Optical spectra provide a versatile tool for studying the electronic properties of matter. In addition, the absolute spectral weight of an optical spectrum reveals optical sum-rules, which are one of the most powerful tools of experimental and theoretical physics providing access to deeply rooted quantities such as the effective mass of the charge carriers and their kinetic energy. The formalism for the optical conductivity of correlated electrons is presented in this chapter for general values of the inverse wavelength q and general band dispersion k of the electrons. The corresponding sumrule is found to have a characteristic q-dependence for the nearest-neighbour tight binding model, causing in this case a vanishing of spectral weight for q at the Brillouin-zone boundary, i.e. for qa = π. These findings are of possible importance for k-resolved infrared spectroscopy, a technique which is in full development at the moment. In the treasure trove of correlated matter lurk great opportunities for novel phases of matter, including various different forms of quantummagnetism, unconventionaland high-temperature superconductivity, and many other forms of behavior resulting from correlated motion of electrons. The correlated behavior of electrons in the context of quantum many-body systems constitutes one of the remaining challenges of physics. Characterizing and understanding electronic materials requires sophisticated experimental probes [1]. These include advanced optical techniques, including infrared spectroscopy at low frequency and small wavelength [2–4]. Although seemingly contradictory, near-field techniques with nano-scale resolution are emerging andwill open theway toward non-local optical spectroscopy, i.e. optical spectroscopy probing σ(q,ω) with finite q. Excellent texts are on the market treating the experimental optical techniques in the long wavelength limit [5] and the optical conductivity of weakly correlated electrons [6]. Also the various aspects optical conductivity of for q = 0 has been described in detail in the literature [7–12]. A step-by-step introduction into the optical conductivity of correlated electrons, for general electron dispersion k and wavevector q is to our knowledge not presented in the literature. The purpose of this D. van der Marel (B) Département de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Université de Genève, CH-1211, Genève 4, Switzerland e-mail: email@example.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 A. Avella and F. Mancini (eds.), Strongly Correlated Systems, Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences 180, DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44133-6_9 269 270 D. van der Marel book chapter is to provide such a discussion. Since the purpose is only to provide a fairly complete description of the many-body formalism underlying the optical conductivity at finite wavelength andwave-vectors, no attempt ismade here to review the vast literature on optical properties of interacting electrons. 9.1 Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves In this section we discuss the reflection and transmission of electromagnetic (EM) waves at the interface betweenvacuumanda substancewhich could be a solid, a liquid or even a gas. With optical spectroscopy one measures the reflection or transmission as a function of frequency ω. A variety of different experimental geometries can be used, depending on the type of sample under investigation, which can be a reflecting surface of a thick crystal, a free standing thin film, or a thin film supported by a substrate. Two frequently used configurations for measuring the optical constants are shown in Fig. 9.1. Important factors influencing the type of analysis are also the orientation of the crystal or film surface, the angle of incidence of the ray of photons, and the polarization of the light. In most cases only the amplitude of the reflected or refracted light is measured, but sometimes the phase is measured, or the phase difference between two incident rays with different polarization as in ellipsometry. The task of relating the intensity and/or phase of the reflected or refracted light to the dielectric tensor inside Fig. 9.1 Two commonly used experimental configurations for measuring optical constants 9 Optical Properties of Correlated Electrons 271 the material boils down to solving the Maxwell equations at the vacuum/sample, sample/substrate interface. Before attacking the problem of reflection and transmission at an interface, we first give a brief reminder of the macroscopic Maxwell equations inside a medium. The main properties of the medium which controls the propagation of EM-waves are the dielectric constant , and the magnetic permeability μ D = E B = μH (9.1) We come later in the chapter to the microscopic interpretation of . We will see among other things, that depends on q and ω, and that it has a real and imaginary part. The speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves is given by v2 = c 2 μ (9.2) For Re √ μ > 1 the wavelength is compressed compared to what it would be in vacuum for the same frequency, as can be seen from the following expression for the wave-vector inside the medium q2 = μ 2 c2 (9.3) In vacuum μ = = 1. Another consequence of the Maxwell equations is, that the electromagnetic wave has electric and magnetic components, which are given by E(z, t) = x̂Eqe √ μ/c−t) H(z, t) = ŷHqe √ μ/c−t) μH2 q = E2 q (9.4) We also see now, that the effect of a finite value of Im √ μ is to cause an exponential decay of the wave amplitude from the interface inward to the solid. When one irradiates a perfect interface between the vacuum and a substance with a ray of electromagnetic radiation, part of the light is transmitted to the interior of the substance, and part of the light is reflected. The amplitudes of the incident and reflected rays can measured experimentally. To describe the reflection process one uses the amplitude and phase of the electric field component of the electromagnetic waves just before hitting the sample surface, Ei and just after being reflected Er , and just after being transmitted inside the solid, Et . Likewise the corresponding magnetic fields are Hi , Hr and Ht . 272 D. van der Marel In the following tablewe summarize the consequences of the solutionofMaxwell's equations at the interface relevant to this discussion Ei + Er = Et (i) Hi − Hr = Ht (ii) Hi = Ei (iii) Hr = Er (iv) μH2 t = E2 t (v) We divide left and right of (i) and (ii) by Ei and Hi respectively. We then insert (iii), (iv) and (v) in (ii). We furthermore define r = Er/Ei and t = Et/Ei . The resulting equations are 1 + r = t (i) 1 − r = t /μ (ii) Solution of this system of two equations provides r = − √ /μ 1 + √ /μ (9.5) t = 2 1 + √ /μ (9.6) In the following sections we are going to consider the case of non-magnetic media where μ(ω) = 1. Once r(ω) has been measured, it then suffices to invert 9.5 to obtain the real and imaginary parts of (ω), which is usually the quantity of interest. An example of this is shown in Fig. 9.2. A similar procedure can be followed when measuring the transmission spectrum through a thin film. 9.2 Optical Conductivity, Current and Electric Field The optical conductivity expresses the current response to an electric field J(r, t) = ∫ d3r ′ t ∫ −∞ dt ′σ(r, r ′, t − t ′)E(r ′, t ′) (9.7) 9 Optical Properties of Correlated Electrons 273 Fig. 9.2 Optical spectrum in the infrared range of the insulating quantum magnet NaV2O5. Top panel experimental reflectivity and phase. Lower panel Real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function (ω). Source [13] We consider the situation where the electric field is described by a plane wave with a wavevector q and a frequency ω, hence E(r, t) = Eqei(q·r−ωt), with similar definitions, Jq , Dq , Pq , for the current, displacement field and polarization density. We will assume here, that the fields are sufficiently small, so that we may consider only induced electrical currents which are linearly proportional to the electric fields at each coordinate r of the matter. Consequently the currents oscillate at the same frequency and wavelength as the electric field. Written in frequency and momentum representation the relation between Eq and Jq is Jq = σ(q,ω)Eq (9.8) 274 D. van der Marel The electric field of a plane electromagnetic wave is transverse to the photonmomentum. The tensor elements of the optical conductivity which can be measured in an optical experiment, are therefore transverse to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. The component of the dielectric function describing polarization transverse to the propagation of the EM wave can be expressed in terms of the "optical conductivity", which has a real and an imaginary part. The relation linking the optical conductivity to (q,ω) is (q,ω) = Dq Eq = 1 + 4πi ω σ(q,ω) (9.9) In a typical optical experiment the photon energy is below 6 eV. In vacuum the photon wave number used in optical experiments is therefore 0.0005Å−1, or smaller, which is at least three orders of magnitude below the reciprocal lattice constant in a solid. Hence with optical spectroscopy one measures the transverse dielectric function -corresponding to the optical conductivity—in the limit of vanishing wavevector. 9.3 Transverse and Longitudinal Dielectric Function In the previous sections we have seen that optical experiments measure the transverse dielectric function t (q,ω). This can for example be done by analyzing the reflection coefficient at a sample-vacuum interface. The transverse nature of electromagnetic waves makes that the component of (q,ω) relevant for the optical properties, is polarized transverse to q, i.e. to the propagation direction of the EM wave. For the purpose of the discussion in the present section we have written the index t specifically as a reminder of that. However, the general definition of (q,ω) is (q,ω) = Dq Eq (9.10) where D(r, t) = Dq exp i(q · r − ωt) and E(r, t) = Eq exp i(q · r − ωt). For waves traveling in vacuum transverse p


This paper introduces techniques problems in the ultrasonic bonding of thick film spun gold and gold conductor,and tests the bonding performance of spun gold and gold conductor with the methods of the ruinous pull test and the thermal cycle test after indoor and environment tests.Then it analyzes the reliability problems of the bonding between spun gold and gold conductor,and proposes an improved measure after summarizing the causation of spun gold bonding fault.


The theory of the free-free transitions of an electron in the field of a general atomic system is developed using Racah algebra. General expressions, taking into account polarization and angular distribution effects, are obtained for the cross sections. The relevant, matrix elements for atomic systems with ground state configurations npq(n=2,3) are discussed within the framework of the close-coupling approximation.


I comply the more readily with the suggestion of the Chairman of this Section that my remarks in opening this discussion on the "Serum Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever," shall relate to the general principles of the method, inasmuch as the results obtained by this method at the Johns Hopkins Hospital will be presented in the course of this discussion by Dr. Block, and others will relate the results of their personal experience. Before the introduction of the Widal method of diagnosis the discovery and subsequent studies of the typhoid bacillus had been comparatively barren of results available to the general practitioner of medicine. In this respect the typhoid bacillus afforded a marked contrast to many other pathogenic microorganisms, notably the tubercle bacillus, the diphtheria bacillus and the malarial parasite. For various reasons improved methods of diagnosis of typhoid fever are most welcome to the practitioner. Inasmuch as the prevalence of


Background: Despite the major developments in the vaccination, world health organization due to sudden rise in vaccine-preventable diseases has identified vaccine hesitancy as a major threat. Vaccine hesitancy gets stimulated by the health-related information acquired from various sources, hence is a major problem for health care authorities. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to assess the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors along with the attitude towards these vaccines by the public of Pakistan. Method: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from Jan -March 2022 in Pakistan. The survey from the current study was adopted from a previously conducted research. Male and female participants over the age of 18 were included for the current survey. Participants who declined to participate and providing incomplete details were excluded from the study. Institutional ethical approval for the research was obtained. Chi square test was conducted to assess association between the variable while descriptive statistics were used in form of frequencies. Results: From a total of 1194 participants, there were 232 (19.4%) males and 962 (80.6%) females. When enquired regarding finding vaccines to be safe, 69% of females and 75% of the males both agreed. In response to finding single dose of vaccine better than the multiple dose most of the females (38.5%) and males (47.4%) disagreed. Likewise, majority of females (81%) and males (84.5%) agreed that immunisation will protect against corona virus. In response to pharmaceutical companies being able to develop efficient COVID-19 vaccine, majority of the study participants agreed. When enquired about getting worried on hearing news of side effects, 61% females and 56% males stated not getting worried. Conclusion: An efficient and safe vaccine against COVID-19 is a vital factor in managing and bringing an end to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, wide acceptability of the vaccine is necessary. Public health policy developers must address the wide misinformation spreading regarding the COVID-19 vaccines. Moreover, government should aim to disseminate adequate information about the efficacy and safety of vaccine that will increase the trust of general public on government and will be beneficial in future. Keywords: Vaccine, acceptance, concern, Pakistan, Corona virus


A general approach for the calculation of the incoherent intensity scattered by a random medium with rough boundaries has been developed using a Green function formalism. The random medium consists of spherical particles whose physical repartition is described by a pair-distribution function. The boundary contribution is included in the Green functions with the help of scattering operators which can represent any existing theory of scattering by rough surfaces. By using a standard procedure, we derive the integral Bethe-Salpeter equation under the ladder approximation and, by differentiation, the vectorial radiative transfer equation. Furthermore, with the help of our formalism, the boundary conditions necessary to solve the radiative transfer equation are expressed in terms of the scattering operators of the rough surfaces. Finally, using the reciprocity properties of the Green functions, we are able to include the enhanced backscattering contributions to take into account every state of polarization of the incident and the scattered waves.


Assessment of the dissolution profiles is an important tool for characterization of solid drug products which need to be examined both at the stage of pharmaceutical development, and throughout their life cycle. It is necessary to control the release of the active substance from the dosage form after changes which are related to variation of drug product composition or technology used.
The aim of this work was to develop and validate a method for the study of dissolution profiles of the antiviral agent enisamium iodide, tablets.
The liquid chromatograph Agilent 1260 (USA) equipped with degasser, four-channel pump, autosampler, chromatographic column thermostat and diode area detector was used. The chromatographic column Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18, with dimensions 150 × 4.6 mm, filled by octadecylsilane sorbent, with a particles size of 5 μm, was used. The mobile phase is a mixture of a buffer solution of pH 2.5 containing sodium octane-1-sulfonate in an amount of 0.1%, water, acetonitrile (30:35:35 v/v/v). The dissolution tester ERWEKA DT 820 (Germany) was also used.
During the validation such parameters as specificity, accuracy, precision and robustness were confirmed. The correlation coefficients of linear regression (r) between the entered and found values for enisamium iodide is greater than 0.995.
Stability of the reference solutions and test solutions at storage at room temperature for 24 hours has been confirmed.
The developed HPLC method of the quantitative determination of enisamium iodide can be used for study of the dissolution profiles of enisamium iodide tablets.


The most efficient modifications of fractal image compression algorithm from the point of view of compression time decrease have been studied. The fast fractal compression algorithm using block classification, compression process parallelism, reodering block pixels in memory was synthesized on the basis of software implementation investigation. These modifications accelerate considerably the compression process (up to 1000 times in comparison with the basic one) preserving the size of a compressed file and having insignificant quality losses. The quadtree partitioning modification simplifies partitioning and work with nonsquare size images.


In a previous report of the present authors, it was shown that the cutting performance of medium carbon P30 alloy fell down by the addition of nitrogen (N). To describe the phenomenon, studies on the mechanical properties of the alloy with different grain sizes of βt (N) (WC-TiC-TiN-TaC solid solution) were undertaken, paying attention to the thermal stability at low temperature (973K).It was noted that, when the N contained alloy was annealed at 973K, precipitation of Co3W became faster than that occurred in the usual alloy free from N, and resulted in the decrease in the mechanical properties. It was suggested that the cutting performance of N contained alloy was related to the thermal instability due to the fine structure of the βt(N) grains.


The author examines the combination of adversarial proceedings principles and the court's activity in matters in administrative proceedings of Russia. A comparison of the previous public law proceedings in a civil trial and the new administrative proceeding is drawn.


One central rationale for the promotion of family planning is the potential benefit to the health of mothers and children. The achievement of adequate spacing between pregnancies is a major pathway through which contraceptive practice can render benefits. Pregnancies conceived less than 20 months following a prior birth are at considerably higher risk of prematurity low birth weight fetal death and early neonatal death.1 The importance of this link is underscored by the facts that neonatal deaths account for 44% of all childhood deaths and that prematurity is the most common cause.2 In addition to the 2.9 million neonatal deaths that occur each year 99% in low- and middle-income countries an almost equal number of stillbirths occur.3 An analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 52 countries showed that the adverse effects of inadequate spacing extend beyond the neonatal period.4 Expressed in terms of interbirth intervals children born within 24 months of an elder sibling have a 60% increased risk of dying before their first birthday and those born 2-3 years after an elder sibling have a 10% increased risk compared with those born after an interval of 3-5 years. For children between the ages of one and five years the balance of evidence suggests that intervals of less than two years are associated with a 40% increased risk of dying. A systematic review confirmed that the health of mothers is also affected by inadequate spacing.5 Specifically short intervals are associated with uterine rupture and uteroplacental bleeding disorders. Despite the steep rise in contraceptive use in developing countries interbirth intervals have increased in length only slightly over the past 25 years; according to recent surveys 25% of second and higher-order children are born within two years of a sibling compared with about 29% a decade earlier.6.


Amorphous materials comprised of transition metals (TM) and metalloid (M) atoms are of technological importance; for example Co 40 Fe 40 B 20 (CoFeB) is used for ferromagnetic thin film electrodes in tunnel magnetoresistance sensors These materials are ferromagnetic because exchange interactions are determined by nearest neighbour atoms. Moreover, even though the structure is amorphous, in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy can be induced in CoFeB in an arbitrary direction by annealing within a magnetic field. These observations are our motivation to characterise the short-range-order of amorphous ferromagnets. analysis of CoFeB, nm which the most probable bond-lengths are the results of these measurements up to the 4 th TM-TM neighbour. analysis demonstrates that short-range ordering exists in this material when compared to a calculation of CoFeB assuming random packing. CoFeB also has medium-range-order as observed in the peak of the G(r) curve around 6.4 Å while in random packing, no ordering is observed. The overall structure of CoFeB thin films investigated by reverse Monte (RMC) which an estimation of the coordination number of the transition-metal components in the CoFeB alloy. In the RMC


Perthite specimens from a syenite dyke, part of a syenite complex at Mt. Fleet, near Kamloops, B.C., are strikingly zoned. Each zone consists of two sub-zones, one rich in albite and the other rich in microcline. Some specimens show more than 75 zones. The two components of the per-thite have compositions near Ab05Or5 and AbDOrze, and its bulk composition is Ab56Ora2Anz. It is concluded that the zonal pattern is pseudomorphous after an original magmatic zoning. Two alternate hypotleses of origin are proposed: one invokes two episodes of exsolution controlled by 1wo solvi; the other makes use of alkali ion exchange followed by exsolution.


With the practical activity of work-study combination being carried out,higher vocational colleges have made great efforts to participate this activity all over the country in recent years.So how to develop ideological and political education efficiently turns out to be an important issue for ideological and political educators.Through the questionnaire and analysis of the students who have taken work-study combination into practice,this report proposes a whole process of combining ideological and political education with work-study combination.Establishing the publicize mechanism,social mechanism,communication mechanism and long-term mechanism,is to promote the development of the practical activity of work-study combination.


Wool worsted fabric of normal style need not additional elastomeric fiber,carry out reasonable optimization to the design and production by useful of woolen natural elastic performance, gets good and steady elasticity and elastic recovery performance.Because of this kind of natural elasticity fabric has better size stability and durability, the fabrics has much better dress performance.The technique point in the design and the finishing which are two crucial links about development and production of this kind of product is analyzed specifically by examples.


Great interest of researchers in inferior-paraseptal accessory atrioventricular pathways is attributable to their complex anatomical location and hence, limitations of catheter techniques in their elimination. We have analysed 113 patients with this type of disorder in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome and studied distinguishing features of its electrophysiology and summarized the results of interventional treatment.


Self-luminous tiles are essentially used to glow at dark without any use of electrical energy. It is an economical and effective replacement for electric bulbs to save electrical energy. The principal of Self-luminous tiles is to absorb the light and emits its illumining property in the form of visible light. The materials have been made in the form of fine particles and applied to the crystal layer of concrete tile for perfect emission of light. Self-luminoustile is a tile with a crystal layer coating that can resist the breaking stress and it alsofantastically proof against staining. The coating on the tile luminous in the dark after it is charged by sunlight or any form of energy. Hence this coating illuminates the glow itself by charging is called Self-luminous. The materials used are completely organic and therefore it is eco-friendly to the surroundings and pollution-free. The construction industry has made several attempts for further improvement to utilize waste materials as a replacement for concrete tiles for better economical. For Lawns and swimming pools Self-luminous tiles have been installed successfully for the conservation of energy. Therefore the Self-luminous tiles will be a future for the conservation of energy.


Air oxidation of (Oxydi-2,1-phenylene)(2-phenoxyphenyl)stibane (1) gives the phenoxystibane oxide [(2-PhOC6H4)O(C6H4)2Sb]2O2 (2). Single crystals of (o-Tol2Sb)4− O4(O2)2 (3) were obtained by air oxidation of o-TolSb-(SiMe3)2. Crystal structures of 2 and 3 are reported.


Abstract Considering nonlinear behaviors and environmental disturbance of the boiler pressure control system, a linear interpolation fuzzy controller is developed. First, according to the conventional discrete fuzzy control principle, a discrete fuzzy controller for the system is designed and a 2-D fuzzy control lookup table is deduced. Then, to overcome the conventional fuzzy controller's disadvantage of lower precision caused by discretization, a bilinear interpolation 2-D table lookup method is used to replace the exact lookup method, with which continuous output can be obtained from the discrete control table. Finally, based on the existed computer control system and boiler system hardware configuration, hard-in-loop real-time simulation system is established in Matlab/RTWT. Lots of experiments are carried out. And the results prove that better control performance can be achieved with the proposed control scheme.


By considering the full frequency-dependent dispersion and birefringence properties of a photonic crystal fiber, we found that fourth-order dispersion has a striking influence on the spectrum of modulation polarization instabilities with either group or phase birefringence phase matching. The lower threshold is frustrated and an upper threshold is created for linear birefringence values that lead to parametric gain.


Objective— Women infected with HIV live with many factors that affect antiretroviral (ARV) medication adherence. Social Action Theory (SAT) explains how context, environment, and psychological factors influence behavior. How these factors are related to HIV adherence in women is unique. The purpose of this analysis was to explore the relationships among contextual, environmental, and regulatory factors with ARV medication adherence in order to assist care providers in improving care for women living with HIV. Design— Convenience descriptive multicenter Setting— Sixteen HIV clinics and service organizations in North America Participants— This sample was drawn from a larger study of 2,182 persons living with HIV recruited from clinics and service from September 2009 to January, 2011. Our study included 383 North American women living with HIV who were taking ARV medications. Methods— We assessed the relationship of contextual, environmental, and psychological factors specific to women living with HIV with adherence to ARV medication. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were used to examine the effects of these factors on self-reported ARV adherence. Results— Age, depression symptoms, stigma, and engagement with health care provider, and four psychological factors were correlated with self-reported ARV medication adherence ( p = . 01). Regression analysis indicated that adherence self-efficacy and depression symptoms accounted for 19% for 3-day and 22% for 30-day self-reported medication adherence. Conclusions— Adherence self-efficacy and depression symptoms predict ARV medication adherence in women and should be evaluated by nurses. Future research is needed to identify antecedents to and interventions that support adherence self-efficacy and decrease depression symptoms.


Based on Michael E.Porter' Diamond Model and it's theory,the paper proposed Diamond Model of tourism industry competitveness of Garze.Based on field research and questionnaire method in Garze,this article made analysis on tourism industry competitveness.It showed tourism industry competitveness was not very strong in Garze.Research put forward tourism industry development should focus on the key elements and indirect elements and took appropriate strategies of promoting Garze tourism industry competitive.


AbstractThe results of a five-year study of the properties of 87 soils have shown that a reliable indication of the aggressiveness of soil towards buried ferrous materials can be obtained from measurements of resistivity and of redox potential. Soils considered by this means to be on the borderline between aggressive and non aggressive may be resolved by a consideration of the water content. Critical values for the various parameters are suggested.


In the light of differential equation and matrix theory,this paper provides a particular solution to the three-dimensional second order differential equations with constant coefficients by using the method of undermined matrix and column comparion.It is proved that the non-homogeneous terms of differential equations are the form of tregonometric functions multiplied by exponential function and the particular solution formulas are validated,which provides an effective method for the study of the solution to the differential equation of higher order.


We consider a basic biologically plausible neural circuit that employs supragranular self-gain, negative feedback via inhibitory infragranular neuron. Such circuitry has been used as fundamental building blocks in the AMI (a model of intelligence) modular neural network. We derive the conditions for stability of an adaptive model of such a circuit with nonlinear self-gain and nonlinear adaptation characteristics. We also present the simulation results which demonstrate the discriminative property of the discriminative compartment of an AMI module.


Galeus priapus sp. nov. is described from specimens collected on the slopes of the seamounts and ridges of southern New Caledonia and Vanuatu. It is the first Galeus species recorded in these areas. G. priapus is characterised by the presence of a conspicuous crest of enlarged denticles on the dorsal caudal margin, the absence of similar crest on ventral caudal margin, and extremely long and slender claspers in adult males that extend posteriorly to the anal-fin origin. The body coloration, which is plain greyish brown with large dark blotches on dorsal and caudal fins and their bases, closely resembles its sibling G. gracilis, a northern Australian and Indonesian species. An identification key to Indo-Pacific Galeus species is provided.


This research aims to know the enhancement mathematical representation and connection ability of learners through cooperative learning model of the GI with scientific approach better than learners who use Discovery Learning model with scientific approach. Also there to knowing the self directed learning learners in learning mathematics through cooperative learning model of the GI with scientific approach. The population in this study were class VII SMPN 8 Tasikmalaya years lessons 2017/2018. The sample in this study is taken as much as two class based on simple random sampling. Selected class VII I as experiments class and class VII B as control class. Instruments used to collect data in this study such as test instruments of mathematical representation and connection ability as well as questionnaire self directed learning. This research method used is a experimental with non equivalent control group design that is part of quasi-experimental. Based on the data analysis and hypothesis testing as well as answering questions of research, the results showed that there the enhancement mathematical representation and connection ability of learners through cooperative learning model of the GI with scientific approach better then of learners through Discovery Learning model with scientific approach and self directed learning learners in learning mathematics through cooperative learning model of the GI with scientific approach included in the interpretations of good.


The present invention relates to an insertion device for a deformable intraocular lens. The apparatus includes a housing 1 for receiving an intraocular lens in a state of elastic deformation, the cannula 3, and a propulsion mechanism 4 to 10 for carrying the intraocular lens into the eye through the cannula. The injector 1 person prepares the injector and one person to insert the intraocular lens into the eye, it is suitable for operating the method of two steps. Furthermore, the propulsion mechanism, the intraocular lens is carried within the cannula 3 by linear actuating movement of the working head 9, the intraocular lens is adapted to be discharged from the cannula 3 by the rotation actuating movement of the pivot portion 10 . .FIELD 1


Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common paediatric soft tissue sarcoma. They comprise 40% of soft tissue sarcomas in children and adolescents. The overall 5-year survival rate in childhood is 71% with a worsening prognosis during infancy. The survival rate for children diagnosed at 10–14 years is 50%. The case of a 10-year-old female is presented to highlight the importance of awareness of atypical presentations of swellings. This report presents a case where a facial swelling was originally believed to be an odontogenic-related infection, but revealed to be a rhabdomyosarcoma. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The importance of a thorough history, examination and the recognition of salient features to ensure appropriate referral and adequate treatment without delay are highlighted.


Abstract
Intraperitoneal injection of live spleen and lymph node cells from Coombs positive NZB/B1 mice induces an increase in the total number of peritoneal exudate cells (PE cells) and splenomegaly in recipient Coombs negative animals and Balb/c mice. The recipient's PE cells showed an increased uptake of 125I BSA and a decreased degradation of the BSA in culture. The possibility that the living spleen and lymph node cells elaborate a lymphocyte activation product that affects the activity of macrophages is discussed.


After having analyzed the books New Horizon College English·Comprehensive Reading Book and New Horizon College English·Teacher's Book,the paper puts forward the contradiction between enormous amount of information in the books and less teaching hours.By adopting multimedia,it can greatly help students understand and memorize new words,expressions and language points more effectively and therefore enhances teaching and learning efficiency.


Objective: This study aimed to provide efficacy and safety information on the use of erenumab for prevention of episodic and chronic migraines. Methods: The keywords "Erenumab and migraine" were used to search the PubMed database to then compile efficacy and safety data for erenumab. Data from relevant Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials were analyzed, using RevMan for statistical analysis. Results: Three clinical trials (one Phase 2 and two Phase 3 studies) were retrieved. All three trials used the same primary endpoint (change from baseline in monthly migraine days (CBMD)) to evaluate efficacy and safety of erenumab use for prevention of episodic and chronic migraines. Subcutaneous doses of erenumab (70 or 140 mg) were administered monthly in each trial, for 3 months (Studies 2, and 3) or 6 months (Study 1). The mean differences in CBMD in the 70 mg and 140 mg erenumab arms were -1.36 and -1.98, respectively, compared to that in the placebo arm. Some adverse events, such as nasopharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection, were reported, but no differences in safety between erenumab and placebo were found to be significant. Conclusions: Erenumab showed superior efficacy in prevention of migraines compared to placebo. However, additional information regarding the long-term safety of erenumab should be collected. Therefore, post-marketing surveillance for adverse events is needed.


Objective To study the mechanical features of rope ladder fixator for comminuted fractures of long tubular bone. Methods Firstly, the femur model was founded with analytical method of finite element according to the femoral size and material parameter. Then the femoral model fractures were fixed with plate and rope ladder fixator respectively. At last the anti-bending and the anti-torsion and the resisting compression effects of the two fixators were analyzed in different load and boundary condition. Results Under the axial and bending load, contrast to the plate, the rope ladder fixator has well-contributed stress and lower resisting compression effects on the femoral sections, it has more anti-torsion effects and is multi-lateral and more reasonable internal fixation. Conclusion The rope ladder fixator for the comminuted femoral fractures has more coincidence with biomechanics and has more effects on the union of the femoral fracture than the plate fixation.


In a pulse-modulated radio frequency atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge in helium, the influence of the pulse width on the transition from a patterned glow discharge to a homogeneous glow discharge is experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the discharge mode can transit from a patterned glow to a homogeneous glow at a moderate pulse width ( 7 μ s) but only has a patterned glow at a short pulse width ( 4 μ s) or a homogeneous glow at a long pulse width ( 18 μ s). The characteristic regions of patterned and homogeneous glow discharges are also acquired. The results can be explained using the breakdown characteristics of the pulse-modulated radio frequency atmospheric pressure discharge.


The authors developed a new machine for organ perfusion and by using this succeeded in preserving an isolated human uterus in a condition of normal body temperature and humidity of 100 percent.


A 75-year-old man went to hospital presenting as parkinsonian syndrome. After detailed history inquiry, physical examination, advanced test of thyroid function and associated antibodies, the final diagnosis is chronic thyro- toxic myopathy. The symptoms of the patient improved significantly after treating with methimazole. This patient had a long history and accepted treatments in many hospitals. He presented as parkinsonian syndrome, but after treatment as parkinson's disease, his symptoms didn't improve. After carefully physical examination, we detected signs of hyper- thyroidism. This case suggested that myopathy caused by systemic diseases should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting as parkinsonian syndrome.


An in vivo pharmacokinetic study was performed in rabbits on prednisolone pure drug and a Sustained Relesase Formulation employing a more rapidly dissolving form of drug that was developed. A solution of prednisolone was used as reference standard. The products were given orally and at different time intervals blood samples were withdrawn and assayed for prednisolone content by reported HPLC method. From the plasma concentration time profiles the different pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax, Tmax, AUC, MRT, Kel, t1/2, Ka were calculated. While it was observed that in case of the pure drug the plasma concentrations (Cmax 0.78 μg/ml ) were very low as also the AUC ( 7.6 μg-hr/ ml), the solution form of the drug gave very high plasma concentrations of (Cmax 4.15μg/ml ) and lower MRT values of 4.66 hrs , in the case of the sustained release formulations, the serum plasma concentrations (Cmax 1.45 μg /ml; AUC – 20.67 μg-hr/ml ) were found to be intermediate between those obtained with solution form and the pure drug . Also the SR formulation gave serum concentrations that were stabilized and maintained over a narrow range and for longer periods. The relative bioavailability of prednisolone was found to be 92.25 % when compared to that of the solution taken as 100%.


Pliocene and Pleistocene volcanic glass fragments from Mariana Trough sediments at Sites 453 (16 samples) and 454 (4 samples), located near the western edge of the trough and just west of the spreading axis, respectively, have been analyzed for major elements with an electron microprobe. They derive from volcanic activity on the present Mariana active arc. The glasses from Site 453 are all tholeiitic with a wide range of SiO2 contents. Those less than 2 m.y. old have slightly lower TiO2 and higher K2O contents than the older ones. The glasses from Site 454 are all Pleistocene and resemble the younger glasses at Site 453. Major element compositions of the older basaltic glasses at Site 453 are similar to those of the Mariana Trough basalts drilled on Leg 60. Both older and younger suites of glasses differ from the composition of rocks exposed on the active arc, which are assumed to be younger than any of the samples studied (i.e., about 200,000 y.). A third suite is represented by the arc rocks exposed on the volcanic islands. These have a smaller range of SiO2 contents and contain more A12O3 but less K2O, TiO2, and FeO 1 (total Fe as FeO) than the sediment glasses studied. Further, a plot of FeO against MgO for the arc rocks does not follow the island arc tholeiite trend of the trough sediment glasses. Using the major element compositions of the arc rocks and sediment glasses, we can recognize three phases of volcanic activity, as indicated. The first evidence of the oldest phase of activity occurs 5 Ma, about 4.5 m.y. after the trough started to form. The second commenced about 2 Ma, and the last, including present-day activity, began within the last 200,000 y. Initially the rocks had major element affinities with the tholeiitic Mariana Trough seafloor, but this influence declined as the trough widened.


The infuence of zinc on electrorefining of aluminium from AlCl3-BMIC ionic liquid was investigated.The linear sweep voltammetry results indicated that the initial dissolution potential of zinc landed at about 0.23 V(vs Al(III)/Al) and the passivation potential of Al-Zn anodes has obviously negative shift compared to purity aluminium.With increasing zinc concentration in anode,the zinc content of the aluminium deposits increased,but the current efficiency was kept above 94%,and then the energy consumption ranged from 1.58kWh/kg-Al to 1.68kWh/kg-Al.When zinc concentration in anode was 4%,the zinc has a high depletion factor of 1/62.The zinc content of the aluminium deposits also increased with increasing Zn(II) concentration in the ionic liquid,but the addition of Zn(II) decreased current efficiency.The deposits from ionic liquid with Zn(II) became more compact and grain size decreased when the Zn(II) concentration was increased from 0 mg/L to 100 mg/L.


this paper investigates the properties of convergence and sequentially compact for the generalized concepts –I-convergent and I -sequentially compact. We extend Cartesian product properties of convergence to I-convergence. Further, we develop some properties of -sequential compactness of a topologicalspace.


Hybrid solar cells (HSCs) with water soluble polythiophene sodium poly[2-(3-thienyl)-ethyloxy-4-butylsulfonate] (PTEBS) thin films produced using electrospray deposition (ESD) were fabricated, tested, and modeled and compared to devices produced using conventional spin coating. A single device structure of FTO/TiO2/PTEBS/Au was used to study the effects of ESD of the PTEBS layer on device performance. ESD was found to increase the short circuit current density () by a factor of 2 while decreasing the open circuit voltage () by half compared to spin coated PTEBS films. Comparable efficiencies of 0.009% were achieved from both device construction types. Current-voltage curves were modeled using the characteristic solar cell equation and showed a similar increase in generated photocurrent with an increase by two orders of magnitude in the saturation current in devices from ESD films. Increases in are attributed to an increase in the interfacial contact area between the TiO2 and PTEBS layers, while decreases in are attributed to incomplete film formation from ESD.


Depression is a very common disorder with both psychological and biological manifestations. The prevailing rationale for antidepressant drug treatment is the serotonin hypothesis, but this is no longer accepted as an adequate explanation for depressive disorder. The role of other neurotransmitters such as glutamate may be important, but there is much to be learned. This review considers current evidence for neurophysiological factors in depression, and implications for care and treatment.


The Public Transportation Fiscal Review Task Force was formed because of concerns over the financial condition of public transit in Pennsylvania. Its major objectives were to evaluate the present and future financial condition of public transit in Pennsylvania and assess the need for a predictable funding source. Findings and conclusions on operating deficit forecasts, adequacy of revenues from current suorces, dedicated transit taxation, and rural capital funding are presented along with proposed recommendations.


Urea is an inexpensive form of nitrogen fertilizer which is widely used in the agricultural industry. Urea as granule is produced through a drying process by which moisture content decreases to avoid operational issues. In this study, a numerical model is proposed for the drying of urea particles in the prilling process. The model is developed based on mass, heat, and hydrodynamic transfer equations for the urea particles and cooling air. The moisture and temperature variations of particles and cooling air at different heights of the prilling tower are calculated under different operating conditions. The shrinkage of particles due to the moisture loss during the drying process at different heights of the tower is considered. The model is validated with the real data obtained from a urea drying plant operated under steady-state condition. The result highlights that the model can be used to manipulate the operating parameters to improve product quality and to minimize urea temperature to prevent lamps and caking formation in the tower.


The quest for the origin of life requires the understanding of how the cells, the simplest living organisms, could have assembled from simple molecules to the point of bearing fundamental properties as self-replication (i.e. the ability to make copies of itself) and being capable of converting food into energy. This thesis focuses on the behavior of self-replicating molecules under different experimental conditions. The ultimate aim would be to give rise to a fully synthetic system that can be defined as "living". Our group recently discovered that a class of simple building blocks could give rise to self-replicating molecules. Taking inspiration from living entities, we subjected the building blocks to different environments, finding that different replicators emerge accordingly; the change in environment was obtained with the addition of a second solvent other than water in the samples containing the building blocks. The population of replicators in a sample also changes if a gradual change in environment is being applied. Furthermore, competition between two replicators in a specific environment can be observed if they need common resources to maintain their own population. Finally, studies on mixtures of replicators to give rise to evolutionary pathways (similar to evolution of biological species) are reported. The same class of molecules has also been employed in the development of small-sized polymers with a narrow range of lengths, showing therefore their versatility and demonstrating we can control their properties.


Four patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were treated with splenic irradiation, 100 rads per week for 10 weeks. No patient had received prior therapy of any kind. All patients showed an excellent clinical response in terms of decrease in lymphocyte count in blood and bone marrow and decrease in lymph node and spleen size. B and T cell populations returned to normal in all patients as did the ratio of TG to TM cells. Two patients showed an increase in IgM levels, but the overall pattern of immunoglobulins showed no consistent change following treatment. No toxicity was incurred during treatment. We conclude that splenic irradiation is a safe and effective treatment for previously untreated patients with CLL and is associated with a return to normal of lymphocyte sub‐populations. The role of the abnormal T cell population in the pathogenesis of the hypoimmuno‐globulinaemia remains unclear.


Because the aging pituitary remains responsive to stimulation by growth hormone (GH) secretagogues - GHRH, ghrelin, and their mimetics - these compounds could potentially be used instead of GH itse...


incorporation ofvivid accounts ofschool life at numerous institutions, and her explanation of educational practices in light ofbroader historical contexts contribute to the viability of her interpretation. In constructing a coherent narrative on such an enormous topic, one can occasionally lose sight ofsignificant variations that could temper broad generalizations. For example, one wonders whether there were not more significant differences than commonalities in the early twentieth century among Miss Porter's School for Girls in Connecticut, Bethune's industrial school in Florida, and a Catholic boarding school for girls in California. Furthermore, DeBare does not address possible disparities between day and boarding schools-a variable that could have played a significant role in shaping institutional missions and the experiences of students and teachers. After all, the social activitiesand systemic influence of a day school probably could not approximate those ofa boarding school. These reservations aside, DeBare's synthesis remains persuasive, because her rich examples of school life in the past and present support her contention that all girls' schools possessed one feature in common: a setting where females thrived in their own school community. Where Girls Come First, therefore, constitutes a lively and accessible history that exposes a powerful and proud tradition of girls' schools in the United States-institutions that have both perpetuated and challenged conventional gender roles in society.


SUMMARY

1
Model eggs were placed at the edges of the nests of gulls, and the number of models that were rolled into the nests within a certain time was recorded, for all stages of the reproductive period. The results indicate that the readiness to perform egg-rolling increases steadily as the date of laying draws closer, remains maximally high during the laying and incubation periods, and declines steadily after hatching. This pattern is similar to the distribution found for other responses with an incubation function.

2
A model egg was fixed at the edges of a number of nests of gulls in the incubation period. A gull could attempt to roll but the model would not move. Gulls with eggs in the nest and gulls with their eggs removed from the nest were tested in this way! The presence of the fixed model disrupted incubation behaviour to a certain extent, and the presence of the eggs resulted in the birds performing fewer rolling attempts, and a greater proportion of intention rolling movements, than when the nest was empty. Thus when the tendency to settle and sit and the tendency to roll an egg from outside the nest are both highly activated, they can interfere with each other.

3
There was no evidence that nest-building movements appear as displacement activities when the egg-rolling action is prevented from being carried through to completion, or when the tendency to stay sitting in the nest and the tendency to rise and roll an egg are in balanced conflict.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes of tuck-in tenon patch graft (TPG) in the management of corneal perforation up to 5 mm size. Methods: Thirty-one cases of sterile corneal perforation (3–5 mm) underwent autologous TPG. The technique included freshening of the edges, measuring the size of the defect, creating a 360° stromal pocket around the perforation margin, harvesting the tenon graft followed by tucking into the stromal pocket, and application of cyanoacrylate glue or suturing the graft using 10-0 monofilament nylon suture. The main outcome measure was the rate of healing (percentage of cases healed). Results: The mean age was 52.3 ± 8.9 years, with 22 male and 9 female patients. The various etiologies of corneal perforation included trauma (n = 10), neurotrophic keratitis (n = 11), and peripheral ulcerative keratitis (n = 10). The mean size of corneal perforation was 4.2 ± 0.6 mm (range 3–5 mm). The mean duration of epithelial healing was 25.7 ± 6.7 days. Best-corrected visual acuity improved from 1.8 ± 0.4 to 1.2 ± 0.4 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units at 4 weeks after surgery (P ≤ 0.01). Twenty-seven (87.1%) cases healed with the formation of the leucomatous scar at 16.9 ± 2.7 weeks, whereas four cases had a flat anterior chamber. In three-fourths of the cases, a corneal graft was performed. In one case, graft resuturing was performed for postoperative aqueous leak, which healed with the formation of a corneo-iridic scar.


Introduction Loneliness, defined as the internal perception of inadequate personal relationships, poses a significant health concern. Loneliness is associated with a variety of negative physical and mental health conditions, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, depression, suicide, and even death. The prevalence of loneliness has been cited as high as 35% in US adults above 45years old. Given these concerns, leaders in the field have called for loneliness to be deemed a public health priority in the United States. As a state of emotional discomfort, loneliness likely is related to other conditions of psychological distress such as burnout. Literature supports that over 50% of physicians experience symptoms of This article was externally peer reviewed. Submitted 28 October 2020; revised 16 January 2021; accepted 18 January 2021. From the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS (SO-D); Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Boulder (RM, JKC); Silver Sage Center for Family Medicine, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno (AP); American Academy of Family Physicians, Leawood, KS (CMH, EC); Department of Family Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC (EJB), Office of the Executive Vice Chancellor for Health Affairs, University ofMissouri, Columbia,MO (KSK). Funding: None. Conflicts of interest: None. Corresponding author: Samuel Ofei-Dodoo, PhD, MPA, MA, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, 1010 N. Kansas, Wichita, KS 67214, Phone. 316-293-1879, Fax: 316293-2696 (E-mail: email@example.com).


The laser beam (32) is directed onto the solder pads facing away from back side of a housing-free semiconductor chips (10) and interrupted the laser irradiation after a fixed time after reaching the melting point of the solder applied to the solder. The reaching of the melting point is in this case detected by detection of the emitted from the semiconductor chip (10) heat radiation. These methods are particularly suitable for the production of chip cards.


Person re-identification refers to pedestrian matching under the surveillance of non-overlapping multi-camera, which is usually used in criminal investigation work and image retrieval. Many metric learning methods have achieved good results, but a single global metric learning is difficult to fit discriminant features. Aiming at the person re-identification under single shot, this paper proposes a new method on the basis of metric methods and classifiers, cutting pedestrians into parts and performing local metric learning on each subset of component, meanwhile, carrying out global metric learning combined with SVM classifier in the entire training set. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the performance of global metric learning method.


In this paper, we propose a two-dimensional (2-D) projection algorithm by which filter coefficients can be updated both along the horizontal and the vertical directions on a 2-D plane. Some basic properties of the algorithm are derived. In order to compare with other 2-D adaptive algorithms, it is applied to the identification of 2-D systems with stationary or nonstationary characteristics as well as the reduction of image noise. Results show that the proposed 2-D Modified Projection Algorithm (MPA) achieves good performance for both cases.


Experiments were conducted to investigate thermal decay in an underfloor plenum under different inlet air conditions and heat sources located in the test room on the plenum.The results show that the air temperature distribution in the plenum was not uniform for typical cooling case,and the air temperature in the plenum rose with the distance that the inlet air traveled.Moreover,lower rates of air flow caused more non-uniform air temperature distribution in the plenum,and the change of inlet air temperature had small effect on the relative air temperature rise in the plenum while the effect of room heat sources on the thermal decay in the plenum was significant.In addition,the ratio of temperature difference between supply air and inlet air in the plenum to the temperature difference between return air and inlet air was 18%33% for the non-adiabatic slab in our experiments.


Although there has been a shift from a restrictive to a more egalitarian view regarding women in leadership in Norwegian and Swedish Pentecostal churches, new research has shown that relatively few women are actually ministering as pastors and elders. Although there are no pronounced theological obstacles for women as leaders, many Norwegian and Swedish women still view the movements as male dominated. This article traces the recent debate about women in leadership in Norwegian and Swedish Pentecostalism and highlights some of the female voices that have spoken out against the negligence of male leaders to promote women into leadership positions or as speakers in national conferences. The article further reflects on the relationship between gender issues in society and the situation of female leaders in the Pentecostal Movements and concludes by giving a number of suggestions of how to overcome the status quo.


To enhance the effect of demand side resources participating the day-ahead scheduling, the fine description on different response mechanisms of different types of demand side resources is performed, and a uncertain response mechanism model for time-of-use(TOU) and an interruptible load(IL) mechanism model, in which the time response characteristic is considered, are constructed respectively. Considering the influence of uncertainty the fuzzy parameters are used to fit the day-ahead load under the background of TOU, and the IL is regarded as the virtual generating unit to be integrated into the day-ahead scheduling, from this a fuzzy chance constraints based day-ahead scheduling model is established. According to uncertain programming theory the creditability change constraints can be turned into their clear equivalence class and the proposed model can be solved by mixed integer programming(MIP) method. The roles of TOU and IL played in the drafting of day-ahead scheduling are analyzed by case study, and the influences of the uncertainty in demand side response on day-ahead scheduling are validated.


A new method has been developed to obtain the pore size distribution of porous media by means of fractal geometry, which takes into account the effect of pore shielding in porous media. The pore size distribution estimated by the new method is broader than that by parallel pore model. A simple cubic three dimensional network model for simulating the mercury injection process is established on the basis of the pore size distribution obtained by using the new method and parallel pore model respectively. By comparing the simulation curves with the mercury injection curve for the γ Al 2O 3 sample, the result shows that the pore size distribution of porous media calculated by this new method is more reasonable than that by parallel pore model.


This paper presents the extended work of a seismic hazard map for Bengkulu City, Indonesia. In this current study, seismic hazard maps are generated by considering site variations in Bengkulu City, Indonesia.

 First, site investigation data is collected. Furthermore, the probabilistic spectral response for Bengkulu City is analysed. The spectral matching method is implemented to obtain relevant ground motion considering the most dominant earthquake scenario that occurred. A seismic ground response analysis is conducted to obtain several ground motion parameters, such as peak ground acceleration, spectral acceleration values at 0.2 s and 1 s, and ground motion amplification.

 The results show that peak ground acceleration in the study area is generally within the range of 0.5 to 0.6g. It indicates that most sites in Bengkulu city could undergo strong motion. Spectral accelerations at 0.2 s and 1 s are also dominantly found in the range of 0.9 to 1.2g and the range of 0.5 to 0.7g. Generally, ground motion in the study area could amplify up to 1.1 to 1.5.

 Spectral acceleration curve for site classes in Bengkulu City shows a similar trend to other spectral accelerations. It indicates that spectral acceleration proposed in this study could be implemented in the study area.


Unbalanced element brings a big problem to fault analysis of symmetrical components method.According with fault analysis of phase components,a residual voltage transformation method for short-circuit current calculation is presented with matrix translation in the place of classical sequence networks connection,which is suitable for both phase coordinates and symmetrical components coordinates.Calculation formulas are proposed with matrices calculation to deal with unsymmetrical faults and parameter matrices for various faults are listed.Analysis of simultaneous faults with unbalanced parameter element is done without calculation qualities increased.Simple examples have shown that the method is practical and suitable for programming.


more with less effort in the same time at less cost than they did a year ago and the year before that. The average productivity in this country as a whole has been increasing at the rate of 3.5% a year. The President's Economic Advisory Council and the Joint Committee of Congress have both said that, to have a stable economy, we need to increase production at the rate of over 4% a year. Our need for increased productivity is indicated by the fact that while the nation's labor supply was increasing 14%, our demand for goods and services increased 40%. The age of automation is here to stay. In fact, we are going to see


The utility model relates to a push broach device of a zipper teeth inserting machine. The push broach device comprises at least one push broach block and a fixed base, wherein one side of the push broach block is provided with a guiding wall corresponding to a teeth inserting cutter of the zipper teeth inserting machine, the guiding wall is inclined and is used for pushing the teeth inserting cutter to move horizontally and transversely when the teeth inserting cutter reciprocates horizontally and longitudinally, the bottom of the push broach block protrudes downwards to be provided with a positioning part, the width of the positioning part gradually decreases from top to bottom, the fixed base is provided with a positioning groove which corresponds to the positioning part in shape, and side faces at two width sides of the positioning part are pressed against two side faces of the positioning groove. The push broach device of the zipper teeth inserting machine has the advantage of eliminating the vibration of the teeth inserting cutter.


—A multi-stage microwave-assisted transesterification apparatus for biodiesel production is designed by connecting a microwave to a low-pressure reactor to form a flow-through microwave's circulation reaction system. After each stage of reaction, the mixture is centrifuged to expel glycerol phase and transferred to the reactor for subsequent reaction stages, namely Stage II to V. Refilling tests of different reactants are operated with four conditions (Condition A – D). Among these conditions, Condition B, C and D can produce high FAME yield (100%) since Stage II. With persistent refilling of reactants, as Condition C, the reactions can be performed for at least five stages with a steady SBO amounts (approximately 0.1 mole) and low surplus rates of oil (5 to 8%). The reaction time can be shortened to 6 minutes, with 3 minutes' intermittent microwave irradiation. This study has demonstrated that multi-stage microwave-assisted transesterification is effective, feasible, and affordable for scale-up biodiesel production.


The reference leak is divided into positive pressure reference leak and vacuum reference leak.In order to calibrate the leak rate of the positive pressure reference leak, a calibration device for reference leak value by soap film flowmeter was built, which can calibrate the positive pressure reference leak. The calibration device is composed of the automatic control part of the air source pressure, the measured reference leak and the standard soap film flowmeter. The device is used to calibrate reference leaks with a flow range from 1mL/min to 10L/min and a pressure range of positive pressure (1~1500) kPa. The relative expanded uncertainty of the device is 2.8%. A reference leak with a nominal pressure of 27.58 kPa and a nominal leak rate of 24.88 mL/min is selected for the test, and the uncertainty of the test result is evaluated. The relative expanded uncertainty of the calibration result of the leak U r ( Q ) is 2.9% ( k =2). The value is more than 2.8%, which proves that it is reasonable to set the relative expanded uncertainty of this device at 2.8%.


Using the capital asset pricing model it is shown that the firm will be indifferent towards insurance against specific risks. Insurance against systematic risks involves a transfer of these non-diversifiable risks from the firm to the insurance company, and will thus only be available at a price which reflects the 'market price of risk'. Again the firm will be indifferent towards insurance. This then leads to the investigation of alternative motivations for a firm purchasing insurance — the costs of financial distress, human capital considerations, asymmetry of information and tax laws.


. We extend the notion of the J -invariant to arbitrary semisimple linear algebraic groups and provide complete decompositions for the normed Chow motives of all generically quasi-split twisted flag varieties. Besides, we establish some combinatorial patterns for normed Chow groups and motives and provide some explicit formulae for values of the J -invariant.


In this paper, we consider an electric vehicle charging facility that offers various levels of service, i.e., charging rates, for varying prices such that rational users choose a level of service based on their value of time, also called impatience. In particular, we characterize the sensitivity of the expected number of users, i.e., occupancy, at the facility to the probability distribution of users' impatience. We first provide an upper bound for the difference between the expected occupancy under any two different distributions on users' impatience. Next, we consider the case when the users' impatience are discrete random variables, and we study the sensitivity of the expected occupancy to the probability masses and attained values of the random variables. We show that the expected occupancy varies linearly with respect to the probability masses and is piecewise constant with respect to the attained values. These results suggest how the facility operator might design prices such that the expected occupancy does not vary much under small changes in the distribution of users' impatience, which is generally difficult to characterize accurately from data. We demonstrate this idea via examples.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the needs of students towards English courses for non-English Department students. This research is focused on analyzing the need for teaching materials, desired teaching methods and student language learning strategies. This research is a case study involving 136 Islamic Religious Education (PAI) and Islamic Religion Teacher Education (PGMI) students. The data was collected from respondents by conducting surveys and interviews. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS and Thematic analysis was used to analyze data from interviews. The results of this study indicateed that speaking skill is the skill that is mainly needed by students. Furthermor the development of vocabulary is also the main focus of the students. The results of this study with regard to learning methods show that students like mixed methods.  In reference to the learning strategy, the students used variety and wide range of learning strategies. This research is very useful for English language teachers especially for the preparation of the lesson plan for non-English major students.


The study consist in the elaboration of an economic model of pricing to explain the perception of the tobacco companies and fumicultors at southern Brazil about the value of the remuneration of labor in the production cost negotiated between the parties aimed at minimizing conflicts. This has required the interpretation of the concepts, nature and measurement of the existing business model, and the review and analysis of key indicators to measure related to it, analyze existing pricing models and theoretical framework that can based the construction of a new model pricing of the cost of the work of fumicultor.


We show that the configuration in the phase space of the elliptic Calogero–Moser model when particles stick together in pairs is stable under the third Hamiltonian flow of the model. The equations of motion for the pairs coincide with the equations of motion for poles of elliptic solutions to the B-version of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation.


Since 1990,China witnessed a new higher education reform of excellent-student-selecting from College to University,which is named "Zhuan Sheng Ben".A survey on foreign language learning of English Majors(121,our university) upgrading from college or higher vocational institute to university,suggests that they are,as a whole,in need of learning strategies,confidence as well as inner motivation,which brings about poor performance.


By means of a chlorophyll fluorescence transient and gas exchange technique, effects of 3 soil compactions on photosynthetic characteristics and photochemistry activities of photosystemⅡin strawberry leaves were studied with potted strawberry as experiment materials. Results showed that chlorophyllb content increased, while chlorophylla/b decreased by 17.9% in soil loosened treatment compared with control; oxidation-reduction state of PSⅡin strawberry leaves also changed; φPo of the treatment was significantly different from that of control,Performance index (PIABS) increased by 12.6%, and light energy absorption and transfer of photosynthetic apparatus were promoted as well; utilizing range of light intensity and CO2 concentration were strengthened; light energy utilization and CO2 carboxylation efficiency were improved, and the accumulation of photosynthetic products was enhanced as well. The soil compaction treatment (bulk density 1.25 g·cm-3), decreased chlorophyllb content but chlorophylla content, chlorophylla+b content and chlorophylla/b were higher than that of control. Except for RC/CS,fluorescence parameters did not changed significantly in photosynthetic apparatus. The results demonstrated that the soil loosened treatment could improve the function of PS Ⅱ in strawberry leaf photosynthetic apparatus,increase light conversion efficiency, provide more energy for the dark reaction, and enhance light assimilation capabilities of leaves.


The objective of this study was to find out the perception and utilization of mangrove forest by the sylvofishery fish farmers to maintain mangrove ecosystem in Desa Tanjung Rejo, Sub-district Percut Sei Tuan, Deli Serdang Regency. The study was conducted through questionnaires and field observations on twenty-two ponds populations that have been applied silvofishery model in Desa Tanjung Rejo, Sub District Percut Sei Tuan, Deli Serdang Regency. The method used in this study was descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach. The results of a study on the effort to maintain mangrove forest through the development of sylvofishery pond showed that fish farmers' perception about the function of mangrove forest has average 90% and the utilization of mangrove forest, which existed in their pond, has average 80%. Furthermore, on the management of mangrove forest, sylvofishery farmers were involved together to protect and evaluate the mangrove. Keywords-silvofishery pond, fish farmer, the function of mangrove, mangrove utilization, community empowerment


This essay gives a description of the relationship between the Polish peasants' movement in West Galicia, which was formed towards the end of the 19th Century, and the local Jewish minority, examining the interaction of the politicizing peasantry with their Jewish fellow Citizens as reflected in the papers and party programmes of this first agrarian mass movement on Polish soil.
First, concrete economic conflicts were in the centre of interest. The agrarian papers pointed out the distance between Poles and Jews, which, on the one hand, had its roots in different economic practices. On the other hand, the Polish Catholic peasants regarded the Jews, many of whom adhered to Chasidism, with a feeling of cultural and religious strangeness. It can be observed that, through the years, the peasants' movement treated the Jewish question with an increasing degree of ideologization and utilization. Towards the end of the Century, therefore, the agrarian papers were less and less concerned with the existing conflicts, which were mainly of economic nature. Rather did they endeavour to present a scenario of threats which practically ruled out a future coexistence of the Jewish minority and the agrarian population.
The deterioration of the Polish-Jewish relationship had several reasons. At the turn of the Century, various competing parties emerged from the peasants' movement. In their struggle for the support of the Galician voters, they also used antisemitic slogans in order to provide their clientele with the concept of an enemy that served to promote the process of Integration within the parties. Increasingly, the agrarian politicians were less concerned with criticizing particular Jewish habits but with disparaging the so-called "Jewish spirit" - a catchword which could be employed arbitrarily against political (also non-Jewish) opponents. In doing so, they followed the example of the more advanced societies in Western Europe, where political antisemitism had become an important factor in the political debate.
It was of further significance that the peasant parties not only made efforts to politicize the peasantry but moreover endeavoured to convey a feeling of Polish nationalism. In this attempt, the image of the Jew who is unable to assimilate and alien to the "Polish character" played an important role. The party programmes clearly show that the peasant parties were not willing to grant the Jewish minority an equal position in the future Polish State. The only Solution in the conflict-laden Polish-Jewish relationship was the emigration of the overwhelming majority of the Jewish population, whose capability to assimilate was strongly denied.


Demands for scalable delivery systems are increasing for Internet applications. Users want to receive content from a single source regardless of the consumer devices they are using PC, TV, PDA and mobile phone. To realize this type of application, we have developed a scalable delivery system based on a RTP JPEG2000 video stream format that we have proposed to IETF. This system can provide video delivery and Quality of Service from a single layered content for users who require different image quality/resolution/color depending on the device they are using. This system could be a next generation communication platform, allowing us to realize a ubiquitous value network by combining network and codec technologies.


Like many other aspects of the society, Romanian cultural life underwent radical changes during the first years of the communist regime. Apart from the new course imprinted by ideological pressure, it has become impoverished, forced to ignore its national traditions and it cut its ties with a large part of the intellectual world. The way in which, step by step, the cultural landscape freed itself from a double isolation constitutes a process worthy of interest for cultural history. In this sense, the events around the celebration of Ovid in 1957 represent lessons for the rediscovery of a symbol of the cultural past and of universal culture under the sign of the classical heritage. But it is also representative of another reality: at a time when traditional Franco-Romanian relations are seriously affected by the radical deterioration of diplomatic dialogue between the two countries, this event offers the opportunity for a new meeting between their intellectuals. Some unpublished sources existing in the National Archives of France corroborated with the reading of part of the Romanian press of the time allow us to reconstruct the importance of this episode.


A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic assay was carried out for the simultaneous determination of two out of three active principles present in a pharmaceutical preparation. This method was developed to assess the quality of the product.


The mechanism responsible for the oxidative stress induction due to laser irradiation at 1265-1270 nm is still unclear. Thermal effects caused by irradiation are the main factors to be eliminated. In this study, low-level laser radiation (LLLI) has been used at 1265 nm to avoid side effects associated with the thermal denaturation of biomolecules and provide conditions that at least theoretically exclude singlet oxygen generation by direct 3O2 → 1O2 transition. Here, we report on the experimental results highlighting mitochondrial role in the oxidative stress provoked by LLLI within the wavelength range 1260-1275 nm. We study the dynamics of oxidative stress, mitochondrial potential, cardiolipin oxidation, cell death, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage in the HCT-116 cell line exposed to low-level laser irradiation at 1265 nm. We demonstrate that the laser radiation at 1265 nm can induce the oxidative stress and disturb mitochondrial functioning at the energy density as low as 3.15 J/ cm2 and 9.45 J/cm2, respectively. Noteworthy, LLLI at 1265 nm damages mitochondrial DNA but does not affect the nuclear DNA. The performed experiments brought us to the conclusion that the laser irradiation at 1265 nm can affect intracellular processes through mitochondrial damage. Keywords—low-level laser irradiation, infrared lasers, 1265 nm laser, DNA damage, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress.


Collective Health is pointed up as a movement committed to the social transformation of health. Its conceptual landmarks are presented both as a domain of interdisciplinary knowledge and a universe of practices. As such, the challenges to follow its dynamics as a subject area are huge and complex. The quantitative analysis of the scientific literature can make important contributions for better understanding of the area. This article provides an overview of Brazilian original papers making bibliometric studies on collective health literature. Data were collected in the databases Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS. The results were described according to the main bibliometric variables, with special attention to the visibility of both the terms "collective health" and "public health". Most of the published literature tends to be descriptive rather than evaluative.


Abstract This study uses a combinative method of quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis applying the discourse-historical approach (DHA), based on a self-built special corpus composed of the U.S. laws, policies and strategy documents that are directly related to critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP); through a Word List ranked by frequency, it is found that there seems to be a coherent securitizing system which has been formed in the U.S. CIIP legislative practices, with some specific considerations in the CIIP policy-making process including the strategy for risk management. By further investigating the internal institutional relationships and institutional mechanisms with corpus tools, four discursive features and strategies of the U.S. CIIP institutional discourse can be discovered: the leading role of private and specific institutions in public-private cooperation; the coexisting characteristics of generality and precision in the process of object definition; the center-divergent institutional settings in executing CIIP execution; and the coordinating discourse patterns for CIIP within the U.S. legislation. Those discursive practices concerning different institutional actors can be further explained in the broader context of the U.S. social reality. This study is not only helpful in better understanding the legal practices in U.S. cybersecurity, but also provides some meaningful insights on CIIP legislation to policy makers in other countries as well as at the international level.


Four autopsied cases of chloroma (5.6%) occuring among 71 patients with acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia were assessed. The hematological diagnosis of all of them was acute granulocytic leukemia. These patients were 3 males and one female which were all under 20 years of age. All of them suffered from dysuria and gait disturbance, 3 from exophthalmus and 2 from tumor of the skin.The fine structure of chloroma cells in 3 cases showed various deformities of nucleus, moderately developed endplasmic reticulum and several high density granules, all of which are consist with the characteistics of promyelocytes. A peripheral leukemic leukocyte of the fourth cases contained a peculiar nuclear inclusion body which might be a characteristic finding in chloroma cells.


A trajectory planning algorithm based on the traditional A* formulation is designed to determine the minimum-energy path from a start to a final location taking into account the prevailing wind conditions. To obtain average wind conditions in an urban environment, full-scale Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations are first performed using OpenFoam® for various inlet wind directions on a computational model representing complex buildings on the campus of the Technical University of Berlin. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes of the full database are then calculated in an offline stage with the wind direction as a parameter. Next, the online reconstruction of the complete urban wind field is performed by Gappy POD using simulated pointwise measurements obtained by sparse sensors. Finally, the trajectory planning algorithm is applied to the reconstructed wind field and validated by comparison with the trajectory computed on the full-order computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The main conclusion is that the error made by calculating the energy requirements for a specific trajectory based on an inexpensive reduced-order model of the wind field instead of an expensive full-order CFD database is only a few percent in all investigated cases. Therefore, a reliable and trustworthy trajectory can be calculated from the inexpensive reduced-order model obtained with only a few velocity sensors. Furthermore, it is shown that the energy consumption along a trajectory could be reduced by up to 20% by taking the prevailing wind field into consideration instead of considering the shortest path.


The article presents a clinical case of inflammatory viral cardiomyopathy flowing by type of acute decompensation of chronic heart failure. Differential diagnosis was carried out with ischemic cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis was verified using standard methods, as well as advanced imaging technology, including 2D-speckle tracking echocardiography, endomyocardial biopsy with immunohistochemical analysis.


Tushna Commissariat finds out just how far-reaching the consequences of last month's gravitational-wave discovery will be, following the decades-long hunt for ripples in space–time.


Visible planar photonic crystal lasers were fabricated within membranes of InGaP /InGaAlP quantum well material. These red photonic crystal lasers with ultra-small mode volumes (~ 0.01μm3) are ideally useful for spectroscopic sources.


Being a country of rivers and floodplains with a high potential of aquatic resources, fish plays a very important role in the daily life of many people in Bangladesh. The Bengali expression "Mache Bhate Bengali", or "Fish and Rice make a Bengali," illustrates this importance. Bangladesh produces 1,400,000 tonnes of fish annually mostly through inland capture fisheries and aquaculture. The development of the fisheries sector in Bangladesh during the last two decades has mainly been "donor driven" and emphasis has always been laid on the improvement and expansion of the aquaculture sector, which received or will receive around 60% of the donor funding over the period 19862005.


An integrated control system has disparate and spatially distributed subsystems interconnected via a common communication channel. Digital data from sensor to controller and from controller to actuator are multiplexed along with traffic from other control loops and management functions. The asynchronous time-division multiplexing introduces time-varying and possibly stochastic delays in the control loops, degrading system dynamic performance. The paper presents an introduction to approaches for integrated control system design, which requires interactions between the disciplines of communication systems and control systems.


A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation water collected from different industrial areas on Red amaranth ( Amaranthus tricolor L . ) and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L . ). Collected water samples were analyzed for various parameters, which include pH, DO, BOD, COD, P, NH 3 -N, K, S, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd. The results were compared with the irrigation water quality standards by the Department of Environment (DoE) of Bangladesh and many of them were found several-folds higher than the permissible limit. The deterioration trends of the water samples are as follows: Tejgaon canal > Rampura canal > Sitalakhya river. Dry matter of vegetables grown on Tejgaon soil was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than that of agricultural soil. Both red amaranth and tomato grown in Tejgaon soil accumulate highest concentration of heavy metals followed by Rampura and Sitalakhya soil. The concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in edible portions of both vegetables were found several times higher than the WHO prescribed permissible limits. The concentration of heavy metals in vegetables were found in the order Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(2): 151-159, Dec-2015


A. power supply system for feeding the superconducting coils of the Helias reactor, an upgraded system of the WENDELSTEIN-7X device, has been investigated. This multi- converter supply system has been optimized, in view of low losses in the components and only small negative impact to the power grid. The design of the optimized multi-converter supply system was studied by means of computer simulations, using the SIMPLORER code. The influence of the passive structures on operation of the power supply system was taken into account. The computation of induced eddy currents in the coil structure during transient processes are transformed into electric network analyses using the inductance and resistance data of the nonplanar coils and their coil housings, by means of the finite element network (FEN) method. This approximation allows the investigation of the whole coil system including power supplies and passive structures.


Differentiation of members of the California group of arboviruses was accomplished using the double diffusion in gel technique of Ouchterlony. Eight antigenic subgroups were defined on the basis of unique antigenicities. These groupings confirmed the individuality of isolates described in the literature and allowed classification of new isolates. Unique, yet identical, patterns of antibody specificity were found in convalescent sera of 11 individuals with central nervous system disease.


CHLOROQUiNE has been widely used in man for the treatment and suppression of malaria and for prolonged treatment of chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, discoid lupus and systemic lupus erythematosus.'4 With the long-term (1-4 years) ingestion of the drug in doses of 250-1000 mg./day, a number of side effects have been described, perhaps the most serious of which involve the eye and skeletal muscle."2'6 An irreversible retinopathy produced by the long-term administration of this drug was first recognized in man by Hobbs, Sorsby, and Freedman7 in 1959. Since that time, additional cases have been reported.8'0 The retinal changes described consist of impaired central vision, peripheral constriction of the visual field, marked attenuation of the retinal vasculature, pigmentary changes of the macula, peripheral pigmentary changes, and retinal edema. Wetterholm and Winter" described the retinal changes as a destructive loss of the rod and cone elements with accumulation of pigment-laden cells in the outer nuclear and plexiform layers. Bernstein and Ginsberg 12 have described the retinal changes as a destruction of the rods and cones and a migration of pigment clumps from the pigmented epithelium to the inner nuclear layer. A reversible keratopathy ''15 has been reported in patients on highdosage, long-term therapy. Yellow or white deposits on the epithelium and Bowman's membrane have been described. Vacuolation of skeletal muscle fibers has been frequently reported in man.6"6 Loss of muscular tone, weakness, and difficulty in rising and moving about were most frequently reported by patients. Clinically, the myopathy appeared to be reversible with discontinuance of chlor-


1. Objective & Method The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. 163 children's voices were analyzed with 74 factors using PSSC-2004. 2. Results (1) In male children group, Taeumin's APQ4 was significantly low compared with the others. (2) In male children group, Taeumin's octave 5 & octave 6 were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (3) In male children group, Taeumin's Time Domain Total Sum / Time Domain Count & Frequency Domain Total Sum / count(0) were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (4) In male children group, Taeumin's 0k-2k total sum & 2k-4k total sum were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (5) In male children group, Taeumin's 2k-4k deviation was significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (6) In male children group, Taeumin's D# Total Energy & F# Total Energy were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (7) In male children group, Taeumin's D# deviation & F# deviation were significantly low compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post hoc. (8) In female children group, Soyangin's center frequency (7) was significantly high compared with the others. It was significant distinction between Taeumin and Soyangin at the result of post hoc. 3. Coclusion With these results, we got some information for standardization of the clinical diagnosis guideline of Sasang constitutional type classification using PSSC-2004 in the Korean children


A system and method for safe storage for a vehicle, wherein a storage structure having a first portion and a second portion, the first portion of the vehicle located in a vertical guide bays, each vehicle in the vehicle-mounted storage unit, such units can be stacked one above the other, and wherein at least one transfer carrier for selectively engaging vehicle storage unit and to transport a first portion of the vehicle along the rail system and overhead grid portion between the second storage unit , in the second section above the grid rail system at least partially toward the road, such that the at least one carrier transfer may be used to raise or lower relative to the road vehicle comprising a storage unit in the vehicle, and the vehicle storage unit a first vertical portion of the storage structure into and out of storage bays in the storage position.


This article considers the fourth-order family of weighted-Newton methods. It provides the range of initial guesses that ensure the convergence. The analysis is given for Banach space-valued mappings, and the hypotheses involve the derivative of order one. The convergence radius, error estimations, and results on uniqueness also depend on this derivative. The scope of application of the method is extended, since no derivatives of higher order are required as in previous works. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in real-life problems and discuss a case where previous studies cannot be adopted.


In this article I will provide an introduction to the phenomena of gravitational waves. I begin talking about Einstein's theory of gravity where gravitational waves are introduced as an effect of the propagation of perturbations of space‐time. The Einstein equations are of nonlinear character but using perturbation theory, they become linear. Gravitational waves are a new way of looking at the Universe.


Ni-Sn-P alloy plating samples with different Sn content are prepared.The main compositions of the plating are studied by the spectrometer,and the anticorrosion properties are investigated respectively.The results showed that the anticorrosion property of Ni-Sn-P alloy plating increases with the Sn content.


Abstract Crystals of silver bromide in the form of thin sheets with plane parallel surfaces have been reduced to metallic silver by a variety of methods. Before reduction, they were treated with bromine to destroy all traces of chemical fog on the surfaces and they were not again exposed to actinic light to form either a surface or an internal latent image. Reduction by photographic developers was initiated at a limited number of centres on the surface and resulted in the production of masses of silver with one of the following characteristic forms : (1) compact masses of coherent micro- crystals of silver occupying cavities bounded by (111) surfaces of the silver bromide crystal; (2) rigid projections based upon such masses and consisting of agglomerates of micro-crystals of somewhat smaller dimensions ; and (3) loosely tangled bundles of micro-crystals linked by ribbon- like filaments of silver. The conditions under which silver is produced in these different forms are outlined. A series of model experi...


A fast and efficient method for isolation of total RNA from the leaves of strawberry(Fragaria spp.)in vitro and field was developed in the experiment.The RNA samples of the leaves of strawberry were isolated by improved CTAB method,and the purity and quantity of each RNA obtained was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis,UV scanning and RT-PCR analysis.The total RNA of strawberry leaves extracted by this method showed clear bands of 28 S rRNA、18 S rRNA and 5.8 S rRNA,and the values of OD260/OD280 were between 1.83 and 2.14.The cDNA reversely transcripted from the extracted RNA exhibited clear band by RT-PCR,which meant that the quality and purity of the RNA could meet the demands of molecular biology experiment.


Hurricane Harvey's devastation resulted in flooding and fire, as well as criminal indictments and civil litigation arising from the fire at the Arkema facility. This current litigation is just part of a recent trend in civil litigation, from citizen suits to common law actions, that is redefining causes of action and defenses in the context of climate change. This trend is creating greater concern among engineering and management professionals regarding litigation risk and potential liability arising from individual or managerial actions undertaken on behalf of an employer or client. These concerns are exacerbated by greater ability to forecast anticipated impacts from storm events in hurricane prone areas, which lends support to allegations that such events are foreseeable, and that engineers have a duty to prevent harm resulting from such events. In this context, chemical engineers should read the Chemical Safety Board's Arkema Final Report, especially focusing on the CSB's recommendations for further action by AIChE's Center for Chemical Process Safety, and brush up on the basics of professional liability.


Objective:To investigate the regulation of 17-β estradiol(E2) on the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) in cervical cancer Hela cells. Methods:Hela cells were treated with 0.1% alcohol(vehicle) or E2 or E2+ etoricoxib for 24 hours,followed by the examination of COX-2 or PCNA expressions using immunocytochemistry,Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assay. Results:The level of COX-2 and PCNA protein as well as mRNA in cells of E2 group was significantly increased compared with control.The level of PCNA in cells of E2+ etoricoxib group was notably inhibited relative to E2,but still higher than control. Conclusions:E2 can induce COX-2 expression in Hela cells,thereby upregulating PCNA level.