BACKGROUND
Struvite precipitation has been applied to several types of wastewater for removal and recovery of nutrients. Engineering criteria for these applications, particularly crystallization, have yet to be developed. In the present study, effects of solution composition on the induction period and crystallization rate of struvite were experimentally investigated. Experiments were conducted as batch tests and on synthetically prepared samples. High foreign ion concentrations up to 160 mM were used for the evaluation.

RESULTS
Effect of ions such as sodium, chloride, sulfate, and acetate that frequently accompany struvite crystallization was evaluated with varying composition of solutions. The induction time decreased with increasing supersaturation. The increase in sodium concentration from 14.25 to 130.52 mM resulted in about a four-fold retardation in induction time. Increasing sulfate concentration to 40.5 mM caused a significant retardation reaching an induction time of 30 minutes. Sulfate ions exhibited a dependence on chloride concentration. Effect of acetic acid was marginal up to 10 mM. Crystallization kinetics was represented by modified first order kinetics. The rate constants varied between 0.0053 –0.1622 min−1. The lowest rate constants were calculated for compositions containing high concentrations of sodium and sulfate ions.

CONCLUSION
Results of the study indicated that the existence of common ions in wastewaters may give rise to great variations in the induction period and crystallization rate of struvite. Crystallization process was satisfactorily modelled; and the rate constant exhibited a wide range depending on the wastewater composition. The results indicated the need for further studies considering the complex matrix of wastewaters of concern.


Background : Tuberculosis is one of the 10 main causes of death Tuberculosis cases account for nearly half of the total number of tuberculosis cases in Indonesia. The phenomenon found at the UPTD Public Health Center in Toapaya was 10 people who were asked, 2 people knew about tuberculosis prevention therapy while 8 people did not know about tuberculosis prevention therapy. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the administration of TPT (Tuberculosis Prevention Therapy) drugs to tuberculosis patient household contacts in the Working Area of the UPTD Health Center of Toapaya. The design of this research is descriptive quantitative with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were all families who had contact at home with TB patients as many as 34 people and the data were analyzed using the chi square test. The results show that mild side effects from giving complete TPT were 55.9%, only 2.9% dropped out, good family support for giving complete TPT was 50.0%, only 11.8% dropped out, there was a significant difference, which (p -value 0.036 ≤0.05) this indicates that there is a difference in the proportion of giving TPT to respondents who experience good attitude and those who experience moderate attitude, p-value 0.025≤0.05 there is a difference in the proportion of giving TPT to respondents who experience good family support and those who experience adequate family support and a p-value of 0.000 ≤ 0.05 means that there is a difference in the proportion of respondents who experience mild side effects and those who experience severe side effects, Ha is accepted. In conclusion, there is a relationship between attitude, family support and side effects on administering TPT (Tuberculosis Prevention Therapy) drugs to tuberculosis patient household contacts in the Working Area of the UPTD Health Center of Toapaya. Suggestions for nursing services do not only focus on pharmacological actions, but also for families, especially providing support for patient recovery


In this article,it briefly analyzed the meaning of adopting ultrasonic testing to ensure submerged arc welded pipe safety operation used for transporting oil and gas,introduced the basic working condition of UT in submerged arc welded pipe weld,as well as the regulations to weld UT sensitivity in standards of pipeline manufacturing and UT.It also analyzed the effect to UT sensitivity of selecting standard reflector,the result showed that it should firstly select notch to act as standard reflector of adjusting sensitivity in detecting longitudinal defects,or taking notch as standard reflector to adjust sensitivity of detecting longitudinal defects,and taking vertical hole as standard reflector to adjust sensitivity of detecting transverse defects.


The present investigation entitled "Effect of foliar application of PGRs on growth, yield and yield attributes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salt stress condition'' was conducted during the kharif season in 2016 at the MES Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad. The experiment was setup in randomized block design (Factorial) with three replications and seven treatments on rice varieties CSR-36 and CSR-43 under salt stress condition. The GA3 (100, 150 and 200ppm) and salicylic acid (100, 150 and 200ppm) were applied as foliar application at 15 DAT. Growth, yield and yield attributes were taken after crop harvest. All PGRs showed superior value in all the stages of crop with respect to control. Growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tillers hill-1 and dry biomass plant‑1. Yield and yield attributing traits viz, length of panicles (cm), number of panicle hill-1, number grains panicle-1, grain yield plant-1, grain yield q ha-1, test weight (g) and harvest index (%), were found superior with foliar application of GA3 200ppm followed by SA 200ppm. Rice variety CSR-43 performed better than CSR-36 in all respects.


To establish a stable and convenient method for preparation of highly purified trophoblast cells from sheep placenta and to provide the cellular basis for the study of cell transfection and RNA interference test,the sheep trophoblast cells were cultured by explant culture technique,and purified by digestion differential method.Phase-contrast microscope was used to observe the morphological characteristics of trophoblast cells,and general HE staining,immunohistochemical staining,electron microscopy and RT-PCR technology were used to identify the cell source.Inverted phase contrast microscope observation showed that the cells were the epithelial-like cell morphology,paving-like growth.Keratin staining showed that the purity of the cultured cells exceeded 90%,vimentin staining was negative.The unique structure of trophoblast cells could be observed by transmission electron microscopy.The cell viability evaluated by trypan blue exclusion test was greater than 95%.Conventional RT-PCR technique can detect trophoblast cells secreted interferon specific protein-1 gene.The results showed that this primary culture method can provide highly purified sheep trophoblast cells with good cellular viability.The present study provides an experimental basis for our laboratory in vitro studies.


An overview of life-cycle costing and the involvement of the federal government in applying this technique to various types of investment decisions are discussed. The life-cycle costing method measures the net effect of reducing fuel costs over time by purchasing, installing, maintaining, operating, repairing, and replacing fuel conserving features in buildings. The various types of life-cycle costing measures and the areas of application of the method are discussed. Life-cycle costing measures and procedures have been established for the Federal Energy Management Programs and the procedures have been developed to simplify life-cycle costing calculations.


Two-photon microscopy is a key method for biomedical imaging but time consuming for three-dimensional and fluorescence lifetime images. To speed up acquisitions, we have developed a time-resolved multifocal multiphoton microscope.


Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, spiral-shapedpathogenic bacterium thatspecifically colonizes the gastric epitheliumand causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and/or gastricmalignancies (1,2) . The prevalence of H. pylori infection is related to thesocioeconomic status and living conditions during early life (3) .H.pyloriinfection affects more than (50%) of the world population (4,5) .Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving hemodialysisoften have various gastrointestinal troubles such as nausea, dyspepsia,appetite loss, epigastric discomfort, and heartburn (6) . Abstract:


UN General Assembly speeches concerning the Middle East conflict made by representatives of Israel, Arab countries (Egypt and Syria), the USA, and the USSR were scored for integrative complexity. Speeches were sampled from twenty years between 1947 and 1976. Complexity of information-processing was significantly reduced in speeches made in months preceding the outbreak of war (1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973), except in the case of the USSR. Israel, which with the United States exhibited the highest levels of complexity during peacetime, showed the greatest reductions prior to war. The low level of complexity characteristic of Israeli and Arab speeches during 1976 may reflect the escalation of the Lebanese civil war or may be a predictor of a major outbreak of hostilities in the near future.


The Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT) working group is
considering protocols for an alternative congestion control protocol
that enables a delay-insensitive networking application to minimize
the extra queueing delay it causes to other applications because of
additional queueing at the bottleneck, when these connections carrying
traffic for such applications attempt to use the available bandwidth.
This document proposes an architectural framework for LEDBAT
congestion control mechanisms, based on existing work on congestion
control protocols and the requirements of the LEDBAT working group.
The architectural framework consists of a LEDBAT-congestion control
(LEDBAT-CC) suite that provides flexibility in utilizing different
components for providing congestion control for transport connections
carrying delay-insensitive traffic. The LEDBAT-CC suite of protocols
is envisioned to support the multiple alternative mechanisms for
bandwidth estimation, congestion detection and indication and end-
system flow control to comprise a network friendly congestion
avoidance protocol. This document is inspired by the need to
standardize the various components that constitute the network
friendly congestion control protocol to avoid having to individually
standardize a multitude of distinct and monolithic solutions.


A large number of vessels were built during the 'shipping boom' of the early 2000's. This report investigates the effect of this 'boom' with respect to the performance of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Class Society, Flag States, and ship type. Analysis was conducted on in-service vessels from 2007 to 2016 aged 30 years or less. The results found that when subgroups were inundated with new builds, the proportion of incidents decreased and therefore the performance of this subgroup improved. This effect was present for IACS Class Societies and ship type, although no relationship was identified for Flag State. In conclusion, these findings provide insight into why some subgroups are performing better than expected and why predicting risk in shipping is more complex than a 'one size fits all' approach.


[Objective]To study the protective effects of Ginaton on myocardial infarction and reperfusion on the coronary microcirculation in rabbits.[Methods]Forty-five New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into three groups of model group,treatment group Ginaton and sham operation group,fifteen in each group,the establishment of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion model.OUTCOME MEASURES:①Left ventricular myocardial no-reflow size.② Left ventricular myocardial infarct size.③Cardiac troponin T(cTnT),C-reactive protein(CRP) levels.[Results]①Compared with model group,treatment group Ginaton myocardial no-reflow area and myocardial infarct size was significantly reduced(P0.05).②Compared with Sham group,model group cTnT and CRP were significantly increased(P0.05);Compared with the model group,treatment group Ginaton cTnT and CRP were significantly decreased(P0.05).[Conclusions]Ginaton can improve coronary microcirculation reperfusion myocardial infarction,Protective effect of myocardial.


is virtually absent. Keeping this view in mind, the present work on young adults was undertaken to compare body composition, obesity measures and blood ABSTRACT Aims : The present work on young adults was aimed to compare body composition, obesity measures and blood pressure in three ethnic groups. Methods : Participants aged between 17-30 years were recruited from residential students and scholars living at the hostels in Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. A total of 236 individuals including 133 males and 103 females were studied and were divided into three groups, viz. Group I comprised of Eastern Indian as represented by Bengalee young adults, Group II comprised of North-East Indians of Mongolian origin as represented by Nepalese & Bhutia young adults and Group III comprised of Proto-Australoid ethnic groups as represented by young adults of Santal tribe. Anthropometric measures were recorded using standard techniques. Body composition including obesity measures was subsequently computed. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also obtained and mean arterial pressure was then computed using standard equation. Results : It was observed that there existed significant (p<0.001) ethnic group differences for SF 4 , TER, PBF and FM. However, no sex differences for BMI and WHR across the ethnic groups was also evident in the study. Furthermore, no significant differences for BMI categories by ethnic groups were evident too. It was also observed in the study that there existed no significant differences for central obesity status by ethnic groups and sex. It is noteworthy to mention that except cycling and walking, no other form of exercise was common amongst the participants. Conclusion : Ethnicity seems to play a vital role in explaining body composition including overweight and obesity and that such information is required to better comprehend the public health burden of obesity in young adults of Asian Indian origin.


Field experiments were conducted in Dyarbakir, Turkey, during the 1998 and 1999 cropping seasons, to study the yield, yield components and their relationships in different grain sorghum cultivars to determine the most suitable cultivars in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. A total of 24 grain sorghum cultivars were studied. The grain yields of the different cultivars varied between 3589.9-9634.8 kg/ha. In all the observed characters, statistically significant differences were determined among cultivars. The positive and significant relationships were determined between the grain yield and grain yield per panicle, panicle length and plant height. However, negative and significant relationships were determined between the crude protein percentage and grain yield, panicle length and 1000-seed weight. As a result, DK 64 and KS 989 were determined as high yielding cultivars under the southeastern Anatolia region conditions as main season crops


Following the predictions of the IPCC (2014), the water surface temperature in the oceans is proposed to increase by 3-5°C, while at the same time CO2 concentrations in the water are expected to double until the year 2100. A large number of experiments observed effects of warming or rising CO2 concentrations in the water on phytoplankton's biomass, growth and chemical composition. The combined effects of both climate change factors are to a large extent still unclear. To address the combined effects of warming and rising pCO2 on natural plankton communities, I conducted three mesocosm experiments. Furthermore, I wanted to find out, if seasonal bloom events with their characteristic differences in phytoplankton species composition and growth conditions vary in their responses to climate change. Overall my studies evidence that warming enhances grazing pressure and can alter trophic relations between phytoplankton and their grazers in the pelagic food web. The results showed that warming effects can be translated to the next higher trophic level by switching a summer plankton community from a bottom-up to a mainly top-down controlled system. Further my results point out that warming has the potential to influence phytoplankton's chemical composition. Observed changes in the content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) suggest a possible impact on the food quality for higher trophic levels. Increasing pCO2 concentrations, instead, seem to affect biomass and chemical composition of natural phytoplankton communities only to a lesser extent.


Treasury bills rate is a preeminent default-risk free rate asset in Ghana's money market whose existence can affect the purchasing power of other assets in the security market. Bank of Ghana sells its Bills to mop up excess liquidity and buys Bank of Ghana Bills to inject liquidity into the system. This paper empirically models the monthly Treasury bill rate of two short term Treasury bills (91 day and 182 day) from the year 1998 to 2012 from the BoG using ARIMA models. From the results, it was realized that ARIMA  model is appropriate for modelling the 91-day Treasury bill rate with a log likelihood value of -328.58, and least AIC value of 667.17, AICc value of 667.52 and BIC value of 683.05. Also, ARIMA  best models the 182-day Treasury bill rates with a log likelihood value of -356.50, and AIC value of 717.00, AICc value of 717.06 and least BIC value of 723.35. An ARCH-LM test and Ljung-Box test on the residuals of the models revealed that the residuals are free from heteroscedasticity and serial correlation respectively. Keywords: Treasury bills, Ghana, Asset, Empirical, Short term.


Considering corruption as a result from officials' rational choice behaviors, this paper establishes a game model to describe the relation between officials' corruption and government's anticorruption. The model suggests that in anticorruption emphasis should be put mainly on middle level officials; and high salary for anti-corruption is not a good policy; and the anti-corruption policies should focus on increase the costs of corruption behavior and reduce the cost coefficient of anti-corruption.


Copper particles were put into a bed acting as the cathode electrode.Low concentration of copper sulphate was processed in the rectangular spouted bed,which measures 105.5mm×17mm in cross-section.The effects of sulfuric acid concentration,particle diameter,current density,preferable electrolytic condition has been known.


ABS>It is possible to generate plasma by passing a discharge between electrodes arranged such that the current is forced to flow across an initial strong magnetic field. The magnetic induction due to the discharge causes a bending of the original field. If the discharge is operated with a lowimpedance current source, electric breakdown starts in a limited region near the current- input connections and propagates as a well-defined front in the manner of a hydromagnetic shock wave. Such a shock is usually compressive, i.e. the sudden increase in temperature and ionization is usually accompanied by an abrupt onset of both transverse and longitudinal components of plasma flow. Consequently the front must be followed by a rarefaction wave in which the longitudinal flow is brought to rest. This phenomenon is analyzed as a one-dimensional single-fluid hydromagnetic problem, neglecting dissipation behind the wave. The assumptions are made of zero conductivity in front and thermodynamic equilibrium behind the wave. In the limit of essentially complete ionization behind the front, the problem can be solved analytically if the transverse magnetic field there remains small compared with the longitudinal field. In this case, the front velocity, plasma temperature and density, and the electric field behindmore » the wave, as well as the structure of the rarefaction wave, can be ex pressed as simple functions of the initial magnetic field, the discharge current, the ionization energy, snd the initial gas density. Over a certain range of operating conditions, the electric field is relatively independent of the driving current and is primarily determined by the ionization energy per unit mass of the gas. Conditions are derived for noncompressive waves, hence also for production of uniform plasma. (auth)« less


The principle"No-Arbitrage Equilibriums" derived from the company's financial theory is the foundation of current financial theories.It has great theoretical significance and applicable value.On the basis of introducing connotation and the theoretical significance of the principle "No-Arbitrage Equilibrium",the paper introduces its main applicable value,especially its application in pricing.


The Robert Stobie Spectrograph Near Infrared (RSS/NIR) upgrade for the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) extends the capabilities of the visible arm of RSS into the NIR. The RSS/NIR instrument is at the prime focus of SALT. It is a versatile spectrograph with broadband imaging, spectropolarimetric, and Fabry-Perot imaging capabilities. The multiple modes and prime focus location introduce interesting engineering considerations. The spectrograph has an ambient temperature collimator, cooled (-40ºC) dispersers and camera and a cryogenic detector. Many of the mechanisms are required to operate within the cooled and cryogenic environments. The RSS/ NIR upgrade includes the following mechanisms; an active flexure compensating fold mirror, a filter exchange mechanism, a Volume Phase Holographic VPH grating exchange and rotation mechanism, an etalon inserter, a beam splitter inserter, an articulating camera, internal camera focus and a cutoff filter exchange wheel. This paper gives an overview of the mechanical design and focuses on some of the unique testing and prototyping tasks.


Background and objectives As a follow-up to the 6-month report,12 this study investigated the analgesic effect of cooled radiofrequency ablation (CRFA) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) 12 months postintervention and its ability to provide pain relief in patients who experienced unsatisfactory effects of intra-articular steroid injection (IAS). Methods Seventy-eight per cent (52/67) of patients originally treated with CRFA were evaluated at 12 months, while at 6 months post-IAS, 82% (58/71) of those patients crossed over to CRFA and assessed 6 months later. Results At 12 months, 65% of the original CRFA group had pain reduction ≥50%, and the mean overall drop was 4.3 points (p<0.0001) on the numeric rating scale. Seventy-five per cent reported 'improved' effects. The cross-over group demonstrated improvements in pain and functional capacity (p<0.0001). No unanticipated adverse events occurred. Conclusions This study demonstrates that analgesia following CRFA for OA knee pain could last for at least 12 months and could rescue patients who continue to experience intolerable discomfort following IAS. Clinical trial registration The ClinicalTrials.gov registration number for this study is NCT02343003.


We have performed a systematic study of the electronic and geometrical structure of several compounds containing first-row transition metal by means of first principles spin-density functional calculations based on norm-conserving pseudo-potentials and numerical basis sets of the double ζ plus polarization type. To achieve a realistic description of these compounds, we find that the pseudo-potentials for 3d elements with d-orbital occupation up to 5 electrons must contain at least the semi-core state 3p in the valence shell. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004


Abstract:Results from an inner-city teen focus group on parks and urban green space in Los Angeles, California and responses to parallel questions posed to adults from the same area show striking differences. While adults focused on activities and cited a need for additional recreation-oriented parks for teens, teenagers themselves focused on greened spaces suitable for socializing and relaxing. Teens were also keenly interested in local parks, aware of maintenance issues, and concerned about personal safety.


Poor hapless Youth! what Praises can be paid To Love so great, to such transcendent Store Of early Worth, and sure Presage of more? Accept what e're ALneas can afford ... Thy Body on thy Parents I bestow, \ To rest thy Soul, at least if Shadows know, > Or have a sense of human Things below. J There to thy fellow Ghosts with Glory tell, 'Twas by the great ALneas hand I fell. (1169-72, 1176-80; Works, VI, 714)


Introduction Integrins are glycosylated transmembrane receptor family proteins, mediate cancer cell to extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction. Integrins are essential for adhesion and migration of cancer cells and frequently associate with poor disease outcome. In addition, glycosylation of integrins modulates receptor and ligand binding affinity. However, the physiological role of glycosylation of integrins remain unclear. Based on our recent findings that disruption of glycosphingolipids triggering loss of α2,6-sialylation Alam et al. 2017 here, we identified integrin α2 as candidate and investigated its potential role in facilitating ovarian cancer metastasis. Material and methods Hypersialylated proteins were identified by lectin-enrichment proteomic analysis. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated site-specific deletion of integrin α2 together with a lentiviral-mediated rescue system were established in four ovarian cancer cell lines (IGROV1, SKOV3, SKOV3ip, and OVCAR4). ECM- and mesothelial cell- adhesion assays were applied to evaluate integrin-mediated in vitro cell adhesion, while a zebrafish transplant model was used to study in vivo cell invasion ability. Finally, integrin expression and sialylation profile were determined in patient-derived matched primary and metastatic ovarian cancer tumour specimens. Results and discussions Proteomic analysis identified integrin α2 as a hypersialylated protein in ovarian cancer cells. Loss of sialylation on N-glycoproteins of cancer cells reduced cell adhesion to collagen type I, fibronectin, and laminin. Furthermore, integrin α2 knockout cancer cells abolished cell adhesion to collagen whereas rescuing integrin α2 expression in those knockout cells fully restored the adhesion ability. We also identified an elevated level of intergin α2 in patient-derived metastatic tumour compared to primary site and tumor-free omentum, indicating a niche for ovarian cancer cells toward omental metastasis. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that α2,6 sialylation on integrin α2 triggers ovarian cancer cell adhesion to metastatic sites. Therefore, blocking sialylation and integrin α2 may be a therapeutic target for preventing ovarian cancer metastasis in the future.


The ability of understanding mental states (mentalization) is not genetically given, but develops depending on the critical interacting with more mature, benign, and reflective minds. The reflective function is defined as the outward manifestation of mentalization. The Recommendations of the European Parliament and Council in 2006 identify as a goal that of providing every citizen with social and civic skills, together with the development of critical and creative thinking skills meant as the specific goal of training.This paper claims that the reflective function is the basic condition for the development of such skills and that the function can be the subject matter of training.


The invention relates to current foldback circuit of breaker that comprises: SCM circuit, current transformer, A/D transformation circuit, and trip drive circuit and trip executable unit; current detecting output end of the current transformer is connected with the detecting signal input end via the A/D transformation circuit; the trip control output end of the SCM circuit is connected with the trip executable unit via the trip drive circuit; alarm circuit is set on the alarm signal output end of the SCM circuit; OFF selecting unit is set at the function selecting input end of the SCM circuit. The breaker of the invention can fulfill the operating requirements of special occasion; it can assure during the fire-fighting, even if the fire pump is overloaded, the fire pump will not stop working to affect emergency fire-fighting.


A tunable hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystalline BaMnO3 nanoparticles is reported. The parameters governing the synthesis pathway are carefully evaluated, assessing their influence on both the morphology and size of the as-prepared products. The reactor filling volume is found to have a main influence on the particle shape (predominance of microrods for a filling volume of 70% and particles for ca 40−50 %), whereas the alkalinity is crucial for the control over the size: higher alkalinities lead to a drastic decrease in both final particle size and aspect ratio. Average minimum particle diameters of ca 20 nm are prepared using a KOH concentration of 20 M, metallic salts concentrations of 50 or 100 mM, and a filling volume of 53%. Finally, the temperature and time exert a minor influence on the final structural properties of the resulting products: 200 °C and lower (even 150°C) and times of 24 hours or less (4 hours) are suitable for nanoparticles formation. The ability to synthesize nanoscale mangan...


METHODS OF MEASURING FLOW WITH RADIOISOTOPES ARE REVIEWED. NONRADIOACTIVE FLOWMETERS ARE REVIEWED IN AN INTRODUCTORY SECTION TO PUT THE METHODS OF USING ISOTOPES IN THE PROPER PERSPECTIVE. THE ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, AND RELATIVE COSTS OF VARIOUS METHODS ARE COMPARED. RADIOISOTOPES MAY BE USED TO MEASURE FLOWS OF LIQUIDS OR GASES IN A VARIETY OF WAYS: AS TRACERS, TO IONIZE A GAS AND THEN MEASURE THE FLOW RATE OF THE IONS; OR TO INDICATE THE MOVEMENT OF THE FLOWING MATERIAL. THE PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF FLOW MEASUREMENTS USING RADIOISOTOPE TRACERS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/


The ISO 39001 and IRAM 3810 standards are risk management tools related to road safety. The first establishes requirements for a management system, while the second establishes requirements for good practices. Both are for implementing, auditing and certifying in organizations. In the present work, the situation of certifications of both standards in automotive passenger transport companies in Salta city, Argentina, is analyzed. In turn, the perception of the community in relation to road safety and bus service is identified. Through interviews with representatives of bus companies and through a community survey, the necessary data is obtained. The study shows that all companies certified IRAM 3810. Most did so in 2022, so it is a recent process. The perception of the community partially recognizes the improvements in the bus services, but does not recognize a safe driving in accordance with the road safety rules.


During the post-Independence period the Central, state and local governments, have acknowledged the reality and the role of NGOs in the development process. It is now widely recognised that the state and voluntary sector need to form a strong relationship for better development process and build a stronger civil society. Such cooperation should not be based on replication or replacement of State activities and obligations, but on the adoption of complementary roles predicated on each sector's unique characteristics. The studies on NGOs reveal that there is mixed opinion on the role of NGOs in the development process. The studies point out that the factors like proximity to people far and near, flexibility, innovativeness, human touch, spirit of self-service, democratic interpretation of the needs and desires of the poor, implementation of interventions that are relevant to people, de-bureaucratisation, etc. have enabled the NGOs to play an important role in the development process.


The recent research on the impact of information technology on consumers' purchasing behavior shows that the purchasing power of consumers who buy more diversified products is stronger than that of consumers who buy single types of goods. Improving the overall diversity of recommendation results can make more products appear in the user's recommendation list.


The global COVID‐19 pandemic has been associated with high rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) transmission, morbidity and mortality in the general population. Evidence‐based guidance on caring for babies born to mothers with COVID‐19 is needed. There is currently insufficient evidence to suggest vertical transmission between mothers and their newborn infants. However, transmission can happen after birth from mothers or other carers. Based on the currently available data, prolonged skin‐to‐skin contact and early and exclusive breastfeeding remain the best strategies to reduce the risks of morbidity and mortality for both the mother with COVID‐19 and her baby.


The 'Bibliographies update' appears in the second issue of each volume of Art libraries journal to provide regular notices on the availability of art bibliographies in all formats. Some works cited here may be reviewed in upcoming issues of the journal. The compilers thank the many contributors to this year's update and welcome suggestions for the 2011 listings. Please send suggestions to Barbara Polowy, ALJ Deputy Editor, Hillyer Art Library, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063 USA (email: firstname.lastname@example.com).


The invention relates to a multi-range antenna (1), in particular for use in a motor vehicle, comprising: - a cone radiator (3) having an axis of symmetry (R) to set up the cone antenna elements (3) vertically with its outlet end to a ground plane (2); - connecting a first monopole radiator (12) extending in the direction of the axis of symmetry (R) of the cone radiator (3), wherein the first monopole radiator (12) having a side surface (9) of the cone reflector (3) is electrically connected.


The purpose of the present invention is to provide a novel compound that has an ACC2 inhibitory activity. Also provided is a medicinal composition containing the compound.
A compound represented by formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In formula (I):
the group represented by formula (chemical formula 2) is an unsubstituted aryl, etc.;
substituent group α is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, etc.;
ring B is a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic carbocycle, etc.;
ring C is a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aromatic carbocycle, etc.;
U is -CR 4 R 5 -, etc.;
T is -CR 7 R 8 -, etc.;
L is -CR 10 R 11 -, etc.;
p is 0 or 1;
q is 0 or 1;
r is 0 or 1;
R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are independently hydrogen, etc.;
R 6 and R 9 are independently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
R 13 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;
R 14 is substituted or unsubstituted alkylcarbonyl, etc.; and
R 16 is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.


There has been a signi®cant shift of emphasis in policy making circles around environmenta l and economic issues in the past year, and the publication of these four pamphlets by four different think tanks both charts that shift and is part of the process. Environmental Modernisation, the title of Michael Jacobs' important contribution to the debate, is the term that has come to encapsulate the new agenda. There is no doubt that new Labour, while having what Jacobs calls an `̀ ideologica l narrative' ' in most areas of policy ± the economy, constitution, education, welfare reform, health ± with an identi®able philosophical direction and more or less articulated policy stances, does not have such a policy in the environmenta l ®eld. Not surprisingly, this failure to get to grips with the environmenta l agenda has seen the Government pay a signi®cant political price. Many of its most serious political hiccups have had environmental issues at their core: e.g. in transport, GM foods, the countryside agenda and housing policy (particularly in the South East). Why has the Government been so uneasy with the environment as a policy area? Jacobs' response is essentially that it has been seen as `Old Labour' (a rather ironic thought for those who recall the battles Greens in the Labour Party fought against ``Old Labour'' policies on everything from nuclear power to road building 15 or more years ago). And not just anti-modern but anti-aspirational too. New Labour wishes to be identi®ed in the public mind with ordinary families and their desires to get on in life. To them, environmentalis m is at best an irrelevance, at worst actively hostile. Middle England drives cars, enjoys shopping, wants to own more material things and go on more foreign holidays. And, of course, the environment has been seen as anti-business, the ultimate sin in the eyes of a Prime Minister who describes the party he leads as `̀ the party of business''. No wonder the concept of environmenta l modernisation has been seized upon with so much enthusiasm. It chimes well with all the other ``modernisations' ' of the economy, of health care, of local government, and of education. What is important about the term is that environmenta l modernisation does provide the basis for this missing ideological narrative. New Labour has been strongly in ̄uenced by analysts of modern society, such as sociologist Anthony Giddens, with their emphasis on trends such as globalisation and individualisation . Environmenta l degradation and protection are also key elements in the new modernity and, Jacobs argues, tackling environmental issues requires a similar approach to those the Government is taking on, for example, globalisation. The Government champions e-commerce


The main purpose of the archives is the establishment of a photographic inventory of belgium's artistic heritage black translucid layer was identified as theophilus's the archives have a role in the diffusion and study of information.


The first documentation of an ECG recorded from a human was over 125 years ago [1]. Still today, despite the development of many new investigative techniques, an essential part of any cardiovascular assessment involves an ECG recording. Unlike pathology specimens and the images produced by modern techniques, which are always formally reported by trained and tested professionals, ECGs are most commonly reported and acted upon by front-line personnel who have had no formal training in, and no assessment of competency in, ECG interpretation [2]. The ubiquity of the ECG recording has led to a condescension of its clinical application. In addition, the transition from analogue to digitally acquired ECGs enabled automated computer analysis of the ECG to assume a larger role in diagnostic interpretation affecting the requirement for competent human deciphering of the ECG tracing [3-5]. Research has highlighted the impact over-reliance on computerised ECG interpretation can have in patient care [6]. Consensual recommendations that all computerised interpretation of ECG tracings should be subjected to "over reading" prior to any clinical decisions on care is compromised given that 33% of ECG interpretations reported by humans in clinical practice contain errors of major importance [4]. During ECG tracing analysis the "decision making" element is reported as the most common error due to the cognitive processes involved in ECG interpretation [7-9]. As a method of reducing variations of perception and cognition during the ECG reporting process Breen., et al. (2017) designed an ECG reporting smart form (ANALYSE) [10] that an interpreter could populate with important ECG waveform measurements prompted through a "command orientated/driven" format and that corresponded to a universal ECG measurement dataset (ACC/AHA Recommendations for the standardisation and interpretation of the electrocardiogram).


In this letter, we present a multibit static random-access memory computing-in-memory (CIM) macro with enhanced energy efficiency for edge devices tasking machine learning (ML) deep neural networks (DNNs). The proposed CIM macro computes matrix-vector multiplications (MVM) in an efficient "one-step" method reducing the energy consumption and control complexity. Furthermore, the proposed method computes not only the multiplications of a single weight but also the multibit weight with bit-shifting in the charge domain without the use of additional CMOS switches, thereby achieving very high energy efficiency. Measurement results in a 65-nm CMOS prototype chip show that it achieves the highest throughput of 204.8 GOPS at 1.2 V and 133.6 TOPS/W at 0.85 V.


Background: Concussion in adolescent american football occurs frequently and can give serious damage, especially to the younger brain. SAFF has guidelines for management and rehabilitation. The gui ...


Based on the countercurrent extraction theory for optimized designing and simulating, the rare earth separation processes, the selection of the detecting points (stages) and on line analysis for elements, the simulation of open loop response and its response speed, the diagnosis and the regulative prescription for running the solvent extraction cascades were studied.


In this study, the predictive role of self-control and communication skills on smartphone addiction levels of teacher candidates was examined. The research was conducted based on the relational survey model. The research group consisted of 378 teacher candidates, 181 (45.9%) males and 197 (54.1%) females. The average age of the research group is 15.82. "Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version", "Brief Self-Control Scale", "Communication Skills Scale", and "Personal Information Form" were used as data collection tools. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by the multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise) method. As a result of the research, it was determined that the variables of self-control and communication skills significantly predicted smartphone addiction.


An overview is given of the literature publisned in the field of thin-layer chromatography on chemically bonded phases. Aspects which merit further attention are: quantitative analysis, organic solvent selection, stationary phase characteristics, surface modification of precoated silica plates, ion-pair chromatography and correlation of thin-layer and column chromatographic data.


Butterflies are important ecosystem components. They play a major role in pollination, are preyed upon and parasitized by other species, and because of their specific habitat requirements, populations can change quickly and are widely regarded as sensitive environmental indicators, being used to assess factors ranging from climate change to land management. So in addition to their enormous aesthetic appeal and educational value to the layperson, they are important to the scientific community in investigating pressing climate change and biodiversity issues.
 While attention to and knowledge of butterflies in western countries is significant, this is not necessarily the case for species-rich tropical areas. Naturalis Biodiversity Center possesses a world-class collection of Southeast Asian butterflies, Indonesian specimens in particular, and would like to bridge this geographic gap in knowledge by embarking on a five-year project to establish an online presence of Southeast Asian butterflies. We hope to establish a consortium of interested international museums and institutes to join us in documenting species-level natural histories, distribution and occurrence data, and photos. The data we will be using will come from literature, digitized collections and observations. Ultimately, we hope to also develop a species identification app, provide links to Red List species protection data, serve as an online field guide for butterfly enthusiasts, and promote and stimulate European Union (EU) and Southeast Asian collection digitization. We will begin this year with a pilot project limited to swallowtails (Papilionidae) in our initial effort to provide an online resource of Southeast Asian butterflies for scientists, educators and laypersons alike.


The maintenance scheduling problem of windfarms is a recently arisen research topic, which contains uncertain factors introduced by weather conditions. However, most existing methods cannot generate maintenance schedules dynamically according to stochastic weather conditions. This paper formulates the maintenance scheduling problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). The Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) method is used to solve the MDP that has an extremely large state space. SAC is an off-policy deep reinforcement learning algorithm that considers entropy regularization during action selection. This mechanism accelerates the training process of the agent and prevents premature convergence to a local optimum solution. Numerical examples are used to verify the performance of SAC in maintenance scheduling. Result shows that the proposed method can obtain higher total production than the deep Q network and the genetic algorithm when the stochastic wind speed is considered.


In research of biped walking robot, energy-efficiency is an important issue. We have proposed an optimal trajectory planning method based on a function approximation method, and applied it for 2D biped walking model. With this method, we obtained the solution of minimal square integration value of the input torque under equality state constraint condition. In this study we further consider-ed inequality state constraint to restrict the range of joint angle, and applied it for the model with upper body mass. In addition, we conducted the experiment to verify the effectiveness of this method. We realized the stable walking of 0.6 s period, 0.3 m/s. Finally, we evaluated the energy-efficiency by specific cost.


This paper looks at the different comparisons between gathered cache configurations across multiple research topics. Understanding that there are key metrics such as the set association, device tech, and capacity help determine the optimal configurations for when dealing with a multitude of different cache types. The amount of cores and the frequency that the CPU runs at are also relatively important when dealing with which cache configuration would be best for each particular system design. One such instance of an interesting cache design would be that from Zhenyu Sun's paper, illustrating a hybrid STT-RAM design for use in saving energy consumption. Another such design that seemed particularly interesting was Mu-Tien Chang's design on a third-level eDRAM cache to show the benefits in comparison to an STT-RAM or SRAM configurations on the third level. Keywords—STT-RAM, SRAM, eDRAM, Volatile/Non-Volatile Memory, Multilevel Caches, Cache Coherence, Multiport Systems, LLC, MLC, FPGA, HDL, ASTRO, NUCA


The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of types of smokeless tobacco use between students in the city of Chabahar. A total of 105 students were selected randomly from the schools of Chabahar city. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power software. For a questionnaire by the test-retest exam for knowledge and attitude structures, the reliability of the test (Pearson correlation coefficient's) was 98% and 94%. The Cronbach alpha of these structures was about 74%. The CVR for these structures was 93% for knowledge and 88% for the structure of the attitude. Data was analyzed using the SPSS16 software. In this study, 14 students (13%) had a history of previous use and 48 students (45.7%) reported having had tobacco use at least once, 30 days before studying. The Pearson Correlation Test indicated a significant relationship between smokeless tobacco use with the family number (-0.224), mother's literacy (0.219), and father's literacy (0.224). The number of smokeless tobacco users who had consumed at least once in the last month of the study were Pan 26 (24.8%), Gutkah 9 (8.6%), and Biti 5 (4.8%). The results of the study show that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in students around the city of Chabahar is high.


Objective
To compare the minimum 5-year follow-up outcomes of surgical management by posterior only, anterior only and combined posterior and anterior approaches for lumbar tuberculosis in adults, evaluate the mid-term follow-up results of the surgery for the treatment of lumbar tuberculosis and explore its advantages and indications.

Methods
From Jun 2004 to Jan 2010, 311 adult patients with lumbar tuberculosis were treated surgically. The clinical data of 137 cases that met the enrolled criteria and had integrity following-up data was analyzed retrospectively. It included the patients who had the surgical indication of the posterior only surgery but underwent the anterior only or the combined posterior and anterior approaches before 2008. There were 83 cases of male and 54 cases of female. The age ranged from 20 to 75 years, with a mean of 65.6 years. Among these patients, 63 cases were treated with single-stage posterior debridement, interbody fusion and instrumentation (the posterior group); 42 cases were treated with posterior instrumentation, and anterior debridement and bone graft in a single or two-stage procedures (the combined group) and 32 cases were treated with anterior debridement and strut grafting with instrumentation (the anterior group). Trauma index (the operation time, blood loss, the length of hospital stay, complications) ; imaging parameters (Segment kyphotic angle, corrective rate, loss angle, bone fusion time) and the quality-of-life indicators (Oswestry Disability Index、Frankle grade、visual analogue scale、Macnab score) were compared among three groups.

Results
The mean operation time, mean blood loss and the complications rate were (207.9 ± 30.9) min, (409.5 ± 107.9) ml and 12.95% in the posterior group; (270.7±32.0) min, (649.0±120.0) ml and 30.95% in the anterior group; (349.7±38.9) min, (840.0± 168.7) ml and 25% in the combined group. The operation time, blood loss and the complications rate of the posterior group were less than the anterior group and the combined group, and the difference was significant; The combined group consumed the longest operation time, associated with the most intraoperative blood loss, the highest complication rate and the longest hospital stay among the three groups, and the difference was significant. The correction rate of kyphosis achieved of the anterior group (52%± 5.45%) was significantly inferior to the posterior group (74%±5.04%) and the combined group (69%±7.95%), while the loss of correction in the anterior group (2.5°) was higher than both the posterior group (0.8°) and the combined group (1.1°), and the difference was significant. The average follow-up was (6.5±1.96) years (range, 5-11). The mean bone fusion time of the posterior group, the anterior group and the combined group were (6.0±1.5) months, (6.2±1.3) months and (6.5±1.6) months respectively, and there was no statistic difference. After the surgery, the quality of life was improved obviously in all patients. At the time of the latest follow-up, the improvement rate of the ODI,VAS and the excellent and good rate according to the Macnab score were 80.6%±2.1%, 81.7%±1.6% and 95.24% in the posterior group; 79.8%±1.5%, 79.7%±2.0% and 92.95% in the anterior group; 81.3%±1.1%, 79.9%±0.8% and 90.63% in the combined group. There was no significant difference among the groups in the improvement rates of the ODI, VAS, Frankel grade and the excellent and good rate of the Macnab score.

Conclusion
The Mid-term follow-up of the different surgical procedures for the treatment of the lumbar tuberculosis in adults were basically satisfactory. Compared with the traditional surgery, the posterior-only surgery is a safe, minimally invasive and effective method in the management of monosegment lumbar tuberculosis in adults.

Key words:
Lumbar vertebrae; Tuberculosis, spinal; Treatment outcome; Follow-up studies


Intestinal calcium transport and renal calcium and phosphate excretion have been measured in normal and prednisolone-treated rats. Prednisolone treatment reduced intestinal calcium transport and increased phosphate excretion, causing a reduction in serum phosphate. Both 1 a-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1 cy-hydroxyvitamin D, normalized phosphate excretion, whereas la-hydroxyvitamin D, was not fully effective in serum phosphate. Prednisolone treatment also caused a decreased bone density that was prevented both with lcu-hydroxyvitamin D, and loc-hydroxyvitamin D,. l~hydroxyvitamin D, appeared at least as effective as 1~hydroxyvitamin D, in correcting the bone


Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopoides pv citri is currently the most devastating disease impacting world citrus production. An experiment was conducted to testify the hypothesis that partially UV-blocking film has the ability to suppress the development of canker disease of citrus. The quantified variables were latent period of the pathogen, temperature, relative humidity, partially UV-blocking conditions, disease incidence and disease severity. The mini houses were constructed and covered with four types of polyolefin films that have the ability to block solar UV-irradiation shorter than UV-A of (<400 nm), (<360 nm), (<350 nm) and (<340 nm) and the results were compared with UV-transmitting and outdoors. The result showed that the leaves under <400 nm and <360 nm UV-blockings took less time (8 days) to express the symptom than outdoors (13 days). The lowest incidence (66.7%) was recorded in outdoors and highest incidence (100%) was recorded under <400 nm at 45 days after inoculation. Similarly, lowest severity (10%) was recorded in outdoors and the highest severity (43.3%) was recorded under <400 nm at 45 days after inoculation. Disease incidence and severity gradually decreased as the UV blocking rates decreased. Solar radiation with contains combination of different UV-radiation may be detrimental for multiplication of the bacteria Xanthomonas axonopoides pv citri.


This article investigates the relationships between social presence, cognitive absorption, and satisfaction of vocational college students in online learning. A hypothesized structural equation model was developed to study these critical variables that may influence interaction in online learning environments. Data was obtained through questionnaires from 448 students of vocational college at Yogyakarta. Data  was analyzed by Structural Equation Modelling - Partial Least Square (PLS) using Smart PLS 2.0. The results of this research shows that the social presence and cognitive absorption of  vocational college students is impact satisfaction directly.
Keywords: Social Presence; Cognitive Absorption; Student Satisfaction.


The fast development of wireless communication protocols brings in big challenges for designing mobile baseband processor. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-core vector-scalar architecture with heuristic instruction set that can achieve high performance processing with budgeted power consumption and area cost across major computing blocks inside different communication protocols. This proposed architecture consists of four Vector-Scalar Engine Pairs (VSEPs). Each pair can support two data streams for multi-protocol application. The vector-scalar engine pair shares a common pipeline and the vector engine (VE) mainly deals with the symbol level data processing of wireless communication standard, such as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) demodulation, while at the same time the scalar engine (SE) calculates the key parameters based on the heuristic instruction. We verify the performance of the architecture through benchmarking typical algorithms such as FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), Channel Estimation and MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) detection. The results show that this proposed architecture can achieve better performance in average for 4G wireless communication.


The Cemetery of the Meritorious is the oldest preserved burial site in the city of Poznan (western Poland). It was created in 1808, but after World War II it was subject to gradual devastation. In 1961, it was classified as a historic site, completely protected by law and cared for by the Cultural Heritage Officer. Field research shows that the vascular flora of the cemetery is composed of 140 taxa: 15 in the trees, 26 in the shrubs, and 99 in the herbaceous plants. The flora comprises 84 taxa (57.1%) that were planted there. Most of them are herbaceous: 45 species (30.6%), including 14 native (9.5%) and 31 alien ones (21.1%). Plants with symbolic meanings are represented by 13 taxa in the trees, 16 in the shrubs, and 30 in the herbaceous plants. Currently, however, the symbolism of cemetery plants is of little significance, as they are cultivated primarily because of their ornamental value. Special attention was paid to groundcover plants, represented by 37 species (25,2%), including 21 taxa introduced a long time ago and 16 recently (during the last 10 years or so).


Partial phenylcarbamoylation of ribonucleosides by means of bis(tributyltin) oxide--phenyl isocyanate system is described herein; the reaction was found to occur regioselectively to give the corresponding 5'-, 3'-, and 2'-O-phenylcarbamoyl derivatives due to the conditions used.


A system, including a gasifier comprising a wall defining a chamber, an inlet, an outlet, and a port, a combination feed injector coupled to the inlet, wherein the combination feed injector is configured to inject a first fuel and air or oxygen into the chamber to preheat the gasifier, and the combination feed injector is configured to inject a second fuel and oxygen into the gasifier after preheating to gasify the second fuel, an optical device coupled to the port, a sensor coupled to the optical device, and a monitoring system coupled to the sensor, wherein the monitoring system is configured to acquire data from the sensor, process the data, and provide an output representative of a condition of the gasifier based on the data.


Comments on the Review 'Does mean arterial blood pressure scale with body mass in mammals? Effect of measurement of blood pressure' Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2018 Apr;222(4):e13010. https ://doi.org/10.1111/alpha.13010 . Epub 2017 Dec 19. In April 2018, Acta Physiologica published a review entitled: 'Does mean arterial blood pressure scale with body mass in mammals? Effect of measurement of blood pressure'.1 On the basis of data from 114 references including 47 species of mammals, Poulsen et al 20181 investigated whether mean arterial pressure (MAP) scales to body mass (BM) and examined the effect of physiological and methodological confounders such as use of anaesthetics and restraint and the choice of method for determination of blood pressure. We wish to contribute to these findings, by investigating to what extent BM and the vertical distance between the heart and brain contribute to MAP. Physiological variables that encompass a length or a time dimension scale to the size of the animal. A well‐known example is the higher heart rate and smaller stroke volume of mice than in, eg an elephant. Also, heart rate decreases during childhood and is likely lower in tall than in small individuals which is also the case for ventilatory frequency.2 In contrast, variables that do not carry a time or a length aspect do not scale to body size. That is the case for, eg concentrations and blood pressure as confirmed for MAP by Poulsen et al1 among animals (weight 0.03‐4080 kg; MAP; 61.90‐214 mm Hg) not exposed to anaesthesia and ideally free moving. Among animal species, the MAP of the giraffe stands out with a value approximately twice as high as in other animals including humans.1,3-5 The common consideration is that the high MAP of the giraffe reflects a need to provide the brain an adequate perfusion pressure and that consideration is supported by the position of the carotid baroreceptors. For humans the carotid bifurcation and thereby the position of the baroreceptors vary among individuals establishing a normal distribution along the length of the neck.6 In contrast, for the giraffe and probably for most species the position of the carotid baroreceptors is at the base of the skull.5,7 Yet, the giraffe is not the only animal that raises its head above the level of the heart. Rather the height of the giraffe represents an extreme among animals for which the brain is lifted above the level of the heart, from the hippo that carries the head slightly above the heart, to animals that carry their heads well above their hearts such as the horse, lama and kangaroo. If the high blood pressure of the giraffe serves to provide its brain with a similar perfusion pressure as established for other animals, then all animals with a long neck would require a larger MAP than animals in which the head is not lifted. Yet, blood pressure for various animals has been related to their weight rather than to the height although they normally carry the head above the heart.1,7 Thus, in the animals identified by Poulsen et al1 we related the reported MAP to an


In this paper,Sima Coal Mine in Shanxi Luan Group as the case,on the type of geology of thick loess and thin bedrock coal,their destruction of farmland on the settlement,subsidence depth in different spatial variability of soil chemical properties were studied.The result showed:(1)Subsidence cropland significantly affected the chemical properties of the soil and the most affected depth was 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer,then followed by 20 ~ 40 cm soil layer.(2)Not the same change degree in soil nutrients at the different sinking depths of the settlement,but overall soil nutrients demonstrated a migration trends moving towards the bottom of subsidence cropland.Subsidence cropland,located in the central settlement,i.e.settlement 4 meters,in the settlement two years,showed trends of nutrients accumulation and salinity.(3)In soil chemical characteristics,the most affected by mining subsidence was the soil available P,followed by soil available K,and then the soil total nitrogen and soil organic matter,while the less affected was soil pH.


This paper discussed the foundational physical properties of the powder,and some presenting modes.Making use of equivalent fauing-speed diameter derived the computing formulae,and designed a kind of the diametral measurement method with the gravimeter.It had more in-depth understanding to us,and helped us to solve the practical problem in the coal water mixture.


The paper presents a numerical model for electromagnetic plunger drivers commonly used for electrical commutation apparatuses (EAC) described as electromechanical systems (a mechanism driven by an electromagnet). Starting from energy conservation equations applied to the electromechanical assembly on can define the differential equations system, which mathematical describe the EAC dynamic regime. Due to the fact that the non-linear differential equations system has not analytical solutions, the system must be integrated using a numerical method. The mathematical system is formally the same for the connecting/disconecting regime of EAC, and permits to emphasize the influence of diverse parameters on the transient process of the electromechanical system. Finally, is possible to control and optimize the factors of interest for the circuit commutation (connecting and disconnecting time, contact speed and electromagnetic plunger parameters especially for the ultrafast switchers). In order to sustain the mathematical model, the differential equations have been written for a DC switcher and the data obtained from the numerical calculus had been compared with the experimental data.


We have carried out a series of Mie scattering calculations to define the wavelength-dependent, single scattering properties of aerosols present in the stratosphere during July 1979. Additional radiative transfer computations were conducted to assess the impact of aerosols on Earth's radiation budget. For these purposes, we employed an extensive set of measurements of aerosol characteristics that were obtained in Alaska from aircraft and satellite platforms. At that time, the optical depth was too small for aerosols to significantly impact Earth's climate. But the optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol layer has been large enough during some volcanically perturbed periods for the aerosols to have caused a noticeable warming of the stratosphere and cooling of the troposphere.


This chapter explores intra-household differences in coping with illness between men and women and investigates the hypothesis advanced by Ethiopian women that gender differences in recovering from illness result from differences in social support networks. Such networks can be either (i) a source of transfers to meet cash needs for medical expenditures; (ii) a source of in-kind transfers such as prepared food or other household necessities; and/or (iii) a source of labour to fulfil domestic and/or productive responsibilities. The chapter focuses particularly on differences between women who moved away from their place of residence when they got married and those who continued to live in their own village. The analysis presented is based on data collected in Turufe Kechema village in Oromiya Region, Ethiopia between May and August 2005. The survey data is supplemented with qualitative material collected in the same village by the author and researchers from WeD-Ethiopia. Keywords: Ethiopia; intra-household; medical expenditures; social support networks


For the operation and control of flow manufacturing in a high-mix and low-volume production environment, a method of flow path management is introduced. It involves the dynamic formation and control of adaptable flow paths corresponding to different product families. A mathematical programming approach is presented for the design of flow paths, which takes into consideration the sharing of machines among various product families. The objective is to maximize the throughput in a predefined planning period and to minimize the number of shared machines. An illustrative example is given for demonstrating the use of the proposed method.


Address for Correspondence: Dr. Praveen Kumar Kurrey, Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Pt.JNM Medical College Raipur (C.G), India. Mobile: 09993259003 E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Introduction: Studies on child growth and development have always occupied an important position in the scientific research curriculum and are of interest to the researchers of both Medical Science and Physical Anthropology all over the world. Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is a hereditary anemia, predominantly seen amongst various tribal populations of India. This problem decreases the amount of oxygen flowing to body tissues which affects growth and nutritional status of individuals. Materials and Methods: In present study, 316 subjects of Raipur city 157 cases (sickling) and 159 controls (nonsickling) were taken and anthropometric measurements body weight and head breadth were obtained. Result: After analysis of data of above parameters, we found cases weighed less than control except at the age of 21 for male where it was equal. At 25 years this difference was statistically highly significant in male; and at 12, 13 years in female. Conclusion: On comparison mean value of various body measures body weight of cases were less than that of controls for both male and female, but in head breadth, enough variations were observed. Significant differences were observed in body weight.


Biosurfactants are nontoxic, renewable, and environmentally benign; and have excellent emulsification and antibacterial properties. Oleic acid‐rich oils have a crucial role as a hydrophobic substrate in the biological production of sophorolipids (SL). The major purpose of this study is to identify a low‐cost oleic acid‐rich hydrophobic substrate that may be used as a secondary carbon source in the synthesis of SL by Starmerella bombicola (S. bombicola). Thus, the biosynthesis of SL was investigated utilizing a variety of edible and nonedible oils rich in oleic acid, which acts as a precursor. Characterization of SL generated from different oils using FT‐IR and NMR indicated the presence of both lactonic and acidic SL. SL production was greatest with secondary carbon sources, with 38.9, 27.57, and 19 g/L, respectively, in the order olive oil > sunflower oil > fleshing oil. Surprisingly, the cost analysis for fleshing oil synthesis indicated that it was the lowest at 0.43 INR/g, followed by sunflower oil at 0.52 INR/g and olive oil at 1.71 INR/g. Our findings indicate that fleshing oil is a potential secondary carbon source with significant SL yield as well as environmental and economic benefits.


The selection of T lymphocytes in the thymus and their activation upon the encounter with foreign antigens in the periphery require the aggregation and signals of the Tcell receptor (TcR)/CD3 complex and several surface molecules termed coreceptors (notably CD4 or CD8 and CD45). The spatial arrangement and interactions of the different molecules in the resulting multimolecular recognition structure are mostly unknown. Here we report, from studies on a healthy human CD3γ deficiency, that the lack of the CD3γ component of the TcR/CD3 complex is associated with a long‐term severe defect of peripheral blood CD4+CD45RA+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, whereas CD4+CD45RO+, B and natural killer lymphocytes are unaffected. These results suggest that the CD3y site of the TcR/CD3 complex is required for the peripheral representation of certain Tcell types.


A social analysis of poverty and survival strategies among women in Uganda using both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques shows heterogeneity among the disadvantaged group of women. This article argues that lack of sensitivity on the part of the policy makers to real-life diversities among poor women hinders effective impact of poverty reduction policies|interventions. Various factors contribute to the existence of differences among women and this influences the various ways in which different people perceive and interpret conditions around them and struggle to put into practice notions of reducing poverty. An understanding of rural diversities and design of appropriate policies towards poverty reduction is recommended. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Discussions about nursing diagnosis have been going on for over 30 years. Nevertheless, the process of developing a universal diagnostic system is still in its infancy. Concepts to standardize the terminology are being tried and debated. From the multiple efforts and input of those engaged in this endeavor, a unified taxonomy of nursing diagnosis should evolve. Toward this end, proposals from different individuals and groups are being considered.


As a stable and reproducible source of GM1, from cells obtained from a human patient cells or GM1 gangliosidosis obtained from sheep affected by GM1 gangliosidosis, a method for purifying and extracting the GM1 ganglioside. .BACKGROUND


The STAR Collaboration presents new measurements of inclusive charged hadron distributions for p_T < 12 GeV/c from Au+Au collisions at sqrt s_NN = 200GeV. Charged hadron suppression at high p_T is similar in shape and magnitude at all centralities to that observed previously at sqrt s_NN = 130 GeV for p_T < 6 GeV/c. The ratio of spectra from central and peripheral Au+Au collisions shows that hadron suppression is approximately constant within 6 < p_T < 12 GeV/c. The ratios of charged hadron spectra at the two beam energies show a 15-20 percent increase in yield at low p_T. At high p_T, the ratios show a larger increase that agrees well with pQCD calculations of the sqrt s_NN dependence of particle production in Au+Au collisions.


In the world of finance, stock trading is one of the most important activities. Professional traders have developed a variety of analysis methods such as fundamental analysis, technical analysis, quantitative analysis, and so on. Such analytically methods make use of different sources ranging from news to price data, but they all aim at predicting the company's future stock prices so they can make educated decisions on their trading.


The superiority of metaheuristic methods over conventional, gradient-based methods, in terms of training artificial neural networks (ANN), has been shown with numerous studies in the literature. The aim of this study is to compare the Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), which is a metaheuristic optimization method, with two other methods (particle swarm optimization (PSO) and bat algorithm (BA)) in terms of the performance in Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) training, which is a type of ANN. Performance evaluations of all methods on binary classification were made on five datasets which are related with diseases (breast cancer, diabetes, liver disorders, vertebral column, and parkinsons) obtained from the University of California, Irvine, Machine Learning Repository. In the results of the experiments, the MLPs which were trained with the SCA have achieved high accuracy rates up to 97%. The method performed mostly higher than the BA and mostly lower than the PSO. Although the PSO method showed higher success in general, the SCA method also showed the highest training performance in one dataset and the second highest in all but one of the remaining datasets. In the search spaces, the investigated method shows both high exploration and avoidance of local optimum, as well as high convergence rates to the aimed values. These results reveal that, the SCA can be competent and effective at training the MLP.


Culture and consertaion media and the techniques for the isolation and identification of the bacteria wich reduce the sulfur isolated from the soil, fresh water and sea water are described in this paper.  The results obtained from the investigation of this kind of bacteria in 16 samples of soils used the cultivation of graminea (wheat and barley) in the province of Granada are shiown. It is concluded tha these bacterua are practicaly not present in the types of soil studied. On the contrary the phenomenon of sulfidrization is very intense.


It is disclosed with respect to a magnetic RAM and a method of manufacturing the same having the intermediate oxide film formed by two kinds of methods. The present invention is the tunneling oxide layer provides a magnetic RAM according to claim consisting of the film forming the MTJ layer lower magnetic, oxidation preventing layer, a tunneling oxide film and the upper magnetic film, and is formed by the atomic layer depositing method, or other remaining material film, in particular, the oxide film provides an MRAM manufacturing method characterized by forming a non-atomic-layer laminate method. This using the present invention, can be adjusted because the thickness is easy and uniform formation of the tunnel oxide thickness, it is easy to control the resistance of the MTJ layer, and reduce the resistance deviation between cells. And it is possible to prevent it from being lowered to prevent the MR ratio of the lower film is damaged in the process of forming the tunneling oxide.


Older scholarship on the 'mind' of Edwards tended to treat him as an isolated genius who either triumphed over or failed to transcend his provincial location. More recent analysis of his manuscripts, especially his 'Catalogue' (a book wish-list of sorts) and his 'Account Book' (a record of books lent to friends and parishioners), has revealed as never before the myriad and often competing influences on his thought. The first part of the chapter traces the chronology of Edwards's engagement with print culture, from his boyhood to his Princeton presidency. The second part elucidates four major sources of his thought: (1) the Bible, commentaries, and histories; (2) Reformed scholasticism and doctrinal disputes; (3) Enlightenment 'new learning' and rationalist apologetics; and (4) other subjects and genres.


Differential interferometry (D-InSAR) for spaceborne bistatic SAR is studied. According to advantages of the system, particularities and superiorities of D-InSAR based on spaceborne bistatic SAR are discussed first. Then, solid baseline is decomposed and the model of "three-pass" D-InSAR is established. Afterwards, the theory of data fusion is introduced to D-InSAR and a new method is put forward to avoid the max detection error. A simulation experiment accompanied by very good result is shown in the end.


contributions provide interesting reading, it is quite challenging to readily apprehend common patterns among them. Similarly, Simonton's attempt to examine core themes also resulted in just a few high-level observations. Specifically, Simonton divides the chapters based on whether they fall into the " applied " versus " basic " category, noting that the majority of contributions are best described as applied research, i.e., either aimed at solving practical problems or addressing potential practical applications. The majority of these applied contributions focus on educational applications. Simonton further notes that the basic research can be described by work done in cognitive, developmental, differential, and social psychology. He argues that another high-level category, theories of creativity, has played a small role in empirical investigations , given the dominance of applied research. Where theory has been investigated , it has tended to be along psychoan-notes that the research described in this handbook has adopted a broad range of techniques for studying creativity, with psychometric approaches dominating, e.g., in attempts to test for creativity. To summarize, I believe that both Sternberg's and Simonton's chapters reveal much of the rich, diverse nature of the contributions , but also signal how difficult it is to fairly and systematically organize and comment on such diversity. Here is a quick sampling of findings and observations to consider from this volume to entice readers to take a closer look at the book. • Many parts of the world lack the necessary infrastructure for investigating creativity scientifically, ranging from lack of facilities to unavailability of scientific publications. However, these same cultures routinely produce marvelous expressions of creativity.


Patients under hemodialysis treatment for chronic renal failure (CRF) are among the groups with the highest prevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses due to frequent blood transfusion and nosocomial transmission. A group of CRF patients living in Nineveh governments were tested with serological markers for hepatitis B and C using the ELISA Enzyme linked immunosor bent Assay test and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The validity parameters for the serological results were measured based on the PCR results. Of the 62 patients on hemodialysis during the study, 13 (21%) were HBsAg positive, 49 (79%) were anti-HBS positive 8 (61.5%) were anti-HBC positive and 16 (25.8%) were anti-HCV positive, the PCR tests results in 13 (21%) HBV-DNA positive, the mean viral load were 78950 copy/ml and 15 (24.1%) were HCV-RNA positive the mean viral load were 125000 copy/ml, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of Elisa for HBsAg were 90.6%, 50% and 94.8%, and the same parameters were 92.6%, 87.5% and 92.9% for anti-HCV. Based on the results just the negative predictive value for anti-HCV (98.2%) is reliable test in CRF patients on hemodialysis tests are the indicated methodology to diagnosis HBV and HCV infection in these patients. Serological and/or molecular tests are the indicated methodology to diagnosis HBV and HCV infection in these patients. Key Wards: hepatitis B and C, ELISA, PCR, HBsAg, HCV-RNA. E-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com Phone: +9647701786363 Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology 187 نع فشكلا لجأ نم ةيئيزجلاو ةيمصملا صحفلا قرط نيب ةنراقم ةسا رد دبكلا باهتلا حشاور (HBV) و (HCV) ىضرم يف نمزملا يومكلا لشفلا ىونين ةظفاحم يف – قا رعلا


An L-stable (4,2)-method of 4th order of accuracy and an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme of 4th order of accuracy are constructed. An integration algorithm of variable step size is formulated. The most effective numerical scheme is chosen for each step by means of stability control. The numerical results which confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm are given.


South Africa has one of the largest cash transfer systems in Africa, which benefited about 16 million people in 2012/13. Social grants have significantly expanded since 1998 - with 2.5 million beneficiaries - and are considered important instruments with which to fight poverty in South Africa. Previous studies on the impact of social grants in South Africa made a strong assumption of the absence of a general equilibrium effect. Social grants investment growth increased by more than 9 per cent in 2012, reaching a total amount of R158 billion over the same period. Because of their huge budget and their contribution to the lives of the poor, the main contribution of this study is to attempt to quantify the overall direct and indirect effect of the major social grants. This paper is one in a series of papers attempting to quantify the impact of these grants. The novelty in these studies is in the methodology used to quantify the impact. The papers use an estimation system with a micro and a macro analysis working together. A recursive micro-macro modelling is developed to quantify the impact of the social grant on the South African economy. The framework is used to simulate a hypothetical South African economy without social grantees. The aggregate changes in labour supply and employment status, and total consumption expenditure and consumption by products are simulated at the macro level along with alternative government revenue adjustment (Macro-Modelling). Then the induced prices, unemployment, income and output affect households' consumption patterns. At this stage, a sample re-weighting technique (nonparametric) is used to assess the second order effects of the social grant shock (Micro-Modelling). The current paper contributes to the literature on the effects of a combination of grants on households and the economy in a general equilibrium framework. The paper thus has two distinct contributions...


The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.


Efficient image storage and transmission is in great demand for medical community. Compression techniques that achieve high quality for the regions important to medical diagnosis, and high overall compression ratio, may have the potential for widespread medical acceptance. JPEG 2000 provides two ROI encoding schemes: the maxshift and the implicit ROI encoding. In this paper, we present a new ROI coding scheme that not only retains advantages, but also alleviates the drawbacks of both ROI coding methods. We evaluate our method on the CT, MR, and ultrasound images, and demonstrate its coding efficiency and advantages.


Among the requirements of a mechatronic system those related to its smart functions are crucial for an effective design. Smartness is associated to the system capability of self-adapting when the operating conditions change and usually it resorts to the action of the control system. The occurrence of the 'Systems Engineering' greatly improved a suitable definition of the system smartness, by identifying functions, architecture and hierarchy of the control units applied to drive the system operation. This paper briefly summarizes how the requirements related to the smartness of an industrial mechatronic system could be defined. A laying head for coiling the steel rod at the end of the rolling mill was used as an example and properties of its active magnetic suspension were investigated through the typical tools of the Systems Engineering.


Purpose of reviewAs human leukocyte (HLA) antigen and antibody testing has evolved, typing, screening, and crossmatching assays have become exquisitely specific and sensitive. How best to use this information is a focal point of the transplant community and of this review. Recent findingsDriven by advances in technology, two major changes in the transplant community recently occurred. Firstly, the United Network for Organ Sharing mandated the use of cPRA to replace the more subjective panel reactive antibody value. Secondly, the virtual crossmatch (vXM) became a reality. The vXM categorizes sensitized patients as compatible or incompatible with their donors by predicting the likelihood of a positive crossmatch. Although the use of cPRA and vXM represents major progress in organ allocation algorithms, there are compelling issues that must be addressed. These include defining appropriate threshold values for antibody assignment and recognizing the relevance of antibodies to HLA-Cw*, HLA-DQ*, and HLA-DP*. SummaryUndoubtedly, molecular HLA-typing and solid-phase antibody-detection assays have revolutionized clinical histocompatibility testing. These new testing methodologies have had a major impact in both allocation and outcome of transplanted kidneys. However, even these new methodologies are not flawless and pose new challenges to the transplant community.


The survey shows that some foreigners in China do not take the initiative to choose Chinese books. The local Chinese books that can better reflect Chinese elements, such as political, cultural and historical books, do not occupy the forefront of the range of books that foreigners in China are willing to buy and read. With the increasing number of foreigners residing in China, it is necessary to prevent foreigners in China from boycotting buying and reading Chinese books. The publishing industry should seize the advantages of market expansion, actively shoulder its due political and cultural responsibilities, actively plan to publish Chinese books with Chinese elements for foreigners in China, ensure that the contents of books are correct and the prices are moderate on the macro level, and strive to make books of high quality and diverse forms on the micro level.


Intercostal hemangiomas are extremely rare and represent 1.2-1.4% of all hemangiomas of the skeletal muscle. This paper presents an operated case of intercostal hemangioma diagnosed preoperatively. A 41-year-old man had been pointed out an abnormal shadow by routine chest roentgenography was admitted to the hospital because of suspected chest wall tumor. Arteriograms were helpful for deter-mining the nature and localization of the tumor. The tumor was found to fed by right 9th intercostal artery. With a diagnosis of intercostal hemangioma, the tumor was extirpated undert the 8th intercostal thoracotomy. The tumor was 60×35×20mm in size and firmly adhered to the 9th, rib, and so the tumor with a part of the 9th rib was removed. Histologically it was hemangioma arised in inter costal muscle. The postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged from the hospital as cured on 13th posyoperative day.


Level  of  adhesion  at  wheel-rail  interface  plays  an  important  role  in  the stable  operation  of  a  railway  vehicle. Direct  measurement  of  adhesion  is not possible due to the presence of nonlinearities and unpredictable external contaminants. This paper presents an indirect technique to identify the level of adhesion at wheel-rail interface. The proposed identification technique uses the data recorded by inertial sensors mounted on the wheelset of the vehicle. A fuzzy inference system is used to monitor the data recorded by inertial sensors. Changes in the adhesion at wheel-rail interface are reflected in the recorded data. Which are interpreted by fuzzy inference into contact condition information.


Well aligned and high quality ZnO nanorod arrays have been grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) on silicon substrates with highly(0002) oriented ZnO templating seed-layer by a spin-coating method.Two modes of ZnO growth are discussed:growth on the ZnO pre-coated seed layer,obtaining well ordered ZnO nanorods; nuclei and growth in the solution itself,forming randomly distributed ZnO microrods.The mechanisms of growth of the nanorods on the seed layer and the microrods from solution are also investigated.


To examine the numbers of asymptomatic infants <8 weeks who had appropriate thyroid function tests (TFTs) in addition to the newborn screening test, because of maternal thyroid disease, before and after the implementation of an updated institutional guideline and staff education.


A mathematical model to the Aedes aegypti population dynamics, is proposed and analyzed. In the present model the integrated control (IC) along the all early stages egg, (larva-pupa) and adult stage of the mosquito, is included. The model is development through a Nonlinear Differential Equation System which describes the population dynamics of the mosquito when IC is applied. The equilibrium points and stability analysis through Routh-Hurwitz criterion are obtained and done, respectively. In addition, simulations under different conditions will allow to determine the IC efficacy on this population, is performed.


This study aims to determine the effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal dose on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). The research was done in the BPTP Banten Screen House and the Soil and Climate Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University starts from November 2020 until February 2021. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors. First factor was drought stress with four levels, namely k1 (100% FC), k2 (80% FC), k3 (60% FC), and k4 (40% FC) and second was the mycorrhizal dose with 3 levels, called m0 (0 g/pot), m1 (10 g/pot), and m2 (20 g/pot). There were 12 treatment combinations that were repeated 3 times in order to obtain 36 experimental units. The results showed that the drought stress treatment had a significant effect on maize plant height at 7 WAP of 174.22 cm, plant dry weight of 86.67 g, root dry weight of 21.67 g, and seed dry weight of 37 g. Drought stress of 40% FC can reduce the growth and yield of maize. The mycorrhizal dose treatment had no significant effect on the growth and yield of maize. The application of mycorrhizal dose of 20 g/pot tends to increase the growth and yield of maize. There was no interaction between drought stress treatment and mycorrhizal dose on growth and yield of maize.


A new stochastic theory of a foreign exchange markets dynamics is developed. As a result we have the new probability distribution which well describes statistical and scaling dependencies ''experimentally'' observed in foreign exchange markets in recent years. The developed dynamic theory is compared with well-known phenomenological Levy distribution approach which is widely applied to this problem. It is shown that the developed stochastic dynamics and phenomenological approach based on the Levy distribution give the same statistical and scaling dependencies.


The 2nd sg. imperatives yodhi (: yudh- 'fight') and bodhi (: budh- 'awake, heed') are usually seen as athematic imperatives in -dhi with irregular guna of the root syllable and reduction of the geminate cluster -ddhi- to -dh-. It is argued here, by contrast, that these forms are actually analogical creations on the basis of the 2nd sg. imperative josi ( jus- 'enjoy'). Etymologically and historically, josi is a si- imperative (*jos-si), haplologized from a 2nd sg. subjunctive *josasi/*geusesi. Synchronically, however, it appeared to be an i-imperative based on the gunated root, and the overall parallelism of the verbs yudh-, budh-, and jus- led to the creation of yodhi and bodhi on the same model.


The effects of temperature, inoculum type, and mineral concentrations on the laboratory scale composting of a synthetic solid waste have been investigated. The composting activity of the synthetic solid waste shows two distinct phases of respiratory activity. The first phase appears due to a thermophilic bacteria which shows maximum activity at approximately 55°C while the second phase appears due to a mesophilic microorganism which shows maximum activity at approximately 40°C. The type of inoculum used has a marked effect on the relationship between these two phases. This effect is primarily attributable to the mineral components, apparently calcium and phosphorus, in the soil inocula. Supplementation of the synthetic solid waste with minerals, in the form of soluble salts has a dramatic effect on the respiratory activity of the compost suggesting that minerals may be limiting in other composting situations as well.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
The objective of this paper was to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infections in active heroin users in Spain.

SUBJECTS AND METHOD
A cross-sectional study was carried out in 440 heroin users in three different urban areas of Spain: Barcelona, Madrid, and Seville. Specimens were analyzed for the presence of anti-HIV, anti-HCV, anti-HBc, and anti-HTLV antibodies.

RESULTS
The rate of anti-HIV antibodies was 20% (CI 95%, 16.3-23.7%); anti-HBc: 21.4% (CI 95%, 17.5-25.2%); anti-HCV: 59.1% (CI 95%, 54.5-63.7%); and anti-HTLV (HTLV-II in all cases): 3.4% (CI 95%, 1.7-5.1%). Barcelona and Madrid had similar rates for each virus, yet these were lower in Seville especially with regard to HCV (Barcelona: 59.7% [CI 95%, 53.1-66.3%]; Madrid: 63.8% [CI 95%, 56.7-70.9%]; Seville: 41.8% [CI 95%, 28.8-54.9%]).

CONCLUSIONS
HCV is the most prevalent infection among active heroin users in Spain. The rate of infection by blood-borne viruses is higher in Madrid and Barcelona than in Seville (notably for HCV), most likely due to a lower rate of intravenous users in this city.