Recent literature has brought up and old issue about the agro-export period in Argentina: the conflicts between landlords and manufacturers, but creating a new version. As the traditional historiography stated, there were differences between landlords and industrialists; they did not belong to the same group, but it was not true that landlords controlled the political power. On the other hand, industrialists were not the weak group that the traditional literature had depicted. The influenced the government to get customs duties. Therefore, we cannot say anymore that anti-industrial policies and the overwhelming power of «estancieros» were the major features of Argentine agro-export model. The aim of this article is to introduce a new variable in the analysis of the issue of the characteristics of Argentine economic elites. How does our image of the Argentine economic elites and particularly of the industrialists change if we compare them with another group? The case of the sugar producers is quite relevant because they were a very powerful group, always claiming for protection and complaining about the free-trade trends of the national government an the Litoral elites. Sugar manufactuers became sometimes the most outstanding speakers for the «national industry», but on the other hand their relationship with other industrial producers was complex. In spite of seemingly shared interests, like protectionism, the disagreements between both groups weremore frequent than expected.


The current state of research into antenatal anxiety is lacking in a comprehensive understanding o f determinants. This study aims to expand knowledge in this area, with the two main objectives being to determine potential determinants o f maternal antenatal state-anxiety and to identify the pattern of state-anxiety in the second trimester, measured by the abbreviated state version o f the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Data used for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the Prenatal Health Project: a population cohort study o f 2357 women in London, Ontario. Our primary hypothesis was that "feelings about the pregnancy" would be a determinant of antenatal state-anxiety. Results from a multiple linear regression analysis revealed that greater stress, feeling unsure/unhappy about the pregnancy and having low self-esteem, low mastery and low social support from one's partner and family were statistically significant determinants o f state-anxiety during the second trimester. In addition, anxiety was found to be inversely related to gestational age. We concluded that how a woman feels about her pregnancy was a predictor o f state-anxiety. The findings of this study may facilitate anxiety prevention efforts.


In this paper we discussed titling the presence of self-defense as destruction of unlawfulness, where to act in self-defense in the legal precautionary most precious, life had to make use of the tools at its disposal to repel unlawful violence, of which he was a victim of death according to research was one of the assailants, but in the same, there are large gaps in motivation is concerned, which allowed us to see that indeed expired the principle of innocence in criminal proceedings, and that reasonable doubt the responsibility of the accused, particularly the case of processed CEDENO BRAVO JUAN BOSCO, who most likely hosted Article 33 of COIP, self-defense moved. In this way we sought to get to the truth of what happened, in fact happened, being shown to Justice it met its end and so am free of guilt the accused of unlawful violence, acting in self-defense. And so in a ruling issued innocence and am free from blame, reaches the conclusion set that if you can prove self-defense, and that budgets have to be met according to law. It is recommended that a better legal guidance to those involved in criminal proceedings in this case by the prosecution stated.


Effects of season of birth (SOB) have been documented in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. To date, few studies have evaluated this issue in obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). The aim of this study was to investigate the birth seasonality in OCD.


The role of vulnerability management and vulnerability assessment methods in ensuring cyber security of the enterprise is considered. The functional differences between them are analyzed. The use of vulnerability management technology as the best strategy for risk identification and elimination is substantiated and the optimal way to ensure it is identified. Recommendations have been developed for organizations to achieve the maximum result of the vulnerability management process.


This document proposes the nonlinear control of an industrial three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) robotic manipulator as a benchmark problem for controller synthesis methods, that are applicable to complex plants, but can provide implementation with low complexity. Full details on the nonlinear model of the industrial robotic manipulator Thermo CRS A465 are provided. Furthermore, a solution is presented by considering linear parameter-varying (LPV) controller synthesis based on a reduced parameter set. Stability and performance guarantees are rendered void as the plant's parameter dependency is first approximated by means of principle component analysis. The guarantees are recovered by tools which have previously been reported.


Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a feared complication of using non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or aspirin. Studies predicting the incidence rate for individuals with a given set of characteristics are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a risk model to predict the incidence rate of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in users of aspirin/NSAID based on presence of well‐defined risk factors for the individual patient.


Small, spherical, polymer shells are used as fuel containers in inertial fusion experiments. These shells have traditionally been made by spray drying or more recently using droplet generators. It has proven difficult to control product size and wall thickness for thermosetting materials. In this work we describe a dual orifice droplet generator for making hollow shell preforms. The inner orifice injects bubbles of a desired gas into the polymer solution droplet stream. The stream is agitated using a piezoelectric diaphragm and produces uniformly sized hollow droplets. Shells formed from these hollow preforms have tight distributions of diameter and wall thickness.


1 Tehmina Fiaz Qazi, 2 Abdul Aziz Khan Niazi, 3 Waheed Asghar, 4 Abdul Basit 1 Hailey College of Banking and Finance, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, firstname.lastname@example.com 2 Institute of Business and Management, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, email@example.com 3 Director in Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority, (Government of the Punjab), Lahore, Pakistan, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com 4 Lahore Institute of Science & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, email@example.com ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT History Revised format: February 2021 Available Online: March 2021 Aim of the study is to evaluate ease of doing business though analysis of trade facilitations by different countries. The scope of the study involves one hundred and twenty-seven countries of the world and uses secondary data taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) 2020. Overall design of study consists of review of literature, data extraction and analysis. This study uses Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) as research methodology. Results show that member countries of OECD performed exceptionally well, whereas, member countries of SADC have exceptionally poor performance on agenda of ease of doing business and trade facilitations. The study is useful for existing and potential business owners/mangers, policy makers and researchers. It uses reliable country level original dataset therefore findings of the study are valuable for stakeholders.


ABSTRACT Toward the development of the next version of Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (JENDL) general-purpose file, we calculate neutron cross-sections on 63, 65Cu from 50 keV to 20 MeV, which is the incident energy range above the resolved resonance region in JENDL-4.0. A dispersive optical model potential is adopted with a coupled-channel method for interaction between neutron and 63, 65Cu. Direct, pre-equilibrium, and compound processes are taken into account in the calculation. All cross-sections, differential and double-differential cross-sections are consistently calculated with a single set of model parameters. The calculation results reproduce the measured data very well. In addition, disagreement between the calculated and experimental values seen in an integral test for the 63Cu(n, α)60Co reaction is improved by using the cross-section data obtained from the present work.


Under the tide of college English reform in China, in order to adapt to foreign language teaching in the era of big data, this research has designed a corpus-based college English vocabulary APP by using mobile terminals as the medium, guiding students to learn independently through human-computer interaction, and promoting corpus in English teaching. The corpus-based APP will cultivate students' independent learning and innovation, improve teaching efficiency and quality, realize the scientific and standardization of college English curriculum structure, and achieve the educational pursuit of letting students "be the masters of learning".


Bangladesh is a densely populated country of South East Asia that has a rich tribal presence. It has 1.2 million tribal people which is just above one percent of the total population which belong to in about 58 tribal groups who are living in different parts of the country. The Study was conducted at the Rajshahi Division, in the Naogaon and Rajshahi district at different villages where the Santali and Oraon people lived from their ancestors. Information on their socio-demography, health, disease condition and other related information were collected through a pre-planned questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed to reveal the desire status through Excel and SPSS. The survey covered a random sample of 150 children among three groups (Bengali, Santhal and Oraon). This investigation deals with the assessment of nutritional status and socio-demographic condition through anthropometric indices of children. Most of the child of study area was dropped out before completing primary level education and high number of Bengali respondent of this area completed education from high school and College. Socioeconomic conditions and nutritional status of Bengalis were better than the tribal. Majority of the tribal were thin and lean with medium to short stature. The study showed that females are more underweight then the males. Normal weight group of Bengali male children (57%) was higher than other ethnic groups Santhal (33%) and Oraon male children (30%). This scenario was also same to female. Food adequacy was much lower in Oraon group than Bengali and Santhal. Tribal children were unable to take adequate and nutritional essential food. Only 44% of Santhal and 36% of Oraon intake adequate food as needed for them where 92% of Bengali child took adequate food. Diseases rate was higher in Santali children (40%), than Bengali (16%) and Oraon (38%). The outcome of this study will give an authentic view about the Santhal and Oraon children's current nutritional status and health condition which may draw the attention of policy makers, health workers and social workers to take necessary steps as soon as possible for ensuring their basic needs for better livelihood.


Dominant cultural ideologies of motherhood define the nature of mother love. Recent developments in motherhood studies, and the work of a small number of feminist philosophers and scholars of motherhood, have challenged the tenets of these ideologies by daring to speak the "unspeakable": that mother love is often and for all mothers, whether consciously or not, permeated by powerful negative and conflicting emotions termed maternal ambivalence. In this essay, relying on recorded personal narratives by Bosnian women who are raising children born of wartime rape, as well as recent studies on empowered motherhood, my aim is to show that maternal love, like love in any other close relationship, encompasses and assimilates healthy ambivalence, and can inform maternal care in a constructive and positive manner. I argue that the acknowledgment of healthy maternal ambivalence as an integral aspect of mother love involves honoring the mother's subjectivity and validates her personhood, and as such it opens up the possibility of redefining mother love in terms that are empowering to mothers.


Eight phenylspirodrimane-type analogues, including five new compounds, named stachartins A – E (1, 3, 6 – 8), were isolated from cultures of the tin mine tailings-associated fungus Stachybotrys chartarum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 2D-NMR techniques.


Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) is the crucial and rate limiting enzyme in the biomass producing pathway of photoautotrophic organisms. It catalyzes two competing reactions: the fixation of inorganic carbon to a C5 compound (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) as well as the oxygenation of this substrate, whereas the latter reaction initiates the energy consuming respiratory pathway. Key figures for comparing different Rubisco species are their specificity towards carboxylation and the turnover of this reaction. Laboratory experiments show that in vitro mutagenesis of residues distant from the buried binding site (which in closed, loaded state is sealed by several structural elements like the C-terminal tail and loop 6) may have a high impact on the aforementioned performance criteria of the enzyme [1]. The "time-window" hypothesis explains the implication of repeated perturbations of the catalytic process after ligand binding on the specificity of a given Rubisco species [2]. These interruptions may be exerted by fluctuations of important residues in the catalytic site or larger conformational changes like a partial opening of the binding pocket. By covariance and correlation analyses of highly sampled molecular dynamics trajectories the concerted motions of atoms can be investigated and quantified [3]. Methods for enhancing the significant information from the bulk of data gained have been developed and applied to simulation results of wild type and in silico mutant Rubisco structures of Synechococcus. This approach may aid us to identify yet unknown important residues remote from the binding niche and to reveal the mechanism of intramolecular propagation of dynamics relevant to catalysis.


Across the Space Frontier.—In 1938 this reviewer proposed a laboratory dedicated to rocket development. This has now become a reality, and in Across the Space Frontier we find plans, in considerable detail, for the next step, a space station from which observations can be made and from which expeditions can be sent to the moon and planets. The introduction by Cornelius Ryan outlines the present technical state of the rocket problem, introduces the idea of a space station costing $4 X 10, and discusses its scientific and military advantages. Of the scientific advantages we are sure, but of the military advantages we take a skeptical view. A primarily military purpose would certainly promote retaliation. Von Braun's "ever watching eyes aboard the sentinel in space" will certainly lead to sour diplomatic relations on earth. The first chapter, "This Side of Infinity," by Joseph Kaplan (seven pages), details our present knowledge of the earth's atmosphere in a clear and concise manner. Here we learn that air 12 to 30 miles up, if compressed to normal pressure, contains too much ozone to be breathed. For all practical purposes space begins at 120 miles. "Prelude to Space Travel" by Wernher von Braun (fifty-nine pages) treats the engineering problems, the celestial mechanics, and the navigational phases of the subject. Briefly, it is proposed to fabricate, 1075 miles above the earth, a doughnut-shaped container, 250 feet in diameter, moving in a circular two-hour orbit. "Although far enough up to avoid the hazards of the earth's atmosphere, it is close enough to the earth to afford a superb observation post." (The illustration shows the earth's axis casting a shadow.) Von Braun then describes a rocket, based on the principle of


What characterizes the living and differentiates it from the dead is the ability of the living to respond to its environment, to assess its needs and to grow? Every part and every molecule of the organism works towards this effort to thrive, to fulfill its needs (goals) and to surmount extinction. If these are the criteria of the living, then, whatever I have seen of the Pakistan Cardiac Society in the past three years makes me wonder. The occasional spurt of activity that occurs says that the society is not dead but what occurs in between proves that it certainly isn't living. I know it in my heart that our Society is made up of good people some of the top brains in the country are here. Though we may not be living we certainly arc nor dead - only a jolt is needed to bring us out of this state of suspended animation.


Cemento ossifying fibroma is a benign fibro osseous lesion that affects the jaw bone arises from the periodontal membrane. The periodontal membrane is a layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the roots of teeth. It contains multipotential stem cells that are capable of forming cementum, lamellar bone & fibrous tissue. These tumors occur in 3 rd to 4 th decades of life with predilection for women. Mandible more commonly involved than the maxilla. This article describes a rare case of cement- ossifying fibroma in a 45 year male patient involving left side of body of the mandible with CT scans revealing extraosseous mass involving the parapharyngeal & infratemporal region seems to be the first case reported in the literature till now .An accurate diagnosis requires care full clinical, radiological & histological correlation in order to make an optimal treatment & excellent out come .The current case is reported because of rarity of such lesions & the paucity of information concerning them in the dental literature. We believe that this case illustrates many of the clinical, radiographic & histological features associated with cemento ossifying fibroma.


Because the substrate binding site (P1) of HDV ribozyme consists of only seven nucleotides, cleavage of undesired RNA is likely to occur when applied for a specific long RNA target such as mRNA. To overcome this problem, we designed modified trans-acting HDV ribozymes with an extra substrate-binding site (P5) in addition to the original binding site (P1). By inserting an additional seven base-pair stem (P5 stem) into the J1/2 single-stranded region of the ribozyme core system and partial destabilization of the P2 or P4 stem, we succeeded in preparation of new HDV ribozymes that can cleave the target RNA depending on the formation of P5 stem. Moreover, the ribozyme with a six-nucleotide P1 site was able to distinguish the substrate RNA with a complete match from that with a single mismatch in the P1 region. These results suggest that the HDV ribozyme system is useful for the application in vivo.


A major environmental concern with respect to hydrocarbon emissions is the formation of phytotoxic photooxidants. The work reported in this thesis focusses on the poorly studied anthropogenic terpene emissions from the industrial use of softwood. The advanced analytical determinations were made by adsorption sampling followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography in the laboratory. Monoterpenes from forestry were analyzed for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). Near to a harvester, the total monoterpene concentrations reached ~1000 mg/m 3 , whereas the background level was ~1 mg/m 3 . Prominent monoterpenes were a-pinene, b-pinene, 3-carene, camphene, limonene, b-phellandrene, myrcene and terpinolene. Local formation of phytotoxic photooxidants may occur because of the short lifetimes of terpenes in air. Terpenes in process emissions and plumes from kraft pulp industries were found to have a uniform composition similar to that of pulpwood and of recovered sulphate turpentine. Predominant monoterpenes were a-pinene and 3-carene from Scots pine. The emitted terpenes give rise to photooxidants and to oxidation of co-emitted sulphur and nitrogen oxides. The monoterpenes in emissions from industries producing stone groundwood and thermomechanical pulp were similar in composition to that of the processed pulpwood from Norway spruce. The major monoterpenes were a-pinene (>50%) and b-pinene (~25%). The process emissions from a sulphite mill consisted mainly of p-cymene, formed from spruce monoterpenes by acid rearrangements. The terpene emissions from the barking of timber and pulpwood differed somewhat in composition from that of the wood. Increased proportions of b-phellandrene and myrcene were observed for Norway spruce. Oxidative decomposition and acid rearrangements of monoterpenes in the sampling cartridges were studied as major analytical difficulties. Pretreatment with thiosulphate and hydrogencarbonate prevented unwanted reactions of the terpenes.


Simple Summary β-glucosidase is a crucial enzyme in the adaptation of insects to plant cell wall digestion and plant metabolite detoxication. However, the evolution of this enzyme remains unclear. Here, we fill this gap by investigating the evolution of insect glycoside hydrolase family GH1, accounting for the majority of members of β-glucosidase. We found the GH1 gene family to be present in all insect species with large gene numbers in insects directly feeding on plant cell wall components. Furthermore, the large gene numbers were associated with a complex evolutionary history, including tandem duplication and neofunctionalization. These results highlight the evolutionary traits of an important insect enzyme and provide further insights into our understanding of the evolution of insect–plant interactions. Abstract Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant–insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects' GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect–plant interactions.


The test results showed that weeds were controlled well with 10% glyphosate in seedling-raising.The most effective dosage was 1875 ml·ha~(-1),and adding water 225kg·ha~(-1) spraying during 2-6 leaves.Directed spraying was possible if fix a papper cup on sprinkler head.Controlling effect might be reach 90%.It was safe for seedling stock.The controlling effect will be increased if adding cocatalyst,such as Kelite and soap powder in glyphosate.Controlling effect might reach 95% for controlled weeds above ground.Controlling effect under ground part radical buds of Leymus was 97%.


In this paper 3 different high-ridges in Saline area were used to test the effects of afforestation in order to improve the survival rate and retention rate.The results indicated that high-ridge afforestation can reduce the saline of soil effectively,improve the survival rate and retention rate,and simultaneously increase the benefits by enlarging the afforestation density properly.


Background and Aim: Burnout in couples is a gradual and rarely sudden process in which intimacy and love gradually fade and general fatigue becomes apparent. On the other hand, most marital therapy interventions seek to reduce marital conflict. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on marital burnout in couples with marital conflicts. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design and a control group with a 45-day follow-up. The statistical population included all the couple with marital conflicts referring to the counseling centers in Karaj city, Iran in 2019. The sample was a group of 14 couples who had got a score of over 111 in the marital-conflicts questionnaire, assigned randomly to an experimental (n = 7) or a control (n = 7) group. The experimental groups received an acceptance and commitment therapy (twelve 90-minutes sessions), but the control group received no intervention and remained in the waiting list. Data were collected using the marital-conflicts questionnaire of Barati and Sanaee (1994) and analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: Analysis of the data showed that the acceptance and commitment therapy significantly decreased marital burnout in the couples, and the results were found to be consistent enough in the follow-up period (P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be said that acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an intervention option in decreasing marital problems. Keyword: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Marital Burnout, Marital Conflict D ow nl oa de d fr om s js ph .tu m s. ac .ir a t 2 :2 8 IR D T o n M on da y M ay 3 1s t 2 02 1


The research objectives have been analysing the profile of the antibiotics consumers in Romania, the causes and risks of the irrational use of antibiotics, the way of their purchasing from community pharmacies in the country and the proposal of a correct and efficient information modality of the population on the risks of irrational antibiotics consumption. An instrumental marketing research has been conducted, based on a survey using a questionnaire distributed to a representative sample, the evaluation being achieved in all counties in Romania. The obtained results have highlighted the main causes of the irrational use of antibiotics: their administration in conditions that don't require such a treatment, population's inability to clearly and accurately associate the antibiotic with the affections that it treats, sometimes the insufficient counselling provided by physicians and pharmacists regarding the posology and the risks of antibiotics consumption, and getting antibiotics from community pharmacies, in some cases, without presenting a medical prescription. In order to educate the population, an original, interactive and suggestive booklet has been accomplished, to correctly inform patients about antibiotics and the treated diseases, so they would understand the risks implied by the irrational use of antibiotics. The study results have indicated a series of problems related to the antibiotics' use in Romania. It is very important to be aware of the risks associated with an irrational consumption of antibiotics, which is the main factor of the emergence of the bacterial resistance. One proposed solution has aimed to inform the public including through the elaboration and dissemination of concludent informative materials.


It is a great privilege to be asked to make a few comments at this final session of the Tenth Conference of this organization. As you know, I was somewhat involved in the genesis and first few years of your existence, if indeed an organization without officers and without a treasury can be said to exist. But here you are, the members of the organization, and so we must conclude that it does exist. After attending the first six of your meetings, on behalf either of the National Science Foundation or of the Smithsonian Institution, I skipped some years, and now your host for the present conference has kindly asked me to attend as an observer. In this capacity, I may say that I like what I observe, and I am delighted to see that the organization (which must be quite unique in its lack of form and its lack of finances) has such virility and plays such a consequential part in a very significant national activity. I remain one of those who strongly feel that systematic collections are the essential background of a vast area of scientific philosophy. As administrators of these collections, you have accepted a huge responsibility for the present and future well-being of an important segment of science, and your presence at these conferences shows that this responsibility is taken seriously. We hear a great deal these days about Parkinson's Law, which in some universities and doubtless in some museums is increasingly respected. Recently I have been thinking about a sort of corollary law, which I propose to call Smith's Law, even though it is already in very widespread unformulated practice. In its simplest terms, this Law may be expressed as: The less responsibility one has for administering a human activity, the better qualified one is to give advice about it. Doubtless because of his respect for this Law, even though he may not be aware of its authorship, your host asked me to share some advice with you. Well, actually, what he said was "make some remarks", but from my present irresponsible vantage point how can I interpret this but to give advice? ** I propose to limit my advice to two tendencies that seem to be developing in systematic collections, as I look back over the past decade: (1) the tendency of the organizations you represent to spread themselves pretty thin, and (2) the tendency to give away certain segments of your activities. Both of these tendencies derive from


This study discusses the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony as the cultural identity of the Curup community in 200-2018. This study aims to strengthen the identity of the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony as the culture of the Curup City community in 2000-2018. Cultural identity is a basic awareness of the special characteristics of a person's group in terms of living habits, customs, language, and values, meanwhile the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony is one of the traditional ceremonies that has been carried out for a long time by the people of Curup City as respect for ancestors who have passed down the culture and built Curup City. The Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony is carried out with the condition that the Corner Prayer is carried out one day before the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony is held. In its implementation, the people of Curup City also offer various harvests that are harvested during the harvest season, the harvests will be distributed and eaten together which indicates the prosperity and welfare of Curup City. The research process was carried out using the historical method with four stages, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, historiography. Data was collected by using literature study, observation, and interview methods. A literature study was conducted on several literatures related to the research topic, observations were made in Curup City, and interviews were conducted with the Curup City Government and the Rejang Lebong District Customary Council. The results show that the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony is a strong cultural identity for the people of Curup City. This is because the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony is an annual event that is routinely carried out by the people of Curup City as a sign of respect for the ancestors and a symbol of the prosperity of Curup City. Along with this, the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony has also developed from 2000 to 2018, this shows that the cultural identity of the Kedurei Agung Traditional Ceremony is getting stronger with conservation efforts from various parties, namely the government, society, and cultural activists.


This paper presents a case study of a rural credit program sponsored by the Ouelessebougou-Utah Alliance (OUA) in Mali, West Africa. Ethnographic methods are employed to determine the outreach, impact, and sustainability of the program. Findings indicate that program specifications increasingly limit participation to an established and primarily male clientele. Both male and female borrowers reported higher earnings and greater contribution to household expenses; however, access to credit for women is not associated with improved status. The prospect for administrative and financial sustainability of the program is undermined by a weak and ineffective educational component.


Every society has in its system a mechanism of controlling violence and or settling conflicts related to violence. This paper focuses on the traditional means and or mechanism of resolving violence related conflicts in Nigeria and Africa, with Rivers State as a case study. Rivers State is one of the thirty-six (36) states of Nigeria. It is a heterogeneous society with diverse ethnic nationalities fused together for political and administrative convenience. However, in terms of controlling violence virtually all the ethnic groups in the state share some similarities in resolving violence related cases. To this extent, therefore, the paper seeks to identify the roles of traditional rulers in controlling violence; it examines the effectiveness of the traditional means in the past in relation to the present judicial system. In view of this, the paper highlights the significance of the traditional means of controlling violence in Nigeria. This study examines the extent to which colonial and external influence has impacted on the traditional means of controlling crime. The paper is purely qualitative in nature and therefore relies more on secondary data sources. The findings of this study reveal that before colonial administration in Nigeria, the traditional means of controlling violence was very effective. The study recommends that traditional rulers should ensure that their traditional institutions should be a synergy between the traditional judicial system and the modern judicial system. This synergy would help to ensure effective crime control in Rivers State and indeed Nigeria.


ABSTRACT This study aims to find out how the application of Corporate Social Responsibility and benefits to the company's in the Toya Devasya. This study used qualitative research methods. The data collection technique used is using the interview method and documentation. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman Model data analysis techniques, which consisted of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the Toya Devasya implemented Corporate Social Responsibility based on Tri Hita Karana. Where Tri Hita Karana contains a meaning that is very complex because each element reflects the things that need to be implemented by each company. The company views that the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility is important because it is a solution to the impact of business activities caused by the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility carried out by the company that has been well received by the surrounding community. From the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility it shows the existence of benefits that can be received by the company such as support from the community and comfort while working perceived by employees. The awareness that the company has to implement Corporate Social Responsibility will have a big impact on the company. The harmony created between the company, society and the environment is one of the impacts that will be felt by the company in carrying out its business activities. This harmony will have an effect on the company's image in the eyes of the community. The company will get support and be recognized in the environment around the company. Because of maintaining a good relationship with the surrounding environment, the community will voluntarily give their support to the Toya Devasya such as promoting the existence of the company to tourists so that there will be an increase in the number of visitors that will affect income.


The paper examines how well standard sources of impact sounds(bang-machine, A-ball, NF-ball, new rubber ball)imitate real impact sounds(human jumping and hopping).The compared sounds were described from psychoacoustic point of view.At the same time similarities between the impact sounds were judged in the psychoacoustic experiment.Results were compared with the existing standards expressed in F- and S-maximum sound levels:LA max, F, LA max, S and sound exposure level LAE.


Tectonic control of the Neocomian volcaniclastic sequences and paleogeography in Lago La Plata region (45oS). Inner sector of the lagos La Plata and Fontana fold and thrust belt. The area of Lago La Plata in Argentina is an outstanding site to address the relationship between the platform sequences which filled the Lower Cretaceous Río Mayo Basin through the western sector of the basin, and the arc-derived materials in the western sectors. The study of these sequences shows a series of lithostratigraphic units through an extensive mapping in the field and a petrographic study. Based on that, the basinal sequences in the western sector became much more widely extended than previously thought, not only in the basal sections of the Coyhaique Group, but also in the upper terms of this heterogeneous unit. These sequences have had two source areas. A main one from a volcanic arc, and a second source, in terms of importance, from coral reefs. It is worth noting the complete absence of craton-derived materials in these inner sectors of the Patagonian Andes. Moreover, the study of the Neocomian sequences allowed to distinguish a series of angular discontinuities, an older of Middle Cretaceous age and a younger not to well constrained, which are related to the construction of the Patagonian Andes at these latitudes.


Abstract We determine the conditional expected logarithmic (i.e. continuously compounded) return on a stock whose price evolves in terms of the Feller diffusion and then use it to demonstrate how one must know the exact probability density that describes a stock's return before one can determine the correct way to calculate the abnormal returns that accrue on the stock. We show in particular that misspecification of the stochastic process which generates a stock's price will lead to systematic biases in the abnormal returns calculated on the stock. We examine the implications this has for the proper conduct of empirical work and for the evaluation of stock and portfolio performance.


This paper examines a range of results that can be derived from Einstein's evolution equation focusing on the effect of introducing a Lévy distribution into the evolution equation. In this context, we examine the derivation (derived exclusively from the evolution equation) of the classical and fractional diffusion equations, the classical and generalised Kolmogorov–Feller equations, the evolution of self-affine stochastic fields through the fractional diffusion equation, the fractional Poisson equation (for the time independent case), and, a derivation of the Lyapunov exponent and volatility. In this way, we provide a collection of results (which includes the derivation of certain fractional partial differential equations) that are fundamental to the stochastic modelling associated with elastic scattering problems obtained under a unifying theme, i.e., Einstein's evolution equation. This includes an analysis of stochastic fields governed by a symmetric (zero-mean) Gaussian distribution, a Lévy distribution characterised by the Lévy index γ ∈ [ 0 , 2 ] and the derivation of two impulse response functions for each case. The relationship between non-Gaussian distributions and fractional calculus is examined and applications to financial forecasting under the fractal market hypothesis considered, the reader being provided with example software functions (written in MATLAB) so that the results presented may be reproduced and/or further investigated.


This paper presents basic heat-transfer and flow-friction design data for a plate louvered-fin type of extended surface which may be of use in the gas-turbine-plant regenerator application. Different surfaces are compared on the basis of a heat-transfer coefficient versus friction-horse-power plot, and some of the heat-transfer and flow-friction aspects of regenerator design are discussed.


The paper is devoted to the comparative analysis of the archaic and modern options for understanding creativity, carried out with the involvement of the theological instruments. Examining the above problem, the author refers to the legacy of Martin Luthera bright theologian representing the social and individual worldview transformation - as well as the works by other thinkers: L. Shestov, J. Bataille, M. Buber, M. Bakhtin, E. Levinas, M. Blanchot, G. Marcel, M. Foucault, Z. Bauman, G. Aganben, V. Podoroga, etc. The author attempts to interpret the determination of creativity on the non-mystified basis of human education. The research findings include the recognition of theology transformation into the post-theology, and overcoming the community dominant in social life formation, as well as reconsidering the nature of and limits to the human creativity. The research materials can be used in further studies into the peculiarities of modern society and its ideological dominants, as well as the place of education in individual and social life.


This article presents new square wave and PWM signal generators based on CC-CDTRA (Current controlled current differencing transresistance amplifier). The oscillation frequency can be adjusted by input bias current of the CC-CDTRA. In addition, for PWM signal generator, the duty cycle of the output signal is 50% which is agree with typical applications. Furthermore, the duty cycle is linear dependent on the modulation signal. The PSpice simulation results confirm that the proposed circuit performs power consumption of 3.61mW at ±3V power supplies. Performances of the proposed circuit are confirmed, they are in accordant to theoretical explanations.


This paper studies theoretically the ultraslow light phenomenon in Bose–Einstein condensates of alkali-metal atoms. The description is based on the linear approach that is developed in the framework of the Green function formalism. It is pointed out that the group velocity of light pulses that are tuned up close to resonant lines of the alkali atoms' spectrum may strongly depend on the intensity of the external static magnetic field. The possibility of filtering optical pulses using the ultraslow light phenomenon in Bose condensates is discussed.


Recently, there has been significant advancement in the machine learning (ML) approach and its application to diverse systems ranging from complex to quantum systems. As one of such systems, a coupled-oscillators system exhibits intriguing collective behaviors, synchronization phase transitions, chaotic behaviors and so on. Even though traditional approaches such as analytical and numerical methods enable to understand diverse properties of such systems, some properties still remain unclear. Here, we applied the ML approach to such systems particularly described by the Kuramoto model, with the aim of resolving the following intriguing problems, namely determination of the transition point and criticality of a hybrid synchronization transition; understanding network structures from chaotic patterns; and comparison of ML algorithms for the prediction of future chaotic behaviors. The proposed method is expected to be useful for further problems such as understanding a neural network structure from electroencephalogram signals.


The disclosed semiconductor element is provided with: an oxide semiconductor film wherein a channel section has been formed; and a gate section disposed facing the channel section. Also, the oxide semiconductor film is formed with: a drain section at which the oxide semiconductor film has been subjected to a resistance-lowering treatment; and a intermediate region that is provided between the channel section and the drain section and that has not been subjected to the resistance-lowering treatment. The oxide semiconductor film is provided in at least one section with a conductive film that shields the intermediate region from the resistance-lowering treatment.


Reasons for Blending Crude Oils at a Refinery Oil refineries, and especially their on-process units that process the primary crude feed stocks, are not uniform in either design or operation. The refinery process units and the combination of units built and in service at a given refinery location are part of a plan to accommodate a certain slate of crudes based on their properties. These decisions are also balanced against the availability and cost of crudes to determine an operating profit point. The more consistent the supply of crude oil to a specific refinery, the more that refinery can tailor its operation to that specific crude supply. However, economics makes that level of optimization difficult to achieve or sustain. Necessity forces refiners to have to retain some flexibility in the refinery process to handle a wider range of crude types than that preferred. Crude blending works hand in hand with refinery process flexibility in crude types by enabling the ability to mix crudes that may not, as individual feeds, satisfy the operating range of the refinery, but as components of a mixed feed will meet the refinery operating requirements.


A frame synchronization and structure detecting method in a satellite broadcasting system is provided to detect frame synchronization and structure according to the number of points where a generated index row is matched in a frame start point presumption location, thereby detecting the frame synchronization and structure with low complexity and less memory capacity. A frame synchronization and structure detecting method comprises the following steps of: calculating a differential correlation value of a received symbol(201); generating an index row of a symbol where the calculated differential correlation value exceeds a threshold value(202); calculating a frame start point presumption location corresponding to the total frame number by using the number of symbols per frame by each frame structure(203); and detecting frame synchronization and structure according to the number of points where the generated index row is matched and the calculated frame start point presumption location(204).


A near-field optical virtual probe based on the principle of near-field evanescent wave interference can be used in optical data storage, nano-lithography, near-field imaging and optical manipulation etc. The best choice of evanescent wave interference is evanescent Bessel beams that have the characteristics of both propagating Bessel beams and evanescent wave. It is concluded that evanescent Bessel beams is an evanescent wave with the characteristics of diffraction free and radial polarization. These characteristics lead to several advantages in near-field optics: the focus of radially polarized light can be quite smaller than the one of linear polarized light used commonly and diffraction free can bring in constant intensity distribution in a certain range. Meanwhile, based on the concept of conventional apodization, the idea of apodization of evanescent field is proposed to overcome some disadvantages of evanescent Bessel beams, such as the big side lobe and spread of transversal intensity. In this paper, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is adopted to simulate the evanescent Bessel beams. Several parameters are considered as variants changeable to get the different simulation results. The better performance of the side lobe suppression and the narrow spot size are discussed. This work may be important to the application of near-field optical virtual probe in the future.


The organic matters in the sediment core sample HD196A obtained from the eastern South China Sea were measured with GC and GC-MS techniques.More than 90 types of hydrocarbon compounds including n-alkanes,isoprenoid,branched alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were identified.The HD196A-30 in the middle core sample and HD196A-55 near the bottom of the core sample were analyzed.The distribution curve of n-alkanes,the range of carbon chain,the position of main peaks and the values of CPI and OEP show that the organic matters in the sediments are the mixtures of terrestrial plants,marine phytoplankton algae and bacteria.The organic matters from terrestrial plants are dominated.The organic matters in the sediments are matured in this area.Squalene was identified in the core sample,which showed that biological methane synthesizing and bacteria function occurred in this area.The ubiquity of phenanthrene series,chrysene series compounds,perylene and retene compounds in the sediment indicated that PAHs mainly came from the terrestrial plants.Abundance of perylene designated the fast accumulation of terrestrial organic matter and reductive condition.The geological background and the analysis result showed that HD196A site had the conditions of gas source,temperature and pressure to form gas hydrate.The sampling site fits quite well to the area with high anomalies fueled by hydrocarbon seep,which indicates that this area is favorable for exploration of oil,gas and gas hydrate.


A cost-efficient ultra-wideband (UWB) over fiber architecture is proposed and demonstrated through simulation results. A directly modulated laser diode at the central unit (CU) is employed to transport and generate downlink UWB signals at a remote access unit (RAU). The directly modulated carrier is re-used at the RAU for transmission of uplink UWB signal. Therefore, all-optical full-duplex transmission of UWB signals at a rate of 2 Gbps is achieved while maintaining very low-bit-error rate (BER) values.


The aim of this research was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of ketoprofen through inclusion complexes by hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin.


Development of a prototype inverter powered baking oven was carried out and performance was evaluated to determine its efficiency. The oven was designed and fabricated with an outer dimension (506 mm length x 506 mm width x 506 mm height) made up of mild steel and inner dimension (436 mm length x 436 mm width x 436 mm height) made up of stainless steel and used fiber glass as an insulator. The materials for fabrications were locally sourced and served as alternative for baking, roasting or boiling using electrical recharged power in case of power failure. The prototype inverter baking oven operates on the principle of electrical resistance and 0.147?/W was obtained as the resistance of the heating element. The performance evaluation revealed the baking efficiency of the oven to be 94.29 %, 75 % and 66.7 % for bread, plantain and fish respectively, the maximum temperature of 160?C, 180?C and 200?C were recorded. Capacity of the baking oven was determined to be 6 loaves of bread per tray/batch. With practical determination and comparison made with other work, a prototype inverter powered baking oven can be adopted for domestic and industrial purpose depending on the production plans and the layout.


Purpose: With the ever-growing data of heterogeneous quality, relevance assessment of atlases becomes increasingly critical for multi-atlas-based image segmentation. However, there is no universally recognized best relevance metric and even a standard to compare amongst candidates remains elusive. This study, for the first time, designs a quantification to assess relevance metrics' quality, based on a novel perspective of the metric as surrogate for inferring the inaccessible oracle geometric agreement. Methods: We first develop an inference model to relate surrogate metrics in image space to the underlying oracle relevance metric in segmentation label space, with a monotonically non-decreasing function subject to random perturbations. Subsequently, we investigate model parameters to reveal key contributing factors to surrogates' ability in prognosticating the oracle relevance value, for the specific task of atlas selection. Finally, we design an effective contract-to-noise ratio (eCNR) to quantify surrogates' quality based on insights from these analyses and empirical observations. Results: The inference model was specialized to a linear function with normally distributed perturbations, with surrogate metric exemplified by several widely-used image similarity metrics, i.e., MSD/NCC/(N)MI. Surrogates' behaviors in selecting the most relevant atlases were assessed under varying eCNR, showing that surrogates with high eCNR dominated those with low eCNR inmore » retaining the most relevant atlases. In an end-to-end validation, NCC/(N)MI with eCNR of 0.12 compared to MSD with eCNR of 0.10 resulted in statistically better segmentation with mean DSC of about 0.85 and the first and third quartiles of (0.83, 0.89), compared to MSD with mean DSC of 0.84 and the first and third quartiles of (0.81, 0.89). Conclusion: The designed eCNR is capable of characterizing surrogate metrics' quality in prognosticating the oracle relevance value. It has been demonstrated to be correlated with the performance of relevant atlas selection and ultimate label fusion.« less


The invention discloses a biological diesel purity improving technique through one-time ester exchange technique and carbinol vapor distilling technique, which is characterized by the following: adopting aliphatic acid, highly acid value waste animal plant grease and neutral grease as raw material; using sealed continuous esterifying-ester exchange-carbinol steam to distill; combining continuous esterifying, circulating tap and carbinol distilling organically; improving esterifying rate; reducing acid effectively; improving the impurity over 99%.


This study aims to develop a valid and reliable instrument and can be used to measure the behavior of high school students regarding water pollution. The steps undertaken to develop this instrument are the development of a collection of question items, validation of a collection of question items, taking opinion experts, trials, instrument administration, documentation, calculating the validity and reliability of instruments using trials of this instrument which contains the habits of water pollution. The validation stage was submitted to one high school biology teacher and two biology lecturers. The instrument test was conducted with a group of 20 high school students with 15 questions. The results showed that the Corrected Item-Total Correlation of 15 questions created and validated there were 6 questions that were positive while 9 other questions were negative. Then for the value of Reliability Statistics for Cronbach's Alpha is 0.469 and Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items is 0.417. The conclusions from the results of the study as a whole assessment instruments are good and can be used. Keywords: Behavior, Water Pollution, Instrument Development.


In applying their methodology, Grosfeld-Nir et al. (2000) used the well-known SIMAN simulation program. In contrast, in the current study, we developed a dedicated computer simulation program, which allows to directly compare systems that previously required the use of linear interpolation (also see Dror 2000). The length of a simulation replication was 105 000 time units, including a 5000 time unit transient time in which system output statistics were ignored. The method of batch means was used to make statements regarding 95% confidence intervals based on dividing the non-transient portion of a replication into 20 time intervals also of length 5000 time units, and collecting assumed independent and normally distributed output statistics for each interval.


As theatre lovers in a foreign country, confronted with unfamiliar forms in incomprehensible tongues, don't we all wish we had an avuncular host to guide us through the intricacies of plot and illuminate obscure conventions? Ideally this native connoisseur would purchase the best seats and shuttle us to the theatre, sit beside us, prepare us with a straightforward plot summary in advance, then whisper unobtrusive comments during the performance to aid our appreciation. When in Japan, attending classical k y ö g en comedy, if you cannot find such a wise and generous shepherd you would do well to purchase Don Kenny's A Kyögen Companion. This book is published by the National Nö Theatre in Tokyo, which should be doubly congratulated. For in addition to producing rare plays and interesting combinations of actors and plays on all-kyögen programs, it also sponsors revivals of forgotten plays and new plays. These all-kyögen programs in Tokyo and elsewhere have fed the kyögen blaze of popularity in the past decade. K y ö g en fans no longer need sit through a long nö program to see their favorite performers in challenging roles: today there are over one hundred all-kyögen programs per year. And now this Companion has been published to make the kyögen boom accessible to non-Japanese-speakers. This is a significant update and refinement of Kenny's 1968 book (still available) A Guide to K y ö g e n , the companion volume to P. G. O'Neill's Guide to Nö (1954). Comparative shoppers will note the differences: the G u i de i n c l u d e s a few line drawings; the Companion has hundreds of photographs of recent performances. TheGuide notes divisions of roles according to Japanese terms, as in shite, ado, koado; the Companion wisely lists the casts in order of importance in the play. But the Guide designates whether a play is performed in the Izumi or Okura schools and indeed provides both versions; the Companion sometimes refers to school differences, but more often it merely notes alternative versions, providing no clue as to which school performs the play. The Guide's summaries vary in length; the Companion is strictly one summary per page. This arbitrary uniformity is unfortunate: why maintain a play-per-page format when a one-joke Iroha (Learning the Alphabet) or once-a-decade rarity gets as much space as the convoluted, hourlong Tsurigitsune (Fox Trapping) or the popular Busu (The Delicious Fatal Poison)? Given more space, Kenny could certainly illuminate much more about the staging and significance of many of these plays. In addition to the 257 plays of the standard repertoire included in the Guide, the Companion provides plot summaries for 29 new and revived plays. Revived plays include those discarded from the repertoire because of their sexu a l or political critiques. Some texts have survived intact; others survive only 236 Book Reviews


Ownership of Alaska's submerged lands has been disputed ever since Alaska gained statehood.1 At stake is title to a sizeable amount of land,2 some of which is highly valued for natural resources like gold, oil, sand, and gravel. The federal government, the State of Alaska, and Native groups all have conflicting title claims to ownership of the lands under Alaska's lakes, rivers, and streams. Resolution of these conflicting claims has been complicated by the methods used by the Bureau of Land Management ("BLM") to survey public land conveyances. Discrepancies between the survey methods used in Alaska and the methods used in the lower forty-eight states have imposed staggering administrative, financial, and litigation burdens on all parties to Alaska title disputes. 3


The management of equipment, maintenance and spare part inventory was integrated into a trinitarian computerized management system, the concept of preventive equipment maintenance was set up, the management of work sheet, preventive equipment maintenance, tasks, inventory and purchase were realized. The inventory and (usage) of key and expensive spare parts were monitored throughout the course, the purview of user could be set flexibly, and overall computerized management was realized. The aggregate equipment maintenance cost could be (decreased) effectively by this system.


To describe the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin (AZI) and low‐molecular‐weight‐heparins (LMWH) by sex among elderly residents in nursing homes (NHs) of Tuscany region (Italy) during the first pandemic peak.


An arc voltage of a vacuum discharge is relatively low, but it establishes very rapidly just after the contact separation. Such a rapid increase of the voltage might cause some kinds of transient phenomena in a closed circuit. An oscillating current caused by these transient phenomena can create a current zero at the vacuum arc. If the amplitude of the oscillations is larger than the current there, the arc will be quenched. We have already reported these interruption phenomena with small DC current using a commercial circuit. Two kinds of current oscillation were observed. The first one is a forced oscillation type which was observed when step arc voltage was appeared, and we called this a transient phenomenon. The second one is a spontaneous oscillation type which was observed after a long arcing time, and we called this an instability phenomenon. The second one is sometime called a current chopping. In the present paper, in order to clarify these small current interruption phenomena, experimental results using a demountable vacuum chamber to investigate a movement of the arc at a current interruption will be demonstrated. The arc voltage and current were measured at the current quench, and we took photographs of arcs from two directions in every 1 ms. We calculate the conductance in the vicinity of current zero, and were examined by the parallel capacitor interrupting performance.


Modulation schemes for three-phase three-switch buck-type PWM rectifiers where the switching state of one bridge leg is clamped within a /spl Pi//3-wide interval of the mains period do guarantee minimum switching losses as well as minimum input filter capacitor voltage ripple and minimum DC current ripple. However, as shown in this paper by a detailed analysis of the time behavior of the input filter capacitor voltages within a pulse period such modulation schemes are characterized by the occurrence of sliding intersections of the filter capacitor voltages which do cause input current distortion. An advanced modulation scheme is proposed which does prevent the input current distortion and does allow to maintain the optimum performance of conventional modulation schemes.


In this paper we discuss Business Intelligence and define what is meant by support for Multilingualism in a Business Intelligence reporting context. We identify support for Multilingualism as a challenging issue which has implications for data warehouse design and reporting performance. Data warehouses are a core component of most Business Intelligence systems and the star schema is the approach most widely used to develop data warehouses and dimensional Data Marts. We discuss the way in which Multilingualism can be supported in the Star Schema and identify that current approaches have serious limitations which include data redundancy and data manipulation, performance and maintenance issues. We propose a new approach to enable the optimal application of multilingualism in Business Intelligence. The proposed approach was found to produce satisfactory results when used in a proof-of-concept environment. Future work will include testing the approach in an enterprise environment.


Relationship between the size of γ' phase,hardness and variation of overheated temperature was studied in overheated condition by using replica technique and film technique.It is found that with increasing temperature,the carbide in grain boundary reduces from 800 ℃ to 950 ℃, the size and quantity of γ' phase also decrease obviously,and so does the hardness.According to analyzing the size of γ' phase in replica specimen and film specimen,it is shown that the size of γ' phase can be gained from using replica technique.


Abstract The Enning Road redevelopment project has been controversial in Guangzhou as the site possesses many vernacular buildings that are not officially recognised by the authorities as significant but are nevertheless highly regarded by non-state stakeholders as important entities that embody the unique essence and culture of local neighbourhoods. This paper examines the positive role led by the press media, the New Express, in bringing about changes in the government-sanctioned Enning Road redevelopment project plan through the lens of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF). The significance of this paper lies in detailing how the news group has helped shift the project priority from being property-led to conservation-led. Its reports have gained a wide audience in appreciating and recognising the conservation value of non-designated vernacular architecture in inner city areas. Nonetheless, this paper raises question about the sustainability of civil mobilisation in subsequent conservation efforts, due to a general lack of enthusiasm. Neither urban redevelopment strategies nor conservation agenda have been subject to a major overhaul due to the impact of this individual redevelopment project. Therefore, the promise of change is at best a tactical compromise adopted by the municipal authorities to nullify opposing public voices in Guangzhou.


Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) is an on demand routing protocol for delivering messages in a connected Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). AODV itself is an improved version of routing to maintain connection on demand and the route repair is the procedure that is called after the link expiration time. Connectivity in the network only exists when nodes are in radio range of each other. Routes can be repaired by the node that detects the link breakage along the end to end path. In this paper, we are enhancing the existing Route Repair method in AODV to achieve broadcasting and minimizing the flooding. The protocol's enhanced version first creates the group of mobile nodes then broadcasting can be done, and if the link breaks then route repair technique can be applied. Many intermediate nodes in the network take part in communication. Enhanced AODV Route Repair (EAODV) protocol is implemented on NS2 network simulator. To analyze and compare the behavior of proposed protocol (EAODV) in term of dynamic TTL value (fixed and varying) according to network requirement prediction, simulations are performed. Proposed protocol has been compared with the obtainable AODV in terms of routing load, and data delivery ratio.


Alphabetical Listing of Entries Topical Listing of Entries Preface Chronology of Selected Privacy-Related Events The Encyclopedia Resource Guide Index About the Editor and Contributors


The 18th Party Congress report puts forwards the n ew concept of "Beautiful China", and the beautiful countryside is an important component of Beautiful China. To construct beautiful villages in the western minority areas plays a significant role in promoting eco-civilization construction,in developing social economy in the western national region and in realizing the great rejuvenation of"Chinese Dream". A good job in constructing the beautiful village not only needs scientific planning,adjusting measures to differing conditions so as to greatly increase the local characteristics while keeping the rural ecological environment as well as traditional culture heritage under effective protection,but also requires rapid development of village green industry and cultural creativity industry. Accordingly, ecological evaluation should be strengthened and ecological security mechanism should be established.


The Wigner-Yanase skew information stands for the uncertainty about the information on the values of observables not commuting with the conserved quantity. The Wigner-Yanase skew information-based uncertainty relations can be regarded as a complementarity to the conceptual Heisenberg uncertainty principle. We present tight uncertainty relations in both product and summation forms for two quantum channels based on the Wigner-Yanase skew information. We show that our uncertainty inequalities are tighter than the existing ones.


This project analyses the wounds sustained by those defending the Crusader castle of Vadum Iacob, which is to the north of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. To our knowledge this is the first Crusader castle garrison to be excavated and studied, and consequently gives unique information concerning medieval battle wounds. The Muslim forces of Saladin stormed the castle in August 1179. The skeletal remains of five of the garrison who were killed during the siege and the execution which followed have been studied, providing a vivid portrait of what it must have been like in the last hours as the castle surrendered. Multiple sword and arrow wounds were noted, and arrowheads were still in situ at the time of their deaths. All the soldiers appear to have been stripped of their armour and then dumped together with corpses of horses that died in the battle. We explore the nature and anatomical location of the wounds in the context of medieval Islamic weapons, battlefield tactics and the defensive armour of the Crusaders. Despite the limited number of soldiers discovered, the unique nature of this site makes the findings of great significance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


THE SITE SELECTION, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SUBWAY UNDER THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY TRACKS AT SHEPPARD AVENUE, IN AGINCOURT, NEAR TORONTO IS DESCRIBED. THIS SUBWAY IS THE FIRST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURE TO SUPPORT A RAILWAY IN CANADA AND IS BELIEVED TO BE THE FIRST CONTINUOUS PRESTRESSED CONCRETE RAIL STRUCTURE IN NORTH AMERICA. THIS TYPE OF STRUCTURE IS PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR HEAVY SKEWS, LONG SPANS AND HEAVY LOADS. THE SKEW ON THIS BRIDGE IS APPROXIMATELY 60 DEGREES. AN ELECTRONIC COMPUTER WAS USED TO SOLVE THE 57 TIMES STATICALLY INDETERMINATE GRID SYSTEM. /CGRA/


The escalation of network traffic drives it imperative to enhance network traffic capacity and alleviate congestion. We propose a novel routing strategy in accordance with the properties of sine function. In simulation experiments, our strategy is compared with the efficient routing (ER) strategy. The phase change point of network from free state to congestion state can accurately define network traffic capacity. By using the optimal parameter of our strategy, the traffic capacity of network can be enhanced and the average path length can be reduced under each network size. What's more, load variance and total load under our strategy are lower, which indicates that the total load is smaller and the load distribution is more uniform when compared to the case of ER strategy.


The purpose of this study was evaluate the effects of the moderate physical training on the hepatic metabolism of juvenile rats submitted to protein restriction during critical periods of development. Wistar rats received Normoprotein (protein17%) and Low protein (protein8%) diets throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning (21 days), pups received Labina®. The offspring was submitted to the incremental aerobic run test from the 26th, 27th and 28th days and subdivided into two additional groups according to the practice or not the physical training (Normoprotein Sedentary‐NS; Normoprotein Trained‐NT; Low protein Sedentary‐LS; Low protein Trained‐LT). The animals of NT and LT groups underwent a moderate physical training (60min day/5days/ 4 weeks). At 60 days, the male were euthanized and the liver removed to biochemistry analyzes. Our results showed a decrease on mitochondrial oxygen consumption after ADP addition (State 3, 53%, p<0.01) and respiratory control ratio (RCR, 52%, p<0.0001), additionally we observe increase on mitochondrial swelling (40%, p<0.001) and ROS production (36%, p<0.01) in LS group when compared to the NS group. The levels of lipid peroxidation (42%, p<0.0001) and protein oxidation (81%, p<0.0001) were increased and SH‐content (41%, p<0.0001) was decreased in the LS group when compared to the NS group. The antioxidant enzymes activities as SOD (33%, p<0.0001), CAT (48%, p<0.0001), GPx (49%, p<0.001) and GST (64%, p<0.01) were decreased in the LS group without altering the GSH levels. The metabolic enzymes activities showed a decrease on the CS (28%, p<0.05), no change on PFK1, decrease on G6PDH (54%, p<0.001) and increase on β‐HAD (2.1 fold, p<0.0001) in the LS group when compared to the NS group. In the LT group we observe that moderate physical training induced a significant effect on the all‐hepatic metabolism pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that the physical exercise acted as a non‐pharmacological therapeutic agent capable to minimizing the effects of a protein restriction in the early life of these animals.


Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is the most common form of childhood autoimmune vascular inflammatory diseases, the incidence rate showed an increasing trend, its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Th17 cells are recently discovered to be a new kind of different from Th1, Th2 effector of CD4+ T cell subsets, Th17/Treg imbalance is closely related to the pathogenesis of HSP. The paper reviewed the related researches.

Key words:
Th17 cell; Regulatory T cell; Henoch-Schonlein Purpura; Pathogenesis


Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1 in 44 children in the United States.1 While genetic factors have long been implicated in ASD,2 the complex interactions of environmental and genetic influences remain unclear. Developing a detailed understanding of ASD risk factors is important to allow prompt and early diagnosis, to provide evidence-based prognostic information to families, and to increase our understanding of underlying brain mechanisms contributing to ASD features. Pediatric ischemic stroke is similarly heterogeneous and potentially debilitating—albeit far less common than ASD with an incidence of 5.6 per 100,000.3 While it is well established that pediatric ischemic stroke is a risk factor for future neurologic conditions, including epilepsy4 and cerebral palsy,5 both of which are independently associated with ASD, the risk of ASD after pediatric ischemic stroke was previously unknown.


Objective To investigate the occupational hazards of nurses in the supply room,to determine what kind of occupational hazards is most dangerous,and accordingly put forward some suggestions of protective measures.Methods Totally 208 nurses from supply rooms of 4 general hospitals were surveyed with questionnaires.The data of occupational hazards were analyzed.Results Various kinds of occupational hazards happened among nurses in the supply room,and among all occupational hazards,physical damage was the most frequently happened.Conclusions The occupational protection awareness of nurses is relatively weak.They can not properly handle damages caused by occupational hazards,so sufficient attention should be given to it.

Key words:
Nurses in supply rooms;  Occupational hazards;  Physical damage;  Protective measures


Data-driven design approaches based on input-output measurements with no need for help from a plant model have attracted attention from several researchers. We have proposed such a disturbance attenuation Fictitious Reference Iterative Tuning (FRIT) using input-output data generated by a step or impulse disturbance, and showed the effectiveness of the approach through experiments of DC motor control and helicopter attitude control. The present work applies the approach to the experimental data for temperature control. The PID gains are tuned so that temperature of a piece of metal would follow a disturbance reference model output signal. From the experimental result, the disturbance attenuation FRIT is effective for PID gain tuning from closed-loop input and output experimental data generated by a impulse disturbance with unknown magnitude.


This paper discusses the distance relay over-reaching in the case of installation of thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) which is categorized as a series connected flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) device. This is done by presenting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of TCSC presence at the near end of the next line. Distance relay tripping characteristic is greatly influenced in the presence of TCSC on the transmission line or even in the case of installation of TCSC on the near end of the next line. Distance relay tripping characteristic depends on many factors including the power system structural conditions and the pre-fault loading, the ground fault resistance, and the TCSC compensation degree


Summary: Triple arthrodesis of the calcaneocuboid, subtalar, and talonavicular joints is a well-established procedure in the treatment of complex disorders of the foot. Long-term follow-up studies have demonstrated that excellent results can be achieved, but the procedure requires careful preoperative planning, meticulous attention to detail, and technical precision. Complications of triple arthrodesis are primarily technique- dependent and include nonunion, malalignment, and degeneration of the adjacent, unfused articulations of the foot and ankle. This article presents our preferred technique for triple arthrodesis. It also identifies the causative factors leading to potential complications as well as measures to ensure their prevention


Abstract The experience of being young and gay or lesbian has been seriously neglected in research and service provision in South Africa. This qualitative study aimed at exploring and describing the experience of coming out from the personal narratives of 18 gay and lesbian youth. Due to the marginalised nature of the sample, a variety of purposive sampling techniques were utilized. The paper explores the multiple levels of institutionalized homophobia reported by this sample as they navigate their coming out process in post-Apartheid South Africa, with specific reference to denigration, rejection and social isolation. Implications for social work practice in supporting these marginalized young people are considered.


Thirty-nine samples of surface sediments obtained from Jiangsu coastal ocean were analysed to evaluate the sediment quality. The grey clustering method is applied to assess the sediment quality and generate the classified results. Then the samples are classified into three categories (clean, light pollution and heavy pollution). Of all the thirty-nine samples, there are eleven clean samples, twenty light pollution samples, and eight heavy pollution samples. The results show that the pollution status has the regional feature of concentrating distribution. By analysing underlying reasons, pollutants discharging into the sea due to increased industrial and agricultural activities contributed to the contamination. Therefore, more emphasis should be paid on the surface tidal flat sediment environment administration, especially on the treatment of pollution source for improving the sediment quality. It is very important to enhance the marine environmental protection for sustainable development of coastal area.


The current at the onset of saturation in a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is shown to be limited by the drain velocity that increases toward its saturation value with the increase in the drain voltage. The saturation of velocity crops up as randomly oriented velocity vectors in equilibrium realign themselves to become unidirectional in the presence of an extremely high electric field. The intrinsic velocity, the ultimate saturation velocity, is the function of carrier concentration and temperature, consistent with the predictions of the ballistic transport. The presence of a quantum emission either by emission of a phonon or photon lowers the saturation velocity below its intrinsic value. Channel conduction beyond the quasisaturation point enhances due to the drain velocity overshoot as a result of enhanced drain electric field as drain voltage is increased. The excellent agreement with experimental data on an 80 nm channel, without using any artificial parameters, confirms th...


We studied the relation between structure of the Ag clusters produced in Ag-type zeolite-A and properties of photo luminescence (PL) by use of in-situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Ag clusters are generated in the cavity of Ag-type zeolite-A which is cooled to room temperature after heated at 500°C for 24 hours under vacuum or atmosphere. We investigated the change of the Ag clusters in the zeolite cavity when various gases are introduced: oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, and their mixture. The Ag clusters were breakdown when H2O gas was introduced and the fact of the breakdown of the cluster is necessary for appearing the strong PL band. It was suggested that the structural change in the zeolite induced by the formation and breakdown of the Ag clusters is key point of the PL mechanism.


Innovative organizations are characterized by their ability to drive the creative contributions of its employees. Moreover, recognizes that human capital exists in two integrated aspects: emotion an d cognition, and highlights the fact that when emotio ns are recognized and constructively guide, strengt hen intellectual performance. Thus, considering that th e creative act is at the same time, cognitive and emotional, the objective of this research is to stu dy the relationship between mental-emotional intell igence and technological innovation, which process is appr oached from an epistemic point of view descriptive documentary, listening to the main exponents of the literature related to mental-emotional intelligenc e and technological innovation, also examines the relatio nship between the two fields. In conclusion, it bec ame clear that to carry out innovation, requires the de velopment of mental and emotional skills that can b e pursued through continuous training and also that m ultiple elements of the mental-emotional intelligen ce that directly influence the process of technologica l innovation, among the most outstanding are: fear of ridicule, self-imposed barrier, inability to self-c riticism, situational awareness, commitment, compla cency, fear of making mistakes, low self esteem and distru st to colleagues.


Fecal calprotectin (FC) has become a reliable biomarker for intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, a simple and rapid assay to replace conventional ELISA is necessary for wider use in clinical practice. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of a novel method for measuring FC using a colloidal gold aggregation (CGA) assay for assessing mucosal inflammation in pediatric IBDs.


An integrated numerical scheme was proposed for the simulation of optical flying head (OFH) dynamics in near-field optical recording (NFOR) system. The control volume method was employed to obtain the pressure distribution of the air bearing slider (ABS) with complicated surface and the Quasi-Newton iteration method was utilized to search the stable flying attitude of optical flying head. Furthermore, the effects of the main parameters of ABS on the stable flying attitude were investigated by the numerical scheme and the optimization of slider surface profile is implemented. The results demonstrate that the OFH can achieve stable flying height (73.87nm) and flying attitude, which meets the requirement of NFOR system.


Background. Salivary glands tumours are uncommon, frequently benign lesions, prevalently located in the parotid gland (80%). Surgical decision making is based on the patient's history, examination findings, imaging and fine needle aspiration (FNA). FNA is a pre-operative method with good ability in detecting malignancy.  During surgery, therefore, Frozen section (FS) can differentiate benign lesions from malignant tumours, to reduce incorrect treatments, to increase the chances of conservative surgery and to better evaluate surgical margins. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the accuracy of the FS procedure in surgery of the salivary glands and to stress the need for dedicated pathology units specialized in lesions of the oral cavity. Methods . The study included 499 patients who underwent surgery from May 2005 and October 2014. An intra-operative frozen section procedure was done for 288 of them. All frozen sections were compared with the final results. The cases were classified by site, nature of the lesion and histotype, according to the WHO classification. Comparison was made between the intra-operative and the definitive diagnosis. Results. Of the 288 FS procedures, 259 were for neoplastic lesions, 199 of which benign and 60 malignant, and 29 for non-neoplastic lesions.  Of the 259 neoplastic FS results, 2 were shown to be false positives and 2 were diagnosed as different malignant types.  Of the 29 non-neoplastic FS results, 4 were false negatives. Conclusions. Our results showed that the accuracy of frozen section procedure is 98% for salivary glands tumors. The highest concordance between frozen section and the definitive diagnosis was for inflammatory processes (99%), pleomorphic adenoma (98%), Warthin's tumor (97%) and malignant neoplasms (96%). In conclusion, based on these findings, frozen section of the salivary glands may be proposed as a routine procedure and should be used in decision-making.


Despite the recent progress in gallium nitride (GaN) growth technology, the excessively high threading dislocation (TD) density within the GaN crystal, caused by the reliance on heterogeneous substrates, impedes the development of high‐efficiency, low‐cost, GaN‐based heterostructure devices. For the first time, the chemical exfoliation of completely TD‐free, single‐crystalline, ultrathin (tens of nanometers) GaN nanomembranes is demonstrated using UV‐assisted electroless chemical etching. These nanomembranes can act as seeding layers for subsequent overgrowth of high‐quality GaN. A model is proposed, based on scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as optical measurements to explain the physical processes behind the formation of the GaN nanomembranes. These novel nanomembranes, once transferred to other substrates, present a unique and technologically attractive path towards integrating high‐efficiency GaN optical components along with silicon electronics. Interestingly, due to their nanoscale thickness and macroscopic sizes, these nanomembranes may enable the production of flexible GaN‐based optoelectronics.


The integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks in 5G and beyond 5G are envisioned to support dynamic, seamless, and differentiated services for emerging use cases with stringent requirements. Such service heterogeneity and rapid growth in network complexity pose difficulties in network management and resource orchestration. Network slicing paves the way for delivering highly customized services and enabling service-oriented resource allocation. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) becomes a key enabler for network slicing management. However, AI-based approaches encounter critical challenges in adapting to dynamic and complex wireless environments. In this article, first, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of these challenges, open issues, and future research opportunities. Second, we highlight the investigations on dynamic-adaptive AI solutions for dealing with the effect of concept drift. Third, we identify typical dynamic scenarios in case studies and provide numerical results to illustrate the effectiveness of the discussed AI solutions.


Aim:  The major aim of this study was to determine the fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR) during the early period of recovery after intensive aerobic exercise in the absence of nutritional supplementation.


ALSTOM Power Inc.'s US Power Plant Laboratories (ALSTOM) has teamed with American Electric Power (AEP), ABB Lummus Global Inc. (ABB), the US Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE), and the Ohio Coal Development Office (OCDO) to conduct a comprehensive study evaluating the technical feasibility and economics of alternate CO2 capture and sequestration technologies applied to an existing US coal-fired electric generation power plant. Three retrofit technology concepts are being evaluated, namely: • Concept A: Coal combustion in air, followed by CO2 separation with Kerr-McGee/ABB Lummus Global's commercial MEA-based absorption/stripping process • Concept B: Coal combustion with O2 firing and flue gas recycle • Concept C: Coal Combustion in air with Oxygen Removal and CO2 Separation by Tertiary Amines Each of these technologies is being evaluated against a baseline case and CO2 tax options from the standpoints of performance and impacts on power generating cost. A typical existing US domestic pulverized coal fired power plant is being used in this evaluation. Specifically, AEP's 450 MW Conesville Unit No. 5, located in Conesville, Ohio is the power plant case study. All technical performance and cost results associated with these options are being evaluated in comparative manner. These technical and economic issues being evaluated include: • Boiler performance and plant efficiency • Purity of O2 produced and flue gas recycled • Heat transfer into the radiant and convective sections of the boiler • NOX, SO2, CO and unburned carbon emissions • Heat transfer surface materials • Steam temperature control • Boiler and Steam Cycle modifications • Electrostatic Precipitator system performance • Flue Gas Desulfurization system performance • Plant systems integration and control • Retrofit investment cost and cost of electricity (COE) ALSTOM is managing and performing the subject study from its US Power Plant Laboratories office in Windsor, CT. ABB, from its offices in Houston, Texas, is participating as a sub-contractor. AEP is participating by offering their Conesville Generating Station as the case study and cost sharing consultation, and relevant technical and cost data. AEP is one of the largest US utilities and as the largest consumer of Ohio coal is bringing considerable value to the project. Similarly, ALSTOM and ABB are well established as global leaders in the design and manufacturing of steam generating equipment, petrochemical and CO2 separation technology. ALSTOM's world leaders in providing equipment and services for boilers and power plant environmental control, respectively, and are providing their expertise to this project. The DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory and the Ohio Coal Development Office provided consultation and funding. All participants contributed to the cost share of this project. The motivation for this study was to provide input to potential US electric utility actions to meet Kyoto protocol targets. If the US decides to reduce CO2 emissions consistent with the Kyoto protocol, action would need to be taken to address existing power plants. Although fuel switching to gas may be a likely scenario, it will not be a sufficient measure and some form of CO2 capture for use or disposal may also be required. The output of this CO2 capture study will enhance the public's understanding of control options and influence decisions and actions by government, regulators, and power plant owners to reduce their greenhouse gas CO2 emissions.


Custom manufacturing of freeform surfaces, such as that of sheet metal components for automobiles, or the body panels and the composite parts of aircraft provides major challenges for traditional dedicated manufacturing systems (DMSs) due to the following factors: (1) mass customization, (2) rapid prototyping, (3) time and personnel cost, and (4) system complexity. Typically, flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) and reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMSs) are designed for fixed and high variability in the design parameters resulting in high system complexity. These design methodologies have many opportunities stemming from some limitations including: (1) lacking feature analysis of high variability products, (2) high system complexity, (3) reduced capacity for manufacturing of high curvature surfaces, and/or (4) low repeatability. An extended Multi-actuated Optimized Reconfigurable Freeform Surface (e-MORFS) mold is developed for a targeted application for the mass production of the freeform surfaces, e.g. custom foot orthoses (CFOs). The e-MORFS mold aims at the following goals: (1) to achieve size and shape variability for a complex product with a large population, (2) to reduce system complexity considering product features, and (3) to achieve high curvature surface reconstruction with proper boundary conditions (BCs) to avoid wrinkling and stretching. The e-MORFS mold achieves the maximum error range of 0.3–0.5mm for the whole population with only 6 actuators. This study provides the e-MORFS mold and design algorithm potentially used for targeted application of freeform surface manufacturing, e.g. CFOs. These design methodologies may guide designs of freeform surface manufacturing in applications, e.g. automobile, aerospace, biomechanics, and architecture.


An 80-year-old male patient with heart failure received digoxin after fracture surgery.The clinical pharmacist analyzed the drug interaction,the physiological and pathological state on the drug concentration.Clinical pharmacist intervened the therapeutic schedule of digoxin to reduce the ADR and improve the safety,effection and rationality of digoxin.


The programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 and programed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) based immunotherapeutic agent is a cornerstone for the treatment of cancer. The expression of PD-L1 was developed as a biomarker to predict the efficacy of anti-PD1/PD-L1 pathway based immune check point inhibitor. In addition, increased PD-L1 in tumor and tumor microenvironment could be considered as representative biomarkers for immune suppressive microenvironment.


We present a method based on graphical models for the localization of corresponding anatomical landmarks in CT images of multiple patients for which only limited labeled training data is available. Our method mobilizes anatomical spatial relationships learnt from labeled training images in order to improve dense matching using weak landmark appearance descriptors. In this study, we report results for localization of 22 different anatomical landmarks in 20 unseen lung cancer patients and different types of anatomical constraints (none, box-range, Gaussian). The average registration error over all landmarks improved from 18.8 voxels (37.6mm) of the raw landmark descriptors to 4.2 voxels (8.4 mm) using the anatomical constraints.


We attempt to deal with the direct photon production phenomena in p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at RHIC energy, √sNN = 200 GeV and in Pb+Pb-collisions at LHC energy, √sNN = 2.76 TeV on the basis of a non-standard framework outlined in the text. Comparisons of the model-based results with the measured data on some observables reveal fair agreement and they are modestly consistent with the results obtained by some other models of 'Standard' framework.


An overview of DMT modulation in short-reach, optical intensity-modulated and direct-detection channel is presented and impairments limiting DMT performance, such as clipping distortion, quantization noise, and thermal noise are introduced and discussed.


BACKGROUND
Since the hepatosplanchnic region plays a central role in development of multiple-organ failure and infections in critically ill trauma patients, this study focuses on the influence of glutamine, peptide, and synbiotics on intestinal permeability and clinical outcome.

METHODS
One hundred thirteen multiple injured patients were prospectively randomized into 4 groups: group A, glutamine; B, fermentable fiber; C, peptide diet; and D, standard enteral formula with fibers combined with Synbiotic 2000 (Synbiotic 2000 Forte; Medifarm, Sweden), a formula containing live lactobacilli and specific bioactive fibers. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by measuring lactulose-mannitol excretion ratio on days 2, 4, and 7.

RESULTS
No differences in days of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, or multiple-organ failure scores were found between the patient groups. A total of 51 infections, including 38 pneumonia, were observed, with only 5 infections and 4 pneumonias in group D, which was significantly less than combined infections (p = .003) and pneumonias (p = .03) in groups A, B, and C. Intestinal permeability decreased only in group D, from 0.148 (0.056-0.240) on day 4 to 0.061 (0.040-0.099) on day 7; (p < .05). In group A, the lactulose-mannitol excretion ratio increased significantly (p < .02) from 0.050 (0.013-0.116) on day 2 to 0.159 (0.088-0.311) on day 7. The total gastric retention volume in 7 days was 1150 (785-2395) mL in group D, which was significantly more than the 410 (382-1062) mL in group A (p < .02), and 620 (337-1190) mL in group C (p < .03).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients supplemented with synbiotics did better than the others, with lower intestinal permeability and fewer infections.


State of the art micromirror DMD spatial light modulators (SLM) offer unprecedented framerate up to 30000 frames per second. This, in conjunction with high speed digital camera, should allow to build high speed optical encryption system. Results of modeling of digital information optical encryption system with spatially incoherent illumination are presented. Input information is displayed with first SLM, encryption element - with second SLM. Factors taken into account are: resolution of SLMs and camera, holograms reconstruction noise, camera noise and signal sampling. Results of numerical simulation demonstrate high speed (several gigabytes per second), low bit error rate and high crypto-strength.