To enroll for an engineering degree at the University of Johannesburg (UJ), a scholar only needs the following primary subjects, Mathematics, Physical Science and English. The scholar does not need Technical Drawing as a subject. To develop these engineering students into technically aware engineers; to develop their ability to spatially visualize a problem; and to develop their ability to understand technical drawings is one of the major challenges lecturers face in the engineering teaching environment. This paper discusses the use of paper and pencil to teach enhanced spatial visualization. We also discuss the teaching of Graphical Communication to engineering students who enter the course having minimal technical backgrounds and who come from a rapidly changing educational environment.


Based on the problems of electronic and electric basic courses in higher education,the concept of PDCA circulation popular in enterprise management is introduced.The quality management mode including course quality plan(P),course teaching do(D),course quality check(C) and course quality act(A)is constructed and some beneficial exploration are carried out for these courses.


structure Authentication and integrity is assured using standard cryptographic mechanisms. Our system takes advantage of the fault tolerance and locality properties of both Past and Pastry. This allows us to optimize message routing and replica retrieval so that the performancecost caused by network latency is kept at a minimum. We have also introduced a modification to the Past DHT which allows us to further increase performance when using a relaxed but nevertheless reasonable consistency model. We have developed a prototype in order to evaluate the performance of our design. Our prototype is programmed in Java and uses the FreePastry open-source implementation of Past and Pastry. It currently provides a proprietary Java interface to applications, and allows them to choose between two degrees of consistency. Preliminary results obtained suggest that our system is approximately twice as slow as NFS.


To achieve selective recognition of water-soluble ionic compounds, we developed an effective preparation method that can construct specific recognition sites on a cross-linked polymer surface using ionic complexes of functional monomers and template molecules. The specific ionic complexes used for selective recognition were attached on the surface of cross-linked polymer pores via a reaction between ionic complexes and unreacted vinyl groups on the polymer. In this paper, we show that ionic complexes can attach to the polymer surface by determining the number of unreacted vinyl groups on the cross-linked base polymer. The prepared polymers had greater effective adsorption ability than normally prepared molecularly imprinted polymer because there were no dead sites in the cross-linked network. Furthermore, according to chromatographic evaluations involving frontal analyses, the prepared polymer has selective recognition ability based on the interval recognition of ionic compounds. The adsorption isotherm a...


In the domestic and foreign research of ecosystem service function and ecological industry cluster on the basis of the research of ecological industry cluster,through ecological service function and natural ecosystem service function of the comparison,as well as to the ecological industry cluster the internal structure of the analysis,define the ecological industry cluster of ecological service function,content to decide its evaluation method,initially constructs the evaluation index system.The evaluation index system including the ecological service function and total value of absolute index and ecological economic value do,and confirmed the relative index calculation method and relevant secondary indexes,and,to some extent,to fill the gaps in the current no clear industry ecosystem service function of ecological evaluation index system for the blank of ecological industry cluster analysis,the ecological and economic benefits of the quantitative tools provide,with strong theoretical and practical significance.


Bird symbolism in the Dolenjska Hallstatt culture had strong associations with ritual and hierarchy, as demonstrated by bird imagery on insignia of power such as bronze vessels, wagons, and sceptres. The elaboration of such items with birds may have elevated items of prestige to items of ritual potency, highlighting the sacred and worldly power of the elite males with whom these items were associated. Avian depictions on bronze vessels, sceptres, and wagons with important cosmological and ritual associations indicate that birds were deeply entangled in presentations of status, particularly those that blurred the lines between the secular and sacred realms.


(57) Abstract A system for connecting a telecommunication infrastructure line, a telephone in the house or office, a handset, a computer, a fax machine, the end user interface, the consumer electronic devices. The system includes a network control unit in communication with the wireless access unit and the handset via the RF link. Wireless access unit comprises a standard interface of a telephone jack or the like, telephone, fax machine, to deal with devices such as a computer modem. Transmission loss between the public telecommunications network and system of the present invention, in order to compensate for the mismatch and other compatible lack encoding technique of the present invention, encoding and decoding using a 10-bit code word to adopt the codec to perform. The performance of the 16-bit thereby obtained, the signal-to-noise ratio of ~90dB goal in a radio frequency link of the system of the present invention is obtained.


This study was done to explore the correlation among internet game addiction, family functioning, offense experience, victimization experience, possibility of peer violence and to identify factors related the possibility of peer violence. Participants were 789 elementary school students with survey. SPSS/WIN(20.0 version) were used to analyze the collected data. Internet game addiction was negatively correlated family functioning and was positively correlated the offense experience, victimization experience, possibility of peer violence. Multiple regression analysis showed the factors as offense experience of peer violence and relationship with teacher significantly accounted for 63.1% of the possibility of peer violence. In conclusion, it is need to health education for prevention of internet game addiction and breaking offense experience. The activating relationship with teachers are alternative plan that prevent to possibility of peer violence.


Recently, evidence has been found that suggests an increased cleavage of type I1 collagen by the enzyme collagenase-3 in osteoarthritic cartilage. In the present study, bovine cartilage was subjected to tribological tests to quantify cartilage wear and damage under conditions of varying biochemical environment, using bovine synovial fluid and a buffered saline solution as lubricants. Prior to testing, the cartilage surface was exposed to a tissue culture medium containing 0, 50 and 100 u/ml of collagenase-3. The collagenase-3 treated cartilage produced significantly more wear (by a factor of 3-4) than the untreated control cases based on hydroxyproline analysis of the test fluids. Electron microscopy showed no surface damage in the untreated controls, while collagenase-treated cartilage showed signs of substantial surface damage. Histological sections showed evidence of minimal surface and subsurface damage in untreated tests, while collagenase-treated cartilage showed both surface damage and biochemical alteration of the cartilage matrix. The adverse effect of exposure to collagenase-3 suggests that this enzyme may be a factor in the destruction of articular cartilage seen in osteoarthritis.


We show how to control the error term in Mertens' formula and related theorems in the context of additive arithmetical semigroups and carry over an old related result of Meissel. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11N80, 11A41, 11N05


A sensitive spectral radiometer system capable of measuring the atmospheric emission in the 6.5µm to 13.0µm region has been constructed for use on the WB57F aircraft used on the Department of Transportation Climatic Impact Assessment Program. The data obtained with this instrument on a number of flights have been analyzed to determine the total HNO3 column density above the aircraft at various latitudes and seasons. Examination of these data indicate a definite variation of HNO3 column density with latitude and possible seasonal variations.


The Internet of Things (IoT) will connect not only Zigbee-enabled devices but also Wi-Fi-enabled consumer electronics, given the recent rise of IPv6. We developed a power saving communication protocol for low-complexity IPv6-connected devices that can support multiple applications. We demonstrate here in an entertainment-related application scenario how to use that protocol to bring what we refer to as the Internet of Toys to life (Fig. 1). We demonstrate a real-time Internet of Toys system using the Multi-Hop Power Saving Mode (MH-PSM) protocol developed for Wi-Fi enabled IPv6-connected devices on the Contiki OS embedded open source platform [1]. MH-PSM enables low-latency ad hoc communication using 802.11 over multiple hops [2]. The software system includes the RRPL dynamic routing [3] and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). The hardware platform is based on low-complexity Arduino Due boards. The system setup includes a gateway, which is an Internet-connected laptop running a CoAP border-router. The toys and gateway create an 802.11 IBSS (ad hoc) network using IPv6. We have implemented an application that enables toys to speak together in coordination (i.e., to engage in a dialog according to a scripted story). The coordination requires signaling between toys. The gateway runs a web server allowing some features of the application to be controlled by a web browser on a phone. The web application creates signaling traffic between the phone and toy(s) which traverses the gateway. The toys can also be monitored and controlled remotely from anywhere in the Internet using CoAP. Fig. 2 shows experimental results when ten toys are active simultaneously transmitting one packet per second to all the other nodes. Such a setup creates a congested environment, with the topology including up to five-hop routes. Comparing the demo setup with an earlier testbed that used MH-PSM [2] with static routes, we note an increase of the delay due to the routing overhead of RRPL. For similar reasons, the packet delivery ratio is also on average 5% lower in the real-time system compared to an earlier evaluation in a testbed. The real-time application clearly introduces new challenges that must be addressed compared to an evaluation in a testbed with predetermined routing tables. However, this application scenario can handle the extra work and the real-time system demonstrates that MH-PSM with RRPL and CoAP can efficiently support a wide range of IoT applications, with packet delivery ratio over 90%. Currently, we are working on moving this platform to support more powerful OpenWrt-enabled devices. In our demonstration, participants can experience the Internet of Toys and use an iPhone (provided) to select a story for the toys to narrate.


This paper proposes an opportunistic, reliable and realistic QoS mechanism for bulk data transfers in grids, which maximizes acceptance rate and network resource utilization by using an event based priority queue. The metrics that have been studied in the evaluation of elastic scheduling heuristics are the acceptance percentage and the mean flow time of requests. Some of the existing heuristics for the scheduling of bandwidth requests do not include the communication and computation delays and communication overheads, which are involved in the reliable transfers of such reservations. We have compared our approach with only those existing heuristics which are reliable and include all overheads. We demonstrate the performance improvement by documenting results of simulations.


Five experiments are reported which investigate the distribution of selective attention to verbal and non-verbal components of an utterance when conflicting information exists in these channels. A Stroop-type interference paradigm is adopted in which attributes from the verbal and non-verbal dimensions are placed into conflict. Static directional (deictic) gestures and corresponding spoken and written words show symmetrical interference (Experiments 1, 2 and 3) as do directional arrows and spoken words (Experiment 4). This symmetry is maintained when the task is switched from a manual key press to a verbal naming response (Experiment 5) suggesting the mutual influence of the two dimensions is independent of spatial stimulus response compatibility. It is concluded that the results are consistent with a model of interference where information from pointing gestures and speech are integrated prior to the response selection stage of processing. Cross-Modal Interference 3 In the mid 1980's a number of authors published work which criticised the widely held view of gestures and other non-verbal behaviours as "body-language". For instance Rime (1983) and McNeill (1985) challenged the notion, largely established by Argyle (e.g. Argyle, 1975), that gestures form part of a system of body movements which might offer a privileged means of knowing and perceiving one another, a system thought to follow its own laws and transmit affective, cognitive and regulating mechanisms distinct from those carried by any accompanying speech. McNeill's (1985) article suggested that gestures and speech, far from being psychologically distinct, "share a computational stage; they are, accordingly, parts of the same psychological structure" (p. 350). This prompted rebuttals from Feyereisen (1987) and Butterworth & Hadar (1989) with accompanying replies from McNeill (McNeill, 1987b, 1989). Most seem to agree that gesture production depends, to some extent, on the mechanisms responsible for speech production (see also Rime, 1983; Kendon, 1983). The arguments centred around specifying the locus of the interaction, elaborating McNeill's conception of inner speech as the shared computational stage. This work represented a shift in emphasis from the social impact of nonverbal behavior to an approach which sought to examine the processes underlying the performance of body movements and, in particular, the relationships between these processes and the structures mediating vocal behavior. However, despite a relatively large amount of research on gesture and speech production, the field of gesture comprehension remains a "neglected field in cognitive psychology" (Feyereisen 1991, p.57). The main aim of this study was to begin to redress this imbalance by studying the comprehension of gestures within an information processing framework. More specifically we ask whether gestures performed concurrently with spoken and written words influence the processing of that verbal signal and reciprocally whether verbal processing modifies the processing of the gestural component of the utterance.


Plasma injections from Earth's magnetotail to high-latitude ionosphere provided by substorm activity are known to play a key role in the MeV-electron acceleration mechanism by resonating interaction of very-low-frequency (VLF) chorus waves with seed electrons. On the other hand, non-adiabatic motion of plasma-sheet protons related to current sheet scattering (CSS) causes pitchangle diffusion and precipitation to the ionosphere, inducing the formation of a characteristic energy-latitude dispersion pattern at the equatorward side of the auroral isotropy boundary (IB), which gets significantly altered during geomagnetic storms due to particle precipitation triggered by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. For these last two years, a moderate geomagnetic storm activity has been affecting the Earth's environment, with the notable case of Aug 2018 G3-class storm. The effects of such disturbances especially in case of prolonged substorm activity during the recovery phase have been clearly spotted by the entire suite of detectors on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) mission launched on Feb 2, 2018. Here, we present long-term storm-time observations by particle, e.m.-field, and plasma instrumentation on board CSES-01, namely the High-Energy Particle Detector (HEPD), the Electric Field Detector (EFD), and the High Precision Magnetometer (HPM), either developed or data-validated by the Italian LIMADOU Collaboration. Thanks to magnetosphere-to-ionosphere mapping, results from HEPD, EFD, and HPM data analysis help track substorm plasma injections and consequent magnetosphere re-arrangement on a statistical basis. This further inscribes CSES-01 into the thematic area of space-weather and space-climate exploration and modeling, which is especially important in a period when many key space-weather instruments have been quit or operate well beyond the end of their scheduled lifetimes.


Feed water that need to be pre-treated before using methods such as, microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis is characterized by containing turbidity, bacterial content and total dissolved solid which causes fouling and scaling in membrane performance. Thus, it is necessary to develop a method which is cost effective. Pre-treatment has been shown as a good method to enhance the performance and reducing the cost of replacement for membrane of the RO/NF as it helps to remove turbidity, bacteria and TDS (Total dissolve solid), COD and Colour. In this paper, a brief review on the pretreatment in different industry will be clarified such as pretreatment of seawater, and wastewater treatment. Basically, methods of pretreatment can be categorized as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, ozonation and etc. Therefore, this review can provide a better alternative in solving the membrane fouling and scaling problem.


This paper investigates the energetic effects of adding springs at the passive ankles of a planar five-link, four-actuator walking biped robot. The energetic cost of walking with springs was determined by using a walking motion designed for the biped without springs added. The walking motion was then optimized for the presence of springs of various arbitrarily chosen stiffnesses and offset angles. The stability properties of the motions that resulted were checked. The energetic costs of walking and standing were then computed. It was found that standing with springs was more efficient, while walking was more costly than the same action without springs. Finally, the spring characteristics (stiffness and offset angle) and the motion were optimized simultaneously. The costs for walking and standing were computed, revealing that walking with springs was more efficient and standing was more costly than doing either without springs. A methodical approach to choosing the size of the feet based on this analysis of the spring characteristics is also presented.


Machine for machining spur and helical gears with at least one grinding tool (9), characterized in that is carried out that the arrangement of the grinding tools (9) aligned in a vertical plane, wherein both all linear guides - which are also the linear guides of the machine on which take place during the machining movements - as well as a turntable (7) of the tool holder (10) in the horizontal plane that the axis of symmetry of a workpiece (4) is oriented horizontally and the workpiece (4) during the processing of a rotary movement about the axis of symmetry is done executing, that the workpiece (4) is clamped on both sides in a portal, which is incorporated directly in the machine bed (1), that the delivery of the workpiece about the vertically arranged in the machine bed (1) attached to the linear guides of the portal (2) and that takes place, the processing on the lower side of the workpiece (4) et.


This study aims to understand the needs and search for information from primiparous mothers, so that they can provide appropriate information and certainly can reduce maternal anxiety towards postpartum depression. The research method used is a case study on WhatsApp Group (WAG) Zona Mama. The result is that there is concern and anxiety from primiparous mothers in the postpartum phase. This happens because of a lack of information about topics such as breastfeeding, how to care for children, and complementary feeding provided by information providers such as health workers and librarians. Information searching that has been done so far using an active scanning model that is carrying out active information retrieval, but does not have a detailed plan. Therefore, it seems that information leaflets from information providers such as hospitals and libraries are needed by new mothers. Sometimes websites and forums are doubtful by mothers. They need an information center that is consistent and controlled by professional.


Drug-target interaction (DTI) prediction, which aims at predicting whether a drug will be bounded to a target, have received wide attention recently, with the goal to automate and accelerate the costly process of drug design. Most of the recently proposed methods use single drug-drug similarity and target-target similarity information for DTI prediction, which are unable to take advantage of the abundant information regarding various types of similarities between them. Very recently, some methods are proposed to leverage multi-similarity information, however, they still lack the ability to take into consideration the rich topological information of all sorts of knowledge bases where the drugs and targets reside in. More importantly, the time consumption of these approaches is very high, which prevents the usage of large-scale network information. We thus propose a network-based drug-target interaction prediction approach, which applies probabilistic soft logic (PSL) to meta-paths on a heterogeneous network that contains multiple sources of information, including drug-drug similarities, target-target similarities, drug-target interactions, and other potential information. Our approach is based on the PSL graphical model and uses meta-path counts instead of path instances to reduce the number of rule instances of PSL. We compare our model against five methods, on three open-source datasets. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms all the five baselines in terms of AUPR score and AUC score.


There have been various responses to global warming. More recently, attempts have been made to utilize international criminal law. This article focuses on the criminalization of global warming as it might most directly affect humanity: climate change induced displacement. This article considers how criminalization takes place at the domestic and international levels and the additional constraints with respect to the latter, particularly as regards victims and perpetrators. It then examines how far existing international criminal law, especially as set out in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, might already apply to climate change induced displacement. Finally, it challenges the appropriateness of further extending international criminal law for this task; criminalizing climate change induced displacement could be "simply too all-encompassing to be meaningful", helpful or effective.


Boston, July 20, 1906. To the Editor: —Having repeatedly found that patients coming to me for medical advice were using the secret remedy for asthma sold by Dr. N. Tucker of Mount Gilead, Ohio, I naturally became desirous of knowing its composition. It is employed locally by means of an atomizer, and those using it have claimed that they experienced undoubted relief from its employment. At my suggestion a man obtained for me some of the remedy and gave it to me in the bottle in which he bought it. It has been examined by Dr. Frank Piper and Dr. Julian W. Baird, both of Boston, and both find that it contains cocain. Dr. Baird, who is dean of the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and has been teaching chemistry for over twenty years, also made a quantitative examination, demonstrating a little over 7 grains of the hydrochlorate of cocain to


This paper begins by observing a tension in contemporary political discourse on the left: against a backdrop of social movements that prioritize "horizontal" organizational structures, there has been a renewed academic debate on the relevance of Lenin and the party form. In this paper I look at Antonio Negri's recently translated Factory of Strategy: Thirty-Three Lessons on Lenin (a work based on a collection of lectures originally delivered by Negri in the 1970s). I suggest that Negri's intervention can make a signi cant contribution to this debate, one that—without rejecting the Leninist project as such—reframes what it would mean to appropriate Lenin for today. By focusing on Lenin's method of political analysis rather than his speci c form of organization, I argue that Negri recovers from within Lenin's writing a set of categories that can themselves provide the terms for a critique of contemporary Leninism. For Negri, this entails showing how Lenin's system contains the means by which to theorize its own supersession. In presenting a theory of political intervention that is able to re exively analyze its historical conditions of possibility, I suggest that Negri's work on Lenin embodies several important theoretical and methodological commitments. This paper's concluding section looks at recent work by Jodi Dean and critically interprets her endorsement of the party form in light of Negri's intervention. It is useful to begin by observing a tension in contemporary political discourse. On one hand, the last several years have seen an upsurge in social movements built around organizational forms that emphasize horizontality, inclusivity, and direct democracy. These movements (Occupy Wall Street and Black Lives Matter are perhaps the most prominent examples in the North American context) have often consciously opposed traditional forms of political mediation, de ning themselves in part by their autonomy from those institutions that have historically been called upon to represent the demands of progressive social movements, including political parties, trade unions, and nongovernmental organizations. On the other hand, however, we can observe an emergent countertendency. In the aftermath of these struggles there have been a number of calls for the movements to abandon their organizational experiments and to assume more traditional models of political leadership and representation. These calls have been diverse in content, ranging from endorsements of the Democratic Party to appeals for a renewed emphasis on Leninist style party building—it is this latter tendency that I address in the current paper. Thus against a backdrop of social movements that have prioritized "horizontal" organizational forms there has emerged a renewed debate on the contemporary relevance of Lenin and the Leninist conception of the party, a conception that in certain respects runs counter to the radically democratic initiatives that were the centerpiece of this most recent cycle of struggles. In what follows I look at how we ought to think about these recent endorsements of Lenin's party model, and how they relate to broader questions about movement organization and leadership. Drawing primarily upon Antonio Negri's work from the 1970's, as well as more general re ections on the tradition of Italian "autonomist Marxism," I survey a particular approach to evaluating the relevance of the party form. This paper can, therefore, be understood as a re ection on 1 method. It is an attempt to clarify a certain means by which to approach the problem of the party, as well as organizational questions more broadly. The thesis developed here is ultimately a simple one: the Leninist party should be viewed as a historically speci c form of political organization, one that cannot be unproblematically transferred out of its initial context. This is an idea I explicate primarily via a reading of Antonio Negri's recently translated work on Lenin, rst published in English in 2014 under the title Factory of Strategy: Thirty-Three Lessons on Lenin. Although based on a series of lectures delivered by Negri in the early 1970's (and originally published in Italian in 1978), this work has not previously been available in English, and has yet to feature prominently in recent North American debates on Lenin's work. My goal in what follows is to use Negri's re ections on Lenin in a twofold manner. First, I aim to situate Negri's interpretation within contemporary debates on the party by elaborating the unique features of his writing on this question. Second, I hope to explicate the broader theoretical architecture that supports the "autonomist" account of organization (an account that informs Negri's work), paying speci c attention to the concept of "class composition." There are two further points that should be mentioned at the outset. First, in this paper I focus primarily on a mode of theoretical analysis, one that is applied to the party, as well as to organizational questions more generally. I present several categories for carrying out such an analysis and offer a general schema for relating these categories. Given this, the current paper is more theoretical than it is empirical.Nonetheless, the central claims outlined here are, at least in principle, subject to empirical veri cation (and any fuller development of this project would require such veri cation).Second, in interpreting Negri's work and its relation to the autonomist tradition, I rely largely on older sources. Negri's recent writing—much of it produced in collaboration with Michael Hardt—has found a broad readership and its main conclusions (for example, about "empire," the "multitude," and "immaterial labor") have been widely commented upon.Thus, while there exists a large literature (both in cultural studies and beyond) analyzing these works, somewhat less has been written on their theoretical origins, and less still looking at the complex relation between these origins and debates around the party form. This paper is divided into ve sections. The rst reviews a representative sample of contemporary literature discussing the party form and its relation to Marxian politics. The subsequent three sections focus on Negri and the autonomist tradition, while the nal section looks at competing perspectives. Of the sections on Negri's work, the rst explores his interpretive strategy in reading Lenin, and follows him in his exposition of several Leninist concepts. The next section takes a wider perspective, situating Negri's approach within the Italian autonomist tradition, paying speci c attention to how the framework of 'class composition' informs his view on organization and the party. In the nal section on Negri, I highlight key features of Lenin's context and brie y follow Negri in his suggestion that the context-speci c features that once established the political adequacy of the party have been superseded. This paper's concluding section turns to recent work by Jodi Dean and critically interprets her endorsement of the party in light of Negri's intervention. Dean is perhaps the central reference point in contemporary North American debates on the party form. Her writing offers a rigorous and wide-ranging defense of the party and of its adequacy to the present. Paying speci c attention to their differing methods for approaching organizational questions (and not simply the differing content of their proposals), I outline the most salient points of contrast between Negri and Dean. While I defend the merits of Negri's approach, I propose no settlement to the contemporary debate on Lenin and the party. My hope instead is that this intervention 2 may help clarify the terrain of disagreement, as well as elucidate methods for analyzing the problem of organization. Mapping the contemporary discussion A number of recent interventions have taken up the question of the party form and its relation to the current conjuncture. Often responding to a global cycle of struggle that includes the Arab Spring, the anti-austerity movements in Southern Europe, and the various occupations of public space that followed in the wake of the nancial crisis, these interventions have tended to weigh party-building strategies against the perceived failure of these movements to sustain themselves by creating durable organizational structures. Beyond this political context, several prominent publications have been key touchstones in the renaissance of academic work on the party. Discussions from the "Idea of Communism" conference and subsequent book series have been important reference points in the English-language debate, as have Bruno Bosteels's The Actuality of Communism and Jodi Dean's The Communist Horizon, as well as her more recent Crowds and Party. While these works address many facets of contemporary anti-capitalist struggles, responses to the organizational question have been among the most contentious. An exhaustive survey of the debate they have prompted is well beyond the scope of the current paper. Some recent contributions are, however, worth mentioning as they help to situate the works I address in what follows. One recurring question in this discussion pertains to the continued utility of the party in the face of changes in the structural features of global capital.Positions on this question may, at the broadest level, be divided into three groups: (1) those that suggest historical changes have rendered the party form inadequate to contemporary needs, (2) those that suggest historical changes have not fundamentally undermined the adequacy of the party, and (3) those that ground the necessity of the party in some non-historical feature of social or political life, and thus see the question of its relevance as fundamentally underdetermined by historical considerations. (There is, we may note in passing, a fourth possible position which holds, in a partial reversal of the third, that there are nonhistorical features


A study of the limitations of active CMOS filters at high frequencies suggests automatic means to compensate imperfections in the filter response introduced by active devices. The effects of nonzero FET output conductance, limited frequency response and noise on the filter characteristics, and dynamic range are analyzed, particularly for filters with high Q components. These are used to demonstrate a 3- mu m CMOS realization of a fourth-order bandpass filter with a 250-kHz passband centered at 12.5 MHz. The filter demonstrates that the maximum frequency of filter operation is not as seriously limited by device f/sub T/ as was previously thought, but that automatic means may be used to tune out the imperfections introduced in the filter elements by the limited voltage gain and frequency response of transistors. >


A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of sandy soils in the Kelantan - Terengganu Plains (Peninsular Malaysia) and suggest measures to improve their fertility for kenaf production. The coastal landscape is scarcely utilized for crop production due to the inherently low soil fertility, nutrient imbalance and water deficit which can seriously inhibit crop growth. Three sandy Spodosols with humus - rich spodic horizon were found, locally named as Rhu Tapai, Rudua and Jambu Series with sandy matrix (>95% sand), low CEC (0.16-4.52 cmolc kg-1) and high acidity (pH 4-5). The mineralogy data showed quartz (dominant), with gibbsite, hematite and feldspars in trace amounts that result from high degree of weathering. The Corg of Bs and Bhs horizon was about 2%, with C/N ratio of 14 to 25, respectively; this can be exploited for kenaf production. Hence, we evaluated these sandy Spodosols for kenaf production using Wong (2009) Crop-Suitability Classification and found the soil to be marginally suitable under Class 4 described as 4Dnt where D stand for drainage, n for nutrient and t for texture. The major limitations were found to be excessive drainage, nutrient imbalance and sandy texture. Therefore, management practices recommended to improve the soils are (1) mulching the soils with different types of organic materials to retain water and plant nutrients; and (2) irrigating the soils during the dry period. If these agronomic practices are carried out, these soils could be productively used for growing kenaf.


Rare-earth upconverting nanophosphors have great superiority as luminescent labeling materials for biological applications.A prerequisite for their biological applications is to gain access to prepare water-soluble nanopa-rticles with appropriate functional groups and high luminescent efficiencies.The water-soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er nano-particles are prepared by a simple solvothermal method,using ethylene glycol as a solvent,rare earth chloride and NaF as reactants.The resulting NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles are mainly spherical particles with diameter of 25~40nm,and including a small quantity of nano-worms with diameter of 25~40nm and length of 50~100nm.They exhibit cubic-phase structure,and the presence of ethylene glycol ligands on their surface confers high solubility in water.Under continuous-wave excitation of 980nm laser,aqueous solution of NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles exhibits strongly yellow-green upconverting luminescence.Therefore,the present NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles are potential candidates in biological applications.


Cooperation between agents in a multi-agent system (MAS) has become a hot topic in recent years, and many algorithms based on centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE), such as VDN and QMIX, have been proposed. However, these methods disregard the information hidden in the individual action values. In this paper, we propose HyperGraph CoNvolution MIX (HGCN-MIX), a method that combines hypergraph convolution with value decomposition. By treating action values as signals, HGCN-MIX aims to explore the relationship between these signals via a self-learning hypergraph. Experimental results present that HGCN-MIX matches or surpasses state-of-the-art techniques in the StarCraft II multi-agent challenge (SMAC) benchmark on various situations, notably those with a number of agents.


However, the economy remains over-dependent on two items, cocoa and gold, and recent falls in the world price of these commodities has led to recent exchange-rate problems. The value of the cedi against the US $ has fallen nearly 100% between early 1999 and June 2000. The other aspect of Ghana that calls for comment in development terms is the imbalance between north and south. Political economic power has always been concentrated in the forest zone, and the north has been left underdeveloped, undermined by a trend for labour migration to the south, especially from the overpopulated and exhausted farmlands of the north-east. The Government of Ghana has taken some steps to remedy this situation in recent years, particularly with transport infrastructure, but reversing years of neglect is a lengthy task, especially because the social structures have now adapted to this fragmentation.


A parallel algorithm for the NP-hard problem test-and-treatment is presented for a machine whose number of connections is 3p(2 squared), where p is the number of processing elements (PEs), and where the PEs are simple enough such that a machine with 2 to the 20th power PEs is currently implementable and to the 30th power PE machine is feasible. The speedup of O/sub p/ (log p) is realizable because we are able to transform the dynamic programming solution into the ASCEND/DESCEND scheme with considerable attention to the communication problem. This algorithm is realized on the Boolean Vector Machine, a fully designed cube-connected-cycle system where processor allocation and other control issues have been faced. The particular NP-hard problem is of independent interest; it generalizes the binary testing problem by introducing treatments on an equal basis with tests. Applications of this test-and-treatment problem are found in medical diagnosis, systematic biology, machine fault location, laboratory analysis and many other fields.


Calculations have been made of the three-dimensional mixing, chemical reaction, and flowfield development in a typical ducted rocket configuration. The governing partial differential equations are numerically solved by an iterative finite-difference solution procedure. The physical models include the A; ~ e turbulence model, onestep reaction, and mixing controlled chemical reaction rate. Radiation is neglected. The mean flow structure, fuel dispersal patterns, and temperature field are presented in detail for a base configuration with a 0.058 m dome height, 45-deg side-arm inclination, and with gaseous ethylene injected from the dome plate at an eccentric location. In addition, the influences of the geometrical parameters, such as dome height, inclination of the side arms, and location of the fuel injector, are studied.


Evidence-based practice comprises four fundamental steps: the formulation of clear clinical questions from a patient's perspective; searching the literature; critically appraising the evidence and incorporating into practice. The Network for Evidence-Based Practice in Northern and Yorkshire (NEBPINY) seeks to establish a multi-disciplinary network of primary healthcare practitioners committed to evidence-based practice. Four interventions have been offered as part of an implementation programme: critical appraisal skills teaching; evidence-based guidelines; support for clinical audit and in-practice facilitation. Currently, three main issues are emerging from the nursing perspective: access to the evidence; knowledge of and confidence in applying critical appraisal skills, and the importance of teamwork. In-practice facilitation has encouraged meetings, for the common purpose of exploring the evidence-based guidelines and their potential impact upon practice. For some it has also been an opportunity to: d...


The idea of this research paper is to simulate the flight of a quadcopter-type UAV, which can help to train drone pilots before the actual flight. We designed the quadcopter's model to help improve the future pilot's accuracy up to the point of a stable control, because it is necessary to know how to control the parameters of the quadcopter prior to a real-world scenario. Our system is based on a MATLAB Simulink model. The remote sensing input is given by the RC remote control, based on virtual reality, in order to train the data and output in 3D visualization environment. It has been developed and used for the measurement of the simulated system behavior and its performance. The objective of this research paper is to create a training environment of the quadcopter's flight parameters for a newly trained pilot. The pilot will be able to follow the simulated model and receive visual feedback. Following the simulated model implies stabilizing the moment of input-output. A visual system with real-time human-computer interaction could provide the intended training experience using this model.


This paper studies on the advanced treatment of secondary effluent of textile wastewater by up-flow aerated Biological Activated Carbon method. Discussions on proper measurement of TTC-DHA activity for attached biofilm on BAC are presented. Spatial distributions of TTC-DHA activity of entrapped and attached biofilm in the reactor are investigated. TTC-DHA activity tests are applied to evidence the influence of GAC adsorption on the bio-activity of attached biofilm whose magnitude depends on GAC adsorption capacity to some extent. Therefor, GAC adsorption is favorable to improve the bio-activity within the filter, especially when the attached films are destroyed, this adsorption capacity can help to retain certain level of bio-activity. High level of bio-activities of BAC biofilm, especially on the top part of the reactor, demonstrated by TTC-DHA activity monitoring, contribute to the high removal of refractory organic matter in the reactor.


This paper presents an approach to achieve robust victim detection from color video images. The applied approach goes out from the Viola-Jones algorithm for Haar-features based template recognition. This algorithm was adapted to recognize persons lying on the ground in difficult outdoor illumination conditions.


This study presented the methodology of a comparative life cycle cost to provide impartial assessment of propulsion options for LNG carriers. The comparison set included the commercial available propulsion solutions based on reheating steam turbines, dual-fuel diesel generators, diesel engines with reliquefaction and dual-fuel diesel engines. In order to achieve unbiased comparison, the scope of the system included not only the main engines for propulsion function but also the systems for BOG handling and electricity generation. One voyage was divided into laden, ballast, port maneuvering, loading, unloading, waiting, and canal transit segment, for each of which the propulsion demand, electrical load and BOG generation were estimated. Operational availability of each subsystem was measured on the basis of its failure rate and repair time. The comparative life cycle cost analysis for a transport case indicated that the operating expenditure was much larger than the capital expenditure, implying that the optimization efforts should be paid to minimizing the operating expenditure. Of the operating expenditure, the fuel cost component including the natural boil-off gas took the major share while portions of the delivery loss cost affected by the propulsion availability and the maintenance costs showed a significant variation with propulsion options. When the fuel cost was changed, the diesel mechanical propulsion with reliquefaction remained relatively invariant in comparison with the other options. This observation was attributed to the segregation of the propulsion and BOG treatment functions. Improvement in availability of the propulsion availability had larger impact than that of the BOG treatment function for all the propulsion options except for the reliquefaction-equipped propulsion. This was because the failure of propulsion function resulted in the delivery delay as well as the BOG loss. To the contrary, the failure of the BOG treatment function did not do harm the propulsion function.


The development of a IoT-based energy monitoring system for home electricity usage is presented in this paper. The system consists of an IoT sensor node where power readings are taken, server where all communications are established, and cloud that store data. The sensor node is a low-powered Bluetooth 4.0 enabled microcontroller-based device that read the electric current flowing through the home appliance which is being monitored. The current reading will be converted into power in unit kW, then send the data to the server using Bluetooth 4.0 or BLE, power efficient wireless communication for further processing. The data will be processed into useful information such as energy estimation, energy usage, and cost of electricity for a particular appliance to the smartphone user via cloud storage. The cloud is an online storage of IoT data that can be accessed by smartphone. Also, the system is capable of controlling appliance by switching it on or off depend on user decision on smartphone using internet. The sensor node is able to monitor the electricity usage of a home appliances with accuracy expressed in error percentage of 16.25% and consumed average power of 293.64mW using Bluetooth 4.0 communication.


Objective To assess the value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in clinical classification,monitoring of chemotherapeutic response and surveillance of histopathological transformation of Castleman's disease (CD).Methods Fourteen pathologically diagnosed CD patients (7 males,7 females; mean age:(45.64±14.30) years) were retrospectively reviewed.18F-FDG PET/CT was performed before chemotherapy in all patients and 4 of 14 patients were reexamined after the treatment.The study parameters included histopathological results,sites,number and highest SUVmax of the lesions.Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for data analysis.Results Of all the 12 patients without histopathological transformation,one or more enlarged and metabolically active lymph nodes were found in each patient (SUVmax =3.94± 1.44,range:1.9-6.8),including 2 unicentric CD (UCD) and 10 multicentric CD (MCD).There was no statistically significant difference of SUVmam between UCD and MCD (4.55±3.18 vs 3.82±1.14; Z=0.22,P>0.05).There was also no significant difference of SUVmax among different pathological types (hyaline-vascular CD (4/12):3.56±0.96,plasma cell CD (6/12):4.73±1.41,mixed CD (2/12):2.30±0.57; x2 =4.74,P>0.05).For the 4 patients with follow-up PET/CT after chemotherapy,the lesion activity was normalized in 3 patients and clearly reduced in 1 patient.The SUVmax of 2 patients with histopathological transformation (10.85±2.05) was significantly higher than that without transformation (3.94± 1.44; Z=-2.19,P<0.05).Conclusion 18F-FDG PET/CT may play an important role in clinical classification,monitoring of chemotherapeutic response and surveillance of histopathological transformation of CD.

Key words:
Giant lymph node hyperplasia;  Tomography, emission-computed;  Tomography, X-ray computed ;  Deoxyglucose


A methodology is described for determining the viscosity of viscoelastic solids. A three-parameter model consisting of two springs and one dashpot is constructed to represent the viscoelastic material. With this model, the viscosity can be determined from the experimental stress-time curve generated from short-term loading at a constant strain rate, followed by holding the total strain. The feasibility of this model to represent viscoelastic ceramics is also addressed.


An in sacco technique was used to measure NDF degradability and release of Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe from six forages – lucerne hay from the 1st cut (LH1), from the 2 nd cut (LH2), orchard grass (G), grass silage (GS), red clover silage treated with Feedtech (CSFT) and/or with Kofasil (CSKO). The forages differed in the content of NDF and minerals. There were large differences (P < 0.01) in element release in the rumen between experimental forages and the particular elements. The rate of release of elements was higher from LH1, LH2, CSFT, CSKO than from G and GS. The release of individual elements and NDF over all incubation times is very well expressed by cubic polynomials (R2 > 0.9). Overall, across forages the release of mineral elements ranked as follows: Mg > Fe > Cu > Ca > Zn. The minimum and maximum disappeared portions of individual minerals from forages are as follows: Mg 74.7% from G and > 91.5% from LH1, Fe 29.7% from G and 99.9% from LH1 and LH2, Cu 64.3% from G and 99.8% from LH1 and LH2, Ca 28.4% from G and 75.4% from CSFT, Zn 12.0% from G and 38.2% from LH1, respectively. Calcium and zinc need a longer time for their maximum release. It can be concluded from the results of multiple regression analyses that only the Mg and Ca release is associated depending on NDF and time of observations, with a highly significant influence of forage on Zn and Cu.


As news has become ubiquitous, audiences are deemed to have critical-thinking skills to assess the reliability of these messages. Over the last years, news literacy is gaining scholarly attention, forcing its place within the broader field of media literacy (Ashley, Maksl & Craft, 2013). News literacy combines knowledge about journalism (production and content of news) and the skills to apply this knowledge when consuming news (cf. Ashley, Maksl & Craft, 2013; Clark & Monserrate, 2011; Fleming, 2014; Kleemans & Eggink, 2016). News literacy among teenagers is especially interesting for two reasons. First, teenagers are a substantial group of media consumers but are relatively understudied in research on youth and news (Marchi, 2012). Second, teenagers are still developing in many ways, including skills to assess media messages. It remains however unclear how teenagers use and value news and how they perceive news literacy.
To fill this void, a two-phase study is set up, combining quantitative findings of a large-scale survey with qualitative insights from interviews. In a first study, 2681 teenagers (12-18y) answered a questionnaire on news use and news literacy (including checking behavior, news skepticism and self-perceived news literacy). Using a linear discriminant analysis, three types of teenagers were found. First, Traditionals (33%) mainly rely on TV and radio for news, perceive themselves as news literate, but are less trusting in news. Second, the Skeptics (45%) consume far less news, but when they do, they rely on social media and TV. They are sceptic about the reliability of news, which leads to complacency. Third, the Omnivores (22%) consume news via a wide pallet of online and traditional media and perceive themselves as news literate. Moreover, they consider news as important in society.
In a second study, 24 interviews allowed for deeper insight in teenagers' news consumption and literacy. News use, the importance of news and news coping strategies were discussed. Preliminary results show that teenagers come far less in contact with news than study 1 would suggest. Mostly, news use results from their parents' consumption patterns (such as watching TV news or discussing a topic). Consequently, they find it hard to define news coping strategies as they do not consider news as being important. When addressing the trustworthiness of news, teenagers are focused on the medium (i.e. newspapers are more trustworthy than online media) or actors (i.e. "when I do not agree a certain opinion, I think "this is not really a reliable article").


Injuries are commonplace in high-intensity sport and a growing literature has explored how athletes are psychologically affected by such events. Given that injuries carry implications for the group environment in sport teams (Surya et al., 2015), the purpose of this study was to explore what occurs within a team during a time period of injury from a coach perspective, and how high-performance coaches manage a group at this time. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten U Sport (Canadian university) basketball head coaches (Mexperience = 14 years; SD = 9.05), and were thematically analyzed. Themes were identified in relation to (1) the perceived changes in group dynamics (i.e., role adjustments and strategic shifts), (2) factors that moderated a team's reaction to the injury (i.e., severity of injury, reaction of player injured, status of player injured, maturity of team, reaction of management), and (3) the coach management strategies used following an athlete's injury (e.g., provision of support, maintain alignment with team culture, communication). Our findings identify a range of group interaction processes and coach management strategies that unfold following injury. Coaches' descriptive accounts of how they attempt to manage group dynamics from the moment of the injury event to an athlete's reintegration into the lineup carries both theoretical and practical implications.


The main purpose of the study was to realize the present status of the healthy lifestyle and its related factors among the students in the senior high schools and colleges in Taiwan. The results of the study can be used to plan a health promotion program. A questionnaire was developed and utilized to collect the data. All the students enrolled in the senior high schools and colleges in the 1998 academic year were the population. A multi-stage sampling method was applied to select the sample. The sample size was 1986. Of them, 900 were senior high school students and 1086 college students. The questionnaire yield was 83.1%. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) The healthy lifestyle patterns of the senior high school and college students, what we concerned most was that those young people did not have regular exercise. The recreational activities were mainly "watching action" such as watching TV, seeing a movie and listening to the music, etc. Most of the students still handled irritation, sadness or fear by self-repression. They also had to get rid of inadequate eating behavior such as overtaking jungle Toad, night snacks, fires, sweets, beverages, etc. The problems of cigarette, alcohol, betel nuts and drug use and abuse were more serious than ever. The people who use these substances W(;re getting younger. (2) Comparing the healthy lifestyle between the senior high school and college students, there were no differences between them, except eating habits and drug use and abuse. (3) From the relationship in the healthy lifestyle between the senior high school and college students, those who had better exercise behavior, recreational activities, eating behavior and drug use and abuse performed better stress management. On the other hand, those who had better stress management will performed better exercise behavior, recreational activities and eating behavior.


Purpose – This paper aims to provide an overview of this special issue.Design/methodology/approach – The guest editorial introduces the papers in this special issue, focusing on practical wisdom for management from the Chinese classical traditions.Findings – Chinese culture increasingly will permeate international culture and move from peripheral to mainstream status. To ignore this in management education would be a grave oversight.Originality/value – The issue offers insights into the value of practical wisdom from Confucianism, the origins of Chinese classical trditions and Daoism, and the various streams of thought within the classical Chinese traditions and their contemporary relevance.


tag=1 data=Forum: The greying of Australia. by Jeremy Reynolds.

tag=2 data=Reynolds, Jeremy

tag=3 data=Urban Policy and Research.

tag=4 data=8

tag=5 data=1

tag=6 data=1990

tag=7 data=38-44.

tag=8 data=POPULATION%OLD AGE

tag=10 data=Population projections published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1988 show that over the next forty years there will be a significant ageing of the population.

tag=11 data=1990/2/9

tag=12 data=292

tag=13 data=CAB


imides were synthesized from turpentine,a cheap and abundant natural resource.Their structure were confirmed through IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis.The synergistic tests show that imides from turpentine have synergism toward pyrethroid and their synergistic effect is related to the substituting group over N atom.


Biodiesel is becoming a demanded consumer automotive alternative fuel used in diesel vehicles today. An emerging trend is toward small-scale biodiesel production performed by the final consumer. A limited source of commercially available production systems exists and has resulted in many systems being designed and built by the user. Preliminary research conducted by the authors has shown biodiesel to be the least-cost alternative to petroleum diesel after as few as 8 months of system use. This study examines the economic viability of building and producing biodiesel using a small-scale production system versus buying consumer petroleum diesel. During production, measurements were taken to determine labor hours, energy consumed and total cost of system construction. These results generate an economic view of biodiesel production.


Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a psychiatric disorder involving ovarian hormones that affects the GABAergic cycle of a woman's central nervous system. From a qualitative study, a research on the pathophysiological functioning of the disease was raised. The main aspects involved were a bimodal action of allopregnanolone, a hypothesis of tolerance of GABAA receptors and progesterone use as treatment of the disease. Research results indicate that progesterone supplementation exacerbates disease, symptom symptoms and is contraindicated for the treatment of PMDD.


Equimolar mixtures of pyridine (Py) with para-halotetrafluoropyridine (BrTFP and ITFP) were investigated by VT-diffusion NMR experiments. The formation of a halogen-bond-stabilized ITFP·Py complex was detected upon cooling a solution in methylcyclohexane-d14 to 260 K; this allows monitoring a halogen-bond-driven aggregation process preceding crystallization in solution.


The invention discloses an elastic sheet bending machine, and belongs to the technical field of elastic sheet bending. The elastic sheet bending machine comprises a machine frame. A positioning tool matched with an injection molding piece is arranged on the machine frame. An elastic sheet is arranged on the injection molding piece through injection molding. A pressing block which is driven by a first power device and used for pressing the injection molding piece is arranged above the positioning tool. The side, corresponding to the elastic sheet, of the machine frame is provided with a rotating shaft driven by a second power device. A turning arm which deflects from the axis of the rotating shaft is arranged on the rotating shaft. A bending idler wheel is arranged on the turning arm. The bending idler wheel deflects from the axis of the rotating shaft, and the cross section of the bending idler wheel and the axis of the rotating shaft do not intersect. In the initial state, the elastic sheet is located above the bending idler wheel, and the circle center of a pre-bending rounded corner of the elastic sheet is basically located on the axis of the rotating shaft. Both the first power device and the second power device are connected with an electronic control unit. The elastic sheet bending machine is simple in structure, bending can be conducted in place in one step, bending accuracy is high, production efficiency is greatly improved, the production cycle is shortened, product quality is effectively ensured, the requirement for large batch production is met, and production cost is low.


This article explains when a judicial process starts, involving the exercise of fundamental procedural rights under the theory that is handled. Analyzing the current Peruvian legislation allows the author to conclude what concept or theory has chosen our Procedural Code. recognizing when the process starts, it is also mentioned that judicial protection must be even before any process.


Teachers' personality is one kind of professional personality,based on which the characteristics of teachers' personality are analyzed.On the form of list,the connotation of teachers'personality of Confucius is summarized briefly.Super's Career life theory is adopted to make a chronology of Confucius' career life.The paper discusses the relationship between Confucius' career life and the formation of teachers' personality of him,and thinks that it is Confucius' specific career life that established his brilliant and magnificent teachers' personality.


This article describes how the lack of adequate parametrization in some of the earlier uncertainty based models like fuzzy sets, rough sets motivated Molodtsov to introduce a new model in soft set. A suitable combination of individual models leads to hybrid models, which are more efficient than their individual components. So, the authors find the introduction of many hybrid models of soft sets, like the fuzzy soft set (FSS), intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets (IFSS), interval valued fuzzy soft set (IVFSS) and the interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft set (IVIFSS). Following the characteristic function approach to define soft sets introduced by Tripathy et al., they re-define IVIFSS in this article. One of the most attractive applications of soft set theory and its hybrid models has been decision making in the form of individual decision making or group decision making. Here, the authors propose a group decision making algorithm using IVIFSS, which generalises many of our earlier algorithms. They compute its complexity and establish the computation experimentally with graphical illustrations.


Current source inverters offer advantages of voltage boost, short circuit protection, reduced EMI and direct regeneration. While CSI control strategies are less developed than for a VSI, the topologies are functional duals and have much in common in a control sense. In particular, since CSI voltage regulation is the dual of VSI current regulation, current regulation control strategies for a VSI can be readily implemented as equivalent voltage control strategies for a CSI. This paper shows how a high performance PI stationary frame and P+Resonant CSI voltage regulator can be analytically designed and optimised, while in particular taking into account the second order response of a CSI filter/load combination.


A cold storage system and a method of the same are provided to increase use of alternative energy by sending excess electricity of solar light generator to an electric power system. A cold storage system and a method of the same include a solar generation device(100), an electric power system(200), and a refrigerating device(300). The solar generation device includes a solar cell(110), a magnetic switch(120), a two-quadrant chopper(130), and a storage battery(140). The solar cell converts light energy into electric energy. The magnetic switch turns on or off the electric power supplied into the refrigerating device. The two-quadrant chopper charges and discharges the storage battery by receiving the electric energy from the solar cell. The storage battery charges and discharges the electric energy of the solar cell.


https://www.facebook.com/N2Africa Although the funding for N2Africa ended in June 2019 we are still busy with reports, impact studies and scientific papers. In November, the IITA N2Africa team received an award from the Board of Trustees of IITA, the Award for Excellence for Outstanding Team in 2019, recognising the excellent work done over the past ten years to promote nitrogen fixing grain legumes in Africa. Congratulations to our colleagues for this important recognition.


Xenon and krypton have been implanted into muscovite mica at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature. The behavior of the implanted Xe and Kr was followed by low-temperature transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. An electron diffraction pattern of diffuse bands is observed at room temperature due to the presence of fluid rare gas and to noncrystalline mica. Visible cavities with diameters 10–300 nm formed in the Xe-implanted mica. Visible cavities in room-temperature Kr-implanted mica ranged from 5–50 nm in diameter. The gas pressures at room temperature in the cavities are estimated, assuming all of the implanted gas precipitated in cavities to be ∼10 MPa for Xe and ∼20 MPa for Kr. These pressures are considerably lower than found for rare gases implanted in metals and ceramics, but sufficient to liquefy the rare gases at room temperature. The Xe and Kr were observed by dark-field microscopy to form fcc crystalline solids within the cavities at temperatures below their triple points, with lattice parameters of a _(xe) = 0.630 ± 0.0015 nm and a _(Kr) = 0.565 ± 0.005 nm. The solid Xe within bubbles was unstable under the electron beam of the transmission electron microscope at temperatures above 80 K, while the solid Kr within bubbles was unstable at temperatures as low as 35 K. The crystalline mica matrix undergoes a transformation from a crystalline structure to an amorphous structure as a result of implantation.


Objective To discuss the clinical results of treating metacarpal middle shaft fractures using absorbable intramedullary fixation pins.Methods A retrospective study was conducted of 32 metacarpal shaft fractures in 28 patients that were treated with intramedullary absorbable pins.Hand function and radiographic evaluation were analyzed.Results All cases were follow-up for 6 to 10 months.Primary wound healing was achieved in all cases.Two cases of the fifth metacarpal fracture had dorsal angulation displacement.Re-fracture of the fifth metacarpal occurred in 1 case.All cases had fracture union.The active range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and extension was near normal.Conclusion Absorbable intramedullary fixation pin is a safe and effective treatment of metacarpal shaft fractures.However the strength of fixation cannot meet the demand of early exercise.Re-fracture or angulation displacement especially in the fifth metacarpal can happen.Auxiliary plaster external fixation is necessary after the operation.

Key words:
Fractures, bone;  Internal fixators;  Absorbable implants;  Metacarpal shaft


ABSTRACT Alternative models explaining the biliary lipid secretion at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes exist: successive lipid extraction by preformed bile salt micelles, or budding of membrane fragments with formation of mixed micelles. To test the feasibility of the latter mechanism, we developed a mathematical model that describes the formation of lipid microdomains in the canalicular membrane. Bile salt monomers intercalate into the external hemileaflet of the canalicular membrane, to form a rim to liquid disordered domain patches that then pinch off to form nanometer-scale mixed micelles. Model simulations perfectly recapitulate the measured dependence of bile salt-dependent biliary lipid extraction rates upon modulation of the membrane cholesterol (lack or overexpression of the cholesterol transporter Abcg5–Abcg8) and phosphatidylcholine (lack of Mdr2, also known as Abcb4) content. The model reveals a strong dependence of the biliary secretion rate on the protein density of the membrane. Taken together, the proposed model is consistent with crucial experimental findings in the field and provides a consistent explanation of the central molecular processes involved in bile formation. Summary: Mathematical modeling of canalicular membrane domain formation reconciles a membrane extraction mechanism for biliary lipid secretion with putatively opposing experimental findings.


Abstract
Purpose
We investigate outcomes associated with the turnover of unskilled workers, isolating its effects on revenue, cost, and profit. Little attention from researchers has been given to unskilled workers, a significant portion of the workforce.

Methodology/approach
This study investigates the relation between turnover among unskilled workers and financial performance using data from 527 hotels owned by the same lodging chain. The workers in our sample are full-time housekeepers and front desk attendants.

Findings
We find that the relation between turnover and performance differs by turnover type (voluntary vs. involuntary) and category of unskilled worker, reiterating the need to differentiate between turnover type and the importance of context in studying turnover. We challenge the assumption that voluntary turnover is categorically harmful and our results for front desk attendants support the view that organizations choose turnover levels that maximize performance. We also provide new evidence on the effects of involuntary turnover. Contrary to the established notion that dismissing less able employees should improve performance, we find that involuntary turnover has negative consequences.

Research limitations/implications
Our results demonstrate the importance of distinguishing voluntary turnover from involuntary turnover and the need to include both in models predicting turnover's performance effects.


The common synthesis of sec-butyl alcohol was simply introduced by using normal butylenes. the synthesis of sec-butyl alcohol by using normal butylenes on molecular sieve was studied. The influences of pressure, temperature, space rate and ratio of water to normal butylenes on the reaction between normal butylenes and water were searched. The results showed that the optimal reaction condition was as follows: reaction temperature 170~180 ℃. pressure 8.0 MPa,space rate 0.2 h -1 and ratio of water to normal butylenes 8∶1, conversion per pass of normal butylenes was 35.52 %, selectivity of sec-butyl alcohol reached 99 %.


The existing problems in energy-saving in ethanol production by cassava fermentation in China were analyzed and the corresponding solutions were put forward from the apsects including cassava,zymin and techniques etc.as follows: cultivation of energy cassava species,construction of high alcohol tolerance zymin by directed molecular modification,advanced energy-saving techniques such as thick mash fermentation and flash steaming adopted.The practice of the above measures could achieve satisfactory energy-saving effects and realize the ambitious energy-saving goal in ethanol-making industry in China.


1. No antagonism exists between magnesium and calcium. Any combination of the two salts is more toxic than MgCl2 alone for B. subtilis. 2. No antagonism exists between sodium and calcium. Any combination of the two salts renders it more poisonous than the NaCl alone for B. subtilis. 3. In these two respects, the behavior of B. subtilis finds no parallel among plants so far as studied, and scarcely any among animals.


WESCON technical sessions this year will concentrate heavily on "state-of-the-art" component technologies - charge-coupled devices (CCDs), microprocessors, displays (plasma, liquid crystal), and microwave devices (Gunn-effect and impatt) — as well as marketing and management topics. Much of the technical content is tied to computer hardware and software. For example, one of the two CCD sessions is devoted entirely to CCD memories in computers. About half the sessions are aimed at end users of electronics, many in nonelectronic fields such as medicine and agriculture. Production and manufacturing techniques are to be covered in a panel discussion, on the various semiconductor bonding technologies, and in sessions like those on additive printed-circuit techniques and automatic testing of LSI ICs and printed-circuit boards.


A motor glider was used to perform a flight test study on the effects of aft facing steps in a laminar boundary layer. This study focuses on two dimensional aft facing steps oriented spanwise to the flow. The size and location of the aft facing steps were varied in order to determine the critical size that will force premature transition. Transition over a step was found to be primarily a function of Reynolds number based on step height. Both of the step height Reynolds numbers for premature and full transition were determined. A hot film anemometry system was used to detect transition.


Abundant silica-undersaturated potassic lavas are found in the centre of the Turkish–Iranian plateau (NW Iran) as flows, pillows and dykes. They display abundant zoned clinopyroxene macrocrysts and xenoliths of igneous cumulates. We determined four types of zoned crystals (Type-I, -II, -III and -IV) on the basis of their composition and zoning patterns. Use of in situ compositional data, together with whole-rock major and trace elements and the isotopic signatures of the host lavas provided evidence for the derivation of the different types of zoned clinopyroxenes from at least two contrasting parental melts. Our findings are consistent with an origin of the ultrapotassic and sodic alkaline melts from the deep-seated compaction pockets inferred from our previous studies of the alkaline magmatism throughout the Turkish–Iranian plateau. The ultrapotassic melt, which accumulated at the top of the compaction pockets, eventually ponded close to the spinel–garnet mantle transition and generated colourless antecrysts (Type-I and Type-II) and clinopyroxenite cumulates. When the compaction pocket impinged on the continental lithosphere, interstitial melts segregated and flowed inside dykes where grass green antecrysts (Type-III) and zoned phenocrysts (Type-IVa) crystallized from a melt having a geochemical signature of sodic alkaline melt. Later, at the crustal level, melt crystallization processes produced Type-IVb zoned phenocrysts. Our results are at odds with the paradigm of potassic magmas in NW Iran being derived strictly from a single mantle source.


At present the most widely used and accessible filming agents for the water dispersion systems are the emulsions of acrylic polymers. The high atmosphere resistance and adhesion to the various substrates characterize their coating. However, they have small fade index, furrow and rigidity resistance. The aim of the work was the emulsions obtaining on the basis of epoxy resin in the water by disperse method; stabilization of dispersions obtained; and material optimization according to the sediment and coagulating stability. As a result the disperse technology of obtaining of epoxy resin emulsions was improved. In particular, the stabilizer with the optimal meaning of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance was chosen; the modes of dispersion were optimized using the method of the full factorial experiment. The rheological compatibility was analyzed. On the basis of stabilized emulsion the composition coating was made. It is characterized by the high adhesion to mineral, metal and plastic substrates. Thus, the method of stable emulsions obtaining of epoxy resin of disperse type was created. The materials may be used as filming agents to create rigid and wear-resistant coatings. In case of combination with acrylic elements one may use them for the high atmospheric resistance coating.


Over the last decade important efforts were made to integrate economic and social value in organizations within a unic report. This is significant because it reflects greater interest and demands in society concerning not just economic but social responsibilities of organizations.However, social organizations are finding problems to give value to their social contribution, mainly due to the prominence of financial economic indicators; which curiously only have instrumental value in this type of entities.The aim of this paper is to develop a social accounting model that allows incorporating the social value, in its monetized form, employing accounting standards; with the economic one. It is not possible to monetize full social value with this model, although it does show economic value with social impact, socio-economic return and specific social value.Application of this model makes possible the quantitative and monetized comparison of integrated value between companies, which would involve more efficient decision-making based on symmetry and more complete information (private organizations), more efficiency in consumption or investment decisions (private individuals) and efficient indicators for establishing public policies (public administration). Overall, it could prove to be a basic and valuable component of business reputation.


ISGNAS enables advancement of research through building a network of organisations and is also working to develop new antimicrobial strategies. Communication among participants is accomplished through published reports, E-mail, Internet, symposia, and special announcements.


2014 In this paper we propose an analytical model able to describe long-term performances of a photovoltaic system. Such a model relates efficiency of the system with the more meaningful variables involved in the problem : system sizes and meteorological parameters. Furthermore we study the reliability of our model and the limits of its usefulness. Revue Phys. Appl. 18 (1983) 281-285 MAI 1983, PAGE Classification Physics Abstracts 86.10K 86.30J


To extend capabilities of classic instruments toward the VP/E technique, authors designed the vacuum-detector system in the form of a simple attachment, which can be mounted to a classic SEM, without changes in its original structure. The main part of the system is the vacuum and detection head, combining the intermediate chamber and electron detectors of chosen kinds. Authors investigate the SE detector showing the unipotential lens structure to find optimum solution for a wide range of gas pressures from high vacuum to pressures exceeding 10 mbar.


A discussion is presented of the microwave and beam optics parameters of a chopper-prebuncher injection system and a 55-MeV, 2998-MHz, 2.8-m-long accelerator waveguide assembly designed to produce inherently sharp beam energy spectra (0.5%) over a range of booster injection pulse periods from approximately 200 to 1.5 ns. The DC-biased 2998-MHz chopper and prebuncher system is designed to inject into the accelerator waveguide sharply defined bunches with essentially all of the charge contained in less than 15 degrees of longitudinal phase space and with a narrow spread of electron velocities. Also, the single-section, nonuniform impedance waveguide structure is designed to prevent energy spectrum broadening (typically from asymptotic off-crest bunch location during acceleration) by combining correlated energy-phase orbits with a nodal detuned circuit arranged to give two opposing over-the-crest phase drifts when the linac is operated at precisely six times the booster frequency.<<ETX>>


Cis/trans isomers have different physico-chemical properties and exhibit dramatically diffe-rent biological activities,so the separation and the analysis of cis/trans isomers of medicines are of great significance.The recent separation and determination methods of cis/trans isomers of medicines,including high performance liquid chromatography,capillary electrophoresis,gas chromatography,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and so on are reviewed,so as to provide a reference for the related research.


A small sample of Fremont skeletal material was examined for antemortem tooth loss. Females were found to have a statistically significant higher antemortem tooth loss than males. Although the exact reasons for this finding are unknown at this time, it is hypothesized that an unidentified cultural factor put additional strain on the female masticatory system resulting in an increased tooth loss during life.


Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a new approach to sanitation promotion that encourages community self-analysis of existing defecation patterns and threats, and promotes local solutions to reduce and ultimately eliminate the practice of open defecation. CLTS initiatives do not stress latrine construction per se, and avoid the use of hardware subsidies. Instead, mobilisation efforts focus on helping communities and individuals understand the health risks of open defecation and use disgust and shame as "triggers" to promote action, which ultimately lead to the construction and exclusive use of locally-built low-cost household latrines. The ultimate goal of CLTS are communities that achieve and maintain "open defecation-free" status and improved hygiene practices.


Surface modification of precipitated car bonate-silicate fillers was performed. For this purpose silane coupling agents and stearic acid were used. The modification was performed employing two agents: silane, with affinity to silicate silanol groups, and stearic acid, adsorbing on the carbonate surf ace. The unmodified and the modified carbonate-silicate fillers were subjected to physicochemical analysis. Studies were also performed which aimed at determining dispersion and particle morphology using SEM and DLS techniques. Moreover, calorimetry permitted to establish the extent of hydrophobization of carbonate-silicate filler surf ace following the modification. The extent of hydrophobization of filler surf ace clearly correlated with the uniform character of particles formed in the course of surface modification.


Parental selection is one of the most crucial steps to improve genetic gain in any breeding program. The objective of the present work was to propose a mathematical model to estimate, from the selection information, the genetic value of parents and crosses with the processing of various variables in their progenies in sugarcane in Cuba. For this, information was used from the first three stages of selection (postures, clonal propagation 1 and 2) of the improvement program developed in the south-eastern region of Cuba, from 2000 to 2007. Likewise, the computer system was used SASEL, used in the genetic improvement of sugarcane, to program the proposed mathematical model. The model allowed estimating, in a multivariate way, the genetic value of the parents and crosses used in the genetic improvement program of sugarcane in Cuba. It was possible to establish, from the prediction of this value, the most outstanding parents and crosses in the analyzed period, which constitutes a useful tool to contribute to the improvement of the improvement program.


The main income of a merchant vessel comes from the transportation of cargo. Nevertheless, when carrying out cargo operations, many actions like ballast measurements, ship draught reading, and a significant part of calculations are performed by a human, which leads to inevitable errors and financial losses. In this work, we propose the concept of automated system for cargo operations control and monitoring. It includes a set of various sensors, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a computing center. The main feature of this system is the use of a digital camera, mounted on UAV, for ship draught reading. Video recording, perceived from that camera, is meant to be processed by combination of convolutional neural networks. The paper also presents the results of simulation of this system at the current moment.


Aphasia is a specific clinical syndrome after cerebral injury. Investigating the neurological functional recovery mechanism of aphasia is one of the important topics in the present studies of aphasia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique is the most influential method of study in the cognitive neuroscience field in recent years. This article reviews the fMRI studies in the neurological functional recovery mechanism of aphasia and the main advances in this field.

Key words:
aphasia;  magnetic resonance imaging;  functional recovery


This publication presents the results of analysis of the group chemical composition of the organic matter of peat, the most abundant in the central part of the taiga zone of Western Siberia. Peat was collected from three types of ecosystems - tall ryam, ryam, hollow, from a depth of 20-30 cm. Analysis of the botanical composition and degree of peat decomposition were carried out visually using a light microscope. The group chemical composition of the organic substance was analyzed using chloroform to extract lipids, 4% CHL for extraction of water-soluble and easily hydrolyzable compounds, 0.1 n. NaOH for the extraction of humic acids and fulvic acids. As a result of analysis of botanical composition it was determined that the samples from tall ryam consist of sphagnum peat (Sphagnum fuscum - 50%, Sphagnum capillifolium - 30%, Polytrichum strictum - 5%, pine roots - 15%) and have a low degree of decomposition (5% ), the samples from the ryam are formed by fuscum-peat (Sphagnum fuscum - 100%) and have a zero degree of decomposition, of hollow peat with a decomposition of 10% is composed of Sphagnum papillosum - 50%, Eriophorum vaginatum - 40%, Carex limosa - 10%. As a result of the determination of the chemical composition of peat, it was established that peat with minimal decomposition (0%) and 100% composed of Sphagnum fuscum has the largest amount of water-soluble and easily hydrolyzable compounds, which on average is 16% higher. Peat from the hollow with the remains of Eriophorum is characterized by the maximum amount of humic acids (25.87%), the content of which is on average 14% more than in other types of peat. Sphagnum peat from a tall ryam, contains the greatest amount: bitumen - 7.27%, this is 3 times higher than in S. fuscum peat and Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat; Lignin-cellulose residue - 28.19%, whose content is on average 7.1% higher than in other types of peat. A tendency has been found to reduce water-soluble and easily hydrolyzable compounds in the series: S. fuscum peat (ryam)> Sphagnum peat (tall rime)> Eriophorum-Sphagnum peat (hollows in the ridge hollow complex). It is found that as the peat decomposition increases, the amount of humic acids increases and the amount of water-soluble and easily hydrolyzable compounds decreases.


The pattern of micro-innovation appears frequently in firm's innovation activities recently.In the eyes of firm,micro-innovation emphasizes technology application innovation with the characteristics of short innovative period,less investment and customer-oriented.In the eyes of consumers,micro-innovation has the characteristics of continuous,periodic and innovative.Firm's microin-novation needs to build sustainable culture of micro-innovation,focus on small innovation,regard itself as a typical consumer,and conduct wide range micro-innovation.According to the characteristics and principles of micro-innovation,this paper put forward some suggests of microin-novation in order for small and micro firms.


ABSTRACT The development and testing of a portable, rugged, self-contained monitoring prototype instrument capable of detecting and measuring airborne, potentially explosive, dust levels at concentrations in the range of 20 to 500 g/m3, has been completed. The output signal provided by this monitor is designed to be essentially independent of particle size and composition. Direct mass concentration readout as well as internal memory capabilities for unattended operation have been incorporated in this device. The design emphasizes rugged-ness, versatility of operation, and adherence to intrinsic safety requirements. The sensing method incorporated in this monitoring instrument is based on direct air-path beta attenuation detection across a gap of the order of 2 centimeters using a very low energy beta-emitting isotope (Ni-63). The measurement system includes automatic periodic clean-air referencing in order to compensate for any air density fluctuations and/or detector drifts. Measurements, directly indica...


In this paper, we address the issue how an ambient intelligent system can coach people in doing progressive muscle relaxation exercises. Such a system could help many people in dealing with their stress-related problems like poor sleep. We develop a formal model of progressive muscle relaxation, formalize the different steps of the practice of relaxation and show how these can be assisted by an ambient system. The model can be used as a basis on top of which concrete coaching applications can be developed.


Human survival and development must face the climate change challenges.In order to achieve economy,society,resources and the environment in harmony and sustainable development,we must develop low-carbon economy.Low-carbon economy based on low-power,low emissions,low pollution features,in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development mode of production and lifestyles.Heilongjiang Province is a major agricultural province and bear the heavy responsibility to ensure national food security.In the global context of promoting low-carbon economy,how to achieve sustainable development of agriculture is very important.Based on the characteristics of agricultural areas in Heilongjiang Province,this paper put forward the countermeasures of modern agriculture and sustainable development with a low carbon economy.


This paper provides a description and analysis of the changing patterns of corporate control resulting from mergers involving Canadian firms between 1962 and 1984. A core-periphery model is invoked to argue the importance of mergers from a spatial perspective. log linear analysis is used to test for a significant relationship between urban locational patterns of acquiring and acquired firms and to assess the stability of this pattern over time. External control ratios are calculated for Canadian regions of various sizes.

Cette communication fournit une description et une analyse des changements de dimension des controles corporatifs, resultant de la fusion de Societes canadiennes entre 1962 et 1984. Un modele centre-peripherie demontre I'importance des fusions d'une perspective spatiale. Une analyse log lineaire sert a verifier s'il existe une relation significative, en milieu urbain, entre les dimensions spatiales de societes acquises et celles des societes en voie d'acquisition, ainsi qu'aevaluer la stabilite temporelle de ces dimensions spatiales. On calcule aussi I'importance relative des controles externes pour des regions canadiennes de superficies variees.


Categories of Point of Interest (POI) facilitate location-based services from many aspects like location search and POI recommendation. However, POI categories are often incomplete and new POIs are being consistently generated, this rises the demand for semantic annotation for POIs, i.e., labeling the POI with a semantic category. Previous methods usually model sequential check-in information of users to learn POI features for annotation. However, users' check-ins are hardly obtained in reality, especially for those newly created POIs. In this context, we present a Spatial-Textual POI Annotation (STPA) model for static POIs, which derives POI categories using only the geographic locations and names of POIs. Specifically, we design a GCN-based spatial encoder to model spatial correlations among POIs to generate POI spatial embeddings, and an attention-based text encoder to model the semantic contexts of POIs to generate POI textual embeddings. We finally fuse the two embeddings and preserve multi-view correlations for semantic annotation. We conduct comprehensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of STPA with POI data from AMap. Experimental results demonstrate that STPA substantially outperforms several competitive baselines, which proves that STPA is a promising approach for annotating static POIs in map services.


: Development of predictive formulae or qualitative statements about the probable outcome of control campaigns entails knowledge of bait quality and distribution, behavior, vagaries of weather at the time of the control campaign, and other factors which govern the probability that the target animals w i l l accept bait. This paper collates experience in recognizing, estimating and using some of these variables for predicting the outcome of large-scale poisoning, and discusses possible ap-proaches to the solution of some hard-core problems.


In response to identified gaps in existing knowledge, this paper examines drug users' views of accessing and disposing of injecting equipment. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 124 illicit drug users and a number of findings emerged. Many respondents felt that the existing provision of injecting equipment was insufficient to meet demand. Additionally, drug users adopted diverse strategies for accessing and disposing of equipment, but unsafe practices persisted. Information about local outlets dealing with injecting equipment was found to be limited and the use of return rates to evaluate exchange services was shown to be problematic. Finally, whilst pharmacists could do much more to encourage safe disposal, it was evident that no single agency could meet the needs and preferences of all injectors. The paper concludes by suggesting various practical strategies for further reducing high risk drug-related behaviour.


Background : Increasing the number of vehicles and traffic density will result in increased air pollution. Lead is generally known as the lead, commonly used as a fuel mixture of gasoline. Functions of lead, in addition to enhancing lubrication, also improve combustion efficiency. Thus increasing the performance of motor vehicles. This chemical is burned along with gasoline engines. The remaining ± 70% out with the exhaust gas emissions from burning. And lead is emited through the exhaust pipe that is one of those air pollutants. This study aims to identify histological features of lung and blood lead level in Balb/c.
Method : This research is an experimental design with the post test only control group design in mice Balb / c which consists of 20 male mice, divided into four groups. K is the control group, whereas the treatment group is P1 presented during the four hours / day, P2 were exposed for 8 hours / day, and P3 were exposed for 12 hours / day, all treatments performed in the Gardu Tol Manyaran. After getting treated for 30 days, the mice were terminated and then done taking liver tissue for histological preparations made
Result : There are significant differences between group K with P1 (p = 0.000), P2 (p = 0.000), P3 (p = 0.000); P1 to P3 (p = 0.000); P2 to P3 (p = 0.000). Meanwhile, between P1 and P2 group (p = 0.123) there is no significant difference.
Conclusion : Exposure to lead in the air affect highway microscopic images of lung and blood lead level of Balb / c with increasing length of exposure time.
From the results of statistical tests, the microscopic image of hepatic significant difference in long exposures 4 hours, 8 hours and 12 hours, while in the lead content of blood there is no significant difference.
Keywords : Lead, microscopic image of the lungs, blood lead levels


Validation is a tool of quality assurance which provides confirmation of the quality in equipment system, manufacturing processes, software and testing methods. Validation assures the products with predetermined quality characteristics and attributes can be reproduced consistently/reproducibly with in the established limits of the manufacturing process operation at the manufacturing site. Validation is required in order to move a product from development to commercial production. Different dosage form have different validation protocol. This paper presents an introduction, basic concepts involved in process validation, approaches for process validation and general overview on process validation in pharmaceutical industry.