Background: In this study, unstable thoracolumbar spine fractures with neurological deficit fixed with Moss Miami pedicle screw and decompression were followed up for neurological improvement (sensory and motor functions). Patients were admitted in the department of Orthopaedics, Government medical college, Kottayam from November 2016 to October 2017. Methods: In this observational study, 96 patients (aged 17 to 60 years) are followed up. The preoperative neurological status and post-operative recovery are follow-up at 1, 3 and 6 months and graded by Frankel's grading. Change from Frankel's grade A OR B to Frankel grade C, D OR E was said to be improved neurologically. Results: 87.3% males and 12.7% females with 58.3% patients having fall from height sustained wedge compression fractures (49.1%), burst fractures (46.8%) and fracture dislocations (4.1%). vertebra fractured were L1-31.4%, T12-22.9% and L2-19.7%. Complete paralysis was 44.8% and 55.2% incomplete. At 6 months 75% patients showed improvement and 25% patients showed nil. 95.5% patients (18-30 years) showed improvement and only 50% (51-60 years). Incomplete neurological deficit showed significant improvement (100%) compared to patients with complete paralysis (44.2%). Preoperative Frankel score has significant relationship with final neurological (44% of patients with Frankel A and 100% with Frankel D. Conclusions: Moss Miami pedicle screw stabilization with decompression is an effective surgical technique in maintaining stability of spine in traumatic paraplegia and paraparesis patients and there is significant improvement in neurological status.


BACKGROUND: Advancements in colorectal surgeries can be attributed to the adoption of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) clinical guideline, which is a system of perioperative interventions bundled together cohesively to enhance a patient's surgical experience, especially their post-operative recovery. One of the first interventions that initiates the ERAS process is the delivery of patient education before surgery. However, there are currently no standardizations on the kind of content or method of delivery for this education. PURPOSE: This Quality Improvement (QI) project determined the effects of a private, inperson, educational program discussing in detail the ERAS guideline adopted by their treating facility and the patient's active role in the recovery process. An enhanced quality of recovery for these colorectal surgical patients was evaluated by measures of an early return to normal activities of daily living (ADLs), symptom incidence, levels of anxiety, and patient satisfaction when compared to patients who receive usual care. METHODS: A multivariate, repeated measures design was used, which followed the Plan, Do, Study, and Act (PDSA) model. The sample consisted of ten participants who were scheduled for colorectal surgery at a community medical center. Participants were given code numbers where odd numbered participants received the educational intervention and even numbered participants represented the usual care, control group. After informed consent, a Demographic and Clinical Data form was completed for each participant. The Quality of Recovery40 (QoR-40) questionnaire was administered to the intervention and usual care groups at two time points: upon hospital discharge and one week following hospital discharge. Descriptive analysis was used to identify trends in the Demographic and Clinical Data forms, while changes in the scores on the QoR-40 questionnaires was measured by independent and paired t-tests. RESULTS: A two-tailed paired t-test analyzed the difference in mean scores of the intervention group on Discharge Day and One-week Post-Discharge, revealing statistical significance with a t-score (5) = 3.9198 and p-value = 0.0173. Another two-tailed paired t-test analyzed the difference in mean scores of the control group on Discharge Day and One-week Post-Discharge, revealing statistical significance by a t-score (5) = 2.9994 and a p-value = 0.004. However, completing a one-tailed independent t-test on Discharge Day scores between the intervention and control group revealed no statistical significance as demonstrated by t-score (5) = 0.6551, and a p-value = 0.5308 (p>0.05). Another one-tailed independent t-test on One-week Post-Discharge scores between the intervention and control group revealed no statistical significance as demonstrated by a t-score (5) = 1.2421, and a p-value = 0.2494. DISCUSSION: The results of this QI project indicate that for elective colorectal surgical patients, education regarding the ERAS guideline is not required to enhance their surgical recovery, measured by an early return to ADLs, decreases postoperative symptoms, decreased levels of anxiety, and overall increased patient satisfaction. Further research is needed to study the effects of different preoperative educational material to determine what content is most influential on patients' surgical recovery.


ABSTRACT Moral Foundation Theory forwards that morality is a traitlike disposition that guides one's behaviors, attitudes, and communication. This study examined the relationship between participants' moral foundations and their aggressive and adaptation communication traits. Results of this study suggest that the foundations that concern others (i.e., harm/care and fairness/reciprocity) were associated negatively to verbal aggressiveness, argumentativeness, and Machiavellianism and associated positively with responsiveness, assertiveness, and cognitive flexibility. The foundations that concern socially binding constructs (i.e., in-group/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity) were negatively related to Machiavellianism and cognitive flexibility.


Viscous dampers (VDs) are effective and widely used passive devices for the protection of civil structures, provided that appropriate design is carried out. For this purpose, an optimal design and optimum distribution of VDs method is presented for a shear building under the critical excitation by using random vibration theory in frequency domain. In the optimization, by using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm, the and top floor displacement are evaluated as objective functions taking into consideration upper and lower limits of VDs damping coefficients, so that optimal damper placement and properties of shear building can be determined. In this design, VDs-shear building system is tested under three different ground motions being compared to some methods in the literature and uniformly distributed VDs placed at each story. It is shown that, the results of study are both compatible and very successful in reducing the response of structure under the different ground motions.


The rise of plastic waste on the earth and its associated environmental pollution is a major concern for humankind. The reuse of plastic waste for energy harvesting not only reduces...


Abstract The interface between the fields of health and communication brings together a wide diversity of topics, perspectives and articulations between academic production (scientific content) and its dissemination to the public (health journalism). The development and convergence of communication technologies, the progressive mediatization of society and institutions, the new generation of readers and their ways of consuming health content are some of the examples of the various issues addressed in health communication. The aim of this article is to reflect on the relationship between media and health and its current importance in the production and dissemination of contents, in light of the new information and communication technologies, producing efficient and credible information, directed to different audiences. Keywords: health; nutrition; communication; information; communication and health. Practical Application: Health communication refers to the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence the decisions of individuals and communities to promote their health. This definition is broad enough to encompass all areas in which communication is relevant in health. Health communication processes are very important in health professionals / health consumer's interaction. In this paper, the authors identify the relation between the technologies and communication in health and some strategies to development of health professional's skills communication.


Objective To analyze the biological characteristics and morphologic features between the mouse models using MDA-MB-231 cells established by injecting tumor cell suspension or implanting tumor tissues. Methods Twenty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups,with 10 in each group.The orthotopic models of breast cancer were established by injection of tumor cell suspension or implantation of tumor tissues in the fat pad of right second breast in the nude mice of the two groups,respectively.The time of tumor formation,success rate,tumor growth rate,shape,central tumor necrosis,blood vessel distribution and tumor ulceration were compared between the two groups of models.The histological features of the tumors were also observed. Results There were no significant difference in the success rate between the two methods.In the group of tumor tissues implantation,the tumors formed in an earlier time with various shape configurations,and they were hypovascular and vulnerable to central necrosis with the resultant superficial ulcerations.However,in the group with injection of tumor cell suspension,the tumors formed later with a regular shape,and the superficial ulceration was rare and not vulnerable to central tumoral necrosis since the tumors were abundant in blood vessels resulting in adequate nourishment.There were no significant difference in the pathological findings between the two groups. Conclusion The nude mouse models of breast cancer can be successfully established by both tumor tissues implantation and tumor cell suspension injection,with identical biological characteristics and fairly different morphological features.The investigators are well advised to choose the more appropriate one according to the purpose of the experiments.


Although nowhere near as endemic a problem as once was the case in India, payments for organ donations, which were made illegal in 1995, have continued to blight the landscape and invited charges that the impoverished are being preyed upon.

When coupled with a severe disparity between supply and


Amateur astronomers operating small telescopes accumulate a larger amount of observational time of Solar System planets than the ensemble of professional telescopes. Over the last 15 years, advancements in low-cost fast acquisition cameras and image software processing tools have pushed forward the scientific analysis of these observations thanks to a sustained increase in quality and spatial resolution. The high temporal coverage attained by amateur astronomers collaborating with scientists allows detecting rare events in the atmospheres of different planets. In particular, high-atmosphere phenomena in Mars, possibly caused by solar activity, and meteor impacts in Jupiter have been observed serendipitously in the last decade. Here we review the contribution of amateur astronomers to these two fields. Coronal Mass Ejections arriving to Mars under favorable observing conditions can be predicted after observations of the Sun, and their possible effect on Mars upper atmosphere can be monitored with small telescopes. Impacts in Jupiter of two different classes can be discovered by amateur astronomers: intermediate size impacts big enough to leave a debris field on its atmosphere (150-m size objects before the impact), and fireballs caused by objects of 5–20 m producing short-lived flashes in video observations of the planet. In this regard, we present a software tool designed to analyze video observations of Jupiter and Saturn that should help to find new impact flashes on the giant planets.


Semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterials comprise alternating doped (metal) and undoped (dielectric) subwavelength semiconductor layers. These materials support high wavevector modes called volume plasmon polaritons. Here, we investigate the quality and modal indices of volume plasmon polaritons in three semiconductor systems: Si:InGaAs/InAlAs, Si:InAs/GaSb, and Si:InAs/AlSb. We are able to demonstrate modal indices as high as 15, which is higher than any other artificial hyperbolic metamaterial within its respective wavelength range. We achieve this while maintaining quality factors as high as 14, comparable to those same material systems. Understanding of how the material combinations of these semiconductor hyperbolic metamaterials affect the volume plasmon polaritons provides the groundwork for the development of tunable, low-loss, infrared optoelectronic devices.


In this paper, we propose a novel method based on Dijkstra algorithm for parking lot to find an optimal route and solve the difficulties in finding parking spaces and traffic congestion nowadays. Firstly, by means of the traditional Dijkstra algorithm, which is a common way to solve the shortest path problem, we combine it with the impedance function model to obtain the dynamic time of the route. Secondly, the balance function between distance and time is adopted as the weight matrix of the algorithm for optimal path planning. Finally, the verification of the proposed method was conducted by using the numerical simulation. Experimental results validated that the proposed approach was able to provide an optimal personal navigation path effectively, thereby it enhancing the user experience in the parking lot.


Mental health is seen as the most basic condition for a good quality of life. Those with a high level of happiness are believed to be healthier and more successful in interpersonal relationships. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the happiness levels of women and men in Türkiye during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, the microdata set obtained from the Life Satisfaction Survey conducted by TURKSTAT in 2020 was utilized. Using generalized ordered logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with the happiness levels of men and women were determined. According to the study's findings, factors such as age, marital status, level of education, source of happiness (individual), general satisfaction level, level of satisfaction with health, and level of hope for the future are related to the happiness levels of women and men. In the study, it was determined that the importance and effect of the variables vary according to the happiness levels of men and women. It was revealed that employment status and household income were solely associated with the probability of being very happy/happy among men. It was determined that the happiness source (what) and household size variables were only associated with the probability of women being very happy/happy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it may be advantageous to implement initiatives that increase the level of happiness for men and women, strengthen emotional support, and provide better health care.


The lifestyle of hedonism is mushrooming among students due to the high intensity in using social media. Social media is used as a promotional media of products. Thus resulting in the frequent appearance of advertisements on social media one of them instagram. The study aims to find out impulsive buying in student instagram users. The sample from this study is a student of Islamic psychology IAIN Surakarta class of 2018. Research using qualitative methods and research results are presented in qualitative descriptive form. The results showed someone impulsively buying a product that supports the style of life informant with a price of ≤ Rp. 150,000. Impulsive buying appears when scrolling up ads on Instagram. So it raises curiosity marked by following the online shop account. Therefore encourage informants to buy products as self-fertiliser. Hedonic motivation becomes one of the driving forces for someone to make purchases based on desire without paying attention to aspect of rationality


The main purpose of this descriptive research is to examine and document the development of a curriculum‐based learning portfolio model for children in a preschool for three–six‐year‐olds in Taiwan. Data collection methods adopted include classroom observation, in‐depth interviews, questionnaires and documentation. Participants include a preschool principal, two administrators, six teachers and three assistant teachers. The data collection period lasted for eight months. Triangulation was employed to analyse and interpret the data. The findings are as follows: the framework of the curriculum‐based learning portfolio model contained child development checklists, a portfolio and summary report for each child. The target preschool adopted two strategies to systematise documenting works: (1) establishing the performance indicator to replace the professional description, and (2) planning a yearly working calendar for documenting children's learning in advance. Systematised documenting works can reduce the workload for teachers, but the teachers still have to spend some extra time on arranging anecdotal records after class. As the teachers have to document individual portfolios for each child, no child will be neglected. Learning portfolios reveal individual children's development, present teaching results and provide communication between teachers and parents. Parents learn to recognise the advantage of a learning portfolio and then to support the implementation of the model.


1. BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, Mathematical Tables, v. 6: Bessel Functions, Part I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1950. 2. HARVARD COMPUTATION LABORATORY, Tables of the Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders Zero and One, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1947. 3. Ibid., p. xix-xxin. 4. W. G. BICKLEY & J. C. P. MILLER, Notes on the Evaluation of Zeros and Turning Values of Bessel Functions, Phil. Mag. 36, 1945, p. 121-133.


The development program to identify the critical parameters for the process of converting thorium nitrate solution into thoria powder is described. Thorium oxalate hexahydrate is precipitated from the reaction of thorium nitrate solution with oxalic acid. The resulting thorium oxalate hexahydrate slurry is filter pressed into a cake which is air calcined to form thoria powder. Changes in the critical processing parameters such as free nitric acid content of the thorium nitrate solution, precipitation temperature, and calcining temperature altered the thoria powder characteristics, and thus its capability for being fabricated into fuel pellets. The objective of the powder preparation effort was to obtain thoria powders which could be formed by conventional ceramic fabrication techniques into thoria and thoria-urania pellets of high density and high integrity having a nearly uniform large grain structure.


In a Swedish vehicle speed survey, data are collected for a stratified three-stage sample of road sites. The concern here is whether the current allocation of the sample over sampling stages is the most efficient, or if there is room for improvements. The parameter of main interest is the average speed, R, on the roads. In order to evaluate the present sample allocation, the components, arising from each sampling stage of the total variance of the estimator of R, is estimated. The sampling design is such, that in all stages but the first one, only one sampling unit per stratum is selected. This makes the variance contributions from the first and second sampling stage inseparable. This problem is circumvented by utilizing a fictitious sampling design and some experimental data. In this way, the demanded variance component estimates are calculated for a domain of study. The results indicate that for an unchanged total sample size, the precision of the estimator of R would improve if the sample sizes in stage three were increased, and the sample size in stage one decreased correspondingly. Thus, re-allocation of the sample seems to be worthwhile, and formulas for doing this in an optimal manner are provided. (A) The report is available as a PDF file: http://www.mai.liu.se/Stat/research/Reports/LiU-MAT-R-2002-04.pdf.


The study seeks to establish how theories and concepts derived from electro-acoustic practice can inform
musicians about the'nature of instrumental thought. Instrumental/vocal musical languages are particular
representations of a wide framework of fundamental musical laws. The most successful expression of these laws is through concepts of electro-acoustic music. As a result many points of contact between hitherto unconnected areas of music are revealed.
Three principal'subJect-areas are investigated:
1) The'development of Pierre Schaeffer's musical researches: The researches under consideration are those conducted from 1948 up to-the publication of the revised edition or the "Traite des Objets Musicaux" in 1977. The importance of new musical-concepts and Schaeffer's Programme de la Recherche Musicale are discussed. There has been no-extensive examination of these in English.
Consequently, neither Schaeffer's position, nor French electro-acoustic music's role in the development ofcontemporary music has been efficiently assessed.
2) The Cologne studio's development during the period 1953-70: Particular emphasis is given to a discussion'of the studio's relationship with the evolution of serial thought. This relationship is identified as the main stimulus for many of the studio's musical concepts in addition'to its preoccupation with electronic sound generation. Furthermore, the conflict between Paris and Cologne regarding musical-languages is examined and the theory or eventual convergence of views is contested.
3) The, nature of Schaefferian music theory: The concepts of valeur/caractere, permanence/variation and Schaeffer's concept of the "instrument" are discussed. It is proposed that Schaefferian concepts offer & significant methodology for the study of contemporary music. They assist, therefore our understanding not just of electro-acoustic music but contemporary music in general.


DREMAN, S. B. Sharing Behavior in Israeli Schoolchildren: Cognitive and Social Learning Factors. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 186-194. Middle-class boys (N = 180) were given an opportunity to share candies with other children in different reciprocity conditions. The combined effects of rewards in the past and expectations of future reward on present sharing were examined. The study was a 3 X 3 X 2 factorial which included 3 age levels (ages 6-7, 9-10, and 12-13); 3 levels of prior reward by the intended recipient (Recipient to S, Recipient to Other, and No Donation); and 2 levels of expectations of future reward from this recipient (S Identified and S Anonymous). In accordance with developmental expectations, donations over all conditions increased as a function of age. On the basis of social learning theory it was predicted that Ss would contribute the most in the condition in which they both had received a reward in the past and had expectations of obtaining reciprocation in the future (Recipient to S, S Identified). Contrary to this prediction Ss contributed the second smallest amount of candies in this condition, and an interaction was obtained between prior reward and future expectation of reward conditions. Unlike previous studies a relation between moral judgment and behavior was found.


Hepatic encephalopathy is a complex life-threatening neuropsychiatric syndrome, which can be associated with acute inflammation. It can be found in cases of acute liver failure caused by a viral infection. Reports of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have described hepatic encephalopathy. Therapy with immunomodulators can be an effective choice for this clinical condition. CIGB-258 is an immunomodulatory peptide with antiinflammatory properties derived from cellular stress protein 60 (HSP60). We report a case of a 55-years-old woman diagnosed with COVID-19 and hepatic encephalopathy characterized by episodes of anxiety, delirium, confusion and seizure, according to her clinical history, laboratory and radiological data. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase , plasma ammonia and alkaline phosphatase were increased and inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin 6 and 10 were over the normal range. The patient received an intravenous administration of 1 mg of CIGB-258, every 12 hours during Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 11 September 2020 © 2020 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. 2 four days, followed by 1 mg daily for another three days without adverse reactions. Neurological symptoms disappeared completely at by the fourth days after starting therapy, and inflammatory biomarkers noticeably decreased, but not all of them reach the normal values. This case highlights the outcomes of a severe COVID-19 patient with hepatic encephalopathy, treated with CIGB-258. The patient recovered successfully and the liver enzymes, plasma ammonia and biomarkers associated with hyperinflammation were reduced. These results support clinical investigations of CIGB-258 as a therapeutic agent in COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RPCEC00000313


This datasheet on Piaractus brachypomus covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Dispersal, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information.


In today's challenging Scenario it is tough to retain and perfectly manage the human resource. Building up a healthy HRD Climate with the fittest and finest talent in the Organization is truly the need of the hour. Developing the competencies of the employees in the Organization calls for one of the major components of HRD climate to be prevalent i.e. OCTAPACE Culture. To study the OCTAPACE Culture which is one of the major components of the HRD Climate, a questionnaire survey has been conducted among 50 employees from three selected Private Life Insurance Companies of Nagpur city.Statistical measures like mean, standard deviation have been employed. The study reveals that there is existence of an average degree of the OCTAPACE Culture among the selected Private Life Insurance companies in Nagpur city.


SUMMARY Measurement of samples from 154 sites in the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line yielded six palaeomagnetic poles, at 243.6°E, 84.6°N, a 95 =6.8°; 224.3°E, 81.2°N, a 95 =8.4°; 176.1°E, 82.0°N, a 95 =8.5°; 164.3°E, 86.4°N, a 95 =3.4°; 169.4°E, 82.6°N, a 95 =4.6° and 174.7°E, 72.8°N, a 95 =9.5°, belonging to rocks which have been dated by the K‐Ar method at 0.4‐0.9 Ma, 2.6 Ma, 6.5‐11 Ma, 12‐17 Ma, 20‐24 Ma and 28‐31 Ma, respectively. The results are in general agreement with other palaeomagnetic poles from Oligocene to Recent formations in Africa. The first three poles for rocks formed between 0.4 and 11 Ma are not significantly diVerent from the present geographical pole. Together with other African poles for the same period, this suggests that the African continent has moved very little relative to the pole since 11 Ma. The other three poles for rocks dated between 12 and 31 Ma are significantly diVerent from the present geographical pole, showing a 5° polar deviation from the present pole in the Miocene and 13° in the Middle Oligocene.


Aim: The aim of the study was to find out whether a relationship exists between the position of palatally impacted canines, focused on vertical position and inclination of palatally impacted upper canines on lateral cephalograms taken prior to orthodontic therapy, and the treatment duration. Material and Method: Forty - seven palatally impacted canines were measured in 44 lateral cephalograms prior to treatment. The measured parameters were: vertical distance of the canine crown and inclination of the canine long axis to the occlusal plane on lateral cephalograms. Duration of treatment of the impacted canine was established as the time period between commencement of an active traction till the canine was aligned into the dental arch. Conclusions: A statistically significant mild correlation was found between the canine inclination to the occlusal plane on a lateral cephalogram and treatment duration. The relationship between the canine cusp distance from the occlusal plane on a cephalogram and treatment duration was not proved.


In order to improve the weather forecast accuracy of some city,this paper developed the weather phenomenon rating system.First it elaborated the SSI technology and the reason for adopting the SSI technology as the system architecture,then it analyzed the requirements for and solutions to the weather phenomenon rating system,and specifically described the application of the iBATIS2.3 technology.And finally,it presented the evaluation results by the assessment method formulated by the National Weather Service and analyzed the evaluation results.


Our paper focuses on factors that help to successfully and efficiently manage urban infrastructure in large cities and centres using Big Data solutions. We explain the key points about urban Big Data approaches, including infrastructure that supports urban governance, public services and economic and industrial development, taking into account and supporting the central role of urban Big Data in urban intelligence with particular emphasis on the smart cities. Moreover, we want to add a third dimension to social urban data analysis by assessing the use of social, spatial, and temporal data for key issues to understand how it can influence human behaviour across time and space. Our results might have important implications for urban planners and policy-makers and contribute to the mitigating the regional inequalities as well as to improving urban infrastructure and making the cities of the future happier and healthier places for all their citizens.


Investigation data on low cycle fatigue of steel and its welds, widely used in nuclear industry, have been summarized. This information has been received on rather representative number of base metal heats and welded samples for reactor pressure vessels, steam generators and pipe-lines. Experimental data have been compared with Reference curves in Russian Strength Calculation Norms PNAE G-7-002-86. It has been shown that the values of margin factors nσ =2 and nN = 10 in fatigue strength as-sessment of equipment from ferrite and austenite steels are provided.


To describe surgical outcomes and radiographic features of olfactory groove meningiomas treated by excision through the subcranial approach. Special emphasis is placed on paranasal sinus and orbit involvement.


The evaluation of near-field data can be an effective way to analyze EMI sources. In contrast to antenna measurements, near-field techniques can determine the emitted field without special requirements on the measurement environment. Moreover, critical sources can be found when current distributions can be identified. Therefore, current reconstruction methods for PCB traces were developed. With additional voltage information the termination impedances of the traces can be found. The known phase-less approaches suffers from different limitations, e.g., non-unique reconstruction results. In this paper, the necessary conditions for a unique reconstruction are discussed by investigating simulated phase-less near-field data. Based on these findings, measured near-field data of a PCB trace is evaluated, and the successful retrieval of the phase information is shown. Additionally, reconstructed voltage distributions are presented and compared to measurement data.


Based on the principle of infrared thermal imaging technology,an experimentation device is designed with the infra-red thermal imaging technology under the condition of a locally-thinning wall contained in conduit and under other different circumstances.In addition,relevant factors which influence the sensitivity of the device are researched and a primary analysis according to statistics obtained in examination is offered.


Contents: Gunilla Holm/Harriet Zilliacus: Multicultural education and intercultural education: Is there a difference - Rauni Rasanen: Teachers' intercultural competence and education for global responsibility - Hannele Cantell/Matti Cantell: Global education in a multicultural school - Sonia Nieto: Solidarity, courage, and heart: What teacher educators can learn from a new generation of teachers - Mirja Talib/Sari Hosoya: Finnish and Japanese pre-service teachers' preparedness for diversity - Pirjo Lahdenpera: How to develop an intercultural school: Experiences from Sweden - Leida Talts/Airi Kukk/Maia Muldma: The language immersion program at school entry in Estonia - Kristin Adalsteinsdottir/Gudmundur Engilbertsson/Ragnheidur Gunnbjornsdottir: Multicultural teaching in Manitoba (Canada), Norway and Iceland - Arja Virta: Cultural diversity challenging history education: Why and how - Arto Kallioniemi/Kaarina Lyhykainen/Antti Rasanen: Headmasters' conceptions of school festival traditions - Leena Andonov: Interaction in consultation discussions: Building partnerships with culturally diverse families - Lihong Huang: Learning for work: Student career aspirations in China and Norway.


structures to persons acting freely, with a result which may lead to later structures. It may be that the analogy of Socrates is most fitting here. Socrates circulated in a world where old standards had lost their appeal and where everything was being questioned, where skill with words could make the worse appear the better reason. He did not shrink from this world. He plunged into it, using its method, its debunking and its insights. And he came out on the other side with some standards, some values, and some attitudes which satisfied Western thinking for 2,000 years. We will have to do something like this if we are to get our feet on intellectually solid ground again. It seems to me that our author here, and Russell Kirk, are like Aristophanes, who ridiculed the new dialogue and longed to get back to the good old educational system which trained the men of Marathon. Our student revolt, for which Molnar has little sympathy, has brought to the surface some rather strong absolutes. In the welter of relativism a few things are not relative. The war in Vietnam is wrong. Not just wrong for me if I think it's wrong, but wrong, period. And if you think it right you are wrong. The exploiting of underprivileged people is wrong. It is wrong to live luxuriously when people are starving. There is a strong sense of justice abroad in the land, and a flaming indignation at injustice. We could start our Socratic dialogue with these commitments, and perhaps get somewhere.


This work compares the accuracy of fundamental frequency and formant frequency estimation methods and maximum a posteriori (MAP) prediction from MFCC vectors with hand-corrected references. Five fundamental frequency estimation methods are compared to fundamental frequency prediction from MFCC vectors in both clean and noisy speech. Similarly, three formant frequency estimation and prediction methods are compared. An analysis of estimation and prediction accuracy shows that prediction from MFCCs provides the most accurate voicing classification across clean and noisy speech. On clean speech, fundamental frequency estimation outperforms prediction from MFCCs, but as noise increases the performance of prediction is significantly more robust than estimation. Formant frequency prediction is found to be more accurate than estimation in both clean and noisy speech. A subjective analysis of the estimation and prediction methods is also made by reconstructing speech from the acoustic features.


The utility model relates to an image acquisition module capable of convenient loading and unloading to an operating lamp handle. The image acquisition module comprises a module housing. The module housing is provided with a first end portion and a second end portion. The second end portion is provided with a photographing opening and an accommodating space adjacent to the photographing opening. A combination mechanism is disposed in the first end portion. One end of the operating lamp handle is connected with one end of the combination mechanism. The image acquisition module is disposed in the accommodating space and is connected with the other end of the combination mechanism. The image acquisition module is provided with a lens. The lens is adjacent to the photographing opening. The image acquisition module receives photographing data based on the lens. In particular, through the manners of fastening, magnetic attraction or threaded connection at one end of the combination mechanism, the image acquisition module is fixed below the operating lamp handle, so as to increase the convenience of use.


The time-domain expression of HVDC line short circuit current is derived with the consideration of distributed parameter characteristics. It is figured out that,the short circuit current without control increases along with the increase of fault duration and the short circuit current of short-distance fault is bigger than that of long-distance fault,in conformance with the time constraint of short circuit current and the condition constraint of physical boundary. The influence of HVDC control on short circuit current is analyzed,which shows that,the magnitude of short circuit current varies non-monotonically with the fault distance and discretely with the fault time,different from the traditional recognition of short circuit current variation characteristics. Its non-monotonic characteristic makes the electrical boundary of current protection different from the physical boundary of HVDC transmission line and its discrete characteristic makes the electrical boundary of current protection varying with the fault time in a zigzag way,which should be considered during the setting calculation of HVDC line protection for current criteria.


The paper analyzes the factors influencing the voltage drop of the rural middle-voltage power network. Considering the self-learning ability, associative memory and approximating nonlinear mapping of neural network, a new method to estimate voltage drop of middle voltage distribution network is proposed based on BP neural network group. As the large number of sample data of voltage estimation and the complexity of classification are easy to lead to difficult network convergence, the BP network group structure is proposed. According to the specific requirements, samples are classified and input to each BP subnet to complete the single training as well as parallel training and tests. According to impact factors of the voltage drop and the actual parameters of distribution network, the neural network input and output characteristics are identified. The samples are classified according to the load distribution type, thus the complexity of BP network training is reduced and the training efficiency is improved. The simulation results of actual examples show that the proposed method is effective and feasible for estimation of voltage drop.


The rheological properties of poly (ether Sulfone) with different molecular weight have been measured using cone/plate rheometer. All the samples showed shear-thinning behavior and the now aCtivation energy for melts were obtained which were consistent with that reported by ICI. The correlations between zero shear viscosity (η0) and molecular weight at vareus temperatures were established and concluded that the M. of samples were close to Mc The master curve with good superposition was plotted and the two empirical constants of WLF equation were obtained and discussed.


OBJECTIVES
Our aim was to analyse the evolution of HIV-1 2-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) circular DNA in vitro and ex vivo in the presence of raltegravir.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Twenty-five patients starting a raltegravir-based regimen were included. Total HIV-1 DNA and 2-LTR DNA were quantified at baseline and in follow-up samples up to month 12. The effect of raltegravir on the formation of 2-LTR circles was evaluated in HeLa P4 cells. The effect of raltegravir was also investigated by sequence analysis of the 2-LTR circle junctions.

RESULTS
Among 21 patients with undetectable 2-LTR DNA at baseline, 7 had detectable 2-LTR DNA during the follow-up. Three of four patients with detectable 2-LTR DNA at baseline had undetectable 2-LTR DNA during the follow-up (P = 0.27). The mean 2-LTR level increased significantly (+0.07 log(10)/month, P = 0.02) in raltegravir-treated patients, and a 2-LTR increase was also observed in raltegravir-treated HeLa P4 cells, with a peak at 3 days post-infection. 2-LTR DNA showed a high prevalence of deletions ex vivo (64.5%) and in vitro (50%) in the presence of raltegravir, which was not statistically different from the prevalence in untreated patients or cells.

CONCLUSIONS
In antiretroviral-experienced patients receiving raltegravir, 2-LTR DNA increased while total HIV-1 DNA decreased over time. The frequent rearrangements found in 2-LTR sequences warrant further investigations to determine the dynamics of evolution of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.


THE EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE COOPERATION OF ENERGY REGULATORS, Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2019/942 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 establishing a European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators1 (ACER), and, in particular, Articles 4(3) and 4(5) thereof, Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005, and, in particular, Articles 8(3)(b), 8 (10) and 9(2) thereof, Having regard to the outcome of the consultation with the ACER's Gas Working Group, Having regard to the favourable opinion of the Board of Regulators of 28 April 2021, delivered pursuant to Article 22(5) of Regulation (EU) 2019/942, Whereas:


Theories about anything are notoriously difficult to grasp. The difficulties multiply when the subject is technology-ubiquitous enough in our modem world, yet not well understood. Difficulties mount even higher when the goal is a theory about change in something that is not well understood even at rest. Theories of technological change then are cursed thrice from their inception. Can they be redeemed? This essay aims to survey the parameters of technology and to suggest the purposes to which theories about technological change may be put. The questions are, What are we talking about? And who should care?


The construction and enhancement of the university's core competence is animpregnable initiative strategy which makes it successful in the market steep competition andkeeps its sustainable development.Although we can observe,understand and analyzeuniversity's core competence from a variety of angles of view,university's characteristicstrategy becomes one kind of indispensable basic strategy.To take it into consideration,thisarticle carries on the discussion of university's characteristic and university's core competence,giving some propositions to form the characteristic of a university by means of building its corecompetence.


Objective To explore the value of ultrasonic integrated backscatter (IBS) of liver in acute organophosphorus poisoning rabbits. Methods Animal models of acute organophosphorus poisoning were induced. Ultrasonic examinations were performed at the times before (T_0) and after (T_1-T_7) the rabbits were poisoned. The echo and the thickness of right lobe of liver were evaluated by two-dimensional ultrasound. The changes of parenchyma were quantitatively analyzed by IBS. Results No significant changes were found in the echo and the thickness of right lobe. Significant difference of IBS% in both medial and far fields were found from T_4 to T_7 compared with that at T_0 while the same change appeared from T_5 to T_7 in near field. From T_4 to T_6, IBS% of medial and far fields was significantly different from that of near field respectively. Significant difference can be found between any two of the three fields at T_7. Conclusion More useful information can be offered by hepatic integrated backscatter in acute organophosphorus poisoning rabbits.


Now-a-days disease damage is one of the most important problems in the agriculture sector especially in the paddy leaf because it gradually reduces the yield also minimize the health condition of the rice. The problem present in the agriculture sector is minimized by applying the various image processing and machine learning techniques but the certain situation, the elimination of the disease is still issues. So, in the paper introduces the novel automated rice leaf disease identification and detection system using the improved support vector machine with the radial basis neural networks. Initially the captured paddy images are transformed into the gray scale image and the noise present in the image is eliminated with the help of the image clipping, cropping and smoothing process. Afterwards, the image enhancement need to perform by applying the histogram equalization method and the particular affected region is segmented with the help of the Otsu' thresholding with k-means clustering process. From the segmented region, different features are extracted using scale invariant method and the features are classified with the help of the support vector machine trained radial basis neural network. The outcome of the key parameters such as, error rate, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy will evaluate the efficiency of the system.


The neutron diffraction technique has been employed to study the inelastic scattering of polarized 1.08‐A neutrons by magnetic spin waves in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) at room temperature. Measurements were made for the case when the YIG scatterer was oriented near the position for (220) Bragg reflection. Quantitative confirmation has been obtained for the theoretical predictions of the dependence of this scattering on the incident neutron polarization. Two new methods are described for determining the parameter D appearing in the expression Dk2 for the energies of long‐wavelength acoustic magnons in usual ferromagnets and ferrimagnets. These methods require only measurements of the peak intensities of the diffuse magnetic reflections. The values D=0.25(+0.04, −0.03) eV·A2 and D=0.26±0.02 eV·A2 have been obtained for YIG by these procedures.


A series of halogen-containing poly (esterurethane)s was synthesized from the prepolymers, i.e., hydroxy-terminated polyesters containing chlorine and fluorine and the diisocyanates such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). Polyesterification of halogenated phthalic anhydride with an excess of diols such as ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, and 1,4-butanediol in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) was carried out to prepare prepolymers. The prepolymers and the poly (esterurethane)s were characterized by infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), viscosity, end-group analysis, solubility and thermal analysis namely thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Kinetics of thermal degradation was also studied. Resistance of the polymers to alkaline agents and combustion was also tested.


The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for sustainable Chinese urban development based on data analysis and empirical contrasts. Our study revised and improved the assessment of the ESV (ecosystem service value) related to whole land use types. The ESV estimation method for construction land is based on substitution cost methods, cost-prevention methods and shadow-price methods. This analysis uses a typical analysis framework to evaluate the environmental quality PSR (Pressure - State - Reason). The results demonstrated that the relationship between urbanization level and ecosystem service values per unit area presents a Kuznets inversed U Curve. The ecosystem service values per unit area for moderate urbanization are higher, whereas those of the primary and mature stages are lower. Therefore, the occupation of less farmland, the intensive use of construction land and the preservation of the environment are wise choices for new urbanization development models under reasonable environmental policies.


Background In the Netherlands, using drugs to deliberately end the life of a severely defective newborn baby who is in extreme suffering can be permissible under very precise circumstances. This does not mean that all Dutch neonatologists are willing to engage in such behaviour. This paper discusses the use of neuromuscular blockers (NMBs) in connection with abstention decisions in neonatology and the boundaries between 'deliberate ending of life' and other end-of-life decisions. These boundaries are of paramount importance because, of all end-of-life decisions, only 'deliberate ending of life' must be reported by the responsible doctor and exposes him to the risk of being prosecuted. Methods 14 Dutch neonatologists were presented with a hypothetical case of a severely asphyxiated baby who faces a long dying process after withdrawal of 'medically futile' (zinloos) life-sustaining ventilation. Doctors were asked whether it is acceptable to administer NMBs in this situation and whether such behaviour should be reported. Results and conclusions Doctors' responses were heterogeneous, showing that the acceptability of using NMBs in certain situations and the boundaries between end-of-life decisions are currently a subject of discussion among Dutch neonatologists. Many respondents reported feeling threatened by the potential involvement of the criminal law authorities in the system of control over 'deliberate ending of life'.


In the title complex, [Cd(NO2)2(C17H14N4)], the CdII ion assumes a distorted monocapped octahedral coordination geometry defined by an N3O4 donor set. The crystal structure is stabilized by π–π stacking interactions [shortest centroid–centroid distance = 3.5537 (18) Å].


Highly efficient CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells with thinner PV active layers are required from a view point of reduction of production cost as well as toxicity of Cd. We have achieved the conversion efficiency of 13.5% (V/sub oc/: 0.799 V, J/sub sc/: 24.8 mA/cm/sup 2/, F.F.: 0.679, area: 0.42 cm/sup 2/) using 2.0-/spl mu/m thick PV active layers. High efficiencies were obtained with annealing temperatures at CdCl/sub 2/ treatment lower than those for conventional thick (5-10 /spl mu/m) solar cells. Furthermore, higher oxygen concentration of 7% at the CdCl/sub 2/ treatment was found to be effective for improvement of the efficiencies.


Currently in crime analysis, specifically spatial crime analysis, there are a number of spatial data analysis procedures used to show clustering of offenses in the vicinity of facilities and locations, for example, schools, bars, bus stops, pawn shops, and other. This case study includes 30 middle and high school in Winston-Salem, NC. The gang crime data include all offense crimes flagged by the WSPD in 2012. For the comparison land use, 500 tax parcel locations in WinstonSalem, NC were selected from the WS tax parcel database using SPSS's random selection procedure. The resulting intensity values are plotted into a histogram where the differences in clustering can be easily identified. Also, a t-test of the null hypothesis is used to identify if the two groups are significantly different in term of clustering of offenses. According to the 2010 National Survey of American Attitudes on Substance Abuse, a large amount of gang activity takes place in schools, for instance, more than a quarter of public middle and high schools students say both gangs and drugs are present on their campuses. Forty-five percent of high school students expressed that there were gangs or students who consider themselves part of a gang in their schools. Thirty-five percent of middle-school students expressed that there were gangs or students who consider themselves part of a gang in their schools. The differences between public and private schools were significant. While 46% of students in public schools reported the presence of gangs and gang members at school, only 2% of private school students did (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2010). The same survey found that public schools with gangs were twice as likely to report drug use on campus as public schools without gangs. The survey also found that students in schools with gangs were 12 times more likely to use tobacco, three times more likely to drink alcohol, and five times more likely to have use marijuana than students from schools without gangs (National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 2010). 40 Journal of Gang Research Volume 24, Number 4, Summer, 2017 © Copyrighted by the National Gang Crime Research Center According to the School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey (2014), during the 2009–10 school year, 16% public schools reported gang activities on their school campus or in the surrounding area. This represents a decrease in the percentage of students reporting gangs on/around campus from 20% in 2007-08. In fact, there has been a steady reduction in the number of students reporting gang activity annually since 2005 (i.e., 24%). Schools in urban areas appear to be the most affected by the presence of gangs: 18% of urban students reported gangs, versus 11% of suburban and 7% of rural students in 2013. In the same year more students (as a percentage) reported gang activity at public than private schools (i.e., 13% vs. 2%, respectively). Regarding race/ ethnicity, Latino/Latina represented the higher percent of students involved in gangs with 20%, followed by African American with 19%, Asians with 9%, and whites with 7%. In Winston-Salem, NC the number of gang-related offenses at public schools has been on the rise. In 2009, there were 14 incident charges reported, 26 in 2010, 61 in 2011, and 92 in 2012 (WSPD, 2013). Currently in crime analysis, specifically spatial crime analysis, there are a number of spatial data analysis procedures used to show clustering of offenses in the vicinity of facilities and locations, for example, schools, bars, bus stops, pawn shops, and other. Some researchers theorize that these locations or facilities are criminogenic (or crimogenic).1 That is, crime may cluster or group around more in certain locations or facilities, or crime may exhibit less clustering in other locations. Usually, in the spatial crime analysis these clusters are known as hotspots. The main goal of the paper is to show an alternative to hotspot analysis. Intensity Value Analysis (IVA) offers a more precise method than the alternative methods available. IVA offers to increase the identification, measurement, and comparison of crime clustering. Also, IVA would allow for a more effective response by law enforcement agencies. In their article McCord and Ratcliffe (2009), suggested that IVA is an improvement over other methods of clustering analysis. IVA calculates the intensity of clustering around desired locations. IVA estimates the intensity of crime points into a single, inverse distanceweighted valued based on the cumulative contiguity of all crime offenses that occurred within a buffer in the vicinity each location. This procedure assigns lower values to crime points that are farther away from the targeted location, and vice-versa. Therefore, when all values are added to a single value for each location, it results in a more accurate estimation of spatial patterning than (for example) hotspot analysis.2 Case Study: Gang Crime and Schools This case study includes 30 middle and high school in Winston-Salem, NC. The gang crime data include all offense crimes flagged by the WSPD in 2012 (N = 353). For this study a bandwidth of 800 feet was used. For the comparison land use, 500 tax parcel locations in Winston-Salem, NC were selected from the WS tax parcel database (N = 93,248) using SPSS's random selection procedure.3 Hernandez: Comparing Gang Patterns 41 © Copyrighted by the National Gang Crime Research Center This study uses the Buffer Intensity Calculator (Ratcliffe, 2007) to estimate and compare the intensity value ranges from the two different land uses. The procedure is to create two groups of intensity values, one for the schools and another for the random points. The resulting intensity values are plotted into a histogram where the differences in clustering can be easily identified. Also, a t-test of the null hypothesis is used to identify if the two groups are significantly different in term of clustering of offenses. Results To first understand how crime values differed from each group, the gang-related crimes intensity values for the 30 schools and 500 random points were plotted into a cumulative distribution graph or histograms (see Figure 1 and 2). Approximately 87% of the random points had zero intensity values indicating no gang related crimes occurred within 800 feet (see Figure 1). By contrast, only 57% had zero intensity values (see Figure 2). Figure 1. Cumulative percent count of the gang-related crimes intensity values for the 30 middle and high schools. 42 Journal of Gang Research Volume 24, Number 4, Summer, 2017 © Copyrighted by the National Gang Crime Research Center Figure 2 about here Figure 2. Cumulative percent count of the gang-related crimes intensity values for the 500 random points. For each group IVA was performed, the table below shows the mean intensity value for the 30 schools and the 500 random points, the mean value for the schools was 0.992 (2.153 SD) and the mean value for the random points was 0.126 (0.492 SD). These results indicated a greater clustering of gang crimes around schools. Table 1:Descriptive Statistics for the Intensity Values of the Schools and the Random Points Location N M (SD) SE School 30 .99 .39 (2.15) Random 500 .13 .02 (.49) While a one-sample t-test (used due to differences in sample/population sizes), it was determined that the difference in intensity values was statistically significant at the p < .05. Hernandez: Comparing Gang Patterns 43 © Copyrighted by the National Gang Crime Research Center Table 2: One-Sample t-Test for the Intensity Values of the 30 Schools t df P Mean Difference Intensity 2.52 29 0.02 0.99 According to the independent samples t-test, the hypothesis that the groups have equal variances can be rejected. Since the significance value of the t-test is significant (p < .001), the average of .866 (ie. intensity value) is not due to chance alone. Table 3: Independent Samples T-Test for the Intensity Values Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F P Equal Variances Assumed 108.52 <.000 T-test for Equality of Means T DF p Mean Diff. Std. Error Diffs Equal Variances Assumed 6.62 528 <.000 .87 .13 Equal Var's Not Assumed 2.20 29.18 .036 .87 .39 Conclusions and Implications The case study of middle and high schools using IVA showed a higher concentration of gang-related offenses around their campuses than the 500 random points around the city. IVA is a relatively new technique that falls into the place-based theory that comes from the ecological theories of crime. Place-based theory or place-focus procedures in recent years have helped crime researchers find new explanations to crime clusters in urban settings. The old procedure of just counting crimes at different locations has been shown not to be sufficient to examine the criminogenic characteristics of different land uses (or locations). According to McCord and Ratcliffe (2009), even though IVA is only the first step in this process, it offers a more realistic base rate for comparison between crime clusters around criminogenic facilities with some other facilities (or locations). What this means is that IVA offers measurements that can be compared with different facilities, land uses, types of crime, and locations. The possibility of measuring and analyze crime clustering more accurately may be very helpful in crime prevention. For instance, making comparisons using IVA between difference types of places, such as, bars, bus stops, or pawn shops, just to name a few, may help pinpoint hidden behaviors or activities that may increase the opportunity or promote crime. This information could be very helpful to law enforcement, school administrators, and any researchers interested in detecting characteristics and activities of locations associated with different crime levels. 44 Journal of Gang Research Volume 24, Number 4, Summer, 2017 © Copyrighted by the National Gang Crime Research Center Reference


In Ecuador, there is great diversity of frogs, gender Pristimantis this is the most numerous, there are cases where members of the same species have morphological variations which hinder their identification, so that the use of other techniques such as required cytogenetics, for proper characterization. An example is the case of Pristimantis achatinus, species of which six morphotypes were recorded in the town of Las Tolas, in the province of Pichincha. This paper aims to analyze mitotic chromosomes six morphotypes, determining each number, morphology and relative length by measuring techniques and chromosome banding C, DAPI and NOR. For this purpose 10 metaphases were analyzed for each morphotype from duodenal epithelium. Members analyzed Pristimantis achatinus presented 2n=36 chromosomes, all telocentric in both males and females. In five of the six morphotypes bands C were detected exclusively in the centromeric region, while in the sixth morph red five bands C telomeric were found in the long arm (q). The Nucleolar Organizer Region, NOR, was located on chromosome pair 15 in all morphotypes associated with a secondary constriction. The DAPI bands, labeled strong and exclusively in the centromeric region of all chromosome pairs, all morphotypes. With these results we can say that the red morph differs from the others by the presence of bands C telomeric, which could suggest the existence of some chromosomal phenomenon that may lead these individuals enter into a process of speciation.


FACIAL nerve surgeons have observed for a long time certain functional changes that occur within the first 72 hours after surgery which have been difficult to explain. Such observations are now easier to understand in light of the imaginative biochemical work of Huxley and Hodgkin, 1-5 which won for them the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1963. From a morphologic point of view, the excellent tissue culture studies on the regenerating nerves by Shambaugh and Orr 6 enlighten us as to some of the important aspects of the physiologic pathology of nerve injury and repair. The application of some of these biologic concepts which were made in pure science should perhaps alter some of our clinical dicta as to when we should perform nerve surgery. Minimal but definite associated motion has been observed personally and by several colleagues, in numerous cases that have had the conventional intratemporal facial nerve decompression


Abstract We propose a new approach to mortality prediction under survival energy hypothesis (SEH). We assume that a human is born with initial energy, which changes stochastically in time and the human dies when the energy vanishes. Then, the time of death is represented by the first hitting time of the survival energy (SE) process to zero. This study assumes that SE follows a time-inhomogeneous diffusion process and defines the mortality function, which is the first hitting time distribution function of the SE process. Although SEH is a fictitious construct, we illustrate that this assumption has the potential to yield a good parametric family of cumulative probability of death, and the parametric family yields surprisingly good predictions for future mortality rates.


This study assessed whether two medical orientations of physicians—biomedical vs biopsychosocial—influenced individuals' perceptions of physician credibility. Participants read a vignette describing a physician communicating either a predominantly biomedical or a predominantly biopsychosocial orientation and then completed the Measure of Source Credibility in reference to the physician. Results indicate that physicians who display a biopsychosocial orientation were rated higher in perceived competence, character, and caring. Future researchers should address various effects of the medical context on physician credibility and how patients' preferences regarding physicians' medical orientation influence choice of and communication with physicians, patient satisfaction, and compliance.


The rise of crowdfunding websites have added new sales channels to traditional handicraft, how to achieve the success of crowdfunding is the concern of many promoters. This article selects JD.com crowdfunding data for analysis and discusses the influencing factors of crowdfunding success from the three dimensions of cultural experience, environmental experience and functional experience, and constructs a structural equation model. The results show that functional experience and environmental experience directly affect crowdfunding performance, and cultural experience indirectly affects crowdfunding performance through functional experience, functional experience is the most concerned factor for crowdfunding investors, traditional handicrafts should focus on creating strong functional experience and high-quality environmental experience.


The gear tooth contact analysis (TCA) is a very efficient method and used today in all relevant areas of geared power transmissions helping to optimise the load and stress distribution on the gear flanks. A professional use allows for a direct assessment of the effect of gear modifications on gear vibrations, scuffing, micropitting and strength in a quantitative manner. Today, gearbox design, e.g. in vehicle transmissions or for wind gearboxes, cannot be imagined without optimisation of the gear microgeometry.


The standard sugary sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) is a maize variety grown for the fresh, frozen and canned markets, traditionally appreciated. Its kernels are characterized by the presence of some antioxidant substances suggested to be beneficial for cancer prevention. For this reason an interesting challenge for breeders is the development of sweet corn genotypes with naturally high antioxidant levels, starting from flavonoids. In fact important sources of antioxidants in maize are anthocyanins, considered as nutraceuticals because they have been proven to lower the risk of many chronic diseases. In this paper we report the development of a new coloured sugary line and the results of some analyses concerning flavonoid content before and after two different cooking treatments are discussed. Attention was mainly focused on the anthocyanins, the molecules suggested as being responsible for the nutraceutical properties of the new coloured sugary line. The results show that the presence of the anthocyanins also pushes up the flavonol and the phenolic acid amounts and gives the new coloured sugary line a higher scavenging power compared to the uncoloured control. The mild cooking seems not to significantly change the metabolites analyzed in the coloured kernels, while the stronger treatment seems to drastically decrease the amounts of pigments, without changing the structure of the leftover molecules. All these findings suggest that the new colored sugary line can be considered a new functional food, able to introduce healthy compounds into the diet of many people.


Nanomaterials have attracted ever‐increasing interest in tissue regeneration in the past few decades. As an emerging 2D layered nanomaterial, black phosphorus shows more promising potentials in organism restoration than other 2D materials, attributed to its extraordinary biodegradation ability, remarkable optical properties, and high payload of drugs and agents. The degradation products, i.e., phosphate, can be adsorbed by tissues for specific regeneration such as bone, yet the excessive degradation rate of black phosphorus will reduce its application performance and hazard the biological safety. First, a solid overview of the research topic about the balance between the degradation and stability of black phosphorus is provided. For this purpose, the recent research works on the degradation mechanism, and the passivation methods from both physical and chemical aspects are in detail summarized. In the next part, the biosafety of black phosphorus is compared with the biosafety of other 2D materials, and the latest research studies of black phosphorus used for tissue regeneration are provided. At last, the current challenges of black phosphorus are put forward; therefore, its future development direction and research focus applied in the field of tissue regeneration in vivo are derived.


This article focuses on the historical partnership between Freud and Jung in their work with psychotics, and the outlined differences from their very first mail exchanged about the role of sexuality in individual's psychic life. The debate with Fliess about sexuality is the background for the whole development of the partnership with Jung. The main hypothesis of this article is that the concept of libido was, definitely, a crucial point that had defined the way of psychoanalysis towards its conception of the casual mechanism of psychosis.


The effects of TiO₂ in the glasses on the shrinkage and dielectric properties of BNT-glass composites have been investigated. Without TiO₂ addition, BNT-glass composite showed two humps in the shrinkage curve, which are related with crystallization of BaTi(BO₃)₂ and Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂. However, the increase of TiO₂ addition resulted in the decrease of 2nd hump in the shrinkage. The increased dielectric constant with TiO₂ addition might be due to the reduced crystallization of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂. A dielectric constant of 52, a quality factor of 5088 G㎓, and a temperature coefficient of resonant frequency of ?0.16 ppm/℃ were obtained for a specimen containing TiO₂-added glasses, without sacrificing the benefits of high e r and low TCF of BNT ceramics.


The electrostatic properties of seven α/β‐barrel enzymes selected from different evolutionary families were studied: triose phosphate isomerase, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate aldolase, pyruvate kinase, mandelate racemase, trimethylamine dehydrogenase, glycolate oxidase, and narbonin, a protein without any known enzymatic activity. The backbone of the α/β‐barrel has a distinct electrostatic field pattern, which is dipolar along the barrel axis. When the side chains are included in the calculations the general effect is to modulate the electrostatic pattern so that the electrostatic field is generally enhanced and is focused into a specific area near the active site. We use the electrostatic flux through a square surface near the active site to gauge the functionally relevant magnitude of the electrostatic field. The calculations reveal that in six out of the seven cases the backbone itself contributes greater than 45% of the total flux. The substantial electrostatic contribution of the backbone correlates with the known preference of α/β‐barrel enzymes for negatively charged substrates.


During 2000, Prime Minister Sir Mekere Morauta's unflinching diagnosis of Papua New Guinea's (PNG) ills and his evident commitment to confronting them continued to inspire considerable international confidence that he could reverse the country's political and economic decline. By year's end he had made substantial progress in reviving the country's economic credibility and had succeeded in passing decisive legislation designed to bring order to PNG's unruly political environment. But crucial negotiations on a formula that balanced Bougainville's political aspirations with the demands of PNG unity continued to prove elusive.


Summary A retrospective review of22patients undergoing cervical thymectomy formyasthenia gravis ispresented. Their agesranged from19to67 years. Themaleandfemale ratio aswell astheseverity ofillness prior tooperation weresimilar toother reported series. Allpatients were evaluatedfrom thestandpoint ofclinical response tothymectomy, and thenumber anddosage ofanti-myasthenic drugs required after operation. There wasastatistically significant improvement inclinical status intheimmediate postoperative period (P<0.05) andafurther szgnificant improvement wasnoted atsixmonths (P<0.05). In addition, significant reductions inpostoperative drugtherapy were noted (P<0.05). Complications fromcervical thymectomy were minimal andmortality waszero. Anattempt wasmadetocorrelate histologicalfindings with clinical results. Comparison ismadetoother series intheliterature andtheadvantages ofthecervical technique as theinitial surgical approach aredescribed. Thedata presented support auseful rolefor cervical thymectomy in thetreatment ofmyasthenia gravis.


Dispersion - the system. Characterization of particles: particle characterization physical surface characterization chemical characterization of particle surfaces wettability. Characterization of dispersions: stabilization with dispersants and dispersability preparation and testing of dispersions flocculation and coagulation sedimentation methods and techniques microscopy radiation scattering particle chromatography electrochemical methods rheology.


In this study, the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of common lower limb injuries during the sports activities were presented. Sports injuries of the lower limbs are the most common injuries in the sports medicine field due to the high level of use of the lower limbs during sports activities. The common causes of leg injuries in athletes are traumatic force over the critical limit of normal tissue, repetitive microtrauma, and overuse. Common hip and pelvis problems encountered by the authors include trochanteric bursitis, snapping hip syndrome, and labral tears. The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and meniscus have been most frequently involved in sports injuries affecting the knees. Lateral ankle sprain represents one of common injuries in the athletic population. Common overuse injuries are tendinopathies, stress fractures, chronic exertional compartment syndrome, and shin splints. Athletic activity provides a variety of positive benefits to participants' health. To safely continue those activities, an injury prevention program focusing on injuries that may occur in specific sports activities is recommended for participants. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are also important in promoting prompt recovery and preventing secondary injuries.


Tin mud ore separation is always the key to improve the utilization of tin resources. In view of the tin mud ore in Gejiu Yunnan province, the circulating fluidized bed is used for preconcentration. And reasonable separation parameters were determined based on the ore properties. When the tin grade in the feed is 0.3%, we can obtain the rough concentrate whose tin grade is 0.492% and recovery is 67.35%, and 60% of ore as tailings can be discarded. Then desulfurization and flotation was used, and YP-6 as collector, P86 as auxiliary collector and oxalic acid as regulator, a tin concentrate with grade of 4.38% and recovery of 77.18% was obtained by closed circuit test. The tin recovery of original mud ore was 51.02%, and the separation effect was improved.


To date, the majority of energy supply is still generated by non-renewable sources, which places a dramatic burden on our environment [...]


Having followed the heated debate on proposed changes to European drug advertising legislation, I cannot help but notice a familiar ring to Shaw's endorsement of the European Union's patient information initiative, including her many uses of the words information, factual, and regulated, but infrequent mention of "advertising."1

The initiative's provisions to make approved patient leaflets, monographs, and European public assessment reports more accessible are uncontroversial; easier access is …


Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are the most frequently reported treatment‐related AEs associated with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The GI safety of albiglutide, a once‐weekly GLP‐1RA, was assessed using data from five phase III studies. In a pooled analysis of four placebo‐controlled trials, the most common GI AEs were diarrhoea (albiglutide, 14.5% vs. placebo, 11.5%) and nausea (albiglutide, 11.9% vs. placebo, 10.3%), with most patients experiencing 1–2 events. The majority were mild or moderate in intensity and their median duration was 3–4 days. Vomiting occurred in 4.9% of patients in the albiglutide vs. 2.6% in the placebo group. For both albiglutide and placebo, serious GI AEs (2.0% vs. 1.5%) and withdrawals attributable to GI AEs (1.7% vs. 1.5%) were low. In a 32‐week trial of albiglutide 50 mg weekly versus liraglutide 1.8 mg daily, nausea occurred in 9.9% of patients in the albiglutide group vs. 29.2% in the liraglutide group. Vomiting occurred in 5.0% in the albiglutide vs. 9.3% in the liraglutide group. In conclusion, albiglutide has an acceptable GI tolerability profile, with nausea and vomiting rates slightly higher than those for placebo but lower than those for liraglutide.


'Wallah' is a suffix in many Indian languages that indicates a person's occupation, place of origin or how they dress; chaiwallah is, for example, an individual who prepares, sells or serves tea, w...


Background Personalized cancer therapy remains a challenge. In this context, we attempted to identify correlations between tumour angiogenesis, tumour metabolism and tumour cell type. To this aim, we used single=phase multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and hybrid positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) to determine whether net enhancement and standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were correlated with tumour size and cytology in patients affected by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Material/Methods Our study included 38 patients (30 men, 8 women, mean age 70) with a NSCLC measuring between 3 cm and 7 cm, using a 16-slice multidetector CT (Brilliance Philips) and with PET-CT (Biograph 16 Siemens Medical Solutions). The following lesion parameters were evaluated: maximum diameter, medium density before contrast injection (CTpre), medium density after contrast injection (CTpost average), density in the most enhanced part of the lesion after contrast (CTpost max), net enhancement, SUVmax, age, and cytology. Correlation coefficient and p-value were computed for each pair of variables. In addition, correlations were computed for each pair of variables, and for all combinations of tumour types. We focused on subsets of data with more than 10 observations, and with correlation r>0.500 and p<0.05. Results A weak correlation (r=0.32; p=0.048) was found between SUVmax and tumour size; the correlation was stronger for masses larger than 31 mm (r=0.4515; p=0.0268). No other correlations were found among the variables examined. Conclusions Our data may have prognostic significance, and could lead to more appropriate surgical treatment and better treatment outcome.


Air pollution generally comes from emission of mobile and non_mobile sources. Pollution from mobile sources, such as vehicle is dominant in city centers throughout
Malaysia. Natural gas is acknowledged as being the mainstream alternative fuel. In Malaysia, pollution is not the only reason to introduce natural gas-powered vehicles but economic is another factor. The country has massive, under exploited natural gas reserve. Natural gas reserve is four times larger than oil reserve. As such, a study has been conducted on bi-fuel motorcycles this is the first program in utilizing natural gas for motorcycles in Malaysia. This research is to study the exhaust emission and performance of motorcycles using natural gas and gasoline. A set of conversion kit for NGV motorcycles has been designed and installed or creates a workable motorcycle. A set control system has been design to produce a workable motorcycle before the emission and performance tests been carried out. All Exhaust Emission Test and Chassis Dynamometer Test were conducted at MODENAS, Gurun Kedah with Modenas R&D Department. The performance and emission of a single cylinder fuelled motorcycle with both natural gas and gasoline has been measured. Full load and top gear performance up to 8500 rpm has been covered. The major difference between the two fuels are the exhaust emission from natural gas give a complete combustion which decreases 99.6% of Carbon Monoxide and 72.5% of Unburned Hydrocarbon at a speed of 70km/hr. However, lower calorific value o natural gas and burning velocity, reduces engine power by 15% at high engine speed, without any modification to gasoline engine. These parameters from the study are very important and useful as guidance to the motorcycle industry using natural gas, a leading technology propelling Malaysia for the next millennium with clean city.


Abstract Observations from a Lagrangian spiral descent within altostratus cloud associated with a cold front were used to study the evolution of ice particle spectra by following populations of ice crystals as they fell through the cloud. The flight track was corrected for wind effects and was divided into distinct regions for spatial comparison of ice particle spectra. Analysis of size spectra for particles larger than 800 μm revealed heterogeneity on horizontal scales of 5 km in average particle diameter and concentration. In the temperature range −40° to −20°C the ice crystal evolution was dominated by diffusional growth, although observations of the evolution of the bimodal size spectra suggested that aggregation was occurring. Between −20° and −10°C aggregation dominated evolution.


Objective: Determine whether the levels of lactic acid are a forecast income of mortality in adult patients with multiple trauma of Trujillo Regional Teaching Hospital factor.
Materials and methods: A correlational and retrospective historical cohort of 72 trauma patients admitted to the Trauma Services with analysis of arterial income and where the lactic acid from the Regional Teaching Hospital of Trujillo will be experienced during the period between 1 January gases study was conducted 2008 and December 31, 2012 that are within the inclusion criteria.
Results: The sample consisted of 72 patients of which 57% were male and 43% female. Of the total sample 65 (90.28%) patients were discharged and 7 (9.72%) died, respect to changes in levels of lactic acid, males scored 1.67 mmol / L and women 2 12 mmol / L on average. The relative risk of 6.93 was obtained. Chi square was finally a total of 43.68, with a confidence interval of 95% and a significance level of 0.05.
Conclusion: Los niveles de acido lactico mayores a 1 mmol/L, resgitrados en AGA al ingreso pueden ser utilizados como factor pronostico de mortalidad en pacientes politraumatizados. La Variacion mostrada en los niveles de acido lactico entre hombres y mujeres fue de 0,45 mmol/L y el Rango de valor de acido lactico en donde se encontro mayor mortalidad fue mayor de 1 mmol/L.


A three-dimension finite element model is constructed to analyze the normal models of(floating) slab track with ANSYS finite element software.Eigenfrequencies of floating concrete slab with two densities are calculated under the condition of various combined rubber support pad stiffness and fastener stiffness.The first five eigenmodes are obtained when rubber support pad stiffness is 20 kN· mm~(-1) and fastener stiffness is 20 kN·mm~(-1).The result of the calculation is the same to the test result.The influence on eigenvibration characteristics of floating slab track system is also made clear.The study result can help reduce noise and vibration of floating slab track.


Land seismic exploration is often limited or impacted by complex structures in the near surface. These can include large variations in velocities related to weathering (low velocity) or basalts (potentially high velocity). Timing changes due to near-surface velocity variations are often accommodated by applying statics corrections during seismic processing. Shallow coal exploration requires high-resolution data to image structures and faulting. A good understanding of these features is required for both safety and economic reasons. However, in some cases small errors in statics correction may have a significant impact on the viability of the use of seismic data in these complex environments. Often near-surface structures also show non-planar characteristics which may attenuate or further complicated the seismic response. In this paper we use finite-difference visco-elastic modelling to investigate the impact that a number of common near-surface structures have on seismic data. This modelling has been used to determine the optimal acquisition and processing parameters required for a seismic program in order to achieve desired results.


Objective To study the relationship between carotid artery stenosis and the level of fibrinogen in acute cerebral infarction patients.Methods 217 cases of acute cerebral infarction patients were continously collected.Color Doppler ultrasonography of carotid artery were performed.All selected patients were divided into carotid artery stenosis group which contained 142 cases and non-carotid artery stenosis group which contained 75 cases.Control group contained 65 cases with non-cerebral infarction in the same period hospitalized patients.The level of fibrinogen was measured in morning hollow serum.Results The level of fibrinogen were significantly higher in carotid artery stenosis group than that in the non-carotid artery stenosis group(P 0.05);The level of fibrinogen was related with the severity of carotid artery stenosis positively(P 0.05).Conclusion Carotid artery stenosis is an important risk factor in acute cerebral infarction;The level of fibrinogen is an important risk factor in carotid atherosclerosis;and it is also important in predicting acute cerebral infarction in patients with carotid artery stenosis.


The invention relates to the use of fluorescent polysiloxanes as sensitive materials in sensors for detecting or assaying nitro compounds, fluorescent polysiloxanes, to a process for preparing them as well as the chemical sensors comprising as sensibles.Domaines application materials: explosives detection, control and surveillance of air pollution and quality of environments more or less confined, monitoring for security purposes, manufacturer of industrial sites, storing and / or handle nitro compounds.


Abstract Milk pH was standardized to between 6.62 and 6.40 with CO2or lactic acid, and then fermented with a mixed mesophilic culture (M1) composed ofLactococcus lactisssp.lactisandLactococcus lactisssp.cremoris, as well as two mixed thermophilic starters (T1, T3) composed ofLactobacillus delbrueckiissp.bulgaricusandStreptococcus thermophilus. During fermentation, a decrease in pH occurred in the first 30 min of incubation in milks standardized with lactic acid, which was not true with CO2-standardized milks. Thus, the lag time was significantly longer in the CO2-treated milks. When cultures were omitted from milks, an increase in pH occurred in milk in open vessels when the pH had been adjusted with CO2. In addition to differences in lag time, with the thermophilic cultures, significant differences were noted in the time and the pH at which the maximum acidification rates occurred. There was no significant effect of initial pH or of acidifying agent on ratios of cocci to rod in T1 and T3 cultures, after 4 h of incubation. Effects of milk acidification on overall populations and ratios of M1 were only minor, but lower total populations were reached in CO2-treated fermented milks, and theLc. cremoriscontent was higher in CO2-than in lactic acid-standardized milks.


In this study, Geographically Weighted Bivariate Gamma Regression (GWBGR) model is proposed. This GWBGR model is a developer of the Bivariate Gamma Regression (BGR) model which all of the regression parameters depend on the geographical location, i.e latitude, and longitude. In these models, the response variables are correlated and follow the gamma distribution. We applied the GWBGR model to analyze Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in North Sumatra Province 2017. The result shows that the test of heterogeneity spatial is significant, it means MMR and IMR in North Sumatra Province depend on the geographical location. Modelling with BGR produced 6 groups based on significant variable similarities to MMR and 3 groups based on significant similarity of variables towards IMR. Based on AICc, GWBGR model is smallest than BGR model. Finally, we conclude that the GWBGR model was better than the BGR Model (global model).


The implementation of good governance at the village level is an essential element in shaping good governance at the district level. The practices that have been carried out at the village level are considered to be a reflection of what governance has originated from. In the midst of the implementation of decentralization policies, village communities are an integral part of the political dynamics in Indonesia. Villages with various local institutions have an essential role in managing local issues. In this research, data is mainly analyzed through a qualitative approach. Some quantitative analysis through scoring and descriptive statistical techniques are also conducted. Data collection methods are used as follows: documentation, observation, surveys with questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). This research identifies the Village Government has sufficient capacity to carry out its duties in village development. However, the realization of its capacity to solve local problems is still limited and only a partial solution. Weak coordination between institutions and limited budgets is the main problem found in study sites that hinders capacity realization in solving local problems. Furthermore, local government has made little effort to develop rural institutional capacity. So far, it only emphasizes capacity building for village officials, while other institutions only get little attention from the local government.


Surface heat fluxes for the Gulf of Aden have been estimated using bulk formulae. The annual averages of sensible, latent and net back radiation fluxes are -16, 43 and 52 W m(-2), respectively. The annual mean of observed solar radiation is 192 W m(-2), thus the annual heat surplus amounts to 113 W m(-2). This is equivalent to a total energy of 2.5 x 10(13) W, considering the surface area of the Gulf to be 220 x 10(3) km(2). Two processes seem to balance the heat gain: upwelling and water exchange with the Red Sea and with the Arabian Sea. Upwelling appears to be a major diffuser of the heat accumulated by the surface processes. About 48% (1.2 x 10(13) W) of the heat gain is lost by upwelling. The net annual advective heat flow into the Red Sea due to water exchange at Bab-al-Mandab disperses about 34% (0.84 x 10(13) W) of the heat input. The remaining 18% (0.46 x 10(13) W) may be carried away into the Arabian Sea.


The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of Nigerian, sourced Gypsum for the manufacture of Portland cement. Gypsum samples were obtained from eighteen deposits across Nigeria. These were classified into five purity groups based on their calcium sulphate content.  Foreign Gypsum, imported from Morocco, was used as control. Six cement samples where produced for each of the five Gypsum purity groups by grounding and blending cement clinker with 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% Gypsum content. The group 1 cement mix (having not more than 65% calcium sulphate content) has displayed flash set and could not be moulded and therefore not used for further analysis. Cement mortar prisms were produced for the groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 cement mixes, and subjected to flexural and compressive strength tests at 7, 14, 21 and 28 day curing periods. The cement mortar prisms were also subjected microstructure analysis at 7 and 28 days curing period. The spongy, gel and whitish colouration observed from the microstructure of the specimens indicated silicates enriched regions which have proven the strength increase from 7 to 28 day curing period. The optimum gypsum content of 5.5% was recommended. The results show that all but the class one gypsum with less than 65% purity content are suitable for cement manufacture.

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.5


Correct estimation of harmonics and sequence components is essential to monitor the overall performance of three phase power systems. Least mean square (LMS) based adaptive models have simpler structures to estimate the required parameters for a given power quality (PQ) event. However, these models are not very much effective in case of time-varying and short duration disturbances. Least mean fourth (LMF) is comparatively a better approach than LMS to deal with different PQ problems, but high computational complexity limits the filter performance in case of practical applications. LMS/fourth (LMS/F) filter is a compromise between LMS and LMF to improve the error convergence properties. The proposed model explained in this paper is based on the concept of LMS/F with Volterra expansions of input samples. The proposed Volterrra LMS/F filter is tested in case of distorted power signals to estimate harmonics, decaying dc, and sequence components in presence of white Gaussian noise. The detail comparison results are presented using MATLAB simulations to verify the performance of the adaptive model.


Electrowetting type variable lens (20) comprises a fluid chamber (22), comprising a first electrically conductive fluid (40) and a second non-conductive fluid (50), and further comprising a first connection to the first liquid an electrode (34) provided on the chamber wall (24) inside the second electrode means (30, 32), whereby a volume of a fluid is disposed between the two volumes of the other fluid. This lens may be driven by a low voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode, and because the interface between two fluids having a high refractive power.


Residue Number System (RNS) is an integer and non weighted number system that is useful tool for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) since it can support parallel, carry-free, high-speed and low power arithmetic. Redundant Residue Number System is an extension of RNS which also supports error detection and correction. The Multi-Level Residue Number System uses the new Residue Number System for each modulo, so in the relation of decreasing modulo the speed of operation is increased. By the combination of those systems we purpose a new numeric system which supports parallel and high speed computations, restricted carry propagation and reliable communications. This system also supports high error detection and correction capabilities. Because of design challenge of future nanoscale regime, on-chip networks have been proposed as a solution. As technology scales toward deep submicron, on-chip interconnects are becoming more sensitive to noise sources such as crosstalk or power supply noise. Therefore error detection and correction is one of the major properties of future on-chip micro networks. In this paper we propose using Redundant Multi-Level Residue Number System to increase the data transmission reliability in on-chip networks. This method achieves more optimizations in the terms of data security, error detection and correction, high speed data transmission and computation.