Many graduate students pursue their doctorate degree as a milestone towards the attainment of their ultimate goal, to be an educator. Unfortunately, many of these students will go to graduate schools where they will have little, if any, chance to develop their teaching skills in the face of the research workload necessary to obtain a doctoral degree. Many students will obtain their doctoral degrees at Research I universities, focusing primarily on research, and then end up teaching at schools where there is a greater emphasis on teaching. Typically, a graduate student will have the opportunity to be a teaching assistant for one or more semesters, but as these positions are commonly for lab classes or discussion sections, the student does not gain experience in the actual preparation, delivery, and assessment of an entire course. However, if the student graduates and is able to obtain an academic faculty position, that is exactly what they will be expected to do, most likely during their first semester on the job. Depending on what has been left behind by the last professor to teach the class, a new professor may have to develop all of the lecture material, a syllabus, homework problems, examinations, and possibly laboratory experiments. This is a daunting task for anyone, but especially so for someone who has absolutely no experience. Consequently, incorporating some type of voluntary teaching education into the PhD curriculum could provide graduates who are better prepared for their first faculty position and more confident that they are making the right choice in pursing a career as an educator.


Leslie Arthur Parker (1917-2005) studied History at University College Leicester from 1936 to 1948. He was clearly a good student, winning the honours prize in 1938 and 1939. Like many current students, he lived around the Narborough Road area, first on Cambridge Street and then on Mavis Avenue. He registered for an MA in Economic History in 1939, but he was not awarded the second degree until 1946/47. His doctorate came the following year. This quick succession of awards is unusual researching a PhD in a year seems impossible! Perhaps Parker was working on this research through the Second World War, even if he was not formally registered with the University.


Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) polymers have emerged as promising materials for a variety of lens structures, polymer optical fiber, and planar waveguide applications including thermo-optic and electro-optic devices.1-2 PFCB polymers are prepared by the free-radical mediated thermal cyclodimerization of aryl trifluorovinyl ether monomers (Scheme 1) from which a variety of thermally stable thermoplastic and thermosetting materials have been obtained with tailored optical properties. Recently we have focused on the random reactivity and stereorandom nature of the cyclodimerization mechanism to develop PFCB optical copolymers in an effort to optimize thermomechanical stability (Tg = 130-350 °C), processability, variable refractive index (1.45-1.6) and low loss (< 0.2 dB/cm) at 1550 nm. A versatile modular approach has been established which allows a wide-ranging choice of solution viscosity, thermal cure schedule, and ultimate molecular weight and degree of branching for linear versions or crosslink density for network systems. Copolymerization conversion, and thus viscoelastic properties and solubility, are precisely controlled by simple heating to a desired oligomeric architecture.


An edge detection algorithm is proposed aiming at the shortcoming of traditional Sobel operator in poor weak edge extraction and coarse edge. The new algorithm calculates the image gradient by improved Sobel convolution templates, then uses local standard deviation to strengthen local weak edge gradient of gradient image, at last, uses refinement method to refine the gradient strengthened image and extract the image edge. The results show that the edge image extracted by improved algorithm has rich edge information, good edge continuity and thin edge, its edge detection effects are better than traditional Sobel algorithm, and has high practical value.


The charge-ordering states with lattice distortions of a halogen-bridged binuclear-metal mixed-valence complex (called MMX chain), Pt2(dta)4I (dta = CH3CS2-), have been investigated by transport, magnetic, and optical measurements. This complex is a binuclear unit-assembled conductor containing metal−metal bonds. It exhibits metallic conduction above room temperature, representing the first example of a metallic halogen-bridged one-dimensional transition-metal complex. Below 300 K it shows semiconducting behavior, which is considered to be of the Mott−Hubbard type due to electron correlation. The metal−semiconductor transition at 300 K (= TM-S) is derived from a valence transition of Pt from an averaged-valence state of 2.5+ to a trapped-valence state of 2+ and 3+. The charge-ordering modes are considered to be −IPt2+−Pt3+−IPt2+−Pt3+−IPt2+−Pt3+−IPt2+−Pt3+−I for the semiconducting phase below TM-S and −I−Pt2.5+−Pt2.5+−I−Pt2.5+−Pt2.5+−I−Pt2.5+−Pt2.5+−I−Pt2.5+−Pt2.5+−I− for the metallic phase above TM-S. 129...


Figure 1 Abstract Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multicentric neoplasm of vascular and lymphatic endothelial origin that can involve the skin, lymph nodes, and visceral organs. Human herpesvirus 8 has been implicated in the etiology of this disorder. Commonly seen in association with AIDS and an immunocompromised state, KS also occurs in HIVseronegative, immunocompetent populations in parts of Africa. We report the case of a 21-year-old male from Gambia, West Africa, who presented with multiple painful nodules on the hands and feet. Histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma, whereas serology for HIV was negative. Positron emission tomography revealed higher-stage disease with uptake in retroperitoneal lymph nodes, also subsequently biopsy-confirmed. The patient received radiation therapy but continues to have a progressive disease course with development of new cutaneous lesions. Herein we provide a review of contemporary knowledge on the clinical features and management of this aggressive endemic subtype of Kaposi sarcoma.


PURPOSE: An apparatus for picking up and mounting a bare die and a method thereof are provided to improve a processing amount of a bare die by reducing the movement path of the bare die. CONSTITUTION: A first pick up unit(120) includes a plurality of first suction nozzles which adsorbs a bare die from a wafer and picks up the bare die. A flipper(130) includes a rotary drive member which allows one side of the bare die absorbed on the first suction nozzle to face upwardly by rotating the first pick up unit. A second pick up unit(140) re-adsorbs the bare die and picks up the bare die from the first suction nozzle in the first pick up unit. A second pick up unit includes a plurality of second suction nozzles which mounts the re-adsorbed bare die on the substrate.


Abstract This article examines travel within a group of Protestant families from Ireland over three generations after the Restoration. It offers both a case-study through which to reassess continental educational voyages, exploring a neglected period between the royalist exile of the 1650s and the mid-eighteenth-century heyday of the Grand Tour, and a contribution to current work on Irish elite formation. Histories of travel often begin as undifferentiated Englishmen or Britons arrive on the French or Dutch coast, but this study is the first to prioritize where travellers came from. Backgrounds, outlooks, and networks from home shaped experiences abroad. The article uses manuscript journals, letters, and financial accounts to locate travel within family educational strategies and to reconstruct preparations and advice. It explores how connections and identifications from home informed interactions with fellow travellers, expatriate communities, and foreign hosts. Travellers pursued two-sided interactions with hosts and destinations, returning with objects, accomplishments, and connections that fed into Irish elite formation. Continental links often feature in explanations of how Catholic Ireland survived, but this article shows that European encounters also contributed to Protestant hegemony. It demonstrates the importance of origins, as well as destinations, to understandings and experiences of educational travel.


Preparing Novice Nurses for Early Recognition of Acute Deterioration by Norma Harris MS, Walden University, 2010 BS, Richard Stockton University, 2006 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University November 2018 Abstract Hospitalized patients increasingly present with complex health issues that place them at risk for acute patient deterioration (APD). Novice nurses are ill-equipped with the critical clinical skills to function competently in recognizing APD, placing patients at risk for negative health outcomes. This project addressed the need to educate novice nurses to recognize APD and answered the project focused questions that asked if an educational intervention with high-fidelity simulation (HFS) would improve nurse knowledge and clinical confidence in recognizing APD. Benner's novice-to-expert and the constructivism theory were used to guide the project. Based upon a review of the literature, the HFS was developed to provide scenarios in which participants would view APD evolving case studies and demonstrate knowledge and skill for caring for patients with APD. A convenience sample of 11 novice nurses participated in the preand posttest design project to determine if knowledge and clinical competence increased. Data from the HFS program were analyzed; results showed no statistically significant change in knowledge or confidence post intervention (p = 0.441). A larger sample size is recommended for future HFS interventions at the site to determine if the program of education will increase knowledge and clinical confidence with future iterations of HFS. The project has the potential to promote positive social change as novice nurses learn to recognize and respond to APD and as APD events are reduced.Hospitalized patients increasingly present with complex health issues that place them at risk for acute patient deterioration (APD). Novice nurses are ill-equipped with the critical clinical skills to function competently in recognizing APD, placing patients at risk for negative health outcomes. This project addressed the need to educate novice nurses to recognize APD and answered the project focused questions that asked if an educational intervention with high-fidelity simulation (HFS) would improve nurse knowledge and clinical confidence in recognizing APD. Benner's novice-to-expert and the constructivism theory were used to guide the project. Based upon a review of the literature, the HFS was developed to provide scenarios in which participants would view APD evolving case studies and demonstrate knowledge and skill for caring for patients with APD. A convenience sample of 11 novice nurses participated in the preand posttest design project to determine if knowledge and clinical competence increased. Data from the HFS program were analyzed; results showed no statistically significant change in knowledge or confidence post intervention (p = 0.441). A larger sample size is recommended for future HFS interventions at the site to determine if the program of education will increase knowledge and clinical confidence with future iterations of HFS. The project has the potential to promote positive social change as novice nurses learn to recognize and respond to APD and as APD events are reduced. Preparing Novice Nurses for Early Recognition of Acute Deterioration by Norma Harris MS, Walden University, 2010 BS, Richard Stockton University 2006 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University November 2018 Dedication I dedicate this degree to my dear deceased mother, Mavis Panton, who saw the great potential in me and never ceased to decree and declare that I would positively impact the world with my gifts. Also, to my superbly supportive husband, Selvin, who is the wind beneath my wings and my inspiration for soaring outside my comfort zones. Observing his quiet dignity and optimism in his health challenges over the past 10 years gave me the tenacity to persevere against all the odds during this journey. To my children, Allison and Shari Ann, sons-in-love, Shayne and Kofi, and my adorably gifted grandchildren, Amare, Rowan, Leonor, Noah, and Anna, may they be inspired that dreams do come through for those who dare to follow and work God's divinely orchestrated plans. Finally, to my cousin, Elon Patterson, who challenged me to become a doctor when I graduated nursing school over 40 years ago, I took your challenge and here's to you for seeing this predestined moment! Acknowledgments I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the faculty of Walden University and my doctoral committee: Dr. Janice Long (chair), Dr. Mary Tan, Dr. Barbara Gross, and Dr. Mary Rogers for their unwavering support and expertise throughout this journey. To God be the glory for all His wondrous works and mighty acts as also evidenced by this awesome accomplishment. To my darling husband and soul-mate, Selvin, who still believes that I am the smartest girl in the world, thank you for always expecting excellence and giving no less in return. My most special commendation to my loving father, Algernon Anderson, for always reminding me that I am his firstborn and believing in my abilities to positively impact the world. Also, my overflowing gratitude to my preceptors, Emily Turnure and Dr. Kamala Chambers, and the prayers of Pastor Emily Myrick, Elder Dr. Paul Harden, and Evangelist Brenda Alexander. I acknowledge my daughters, Allison and Shari-Ann, sons in love, Shayne and Kofi, my sister, Helena, and the host of loved ones, friends, and colleagues, who provided continuous encouragement and support for which I am eternally grateful. Also, to the leadership of the practicum site, my preceptors, my director, the simulation staff, and the dedicated nurses who participated in this project and made my dream a reality, thank you.


Coring is an essential operation for subsurface formation evaluation. It is a key to recover cores from formation and have them unaltered for best formation representation. Numerous reasons could influence core integrity that could produce data through core characterization that could misrepresent the formation. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of the (input vs. output) coring parameters and coring bit type on the coring performance and the cored formation property representation in high strength rocks. Such aim was investigated through coring operations applying Weight On Bit (WOB), rotary speed (revolution per minute - rpm), etc. In this research, high strength granite blocks were cored using a fully instrumented large-scale laboratory drilling simulator. Two main types of coring bits were utilized in the coring operations including a thick-wall coring bit and a thin-wall coring bit. The range of the applied WOB varied between a low weight (1kN) and a high weight (15kN) with increment increase of (2.5 kN). The applied rpm ranged between 60rpm and 300 rpm with increment increase of 60 rpm. Granite formation was characterized for rock property determination. The indirect Tensile (IT) Strength Test was conducted for the granite Material Characterization (MC). The analyzed and reported results of the overall coring performance, parameters (parameters vs. type of coring bit), and the IT for granite MC showed an influence of the un-optimized applied coring parameters and the random selection of the coring bit could remarkably impact the coring performance outcome and misrepresent rock property of the cored formation. Results recommend optimal selection of coring bit and applied coring parameters are essential for best coring performance.


Starting from the discussion between residential segregation and social integration, this article analyzes the evaluation of various aspects of the residential habitat of two social housing projects executed by the Ministry of Housing and Urbanism in Gran Concepción, Chile. The projects sought to solve the housing problems of 4,140 families who resided in irregular settlements through two opposing strategies: in one case via settlement in central areas of the city and in another via eradication to the urban periphery. The data collects the evaluation of the beneficiary families through a quantitative study that considered a survey design with a total sample of 1,130 families. The results indicate that, regardless of the operating strategy of housing projects, families evaluate the home positively and the neighborhood negatively. In particular, a perception of social heterogeneity is observed that differs from the objective conditions, a negative evaluation of the neighbors and the social relations in the intra-neighborhood space, reflecting a clear tendency of distinction and differentiation. The results of the study open new questions in the discussion about social integration in social housing complexes.


We consider matrix structures in the quantum N-body problem that generalize the Faddeev components for resolvents, T -matrices, and eigenfunctions of the continuous spectrum. We write matrix equations for the introduced components of T -matrices and resolvents and use these equations to obtain matrix operators generalizing the matrix three-particle Faddeev operators to the case of arbitrarily many particles. We determine the eigenfunctions of the continuous spectrum of these matrix operators.


Taking the slope sliding caused by Wenchuan earthquake as study object,the arti-cle uses BP artificial neural network to perform forecasting analysis on the stability of slope from epicentral distance,earthquake intensity,gradient,front elevation,slope height,lithol-ogical characters and other factors.The result shows that BP artificial neural network is able to predict the stability of the slop efficiently.


Objective: to determine the association between blood group A and gastric cancer. Patients and methods: a study of cases and controls was performed; the patients had gastric cancer confirmed by histopathology, were taken care of in the oncology unit of the Hospital Universitario de Santander between january 2001 and december 2005, living in Bucaramanga and in the influence area of the institution; the controls were patients admitted in the hospital in the general internal medicine service due to medical causes different from gastric cancer and patients in the gastroenterology unit who were subject to upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy with normal results. Those patients from whom there was no information or those that did not wish to participate were excluded. The data were taken from the clinical histories or by telephone if more details were needed. A data base was built on Microsoft Access 2003, and later on they were analyzed using the Stata 9.0 software. Results: 208 clinical histories of patients with cancer were reviewed of which 153 met the inclusion criteria and the information was complete. The prevalence of the different blood groups in the population studied was: 56.74% for group O, 32.17% for group A, 10.22% for group B and 0.87% for group AB. A statistically significant association was found between gastric cancer in blood group A showing an RO = 2.22 (IC 95%: 1.38-3.57); an association was found between gastric cancer and first consanguinity family members with a different type of cancer, RO =1.91 (CI 95%: 1.05-3.46). Besides the above, the logistic regression multivariable analysis showed that being less than 50 years old reduced the risk of cancer (RO = 0.44, CI 95%: 0.26-0.77). No association was found between eating habits such as fruits and vegetables, cereals, coffee, corn bread from Santander, processed meats, salty food and hot pepper with the onset of gastric cancer. The predominant cancer type was adenocarcinoma, intestinal variety with 45.75% and the anthral - pyloric location with 43.14%. The proportion of Helicobacter pylori reported by pathology was 30.07%.


This paper has explored a contemporary development of Islamic thought embodied in everyday Muslim behavior by focusing on a karate school in Iranian society. Although sports in the Middle East and Muslim societies came to be a hot topic among the academia in recent years, the relationship between sports and Islam in the region has not usually been discussed in terms of the secular aspect of modern sport that enables participation in sports whatever a player's beliefs. Karate is a good example of a modern sport with a special interpretation as a sport infl uenced by budō philosophy, which insists on spiritual and physical cultivation as a search for spirituality over obtaining technique. According to my fi eld research in a unique karate school in Iran, their karate practice embodied the Shiite Islamic world view, often infl uenced by the Iranian state on the one hand, while on the other hand, their practice still remained as a form of modern sport, which was compatible with their ideology. In addition they interpreted the meaning of the practice by themselves and their spiritual cultivation leads to a diff erent way of Muslim


Inversion of FeO and TiO2 by passive microwave radiometer not only provide support for high-precision quantitative inversion of lunar surface material component by optical remote sensing but also explore resources among the deep lunar regolith better. Using CE-2's passive microwave data, the daytime microwave map of the Moon is calculated based on the hour angle. The lunar regolith radioactive transfer model, integrated with a temperature model and the lunar regolith thickness model, has been established in this paper. On the basis of aforementioned models, the imaginary part of dielectric constant in the whole lunar was numerically simulated. Thus the FeO+TiO2 content of the global lunar regolith layer can be obtained on the basis of the relationship between dielectric constant and FeO+TiO2 content which was built from the measured data of the Apollo sample. The accuracy of the inversion based on CE-2 MRM data approach would be assessed by comparing our results with the Clementine data, Lunar Prospector gamma-ray data, and the laboratory data of lunar soils.


The origins of planning as a profession are of course related to public health, with action being seen as needed to respond to the dire conditions of cities in 'the West' in the late nineteenth century [ ]in the years preceding 2020, there was growing evidence to show that planning was re-engaging with health concerns, principally around non-communicable diseases, for example ill-health associated with so-called 'obesogenic' urban environments in contexts across the globe The rapid re-engagement of planning scholars, and indeed the whole world, with communicable disease, shows how events and 'conjunctures' shape the focus and content of planning and illustrates why Town Planning Review, the first urban planning journal in the world, has commissioned this series of Viewpoints


We give sufficient and almost necessary conditions for the existence of positive solutions to an elliptic system satisfying various Dirichlet boundary conditions. The elliptic system consists of the steady-state equations of a parabolic system used to model the growth and spread of a particular gene and population living in a bounded region. The model takes into account the fact that the fitness of the individuals in the population may depend on the population size. Some non-existence results are also included.


Suzaku detected an enhancement of soft X-ray background associated with solar eruptions on 2013 April 14-15. The solar eruptions were accompanied by an M6.5 solar flare and a coronal mass ejection with magnetic flux ropes. The enhanced soft X-ray background showed a slight variation in half a day and then a clear one in a few hours. The former spectrum was composed of oxygen emission lines, while the later one was characterized by a series of emission lines from highly ionized carbon to silicon. The soft X-ray enhancement originated from geocoronal solar wind charge exchange. However, there appeared to be no significant time correlation with the solar wind proton flux measured by the ACE and WIND satellites. From other solar wind signatures, we considered that an interplanetary shock associated with the coronal mass ejection and a turbulent sheath immediately behind the shock compressed the ambient solar wind ions and then resulted in the soft X-ray enhancement. Furthermore, the enriched emission lines were presumed to be due to an unusual set of ion abundances and ionization states within the coronal mass ejection. We found a better time correlation with the solar wind alpha flux rather than the solar wind proton flux. Our results suggest that the solar wind proton flux is not always a good indicator of geocoronal solar wind charge exchange, especially associated with coronal mass ejections. Instead, the solar wind alpha flux should be investigated when such a soft X-ray enhancement is detected in astronomical observations.


I want to thank Doug Evanoff for the kind invitation to this Conference, but apologize that I cannot physically attend. As is the usual caveat, all opinions and errors and opinions expressed today are solely my own and not related to any organization that I am affiliated or associated with.This note supplements the remarks that I have made on tape, with various data analysis/rationale on why I think the shadow banking risks in China are manageable…


Objective-To test thehypothesis that1blockers lower bloodpressure moreeffectively thancalcium entry blockers inobesehypertensive patients and that calcium entry blockers aremoreeffective inlean patients. Design-Double blind, randomised controlled trial oftreatment oversixweeks. Setting-Tertiary referral centre. Subjects-42 white menwithuncomplicated mild tomoderate essential hypertension (World Health Organisation stage IorII); 36completed thestudy. Intervention-Patients were randomised to metoprolol 50-100 mgtwice daily orisradipine 255.0 mgtwice daily forsixweeksafter atwoweekrun inphase. Mainoutcome measure-Blood pressure after six weeks oftreatment. Results-When stratified according totreatment andpresence ofobesity (body massindex < or¢27 kg/im), themean(SD)fall inblood pressure inthe1 blocker groupwas24(13)/18 (10) mm Hginobese patients and18(19)/12 (13) mm Hginleanpatients. Inthecalcium entry blocker group, thefall inblood pressure was21(15)/17 (6)mm Hginleanpatients and18(11)/8 (10) mm Hginobesepatients. After taking ageandblood pressure before treatment into account there wasasignificant interaction between obesity anddrugtherapy (p=0.019) withabetter diastolic bloodpressure response tocalcium entry blockers inleanpatients andto1blockers inobese hypertensive patients. Conclusion-Obesity affects theefficacy ofmetoprolol andisradipine inreducing blood pressure.


While early cryptoassets such as Bitcoin have reputation for high price fluctuation and limited scalability, stablecoin, a new class of cryptographic token, emerged with the purpose of mitigating price volatility. What distinguishes stablecoin from pre-existing cryptocurrency is its use of collateral and use of specific pegging mechanism to mitigate volatility risks. The paper sheds light on the inner workings of stablecoins by analyzing stabilizing property with various aspects of collateral mix as well as pegging mechanism. Specifically, it evaluates initiatives to effectively utilize gold and government bonds as combinatorial collateral.


S OF BOOKS RECEIVED FOR REVIEW Below is a list of books recently received by the Book Review Editor and judged to be of potential interest to the readership of Brain and Cognition. The descriptive abstracts are taken from the publisher's advertising material and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the journal editors. Brain and Cognition publishes critical reviews and/or review articles based upon current books in neuropsychology. Reviews are refereed. If you are interested in contributing a review or review article, please contact the Book Review Editor for additional information: Henri Cohen, Ph.D., Laboratoire de neuroscience de la cognition, UQAM, PB 8888, Stn Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8. E-mail: email@example.com. Lyon, G. Reid, & Krasnegor, Norman A. (Eds.) (1996). Attention, Memory, and Executive Function. Brookes. 424 pp. Studies of attention, memory, and executive function continue to provide a greater understanding of the human learning process and the nature of specific cognitive disabilities. But progress has been impeded by the absence of consensual, cross-disciplinary theories, definitions, and methodologies. This authoritative text presents research on the components of these central cognitive processes and explains how these findings can help clinicians assess and remediate reading and attention disorders. Gathering the work of prominent researchers in psychology, neuropsychology, special education, and medicine, the chapters consider each of these processes from different theoretical perspectives. This illuminating resource also examines the role of executive function in children's development, explores the use of cognitive strategies to guide learning, and provides explicit instructional examples for teaching organization and planning skills. Clinicians, researchers, and faculty members in developmental psychology, neurology, special education, and pediatrics, as well as other disciplines, can follow the work of different investigators as they analyze these concepts from the fields of neuropsychology, information processing, and behavior. Offering a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of theory and research in the developmental aspects related to attention, memory, and executive function, this reference uncovers valuable directions for future research.


Objective To detect peripheral blood T cell subsets in paitents with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ( NHL ) by flow cytometry ( FCM ) and to investigate the clinical significance.Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 60 patients with NHL( NHL group )and 30 healthy subjects ( control group ).T lymphocyte subsets including CD3+,CD4+,and CD8+ T cell counts were detected by FCM and then the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was calculated.The values were compared between the two groups.Results As compared with those in the control group, CD3+ and CD4+ counts were significantly decreased ([823.3 ± 211.5] for CD3+ and [423.8 ± 234.8] for CD4+,P< 0.05 ),CD8+ (861.2 ± 634.1 ) was elevated ( P< 0.05 ),and CD4+/CD8+ ratio ( 0.5 ± 0.3 ) was lowered in NHL group ( P < 0.05 ).Conclusions Cellular immune function declines in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.Detection of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets has clinical significance in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognostic prediction in patients with N HL.

Key words:
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; T lymphocyte subsets; Flow cytometry


The utility model discloses a stander structure of a multi-rotor-wing unmanned plane. The stander structure comprises a stander body and a plurality of propellers, wherein the stander body comprises an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate, wherein a connection body is fixedly welded between the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate; a plurality of telescopic rods with hollow structures are arranged on the side wall of the connection body; the propellers are arranged on the telescopic rods in a one-to-one correspondence manner. According to the stander structure of the multi-rotor-wing unmanned plane, by the arrangement of the telescopic rods, the telescopic rods can be contracted during recycling storage, namely the whole framework of an unmanned plane stander can be contracted to minimum, so that the storage space is greatly saved; the telescopic rods are of the hollow structures, control cables for driving mechanisms of the propellers can penetrate into the telescopic rods and extend to the stander body, so that a control system is relatively simply and reliably mounted.


Genomic and metagenomic analyses are increasingly becoming commonplace in several areas of biological research, but recurrent specialized analyses are frequently reported as in-house scripts rarely available after publication. We describe the enveomics collection, a growing set of actively maintained scripts for several recurrent and specialized tasks in microbial genomics and metagenomics, and present a graphical user interface and several case studies. Our resource includes previously described as well as new algorithms such as Transformed-space Resampling In Biased Sets (TRIBS), a novel method to evaluate phylogenetic underor over-dispersion in reference sets with strong phylogenetic bias. The enveomics collection is freely available under the terms of the Artistic License 2.0 at https://github.com/lmrodriguezr/enveomics and for online analysis at http://enve-omics.ce.gatech.edu .


Research methodology
The case study is based on field research and also on secondary data. A primary survey is included in the case study. Simple frequency and factor analysis as statistical tools have been used.

Case overview/synopsis
Family businesses, like that of Kiran Rai's, owning a local Mom and Pop store in an emerging city were faced with a serious problem of sustaining their businesses. These family businesses countered immense competition from: their own types, i.e. from other local Mom and Pop stores within the same cities; online stores; and the organised stores.The choice of the customers to buy goods from the neighbourhood shops has remained largely as an age-old tradition in the households. With the millennials and the Generation Z (Gen Z) exposed to an array of brands, can they become the first choice of young customers for shopping for all kinds of products and varieties? Can the local Mom and Pop stores spread their wings across the young generations, particularly the Millennials and Gen Z through inexpensive social media channels? What are their growth options? How can the social media serve this purpose? The case uses the social cognition theory and the use gratification theory to throw light on the new concept of Social Shopping.

Complexity academic level
The case is meant to be discussed in courses like Fundamentals of Marketing, Digital Marketing and Retail Marketing in a 90-min session in the Post Graduate as well as in the Working Executives' Management programmes. The case analysis will expose the students to the use of social media and its benefits to the small businesses. The students will also be able to analyse and understand the different types of Online Consumers' Shopping Personalities. This would enable them to strategize for different stages in the decision-making processes.


With the awe for nature, the helplessness from birth to death, aging, illness, and the anxiousness about the uncertain future, our ancestors in different parts of the Earth created different methods to deal with all those daily problems, gradually forming their unique mode of thinking and culture. Eventually, those unique thoughts gestated the naissance of various kinds of human civilization. In this paper, the meaning of the words Heaven, God, Pope, and Emperor were analyzed in order to illustrate the intercultural differences and to explore the essential elements for the peaceful coexistence of human beings, in hope to give some helpful suggestions that may be beneficial to the world peace.


Software development is prone to time-consuming and expensive errors. Finding and correcting errors in a program (debugging) is usually done by executing the program with different inputs and examining its intermediate and/or final results (testing). The tools that are currently available for debugging (debuggers) do not fully make use of several potentially useful visualisation and interaction techniques.This article presents a prototype debugging tool (MVT--Matrix Visual Tester) based on a new interactive graphical software testing methodology called visual testing. A programmer can use a visual testing tool to examine and manipulate a running program and its data structures. The tool combines aspects of visual algorithm simulation, high-level data visualisation and visual debugging, and allows easier testing, debugging and understanding of software.


Summary Objective: Estrogens are suggested to play a role in the development of osteoarthritis as indicated by the increased prevalence in women after menopause. We studied whether deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) a, b, or both in female mice results in cartilage damage, osteophytosis, and changes in subchondral bone of skeletally mature animals. Methods: We studied knee joints of 6-month-old female ERa-/-, ERb-/-, and (double) ERa-/-b-/- mice and their wild type (wt) littermates. The presence and size of osteophytes and osteoarthritic changes in cartilage were analyzed using histology. Changes in subchondral plate and trabecular bone were studied using micro-CT. Results :I n ERa-/-b-/- mice, we observed an increase in number and/or size of osteophytes and thinning of the lateral subchondral plate. However, cartilage damage was not different from wt. In ERa-/- or ERb-/- mice, no significant differences in cartilage damage score, osteophyte formation, or subchondral plate thickness were found. The bone volume fraction of the epiphyseal trabecular bone was unchanged in ERa-/- mice, increased in ERb-/- mice, and decreased in ERa-/-b-/- mice.


Aim Our knowledge of landbirds on tropical Pacific islands is often comprised of brief, one‐time surveys. We know little of species' habitat preferences, and this information is critical for understanding the resource requirements or population status of native species and the impacts of human activity on island birds.


The article examines legal custom as the first source of law. For a long time legal custom has occupied a fundamental place in the formation of the entire system of law. At present, in most modern and developed countries, the supremacy of written sources of law (regulatory legal acts) dominates, and the importance of custom has begun to decline sharply. In this regard, casuistic situations arise in the practical application of normative legal acts and established legal customs legalized by the state. On the basis of this, the study of the current position of legal custom in the system of Russian law is recognized as an urgent need for a uniform conduct of business and compliance with the principles of equality and justice.
An important point is that the legal custom remains an integral part of the life of society and cannot be ignored by the legal system, since it was he who initially determined the boundaries of permissibility and morality, and therefore it is necessary to base legislative activity in accordance with existing legal customs, eradicating those that contradict the basic constitutional principles or the needs of modern society.


Ascarid larva migrans syndrome (ascarid LMS) is caused by ascarid roundworms including Ascaris suum. In East Asia, ascarid LMS has been considered as a food-borne disease in adulthood who has the dietary habitat of consuming raw or lightly cooked meat and organ meats. To evaluate the potential risk of A. suum infection from these foods, Ascaris specific real-time PCR was developed. The assay could constantly detect A. suum DNA up to 10 fg. Its specificity was confirmed by non-amplification with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati DNA. A. suum DNA could be amplified from not only a single larva but also mouse liver spiked with a larva. Moreover, the assay could detect A. suum DNA in experimentally infected mouse liver, and showed higher sensitivity than a conventional digestion method. This real-time PCR assay would be useful for detecting the A. suum larval contamination in meat and organ meats.

Practical applications

It has been considered that one of the most important risk factors for ascarid LMS in humans is the consumption of raw or undercooked meat or organ meats of domestic animals infected with Ascaris suum. Thus, we developed the novel real-time PCR with the high sensitivity and specificity in order to specifically detect A. suum DNA from animal tissues. This assay can be applied to the meat inspection procedure for the identification of parasite larval contamination that may adversely impact on public health as well as on animal health and welfare.


Introduction: The Bio-Field Array (BFA) is a device that generates a dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field (DEP-EMF) when placed in a hypotonic saline solution and a direct current (dc) of ~3 amperes is applied. Human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 cells) is known to have a high percentage of apoptotic (P53) deficient cells and some patients can have poor outcomes with current treatments. Objectives: Previously, we reported a strong upregulation of the apoptotic arm of the unfolded protein response, via reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), as well as positive annexin staining in this human breast carcinoma, when grown in media prepared with BFA's dc DEP-EMF treated saline. Here we will examine and discuss cytoskeletal microtubule changes that were noted in the treated breast carcinoma that are strongly suggestive of apoptosis and the possible correlation of these microtubule changes to the upregulation of Junction Mediating and Regulatory Protein (JMY, a P53/TP53 cofactor) that is known to drive cytoskeleton microfilaments (actin) function. Methods: In addition to microarray and RT-qPCR analyses, we conducted 7 days of fluorescent microscopic analyses of tubulin assays in these treated versus control MDA-MB-231 cells. Results: These data suggest 2 possible forms of apoptosis, rounded and irregular, may be occurring and possibly facilitated by the significant upregulation (via microarray and RT-qPCR) of an important but poorly understood Nucleation-Promoting Factor (NPF), JMY. Conclusions: The ability of the BFA dc DEP-EMF to significantly upregulate JMY and possibly influence the regulation of unbranched (nucleation-microtubule spikes) and branched forms (autophagy) of actin in the cytoplasmic domains may facilitate a "two coffins" or round and irregular necrosis-like apoptosis for this highly aggressive and often apoptotic-deficient breast cancer cell line.


Objective: The goals of this study were to assess the feasibility of transient elastography (FibroTouch) and to examine liver elastography characteristics in children with infectious mononucleosis (IM) caused by Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) infection in Southern China. Methods: FibroTouch examinations were carried out in 357 pediatric patients (aged 1.0-18.0 years old). Hepatic fibrosis was assessed by liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and liver steatosis was determined by fat attenuation parameter (FAP). These results were then compared between the IM group (n=112) and control group (n=238). Risk factors for hepatic fibrosis (LSM > 6.5) were analyzed using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. LSM, before and after therapy, for the IM group was also investigated. Results: Among 357 children examined, 350 children had successful FibroTouch examinations (98.0%; age range: 1.1-17.3 years old; 209 males). LSM values (expressed as mean ± SD) were significantly higher in the IM group (n=112, 5.1±1.8 kPa) than the control group (n=238, 3.5±1.3 kPa; P < 0.001). FAP values showed no significant differences between the IM group (198.9±23.1 dB/m) and control group (183.6±19.9 dB/m, P=0.060). In the IM group, body mass index (BMI) percentile (P=0.011), serum albumin (ALB) (P=0.007), EBV DNA load (P=0.045), and FAP (P=0.036) were associated with hepatic fibrosis, according to univariate analysis. Through multivariate analysis, BMI percentile ≥ 90% (P=0.013), ALB < 40 g/L (P=0.028), and FAP > 249 dB/m (P=0.039) were regarded as independent factors relevant with hepatic fibrosis. After treatment, the LSM of IM children decreased (P < 0.001). Conclusion: FibroTouch methodology is feasible for liver stiffness screening in Chinese children. Liver stiffness increases transiently in children with IM but decreases after treatment.


This installation explores an experimental research approach in interface design through a condensation-based ephemeral interface that employs digital augmented materiality. Inspired by the experience of using our fingers to write graffiti on foggy surfaces, the piece recreates this familiar scenario in a gallery space. By making use of the specific properties and semantics of the interface material, the design of the installation aims to explore the physical affordances of the ephemeral interface. The project aims to gain evidence to support the hypothesis that the physical affordances of such an ephemeral interface encourage intuitive interaction in user experience. The set up of the installation also aims to gather qualitative data for visual analysis of users' intuitive patterns captured during their interaction with the interface.


Summary
For the development of effective procedures to control invasive plants, it is necessary to learn about their mechanism of spread, for which an understanding of the plant's genetic variation may be important. Sicyos angulatus is a widespread and invasive weed that grows among forage crops and natural vegetation in Japan. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) genotyping was used to detect the regional patterns of genetic variation of S. angulatus in its introduced range in Japan. The goal of this research was to assess the introduction dynamics and mechanism of spread of S. angulatus in Japan. Four screened ISSR primers produced 15 reliable bands, and 12 of these were polymorphic among six areas in central and north-eastern Japan. The analysis of molecular variance (amova) revealed that 88.4% of genetic variation occurred within areas rather than between the two regions (1.1%), or among areas within regions (10.5%). While the total gene diversity among areas (Ht) was 0.1684, the coefficient of gene differentiation was low among two geographically distinct regions (Gst = 0.053). The genetic diversity indices (h = 0.116; I = 0.173) of the Fuji river area, assumed to be near the first introduction site, were not higher than other areas (total h = 0.165; total I = 0.263). In contrast, those of the Chikuma river and Tenryu river areas were relatively high (h = 0.173 and 0.187; I = 0.276 and 0.277 respectively). The Mantel test showed no significant correlation between geographical and genetic distances. These results suggest multiple introductions from the same gene pools into both central and north-eastern regions of Japan.


The square-root-free algorithm for sliding window block RLS (recursive least squares) based on the up/down-dating Cholesky factorization via vectorized Gram-Schmidt pseudo-orthogonalization of S.-F. Hsieh et al. (1991) is used to derive an algorithm for extracting the optimal weights of this RLS. Its implementation by a rhombic systolic array is shown. Unlike the arrays for RLS with a forgetting factor, there are only two kinds of cells in the array considered.<<ETX>>


Low-level and intermediate-level computer vision tasks are regarded as transformations from lower to higher level representations of the image information. An edge-based representation that makes explicit linear features and their spatial relationships is developed. Examples are presented in the scene domain of aerial images of urban scenes containing man-made structures.
The techniques used are based on a common structural and statistical model of the image data. This model assumes that the image data is adequately represented locally by a bivariate cubic polynomial plus additive independent Gaussian noise. This model, although simple, is shown to be useful for the design of effective computer vision solving tasks.
Four low-level computer vision modules are developed. First, a gradient operator which reduces sharply the gradient direction estimate bias the plagues current operators while also reducing sensitivity to noise. Secondly, a Bayes decision procedure for automatic gradient threshold selection that produces results which are superior to those obtained by the best subjective threshold. Thirdly, the new gradient operator and automatic gradient threshold selection are used in Haralick's directional zero-crossing edge operator resulting in improved performance. Finally, a graytone corner detector with significantly better probability of correct corner assignment than other corner detectors available in the literature.
Intermediate-level modules are developed for the construction of a number of intermediate-level units from linear features. Among these is a linear segment extraction method that uses both, zero-crossing positional and angular information together with their distributional characteristics to accomplish optimal linear segment fitting. Methods for hypothesizing corners and relations of parallelism and collinearity among pairs of linear segments are developed. These relations are used to build higher level groupings of linear segments that are likely to correspond to cultural objects.


AbstractThe size of oocytes during germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was revised for the Leopard Grouper Mycteroperca rosacea. Histology of ovaries, plasma levels of estradiol-17s (E2), and testosterone (T) were analyzed in Leopard Grouper at 0, 12, 16, and 24 h after a priming dose of 1,000 IU/kg body weight of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and were compared with control females injected with saline solution. Histological observations were verified in hormonally induced females by observing in vivo intraovarian biopsies after using the same priming dose and a second resolving dose of 500 UI/kg body weight of hCG 16 or 24 h later, which served to analyze spawning performance. Histological and in vivo intraovarian biopsies showed that in full-yolk oocytes (~455 μm diameter) GVM and GVBD were concomitant with coalescence of a single oil droplet 16 and 24 h after the first injection. The oil droplet became a morphological marker as well as a predicting indicator of t...


Lightning strikes can cause physical harm to people and damage inside commercial, industrial, and residential structures. The risk of damage from lightning depends on the dimensional and environmental characteristics of the structure, the number of people and their permanence in the structure, their reaction to a possible fire, and the density of lightning strikes to the ground in the structure location. The assessment of the prospected risk determines the need for protective measures if it is higher than the tolerable value. The standard IEC/EN 62305-2 proposes a method to calculate the probable average annual loss in a structure due to lightning flashes. Since the standard is oriented toward analyzing the greatest number of types of structures, the analysis is complex and laborious because of the multitude of parameters to be used. The aim of this article is to facilitate an easy understanding of the basic parameters to consider and to introduce an analysis aimed at typical cases of buildings in urban environments to simplify the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)/EN method. We introduce an effective parameter: the per unit (p.u.) risk value related to the tolerable risk. The applications of the suggested simplified formulas to real cases have provided results that absolutely coincide with the values calculated by applying the IEC/EN formulas. Table 1 list the symbols used in this article.


Synopsis The research problem This study examines the effects of board size and board independence, as well as the interaction effect between board independence and CEOs/CFOs on corporate governance disclosure practices. Motivation Despite corporate governance (CG) reforms around the world, research evidence indicates that the levels of corporate governance disclosures (CGDs) in developing countries remain poor due to weak institutions and corporate governance systems. In particular, the corporate boards as a key mechanism of CG and the board nomination processes in East Africa remain largely opaque and dominated by majority shareholders, chief executive officers, and chief finance officers (CEOs/CFOs), giving rise to opportunistic behaviors that may be detrimental to firm value. The distinctive feature of the board nomination process/CG system in East Africa has implications for monitoring and corporate governance disclosure practices and compliance and calls for systematic research in this under-explored subject. Hypotheses H1: The association between board size and corporate governance disclosure will be positive. H2: The association between board independence and corporate governance disclosure will be positive. H3a: The presence of the CEO on the nomination/remuneration committee will negatively moderate the relationship between board independence and corporate governance disclosure. H3b: The presence of the CFO on the nomination/remuneration committee will negatively moderate the relationship between board independence and corporate governance disclosure. H3c: The presence of the CEO and CFO on the nomination/remuneration committee will negatively moderate the relationship between board independence and corporate governance disclosure. Target population Stakeholders including firm managers, practitioners, regulatory authorities, policymakers, and investors. Adopted methodology Ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed-effects model, and system generalized method of moments (GMM). Analyses Using a large and hand-collected dataset comprising 1000 firm-year observations from 2007 to 2017 in East Africa, this study develops a corporate governance disclosure index (CGDI) of East Africa consisting of 164 provisions. To test our hypotheses, this study adopts three analytical approaches, namely OLS and fixed-effects (FE) regressions and the two-stage system GMM to address the endogeneity concerns. Findings We find that large boards and independent directors are associated with greater disclosure of CG information. Our analysis suggests that CEO/CFO power negatively moderates the link between board independence and corporate governance disclosure, unlike those environments with stronger institutions and corporate governance systems. Thus, firms whose CEO and CFO are involved in remuneration or nomination committees disclose less CG information. The combined effect of the CEO and CFO on selection and remuneration committees and an independent board in reducing corporate disclosure appears more pronounced for the post-financial crisis period compared with the crisis period.


For a long time it was a common opinion that hyperbolic attractors are artificial mathematical constructions . However, in the recent papers there were proposed physically realizable systems that possess, in their phase space, the set with features that are very similar to hyperbolic type of attractors. As is known, invariant sets are called hyperbolic attractors of the dynamical system if they are closed, topologically transitive subsets, and every their trajectory possesses uniform hyperbolicity. Very familiar types of the hyperbolic attractors are Smale-Williams' solenoid and Plykin's attractor. Further, it is well known that chaotic systems are very sensitive to the external perturbations. This property is used for controlling nonlinear systems and chaos suppression. Thus, an important question arises: Is it possible to suppress chaos in systems with hyperbolic attractors because these attractors are structurally stable subsets? In the present contribution we study the possibility of stabilization of chaotic oscillations in systems with the Smale-Williams hyperbolic attractors by means of the Pyragas method with a delay . It is shown that by means of external perturbation the dynamical system could be controllable: the hyperbolic attractor degenerates into a periodic one.


Embedding in an interconnection network maps the interconnection network G to H and analyzes the relationship between G and H. Hypercubes and toruses are widely known as interconnection networks, and various algorithms have been developed. The HCN graph is a network with a hierarchical structure to improve the network cost of hypercube. In this study, we analyze the fault tolerance and embedding properties of HCN graphs. As a result of the research, the HCN graph has the same node connectivity and degree, so it has the maximum fault tolerance property. In addition, an algorithm that can one-to-one node map the HCN structure to the torus structure was proposed. The embedding results showed that it was possible to embed the torus structure in the HCN graph at an extension rate of 3 and dilation of 1. The results of the embedding study mean that various algorithms developed in Torus can be efficiently used in the HCN structure.


DNMT3A gene mutations were previously associated with poor clinical outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Several mutations have been described, most of them on arginine in position 882, located in exon 23. Interestingly, most of evidence associating DNMT3A mutations and clinical outcome in AML are from clinical trials, that reflect the profile of selected cohorts and therefore, which are not always trustworthy clues for decision-making therapy. To date, little is known about the clinical importance and the frequency of DNMT3A mutations in AML in a real life setteing. Here, we performed DNMT3A screening mutation in exon 23 and its gene expression profile in 201 patients with AML, and associated these findings with clinical and laboratory characteristics, hematologic recovery, relapse, and survival. We identified DNMT3A mutations in 27 patients (13%). DNMT3A mutations were associated with higher white blood cell counts (P=0.034), but had no impact on clinical outcome (overall survival, OS: 261 days (IC95%: 1-670 days); P=0.13; disease-free survival, DFS: 182 days (IC95%: 161–377 days); P=0.157). DNMT3A mutations did not interfere in the gene expression levels (P= 1.000), although the lower DNMT3A gene expression had a negative impact on overall survival (P= 0.044). Taken together, our data suggest that lower expression of the DNMT3A gene is associated prognostic impact in AML.


The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) is developing a sectoral reference document (SRD) on best environmental management practice for the waste management sector. Waste management is a key sector in terms of resource efficiency where best practice, going well beyond regulatory requirements, can be of great benefit. This activity is part of the JRC's work on identification of best environmental management practice and development of EMAS Sectoral Reference Documents for different sectors. This brief introduction outlines the proposed scope and priorities of the project and provides a provisional list of proposed Best Practices for the sector.


The article considers the problem of a child's quick loss of interest in a toy and its solution by creating an intellectual toy based on the experience of scientific research in the field of labyrinthology. Passing puzzles in the form of a maze have a beneficial effect on the child's intellect, develops spatial thinking, memory and teaches the child how to find solutions to problems at a subconscious level, also disciplines and develops concentration. For a hull development the art design method was applied. A prototype of the designed toy is a cryptex - a portable storage used to hide secret messages invented by Leonardo Da Vinci and implemented by Justin Kirk Nevinson. The labyrinth system is based on the fractal tree method. The fractal labyrinth has a hierarchical (grid) structure, which creates more chances for a quick passage of the labyrinth without obstacles, but since the goal of the toy is to develop the intelligence of the child, it was decided to complicate the structure of the labyrinth by adding dead-end branches and additional tracks. Entering a dead-end branch allows the child to find and analyze the optimal moves in the game.


Recent developments in the oxidation of water to dioxygen using metal complexes as catalysts or precatalysts are presented, as well as the conversion of homogeneous catalysts into nanoparticles or heterogeneous catalysts during the oxidation of water. Homogeneous catalysts are advantageous in the careful design and elucidation of the mechanisms for catalytic water oxidation. In distinction, the use of heterogeneous catalysts in water oxidation is advantageous for applications as a result of their robust catalytic activity. Although detailed studies on homogeneous and heterogeneous water oxidation reactions are performed rather often, understanding the link between homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous ones is becoming an additional requirement in order to produce economically attractive water oxidation catalysts (WOCs). This minireview focuses on the aspects that determine whether particular catalysts for the oxidation of water are homogeneous or heterogeneous.


Abstract The present study aimed to formulate celastrol into liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) through ultrasonication to enhance its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of asthma. The physiochemical characteristics, in-vitro release studies were determined along with molecular simulations. Celastrol-loaded LCNPs showed the mean particle size of 194.1 ± 9.78 nm and high entrapment efficiency of 99.1 ± 0.02%. TEM revealed cubical-like structure of the nanoparticles and in-vitro release study demonstrated sustained drug release. They also demonstrated significant activity in reducing IL-1β production, when evaluated using immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines (BCi-NS1.1), that may help alleviate the symptoms of asthma. Graphical Abstract


Users' emotional engagement in a task is important for performance and motivation. Non-intrusive, computerized process measures of engagement have the potential to provide fine-grained access to underlying affective states and processes. Thus, the current work brings together subjective measures (questionnaires) and objective process measures (facial expressions and head movements) of emotions to examine users' emotional engagement with respect to the absence or presence of game-elements. In particular, we randomly assigned 156 adult participants to either a spatial working memory task with or without game elements present, while their faces and head movements were recorded with a webcam during task execution. Positive and negative emotions were assessed before the task and twice during task execution using conventional questionnaires. We additionally examined whether perceived subjective effort, assumed to inherit a substantial affective component, manifests at a bodily expressive level alongside positive and negative emotions. Importantly, we explored the relationship between subjective and objective measures of emotions across the two tasks versions. We found a series of action units and head movements associated with the subjective experience of emotions as well as to subjective effort. Impacted by game elements, these associations often fit intuitively or lined up with findings from literature. As did a linear increase of blink (action unit 45) intensity relate to participants performing the task without game elements, presumably indicating disengagement in the more tedious task variant. On other occasions, associations between subjective and objective measures seemed indiscriminative or even contraindicated. Additionally, facial and bodily reactions and the resulting subjective-objective correspondences were rather consistent within, but not between the two task versions. Our work therefore both gains detailed access to automated emotion recognition and promotes its feasibility within research of game elements while highlighting the individuality and context dependency of emotional expressions.


Abstract Objective: Epidural fibrosis and leptomeningeal adhesion formation are common causes of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). We employed a rat model of lumbar laminectomy to evaluate the histopathological effects of sodium hyaluronate (HA) and methylprednisolone (MP) alone or in combination on post-laminectomy epidural fibrosis. Methods: Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups. All rats underwent three-level lumbar laminectomy. In the treatment groups, HA solution, MP, or a combination of both was applied locally to the epidural spaces of the laminectomy fields. No neurological deficits or pathological wound site changes were observed in any of the groups. At the end of the sixth week, all rats were sacrificed, and the laminectomy vertebral column areas were removed en-bloc. Specimens were evaluated by an expert neuropathologist according to histopathological criteria. Results: The results of the three treatment groups were separately compared with the control group to assess epidural fibrosis. Minimal reduction in the rate of epidural fibrosis was observed in the groups treated with HA or MP compared with the control group. However, no significant difference in epidural fibrosis was noted between the combined treatment group and the control group. Conclusions: Our study showed that MP and HA, given separately, significantly reduce post-laminectomy epidural fibrosis; however, the combination of these drugs is not effective. Further investigation is needed to address the causative drug interactions.


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The Hood River Conservation Project (HRCP) was a major residential retrofit demonstration project, operated by Pacific Power & Light Company (Pacific Power) between 1984 and 1988, and funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville). The project was designed to install as many cost-effective retrofit measures in as many electrically heated homes as possible in the community of Hood River, Oregon. The Pacific Power HRCP planners statistically selected a special group of 320 Hood River homes that represented a cross-section of the community. The end-use loads (electric space heating, electric water heating, and woodfuel space heating) and the interior temperatures of these homes were monitored for one year before weatherization and three years after weatherization. After more than four years of submetered data collection, 220 single-family, detached homes were available for analysis in the second load study. Weather was normalized for the four heating seasons by matching one day from the pre-program year with one day from each postretrofit year.


The Soviet Union caused so serious environmental problems in socialist construction that Soviet government was compelled to enact a series of statutes and policies to protect the environment. Those weaknesses inherent in Soviet socialist system and modern industrial civilization were responsible for increasingly grave environmental problems and failure of environment protection policies. As a result, environmentalist movement grew steadily in Soviet Union and finally turned into the force to overthrow the Soviet Communist government and send the Soviet Union disintegrated. Therefore, Soviet socialist system had interactive and complex connections with its destruction and protection of environment.


LP-FBMC (low peak-to-average power ratio filter bank multicarrier) was recently proposed to ameliorate the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) issue of filter bank multicarrier (FBMC). The previous simulation study showed that LP-FBMC achieves a similar PAPR as that of single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) while being very robust to inter-user timing/frequency offsets. However, the simulation results that were obtained assuming the stereotyped channel model and the simple nonlinearity model of analog circuits substantially differ from the performance results in a real channel with a real transceiver. To address this, the main purpose of this work is to compare the performances of three waveforms, i.e., SC-FDMA, FBMC, and LP-FBMC, in a real uplink indoor channel. We investigate how the bit error rate (BER) performance gaps of three waveforms in the indoor channels change by the system parameters, such as the carrier frequency within sub-3.5 GHz band and the number of sub-carriers or the sub-carrier spacing, which was not found in the previous simulation study. Our investigation confirms that LP-FBMC is a suitable waveform for real indoor applications.


The study of crime suffers from an inattention to the social consequences of criminal acts. Conceiving crimes within the larger context of "hazard," data are reported on the relative seriousness of conventional and white-collar crimes, as well as other hazards, using a sample of Washington state respondents. The results indicate that there is an inverse relationship between the perceived likelihood of a hazard and its seriousness. Generally, the more immediate the threat of a hazard, such as white-collar crimes, the more serious it is perceived to be. There are also implications from these consequences for perceptions of institutional effectiveness and interpersonal relationships. This suggests that future studies of the consequences of criminality, especially white-collar and corporate violations, might be directed toward the notions of risk and, eventually, social trust.


Fraud is a serious problem in the business world. Fraud includes three main things, namely assets misappropriation, faudulent statement and corruption. Various efforts have been made in the framework of prevention. However, fraud still exists today. On the other hand, the family has the potential and an important role in shaping one's character. There are various positive values that can be instilled in children in family institutions. The problem is, many families are now just a mere formality. In fact, parents can educate their children to become anti-fraud individuals, one of which is by setting an example for their children. Therefore, this article proposes a new concept that combines the previous concepts. The concept is to instill exemplary values in the family to prevent fraud. This study uses descriptive analysis to propose the concept of cultivating exemplary values in the family to prevent fraud. This study uses a library research approach to collect secondary data from journal articles, books, reports, and websites that contain the existing concepts of exemplary values and fraud prevention. It is hoped that this formulation can actually reduce fraud that occurs later.


AIM To detect anti-tumor activity and toxicity of yttrium-and samarium-fluorouracil complex (Y-FU,Sm-FU) in a human gastric carcinoma cell xenograft model. METHODS A human gastric carcinoma cell (BGC-823) xenograft model in nude mice was prepared. Then these nude mice were treated with Y-FU and Sm-FU (ip) 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The inhibition rate of growth of human gastric carcinoma,the weight indexes and pathological changes in nude mice′s main organs were observed. Induction of apoptosis in the human gastric carcinoma xenograft was observed by electron microscope and TUNEL staining. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group,the growth of human gastric carcinoma was significantly inhibited by Y-FU and Sm-FU without changes in weight and morphology of main organs. The inhibitive rates were 66% and 72% in Y-FU 28 and 56 mg·kg-1 groups,respectively,and 64% and 81% in Sm-FU 31 and 62 mg·kg-1 groups,respectively. While,compared with 5-fluorouracil (FU) 30 mg·kg-1,there was no significant difference in the inhibition rate of growth of gastric carcinoma. TUNEL positive cells were more obviously observed in carcinoma tissues of 2 complexes treated nude mice than FU group. CONCLUSION The growth of human gastric carcinoma is significantly inhibited by Y-FU and Sm-FU,while having no obvious toxicity at certain dose ranges. Their anti-tumor activities are possibly caused by the induction of apoptosis in gastric carcinoma in nude mice.


Abstract Background: - Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Problem with trachoma can be prevented through Sanitation and Hygiene improvement. This study assesses the relation between triggering villages through CLTSH and significant result on blinding trachoma. Objective: Assessment of Trachoma prevalence and associated factors among in CLTSH triggered village and non-triggered village of Girar Jarso Woreda, North Shoa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2014. Methods: A c omparative cross-sectional study was done in CLTSH triggered village and non-triggered village of Girar Jarso Woreda, North Shoa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The sample size determined using the formula of sample size determination for two population proportion. Based on stat calc of EPI info 184.108.40.206.for cross sectional study designs, the actual sample size calculated to be 644(322 from each group) children aged 1-9years. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed.  A Structured questionnaire and WHO guideline for Trachoma Assessment also used. Data was managed and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Result: - . From the total children assessed, active trachoma was found to be 179(27.8%). It was also observed from this study that 22 (3.4%) had trichiasis and 15(2.3%) were observed to have corneal opacity. The prevalence of trachoma in the two comparison group had no significant difference and children in the community led total sanitation and hygiene triggered village had no lower risk of trachoma. Variables such as open defecation free, any piles of animal dung or rubbish lying in open place, frequency of washing hands and faces, type of detergent they use, main source of water were  associated with trachoma reduction (P-values <0.05 ) in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: - The prevalence of trachoma in the two comparison group had no significant difference, rather encouraging reduction of trachoma in Open defecation free villages .


Objective: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding of different levels of dietary crude protein (17.5, 16.5 and 15.5%) with varying levels of lysine (0.77, 0.73 and 0.68%) and methionine (0.36, 0.34 and 0.32%) on performance of white leghorn layers from 34-53 weeks of age. Methodology: Each diet was fed ad libitum to 12 replicates consisting of 88 birds in each replicate. Egg Production (EP), Feed Intake (FI), gram of feed to produce gram of egg mass (FE), Egg Weight (EW) and Egg Mass (EM) were recorded at 28 days intervals. Results: Dietary reduction in protein levels had reduced (p<0.001) EP, FE, EW and EM during most of the period and overall experimental period whereas, FI was not affected by dietary CP. The EP was lower (p<0.001) in the group fed with 15.5% CP diet than other groups. The FE was lower (p<0.001) in the group fed 17.5% CP. The EW was decreased (p<0.001) with reduction in dietary CP levels during different periods (except period 3 and 4) and overall experiment (34-53 weeks). Conclusion: From the results it was evident that a diet with 16.5% CP with 0.73% lysine and 0.34% methionine were essential to elicit optimum performance in the WL-layers.


This article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on university–community engagement (UCE) as an academic mission. The aim of the work is to outline the ways in which UCE has been functioning since the turbulent onset of the pandemic in the spring of 2020. The study undertakes a systematic review of the UCE literature to identify major trends, raising important questions regarding ongoing scholarly discussions and managerial/policy debates on the subject. The results show seven distinct types of engagement responses by higher education institutions (HEIs) across the globe. In addition, the review identified that HEIs faced difficulties in either adapting existing engagement practices or while establishing new ones, especially regarding the efficient use of digital technologies. In terms of implications, the findings suggest that the pandemic has resulted in new debates about the societal role of HEIs, with medium- and long-term implications for policy and management.


The ideological course of Feng Youlan cannot oversimplify himself-losing himself-returning
himself, it should be affirmation-negation-the negation of negation. Feng Youlan' s later thought had
changed from "Principle is outside the thing" to "Principle is in the thing", from idealism to materialism, from the rationalistic New Confucianism to the material force New Confucianism, from continuation of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi to continuation of Zhang Zai.


During some work on Neon Lamps for Stroboscopic Work, it was noticed that, when the flash of an ordinary spectrum tube containing neon was analysed by a rotating mirror, it consisted of two parts, an extremely short flash followed by a flame or arc, and that the latter consisted of bright striations travelling from anode to cathode. The same phenomenon was observed with helium. The velocity of these striations was roughly measured, and found to be about 50,000 cm./sec. in neon and 100,000 cm./sec. in helium. As these figures approximated to the velocities of sound in these gases, it was hoped that investigation of the phenomenon might lead to an explanation of striations generally. This expectation has, unfortunately, not been realised, for these velocities were soon found to be special or limiting cases of far more complex phenomena. The following paper is an account of the preliminary experiments, which have given interesting, but somewhat inconclusive results. The first account of moving striations observed by means of a rotating mirror is given by A. Wullner.† They were investigated more fully by W. Spottiswoode. Both these observers used several elementary gases then available, but most of Spottiswoode's results were obtained with compounds, these giving more definite striations. Unfortunately, neither observer recorded any figures for the velocities, but Wullner mentions that his mirror was rotated at ½ to 2 revolutions per second.


A simultaneous determination method of 210Pb,210Bi and 210Po in rock and soil by α,β particle counter method after enrichment of 210Bi and 210Po by nickel-plated sheet was proposed.By the optimization and selection of acidity,volume,temperature and reducing agent for solution preparation,the possible interference of coexisting elements and isotopes were eliminated effectively.The self-plating time was shortened to 40 min.Under the optimal conditions,the calibration curves of 210Po,210Bi and 210Pb were established with correlation coefficient in the range of 0.998 3-0.999 7.The linear range was 1.0×10-3-1.0×102 Bq.The detection limit of 210Po,210Bi,210Pb was 6×10-4 Bq/g,6×10-3 Bq/g and 6×10-3 Bq/g,respectively.The precision of method(RSD,n=11) was better than 1.6 %.The recoveries of standard addition were 95 %-105 %.The proposed method realized the simultaneous and rapid determination of 210Pb,210Bi and 210Po in rock and soil.


This paper presents a development of a 3D motion sensor which detects inertial movements and earth's magnetic fields for a compass heading. It consists of a 3-axis accelerometer, a 2-axis geomagnetic sensor, and a microcontroller. An automatic calibration and measurement system is developed to reduce test lead time. For the geomagnetic sensor part, an accuracy of plusmn5 degrees, a resolution of plusmn1 degrees, and a linearity of plusmn1% in full scale range have been achieved. The accelerometer has a full measurement range of plusmn2g. Both sensitivity of 819 count/g with a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter and a linearity of plusmn0.5% in full scale have been achieved. While driving voltage can operate between 2.7 and 3.3 V, current consumption is 3.2 mA at 2.8 V. Thorough reliability test is performed and the sigma level of geomagnetic sensor heading accuracy is 5.6sigma, and that of accelerometer sensitivities are 4.6sigma, 5.6sigma, and 4.5sigma for x, y, and z axis respectively. Pedometer software is tested and showed 85% of step count accuracy. The dimension of a packaged chip is 8.3 mm times 5.3 mm times 1.5 mm.


Process for the continuous treatment of water, wherein - the channeled flowing into the process raw water with a chemically reactive substance metered continuously enriched and is mixed into a flow, - to precipitation enabled the then present solution of the mixture with continued chemical reaction with the water and / or to the harmful substances contained therein and / or harmless substances is continued in a calm water movement of a reaction vessel, - poorly soluble components are separated from the water and - the treated water finally is continuously fed to a memory or to a further treatment, characterized, that the chemical substance is continuously metered into a falling directed into an entrance aperture of the mixing tube leading turbulent flow of the raw water and fed into a spatially defined, restricted mixing zone of a reaction vessel designed as a mixing reactor via the mixing tube as a premix and that a portion of the premix is sucked in a reduced cross-section the bottom area of the mixing reactor, in one of ...


Objective: To assess the evidence demonstrating efficacy, tolerability, and safety of seven new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate, tiagabine, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide) in the treatment of children and adults with refractory partial and generalized epilepsies. Methods: A 23-member committee including general neurologists, pediatric neurologists, epileptologists, and doctors in pharmacy evaluated the available evidence based on a structured literature review including MEDLINE, Current


This chapter presents a report of an experimental approach that uses WSL as an intermediate language for the visualisation of COBOL legacy systems in UML. Key UML techniques are identified that can be used for visualisation. Many cases were studied, and one is presented in detail. The report concludes by demonstrating how this approach can be used to build a software tool that automates the visualisation task. Furthermore, understanding a system is of critical importance to a developer who must be able to understand the business processes being modeled by the system along with the system's functionality, structure, events, and interactions with external entities. Such an understanding is of even more importance in reverse engineering. Although developers have the advantage of having the source code available, system documentation is often missing or incomplete, and the original users, whose requirements were used to design the system, are often long gone. IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Advances in UML and XML-Based Software Evolution edited by Hongji Yang © 2005, Idea Group Inc. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB11243


In this paper, we present the analysis and design of a miniaturized reconfigurable bandpass filter based on a 3rdorder coupled conductor backed coplanar waveguide transmission line structure. The main objective of the paper is to provide a comprehensive design analysis, development and optimization of miniaturized bandpass filter with application in the RF/Microwave and other wireless communication systems. The proposed miniaturized reconfigurable bandpass filter is specifically designed for wireless communication at the center frequency of 30 GHz. The conductor-backed coplanar waveguide design approach allows for the elimination of via holes; hence, easy to fabricate, cost effective and reduces parasitic in the filter. The transmission lines are patterned on a silicon dioxide placed on a silicon substrate with the dielectric constant of $\mathcal{E}_{r}=\mathbf{11.9}$. The filter occupies total chip area of $\mathbf{1.3\ mm\ x\ 0.76\ mm}$. The 3D structure is designed and simulated in CST. The result shows the achieved inband insertion loss of less than 2 dB and return loss better than 15 dB.


The paper discusses the structure, applications, and plausibility of the muchusedparallel-case argument for workplace democracy. The argument restson an analogy between firms and states according to which the justificationof democracy in the state implies its justification in the workplace. Thecontribution of the paper is threefold. First, the argument is illustrated byapplying it to two usual objections to workplace democracy, namely, thatemployees lack the expertise required to run a firm and that only capitalsuppliers should have a say over the governance of the firm. Second,the structure of the argument is unfolded. Third, two salient similaritiesbetween firms and states regarding their internal and external effects andthe standing of their members are addressed in order to asses the potentialand limits of the argument, as well as three relevant differences regardingthe voluntariness of their membership, the narrowness of their goals, andthe stiffness of the competition they face. After considering these similaritiesand differences, the paper contends that the the parallel-case argumentprovides a sound reason in favor of democracy in the workplace —a reason,however, that needs to be importantly qualified and that is only pro tanto.


We consider a degraded broadcast channel with maximum likelihood decoders and derive lower bounds on the error exponent of each user. Unlike earlier results, our exponents pertain to optimal decoding and include both rates.


A stepped seawall with a large drainage is expected to reduce both wave overtopping to coastal land areas and wave reflection toward the offshore direction. For the economical design of such a seawall, it is important to estimate wave overtopping phenomenon as well as the adequate volume of the drainage. This paper aims to investigate wave overtopping process as well as overtopping quantity on the stepped seawall with the drainage by conducting hydraulic experiments and numerical simulations with a numerical wave flume CADMAS-SURF. As a result, it was confirmed that wave overtopping characteristics depend on wave condition and the computational results were in good agreement with the experimental ones. The effect of optimal parameters in the CADMAS-SURF on wave overtopping was also examined.


How scientists communicate and the role of journals is a topic that raises its head regularly, but without resolution and with the journal and article format stubbornly remaining much the same. Indeed, back in 2009, Sally Morris, then editor of Learned Publishing, asked 'Is the journal article fit for purpose, or stuck in the past'? She concluded that within an environment that was constantly looking forward to new discoveries, it was strange to be so stuck on an old-fashioned format and tool for communicating science (Morris, 2009). However, I see increasing evidence that the culture of publishing is changing, and not necessarily (in my opinion) for the better. Although both journals and formats remain (although the definition of a journal is becoming somewhat blurred), the emphasis on who is being served by publishing is increasingly focused on authors – at the detriment of the reader. There is increasing pressure to publish and a rapid increase in the scholarly output, but relatively little attention is being given to the needs of the reader to quickly identify relevant, valid information.


In the present work, three LiDAR technologies (Faro Focus 3D X130—Terrestrial Laser Scanner, TLS-, Kaarta Stencil 2–16—Mobile mapping system, MMS-, and DJI Zenmuse L1—Airborne LiDAR sensor, ALS-) have been tested and compared in order to assess the performances in surveying built heritage in vegetated areas. Each of the mentioned devices has their limits of usability, and different methods to capture and generate 3D point clouds need to be applied. In addition, it has been necessary to apply a methodology to be able to position all the point clouds in the same reference system. While the TLS scans and the MMS data have been geo-referenced using a set of vertical markers and sphere measured by a GNSS receiver in RTK mode, the ALS model has been geo-referenced by the GNSS receiver integrated in the unmanned aerial system (UAS), which presents different characteristics and accuracies. The resulting point clouds have been analyzed and compared, focusing attention on the number of points acquired by the different systems, the density, and the nearest neighbor distance.


Using composite enzymatic hydrosis by neutral proteinase and on soy protein,though odd factor tests,the optimum fermentational conditions of bacillus subtillis are that the seed age is 18 h,carbon resource is sucrose,concentration is 2%,initial pH is 7.0,shaking in 30 ℃ at 160 r/min for 36 h,volume of 250 mL has 50mL,inoculum amount is 8%. The DH can achieve 38.82%,improved 21.1% after optimized fermentation by bacillus subtillis. The enzymatic activity of nattokinase is 4.8 IU/mL.


The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) on household welfare in Cameroon. This was done using data from a survey of 264 households in Cameroon in 2020. A linear regression model and Heckman sample correction bias were used and the results showed that COVID-19 reduces household welfare in Cameroon. These findings have implications of reducing the impact of COVID-19 on household welfare if households should develop new sources of income and food strategies by engaging more on agricultural activities and government can take a strategy of allocating grants either by reducing the cost of necessities (water, electricity, foodstuff, and housing). The triple helix approach where government, institutions of technology, and businesses should develop a vaccine for the pandemic to bring back economic life to normal.


Tax Avoidance is an effort to reduce tax but still comply with the provisions of taxation regulations, such as taking advantage of the exclusions and deductions that are allowed as well as postponing taxes that have not been regulated in the applicable tax regulations. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the effect of profitability, leverage, and company size on tax avoidance. The population in this study are banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2016-2018. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling and obtained a sample of 37 companies. The research data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 22. The results of this study indicate that profitability has a significant effect on Tax Avoidance. Meanwhile, leverage and company size have no significant effect on Tax Avoidance.


Abstract : The goal of our AFOSR proposal was to study the feasibility, characteristics and limitations of using two Airborne Laser Scanners (ALS) mounted on an Uninhabited Airborne Vehicle (UAV) to aid its Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in unknown terrain environments. One area of interest to AFRL is the ability to navigate in GPS-denied environments where prior information about the terrain the UAV is traversing, is unknown. Conventional TRN schemes are inadequate since they all require prior terrain information in the form of a terrain elevation database. Ohio University s proposed concept of using Dual Airborne Laser Scanner (Dual ALS) meets the requirement of not needing prior terrain information. Conceptually similar to an Inertial Navigator, Dual ALS is a dead-reckoning system that keeps track of a vehicle s position state changes over time, since initialization. The Dual ALS error states can then be used to correct or reset the IMU states, thus effectively constraining its drift error. Simulation results provided in this final report demonstrate that the concept works extremely well with residual horizontal drift errors of magnitudes as small as 60 meters per hour.


The surface film that forms on pure Ni during potentiostatic anodic polarization in a slightly alkaline solution was investigated by transient electrochemical techniques in combination with cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Point Defect Model combined with a surface charge approach and interfacial capacity measurements was used to explore correlation between semiconducting properties (electronic conductivity) and kinetics of the film formation (ionic conductivity). Transport of the cation vacancies, as dominant point defects, through the film is the rate-determining step of the overall process of the surface film growth. The diffusion coefficient of the cation vacancies was extracted from the low-frequency EIS data and dc electrochemical measurements. The film formed was found to be a p-type semiconductor. The flat band potential and the carrier density were corrected for the frequency dispersion. The composition of the surface films on nickel, elemental identification and chemical state of elements were obtained using XPS.


In many clinical trials, the quality of life assessments are made at regular intervals together with clinically measurable endpoints. Quality adjusted lifetime (QAL) data analysis can serve as an important tool to the medical and the patient community. This article presents a Bayesian approach to analyze quality adjusted lifetime data. Considering a progressive health state model, a flexible class of parametric mixture distributions is proposed for the log of the time spent in different health states. Viewing the censored observations as missing variables, a data augmentation scheme integrated within a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to obtain statistical inference. The proposed models are allowed to include several explanatory variables within a regression model. Simulation studies and an analysis of real-life data from a clinical trial, are presented to illustrate the proposed methods.


Over the years, we've seen major developments in electron source technologies in response to the demands for better performance. This article presents a brief overview of the cathode technologies in use today. Two types of electron sources are used in commercially available scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), scanning Auger microprobes, and electron beam lithography systems: thermionic and field emission electron cathodes. Thermionic cathodes reiease electrons from the cathode material when they are heated while field emission cathodes rely on a high electric field to draw electrons from the cathode material.


Security is one of the basic existential needs of man. In one negative definition, security is defined as a feeling of absence of danger. In a positive approach, we can define the feeling of security as certainty of existence, survival and development. Security is of a complex nature and, apart from providing physical protection against direct threats, also includes meeting many specific behavioral needs, including the emotional and social sphere, defined by the needs of belonging to a family, social group and psychological and physical sphere - attachment to the place and the environment, the need to have and identify the living space used. In many cities, security experts develop strategies by analyzing urban planning and architecture and their resilience in terms of adaptability to changing climatic, social and economic conditions. The authors describe the need to include urban security in Smart Cities development strategies. The proper development and functioning of cities threatened by observed and forecasted climate changes, progressive anthropogenic environmental degradation, the effects of wars and terrorism, causes permanent updating of the city's development strategies and redefining of the architectural and urban environment.


an individual, each man is a fragment of a species, a part of the universe, subject to cosmic, ethnic, and historic forces and influences. Personality has its roots in the spirit, which is not an isolated unity, but takes man beyond himself, requiring communication with others in its quest for knowledge and love and for its ultimate perfection in eternity. From this distinction, the author derives the need for society to meet the deficiencies of materiality and the tendencies to development of personality, and arrives at the nature of the common good as a communion of persons in good living with liberty for personal expansion. As an individual, man is a part of society, whence his good is less than the good of the whole; but as a person, man is a whole and in society must be so treated. Hence society's good is not common good unless it is redistributed to individual persons. And man's eternal destiny makes the human person superior to all temporal society and indirectly subordinates temporal common good to the supra-temporal aspirations of the person as to an end of a higher order. There is then reciprocal subordination between personal and common good, for each contributes to the other. But there is also an inherent tension in a society ordained to the freedom of the person but tending to enslave it as a part of the whole. This tension must be solved dynamically by the development of society toward the democratic ideal of freedom in justice and charity; and by the movement of personal lives through the various orders of society toward the ultimate society of the divine persons, where personal and common good are identical. The evil consequences of materialistic individualism, communism, and totalitarianism, are results of errors and confusions about personality. Only the Gospel teaching of personal dignity can lead to the ideal of society, where the common work is freedom of the person and diffusion of the good which results therefrom. This book is a clear and interesting, but very concise, study of a subject which is fundamental to the solution of present world problems, and is another demonstration of the value and need of sound philosophy in any approach to these problems.