tap. The engine is cleverly packaged in a compact, lightweight frame to offer outstanding off-road performance, touring comfort and agile handling for everyday use.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the emergence of organizational isomorphism in the industry superannuation sector in Australia. The largest not-for-profit private businesses in the country, the industry funds were created in the 1980s in light of a broader union campaign to extend occupational retirement savings provision to all employees in Australia.

Design/methodology/approach

The emergence of organizational isomorphism among the industry funds is assessed from the perspective of institutional theory. The study is based on interviews with key players in the establishment of the industry superannuation sector, original archival research as well as contemporary public commentaries and more recent historical assessments.

Findings

The tripartite framework of institutional isomorphism established by DiMaggio and Powell is unable to explain the emergence of the widespread organizational isomorphism found in industry superannuation. Using the more recent notion of institutional logics allows a more satisfactory explanation for the convergence in models of retirement-savings provision in the industry superannuation sector.

Originality/value

Organizational isomorphism cannot be described simply in terms of a tripartite framework of professional normativity, state coercion and market-based mimesis. Alternatively governed organizations such as those created by trade unions may develop in a different manner than social enterprises founded by less powerful social actors.


Rate constants for the reactions of dichloride anion radicals with pyrimidine and its derivatives were determined by a conventional flash photolysis. Kinetic treatment was carried out by assuming that second-order self decay of the anion radicals and the reaction with a substrate proceed simultaneously. Values of the rate constants were found within 1.1 × 107 to 4.1 × 109 M-1 s-1; the lowest reactivity was observed for pyrimidine and the highest for 2, 4, 6triaminopyrimidine. Comparison of the rate constants with those for hydroxyl radicals suggests that the dichloride anion radicals undergo a different reaction with pyrimidine bases from that of the hydroxyl radicals. A transient absorption due to an intermediate produced in the reaction with the anion radicals was observed for 5-aminouracil. This is only a case where relatively long-lived absorption was observed. The absorption was used to determine the rate constants for the reactions with the anion radicals.


Abstract : The article is concerned with the application of atomic engines to submarines, aircraft, guided missiles and automobiles. It is suggested that atomic submarines could provide an excellent means of communication in the Arctic since they could travel unhindered under the ice where there is always a layer of unfrozen water. Although not yet used in aircraft, atomic engines have great significance for pilotless aviation, e. g., guided missiles, long-range rockets, and cargo- and passenger-towing aircraft, since there is no need for extremely heavy shielding around the nuclear power plant. With regard to automobile transport, the existence of a project is indicated which makes use of gaseous fissionable materials in an internal combustion type of engine.


Abstract : For the past fifty years, organs of the Inter-American System have been ignored, under-funded, and poorly utilized. After so many years of neglect and abuse, the Organization of American States (OAS) and Inter-American Defense Board (IADB) are entering into a new era of hemispheric cooperation where democracy promotion has replaced Cold War paradigms. Graham Allison's bureaucratic politics approach argues that the various institutions of the Inter-American System will change very little in this new era because of institutional resistance to change. The problem is, contrary to Allison's predictions, the OAS and IADB have made some radical changes. The OAS now plays a very active role in the hemisphere and the IADB carries out new non-traditional military roles. The realist approach argues that the U.S. has simply dropped its Cold War interests for democracy promotion, human rights, and hemispheric cooperation. Rapid institutional change, the realists argue, is directly attributed to pressure brought to bear on the Inter-American System by the powerful U.S. in pursuit of its own new interests.


Abstract Two new Ruddlesden-Popper Ba n +1 M n S 3 n +1 compounds where M = Zr, Hf and n = 3 have been prepared in good yield from BaS, M , and S in a BaCl 2 flux at 1050°C. The structures comprise triple layer perovskite slabs separated by double BaS layers. The single crystal structure of Ba 4 Zr 3 S 10 revealed Zr-S distances of 2.493(3) A (average) with one long Zr-S contact of 2.562(5) A for the distal bond of the ZrS 6 octahedron at the perovskite/double BaS interface. The Ba-S contacts average 3.52(1) Ainside the perovskite blocks and range between 3.084(5) and 3.552(1) A in the double BaS layers. Crystal data for Ba 4 Zr 3 S 10 (25°C) are a 7.0314(5) A, b = 7.0552(7) A, c = 35.544(7) A, Z = 4, D calc = 4.038 g/cm 3 , orthorhombic, space group Fmmm , R ( F ) = 0.038, R w ( F ) = 0.058. Single crystals of Ba 4 Hf 3 S 10 were indexed on an orthorhombic cell with a = 6.989(3) A, b = 7.022(2) A, and c = 35.428(8) A but the structure was not refined due to poor quality data.


Map showing mineral resources (oil, gas, sand, clay, etc.) in the Corpus Christi region of the Texas Barrier Islands coastline area. Scale 1:100,000.


Objectives To explore the quality of life(QOL)of middle school students and its relevant factors.Methods A stratified sample of 349 middle school students was surveyed using the Chinese version of the Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Weight Module(YQOL-W).Wilcoxon rank sum text was conducted to examine the differences between gender,community,Body Mass Index(BMI)and annual household income groups.Spearman correlation coefficient was also calculated to examine the association between the YQOL-W scores and BMI value,age,respectively.Results Compared with normal weight students,overweight and obesity students reported lower QoL in subscale and total scores(P0.001).In the overweight and obese group,significant differences were found in subscale and total scores across genders(P0.001)and communities(urban,migrant,rural)(P0.05).However,no significant differences in annual household income were found except for social domain.Conclusions Overweight and obesity have negative effects on middle school students' QOL,and therefore interventions should be taken to improve their quality of life.


there is provided a sequence program component generating program which causes a computer to execute a search step of searching for a multi-logic component in an overall circuit of a sequence program and of extracting a logic pattern as a multi-occurring circuit pattern, wherein the logic pattern repeatedly occurs and is a circuit pattern is arranged in the multi-logic component. The computer also carries out a component candidate display step of displaying an extracted circuit pattern occur repeatedly as a candidate for a program component. The computer also carries out a reduction component registration step of registering a circuit pattern occur more than once, which is selected by a user from candidates for the program component. The computer also carries out a replacement step of replacing the multiple logic component of the sequence program with the program component.


Some 16,ooo,ooo workers out of a population of some 44,ooo,ooo are provided with a doctor of their choice who is under contract to give them &dquo; all proper and necessary medical service other than those involving the application of special skill and experience of a degree or kind which general practitioners as a class cannot reasonably be expected to possess.&dquo; This is by no means a low standard and it is a standard which is steadily rising with the advance of medical knowledge. Sir George Newman, in 1923, remarked that insured persons were getting attendances three times as numerous as those stated to have been given in pre-insurance days in private practice, per head of the population, in the five towns examined by Sir William Plender. The number is higher now. The great bulk of the doctors who sign the contract are averagely honest people who keep their contract. I


The Infrared Development and Thermal Structures Laboratory (IDTSL) is an undergraduate research laboratory in the College of Integrated Science and Technology (CISAT) at James Madison University (JMU) in Harrisonburg, Virginia. During the 1997-98 academic year, Dr. Jonathan Miles established the IDTSL at JMU with the support of a collaborative research grant from the NASA Langley Research Center and with additional support from the College of Integrated Science and Technology at JMU. The IDTSL supports research and development efforts that feature non-contact thermal and mechanical measurements and advance the state of the art. These efforts all entail undergraduate participation intended to significantly enrich their technical education. The IDTSL is funded by major government organizations and the private sector and provides a unique opportunity to undergraduates who wish to participate in projects that push the boundaries of non-contact measurement technologies, and provides a model for effective hands-on, project oriented, student-centered learning that reinforces concepts and skills introduced within the Integrated Science and Technology (ISAT) curriculum. The lab also provides access to advanced topics and emerging measurement technologies; fosters development of teaming and communication skills in an interdisciplinary environment; and avails undergraduates of professional activities including writing papers, presentation at conferences, and participation in summer internships. This paper provides an overview of the Infrared Development and Thermal Structures Laboratory, its functionality, its record of achievements, and the important contribution it has made to the field of non-contact measurement and undergraduate education.


Abstract Using the appropriate kinetic equation, we considered the problem of propagation of accelerated electrons into the solar corona and chromosphere. Its analytical solution was used for modelling the M7.7 class limb flare occurred on July 19, 2012. Coronal above-the-loop-top hard X-Ray source was interpreted in the thin-target approximation, the foot-point source - in the thick-target approximation with account of the reverse-current electric field. For the foot-point source we found a good accordance with the RHESSI observations. For the coronal source we also got very accurate estimate of the power-law spectral index, but significant differences between the modelled and observed hard X-ray intensities were noticed. The last discrepancy was solved by adding the coronal magnetic trap model to the thin target model. The former one implies that the trap collapses in two dimensions, locks and accelerates particles inside itself. In our report, we confirm an existence and high efficiency of the electron acceleration in collapsing magnetic traps during solar flares. Our new results represent (e.g. for RHESSI observations) the theoretical prediction of the double step particle acceleration in solar flares, when the first step is the acceleration in reconnection area and the second one – the acceleration in coronal trap.


Five species of the soft-coral genus Dendronephthya from Japanese waters are redescribed based on the type specimens deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern: D. doederleini
Kukenthal, 1905, D. punicea (Studer, 1888), D. flabellifera (Studer, 1888), D. pumilio (Studer, 1888), and D. rigida (Studer, 1888). These specimens were collected by the German zoologist Ludwig Doderlein between 1879 and 1881 during his stay in Japan. Several other specimens ascribed to these species by later authors and deposited in natural history museums in Europe and the U.S.A. were also examined in the present study; some of those are considered to have been misidentified.


Abstract Objectives Resting metabolic rate (RMR) accounts for 60–70% of total daily energy expenditure, and it is essential for establishing energy balance to prevent obesity. In a previous Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for childhood obesity, we found the DNAJC6 gene as one of the genes that affected obesity prevalence to control energy expenditure with RMR. Since the mechanisms of the DNAJC6 gene on obesity are not clear, we performed adipogenesis, inflammatory adipokines, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial function to confirm dysfunction of energy balance using DNAJC6-overexpressed 3T3-L1 cells. Methods Compared to the control, the gene expression in DNAJC6-overexpressed was confirmed by MTT, RT-PCR, and western blotting. Adipogenesis and lipolysis were confirmed by ORO staining, the levels of triglyceride & free glycerol in medium, and western blotting for protein expression related to adipokines, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial function. Results DNAJC6-overexpressed significantly depressed adipogenesis (PPARγ, C/EBPα, aP2) and adipokines (LEPR, adiponectin, leptin) compared to the control, and it sequentially inhibited the insulin-GLUT4 signal factors (insulin receptor β, IRS-1, Akt (T308), AS160, GLUT4). As a result of ORO staining, it significantly inhibited adipocyte formation compared to the control. The levels of triglyceride & free glycerol in the medium were gradually increased in the control group, but not in DNAJC6-overexpressed, and DNAJC6-overexpressed inhibited lipolysis factor (HSL). UCP1, a mitochondrial thermogenesis marker induced by PGC1α, was suppressed in both groups. Conclusions We found that when DNAJC6 was overexpressed in 3T3-L1 cells, lipid synthesis and degradation were inhibited. Moreover, the insulin signal from IRS to Akt, AS160, and GLUT4 was sequentially suppressed in DNAJC6-overexpressed, thereby inhibiting intracellular glucose influx. In addition, we found that mitochondrial thermogenesis was inhibited by DNAJC6-overexpressed. Based on these findings, further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of how adipocytes overexpressing the DNAJC6 gene interact with other organs to use energy. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT;2019R1A2C1008434).


This contribution focuses on the relationship between Isaac Casaubon and a few humanist scholars from the Low Countries, who were interested in the search for manuscripts and the edition of Greek authors, particularly the Fathers of the Church: Bonaventura Vulcanius, Andreas Schottus, Petrus Pantinus.


In March 2021, the UK published its most far-reaching reassessment of its foreign and defence policy since 1997. The Integrated Review articulated a vision of the UK as an independent global player, using widespread access to develop economic and political influence, embedded in a strong Western alliance, and at the leading edge of emerging technologies. It stated that Russia was a threat that must be deterred, and that China was a strategic competitor. Whether one agrees or disagrees with its prognosis, the Integrated Review provides a clear articulation of what UK foreign policy aspires to achieve. The subsequent Defence Command Paper (DCP) was supposed to set out how the Ministry of Defence (MoD) would structure the armed forces to meet the policy demands in the Integrated Review. It failed to do so coherently. This was partly because the forces which can be fielded within the budget available fall far short of what would be required to meet the policy ambition described. However, beyond a lack of fiscal realism, the DCP also demonstrated various conceptual failures which are likely to hamper the ability of Defence to deliver relevant policy options. One example from the DCP which illustrates some of the real-world consequences of the distortionary narratives highlighted in this Whitehall Paper is the establishment of the British Army's new Ranger Regiment.


Background Optimal thromboprophylaxis after cardiac surgery is uncertain. This systematic review aimed to define the incidence and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), fatal and nonfatal pulmonary embolism (PE), and assess whether venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis was effective in reducing VTE without complications after cardiac surgery. Methods and Results Two reviewers independently searched and assessed the quality and outcomes of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies on VTE after cardiac surgery in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane controlled trial register (1966 to December 2014). Sixty‐eight studies provided data on VTE outcomes or complications related to thromboprophylaxis after cardiac surgery. The majority of the studies were observational studies (n=49), 16 studies were RCTs, and 3 were meta‐analyses. VTE prophylaxis was associated with a reduced risk of PE (relative risk [RR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28–0.72; P=0.0008) or symptomatic VTE (RR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.28–0.71; P=0.0006) compared to the control without significant heterogeneity. Median incidence (interquartile range) of symptomatic DVT, PE, and fatal PE were 3.2% (0.6–8.1), 0.6% (0.3–2.9), and 0.3% (0.08–1.7), respectively. Previous history of VTE, obesity, left or right ventricular failure, and prolonged bed rest, mechanical ventilation, or use of a central venous catheter were common risk factors for VTE. Bleeding or cardiac tamponade requiring reoperation owing to pharmacological VTE prophylaxis alone, without systemic anticoagulation, was not observed. Conclusions Unless proven otherwise by adequately powered RCTs, initiating pharmacological VTE prophylaxis as soon as possible after cardiac surgery for patients who have no active bleeding is highly recommended.


Within the expanding cosmic Hubble volume, Hubble length can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. Product of 'Hubble volume' and 'cosmic critical density' can be called as the 'Hubble mass'. Based on this cosmic mass unit, authors noticed four peculiar semi empirical relations. With the observed relations it is possible to say that, in atomic and nuclear physics, there exists a cosmological physical variable. By observing its rate of change, the future cosmic acceleration can be verified. Fine structure ratio may be considered as the index of present cosmic expansion. By observing its cosmological rate of change, future cosmic acceleration can be verified.


Published to accompany the first comprehensive overview of Girtin's career for 25 years, marking the bicentenary of his death, this catalogue brings together the most outstanding examples of his work. Thomas Girtin (1775-1802) had a tragically short career but in this time succeeded in developing a technique to revolutionize watercolour painting and produced a number of powerful works, helping to establish a British school of watercolour painting and providing one of the cornerstones of Romantic landscape imagery. This text offers a revaluation of the artist's achievements, encompassing a wide ranging analysis of his working methods and materials as well as his relations with patrons, the print trade and fellow professional artists.


Pavement design is a vital part of the highway industry. In recognition of the potential of analyzing pavements and predicting their performance, it is encouraged to adapt mechanistic-empirical methods over traditional empirical methods. Performance models used in mechanistic-empirical methods were derived in laboratories under controlled conditions. Therefore, validating performance models by accommodating real-time data obtained from in-service pavements are crucial. The aim of this research was to check the applicability of mechanistic-empirical performance models developed by the AUSTROADS pavement design guide. The mechanistic design software-CIRCLY based on the AUSTROADS pavement design guide was used for the data analysis. Cumulative damage factor, representing the total accumulated damage in the pavement, was compared with the pavement condition index, representing the in-service pavement condition. Pavement condition index values were calculated only for traffic load-related cracks assessed by type, severity, and density following the American Society for Testing and Materials-D6433. Results concluded that there is a significant relationship between cumulative damage factor and pavement condition index. It also justified the mechanistic design software-CIRCLY based on the AUSTROADS pavement design guide as a potential analytical tool for the design and analysis of flexible pavements efficiently and cost-effectively.


Valsartan used for the treatment of Hypertension, which is a specific angiotensin II receptor
blocker (ARB) acting on the AT1 receptor subtype, The purpose of the present work is to
formulate and evaluate of Valsartan film coated tablets. In order to obtain the best optimized
product, eight different formulations were developed using diluents, binder, glidant,
lubricant, and different concentrations of superdisintegrant. Tablets were formulated by
direct compression, slugging and wet granulation techniques. Various pre-compressional
parameters like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner's ratio and
post compressional parameters like weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability,
disintegration time, and drug release were studied. Comparatively granulation techniques
exhibited the good powder flow than direct compression technique. Based on this
investigation results, the drug release from tablets increased with increasing concentration of
superdisintegrant. The formulation F-7 was showed good drug release and selected as an
optimized formulation and it was concluded that superdisintegrant concentration,
granulation technique, binder, and lubricants plays a key role in the formulation development
and optimizing the immediate release tablet of Valsartan formulation


Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used as a non-destructive technique to detect subsurface objects. Manual interpretation of GPR data is tedious and time-consuming. To address this challenge, an automatic method based on a deep instance segmentation framework is developed to detect and segment object signatures from GPR scans. The proposed method develops the Mask Scoring R-CNN (MS R-CNN) architecture by introducing a novel anchoring scheme. By analyzing the characteristics of the hyperbolic signatures of subsurface objects in GPR scans, a set of anchor shape ratios are optimized and selected to substitute the predefined and fixed aspect ratios in the MS R-CNN framework to improve the signature detection performance. In addition, transfer learning technique is adopted to obtain a pre-trained model to address the challenge of insufficient GPR dataset for model training. The detected and segmented signatures can then be further processed for target localization and characterization. GPR data of tree roots were collected in the field to validate the proposed methods. Despite the noisy background and varying signatures in the GPR scans, the proposed method demonstrated promising results in object detection and segmentation. Computational results show that the improved MS R-CNN outperforms the other state-of-the-art methods.


THE AIM. To assess the safety and tolerability of management with dual-component ((lisinopril, and valsartan) and «triple-component» (lisinopril, valsartan, and spironolactone) pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with end stage renal disease treated with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS . Patients was into the two groups: Group 1 (36 patients) receiving the «triple-component» scheme of RAAS blockade, and Group 2 (35 patients) received the «dual-component» therapy (lisinopril, valsartan). The duration of treatment period was 6 months. In both groups serum potassium concentration (SK) has been measured after 3 and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS . There were no clinically significant changes of SK in both groups during the entire period of treatment. Tolerability of both schemes was good. Nobody of patients experienced any side effects during the trial. CONCLUSIONS. Management with combined RAAS blockade (lyzinopril, valsartan, and spironolacton or lyzinopril, and valsartan) in MHD patients doesn't induce hyperkalemia. It allows to continuing the investigation of cardioprotective efficacy of dual or triple blockade of RAAS in MHD patients.


The purpose of this study is to describe a system running the current sales, identify existing problems and perform E-Commerce Implementation in order to provide solutions to the problems faced. Data collection techniques in this study is through a process of interviews with informants , direct observation of some existing processes , and literature on the Implementation of E - Commerce . The results of this study is to conduct E- Commerce Implementation System by using an open source program called PrestaShop . By using Prestashop selling system can work well where stores do not need to use a cell jumbo promotional media such as the distribution of brochures and banners that cost that much . By doing Implementation of E - Commerce system will use the program prestahop berjalaan more effectively and efficiently .


Abstract This article outlines the history of electricity supply in South Africa and provides details of current production. It presents the argument that because electricity production and distrib...


Nonlinear scattering of a surface wave by an object buried in soil is investigated theoretically. The object is supposed to be excited by a monochromatic seismic wave and its pulsations are considered to be nonlinear. Specific features of soil are taken into account, namely, shear modulus less than compressibility modulus and anomalously high nonlinearity. Two analytical approaches are applied. One is based on theory of elasticity and the other is based on fluid mechanics. The two approaches yield identical results for the second harmonic in the scattered field. The second harmonic is evaluated in the near field where the medium can be considered as incompressible. The analysis is performed with perturbation theory for small displacement amplitudes in the soil. The second harmonic is also investigated with an asymptotic expression obtained from the general equation for the second harmonic generated by a pulsating object in a compressible medium. The equation is expanded for a small object at distances that are small compared with a wavelength. The influence of a stress‐free boundary on the scattered field is evaluated using Green's functions. [Work supported by ONR.]


<www.philosophersimprint.org/017014/> Human beings pose a problem for Descartes' metaphysics. Descartes is, of course, a substance dualist: mind1 and body are "really distinct" substances that can exist apart from each other.2 Each has its own "principal attribute" that exhausts its nature: minds are all and only thinking things; bodies are all and only extended things.3 God and angels are examples of Cartesian minds existing on their own. Rocks, robots, finches, and ferns are examples of Cartesian bodies existing on their own. Human beings pose a problem because we clearly have both minds and bodies, and yet we don't seem to be merely aggregates of the two: I seem to be something that both thinks and is extended, not something that has a part that thinks and a part that is extended. What, then, is the metaphysical status of the human being?4


Low serum concentrations of the amino acid homoarginine (HA) are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality by incompletely understood mechanisms. This study sought to assess the influence of HA on cardiac remodeling in rats undergoing either transaortic banding or inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by Nω‐Nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L‐NAME). Male Wistar rats (n = 136) underwent sham operation (SH) or aortic banding (AB). Both groups were equally divided into 14 subgroups, receiving different doses of HA alone or in combination with lisinopril, spironolactone, or L‐NAME for 4 weeks. HA treatment in AB animals resulted in a dose‐dependent improvement of cardiac function up to a concentration of 800 mg·kg−1·day−1. Combining 800 mg·kg−1·day−1 HA with spironolactone or lisinopril yielded additional effects, showing a positive correlation with LV ejection fraction (+33%, p = 0.0002) and fractional shortening (+41%, p = 0.0014). An inverse association was observed with collagen area fraction (−41%, p < 0.0001), myocyte cross‐sectional area (−22%, p < 0.0001) and the molecular markers atrial natriuretic factor (−74%, p = 0.0091), brain natriuretic peptide (−42%, p = 0.0298), beta‐myosin heavy chain (−46%, p = 0.0411), and collagen type V alpha 1 chain (−73%, p = 0.0257) compared to placebo‐treated AB animals. Co‐administration of HA and L‐NAME was found to attenuate cardiac remodeling and prevent NO‐deficient hypertension following AB. HA treatment has led to a dose‐dependent improvement of myocardial function and marked histological and molecular changes in cardiac remodeling following AB. Combining HA with standard heart failure medication resulted in additional beneficial effects boosting its direct impact on heart failure pathophysiology.


The effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on sleep structure are not well understood especially in patients with focal epilepsy. Overnight polysomnography was recorded in 20 patients with focal epilepsy with the aim to assess the impact of the different AEDs on sleep architecture. Sleepiness was rated on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and all patients completed sleep questionnaires. The control group consisted of ten volunteers without epilepsy and sleep disorders. The sleep findings were compared by using Wilcoxon sing rank test. Our findings suggest that Valporic acid increases non-significant stage I at insignificant reduction of sleep stage II and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, as compared with the control group. Carbamazepine tends to decrease REM sleep and Lamotrigine has no significant effect on sleep. Our results confirm that AEDs have differing effects on sleep structure. Taking into consideration of these potential effects is important in maintaining optimal sleep in patients with epilepsy.


A bstract-A nonparametric time series test is applied to the buyers' and sellers' (BLS) prices collected by George Stigler and James Kindahl. Although BLS pnrces are more ngid, the two senes of pnrces are sufficiently similar in behavior dunrng two business cycles so that one can reject the null that each is generated by different stochastic processes. Moreover, each series reacts similarly in favor of the administered price hypothesis: in recessions and in the initial year of recovery, concentrated pnrces are more rigid and perversely flexible than unconcentrated pnrces, which are characterized by random movements and changes in the direction of real demand.


Background: Motivation scale is an essential characteristic that simplifies the success and dissatisfaction for learning English. In learning English language, motivation is the key factor to improve and preserve the learning procedure for academic progress. Objectives: Students who are motivated concerning learning attitude to learn English and express a desire to learn and get knowledge through this skill. Method: In this research, the data has been collected over spreading questionnaire by selecting randomly students of both social and natural science, and analyzed by SPSS version 26. Result: The students' academic progress motivation scale on learning English as General Subject was high on academic progress, doing their home assignments without asking any helps from others, and all the students are actively involved in learning process. The result of this research has shown the high levels of motivated students learning English. Suggestion: This research was the exceptional among similar researches, and it had discovered many beneficial methods finding the students' motivation scales on their academic progress and English lecturers easily use the effective methods to teach the students and get more positive results. As it has found that there were disappointments and frustrations from current situations which needs more and especial researches to be done in future, and the scale of academic progress motivation for learning English was different between both social and natural science, so it is suggested that some research must be done on students of natural science only.


A common view in the literature on social entrepreneurship and social enterprise is to highlight the fact that social innovation crosses the organizational forms. But does that social innovation should be considered regardless of the organizational form? Fair Trade (FT) offers a quite interesting example of both a social innovation and a field in which diverse organizational forms coexist. My research questions are twofold: (1) what are the different types of organizational forms that underlie social innovation in the FT sector?; (2) do these different forms bring different types of social innovation? The methodology consists of interviews with the leaders of 57 Fair Trade Social Enterprises (FTSEs) in four European regions: Belgium, France (Rhone-Alpes), United Kingdom (England) and Italy (Rome). The findings show that the legal forms and governance models– the two elements of the organizational form considered here–can be combined into five categories of organizational forms: individual, manager-owned business, volunteer-based, multi-stakeholder cooperative and group. These categories seem to be linked, at least to a certain extent, to the age of the FTSE and to its goals. Certain forms seem to signal a particular type of social innovation. Volunteer-based FTSEs use education and advocacy as the main channel to pursue social change at the global level, and see the partnerships with the producers in the South as a vehicle to support the former goal. Individual and business-form FTSEs focus on offering benefits to the producers through a profitable commercial activity. And multi-stakeholder cooperatives and groups generally seek to combine both types of social innovation. However, nuances exist and lead to considering the organisational form as vehicles that may serve various purposes according to the context and the entrepreneurs' profiles. I suggest three theoretical frameworks to interpret the diversity of organizational forms and its link with the logics of social innovation. Neo-institutional economics allow to see organizational diversity as the result of the production of different types of goods within the "FT bundle". New institutionalism in organizational analysis emphasizes organizational diversity as the result of either weak (or non-existent) or multiple institutional logics. And institutional entrepreneurship highlights the ability of FTSEs to shape the environment in a way that legitimizes their own way of conceiving social innovation. I conclude that these three frameworks offer complementary explanations to organizational diversity and that the latter is an asset rather than an obstacle for carrying social innovation in multiple and complementary ways.


Parameter estimation theorems for LFM signals have been developed due to the advantages of fractional Fourier transform (FrFT). The traditional estimation methods in the fractional Fourier domain (FrFD) are almost based on two-dimensional search which have the contradiction between estimation performance and complexity. In order to solve this problem, we introduce the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) into the FrFD, propose a modified optimization method to estimate initial frequency and final frequency of fractional bandlimited LFM signals. In this algorithm, the differentiation fractional spectrum which is used to form observation matrix in OMP is derived from the spectrum analytical formulations of the LFM signal, and then, based on that the LFM signal has approximate rectangular spectrum in the FrFD and the correlation between the LFM signal and observation matrix yields a maximal value at the edge of the spectrum (see Sect. 3.3 for details), the edge spectrum information can be extracted by OMP. Finally, the estimations of initial frequency and final frequency are obtained through multiplying the edge information by the sampling frequency resolution. The proposed method avoids reconstruction and the traditional peak-searching procedure, and the iterations are needed only twice. Thus, the computational complexity is much lower than that of the existing methods. Meanwhile, Since the vectors at the initial frequency and final frequency points both have larger modulus, so that the estimations are closer to the actual values, better normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) performance can be achieved. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm bears a relatively low complexity and its estimation precision is higher than search-based and reconstruction-based algorithms. key words: linear frequency modulation signal, parameter estimation, orthogonal matching pursuit, fractional Fourier transform


Content-based video retrieval from archived image/video is a very attractive capability of modern intelligent video surveillance systems. This paper presents an innovative Semantic-Based Video Indexing and Retrieval (SBVIR) software toolkit to help users of intelligent video surveillance to easily and rapidly search the content of large video archives to conduct video-based forensic and image intelligence. Tailored for maritime environment, SBVIR is suited for surveillance applications in harbor, sea shores, or around ships. The system comprises two major modules: a video analytic module that performs automatic target detection, tracking, classification, activities recognition, and a retrieval module that performs data indexing, and information retrieval. SBVIR is capable of detecting and tracking objects from multiple cameras robustly in condition of dynamic water background and illumination changes. The system provides hierarchical target classification among a large ontology of watercraft classes, and is capable of recognizing a variety of boat activities. Video retrieval is achieved with both query-by-keyword and query-by-example. Users can query video content using semantic concepts selected from a large dictionary of objects and activities, display the history linked to a given target/activity, and search for anomalies. The user can interact with the system and provide feedbacks to tune the system for improved accuracy and relevance of retrieved data. SBVIR has been tested for real maritime surveillance scenarios and shown to be able to generate highly-semantic metadata tags that can be used during the retrieval to provide user with relevant and accurate data in real-time.


AbstractLow-temperature cracking in pavement is a common distress in cold regions especially in North America; such distresses are shown to be highly related to binder low-temperature properties. To reduce the low-temperature cracking, several state departments of transportation are requiring the use of polymer-modified asphalt. However, polymer modification tends to be costly and in some cases led to phase separation in asphalt. Therefore, the current paper implements a fractional viscoelastic approach to study the effectiveness of several bio-based modifiers on improving asphalt binder's low-temperature characteristics. As such, implementing the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, low-temperature rheological characteristics of asphalt binders, which are modified by four different bio-oils including biobinder from swine manure, corn stover, wood pellet, and miscanthus pellet are investigated. For this purpose, the BBR test was performed on asphalt binder samples containing 10% modifier at three temperatur...


The present study correlates the physicochemical properties of commercially available natural building materials, such as lime mortar, wood-based panels and natural fibres, with their adsorption of VOCs. Experiments to determine the adsorption characteristics of toluene, limonene, dodecane and formaldehyde were carried out over a 48 hour period using environmental chambers with controlled temperature and relative humidity. The adsorption behaviour was then related to the chemical nature of the materials and also to their physical properties, such as microstructure and porosity. The outcomes of this study will be useful when developing new building materials and will serve to broaden the current understanding of interactions between various solids and airborne VOCs.


'Improvement in private sector workplace absence highlights scope to reduce £4.5 billion annual cost of high public sector absence'1 screamed the press headlines in July last year. Now with public sector debt of £870 billion2 and the prospect of the toughest public spending cuts in 20 years, the much‐publicised widening gap between public and private sickness absence levels is going to need urgent closing. But is this gap impossible to bridge?


Recommender systems are useful tools that help people to filter and explore massive information. While the accuracy of recommender systems is important, many recent research indicated that focusing merely on accuracy not only is insufficient to meet user needs, but also may be harmful. Other characteristics such as novelty, unexpectedness and diversity should also be taken into consideration. Previous work has shown that more the sales of long-tail items could be more beneficial to both customers and some business models. However, the majority of collaborative filtering approaches tends to recommend popular selling items. In this work, we focus on long-tail item promotion and aggregate diversity enhancement, and propose a novel approach which diversifies the results of recommender systems by considering ``recommendations" as resources to be allocated to the items. Our approach increases the quantity and quality of long-tail item recommendations by adding more variation into the recommendation and maintains a certain level of accuracy simultaneously. The experimental results show that this approach can discover more worth-recommending items from Long Tails and improves user experience.


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Komatsu PC 200-8 hydraulic excavator is one of the most popular heavy equipment machine models, widely used in general sectors: construction, agriculture, and plantation. This excavator is equipped with electrical system, hydraulic system, and mechatronic system. All actuator movement in this excavator are controlled by mechatronic system. High skilled mechanics are needed to maintain the mechatronic system in this excavator. Good training method is needed to produce a skillful mechanic. The training method is conducted by theoretical introduction of the mechatronic system and followed by practice in laboratories, workshops, as well as in the field. In this project, mechatronic system simulator for Komatsu hydraulic excavator is developed to simulate auto warming up and overheat prevention system for the training purpose. The simulator has been tested in training and based on interviews with trainees, the simulator can help the learning process in the training and improve trainee knowledge and understand to operate and maintain the control system on hydraulic excavator.


We have developed an interactive tolerancing capability for our optical design program, using the optimization error function as the performance criterion. The implementation was carried out using the program's built-in command language, and allows evaluation based on either the error function used during the actual design phase or a standard criterion (magnification, distortion, rms spotsize or wavefront error, etc.). This approach is more flexible than schemes that permit only pre-defined criteria.


Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewer and concisely summarize the basic content of the paper without presenting extensive experimental details. Avoid abbreviations and references, and do not include diagrams. Include a succinct description of the microbe and its associated disease. When it is essential to include a reference, use the same format as shown for the References section but omit the article title. Because the abstract will be published separately by abstracting services, it must be complete and understandable without reference to the text. Introduction. The introduction should supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without referring to previous publications on the topic. The introduction 8 2008 IAI INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS INFECT. IMMUN.


The IPRs are dealing with the ethics of trading activities. Thus, it can affect the sustainability of business activities. The objective of this study was to identify the awareness and the knowledge of the IPRs regimes on the SMEs of agricultural products processing. The survey method was conducted on the SMEs that related to processing agricultural products, like fruit and vegetable chips, potato and tubers chips, beverages, herbs, meatballs, fried chicken, dodol, and others at Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. The qualitative method was applied for the collected data and analysis. The results showed that the SMEs employed around one to four people and the business specifications were on processed foods (77 %), beverages (5 %), and medicinal and herbal products (14 %). All SMEs agriculture processing products have a trademark/brand (100 %) for their products and 86% of the brand names were a new design made by the SMEs owners (50 %). But, unfortunately, around 64 % have not officially registered as the officer of the Directorate General Intellectual Property Rights, Republic of Indonesia. Hence, in the future need to encourage the SMEs for registering their IPRs to avoid IPRs problems and protected their innovation from infringements.


Capillary chromatography for the separation of optical isomers was developed using an untreated poly(tetrafluoroethylene) capillary tube and a water–hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic solvent mixture as a carrier solution. The open tubular capillary was 110 cm in length (90 cm effective length) and 100 μm in inner diameter. The carrier solution was prepared with a water–acetonitrile–ethyl acetate mixture (15:3:2 volume ratio) containing 1 mM β -cyclodextrin. A model analyte solution of dansyl-DL-methionine was injected into the capillary tube by a gravity method. The analyte solution was subsequently delivered through the capillary tube with the carrier solution by a microsyringe pump; the system worked under laminar-flow conditions. The analytes were separated through the capillary tube with on-capillary detection by an absorption detector. D-Isomer and L-isomer were eluted in this order with the water–acetonitrile–ethyl acetate carrier solution including β -cyclodextrin.


Nowadays, metropolises have exerted deep effects on their peripheral villages in different environmental, social, economic and physical dimensions. Metropolitan peripheral villages are the foci of attracting migrants due to low housing price and rents. In this case, job structure has affected population composition and kind of villages' economic activity. These transformations result from preparation and implementation of developmental plans and projects by the government. The reason is that such actions have prepared needed infrastructures for attracting population and daily trips and transitions to the metropolis from surrounding rural arenas. Settlements of central district of Rey county have transformed because of Tehran metropolis and shah – e Rey spatial expansion in physical, economic and social fields and have lost their classic and local identity. Therefore, the villages function has changed from agricultural and animal – raising to dormitory – servicing one. The villages of under – standing territory are located in Tehran city conservative buffer in municipal zones of 15 and 20. Because of recent socio-economic transformations and governmental multi - regulation in this living limit, a non – orderly and irregular body and space has emerged in above – mentioned zones which nor has helped to maintaining rural identity no represent an optimum landscape. Also physical expansion trend of Shah – e Rey has caused some under – standing villages to attach to Shah – e Rey body. This expansion has transformed rural settlements order. Research aim: The present research aim is identifying effective reasons of physical transformation in under – standing limit's villages and measuring the rate and mode of rural settlement affectability from peripheral cities, especially Tehran and Rey, and also surveying of rural settlements in central district of Rey since Islamic Revolution onwards, Basic questions: 1) what is the major factor of physical transformations of Central district of Ray villages and what outcomes it has exerted? 2) Do physical transformation of central district of Rey villages have ended in settlement order? Research method: In this research, the statistical society includes 20 villages in Ray's central district. The sampling is den by using Cochran method from rural households. Accordingly, for determining sample household from whole statistical society (6039 households in 2006). 306 households have surveyed and analyzed as society's sample. Analyzing data is accomplished by using SPSS software in terms of parametric statistical test, one – way variance analysis, Chi – square (x2) non – parametric statistical tests and Cramer's agreed multiplier. The research results show that exogenous factors, especially Tehran metropolis role have caused metropolis' peripheral village's encounter with one – sided and exploitation relations. In this relation, the migration process of low – income groups, intensification of house – building trend, increasing workshops inside and outside the villages and centralist laws have had bad and improper effects on rural settlements order. Therefore, peripheral villages of Tehran metropolis have changed to the place of attracting trash, urban wastes, and low – income migrants, particularly Afghanis migrants: Whereas related bodies and organizations like county – seat and municipality have less attention to these rural arenas. Following these factors, former rural – urban nexuses have attached in Rey central district villages, and settlement order has disordered. The objective sign of this settlement turbulence in completely apparent on body and space of peripheral rural settlements. Thus, Tehran metropolis by exerting some effects on rural settlements has formed them to city patterns, and so developmental plans and projects and regulations have affected street patterns and have organized them. Area system has detached by migrating various tribes and farming lands have changed and developed to building houses, workshops and factories. In general, by doing structural transformations, the villages functions and roles have changed to dormitory- servicing.


This article from the pen of one outside the Unitarian denomination furnishes an appreciation of the significance of the Unitarian movement both in its inception and in its present relationship to the issues of our day.


Materials, containing an one- or multidimensional gradient of structural or chemical properties, connected with a changing of the material properties, are called functionally graded materials (FGM). They have a high potential in a wide range of applications, for instance to improve the interface between two different materials. Moreover, new functions of materials can be created by them. Piezoelectric FGM can be used in actuator or ultrasonic applications. It is known that FGM ultrasonic transducers show a broader frequency bandwidth. There are different ways and technologies to prepare ceramics with a functional gradient. One possibility is the preparation of ceramics with a gradient of the chemical composition along the thickness direction. The chemical gradient will be transformed into a gradient of the electromechanical properties by a poling process. Usually, there is a very inhomogeneous distribution of the poling field inside the graded material due to a corresponding gradient of the dielectric coefficient. Or et al. have shown that the electric field distribution is not constant in time and depends on the electric conductivity of the used materials. Their model describes the poling process of two layer system using a modified tanh function for the ferroelectric hysteresis loop. We enhanced this model by implementation of the Preisach model, an established approach of hysteresis effects in ferromagnetics and ferroelectrics. This allows the modelling of the electric field distribution and the polarization of each layer at arbitrary applied voltages for different poling regimes as well as the time-dependent modelling of switching processes. The numerical model can be used for multilayer structures of two or more materials and is therefore a good approximation of functionally graded materials. We compare the modelling with experimental results of the measurement of the electric field distribution in multilayers based on BaTi/sub 1-x/O/sub 3/-BaSn/sub x/O/sub 3/ ceramics, where the Sn content changes from 7.5 to 15 mol%. Additionally, the electromechanical properties were characterized by bending measurements. The results were compared with FGM ceramics with the same chemical composition.


It is a commonplace observation to say that cultural history for Herder is always a history of origins. But a second proposition is no less true. This is that for him the history of culture is (also) a history of invention and inventions. Throughout his writing career, Herder pursued an interest in how cultural objects, tools and aptitudes were made. In the Abhandlung ber den Ursprung der Sprache, »Erfindung« and »erfinden« are key words in the text. In his great work Ideen, Herder calls for a systematic »history of inventions« as the foundation of cultural history.1 The equivocation between the language of natural growth (»Ursprung« and the like) and the language of invention is characteristic of Herder s thought. He arrives at no settled view on the relation between spontaneous and conscious processes. Rather, this relation is the key problem around which his thought restlessly circles. Its (ultimately unfulfilled) ambition is both to demarcate the domains of nature and culture, of growth and invention, and to give an account of their interpenetration and dynamic interplay both in the development of the mind and in the history of human civilization. To highlight the significance of the concept of invention for Herder is to move his ideas about the history of culture into an interesting proximity with rhetoric. For of all the intellectual disciplines inherited by the 18th century, rhetoric was the one with the most fully worked out theory of invention. Inventio, after all, the making or finding of ideas, is the first phase in the production of speech. We might hazard the guess, then, that Herder s own »philosophische Heuristik«2 would need to place itself in relation to the rhetorical theory of invention. And this indeed proves to be the case. To be sure, the relation is anything but straightforward. For one thing Herder is quite sure about is that rhetoric as an art is mostly of dubious value, and that the methods of invention taught in rhetorical textbooks and schools are especially pernicious. These formal resources of rhetorical art were arbitrary, a patchwork, conventional (»willk0rlich, hinangeflickt, konventionell«),3 and gave rise to work that was formally correct but life-


The field of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL)—as a unity of educational practice and academic research—is characterized in this Investigation by a specific vision of learning, illustrated by a prototypical research effort. A number of recent publications are reviewed to extend the scope of CSCL in response to contemporary theory and current social issues. This leads to advancing theoretical concepts and frameworks for conceptualizing CSCL research and practice, which contrast with traditional educational approaches. Although these ideas were originally proposed in disparate contexts, they provide the conceptual skeleton of a unified theory for CSCL, which would be distinguished from popular theories of individual learning, and would integrate technological support with collaborative cognition. These insights concerning theory have methodological implications for analyzing CSCL interventions in terms of group knowledge-building practices mediated by interactionally appropriated artifacts. Revised forms of analysis can help innovators evaluate CSCL trials during iterations of designbased research, leading to revisions of the collaborative-learning theory and research methods. Bridging from academic research to educational practice, two examples of efforts to bring the CSCL vision to scale within national school systems are then reviewed. Finally, a global collaboration among CSCL researchers is recommended for effective implementation of the CSCL vision in education worldwide, based on the presented conceptualizations of a unified theory of collaborative learning and their implications for evaluation of CSCL technical and pedagogical designs. This could advance the field of CSCL in its theory and practice, toward its underlying vision of cognition at the group level.


By means of literature,questionnaire surveys,expert interviews and other methods,we have made an investigation on the setting,the range and diversity of wushu in colleges and universities of Shandong province,as well as graduates employment.And put forward the following countermeasures :Improve the quality of wushu teachers;control the size of enrollment based on the social demand;develop local traditional wushu so as to Carry forward the traditional culture;adopt various styles to train students' innovation capability and entrepreneurial capacity;strengthen students' modernization of knowledge and skills training.


Cave 79 of Kumtura grottoes, is the best preserved cave for images of Uighur donors in Kucha grottoes, which has an important meaning for research on Uighur costume. This paper is intended to analyze the costume characteristics of 8 donors in Cave 79 by comparing image materials between Dunhuang murals and other murals in Xinjiang province.


Purpose of review Biofilms continue to be a major limiting factor in the long-term use of ureteral stents, promoting the development of chronic infections and antibiotic resistance and encrustation. Apart from stent removal in conjunction with antibiotic therapy, there is currently no treatment proven successful for completely eradicating a biofilm-related infection, highlighting the need for continued research in this area. Recent findings Research continues to focus mainly on biofilm prevention, specifically the development of novel coatings comprising antibacterial, antifouling or bacterial signalling compounds. Notably, all three strategies have generated candidate coatings showing recent success both in vitro and in vivo. Summary Despite the current lack of a completely biofilm-resistant device, coating or treatment strategy, continued research into the causation of bacterial biofilm formation and the continued development of novel antibacterial, antifouling and antibiofilm compounds is promising. Future work should be aimed at more rigorous testing of candidate coatings from both physical and bacterial challenge standpoints as well as increased in-vivo investigation via clinical trials.


In this work we compare novel Riemann solvers designed to solve the Euler equa- tion when considering general Equation Of State (gEOS). In (1) an adaptive Osher-type Rie- mann solver was presented that can handle highly nonlinear equations of state together with an exact(iterative) algorithm for the Euler+gEOS Riemann problem. In (2) a Roe-type numerical algorithm was presented for general hyperbolic partial dierential equations which can solve gEOS problems. Recently in (3) a ux splitting approach shows the numerical solution of the Euler+gEOS problems in three dimensions. In this presentation we show numerical results comparing computational time needed to solve several typical benchmark problems including high-order implementation in the context of ADER nite volume schemes. We plan to extract some conclusion on the eciency of these solvers depending on the character of the dierent test problems.


AbstractUndesired bank erosion and migration of channel bends has led to the development of transverse in-stream structures as a mitigation technique. Currently, state-of-the-art procedures for structure design focus upon ranges of geometric parameters and do not provide information regarding hydraulic effects due to parameter alteration. A mathematical framework for the description of induced transverse in-stream structure hydraulics as a function of geometric parameters was proposed. The framework was empirically calibrated using normalized velocity data from a physical model study of various transverse in-stream structure types and geometries. Developed methodologies represent a fundamental improvement over traditional design methods, allowing for the prediction of induced hydraulic effects and the optimization of structure geometries to meet project design criteria.


In order to measure the temperature distribution at the chip surface of blue and white light-emitting diodes, we used two temperature conventional emissivity measurement method, which consists in processing the thermographic signal for two uniform controlled temperatures T1 and T2. In this study, we report the evolution of emissivity with increasing temperature between 20°C and 80°C from to the ambient temperature, about 20°C.


Background:  In order to build a culture of well-being among students in post-secondary academic communities, an assessment of current well-being and related factors is necessary. Common barriers to optimal well-being may include stress, anxiety, and depression in college students. Low levels of well-being have been associated with higher levels of impaired academic performance. Aim: Explore the relationship between academic success and time spent performing well-being activities. Methods:  Seligman's Well-Being Theory was used to guide this study. The relationship between well-being and academic success of undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university (N = 5008) was evaluated using data from a 278 item 2018 Student Experience at a Research University (SERU) survey. Measures of academic success included late assignments, going to class unprepared, and skipping class. Measures of well-being included time spent in: physical exercise, spiritual practice, community service, and club participation; time with family and friends were also included. Results: Pearson Chi-Square analysis revealed a total of five significant relationships between well-being activities and late assignments, being unprepared for class, and skipping class at α=.05. Conclusions:  Further research is needed to understand the relationship between well-being and academic success to guide development of strategies to support well-being in university students.


LEANDRO KATZ: ARREBATOS, DIAGONALES Y RUPTURAS (RAPTURES, DIAGONALS AND RUPTURES) Fundacion Telefonica, Buenos Aires, Argentina July - October, 2013Since the demise of the US space mission's efforts to transport human beings to other planets, our culture's scientific fascination with the moon has certainly waned. Not so in the universe of media artist Leandro Katz whose selenographic obsessions take us to a cinematic stratosphere not even George Melies could have imagined. In Buenos Aires, the Fundacion Telefonica's expansive retrospective of Katz's work begins with an exquisitely conceived theater-in- the-round comprised of film images of the moon in all its full and crescent phases. In conversation with exhibition curator Berenice Reynaud, Katz explained, "I was interested in sequential still photography, and in redundancy and structure -rather than in photography as hunting for images." Through Katz's lens, we see the moon as mystical, aesthetic and, surprisingly perhaps, political. In its original 1976 iteration, Katz "wanted the audience to hold hands while watching ... searching for a sense of a real community gathered to reflect."Leandro Katz: Arrebatos, Diagonales y Ruptures offers visitors the rare chance to immerse themselves in the numerous visual thought pieces the artist created during his 40 years as an Argentinean in New York City, as well as more recent work produced since Katz's 2006 return to Buenos Aires. Committed to a personal filmmaking practice that covers experimental ethnography (Los Angeles Station, 1976 and Paradox, 2001), New York City downtown absurdist theater (The Grand Tarot of Charles Ludlam, 1987), transcendent politics (Crowd, 1976 and The Day You Will Love Me, 1997) and Mayan modernism (Twelve Moons and Moonshots, 1976), Leandro Katz tackles each of his projects with visual rigor and ingenuity.Consistently engaged in a diverse array of practices, including short experimental film and video works, moving image sculpture installations and artist made books, Katz created two particularly compelling black and white meditations on the notion of a crowd - as a social site of friction and anticipation. In Crowd 7x7 (1976), the camera observes a moving image of a mass of human beings, waiting for a something or someone, breathing a unified gasp of air. The piece is composed of a cube-shaped television dangling by a single chain, as if all the people on the screen are trapped inside. In Rhombus (2011), Katz's camera gazes at a crowd while pure-color rectangles block out pieces of the image, allowing the viewer to observe one individual face after another. …


(descriptive): This reflective article highlights the revolutionary activities carried out by the Cuban student movement at the University of Havana during the struggle against Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship between 1952 and 1959. Through the analysis of primary documents, the authors focus on the groups that were seeking to reconcile with the Batista dictatorship and radicals and their struggle to win the support of the Cuban student body. Among the radicals were two different factions linked to Fidel Castro and José Antonio Echeverría. As the revolutionary struggle increased, the group supporting Echeverría lost autonomy and ended up being politically and militarily incorporated into the revolutionary leadership of the July 26 Movement.


Solid phase microextration is a novel sample preparation technique.Molecularly imprinted technique is a technique to prepare molecular recognition materials. The combination of molecularly imprinted technique and solid phase microextration has found potential applications.Using molecularly imprinted polymers as the material of solid phase microextraction fiber coating,we can not only have high efficient extraction of solid phase microextraction but also the unique ability of molecular recognition of molecularly imprinted polymers.The recent progress of molecularly imprinted technique coupled with solid phase microextration was reviewed.


SOUTH POLE OF MARS. Alejandro Soto, Xin Guo, and Mark I. Richardson, Caltech, M/C 150-21, Pasadena, CA 91125. email@example.com, email@example.com, email@example.com Introduction: A perennial CO2 ice cap has long been observed near the south pole of Mars. The retention of a CO2 ice cap results from the surface energy balance of the latent heat, solar radiation, surface emission, and subsurface conduction. While models conventionally treat surface CO2 ice using constant ice albedos and emissivities, such an approach fails to predict the existence of a perennial cap. We explore the role of insolation-dependent ice albedo, which agrees well with Viking, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express albedo observations. Using a simple parameterization within a General Circulation Model, in which the albedo of CO2 ice responds linearly to the solar insolation, we are able to predict the existence of a perennial CO2 cap at the observed latitude and only in the southern hemisphere [1]. While the single insolation dependent function likely does not capture the full spatial and temporal variations of ice albedo, it provides a demonstration that insolation-dependence of albedo is probably the key factor in the existence of a residual cap. Future work on the microphysical and macrophysical mechanisms of CO2 ice albedo and emissivity is required, one application of which would be a physically-based parameterization of surface radiative effects of CO2 ice for climate models. Insolation-dependent albedo: We use the MarsWRF model, the Martian implementation of the planetWRF model [2]. We calibrate the GCM by tuning the albedos and the emissivities of the seasonal dry ice caps and the total CO2 inventory in the system to reproduce the VL1 surface pressure cycles. Water cycle and CO2 cloud microphysics, which are likely aliased to the model parameterization of frost albedo and emissivity, are not explicitly included. At the steady state, the model predicts a pressure cycle that matches the Viking Lander records very closely [3]. The predicted mass of the seasonal caps is consistent with other GCMs and observations[4]. However, like all the other models trying to fit the VL pressure records, a residual CO2 cap in the south pole is not predicted by MarsWRF with this setup. The Viking observations suggests that the albedo of the southern residual CO2 cap changes with time [5] [6]. More usefully, the relationship between the residual CO2 caps albedo and the incident solar flux is very linear (Figure 1). When we use a least square linear regression method, we obtain an empirical equation that predicts the surface CO2 frost albedo based on the insolation:


Background: Susceptibility to smoking in adolescence is an important indicator of future smoking. Identifying smoking susceptibility and its associated psychosocial factors helps reduce smoking initiation. Objectives: This thesis aimed to establish a health demographic surveillance site and examine psychosocial factors among non-smoking adolescents who demonstrated susceptibility to smoking initiation. Methods: To establish the health demographic surveillance site, a baseline survey was conducted in Jhaukhel and Duwakot villages, a peri-urban area in the Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Next, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 352 randomly selected nonsmoking adolescents. Further, eight focus group discussions included 71 adolescent students. Results: A baseline survey revealed there were 2,712 households with 13,669 individuals. Among individuals older than 18 years of age, nearly 15% were current smokers. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that personal and environmental factors strongly predict smoking susceptibility. The content analysis showed that participants were unaware about short-term health consequences of smoking. Smoking initiation related to socio-environmental factors and participants expressed confidence that they would be able to resist peer pressure and refuse to smoke. They agreed that both government and schools should have strict rules about smoking. Conclusion: This thesis demonstrates that it is possible to collect accurate and reliable data in a peri-urban area to establish a demographic surveillance site in Nepal, and reveals several psychosocial factors that influence smoking-susceptible adolescents. Thus, effective smoking prevention programs must incorporate psychosocial factors that prevent smoking initiation in adolescents.


Recent advances in high-level synthesis (HLS) have enabled an automatic means of generating register-transfer level from high-level specifications without compromising performance. HLS provides substantial improvements to productivity and is a promising solution to designing future heterogeneous chips consisting of dozens of unique IP blocks (i.e., hardware accelerators). Despite their impressive capabilities, HLS tools today are commonly used to target a small subset of workloads, i.e., ones with inordinately regular control flow and memory access patterns. The challenges of achieving high-quality hardware for irregular workloads stems from HLS relying on static analysis. Static analysis is overly conservative when dealing with non-uniform memory access and imbalanced workloads, and identifying the most appropriate parallelizing strategy. In this brief, we propose the use of dynamic analysis to generate higher quality designs using commercial HLS tools. Our evaluations show that with dynamic dependence analysis, HLS designs achieve  $3.3\boldsymbol \times $  performance improvement for the sparse matrix-vector multiply benchmark.


Summary Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rhs-TM), having no transmembrane domain or chondroitin sulfate, was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Interactions between rhs-TM, thrombin (Th), protein C (PC) and antithrombin III (ATIII) were studied. Equilibrium between rhs-TM and Th had no detectable time lag in clotting inhibition (K d = 26 nM) or PC activation (K d = 22 nM), while ATIII inhibited Th at a bimolecular rate constant = 5,200 M-1s-1 (K d <0.2 nM). A mixture of ATIII, Th and rhs-TM showed that ATIII reacted with Th slower than rhs-TM, whose presence did not affect the reaction between ATIII and Th. In a mixture of rhs-TM, ATIII and PC, the repeated addition of Th caused the repeated activation of PC; which was consistent with the Simulation based on the assumption that rhs-TM is recycled as a Th cofactor. From these results, we concluded that upon inhibition of the rhs-TM-Th complex by ATIII, rhs-TM is released to recombine with free Th and begins to activate PC, while the Th-ATIII complex does not affect rhs-TM-Th equilibrium.


Due to the concern with energy emergencies, the energy obtained from the sunlight is considered as the most capable conventional resources. Hence, the maximum power point tracking approach is necessary for obtaining the enhanced efficiency from the solar panels. In the case of direct current (DC) application, the output obtained from the photo-voltaic (PV) array cannot be directly connected to the electronic devices. For regulating the output from the PV array, the DC-DC converter is provided in between the load and the array. The converter design plays a significant role to track the maximum power point of the solar panel. This paper describes the design of three converters, namely the boost, buck-boost and buck converter, along with the fuzzy logic controller. It varies the time for switching ON and OFF of the converter concerning changes in the solar panel power. The result of converter power and solar panel for different irradiation is compared for various DC-DC converters. The fuzzy logic controller is employed in the generation of optimal control pulse for the DC-DC converter. Moreover, in the solar photovoltaic system, the steady-state operation is performed and the various solar irradiance results are analyzed. The proposed approach is compared with the various DC-DC converters like buck-boost converter, buck converter and boost converter to prove the efficiency. Then, the performance analysis of the current, voltage and power of PV is analyzed.


The distal end of the boom (4), the outer tube (13) and a telescopic arm (12) is provided consisting of the inner cylinder (21, 23) in a plurality of stages. The outer cylinder (13), telescoping fixed sheave with placing telescopic cylinder (25) (31, 31 ') for fixing the. Telescopic cylinder (25) is attached to the outer cylinder (13) the rod (25B) as an upward and moves along the outer cylinder (13) is tube (25A) is a free end. Telescopic cylinder (25) sieve fitting the tube (25A) of the provided (30), providing a telescoping movable sheave (33, 33 ') in the sieve fitting (30). Stretching rope (34, 34 ') is telescopic fixed sheave (31, 31' are wound) and telescoping movable sheave (33, 33 ').


Assignment problem is a well known topic and is used very often in solving problems of engineering and management sciences. If the cost is not deterministic, then the problem is said to be assignment problem with fuzzy costs. We propose new method based on branch and bound technique to solve the fuzzy assignment problem branch and bound technique is used to solve the travelling salesman problem. Compared with the efficient of existing methods we find that ours is more efficient. Finally to shoe the efficiency of the proposed method we solve two numerical examples.


AMINOIMINATE METAL COMPLEXES: NOVEL CATALYSTS FOR ALPHA-OLEFIN POLYMERIZATIONS SEPTEMBER 2000 XIN JIN, B.ENG., TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY, CHINA M.S., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by; Professor Bruce M. Novak Two series of aminoiminate compounds, the aminotroponimines (ATI) and the piminoamines (p-IAM), were synthesized and used for the design of new catalysts for aolefin polymerizations. The obtained aminoiminate complexes of titanium and zirconium were found to be highly active catalysts for ethylene polymerization. In contrast, the amimoiminate palladium complexes were inactive in ethylene polymerization. A novel and simple route has been developed to prepare a series of N,N'-dialkylaminotroponimine compounds and one (3-iminoamine compound, N,N'-diphenyl-P-IAM. During the titanium metallation of a bulky N,N'-di(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-P-IAM compound, the (3-IAM was found to be dimerized to produce a potential ligand for the