This paper proposes a call admission control (CAC) policy for contemporary multimedia satellite networks that are operated at frequencies beyond 10 GHz. During rain events, signals that are transmitted/received at these frequencies are likely to be degraded due to rain attenuation. Therefore, an adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique is developed to mitigate the deleterious effect of rain attenuation on signals that are transmitted via satellite during rain events. Furthermore, in order to maximize the utilization of system capacity and increase resource allocation efficiency, the connections of rate based dynamic capacity (RBDC) traffic types are statistically multiplexed based on Normal distribution. The proposed policy ensures the fair allocation and efficient utilization of available network resources by considering the rain conditions on individual links of new and all ongoing connections as well as the transmission mode employed to mitigate the effect of rain on each link. Thus, it is capable of making plausible decisions on the acceptance or rejection of new connection requests. The results show that employing AMC to mitigate the effect of rain significantly improves the network capacity utilization while user connections' QoS are also satisfied.


Mao Zedong inherited the people-oriented thought of Marxism,which presented in the following aspects: the army building principle of serving people;unswerving high focus on the question of farmers;the educational policy of allaround development and the excellent style of the mass routine as well as the intimate connection with the crowds advocated by Mao Zedong.


Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease wherein diabetics cannot produce enough insulin or the body is unable to use insulin effectively so that excess sugar in the blood. To regulate blood sugar levels can be done pharmacologically or taking drugs or with insulin injections, to regulate blood sugar levels can be done by non-pharmacological means by means of diabetic foot exercise. This type of research is qualitative with a descriptive case study approach. The population in this study were all residents of Rt / Rw 02/01 in Mulur sub-village, Bendosari sub-district, sukoharjo regency who had Diabetus Mellitus. Sample respondents were 3 respondents. The instrument uses standard operating procedures (SOP), measurement of blood sugar (GDS) and observation sheets. Observations made from all respondents showed that after doing diabetic foot exercises for 3 times a week, the results of blood sugar levels in respondent I = 160 mg / dl, respondent II = 155mg / dl and respondent III = 148mg / dl. The results of the analysis conducted from all respondents obtained data that before and after doing diabetic foot exercises there is a change in each respondent which decreases gradually, thus the problem is partially resolved and interventions are continued.


Data obtained at Fort Providence, N.W.T., Canada, during the total solar eclipse of July 20, 1963, indicate that during most of the partial eclipse there was a moderate degree of auroral activity. This activity became slight during the period of totality and no auroral luminosity was detected. Electron precipitation was indicated by an enhancement of the intensity of X rays of energy greater than 9 keV at balloon altitudes and by small amounts of cosmic-noise absorption. A small but irregular increase in cosmic-noise level at 30 Mc/s, which was greater than 0.2 dB at totality, was recorded. It was concluded that the irregularity was caused by small amounts of superimposed auroral absorption.


The current situation and shortcomings of the traditional water-lubricated stern tube bearings was briefly analyzed.Setting the Hualong water-lubricated bearings as object,the comprehensive properties of lubricating property,frictional characteristic and wear property were researched.Test results showed that Hualong material is of outstanding self-lubrication,low frictional factor,high pressure-bearing capability,good shockproof characteristic and wear resistance,etc.which can be applied broadly in the shipbuilding industry.


Abstract Differential diagnosis, like scientific research, is shown to be based on the method of hypothesis that was first described by Plato. The logical basis of this method is examined, potentia...


The objective of the article is to research the
priorities in providing animation services during recreational activities for
different age groups of tourists. The study involved 324 respondents who
belonged to four age groups (1 group: aged 17 - 23; 2 group: aged 24 - 35; 3
group: aged 36 - 50; 4 group: aged 51 - 65). The main condition was the
presence of experience of recreational rest in Ukraine and abroad. Methods: Analysis of scientific and methodological sources, surveys, questionnaires,
method of expert evaluation, pedagogical experiment, statistical data of
pedagogical observation, factor analysis. Results. It is established that the availability of quality
animation activities ranks fourth among the priorities in choosing the place of
health-recreation rest. Priorities in the choice of animation services for
different age groups of tourists from Ukraine differ significantly. The most
popular for all age groups are: concert and entertainment animation; animation
for adults; children's animation; exhibition
animation; physical culture and health animation; show animation. The
comparative analysis of the organization of animation services during the recreational rest of tourists showed that the most high-quality and interesting organization of animation
activities is provided by hotels in Turkey and Egypt. Conclusions. The following main trends and changes in providing
animation services have been identified: reduction of animation programs and
cutdown of diversity in providing animation services; reducing the level of requirements for the content of
animation programs; deterioration of the level of animation services in both
national and foreign recreation areas.


Architecture erosion is a big challenge in modern architectures leading to a deterioration of the quality properties of these systems. Today, no comprehensive approach for regaining architecture consistency in eroded software systems exists and architecture consistency is essentially achieved by repairing the implementation level only. In this paper, we propose a novel approach enabling a joint architecture and implementation repairing for tackling software architecture erosion. By using a holistic view on violation causes and suitable repair actions in combination with learning mechanisms we build up a system specific knowledge-base improving accuracy and efficiency in consolidation of architecture and implementation over time.


Valproate is an antiepileptic commonly used in the treatment of psychiatric and neurologic diseases. Some of the most frequently seen side effects affect the gastrointestinal, neurological, and hematological systems. Its side effects on reproductive functions have not been sufficiently studied. The use of valproate by females with bipolar disorder and epilepsy may cause menstrual cycle abnormalities, polycystic ovary syndrome, and hyperandrogenism. The effects on male reproductive functions have been researched only in epileptic patients and animals, and the results have been conflicting, because reproductive function abnormalities may be independent of the use of valproate and may be due to epilepsy itself.


Knowledge level is assessed in respect to a total of twenty-one socio-management variables associated with sericultural practices by the farmers in West Bengal, India. The study was conducted using a total of 126 respondents under three districts. The independent fourteen societal and seven management factors were statistically analyzed using correlation, path, factor and regression models. Consistency and dependency level in between the independent variables were assessed and found discrete and/or random in nature. Various model values by path analysis showed the direct substantial effect on x10, x12 and x19 where they occupied the 1st, 2nd and 3rd positions respectively. All the variables were justified by a total of seven factors extracted form a homophyllus group and identified with their variation and cumulative percentages. Regression equations was extracted for knowledge level (y) separately as dependent variable and Minimum Data Set as predictor set. The probability of 'F' value ranged from 0.05 - 0.10 and found in variables x10 and x16, critically effected on the predicted character knowledge level (y). Considering all these socio-management factors, if the identified variables can be taken care in knowledge level increment, the number of sericulture farmers will be more in future across West Bengal.


Background:India has introduced a new COVID-19 vaccine recently which is made primarily available for healthcare workers and frontline workers. Globally, few other vaccines were also been approved against the SARS-CoV-2, whereas only little is known about its acceptance in the community. However, vaccine hesitancy is a public health threat. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine and its determinants. Method: A mixed-method design starting with a cross-sectional study using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire between December 2020 – January 2021 among adults (18 years and above) residing in Chengalpattu followed by a qualitative approach with five key informant interviews was planned. Based on previous studies, the sample size was approximated to 140 which was collected through a simple random sampling method. Collected data were analysed using IBM-SPSS, v21.0. Statistical significance was described using the chi-square test, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 140 respondents, the majority 56 (40%) had acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine while 34 (24.3%) were inconclusive of their decision on vaccine acceptance. The most preferred characteristics of the COVID-19 vaccine felt by those showing willingness to vaccinate were both minimal side effects and cost-effectiveness 24 (42.9%). The majority 33 (58.9%) of the respondent's decision-making depends on the doctor's recommendation regarding vaccination. Statistical significance (p < 0.008) was perceived among gender and vaccine acceptance. Conclusion:A large proportion decided to delay vaccination due to increased concern about vaccine side effects reported in various other countries. This concern should be dealt with to develop an effective mass vaccination strategy against the COVID-19 and increase vaccine coverage.


(57) Abstract: intraocular lens and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The intraocular lens is entailment the optics and haptics are integrally formed in total. Haptic has a polyimide coating. Polyimide coating is to promote fibrosis in the surrounding ocular tissue, enhance the fixing after the IOL is embedded in the eye.


The physical examination is a time-honored tool for physicians for the evaluation and care of patients. For centuries, physicians relied on observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to confirm diagnostic hypotheses generated by taking a careful history or to detect problems before symptoms develop. However, the examination has recently been questioned in terms of importance, value, and accuracy. During the past 4 decades, the proliferation of sophisticated (and expensive) laboratory and imaging tests has threatened to marginalize the physical examination. Faith Fitzgerald argued in a 1990 review titled "Physical Diagnosis Versus Modern Technology," that because of diminishing financial resources, time pressures, and physician need for certainty, "it is imperative to scrupulously reexamine the role of the physical examination in modern diagnosis." She concluded that "the best interest of patients lies in a judicious combination of careful history and physical examination and directed laboratory studies." A 1992 Annals of Internal Medicine editorial titled "Has Medicine Outgrown Physical Diagnosis?" concluded that physicians and society need to be willing to use simpler methods of diagnosis where the marginal gain in certainty provided by technology is slim. During the more than 2 decades since these arguments appeared in the literature, technology and ready access to the results of studies continue to advance, seemingly threatening the utility of the low-tech physical examination. A competently-performed physician examination would certainly be considered a simpler method of diagnosis, but many time-honored techniques may not be accurate or consistently reproducible. Phoon posed the provocative question, "Must doctors still examine patients?" and provided arguments for and against the physical examination but finally concluded that it would continue to be important in the practice of medicine. Abraham Verghese, a strong and eloquent proponent for the physical examination and for insisting that our trainees be certified in its performance, invoked the image of the patient as an icon on a computer screen because evaluation of laboratory tests, imaging, and various other tests are done essentially remote from patients and as a consequence, the physical examination is in danger of being deemed irrelevant. Most physicians argue for continuing to examine patients, but what do patients think about the physical examination? If patients do not value the physical examination, then perhaps precious physician time would be better spent in other ways. In this issue, Kadakia et al describe a relatively simple yet elegant study of patient perceptions of the physical examination. The investigators should be congratulated for taking on an extremely important question for physicians who care for patients with advanced disease. Patients in the study had a range of advanced malignancies and might be expected to be less interested in being examined because of frequent physician encounters, fear of discomfort, or a sense that the exam would not add much for medical decision-making. Remarkably, only one patient in the study cohort of 148 patients rated the physical examination as a negative experience and the majority of patients felt it was highly positive. Study patients were equally divided about whether the exam was more useful for medical management (pragmatic reasons) or for demonstrating that the doctor cared (symbolic reasons). Pragmatic reasons for examination, particularly for patients with advanced malignancy include determining a new cause of symptoms, assessing the status of the malignancy, and monitoring or guiding therapies. Symbolic reasons for examination include demonstrating interest in the patient's problem, validating concerns, and establishing an empathetic connection with the patient. A number of authors have argued specifically for the benefit of touch in the course of examination. Pragmatic and symbolic motivations for examination are not mutually exclusive. Either motivation (pragmatic or symbolic) should be sufficient to


A novel aerator pipe relates to equipment for supplying oxygen for water feed and drainage biological treatment facility and comprises an aerator pipe (1), a flat plate (2), a cover plate (3) and a piston (5). The flat plate (2) is welded above the aerator pipe (1), the cover plate (3) is clamped above the flat plate (2), two holes (4) are arranged on the cover plate (3), and the piston (5) is disposed between the flat plate (2) and the cover plate (3). The novel aerator pipe is simple in structure and low in manufacturing cost, and the holes are not easy to be blocked.


The employment in the organized sector requires certain minimum qualifications and most of these educated women workers are drawn from middle classes and richer sections, a very few women from lower class would get chance in these jobs. The National Commission on Labour describes some characteristics and constraints of unorganized sector, namely: (a) casual nature of employment; (b) ignorance and illiteracy; (c) small size of establishment with low capital investment per person employed; (d) scattered nature of establishments; and (e) superior strength of the employers operating singly and in combination. Almost 400 million people (more than 85% of the working population in India) work in unorganized sector and of these about 120 million are women. According to an estimate, by the National Commission on Self-Employed Women (1988a), of the total number of women workers in India, about 94 percent are in the informal or unorganized sector whereas just 6 percent are in the organized or formal sector. Thus there is no exaggeration in saying that the unorganized sector in India is the women"s sector. However, the plight of women in this sectoris miserable as they work for extremely low wages, with a total lack of job security and social security benefits, working hours are long and working conditions are unsatisfactory. According to census 2011, women constitute 48.46 percent of the total population in India and about 25.67 percent of female population is designated as workers. Two National Labour Commissions, along with several other international and national commissions, committees and conferences in the last 50 years have documented the socio-economic conditions of workers in the unorganized sector in India. The Arjun Sengupta Committee report is a stark reminder of the huge size and poor conditions in this sector. The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS), has extensively profiled the unorganized sector and unorganized employment in its report, "The Challenges of Employment in India-An Informal Economy Perspective" (April,


This chapter lays the groundwork for a legal history perspective for the history of women in colonial Paraíba, a captaincy of the Portuguese Empire in Northeast Brazil, based on an analysis of normativities. Using documents about women in colonial Paraíba sourced from Portuguese and Brazilian archives from the sixteenth century until the early nineteenth century, I question the mainstream understanding of women in the colonial period by arguing that there were many differences among women. I demonstrate that women in colonial Paraíba were far from static categorizations and prove that women's legal history in colonial Brazil cannot be understood without connecting gender, religion, condition and status.


In the paper 'The Semantics of Racial Epithets,' Christopher Hom provides a different semantic account for epithets: combinatorial externalism. This account states that racial epithets express "complex, socially constructed, negative properties determined in virtue of standing in the appropriate external, causal connection with racist institutions" (431). He provides this account in opposition to other semantic and pragmatic strategies. For this paper, I'm focusing on silentists account. In the paper, in my view, Hom presents quite a narrow definition of silentists' position on racial epithets or epithets in general. As a fellow silentist, my aim in this paper is to broaden the definition and provide a suitable response to Hom's critique of silentists in general.


By use of an optical coherent-control technique we demonstrate and analyze the control of transitions involved in the generation of four-wave-mixing signals in a semiconductor quantum well for the two different four-wave-mixing directions and for different sequences of the excitation pulses. Results are presented for frequency- as well as for time-resolved signals. A doubling of the coherent switching frequency is found which occurs if the laser pulses performing the control process contribute quadratically to the wave-mixing signal. A direct comparison between experiment and microscopic theory reveals how the coherent-control process acts on the coherent polarization of the exciton-biexciton system in all different configurations. An additional interpretation of the experimental results based on a simplified few-level model is able to provide an intuitive understanding of the relevant processes which govern the coherent control of the excitonic and biexcitonic wave-mixing polarizations.


A novel strategy of activation of 2H-aziridines provides a broad range of highly conjugated poly-arylpyridine systems by formal [3 + 3]-cycloaddition.


nerves shown; in the ulnar nerve a large myelinated fibre with a diameter of 12 microns has an internodal length of about a millimetre, whereas in the facial nerve a fibre of similar diameter has internodes which are only half as long. This difference is due to the fact that internodal length is affected by growth of the body after the myelin has been laid down. As might be expected, the growth of the forelimb has produced a much greater effect on internodal length in the ulnar nerve than growth of the jaw in relation to the facial nerve. We know that conduction in myelinated fibres is saltatory, involving excitation at the node of Ranvier by the action currents at an adjacent node, and we might expect an impulse to pass


Business schools are putting more emphasis on the improvement of teaching and learning methods to better prepare their graduates and meet the industry demands. This improvement has been sought through the use of face to face teaching approach blended with industry projects and experiential exercises. This study reports on a similar effort initiated in teaching the international marketing course in an undergraduate business program. An experiment is conducted in which a combination of face to face classroom and experiential learning project is used. Through this experiment, the author describes a semester-long, international marketing project that is structured to elicit active student engagement with international marketing course material and promote hands-on, real-world experience. Students learning enhanced tremendously as reflected in their papers and reports. The managers of the participating firms also appreciated the students' efforts. The participating firms benefited by getting objective views of some of their international marketing problems and issues. Keywords-Experiential Learning; International Marketing; Industry Projects; Face-to-Face Lectures. Relevance to Marketing Educators, Researchers and/or PractitionersThe exercise can be appropriate for a variety of undergraduate marketing courses and is especially beneficial in teaching international marketing. Instructors can promote better students satisfaction and consequently achieve good scores in student evaluations that are very crucial in decision regarding the promotion and tenure. Overall, this course delivery format is an attempt to meet the industry demands currently confronting marketing educators.


Background. MRI has emerged for the noninvasive assessment of iron overload in various tissues.The aim of this paper is to evaluate hepatic and pancreatic iron overload by T2 weighted gradient echoMRI in young beta-thalassemiamajor patients and to correlate it with glucose disturbance and postsplenectomy status. Subjects and Methods. 50 thalassemic patients, in addition to 15 healthy controls. All patients underwent clinical assessment and laboratory investigations. Out of 50 thalassemic patients, 37 patients were splenectomized. MRI was performed for all subjects. Results. All patients showed significant reduction in the signal intensity of the liver and the pancreas on T2GRD compared to controls, thalassemic patients who had abnormal glucose tolerance; diabetic and impaired glucose tolerance patients displayed a higher degree of pancreatic and hepatic siderosis and more T2 drop in their signal intensity than those with normal blood sugar level. Splenectomized thalassemic patients had significantly lower signal intensity of the liver and pancreas compared to nonsplenectomized patients.Conclusion. T2 gradient echoMRI is noninvasive highly sensitive method in assessing hepatic and pancreatic iron overload in thalassemic patients, more evident in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance, and is accelerated in thalassemic splenectomized patients.


Carden-Coyne ends her essay with an important remark about Holocaust denial. She contends that Holocaust museums continue to validate historical truth amidst a sea of denial and other efforts to distort the events of the Holocaust. While many of the disciplines discussed in Writing the Holocaust can be used to study genocides other than the Holocaust, Boaz Cohen's essay, 'Jews, Jewish studies, and Holocaust historiography', reminds scholars of the important and unique connection between Holocaust studies and Jewish studies. Cohen addresses the importance of the historical events to early Holocaust scholars— themselves mostly survivors—as well as its continued importance to new and future generations of historians of the Jews. Similar to Carden-Coyne's discussion of modern Holocaust denial, Cohen discusses the reemphasis on antisemitism in works on the Holocaust. Given its continued presence, antisemitism and its role in the Holocaust must surely remain a part of Holocaust studies, as well as Jewish studies. Readers of this journal will find Donald Bloxham's essay 'Comparative genocide' particularly interesting. Bloxham approaches the popular question of whether the Holocaust can be compared to, and studied alongside, other genocides. He examines major elements of this debate, including uniqueness, various approaches to comparing the Holocaust and other genocides, and future methods of studying genocide. Bloxham argues that 'there are grounds for optimism that comparative genocide scholarship is on the way to incorporating the Holocaust in the spirit in which comparison is conducted in other less sensitized fields of historical inquiry, and the study of the Holocaust can, in turn, fertilize genocide studies' (p. 138). Writing the Holocaust is itself an excellent example of how this new comparative approach to both Holocaust and genocide studies is possible, as well as highlighting many research avenues that are still fresh or underexplored.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of price on Lazada online store purchase decisions, analyze the effect of security on Lazada online store purchase decisions, analyze the effect of promotions on Lazada online store purchase decisions, and analyze the effect of price, security, and promotion on online store purchase decisions Lazada This research method is a type of quantitative research. Data sources of this study include primary data and secondary data. The population in this study was the Environmental Society 19 in Tanjung Mulia Subdistrict, Medan Deli District, totaling 950 people. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling and obtained as many as 125 customers. The data analysis technique used is the classic assumption test which includes normality test, multicollinearity test, and heteroscedasticity test, multiple linear regression, hypothesis testing which includes t test and F test, and coefficient of determination (r2). The results obtained from the t test results obtained t-value of the variable price of -2.668 smaller than the value of t table -1.658, t-value of security variable 13.490 is greater than the value of t table 1.658, and the t-value of the promotion variable 3.428 is greater than the value of t table 1.658. From the F test results obtained Fcount value of 94.732 is greater than the value of Ftable 2.68. From the test results the coefficient of determination obtained by 69.4% of the purchase decision variable is influenced by the price, security and promotion variables, while the remaining 30.6% is explained by the influence of other factors or variables outside the model such as brand image, distribution channels, service quality , and others that are not discussed in this study.


Abstrac : Inayah, Nur2017.The Use of Identity Card To Improve Speaking Skills of The Seventh Grade of MtsMuhammadiyah 01 Cekelan In The Academic Year of 2016/2017.Graduating paper. English Educational Department of Teacher Training and Educational Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN).
This research aims at improving stdudents' Speaking skills using identity card seventh grade students of MTs Muhammadiyah 01 Cekelan in the academic year of 2015/2016. The objectives of thisresearch is 1. Todescribe the process of teaching speaking using identity card, 2. Tofind out the improvement in teachingspeaking using identity card, 3. Tofind out the significant improvement of teaching speaking using identity card. The methodologyof the research was classroom action research which consist of two cycles. The number of the students in this research was 24 students. In completing the research, the writer used observation sheet, documentation and spoken test as the instrumentsof collecting data. By conducting classroom action research, it was found that 1. The process is good enough, 2. The student's speaking skills is improved, 3. The improvement is significant. In the cycle I the mean of post test is 47.33 is low than the KKM so writer should continue the research. The result of this research showed that the findings in cycle II was higher that the KKM (Minimum MasteryCriterion) of MTs Muhammadiyah 01 Cekelan on score 60 in the academic year of 2016/2017. The mean of score of post test in cycle II was 63.5. Based on the result of this research, it could be concluded that the use of identity card improved student's speaking skills of the seventh grade students of MTs Muhammadiyah 01 Cekelan in academic year of 2016/2017.

Key Words: Speaking Identity card, medium


Intermittent sand filter systems have been used in wastewater treatment according to Selecky (2012) especially their application for on-site wastewater management. Intermittent sand filters have not been used to treat effluent from sugar factories in Kenya. There is very limited information on how to optimize their application in treating effluent from sugar factory in Kenya. This study focused on optimization of intermittent sand filter used in treatment of wastewater from sugar factory. Samples of wastewater were randomly taken from Kibos Sugar and Allied factories. These samples were loaded into sand filters with different sand depths of 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60m. Different loading rates, volumes and frequencies were applied for each depth. Samples from the filtrate were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for NH 3 -N, NO 3 -N and NO 2 -N values. The data was subjected to analysis of variance for fractional factorial (ANOVA) using the GenStat Version 13.2 computer programme. Wastewater generated from the sugar factories had NH 3 -N, NO 3 -N and NO 2 -N were within the WHO acceptable limits. The sugar factory managers targeting to remove NO 3 -N should use a sand filter with a depth of 0.45m by loading it at a rate of 2L/min, volume of 30L and frequency of 12hrs. To remove NO 2 N using a sand filter of 0.45 m deep, they should use a loading rate of 4L/min, loading volume of 10L and loading frequency of 12hrs. Keywords: Effluent, factory, filter, intermittent, sand, sugar, wastewater.


Objective To explore the dose and the effect of low molecular heparin in the treatment of cancer patients with deep venous embolism,and to figure out the effect of concurrent administration with heparin combined with standard anti-cancer treatments.Methods The clinical data of 27 advanced stage cancer patients with symptoms of deep venous embolism from January 2007 to January 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.The administrative dosage of heparin was 0.1/kg subcutaneously daily which was given 0.3 mL for body weight less than 60 kg vesus 0.6 mL for those more than 60 kg.The mean duration of injection was 21 days(0-180 days).Results The total response rate for those receiving heparin was 66.7%,disease control rate was 85.2%.There were fewer adverse reactions.The median survival time was 8.5 months(0-33.2 months).Using heparin based on the weight of the patients was safe.The short-term effect of anticoagulant therapy and the effect of anti-tumor therapy were related(P=0.000).Conclusions The treatment for the cancer patients with deep venous embolism with heparin is safe and tolerable.The short-term effect of anticoagulant therapy and the effect of anti-tumor therapy are related.


Very few studies have been conducted to develop new quality protein maize (QPM) varieties adapted to various agro-ecological conditions in Africa. Such QPM varieties with high grain yield, genes for resistance to local disease and pests would contribute to increased grain production and to alleviate poverty and malnutrition. During the first step of the QPM breeding program in the DR-Congo, 137 inbred lines were developed and selected in the field based on various agro-morphometric characteristics. Molecular analysis revealed high level of genetic variability among inbreds. The level of polymorphic loci observed with ISSR markers varied between 74% and 80%. Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index values varied from 0.22 to 0.27 and from 0.34 to 0.41,


Let <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R=\mathbb F_{q}+u\mathbb F_{q}+v\mathbb F_{q}+uv\mathbb F_{q}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$u^{2}=u,v^{2}=v,uv=vu$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q=p^{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for a positive integer <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and an odd prime <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. We study the algebraic structure of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb F_{q}R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cyclic codes of block length <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(r,s)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. These codes can be viewed as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$R[x]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-submodules of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb F_{q}[x]/\langle x^{r}-1\rangle \times R[x]/\langle x^{s}-1\rangle $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. For this family of codes we discuss the generator polynomials and minimal generating sets. We study the algebraic structure of separable codes. Further, we discuss the duality of this family of codes and determine their generator polynomials. We obtain several optimal and near-optimal codes from this study. As applications, we discuss a construction of quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbb F_{q}R$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-cyclic codes and construct some good QECCs.


:- The object of the present research paper is to develop Artificial Neural Network Simulation and by using five π-term from four independent pi terms. (Aspect ratio, aggregate-cement ratio, water-cement ratio, percentage of fibre and control strength)) for prediction of SFRC Split Tensile strength. The output of this network can be evaluated by comparing it with experimental strength and the predicted ANN simulation strength. The study becomes more fruitful when most influencing π-term is calculated for the prediction of SFRC strength. The beauty of the models is that we can predict compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength by using same model.


HA (hydroxyapatite)/β-TCP (tricalcium phosphate) biomaterial (BCP; biphasic calcium phosphate) is widely used as bone cement or scaffolds material due to its superior biocompatibility. Furthermore, NH4HCO3 as a space holder (SH) has been used to evaluate feasibility assessment of porous structured BCP as bone scaffolds. In this study, using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) process at 393K and 1373K under 20MPa load, porous HA/β-TCP biomaterials were successfully fabricated using HA/β-TCP powders with 10~30 wt% SH, TiH2 as a foaming agent, and MgO powder as a binder. The effect of SH content on the pore size and distribution of the BCP biomaterial was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a microfocus X-ray computer tomography system (SMX-225CT). The microstructure observations revealed that the volume fraction of the pores increased with increasing SH content and that rough pores were successfully fabricated by adding SH. Accordingly, the cell viabilities of BCP biomaterials were improved with increasing SH content. And, good biological properties were shown after assessment using Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS).


Hydrogen is seen as one of the important energy carriers of the future with potential to reduce local as well as global warming. The main by-product of the combustion of hydrogen in air is water vapor and trace quantities of oxides of nitrogen. An experiment was conducted to study the impact of hydrogen/natural gas blends on performance, thermodynamic efficiency and exhaust gas emissions in a reciprocating four stroke cycle engine. For this purpose a four-stroke, 4.2 L, V-6 naturally aspirated natural gas engine was used. This engine was coupled to an eddy current wet type dynamometer. First, the engine was tested with natural gas to develop a baseline for comparison with hydrogen/natural gas fuel blends. A test matrix was used to that included variation of engine load and air-to-fuel ratio. The engine was tested at throttle openings of 50% and 100% and equivalence ratios of 1.0 (stoichiometric) and 0.9 (lean) for hydrogen percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. The test results showed a reduction in NO x and CO for most of the cases. The engine power and torque slightly decreased when the hydrogen concentration was increased. This paper fully describes the test setup, the test matrix, and the test procedures. The results are fully analyzed and presented to illustrate the impact of hydrogen-enhanced natural gas fuel blends on engine performance and emissions.


The aim of the presented work was to introduce a method of estimating thermal conductivity using well log data. Many petrophysical properties of rocks can be determined both by laboratory measurements and well-logs. It is thus possible to apply geophysical data to empirical models based on relationships between laboratory measured parameters and derive continuous thermal conductivity values in well profiles. Laboratory measurements were conducted on 62 core samples of Meso-Paleozoic rocks from the Carpathian Foredeep. Mathematical models were derived using multiple regression and neural network methods. Geophysical data from a set of seven well logs: density, sonic, neutron, gamma ray, spectral gamma ray, caliper and resistivity were applied to the obtained models. Continuous thermal conductivity values were derived in three well profiles. Analysis of the obtained results shows good consistence between laboratory data and values predicted from well log data.


We report the coexistence of photonic and phononic beam guides in defect-free phoxonic crystals that simultaneously allow a virtually diffractionless propagation for electromagnetic (EM) and acoustic waves. Functionality is achieved via self-collimation effects by intentionally creating simultaneous flat equal-frequency contours of EM waves for both polarizations and acoustic waves. Phoxonic self-collimation in a passband shows considerable advantages over the defect-based phoxonic bandgap effect in achieving phoxonic beam guides. The results thus provide a potential platform to achieve various acoustic-optic devices and highly controllable photon-phonon interactions by simultaneously manipulating the photonic and phononic dispersion.


Alternative interconnects are attractive for scaling on-chip communication bandwidth in a power-efficient manner. However, efficient utilization of the bandwidth provided by these emerging interconnects still remains an open problem due to the spatial and temporal communication heterogeneity. In this article, a Stream Arbitration scheme is proposed, where at runtime any source can compete for any communication channel of the interconnect to talk to any destination. We apply stream arbitration to radio frequency interconnect (RF-I). Experimental results show that compared to the representative token arbitration scheme, stream arbitration can provide an average 20% performance improvement and 12% power reduction.


GLARE (glass laminate aluminum-reinforced epoxy) is aluminum-based material of fiber metal laminate (henceforth FML) that is often fabricated by expensive autoclave procedure. In this study, the process of Injected Molding (or also known as VARTM) was employed as a cost-effective alternative to produce GLARE. Several aluminum surface preparation procedures are applied to improve the interlaminar shear strength. A T3 temper 2024 aluminum alloy with 1*1 plain fabricated glass fabrics were used to make GLARE composites. GLARE consists of two aluminum sheet as external layers and glass fabric as internal layers. Four sets of aluminum sheets were prepared, one unanodized and three other anodized. Three different anodizing procedures (constant voltage mode, increasing voltage mode and decreasing voltage mode) have been adopted in this research. Two types of curing treatments were applied on VARTM fabricated specimens. According to ASTM D1876 T-peel test standard, the sets of prepared specimens have been tested to examine the adhesive bonding strength and fracture toughness of mode-I. The obtained results which include forcedisplacement curves, peak loads and fracture toughness were showed that a significant improvement for anodized specimens with all voltage modes. The first curing treatment offered better results than second curing treatment. The best improvement was obtained from anodized specimen with decreasing voltage mode cured by the first treatment which reaches to six times the results obtained from unanodized specimen. The delamination behavior for this specimen was verified numerically.


In order to investigate the impact of brand awareness on the taste evaluation of packaged drinking water,36undergraduates were selected for a test by the questionnaire method and context experimental method. The results showed that:There was no difference in the scores of taste evaluation of different famous brands of packaged drinking water without the cues of brands;For different brand identities,the scores of taste evaluation of the same kind of packaged drinking water were significantly different;For the same kind of packaged drinking water,the score of taste evaluation without any brand identity was lower than that with high popularity,but higher than that with low popularity. So it was concluded that the brand awareness of packaged drinking water will impact undergraduates' evaluation of its taste.


We introduce the class of β1-paracompact spaces in topological spaces and give characterizations of such spaces. We study subsets and subspaces of β1-paracompact spaces and discuss their properties. Also, we investigate the invariants of β1-paracompact spaces by functions. c ©2016 All rights reserved.


The present invention relates to a battery mounting structure for a portable computer. The present invention is formed on one side of the case is provided with a coupling hook, which batteries are mounted, and through the knob through-hole of the knob grooves formed on the outer surface of the battery receiving part and the case in which a hook through hole formed to communicate with the inside of the case to a side at least two latches being secured to the knob and the inner surface of the case is coupled to the coupling hook is operated integrally with each latch knob is configured to include a latch to be selectively fastened and the battery hook inserted through the hook holes. The battery mounting structure of the portable computer to the invention has the same configuration described above, it is possible to fasten the batteries to double it is possible to prevent detachment of the battery due to carelessness, to the assembled state of the components constituting the battery mounting structure solid and, it can be concluded that the part sharer battery to double the advantage that production costs are lower. Portable computers, batteries, mounting


The article introduces how to use computer to confirm the Goldbach's Conjecture automaticall by programy, file basic thought of realization .the way of realization on computer and the program's trait are chiefly preserts.


The Simulation Package for the Analysis of Health Risk (SPAHR) is a computer software package based upon a demographic model for health risk projections. The model extends several health risk projection models by making realistic assumptions about the population at risk, and thus represents a distinct improvement over previous models. Complete documentation for use of SPAHR is contained in this five-volume publication. The demographic model in SPAHR estimates population response to environmental toxic exposures. Latency of response, changing dose level over time, competing risks from other causes of death, and population structure can be incorporated into SPAHR to project health risks. Risks are measured by morbid years, number of deaths, and loss of life expectancy. Comparisons of estimates of excess deaths demonstrate that previous health risk projection models may have underestimated excess deaths by a factor of from 2 to 10, depending on the pollutant and the exposure scenario. The software supporting the use of the demographic model is designed to be user oriented. Complex risk projections are made by responding to a series of prompts generated by the package. The flexibility and ease of use of SPAHR make it an important contribution to existing models and software packages. Themore » first volume presents the theory behind the SPAHR health risk projection model and several applications of the model to actual pollution episodes. The elements required for an effective health risk projection model are specified, and the models that have been used to date in health risk projections are outlined. These are compared with the demographic model, whose formulation is described in detail. Examples of the application of air pollution and radiation dose-response functions are included in order to demonstrate the estimation of future mortality and morbidity levels and the range of variation in excess deaths that occurs when populations structure is changed.« less


AbstractThe purpose of the study was to compare two types of classroom organizations for reading instruction to determine if there were significant differences in reading achievement and reading class attitude between the experimental group, which used a flexible plan for grouping for reading instruction and the control group, which used a 3-group achievement plan for grouping for reading instruction. No significant difference was found. It was concluded that the 3-group achievement plan did as well as the flexible grouping plan and less time was needed for planning and implementation.


Objective: To study the influence of inhibitor of differentiation 2 (Id2) on cell proliferation and migration in SKOV3 cells, and to investigate the influence of HLH domain deletion in Id2 gene on SKOV3 cells. Methods: Human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 was transfected with pcDNA3.1-Id2, pcDNA3.1-Id2-DBM and pcDNA3.1-Id2-DBM-δHLH vectors by SuperFect Transfection Reagent. The cells transfected with blank vector pCDNA3.1 were used as control. Id2 protein was detected by Western blot, and mRNA transcriptions of Id2, Id2-DBM(D-box mutant), and Id2-DBM-δHLH were measured by RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Cell invasion was detected by scratch test and transwell chamber assay. The regulatory effect of Id2 on E-cadherin was evaluated by Western blot. Results: The mRNA and protein levels indicated that the plasmid was successfully transfected. Cell growth curve suggested that the proliferation of cells had no significant difference between each group. Compared with the control group, cell migration ability was significantly enhanced after transfection with pcDNA3.1-Id2, pcDNA3.1-Id2-DBM and pcDNA3.1-Id2-DBM-δHLH vectors. The downregulation of E-cadherin protein was accompanied with increased migration capability in pcDNA3.1-Id2-DBM and pcDNA3.1-Id2-DBM-δHLH vectors-transfected cells. Conclusion: Overexpression of Id2 promotes the migration capability of SKOV3 cells, which might be related with the downregulation of E-cadherin. The action still exists after the HLH domain deletion in Id2 gene.


This paper describes the synthesis of new liquid-crystalline (LC) ionomers (semiflexible LC mainchain polymers with ionic groups as side groups) by polycondensation of substituted malonates with mesogenic diols. Phosphonic acids were used as negative groups, and phosphonium and ammonium ions as positive groups. The presence of these ionic groups leads to gelation (physical crosslinking) of the polymers, which display a rubbery consistency. As expected from the reference polymers without an ionic group, all polymers show smectic phases. These phases are destabilized by bulky side groups (e.g., phosphonium ions or phosphonic acid esters). They are, however, stabilized by phosphonic acid groups and the corresponding salts. Together with X-ray measurements this supports the assumption that different smectic sublayers are formed for the mesogens and the ionic groups. Dielectric relaxation measurements show four different relaxation processes for these polymers. They are, with rising temperature, the χ- and the β-relaxation (local relaxations, active below T g ) and an α- and a δ-relaxation above T g . The α-relaxation corresponds to the dynamic glass process and the δ-relaxation is due to a reorientation of the mesogenic groups around their short axis. Despite the fact that these LC ionomers have only one ionic group per repeating unit (one group per 3.3 nm), they could be successfully used for a multilayer built-up by electrostatic deposition. The resulting multilayers are rather hydrophobic, if the LC ionomer is the outermost layer.


War, Terrorism, and Identity : The Syrian Civil War, ISIL, and the Rise of Fundamentalism among Middle Eastern Migrants in Western Europe


THE LOSS OF GENOMIC URACIL HOMEOSTASIS AND AID-DEPENDENT ACCUMULATION OF DNA DAMAGE IN B CELL LYMPHOMAS by SOPHIA SHALHOUT May 2015 Advisor: Dr. Ashok S. Bhagwat Major: Chemistry (Biochemistry) Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is a sequence-selective DNA cytosine deaminase that introduces uracils in immunoglobulin genes. This DNA mutator is required for somatic hypermutation and class switch recombinationprocesses involved in the affinity maturation and diversification of antibodies. AID, however, can also lead to deleterious mutations and translocations promoting lymphomagenesis. The introduction of uracils throughout the genome of activated B cells and the ability of UNG2 glycosylase to excise these uracils is examined here. This interplay was also studied in cancerous B cells, with different results emerging in transformed cells versus healthy cells. Genomic uracil levels are found to remain at the same level in normal B cells stimulated to express AID. However the increase in uracils by 11to 60fold detected in stimulated B cells deficient in UNG, suggests that normal B cells do accumulate high levels of genomic uracils. However, these uracils are efficiently and effectively removed in UNG proficient cells, suggesting a balance or homeostasis between uracil creation and elimination. Interestingly, murine B cell cancer lines,


In this article, it is shown that the combined use of exponential operators and integral transforms provides a powerful tool to solve a certain system of fractional PDEs and a variety of Lamb - Bateman singular integral equation. The Lamb - Bateman singular integral equation was introduced to study the solitary wave diffraction. It may be concluded that the integral transforms and exponential operators are effective methods for solving integral equations and fractional linear equations with non-constant coefficients.


Do "niche" parties—such as Communist, Green, and extreme nationalist parties—adjust their policies in response to shifts in public opinion? Would such policy responsiveness enhance these parties' electoral support? We report the results of statistical analyses of the relationship between parties' policy positions, voters' policy preferences


A collection of folklore and local history stories from Maynooth (Pres. Convent) (school) (Maynooth, Co. Kildare), collected as part of the Schools' Folklore Scheme, 1937-1938 under the supervision of teacher Sr. M. Borgia.


Unaggregated La0.82Sr0.18MnO3 + δ perovskite nanoparticles with a mean crystallite size of 22 nm were successfully synthesized through an aqueous combustion process (Glycine Nitrate Process, GNP) which takes advantage of exothermic, fast and self-sustaining chemical reactions between metal nitrates and glycine as a suitable organic reducing agent. The influence of G/N molar ratio on the phase purity, crystallite size and manganese valency was screened. Fuel-rich conditions were selected to improve chelation of the cations in acidic pH and ensure an accurate control of the cationic composition. Fast calcination was optimized to enhance crystallinity of the nanoparticles and subsequent milling step was performed to favour their desaggregation. The manganite nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental chemical analysis, Mohr salt titration and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to a process derived from the Stober's method, they were uniformly coated with a 5 nm thick silica shell, as evidenced by TEM, infrared spectroscopy, ζ potential measurements and dynamic light scattering experiments. Preliminary heating experiments in a ac magnetic field showed these core@shell nanoparticles fulfill the requirements for self-controlled magnetic fluid hyperthermia, considering their size (20–70 nm) and their maximum heating temperature (43 °C) which is controlled by the Curie temperature of the magnetic cores.


the theme issue approach and profiles the articles written in response to the strategic question that explores the challenges and opportunities for sustainable tourism development in Cyprus. The articles cover literature reviews, reviews of data and evidence, interactions with


This study proposes a simple and efficient Photonic Crystal Fibre sensor design for the detection of controlled drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and ketamine. The design uses a pentagonal core hole and circular cladding air holes in 2 layers, made of fused silica substrate. The sensing performance of the proposed PCF design is evaluated using COMSOL Multiphysics and Finite Element Method, operating in the visible and infrared range from 0.4 to 3.2 μm. Results show that the proposed PCF design achieves high relative sensitivities of 99.55%, 99.75%, and 99.99% for cocaine, amphetamine, and ketamine, respectively, at the optimum wavelength of 0.4 μm. Additionally, the design is robust, showcasing minimal variations in relative sensitivities with changes in pitch distance, air hole diameter, and core hole length. These findings make the proposed PCF design a promising candidate for practical controlled drug sensing.


Facing the increasingly complicated regional electric power grid, the designing of operation modes using traditional methods needs a large amount of work and is prone to turn up man-made negligence for workers who design them. Therefore, related intelligence software is imperatively needed to supply assistant function. This paper introduces the theoretic ideas of making decision on operation modes by artificial intelligence technology and the software programming method. Aimed at workers' demands, the software realizes assistant function through intelligent logic reasoning.


Purpose To seek a new method of clinical acupuncture moxibustion research. Methods Clinical acupuncture practice and research were done according to evidence based medicine, the advantage and character of evidence based medicine were used for reference, and the factors limiting its use for clinical acupuncture were analyzed.Results and Conclusion The application of evidence based medicine will certainly promote the synthronous development of clinical acupuncutre moxibustion and modern research.


Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) set-up was constructed and optimized for routine elemental analysis at the University of Jordan Van de Graaff accelerator (JOVAC). Some important features of the system are described. Testing was carried out using some standards. Applications to Jordanian currencies are discussed.


During this time, the process of publication of activities within the Institute of Student Affairs at Petra Christian University still use the manual that is in the form of posters that are printed and posted on bulletin boards. This resulted in not a few students who did not receive information publication of an activity if they are not actively see the posters posted on the bulletin board. And another reality, for the registration process participants still use the manual that is in the form of paper. Android based application of information and registration for students in Petra Christian University is made to assist student in receiving information of publication of an event activity in university scope and to assist student who is being the head of event activity in publicizing activity event which can reach as many students as possible. This program uses Firebase Cloud Messaging as a forum for delivering event activity information and also using Google Calendar as a reminder of events. So that with this application the student can receive information publication of an activity and register in the activity more easily and quickly.


An ultracold Bose gas of two-level atoms can be thought of as a spin-½ Bose gas. It supports spin-wave collective modes due to the exchange mean field. Such collective spin oscillations have been observed in recent experiments at JILA with 8 7 Rb atoms confined in a harmonic trap. We present a theory of the spin-wave collective modes based on the moment method for trapped gases. In the collisionless and hydrodynamic limits, we derive analytic expressions for the frequencies and damping rates of modes with dipole and quadrupole symmetry. We find that the frequency for a given mode is given by a temperature-independent function of the peak density n, and falls off as 1/n. We also find that, to a very good approximation, excitations in the radial and axial directions are decoupled. We compare our model to the numerical integration of a one-dimensional version of the kinetic equation and find very good qualitative agreement. The damping rates, however, show the largest deviation for intermediate densities, where one expects Landau damping-which is unaccounted for in our moment approach-to play a significant role.


Corrections to a fluctuation model of fracture related to either clusterized or periodic arrangement of heterogeneities second-phase particles (pores) are considered. It is shown that these effects can be taken into account by introducing a correction factor nonlinearly dependent on the dimensionless parameter the relation of the correlation interval of heterogeneities to the structure scale.


Climate change is posing serious environmental, economic, and social impacts in the study area where people's livelihoods depend on agriculture. This study was initiated to identify the existing adaptation strategies persuaded by smallholder farmers, and factors affecting the choices of adaptation strategies against climate change in Ankesha Guagusa district. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 156 sample households in the district through interview method and focus group discussion whereas secondary data were collected from different organizations and published sources. Descriptive statistics, and econometric model were employed to achieve the stated objectives. The result of multivariate probit model showed that the likelihood of households to adopt irrigation, improved crop varieties, adjusting planting date, use crop diversification, and soil and water conservation practices were 46.79%, 52.26%, 45.51%, 69.68% and 78.20%, respectively. The result also shows that the joint probability of using all adaptation strategies was 11.53% and the joint probability of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 7.7%. The model result also confirms that sex, educational level, family size, livestock holding, land holding, off/non-farm income, farm income, extension contact, credit used, access to climate information, distance to market, and agro-ecological zone had significant effect on climate change adaptation strategies. Therefore, future policies shall focus on the smallholder farmers' technical capacity through adult education system, and on updated extension services, improving credit facilities, irrigation facilities, farm and off-farm income earning opportunities, and use of new crop varieties that are more suited to the local environment.


We read with great interest the comments from Motosko and colleagues (2012) regarding our paper, in which we reported that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was not associated with delirium in our prospective study of critically ill patients (Morandi et al., 2011). Based on these results and those of the other four published studies examining IGF-1 and delirium, we take issue with the statement that a large body of evidence supports IGF-1's role in delirium pathogenesis. As pointed out by Adamis and Meagher (2011) in their recent systematic review, these five studies were small and produced conflicting results, with only three of the five finding an association between IGF-1 and delirium. Important differences in the patients studied may explain, in part, the conflicting results. Investigations of older medical inpatients who were not critically ill found IGF-1 to be associated with delirium, but neither a study of hip surgery patients (Lemstra et al., 2008) nor our study of intensive care unit (ICU) patients found an association. The relative importance of IGF-1 to delirium might be diminished during critical illness given that a multitude of risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of delirium in this vulnerable population. On average, medical ICU patients are subject to more than ten delirium risk factors; changes in IGF-1 in this setting might therefore contribute less to delirium than in other settings.


Since independence, Myanmar has prioritised a non-aligned foreign policy to preserve autonomy in the international arena. Yet, it has done so in contrasting and sometimes opposite ways. Historically, Myanmar's great power diplomacy has resembled a pendulum swinging between two ideal types: 'positive non-alignment' and 'negative neutralism'. The former represents a proactive blend of non-aligned behaviour that seeks to assert independence by achieving a diversified range of international partnerships, whereas the latter endeavours to accomplish the same goal through diplomatic disengagement and self-aloofness. This article analyses Myanmar's shifting recourse to opposite archetypes of alignment by examining its foreign policy between 2011 and 2021. Building upon a comprehensive theoretical classification of different forms of non-alignment, the analysis contends that Myanmar's evolving great power diplomacy is ultimately rooted in oscillating degrees of political legitimation held by its leaders, which pushed them to alternatively tilt towards positive non-alignment or negative neutralism.


This invention relates to a method and a device for accelerating the growth of skin appendages. According to the invention there is provided a wound dressing comprising an enveloping fabric and a lining intended to be in contact with at least one skin appendage, and a liquid or viscous base comprises water in an amount sufficient to maintain a degree high humidity near the skin appendage. The liquid or viscous base is deposited on the lining of the dressing, and the dressing is positioned so that the filling is in contact with the skin appendage.


Brain Injury Treatment: Theories and Practices. Edited by José León-Carrión, Klaus R H von Wild and George A Zitnay. (Abingdon: Taylor and Francis, 2006). [pp. 550]. ISBN 1-84169-572-6. £70. There are many books on brain injury treatment so does another one add to our knowledge on the subject? The answer in this case is 'yes'. This is an interesting book. In 24 chapters it covers a wide range of topics relevant to the treatment and management of brain injury. However, it is not a classic textbook but covers certain specific topics in some detail and does not attempt to be a totally comprehensive résumé of the entire subject – nor does it cover the management of every post-brain injury symptom. However, the topics covered are interesting and in some cases provide an unusual and different perspective of a topic that is not generally covered in standard brain injury textbooks. There is a good coverage, for example, on the early phase of management after brain injury. The inclusion of a neurosurgeon (Klaus von Wild) as editor was obviously a good decision and many of the early chapters in the book cover topics that would not normally be included in a standard textbook on brain injury. The first chapter is a very useful and interesting discussion on pre-hospital management after traumatic brain injury. This is obviously a vital part of the overall care pathway yet is rarely discussed or given sufficient attention in other textbooks. There are other useful and interesting chapters on the organization of neurological intensive care units and a further chapter discussing the relevance of the guidelines of the German task force on early neurological/ neurosurgical rehabilitation. One criticism is that the editors have allowed some of the authors to get rather carried away with the description of their own particular research topics or method of rehabilitation. Some of the methodologies described, whilst interesting and potentially useful, have not yet been widely accepted in the brain injury rehabilitation field. There is, for example, an extensive chapter on the electrical treatment of coma as well as a chapter on one method for the rehabilitation of equilibrium posture control (the NeuroBird method). There are a number of useful chapters addressing specific topics that are not usually covered in depth in standard textbooks. The chapter on sleep disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury is fascinating – and very useful. There is a good chapter on diagnosing and treating affective disorders after brain injury and also a useful overview of neuropharmacological management after traumatic brain injury by Nathan Zasler and colleagues. There is also a very interesting chapter on rehabilitation in water by Gianpietro Salvi and colleagues. Hydrotherapy is widely used but rarely written about. There is also a fascinating chapter on complementary medicine in traumatic brain injury by George Zitnay. It is a useful résumé of the different complementary medicine techniques which are, after all, widely used by brain injury survivors but are rarely mentioned in medical textbooks. Some specific sub-topics are also covered in succinct and clear chapters including a chapter on low-level response states, detecting high risk patients after mild brain injury and an important chapter on neuropsychological recovery in children and adolescence following traumatic brain injury. The important topic of return to work after brain injury is thoroughly covered in the last chapter by Davide Vernè and colleagues. In a few places the book has tried to be a little too comprehensive. There is a rather brief and patchy chapter on the role of stem cells in rehabilitation after brain injury. However, this is a relatively minor criticism. This textbook provides comprehensive coverage of many of the problems that ensue after brain injury. It is a heavy book (550 pages) and some of the chapters are quite lengthy but nevertheless a great majority are clear, well written and well referenced. Overall, this is a useful textbook with a good range of interesting and selective topics. It adds to our knowledge and should be added to our libraries.


Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at higher risk for coronary artery disease, due to accelerated atherosclerosis resulting from chronic inflammation, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the side effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The Wellens' pattern is an electrocardiographic (ECG) finding that represents critical proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery stenosis that, that when is not promptly treated, can lead to extensive anterior wall myocardial infarction and death. Very few cases of Wellens' syndrome in HIV positive patients have been reported. We present a case of Wellens' syndrome in a 38-year-old male with HIV on HAART and hyperlipidemia, as his only traditional cardiovascular risk factor. Recognition of the characteristic biphasic T-waves in V2 and V3 on ECG in the setting of typical angina and elevated troponin levels directed the clinicians to proceed with an emergent cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stent placement in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD). Physicians should recognize Wellens' syndrome as it indicates critical LAD stenosis requiring intervention. HIV positive patients can present with Wellens' sign at a younger age, indicating premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in this population.


Objective. The study of Leptonychotes weddellii (Phocidae) reproduction in the waters of the Argentine Islands archipelago.
Methods. The inventory of Weddell seals was carried out on the islands of the archipelago by the route method with an inspection of the places where seals are likely to be located. Moving to the islands, depending on the ice situation, the weather conditions, was carried out on the sea ice or using a boat. The identification of L. weddellii was carried out in accordance with common methods.
Results. In September—October 2015, in the waters of the Argentine Islands archipelago, five breeding sites of L. weddellii were revealed. At the first site (the Three Little Pigs Islands), five parturition cases were identified, at the second one (near the old English station), the births of 4 seal pups were recorded, at the third one (the Forge Islands) — 4 pups, at the fourth one (the Black — Leopard Islands) — 8 pups, and at the fifth breeding site (Grotto — Corner — Uruguay Islands) — 11 seal pups. The sixth site was probably the Barchans Islands. During the period of the study, over 76 % of the female seals with offspring and about 24 % without seal pups were recorded. Observations indicate that females swim in advance into the water of the archipelago for further reproduction. It was found that in six females parturitions occurred a day after their appearance on the island's shore or the ice cover, some females brought pups four, six and seven days later. During September – October 2015 more than 50 % of females gave birth to pups on the ice cover, but at the distance which did not exceed 10—15 m from the shore. The births of pups at a considerable distance from the shores of the island were recorded rarely.
Conclusions. In the spring of 2015, the first female seal at birth was recorded in early September, the last one — in the second ten-day period of October, the maximum number of parturition cases was found in the third ten-day period of September. The breeding period lasted 38 days. There were recorded 32 female seals that gave birth to 18 male pups and 14 female pups. The number of seal pups was higher than in previous years, there was no postnatal mortality and no mortality of young animals was recorded. Our studies provide an opportunity to estimate the size and structure of the species population in the waters of the Argentine Islands archipelago. However, some issues of Weddell seals biology in the period of breeding need further study, in particular: spatial-temporal distribution, emigration and immigration processes in the area of the archipelago, which are related to the ice situation, the availability of feed and  reproduction.


Monkeypox, now called Mpox, was previously endemic to central and western Africa; however, a recent outbreak of Mpox was noticed outside its traditional endemic regions. We report a case of Mpox in a 33-year-old HIV-positive gentleman, the fourth case in Pakistan and the first in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Risk factors like age, gender, and unsafe and risky sexual behavior put this patient at risk of Mpox.


Abstract Various equivalent definitions of cyclicity are given. The problem of converting a non-cyclic system to a cyclic one, by means of constant output feedback, is considered, This problem arises as an intermediate problem in many state or output feedback pole-assignment algorithms. It is shown that the problem has an infinite number of solutions.


The results of the studies of new generation growth regulators in the cultivation of planting material of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are presented. The experiments (2019-2021) were conducted in the field trials in the Moscow region. The plants were grown on the soil containing 3.2% humus, 2.9 mg nitrogen/100 g soil, 26.8 mg phosphorus/100 g soil, 3.9 mg potassium/100 g soil, pH of the salt extract - 5.2. During the growing season of the plants three fertilizer applications were made: the first - in the phase of intensive leaf growth with ammonium nitrate (at a dose of 30 g/m2), the second - 2 weeks after the first with nitroammophoska (30 g/m2), the third - 2 weeks after the second with potassium sulfate (50 g/m2). The weather conditions were generally favorable for garlic cultivation. The plants were watered as needed. The experiments were conducted on winter garlic of the Gladiator variety. Seed (aerial bulbs) and planting material (one-toothed bulbs and cotyledons) were treated by soaking for 30 min, and the plants obtained from them were sprayed with growth regulator solutions. The preparations Lostor and Energy M, were used at a concentration of 0.01%, Zircon at a concentration of 0.025% for the treatment of the planting material and at a concentration of 0.1% for the treatment of the above-ground part of the plants. It was found that treatment of aerial bulbs and plants with Lostor promotes an increase in the yield of one-toothed bulbs by 18.8%, and by 8.1 % with Energy M. Treatment of single-toothed bulbs and plants with Lostor increases the yield of multitoothed bulbs by 24.3%, and with Energy M by 16.2%. Application of Lostor promotes an increase in the dry matter content by 8.0% and an increase in the sum of sugars by 9.2%.


Using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we adopt the sSFR-$\Sigma_{1kpc}$ diagram as a diagnostic tool to understand the nature of quenching in different environments. sSFR is the specific star formation rate, and $\Sigma_{1kpc}$ is the stellar surface density in the inner kpc. Although both the host halo mass and group-centric distance affect the satellite population, we find that these two properties can be characterised by a single number, the quenched fraction, such that key features of the sSFR-$\Sigma_{1kpc}$ diagram vary smoothly with this proxy for the "environment". Particularly, the sSFR of star-forming galaxies decreases smoothly with the quenched fraction of a given environment. Furthermore, the location of the transition galaxies (i.e., the "green valley" or GV) in the sSFR-$\Sigma_{1kpc}$ diagram also varies smoothly with the environment, $\Sigma_{1kpc}$ being lower for satellites than the field, and lower for satellites in larger halos and at smaller radial distances within the same-mass halos. We interpret this shift as indicating the relative importance in different environments of today's field quenching track vs. the cluster quenching track. These environmental effects in the sSFR-$\Sigma_{1kpc}$ diagram are most significant in our lowest mass range ($9.75 < \log M_{*}/M_{\odot} < 10$). One feature of the sSFR-$\Sigma_{1kpc}$ diagram that is shared between all environments is that at a given $M_{*}$ quenched galaxies have higher $\Sigma_{1kpc}$ than the star-forming population. These results disfavour scenarios that quench satellites without any (subsequent) change in $\Sigma_{1kpc}$ or $M_{*}$. We discuss possible scenarios to explain the difference in $\Sigma_{1kpc}$ between GV and quenched satellites.


Since the 1970s, during the era of cognitive science, there have been several theories about what a concept is. New empiric results question the current leading theory and, hence, we have no consensus. Every theory, starting with the prototype theory, seems to have some truth in it. Prinz (2004), in one recent example, has tried to take all this into account in his proxytype theory. Maybe this kind of approach is way too broad while others are too narrow. Still we can't neglect the empirical results. By using terms such as percepts, concepts and beliefs in a differentiating way we may come to a stage where most empirical results can be understood. The theory suggested here is a theory of concepts but it also includes representations and beliefs as strongly related to concepts. This concept theory can be called a template theory since the idea is building on a template and several smaller building bricks. At first glance it may look like a suggestion residing between the prototype theory and the exemplar theory. Actually it is more of a knowledge approach (see Murphy, 2004). The idea of a theory-theory (Gopnik & Meltzoff, 2002) or an implicit theory (see Reisberg, 2001) is a too narrow explanation for a general concept theory. Still an inferential aspect of a concept can't be left aside. The question is whether we are then talking about a bare concept, some kind of an inferential mechanism or a concept related to a belief. The template theory presupposes an inferential mechanism to create reasonable beliefs (with some accuracy to the world) and that there is a constant interconnection between concepts and beliefs. Prinz (2004) argues that the working memory deals with interconnection or top-down processing and that is probable when the process is explicit or intentional. There has to also be a top-down processing during implicit activity. Therefore the simple answer can't be the working memory. A strong suggestion is a belief system including an inferential mechanism (e.g. Stich & Nichols, 2003) and/or an intentional system including a decision-making system (e.g. Tomasello et al., 2005; also Newell, 1994). This is not discussed deeper in this paper but is nevertheless taken into account to understand a relation between concepts and beliefs and a top-down processing of this kind. The purpose of this paper is to construct a template theory that can explain the most central empirical results and relate it or differentiate it to other theories. The following sections will illustrate the idea of a template theory and the final discussion will deal with empirical results and critical issues. Questions to clarify are how to use the term representation, whether there are innate concepts or representations, and how to understand the global/basic level distinction. The template theory seems to work on a basic level primarily to construct global concepts secondarily. This is not necessarily the case. This needs to be discussed.


This article analyzes the current situation of the initial training of future teachers to develop the promotion of reading and literature in primary school. Seventy-three teachers took part in this research, all of them responsible for the didactics of reading and literature in various Spanish universities. The academic staff showed there are shortcomings in reading and literature education in teacher training curricula, as well as positive and negative conditioning factors in the reading education of university students. The study concludes with work proposals to make the didactics of reading and literature in the university classroom more formative, attractive and intense.


Heir property, land held communally by heirs of someone who has died intestate, is subject to a number of economic disadvantages, including court-ordered sale of the land. While there is a substantial amount of literature available on the potential legal ramifications of partition sales of heir property (mainly in academic law journals), there is little quantitative evidence of the impacts of such actions. This study examines the characteristics and outcomes of 12 partition actions filed in Macon County's Circuit Court during a 10-year period. Information was also collected from a legal database of records from Alabama appellate courts. These state-level cases highlight some of the recurring issues heir property owners face. Research findings reveal who is most likely to benefit from partition actions and the costs heirs are often forced to pay.


The regioselectivity is primarily determined by the substrate structure, whereas for moderately substituted 1,3-enynes (IV), the catalytic phosphine ligand displays a significant role.


Clustering is a task of assigning a set of objects into groups called clusters. In general the clustering algorithms can be classified into two categories. One is hard clustering; another one is soft (fuzzy) clustering. Hard clustering, the data's are divided into distinct clusters, where each data element belongs to exactly one cluster. In soft clustering, data elements belong to more than one cluster, and associated with each element is a set of membership levels In order to monitor the progress of students efficiently, different clustering algorithms are applied to the academic results of students so as to categorize in appropriate class as per their performance. We proposed the use of FCM and KFCM clustering algorithms for prediction of students' academic performance. Euclidean distance as a measure of similarity measurement is taken into consideration. These algorithms are applied and performance is evaluated on the basis of clustering output. FCM allows data points to belong to more than one cluster where each data point has a degree of membership of belonging to each cluster. The KFCM whereas uses a mapping function and gives better performance as compared to FCM. The summarized result shows that KFCM gives better performance than FCM Keywords—FCM, KFCM, clustering, academic performance, membership function


This article contains the subject, method and principles of graphology. In the article, there are topics such as the principles on which the graphology - meaning the "psychology of writing" - is based, the graphological importance of signatures, the main parts of the science of graphology, and the selection of writing experts.


Through cause analysis of unit tripping resulting from pressure reduction of lubricant oil in the course of cold state startup for units No5 and No6 in Weihe Power Generation Company, the corres ponding handling measures have been put forward. In two years after implementing these measures on the two said units, similar faults have not occurred again, the startup time of units being shortened, obtaining better result.


Recognition of the disproportionately high failure rate of American Indian students in local public schools caused Tribal officials to consider development of a reservation-based charter high school. Eagle High School opened its doors August 30, 2004. This article presents the findings of a twoyear study, which examined the struggles of the school staff as they sought to provide a culturally rich environment and curriculum that would engage and challenge students academically. Cummins' (1992) theory of cultural differences provides a schema for discussion of the findings. Analysis of the issues raised by the study foregrounds the complexity of factors affecting both the development of a culturally grounded charter school and the achievement of students attending the school.


The present invention discloses a water-fat image identification method and apparatus, a method and apparatus of the same. Wherein the water-fat image identification method includes: A, water-fat image acquired using the Dixon method of calculation obtained, referred to as a first image and the second image; B, calculates the first image and the second two image histogram, histogram to obtain a first and a second histogram; C, the first gray level histogram subtracting the second histogram, to obtain a graph showing the relationship between water, fat; D, Find the highest peak and the lowest trough water from fat relationship graph, if the peak is located behind the lowest trough, the first image is determined as a water image, the second image will be determined as the fat image; otherwise contrary. The present invention can accurately discriminate water image and a fat image.


The translocation of animals between populations is becoming a common conservation technique, which, in addition to the target species, unfortunately inevitably involves any parasitic organisms they host. Many of these organisms can become pathogenic in a new environment. We assessed the prevalence of intestinal carriage of Salmonella, a common disease organism in wildlife worldwide, in New Zealand native lizards on eight islands off the coast of New Zealand. Cloacal swabs were obtained from 703 lizards and cultured for Salmonella, using four aerobic enrichment and culture methods at two incubation temperatures. We recorded six environmental and physical variables that may affect Salmonella carriage. Logistic regression revealed that two variables were significantly correlated to the presence/absence of Salmonella. In general, Salmonella was found predominantly but not exclusively in six species of lizard and in beach habitats. Salmonella prevalence on the islands was not correlated to previous lizard translocations to the island. More research is required to determine the pathogenicity to New Zealand wildlife of the Salmonella serovars identified in this study. Pending further research, translocations of the six species highlighted in this study or to beach habitats should include disease screening in order to prevent the spread of this potential pathogen.


Cancer
Mutations in the KRAS gene drive several common and deadly cancers. Unfortunately, most mutant KRAS proteins cannot be targeted therapeutically. Because KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancers rely on the transcription factor MYC, Blake et al. screened for inhibitors that decreased MYC protein abundance. An inhibitor of the cell cycle–associated kinase CDK9 decreased MYC levels independently of KRAS signaling. This finding reveals a potential therapeutic target for patients with KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancers and perhaps also those with MYC-dependent cancers.

Sci. Signal. 12 , eaav7259 (2019).


We report the case of an 18-year-old male with a medical history of microvillous inclusion disease (MID) and notable surgical history of small bowel, liver, and pancreas transplant who presented with massive jejunal and cecal varices. Endoscopy findings demonstrated a large grape-like cluster, with subsequent CT angiography (CTA) showing other variceal lesions in the cecum. The patient was transferred to the original transplant center for recommended open surgical evaluation and combined interventional radiology (IR) embolization of varices. MID is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the Myosin VB (MYO5B) gene leading to a lack of myosin Vb. Patients subsequently develop liver damage at birth, which necessitates a small bowel/liver transplant in childhood.


We previously reported that in vivo cimetidine inhibits hepatic microsomal enzyme activities mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C11 and at least one other CYP enzyme but does not inhibit CYP2A1-, CYP2Bor CYP3A-mediated activities in adult male rats. To investigate the effects of in vivo cimetidine on CYP1A1, cimetidine (150 mg/kg i.p.) or saline was administered to b-naphthoflavone-induced (40 mg/kg i.p. once daily for 3 consecutive days) or uninduced adult male Wistar rats, and hepatic microsomes were prepared 90 min after the cimetidine injection. Cimetidine had no effect on either methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (MROD) or ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity in microsomes from b-naphthoflavone-induced rats. In these same microsomes, polyclonal anti-CYP1A1 IgG inhibited both MROD and EROD activities by .90%, whereas monoclonal anti-CYP1A1 IgG inhibited MROD and EROD activities by 60% and 80%, respectively. In contrast, cimetidine inhibited MROD and EROD activities in microsomes from uninduced rats by 50% and 65%, respectively (P , .05). Immunoinhibition studies with polyspecific and monospecific anti-CYP2C11 IgG indicated that MROD and EROD activities are mediated by a CYP2C enzyme or enzymes other than CYP2C11 in these microsomes. To investigate the possibility that the drug affected EROD activity in uninduced rats by inhibiting CYP2C6, cimetidine was administered as described to rats that had been pretreated with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg i.p once daily for 4 consecutive days). In hepatic microsomes from these rats, cimetidine inhibited progesterone 21-hydroxylase activity (mediated by CYP2C6) by 62% and progesterone 2a-hydroxylase activity (mediated by CYP2C11) by 39% but had no effect on progesterone 6b-hydroxylase activity (mediated by CYP3A). Taken together, the results indicate that in vivo cimetidine has no effect on CYP1A1 but inhibits CYP2C6 in addition to CYP2C11. Preincubation of microsomes from uninduced rats with cimetidine and NADPH in vitro increased the potency of inhibition of EROD activity by 20-fold, suggesting that cimetidine inhibits CYP2C6, as it does CYP2C11: by forming a metabolite/intermediate complex. Cimetidine, a substituted imidazole, is an H2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and related disorders. Early case reports of drug/drug interactions indicated that cimetidine potentiates the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, and this led to the discovery that cimetidine is an effective inhibitor of CYP (Somogyi and Gugler, 1982). Investigators also found that cimetidine inhibits the metabolism of a large number of compounds in vitro and in vivo in both rats (Adedoyin et al., 1987; Galbraith and Jellinck, 1989; Knodell et al., 1982; Pelkonen and Puurunen, 1980; Rendic et al., 1979; Speeg et al., 1982) and humans (Hoensch et al., 1985; Knodell et al., 1982, 1991; Somogyi and Muirhead, 1987). Binding of cimetidine to CYP from uninduced and PBand 3-MC-induced rats is characterized by a type II difference spectrum (Rendic et al., 1979). In experiments performed in vitro, the inhibition of CYP by cimetidine exhibits either competitive or mixed competitive/noncompetitive enzyme kinetics (Speeg et al., 1982; Winzor et al., 1986). As a consequence of these early studies, cimetidine has been considered to be a reversible and nonselective inhibitor of CYP enzymes (Leclercq et al., 1989; Reilly et al., 1988). Galbraith and Jellinck (1989) administered multiple doses of cimetidine to rats in vivo and then measured hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. In male rats, they found that cimetidine treatment led to a reduction in hepatic microsomal estradiol 2-hydroxylase, estradiol 16a-hydroxylase, ethylmorphine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities but had no effect on 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity. However, in female rats, none of these activities was affected by cimetidine. The results of their study suggested that the inhibition of CYP by Received for publication June 19, 1997. 1 This research was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada and the British Columbia Health Research Foundation. 2 The results were presented in part at the 4th International Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics, August 1995, in Seattle, WA. ABBREVIATIONS: CYP, cytochrome P450; PB, sodium phenobarbital; 3-MC, 3-methylcholanthrene; BNF, b-naphthoflavone; MROD, methoxyresorufin O-dealkylase; EROD, ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide, HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; TLC, thin-layer chromatography. 0022-3565/98/2842-0493$03.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 284, No. 2 Copyright © 1998 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Printed in U.S.A. JPET 284:493–499, 1998 493 at A PE T Jornals on O cber 6, 2017 jpet.asjournals.org D ow nladed from cimetidine in vivo is more selective than was previously thought. In a more recent study with male rats, we found that cimetidine inhibits CYP2C11 but has no effect on enzyme activities mediated by CYP2A1, CYP2B or CYP3A (Chang et al., 1992a). In a related study, we observed that inhibition of CYP2C11 enzyme activity by cimetidine is competitive in vitro but noncompetitive in microsomes from rats treated with cimetidine in vivo (Chang et al., 1992b). Preincubation of hepatic microsomes with NADPH and low concentrations of cimetidine in vitro before the initiation of substrate oxidation resulted in noncompetitive inhibition of CYP2C11 but had no effect on CYP2A1-, CYP2Bor CYP3Amediated activities (Chang et al., 1992b). This was the same pattern of inhibition that was seen after the treatment of rats with cimetidine in vivo, suggesting that cimetidine inhibits CYP in vivo by formation of a metabolite/intermediate complex. Spectral evidence in support of this has been reported recently (Levine and Bellward, 1995). In addition to CYP2C11, cimetidine inhibits at least one other CYP in uninduced male rats, although the identity of this enzyme or enzymes remains to be established (Chang et al., 1992a). The possibility that cimetidine inhibits CYP1A1 was suggested by results of an earlier in vivo study by Drew et al., (1981) in which 3-MC-induced rats were administered a single dose of cimetidine (150 mg/kg i.p.) and killed 2 hr later. The authors reported that cimetidine inhibited the hepatic microsomal benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity by 89% but had no effect on 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity or several other nonspecific enzyme activities. There is an inconsistency in their finding because it was subsequently shown that CYP1A1 accounts for .80% of the benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity (Ryan et al., 1982) and 60% to 70% of the 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity in hepatic microsomes from 3-MC-induced rats (Hietanen et al., 1987; Park et al., 1982). The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the effect of in vivo administration of cimetidine on hepatic CYP1A1 in adult male rats with the use of enzyme-selective substrates and inhibitory, enzymespecific antibodies. The results obtained indicate that in vivo cimetidine does not inhibit rat hepatic microsomal CYP1A1. Rather, it is a selective inhibitor of CYP2C6 in addition to CYP2C11. Furthermore, inhibition of CYP2C6, like that of CYP2C11, occurs by the formation of a metabolite/intermediate complex. Materials and Methods Chemicals. Cimetidine hydrochloride was a gift from Smith Kline & French Canada (Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). Testosterone, 16-keto-testosterone and BNF were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO), and 2a-hydroxytestosterone was obtained from Steraloids (Wilton, NH). [4-C]Progesterone (60 mCi/mmol) was purchased from Amersham Canada (Oakville, Ontario, Canada). Resorufin (phenoxazone) was obtained from Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee, WI), and both methoxyresorufin and ethoxyresorufin were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). PB and NADPH were obtained from British Drug House (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and Boehringer-Mannheim Canada (Dorval, Quebec, Canada), respectively. Lyophilized bovine serum albumin and BioRad protein assay dye reagent concentrate were purchased from BioRad Laboratories (Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). ChromoPure rabbit IgG (preimmune IgG) was obtained from Jackson Immunoresearch Lab (West Grove, PA). All other chemicals were of reagent grade. Animals. Adult male Wistar rats, 10 to 11 weeks old and weighing 225 to 300 g, were obtained from Charles River Canada (Montreal, Quebec, Canada). Animals were allowed to acclimatize in our facility for at least 7 days before treatment. The animal room was maintained at 22°C, and fluorescent lighting was controlled with an automatic timer (8:00 a.m. on/10:00 p.m. off). The animals were housed in polycarbonate cages (two or three animals per cage) containing additive-free corncob bedding (The Andersons, Maumee, OH) and were allowed free access to Laboratory Rodent Diet 5001 (PMI Feeds, St. Louis, MO) and tap water until the time of death. Treatment of animals and preparation of hepatic microsomes. To induce CYP1A1, animals were pretreated with intraperitoneal injection of BNF (40 mg/kg/day for 3 days), and to induce CYP2C6, animals were pretreated with PB (80 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4 days). Uninduced rats were those that had not been pretreated. For in vivo inhibition studies, animals were treated with a single intraperitoneal dose (150 mg/kg) of cimetidine hydrochloride or 0.9% saline (control) at 24 hours after the last pretreatment dose. The animals were killed 90 min after the cimetidine or saline injection. Hepatic microsomes were then prepared through differential ultracentrifugation as described by Lu and Levin (1972). The microsomal pellet was suspended in 0.25 M sucrose, and aliquots of the suspension were stored at 280°C until use. Microsomal protein assay and determination of CYP content. Microsom


The article discusses the historiographic aspect of the KalmykTibetan relationships in the second quarter of the XVIII century. There were several significant events in the given period including the arrival to Kalmykia from Tibet of Shakur-lama who was chosen as the supreme lama of the KalmykBuddhists, the sending of the Kalmyk envoys to Tibet in 1729–1735 and in 1737, the giving of the 'khanate' muniment to the governor Tseren-Donduk by DalaiLama VII. The article analyzes the author's publications of the last decade that made a great contribution to the topic research. There are several new significant works on the historiography of Kalmyk-Tibetan relationships including theses and monographs. Among the contemporary research there should be mentioned works of A. A. Kurapov, A. V. Tsuryumov, B. U. Kitinov and E. P. Bakaeva who managed to introduce a great number of unknown before sources on different languages. The further study of the history of the Kalmyk-Tibetan relationships that are relevant nowadays appears to be a high-potential field in the Mongolian Studies.