This paper presents a synthesizable testbench architecture based on a defined instruction for standalone mode verification. A set of instructions describes transitions of a signal. The set of instructions can be changed easily to describe different signal transitions by loading the different set of instructions on emulator's memory. The proposed testbench enables a fast emulation and increases flexibility and reusability by using an instruction set. To prove the performance of instruction based synthesizable testbench, we verified Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 a PHY baseband systems and compared their performance with those of co-sim mode and modified co-sim mode emulation.


Analysis of somatic mutation profiles from cancer patients is essential in the development of cancer research. However, the low frequency of most mutations and the varying rates of mutations across patients makes the data extremely challenging to statistically analyze as well as difficult to use in classification problems, for clustering, visualization or for learning useful information. Thus, the creation of low dimensional representations of somatic mutation profiles that hold useful information about the DNA of cancer cells will facilitate the use of such data in applications that will progress precision medicine. In this paper, we talk about the open problem of learning from somatic mutations, and present Flatsomatic: a solution that utilizes variational autoencoders (VAEs) to create latent representations of somatic profiles. The work done in this paper shows great potential for this method, with the VAE embeddings performing better than PCA for a clustering task, and performing equally well to the raw high dimensional data for a classification task. We believe the methods presented herein can be of great value in future research and in bringing data-driven models into precision oncology.


Software product line testing (SPLT) is more complicated than the conventional testing. Since software product lines consist of several product variants, there arises a need to test each variant thereby causing test case explosion. In this book we studied Android OS product line test libraries to understand the combinatorial test explosion problem. Our study reveals frequent occurrences of test code fragments which we call "test clones". As new product variants are added to SPL, test cases from existing products are copied and modified. This leads to test clones and problems of managing large test libraries with many redundancies. In this book, we propose a method to avoid test clones and therefore save effort of developing and maintaining SPL test libraries.


Thickness of damage layer of LiTaO 3 wafer was determined by using double crystal rock curve method.The average value of the layers distributed between 26.2-52.8μm.Based on the procedure,appropriate removing quantity for lapping was chosen to be about 150μm.Reasonable concentration of natural garnat powder in lapping liquid with adding of suspending and dispersion agent are the key factors to avoid processing defects.Using chemical mechanical polishing,high quality surface of Y36° cut LiTaO 3 wafer for SAW can be obtained.


The article carries out a general theoretical research of the legal norms. It is emphasized that a legal norm is one of the key concepts of the theory of law, and the importance of a detailed study of the problems of legal norms is due primarily to the fact that the law has such feature as normativity. It is noted that the issue of regulating the behavior of subjects through the legal norms is especially relevant in the legal field, because the fulfillment of the requirements of these rules depends on the state of order of public relations, that is law and order.
A legal norm is defined as a fixed in the sources of law binding general rule, which determines the standard of obligatory or permitted behavior or the consequences of its violation in the field of crucial social relations, the effective action of which is ensured by the state.
The features of legal norms are considered in two aspects: 1) the features of legal norms that are common to the features of other social norms; 2) specific features of legal norms.
The features of the first group include the following: the norms of law are the rules of behavior that regulate social relations and normalize social communication; are socially determined rules of behavior; ensure stability and order in society; are typical models of behavior; have a general character; are created and realized due to human will and mind; supported by remedies of influence (sanctions) in case of violation.
The second group is formed by the following features: the norms of law are the primary, elementary components of law; they establish a standard of lawful behavior of a person and determine the consequences of its violation; regulate the special area of social relations, which are most important for the existence, development and functioning of society; have an official state-authoritative character; are binding, supported by the possibility of state coercion; have specific sources of expression. It is also emphasized that the norms of law are fixed in official sources not directly, but through a special form of its external expression – normative-law prescriptions, with which they relate as content and form. On this basis, a normative-law prescription is defined as a written, logically complete legal provision formulated by an authorized subject, which establishes a rule of behavior in a specific source of law and is a technical and legal remedy of formal expression of a legal norm.


The J‐modulated spin‐echo pulse sequence can be used for the approximate estimation of one‐bond CH coupling constants in complicated spectral regions. The usefulness of this technique for spectral assignment purposes is demonstrated for a beta‐lactam compound.


and industrious scholars, chiefly in Germany, undertook to show just how human the Bible was. They looked at statements which had previously been treated as items of historical fact and proceeded to prove that the biblical writers were not usually historians and that what they wrote was not usually history; they looked at various moral ideas, especially in the Old Testament, and showed that these ideas were not in harmony with the Sermon on the Mount or, for that matter, with the views of the Enlightenment or of the nineteenth century itself. In other words, the Bible was not an infallible guide either in matters of faith, where faith was related to history, or in matters of morals. The negative effect of this kind of criticism was so great that its positive results are often overlooked. On the


In this competitive era where employee's performance and productivity decides his or her value, motivated employees stands on the top priority of every organization. This is because a motivated employee not only adds revenue to its organization but also helps in creating brand value as only a motivated employee can generate customer satisfaction leading to customer brand loyalty. In a developing country like ours Manufacturing sectors play a very important role in the economy of the country. Through its modern implements manufacturing sectors brought great changes in the traits of agriculture which helped the agricultural sector in modernizing itself by introducing various manufacturing tools. A motivated employee through his or her performance and productivity help the manufacturing sector lowering its cost of units produced which directly benefits the society as the product will be available to them in better quality and at cheaper rate. Thus, the performance of the employees in the manufacturing sector directly or indirectly influence the pricing policy of any product. Hence a motivated employee is way more necessary not only for the benefit of organization but for our economy and the society as whole.


: Natural ventilation has played an important role for many low energy-building designs. It has been also noticed as a essential subject to persistently bring the fresh cool air from the outside into a building. This study carried out the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based simulations to examine the natural ventilation development of a work area in a public building. The simulated results can be useful to better understand the indoor microclimate and the interaction of wind with buildings. Besides, this CFD simulation procedure can serve as an effective analysis tool to characterize the airing performance, and thereby optimize the building ventilation for strengthening the architects, planners and other decision on improving the natural ventilation design of public buildings.


Reply to: Dr C Sims, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Australia. SIR—Thank you for your comments on our article. In response to your comments, the size 1 Macintosh blade is indeed a pediatric version of the adult blade and it is true that Macintosh himself disliked it (1). However, this blade is among the most commonly used blades. Reasons behind the use of this blade (familiarity and availability) and for the usage of size 1 and 2 Macintosh blade had been already mentioned in our article (2). In regard of the methodology of the use of the Miller blade and its placement to the vallecula, the author has stated that the Miller blade was incorrectly inserted down the middle of the tongue. It should be inserted on the right side, sweeping the tongue across to the left, and then shifted toward the midline to create space in the corner of the mouth to insert the ETT. In response, we quote from what has been mentioned in the text book – A practice of Anaesthesia for Infants and Children (Chapter 12) (3). 'There are several approaches to exposing the glottis in infants with a Miller blade. One philosophy consists of advancing the laryngoscope blade under constant vision along the surface of the tongue, placing the tip of the blade directly in the vallecula, and then using this location to pivot or rotate the blade to the right to sweep the tongue to the left and adequately lift the tongue to expose the glottic opening. This avoids trauma to the arytenoid cartilages. One can, thus, lift the base of the tongue; which in turn lifts the epiglottis, exposing the glottic opening. If this technique is unsuccessful, one may then directly lift the epiglottis with the tip of the blade. Another approach is to insert the Miller blade into the mouth at the right commissure over the lateral bicuspids/incisors. The blade is advanced down the right gutter of the mouth aiming the blade tip toward the midline while sweeping the tongue to the left. Once under the epiglottis, the epiglottis is lifted with the tip of the blade, thereby exposing the glottic aperture. This is particularly effective approach for the infant and child with a difficult airway.' We hope that the above text clears all confusion regarding the methodology of the use of the Miller blade. In this study, we used this first technique where the tip of the blade was rotated to adjust the tongue and to give the best view. It is not that the historical approaches in regard to the famous Macintosh and Miller blades are unknown to us. Most of these references quoted by the author are mentioned in the references of our article as well (1,4,5). Moreover, most of these articles of 1940s are before the use of muscle relaxant to aid intubation. Besides, both Macintosh and Miller did provide some doubts regarding the infant version of their blades (1,5). Neither did any studies compared it in the children. This was exactly the reason why we took up the study. Although it has been recommended to insert the Miller blade from the right side (5) and to sweep the tongue across to the left, this may be met with difficulty. Probably, this is because the flange of the Miller blade is much lesser as compared to the Macintosh blade which is shaped to hold the tongue. In children where the oral cavity is very small, there may not be enough space to sweep the tongue to the left as well. Magill's recommendation of use of Miller blade in the midline 'could make the tongue bulge over the blade and obscure the view' is an observation in adults. In children where the oral cavity is very small, this may not fit. However, in our study as in all children the Miller blade was advanced in the midline in no patients was the tongue found to bulge and cause any obstruction in intubation. Moreover, in all 120 children, both Miller and Macintosh blade did provide similar views, and in 60 children, each the intubation was carried out using the Miller and Macintosh blades. Thereby, it is probably incorrect to disagree with the conclusion of the study based only on the method of insertion of the Miller blade. Besides, a recently published article in BJA 'Comparison of the laryngoscopy views with the size 1 Miller and Macintosh laryngoscope blades lifting the epiglottis or the base of the tongue in infants and children <2 year of age provides results similar to our study even though


In this study, we investigate how a culturally specific human resource management (HRM) approach influences employees' relational identification at the team level, which may in turn influence the behavior of team members. Given the boundary condition of a collectivistic societal culture, collectivist HRM helps improve employees' team-level identification and their performance. Collecting empirical data from firms in different regions of China, we found that the collectivism-oriented HRM approach has a positive effect on employees' team-level relational identification. This team-level identification, in turn, can significantly improve the job satisfaction of team members and reduce their turnover intention. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our findings for academic researchers and practitioners.


Online examination provide a new way based on the Internet which realizes the remote assessment.It enables students to arrange the learning time and examination time freely,to generate instant score.It solves the problem that students living apart can not easily assembly to take the examination in school.


The present invention relates to a large-diameter dot Cho Jungyeong site, the Cho Jungyeong is detachable from the upper end of the diffuser portion engine. The present invention enables the rapid and accurate aim by minimizing the time difference. In addition, the present invention provides a structure by inserting a shock absorbing member layer inside the reflector in order by shock to prevent the reflecting mirror is broken, taking into account the distance to the kind of the reference object, characteristic and the target, and the target quickly strike exactly and specifically discloses a technique related to a large diameter dot Cho Jungyeong site capable. Dot sites, aiming, shooting, machine gun, the time difference, the spherical, reflective surface, LED, radius of curvature, aspheric surface, the conic coefficient, a reticle, a ballistic curve


Omics era has yielded a wealth of information on various macromolecules and signaling pathways that regulate various diseases. Elucidating their role in vivo is essential for stringent screening of the diverse players and pathways. Optical imaging, especially fluorescence imaging has emerged as a keen front runner in such discoveries of target molecules. Researchers utilizing the fluorescent molecular tools earlier used in the in vitro experiments, microscopy and cell culture, face some challenges attempting in vivo molecular imaging. Especially with molecular probes that fluoresce in the visible wavelengths. The key challenges include the attenuation of light by tissues, and light absorption by the endogenous macromolecules. We present here a methodology whereby the molecular signals from the visible range emitters in vivo are efficiently detected limiting skin autofluorescence. As a proof of principle, focused internal illumination was used to excite calcein with an endoscope introduced rectally. The emitted light was then detected externally using a camera. A 50‐fold and higher increase in signal to noise ratio was observed, and with negligible interference by skin autofluorescence. We report here a novel near non‐invasive molecular imaging approach capable of imaging molecular probes and fluorescence reporting tools that emit in the visible wavelengths with reduced tissue interference.


Despite the large amount of models for different aspects of factory automation systems, many of these models target at individual and in most cases static aspects of the system, such as the geometry or its electric parts. There is a lack of suitable description methods, which integrate these individual models to a behavior model including spatial aspects and the handling of material. Furthermore, it is important that this model keeps the link to the more detailed individual models and is sufficiently formal in order to allow an automated analysis. This paper provides a solution to this problem by introducing a model which addresses both spatial structure and behavior and is based on a thorough mathematical theory. Complementary, we report on a tool realization of the modelling theory and explain how the model supports the development of mechatronic systems.


Driven by economic growth and a need to restock,China's imports for crude oil and key commodities surged to a record high in the first month of the year,said China Daily.Imports of crude oil,iron ore and copper are often evaluated as a sign of China's economic strength,but a weeklong Lunar New Year holiday,


To promote and facilitate access to botany for protecting biodiversity indirectly is the objective of Flora Bellissima. This sofware package is based on an integrated and complete database with numerous fonctionalities, as well as on an expert system of recognition of plants called "Ophelie". Aimed at beginners, amateurs and experts, Flora Bellissima attempts to show that it is possible to reconcile scientific rigor and popularization, in order to bring together everyone interested in botany. Index Terms — botanical data management, expert system, plant recognition help, education through play. —————————— u ——————————


There are two interwoven stories in Graham J. Williams' The Essentials of Data Science: Knowledge Discovery Using R. The first provides a hands-on introduction to the use and strengths of R through the integrated development environment RStudio. The second concerns the lens and promise of data science. Williams paints a compelling picture in his introduction of R through RStudio by detailing how one can create technical data sciencemodels, construct stunning data visualizations, and develop reproducible documents in RStudio. The author does not attempt to provide a complete treatment of the broad field of data science. Rather, he focuses on two essential elements of the discipline: data visualization and the application of classification trees and random forests. Williams provides an excellent self-contained introduction to R and RStudio, making it a natural fit for the R Series within CRC Press. In Chapters 2 through 4, he effortlessly weaves data science terminology with R code, much of which is from the rattle package, also written by Williams. Following a common outline for introducing the programming aspects of data science, Williams begins with the basics of R and RStudio, transitions to data wrangling and cleaning, and finally creates preliminary data visualizations. Throughout these three chapters, Williams develops a careful and effective approach for working with new datasets, illustrating this approach using a dataset about weather in Australia. Williams later models and reinforces this template in his presentation of two case studies in Chapters 5 and 6. Williams demonstrates additional functionality of RStudio's integrated development environment, from creating functions to crafting LATEX documents, in Chapters 9 through 11. Outlining an argument that data science is more than just formulae and charts, Williams invites readers to spend time and energy documenting their procedures both through elegant code and through prose suitable for a general audience. His inclusion of instructions for knitting R with LATEX as well as his style recommendations for naming R files not only signals the importance of documentationwithin data science but provides readers with practical methods for doing so. Data science is clearly the second theme of the book. However, despite being in the title of the book, data science does not read as the central story. The first chapter contextualizes the rapidly expanding field of data science, drawing lines between various aspects of data science. Data science does not play a leading role again until Chapters 7 and 8, whereWilliams introduces decision trees and random forests. It is refreshing to see these topics in an introductory text as they are often relegated to advanced courses. Further, Williams presents a common approach to implementing and evaluating both classification techniques. This approach emphasizes the iterative nature of data science, the importance of evaluation, and the reality that there is no single way to appraise data science models. The consistency in this approach across trees and forests reinforces the fundamentals of and commonalities between data science methods. Williams' writing style will likely appeal to digital humanists and social scientists interested in expanding their research portfolios by immersing themselves in data science. Requiring little previous conceptual background, this book alternates between longer self-contained explanations and blocks of code. Williams does a nice job of introducing the concepts that a beginner needs to know as these concepts naturally arise, and at times he reminds his reader of ideas presented in earlier chapters. In addition to the Australia weather dataset that serves as the central example throughout the book, Williams chooses case studies that arise from various disciplines, further broadening the book's potential audience and impact. In Chapter 5, he explores Australian sea ports, while in Chapter 6, he offers a study of browser data from web logs. Both datasets were published by the Australian government. By including them, Williams reminds his readers of the easily overlooked wealth of publicly available data. As the title suggests, The Essentials of Data Science: Knowledge Discovery Using R relies heavily on R code to illuminate the main data science concepts discussed in the book's prose. For each introduced data science concept or task, the author offers a supporting procedure in R, making it possible for a reader to engage with the concept in a hands-on fashion. While this is an effective pedagogical technique, the success of this book hinges on the reader's ability to install the rattle package. Installing this package is nontrivial for Apple computers and can require a sophisticated knowledge of one's operating system. Due to the self-contained introduction to many of the features of R and RStudio, Graham J. Williams' The Essentials of Data Science: Knowledge Discovery Using R would make an excellent recommended or supplementary text for a course that plans to use the rattle package. This book would also serve as a great resource for those with an interest in data science who would like a hands-on approach to learning R and getting a flavor for a handful of topics within data science.


AbstractThis article analyses data collected from employers as part of the 1993 Training Expenditure and 1994 Training Practices Surveys conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) with a view to: quantifying the extent of formal training in small firms as compared with larger business; identifying factors that influence formal training provision and how the significance of these factors varies with firm size; and identifying obstacles to the provision of formal training in small business.


Disorders of urachal remnants are common. While urachal cysts are usually asymptomatic, infection may mimic a variety of acute abdomen. Here we report a very rare case of urachal cyst that protruded in the urinary bladder cavity and among 99 accumulated cases, only 4 cases have been reported similar to this case characterized by intravesical development from 1990 to 1999. An uninfected urachal cyst was found in a 79-year-old male who had died of bile duct carcinoma. The cyst showed ovoid protrusion into urinary bladder cavity from the dome (3.5 x 2.0 x 2.0 cm in size). Histopathologically, the cyst wall was thin and consisted of fibrous connective tissue with muscular tissue and peripheral nerve, and lined by cuboidal epithelium but no inflammatory cells could be seen. Urachal cysts occur in both sexes are affected with equal frequency, and frequently occur in a younger population. In clinical symptoms the umbilical manifestations are predominant in patients younger than 30 years old, while the bladder manifestations are predominant in those older than 30.


A solution of the question of the lattice structure for quantum logics is proposed. It is achieved by a construction of a natural embedding of the logic into a complete lattice, preserving all essential features of the logic. Special cases of classical mechanics and the standard form of quantum mechanics are investigated.


Liquefied gas electrolytes with unique solvation structure enable high ionic conductivity in extended temperature ranges, supporting wide-temperature high-voltage lithium metal batteries.


The kinetics of polymerization of phenylacetylene in CDCl3 solution, intiated by Ph(MeO)CW(CO)5, has been followed under various conditions by in situ analysis of monomer (A) and initiator (F) using 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy. In degassed solution at 332 K the polymerization is zero order with respect to A and fractional order (0.7) with respect to F, the variation of rate with temperature (323–343 K) corresponding to an apparent activation energy of 116 kJ mol–1.The reaction is retarded by the presence of CO, O2 or air, but not by N2. Under 1 atm CO or air the reaction becomes first order with respect to F but remains zero order with respect to A. The mechanism of initiation and propagation is discussed in terms of elementary steps involving formation and reactions of metallacarbenes, metallacarbene–monomer complexes and metallacyclobutenes.


Entrenched compartmentalisation of subjects in secondary school means that students lack opportunities for learning how disciplines relate to each other and how knowledge can be applied in real-world contexts.
This article examines what it means to 'think like a scientist in a multidisciplinary arena' and why this is (and should be) an integral part of secondary school science education. To this end, the article outlines a workshop, 'Renoir's painting', for key stages 3 and 4 (ages 11–16), which aims to develop students' understanding of the power and limitations of science and how science
relates to other disciplines.


Author(s): Bevacqua, Michael Lujan; Cruz, Manuel Lujan | Abstract: The title of a 2004 New York Times article sums up well the curious political existence of the island of Guam: "Looking for friendly base overseas, Pentagon finds it already has one." Guam is known as the "tip of America's spear" and has for more than a century played a crucial role in securing US strategic interests in the Asia-Pacific region. Guam is also one of seventeen remaining colonies in the world, as recognized by the United Nations, in need of decolonization. In media representations and critical discourse around US imperialism, Guam also occupies a curious space, where it is a US military colony that somehow does not represent colonialism or imperialism. This essay will use the concept of banality to interrogate how this simultaneous fullness of Guam as a site for American military power, and its emptiness as a site for American critique, enable the US to project force largely unchallenged over a significant part of the globe.


Emissions trading schemes have seen a pattern of high prices followed by dramatic declines, including in recent months. In the EU ETS, the trend of Phase I prices is now well known: a year of higher-than expected prices, followed by sharp decline after verification reports revealed a substantial surplus, with further decline towards virtually zero by the end of 2007. Phase II sustained a substantial price during 2008, its first operational year, before a sharp fall during the first two months of 2009 (see Chart 1 below). The US RGGI scheme, only a couple of months into its operation, is also trading at very low price levels reflecting growing perception of surplus. Volatile carbon prices undermine the effectiveness of emissions trading in delivering multiple environmental policy objectives; a sustained price collapse would do further damage. This note analyses sources of price volatility and the risk of further price falls, explains why it is a problem that governments legitimately can and should tackle, and outlines options that could be sensibly used to underpin prices and investor confidence, including reserve price auctions. It argues that emission trading systems at present are incomplete, and that making them more robust through such measures is logical, feasible, highly desirable and now urgent.


Abstract The study focuses on utilization of solid visceral waste from ribbon fish in preparation of protein hydrolysates, possessing bioactive properties. Three different proteolytic enzymes (alcalase 2.4 U/g, flavourzyme 500 U/g, and papain 1 U/mL) were used to standardize the preparation of visceral waste protein hydrolysates (VPH) in comparison to muscle protein hydrolysate (MPH). Based on the preliminary studies, the hydrolysis process was standardized to 4 h at 1.5 % (w/v) enzyme concentration. MPH and VPH form all the enzymes were taken to study the bioactive (ACE-1 and antioxidant activity) and functional properties. MPH and VPH extracted from alcalase (IC50 = 0.835 and 0.902 mg/mL) showed higher angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1) inhibitory activity than flavourzyme (IC50 = 1.602 and 1.323 mg/mL) and papain (1.263 and 1.565 mg/mL). Similarly, alcalase extracted samples were showed higher levels of radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.538 and 2.835 mg/mL) than papain (IC50 = 8.382 and 9.389 mg/mL) and flavourzyme (IC50 = 10.562 and 11.56 mg/mL). The present study proves that visceral waste, which is often discarded in a larger quantity, polluting the environment can be converted into a nutraceutical component with greater health benefits.


Copper and its alloys are a topic of interest for various cryogenic conductor applications. Often, it is used as a supporting matrix for superconducting filaments requiring that it have good strength and high conductivity. One of the best methods to increase strength while preserving conductivity is work hardening. In this study, CDA101, CDA110, and C182 copper were processed by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) procedure called equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). In this study we explore the relationships between the levels of plastic strain and annealing with tensile and hardness properties, grain size, and electrical resistivity. While C182 has the highest strength, it also has the lowest conductivity. CDA101 and CDA110 both retain over 95% of their conductivity in the fully worked state, while C182 has about 40% of the IACS value. Saturation of strength occurs around 3-4 ECAE passes. It is concluded that a lower amount of plastic strain via ECAE is best for creating a material with the highest combination of strength and conductivity, and is suitable for high strength high conductivity applications.


Chinese firms are advancing their internationalization process at a surprisingly rapid pace, which is at odds with the descriptions of mainstream theories of corporate internationalization, such as the internalization theory and the eclectic theory of international production. In this context, a large number of existing literatures have examined the learning-by-export effect but have not agreed on its advantages. In the framework of recombinatory view of innovation, we integrate the resource-based view and the institution-based view, taking Chinese industrial enterprises as the research object, taking the export intensity and the output value of new products as the main indicators. We using the fixed effect model based on the Chinese Industrial Enterprise Database construction with China's Marketization Index. Then this study aims to examine the relationship between exports and innovation. Research results show a non-linear effect, that is U-shaped relationship between exports and innovation; furthermore, the relationships are influenced by institutional factors at the provincial level. The institutional development level is a reverse mechanism of relationship between exports and innovation; when the institutional development level is higher, the relationship between exports and innovation has an inverted U shape. The findings enhance the understanding of export innovation from the perspective of resources and institutions, and export enterprise innovation management can benefit from its significant insights.


Tasting local flavours is often an important motivation for tourists visiting a particular destination. A destination's richness in terms of cuisine increases its attractiveness and may be an important element of its branding identity. Gaziantep is one of the cities that is known for its gastronomy and unique foods. The purpose of this research is to explore the concept of gastronomic identity, seeking to better understand the elements that construct it in the case of Gaziantep. In addition, the study looks at the differences between tourists and local residents in relation to the gastronomic identity of this city. According to the results, gastronomic identity is formed by four dimensions; namely Gastronomic Culture and Reputation, Food Quality, Food Outlets and Gastronomic Activities. Besides, significant differences between the tourists and residents are found in the dimensions of Food Quality and Gastronomic Activities.


We would like to start with congratulating the authors. Empirical Bayes estimation is a very old, well studied problem. However, construction of confidence intervals in empirical Bayes setting has been neglected, in spite of the fact that, in the majority of practical situations, one is interested in confidence bounds rather than point estimators. The authors present several procedures for construction of confidence intervals, such as simultaneous confidence intervals via F-localization and AMARI confidence intervals for specific values of z. They provide general constructions of the confidence intervals and study their lengths and coverage probabilities. One of the great successes of the paper is that it offers algorithms in the case of a conditional distribution of a general form. The theoretical results are stated in asymptotic form, so that adequate coverage is guaranteed only as the number of observations tends to infinity. Subsequently, Ignatiadis and Wager examine separately the most important cases where the conditional distribution P(z|μ) belongs to the binomial, the Poisson or the Gaussian family. This investigation reveals, how much the construction of the confidence intervals and their lengths depend on the conditional distribution P(z|μ) as well as the class of prior densities G. This does not come as a surprise since the empirical Bayes estimation problem is an ill-posed problems. For this reason, we feel that, while construction of confidence intervals in the case of a generic conditional distribution is a very valuable undertaking, one can gain undeniable advantages by constructing confidence intervals separately for specific conditional distribution families. The latter also highlights what choices of G is most appropriate. Below, we consider construction of confidence intervals in the cases of the binomial, the Poisson and the Gaussian families when h(μ) = μm. If point or interval estimators are available for 1 ≤ m ≤ M, then, due to linearity of θG(z) with respect to h(μ), the latter will allow to obtain point or interval estimators for θG(z) when h(μ) ∈ P(M), where P(M) is the set of polynomials of degree at most M. It is easy to see that one can construct a point estimator for θG(z) = aG(z)/fG(z) by estimating separately the top and the bottom of the fraction (see, e.g., Pensky 1997) and taking


In the article "Guidelines for contraception" (Journal May 16) it is stated that in patients with hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction IUDs are generally acceptable. While this statement is true so far as it goes it does not take into account the fact that these patients may be compromising their potential fertility even further by the increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease associated with the use of an IUD. This risk is thought to be an increase of 150%-400% overall although 1 study found a 7-fold increase of this complication in nulligravid patients. It would therefore seem most unwise in a patient who already has 1 impediment to potential fertility (amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea) to put her at risk of further reduced fertility by the use of an IUD. Furthermore the prognosis for pregnancy in patients with anovulatory infertility is good but poor where anovulation is combined with tubal factors. It would therefore seem advisable that patients with hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction should not use an IUD unless they have completed their families and it would be unfortunate if your readers were left with the impression that the desirability of avoiding anovulants in these patients could easily be achieved without serious consequences by the use of an IUD. (full text)


Altered estrogen metabolism in the liver is generally assumed to cause the symptoms of hypogonadism, testes atrophy and gynecomastia obscrved in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Previous studies, based primarily on urine analysis (Adlercreutz 1970), do not satisfactorily explain these marked symptoms. We studied the basal levels of estrone, estradiol and testosterone in male patients with cirrhosis of the liver and, since the testes can seerete estrogen (Kelch, Jenner, Weinstein, Kaplan and Grumbach 1972)


In this paper, we explore how fund managers, as a significant and representative group of professional investors, construct satisfying narratives and in particular stories, to help them "make sense" of their investment performance, and maintain belief in their investment processes in a highly uncertain, stressful and threatening environment. Through "close reading" a number of typical commentaries written by fund managers for their investors, we illustrate how they generically adjust their reporting styles based on prior investment outcomes. We argue that the way fund managers characterize events, use metaphors, attribute causality, manifest critical silences and express their emotions in these narratives are all part of their attempt to explain their added value to clients as well as their involvement with internal identity construction processes.


Leonardo Da Vinci gives a special task to the art of painting in his writings. For him images are a way of knowing. This idea is a part of the "word vs. image" tradition in western culture. In his work titled "Paragone", Da Vinci compares painting and other arts. According to him, images are more effective than words. This study focuses on these thoughts in Da Vinci's "Paragone". The study is carried out by literature review and reading between concepts. Plato's founding role in the "word vs. image" tradition reveals itself as an opposing view to Da Vinci's artistic thought. In the study, interpretation of Plato in Renaissance and its current interpretation are also examined. The aim is to show the similarities and differences between the thoughts of Da Vinci and Plato. As a result, the study shows that Da Vinci's thoughts have Platonist aspects. However, it also shows that Da Vinci has ideas and expressions of modern empiricist thought as well. With these results, it is concluded that Da Vinci's conception of image has an important place in the first phase of the modern culture of vision.


In a 1 year prospective survey of the safety and economy of re‐used plastic insulin syringes 9843 syringes were used 93 867 times with one possible injection site infection. On average syringes were used 5.7 days before changing. Re‐use of plastic syringes would produce an annual saving of about #15 per patient when compared with glass syringes.


This first case study will examine the science behind climate change and the evidence for it. Since this, like the rest of the course, will involve mathematical and statistical models, it's a good idea to start by considering what a model is, what a mathematical model is and why we need statistical models. Science is about figuring out how nature works, so that we can predict what it will do in the future. Models play an important part in that process. Physical models of things have been used in science and engineering for a long time. For example, to understand and predict how bridges will respond to high winds, it is common practice to build model bridges and to measure how they behave in a wind tunnel. This helps understanding of airflow around the structure, and helps to predict which designs will perform well in practice and which will not. An important point about such models, is that they are not exact miniature replicas of the bridges of interest (we can't, for example, build a 1/200th scale model using 1/200th scale atoms), rather they are models designed to capture the features of a bridge that are important for air flow. Similarly, if we want to produce a model suitable for investigating and explaining the workings of a steam engine, it would be foolish to take a full size working engine and scale it down: the walls of the boiler would be too thin for one thing, but also the full engine has many detailed bits of engineering designed to maximise its efficiency and optimize its practical usefulness. A good model steam engine really doesn't need these and should be considerably simplified. Orreries are another example of physical models: these are clockwork models of the solar system, designed for showing and predicting the positions of the planets in the solar system. There is a particularly splendid orrery on display in the Physics building, just up the stairs from the PC classroom. Again, although often quite elaborate, orreries do not attempt to represent the system they describe exactly, but rather to represent some aspects of the system accurately enough to serve their purpose. So, the key feature of models is that they are simplified representations of the thing that they represent, designed to describe some aspects of it quite accurately, but omitting many less relevant or important details in the interests of …


The authors report a case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a patient with situs inversus totalis, in which the surgical treatment was performed by laparoscopy. They discuss the etiopathogenesis of this anomaly and malformations often associated, moreover related clinical and surgical problems. Finally, they describe operative technique stressing the real possibility to perform the operation by laparoscopy on condition that the surgeons have sufficiently experience of biliary and laparoscopic surgery.


A very rapid rise of the river water level occurred in Togagawa River, Hyogo, Japan around 2:40 PM on July 28 2008 due to a localized so-called guerrilla rainfall. The water level rise at Kabutobashi Bridge was 1.3m during 2-3 minutes until 2:50 PM. 5 people including 3 children are dead due to the water level rise in the river. To understand the process of the flooding in an urbanized area on the time, the authors made rainfall-runoff/flood-inundation models with 5 and 10m resolutions using a 2D surface flow simulation model based on a shallow water equation coupled with a 2D subsurface flow model of the forest area with a depth-integrated unsaturated flow equation. The river and drainage networks were also modelled. By analyzing the situation using the model, it was inferred that the water level rise was due to the rainwater falling mainly on the urban paved area and the contribution of the water from the mountain area was not significant.


Objective Rib fracture is a common injury in clinical forensic identification. According to the current injury degree and disability grade identification standard, different counts of rib fracture will result in different identification of injury degree and disability grade. The theoretic exploration of identification time of rib fracture can give an appropriate identification time for forensic clinical identification staff and avoid missed diagnosis or mistakes. Methods A retrospective study of 40 injury cases involved in rib fracture from 2011 to 2013 in Lishui was conducted. Chest multi-slice CT scanning was performed right immediately, and 2, 4, 6 weeks after injury, respectively. The correlation between the CT findings and timing was studied. The count and location of rib fracture were calculated for each CT examination. The missed diagnosis cases were classified. Bone fractures associated with both fracture line and callus growth and bone fracture with callus growth only in CT scanning were differentiated. The reason for the change of rib fracture count was analyzed. Results Of the 40 cases, 14 and 26 cases showed no changes and an increase in rib fracture sites, respectively. In the newly found 87 rib fractures by reexamination, 62% of them(54) were anterior to the anterior axillary line, 25%(22) were between the anterior axillary line and the posterior axillary line, 17%(11) were posterior to the posterior axillary line. Fracture lines and callus growth could be seen in 69 of the 87 rib fractures. All of them were incomplete fractures, which manifested as mild local interrupted bone cortex in the internal or external sites of ribs. Only local callus growth without obvious fracture lines could be seen in the other 18 fracture sites, which all located on the 2~7 anterior ribs. The count of rib fracture increased in 26 patients with CT scanning in 2 and 4 weeks following injury, while it tended to be steady after 4 weeks. Conclusions Fracture healing can be divided into three stages, including organization of hematoma stage, porotic stage and callus remodeling stage. In the early stage of rib fracture, the fracture line becomes more obvious by the breathing movement, organization of hematoma and the process of osteoclast eliminating the dead bone. But rib fracture may be missed diagnosis because of the unobvious fracture line in the early stage after injury. Rarefaction of bone and thin of bone cortex are main factors which is caused by the old age or the position of anterior rib to make the fracture line unobvious to display in CT images. As the repairing of fracture and calcium deposition in the callus, a gradual increase in density can be found in CT scanning. The direction of the fracture line close to the axle of the CT scanning could cause missed diagnosis of the hairlike fracture line. The thickness of layer over 1mm of CPR and MPR images would easily cause missed diagnosis. Our study shows that injury degree identification followed by CT examination in 4 weeks after injury in individuals with rib fractures is recommended because rib fracture site could be confirmed by callus growth. Missed diagnosis or mistakes can effectively be avoided in this way.


Moulinec and Suquet introduced a method for computational homogenization based on the fast Fourier transform which turned out to be rather computationally efficient. The underlying discretization scheme was subsequently identified as an approach based on trigonometric polynomials, coupled to the trapezoidal rule to substitute full integration. For problems with smooth solutions, the power of spectral methods is well‐known. However, for heterogeneous microstructures, there are jumps in the coefficients, and the solution fields are not smooth enough due to discontinuities across material interfaces. Previous convergence results only provided convergence of the discretization per se, that is, without explicit rates, and could not explain the effectiveness of the discretization observed in practice. In this work, we provide such explicit convergence rates for the local strain as well as the stress field and the effective stresses based on more refined techniques. More precisely, we consider a class of industrially relevant, discontinuous elastic moduli separated by sufficiently smooth interfaces and show rates which are known to be sharp from numerical experiments. The applied techniques are of independent interest, that is, we employ a local smoothing strategy, utilize Féjer means as well as Bernstein estimates and rely upon recently established superconvergence results for the effective elastic energy in the Galerkin setting. The presented results shed theoretical light on the effectiveness of the Moulinec–Suquet discretization in practice. Indeed, the obtained convergence rates coincide with those obtained for voxel finite element methods, which typically require higher computational effort.


Abstract As the number of periodical titles in electronic editions increase, and as libraries are faced with new restrictions for sharing articles from site-licensed periodical literature, copyright issues surface. Understanding the characteristics of articles users now request can facilitate discussion. This paper presents the attributes of articles sought through OCLC Interlibrary Loan. Nearly two-thirds of the requested articles were published within five years. Over 80% of the periodical source titles were sought five or fewer times a year.


In this paper, finite element models were developed to simulate fibre metal laminates subjected to various blast loadings with typical pressure‐time patterns. The aluminium (alloy grade 2024‐0) layer was modelled as an isotropic elasto‐plastic material up to the on‐set of post failure stage, followed by shear failure and tensile failure to simulate its failure mechanism. The glass fibre laminate (woven glass‐fibre/polypropylene matrix composite) layer was modelled as an orthotropic material up to its on‐set of damage, followed by damage initiation and evolution using the Hashin criterion. The damage initiation was controlled by failure tensile and compressive stresses within the lamina plane which were primarily determined by tests. The damage evolution was controlled by tensile/compressive fracture energies combined both fibre and matrix. Discussions were given to cover difficulties faced during development of the modelling. The FE models developed for 2/1 and 3/2 fibre metal laminates with different GFP...


FIELD: medical equipment. SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to medical equipment. Electrode system for a bandage, containing at least one support element and at least two electrodes that are spaced apart from one another. There are at least two fluid-filled pads on one support element. On each pad there is at least one electrode. Pads are connected to each other by at least one fluid connection so that internal pressure can be balanced between pads. Bandage comprises a pump to force fluid into pad and/or its pumping from pads and an internal pressure sensor. Electric control controls pump depending on measured values of internal pressure. Bandage comprises a plate element between at least between one pad and at least one support element, which is less elastic than bearing element. Each pad consists of multiple film elements. EFFECT: achieving positioning of electrodes on a support element and accounting for various pressure development at different electrodes. 12 cl, 5 dwg


Pope Francis calls the church to greater synodality to build up practices of communion, participation, and mission at every level of the church's life. Proponents of synodality often interpret Vatican I's definition of papal primacy as an obstacle to the synodal path. Recent scholarship, however, suggests ways that Vatican I need not present a stumbling block; rather, when properly contextualized and interpreted, Pastor Aeternus has the potential to illumine the inherent dynamism between primacy and synodality. This study explores how fresh approaches to Vatican I and synodality can direct us to more responsive ecclesial structures in the diverse and changing church of today.


We cannot talk about legislation or an entity in itself that includes an integrated anti-corruption system in any country, Rather there must be a legislative and institutional system based on a constitutional basis in accomplishing these tasks. This applies on the basis of the work of the supervisory authorityin Iraq. Which are based on the performance of its functions to several statutes graduated from constitutional to law relevant to its work. And then the laws governing the work of those entities. And other laws that contain provisions that would be based on them in the performance of their functions in preventing and combating corruption. As well as international cooperation through adherence to international and regional treaties and conventions. That the fight against corruption is no longer a national matter, but must be the cooperation of international efforts and we will limit to this research in the legal basis to combat corruption in Iraqi legislation.


Contents Acknowledgements Author's Note Introduction 1 The Victorians and the Bible 2 Nineteenth-Century Lives of Jesus 3 The Rise of the Fictional Jesus 4 The Fifth Gospel of Oscar Wilde 5 The Afterlife of Oscar Wilde's Oral Tales 6 A Peculiar Protestant: The Gospels According to George Moore 7 George Moore's Life of Jesus Conclusion Bibliography Index


The present invention belongs to the field of semiconductor technology, discloses a very common kinds of integrated diode comprising a plurality of diode structures of the common anode or cathode; comprising: a semiconductor substrate; a low doped drift region doping on the semiconductor substrate; a low-doped two or more electrodes connected to the drift region heteroaryl; case wherein, in the low doped drift region between the semiconductor substrate or in the low-doped drift region PN junction is formed, the He said two or more electrodes to the distance from the PN junction diode structure different. The present invention provides a kind of space occupancy rate, multi-diode integrated structure with high safety.


Bianca Murillo's Market Encounters is an outstanding exploration of consumer politics in the history of decolonization and post-independence Ghana. The author draws on a valuable set of source materials from several archives in Ghana, Europe and the United States, along with textured oral histories and colorful illustrations. Murillo frames her analysis around the analytic categories of consumer, retailer and wholesaler to explore the challenges of locating the genealogies of African consumer traditions but also as a means of tracing the development of commodity distribution through a consumer culture and socioeconomic perspective. This approach enables her to trace who the participants were in the market economies under investigation and the types of knowledge, visions, and cultural frameworks that shaped their lived experiences. She is deeply attuned to the historical processes that engendered the creation of these multiple frames of identification, paying judicious attention to the role Africans played as consumers. African consumers and the consumer politics that shaped their livelihoods were intimately tied to the workings of colonial and global capitalism. Consumer politics engendered the daily negotiations over accessing goods and services, retail and wholesale distribution, and the policing of consumer spaces and practices by various entities that included colonial firms, postindependent governments and other institutions of power and social authority (21). Furthermore, the dynamics of gender and race were interwoven, negotiated in the various business practices and policies of the era, and central to the transmission of global capital. The book is organized around five chapters with an afterword. The first chapter focuses on the United Africa Company and the Union Trading company before WWII, situating the development of these colonial firms within the larger context of late 19 and early 20 century dynamics. Murillo traces the evolving and contested relationships between African staff and consumers and the managerial class of Europeans, underscoring the cultural and commercial interactions that were at the heart of imperial projects. Incongruities between policy and practice in the daily encounters between African and European agents all pointed to the contradictions, variability and inability of Europeans to solidify the racial boundaries they erected.


This Media Literacy column is a follow-up to the column in the September 2007 issue that discussed Guy Debord and the artistic, political avant-garde organization called the Situationist International. This column continues the discussion of the situationist concepts of the spectacle and detournement by explaining quick and easy ways to introduce these sophisticated concepts to middle school or high school students by showing selected YouTube.com videos.


n spite of sincere intentions, counselor attempts at triI cross-cultural understanding are hindered by invisible barriers inherent in their own professional culture. Thy nature and function of some of these barriers are described and suggestions are made for ident:Aring and penetrating them. Philip J. Lauver is Associate Professor, Division of Counseling and Guidance, School of Family and Consumer Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. Running head: EXTENDING COUNSELING CROSS-CULTURALLY


OBJECTIVE:To determine the molding technology of Xianggui huazhuo capsule.METHODS:The molding technology was studied with moldability,angle of repose and hygroscopicity as index.The index of molding technology was determined,such as concentration of ethanol,granulating mesh,critical relative moisture.RESULTS:The molding technology was as follows:85% ethanol as wetting agent,40 mesh,capsule 0,capsule weight of 0.39 g,critical relative moisture of 57%.CONCLUSION:The molding technology is stable,reasonable,and can provide reliable basis for production.


In the last decade attention of clinical doctors toward methods for early diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response and methods of its correction. Also, do not remain without attention of researchers to the effective and optimal detoxification in sepsis, including various options for hemodynamic instability. Clinical pharmacology and pathological physiology of stress the need for pathogenesis therapy of sepsis using tools that can reduce the activity of inflammatory cytokines. Among these products is particularly noteworthy pentoxifylline. This vascular drug reborn due to the opening of its new features. In the present article presents the results of pentoxifylline and different ways to antitoxic therapy at a surgical soft tissue infection. The results showed the severity of non-specific anti-cytokine and antitoxic effect of infusion the original polarizing mixture and pentoxifylline. The use of this therapy allows to reduce the terms of the conservation of systemic inflammatory response and improve the results of treatment in generalized form of surgical soft tissue infection.


Purpose Water/Al2O3 nanofluid with volume fractions of 0, 0.3 and 0.06 was investigated inside a rectangular microchannel. Jet injection of nanofluid was used to enhance the heat transfer under a homogeneous magnetic field with the strengths of Ha = 0, 20 and 40. Both slip velocity and no-slip boundary conditions were used.

Design/methodology/approach The laminar flow was studied using Reynolds numbers of 1, 10 and 50. The results showed that in creep motion state, the constricted cross section caused by fluid jet is not observable and the rise of axial velocity level is only because of the presence of additional size of the microchannel. By increasing the strength of the magnetic field and because of the rise of the Lorentz force, the motion of fluid layers on each other becomes limited.

Findings Because of the limitation of sudden changes of fluid in jet injection areas, the magnetic force compresses the fluid to the bottom wall, and this behavior limits the vertical velocity gradients. In the absence of a magnetic field and under the influence of the velocity boundary layer, the fluid motion has more variations. In creeping velocities of fluid, the presence or absence of the magnetic field does not have an essential effect on Nusselt number enhancement.

Originality/value In lower velocities of fluid, the effect of the jet is not significant, and the thermal boundary layer affects the entire temperature field. In this case, for Hartmann numbers of 40 and 0, changing the Nusselt number on the heated wall is similar.


Elucidating the biogeography of the gut micro-biome is critical for understanding how the tril-lions of microbes that live in our intestines form complex communities and interact to maintain human health, or when disrupted, contribute to disease. A new technology, metagenomic plot sampling by sequencing (MaPS-seq), provides unprecedented micron-scale spatial data of entire microbiomes. However, the data is noisy and high-dimensional, making direct interpretation difficult. Here we present MC-SPACE, a Bayesian model that infers mixtures of spatially coherent microbial community subtypes and alterations in their prevalence due to perturbations, from MaPS-seq data. We apply MC-SPACE to a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) mouse study and find distinct microbial communities from donor mice that are spatially coherent and engraft into recipient mice, causing significant spatial restructuring of gut microbiomes. Our results highlight the ability of MC-SPACE to infer spatial microbiome structure from high-throughput data, and yield insights into the spatial dynamics of microbial colonization of the gut, which has potential to improve treatment for human diseases responsive to FMT.


# Background

A novel newborn umbilical cord care product, 7.1% chlorhexidine digluconate, which delivers 4% free chlorhexidine (CHX), is being introduced in Togo. Although the policy framework for this product introduction has been in place since 2017, product use appears to be limited. The overall aim of this mixed methods study was to understand how to generate demand for an umbilical cord care product among (i) pregnant women and/or women who recently birthed and (ii) providers in Togo. The specific study objectives were to understand current cord care practices and identify willingness and rationale to use CHX and preferred product pricing and source.

# Methods

We collected data in December 2019 via 13 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 60 pregnant women and 38 women who recently birthed and through semi-structured interviews with 39 providers in 13 randomly selected facilities that provide essential newborn care services in all six regions of the country.

# Results

Most of the FGD participants were unaware of this novel cord care product. FGD participants reported high hypothetical acceptability of the product due to its aesthetic presentation, ease of use, ease of storage, and provider recommendation. Actual use was contingent on positive product performance in terms of time to heal the wound, fast cord separation, and absence of pain in the infant. Almost 70% of the providers were aware of CHX and all of them were supportive of its use. Because CHX availability was very limited in-country, providers recommended alcohol or other skin disinfectants for cord cleaning. Both FGD participants and providers viewed the effect of CHX use on time to cord separation as a key determinant of product uptake. Pricing of FCFA 500–800 was considered affordable for most families.

# Conclusions

To generate demand, providers could prescribe CHX as an essential item at the time of delivery. The CHX product should be available for sale at pharmacies and health facilities as a key component of an integrated birthing kit. A tiered pricing strategy could extend coverage to both facility-based and home-based births.


The C2H5• + O2 reaction, central to ethane oxidation and thus of fundamental importance to hydrocarbon combustion chemistry, has been examined in detail via highly sophisticated electronic structure methods. The geometries, energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products for the reaction of the ethyl radical (X 2A') with O2 (X 3 , a 1Δg) have been investigated using the CCSD and CCSD(T) ab initio methods with basis sets ranging in quality from double-zeta plus polarization (DZP) to triple-zeta plus double polarization with f functions (TZ2Pf). Five mechanisms (M1−M5) involving the ground-state reactants are introduced within the context of previous experimental and theoretical studies. In this work, each mechanism is systematically explored, giving the following overall 0 K activation energies with respect to ground-state reactants, Ea(0 K), at our best level of theory:  (M1) direct hydrogen abstraction from the ethyl radical by O2 to give e...


This descriptive study aims to determine the morphological diversity of Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from various agro-ecosystem environments in Takalar Regency. The research was done from September 2018 to April 2019. Soil samples were taken from dried land, irrigated rice fields, and rice fields of the south Galesong District. Colony morphology was isolated and characterized in the Laboratory of Bio-Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, and cell morphology was characterized in the Laboratory of Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. The results showed variations in the morphological characteristics of the bacteria. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolates in irrigated rice fields were SIT02, PNSIT01, and PNSIT02, while the chili fields were PNTC01, PNTC02, and PNSIT02. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria in irrigated rice fields were SIT01, SIT03, SIT04, and SIT05, the chili fields were TC01 and TC02 isolates, and the dry land was TK01. The characteristics of Nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolates are round to stem, Gram-positive and negative, round to irregular colony shape, convex elevation, glossy surface, flat to choppy margins, and white to yellow. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria are rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria with a spherical colony form, convex to flat elevation, glossy surface, flat to wavy edges, and white color.


Purpose of review Describe the risk factors and discuss the management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria responsible for pneumonia among critically ill patients, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobactericeae, carbapenem-resistant Enterobactericeae, multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Recent findings Multiple factors have been associated with infections because of MDR bacteria, including prolonged hospital stay, presence of invasive devices, mechanical ventilation, colonization with resistant pathogens, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Management of these infections includes the prompt use of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, implementation of antimicrobial stewardship protocols, and targeted active microbiology surveillance. Combination therapy and novel molecules have been used for the treatment of severe infections caused by resistant bacteria. Summary The exponential increase of antimicrobial resistance among virulent pathogens currently represents one of the main challenges for clinicians in the intensive care unit. Knowledge of the local epidemiology, patient risk stratification, and infection-control policies remain key elements for the management of MDR infections. Results from clinical trials on new molecules are largely awaited.


The mechanical properties of glass-fiber-reinforced polystyrene composites were investigated with the variation of glass fiber content, surface treatment conditions, and silane coupling agents. γ-MPS, GPS, and poly(γ-MPS-co-stvrene) were used for the surface modification of glass fiber. Mechanical properties of glass-fiber-reinforced polystyrene composites increased with increasing the content of glass fiber. Poly(γ-MPS-co-styrene) was superior to γ-MPS and GPS in promoting the interfacial adhesion of glass fiber-reinforced polystyrene composites. The mechanical properties of composites were maximum at a low copolymer concentration when the γ-MPS content in the copolymer was high and vice versa. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Summary A simplified technic is offered for measuring plasma cholesterol-C14 after intravenous injection of this sterol; it consists of liquid scintillation counting of an alcohol-acetone extract of the plasma. The distribution of cholesterol-4-C14 in 2 normal dogs was calculated from a 60- to 70-day study of plasmatic radioactivity, assuming a 4-compartment mammillary system. Excretory rate constants of 1.5 and 1.6% per day of the retained dose were derived. Preliminary estimates of the "exchangeable cholesterol pool" were made. The size of this pool appeared to increase as serum cholesterol rose, either as the result of a high fat diet or of thyroidectomy.


The purpose of this study was to compare exercise program with biofeedback treatment, generally used treating for urinary stress incontinence, and to examine the effect of the exercise program on the change of stress urinary incontinence scale, maximal vaginal contraction pressure and maximal vaginal contraction duration of the stress urinary incontinence patients. There were 14 stress incontinence patients participated in this study. Seven patients were randomly selected as a test group who had exercised for 12 weeks, While the rest(7 patients) had been treated by the biofeedback. All 14 subjects had been measured maximal vaginal contraction pressure, maxinmal vaginal contraction duration and stress urinary incontinence scale using continence clinical at the beginning of this test and after 12weeks. The test group had been in the exercise program for 70 minutes per day over 12 weeks; in the mean time, the control group had been treated with the biofeedback electrical stimulation for 30 minutes a day, 3 days a week: over the 12 weeks. Any other type of treatment or exercise program was not performed during this period except for daily living activity. Two-way repeated ANOVA was performed for data analysis using SPSS Statistic Package ver. 10.0 (P <.05). The results of this study was summarized as follows; 1. For maximal Vaginal Contraction Pressure, there was a significant differences detected between pre-and post-test in both groups but no differences detected between exercise program group and biofeedback treatment group. 2 For maximal Vaginal Contraction Duration, there was no significant differences detected between pre-and post-test in each group but significant differences detected between ,exercise program and biofeedback treatment group. 3. For stress urinary incontinece scale, was giant differences (p<. 05) detected between pre-and post-test in both groups but no differences detected between exercise program group and biofeedback treatment group. As shown in this study, the result of exercise program was similar to that of biofeedback treatment in terms of the stress urinary incontinence scale and maximal vaginal contraction pressure. In conclusion, it would be recommended that the stress incontinent patients could more actively participate in the exercise program since the exercise program was proved to be as effective as biofeedback treatment in treating the stress urinary incontinence.


This thesis aims to develop a new framework for better supporting sustainable entrepreneurship with development cooperation. The thesis first presents the context of development cooperation. Global (OECD-DAC members) official development assistance expenditures amounted to 125.6 billion USD (0.29 % of GNI) in 2012. Finland used slightly over 1 billion EUR (0.53 % of GDP) for official development assistance in 2012. Development cooperation is often performed through programmes and projects which are designed utilising the Logical Framework Approach (LFA). Sustainable development is viewed to consist of environmental, social and economic dimensions. A commonly cited definition for sustainable development is that of the UN World Commission "Brundtland Report". One view of sustainability by Turner is that in the concept of "strong sustainability" the three dimensions are not interchangeable. In addition, the environmental dimension sets the outer limit for sustainability. Sustainable entrepreneurship aims to create environmental, social and economic value. One entrepreneurship theory is the effectuation theory by Sarasvathy, according to which expert entrepreneurs start from the means they control and think what they can accomplish with those means instead of defining a final goal and the most suitable path to get to that goal. The theoretical frame of reference of this thesis assumes both development cooperation and sustainable entrepreneurship have a common objective of supporting sustainable development and are thus complementary. The empirical section of the thesis includes inductive research for developing a framework for supporting sustainable entrepreneurship with development cooperation through a case study of Mozambique. Mozambique in South-Eastern Africa is one of Finland's long-term development cooperation partners. The empirical research included field observations, archival research at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland and expert interviews. "Aid for Entrepreneurship (AfE)" is proposed as a new development cooperation category separate from "Aid for Trade (AfT)" and "aid for infrastructure development". This thesis also introduces a new effectual framework for supporting sustainable entrepreneurship with development cooperation. The framework was named "Sustainable Effectuation Framework Approach (SEFA)" and is a management tool comparable to the LFA used by development aid agencies worldwide. The inability to field test the newly developed SEFA was a limitation of the research. Suggestions for further research also include developing measurement tools and indicators for holistic value creation and evaluation of holistic value creation opportunities.


Consider a community where initially, each individual is positive or negative regarding a reform proposal. In each round, individuals gather randomly in fixed rooms of different sizes, and all individuals in a room agree on the majority opinion in the room (with ties broken in favor of the negative opinion). The Galam model---introduced in statistical physics, specifically sociophysics---approximates this basic random process. We approach the model from a more mathematical perspective and study the threshold behavior and the consensus time of the model.


Herein, we present a series of N,O-doped mesoporous carbons obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures as the first metal-free catalysts which successfully switch between imine and nitrile products for amine oxidation. Systematic characterization studies and control experiments revealed that the C-O group on the surface could function as a catalytically active site for nitrile synthesis and the N-doping environment was essential.


The incidence rate of childhood leukemia is the highest in children's malignant neoplasms.With the development of molecular biology genetics immunology,the new anti-leukemia drug has been found,and the newtheatment has been used ,it is particularly important to use the applocation of philosophy to guide.


A pulsed grazing-incidence PPLN OPO has been used in photoacoustic spectroscopy and trace gas analysis to yield 13 ppbV sensitivity in the detection of methane in nitrogen. Real time detection of methane in ambient air is demonstrated.


This paper pointed out some inconveniences caused by the loopholes of the writing years table for some works of Marx,Engels,Lenin,Stalin,Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping in Category A of the Fifth Edition of Chinese Library Classification and by the shortages in category setting in Cotegory J292.2 of the Fifth Edition of Chinese Library Classification,and put forward some opinions and suggestions.


Manual name placement is an extremely time consuming task and has been one of the most difficult aspects of the map production process to automate. It is complicated by the large number of rules required for the selection and placement of names. A hybrid Prolog/Fortrau rule‐based system is described for placing names on a variety of map types. It uses a set of Prolog primitives for spatial search and name placement operations. The Ordnance Survey's 1:625000 scale digital dataset has been used to illustrate the application of rules for the selection of labels as well as for controlling their size and orientation. The application to other types of maps and diagrams is also briefly described.


A chemiluminescence method has been developed to determine vitamin in aqueous solution which is based on the enhancement of the intensity of lucigenin using lucigenin- as chemiluminogenic system. The effects of experimental parameters such as concentrations of lucigenin, pH and concentrations of were studied. The present method allows the determination of vitamin over the range . The detection limit was . The relative standard deviation was 0.75 % for 10 determinations of vitamin . The correlation coefficient of the working curve was 0.9984 (S/N=3).


Abstract : UAV operations are examined from a performance and logistic flexibility point of view in order to set up requirements to be input for the multiobjective optimization of a two component simple rotation flap slotted airfoil with high thickness to chord ratio. The airfoil selected among a wide range of geometries optimizing the two design points has been investigated using CFD for stability at low Reynolds numbers and sensitivity to parameters like free stream turbulence and in-flight icing. Wind tunnel tests have been performed for the two dimensional wing section and for a complete UAV aircraft configuration in order to confirm theoretical previsions. Finally, flight tests of the prototype aircraft have been executed with results in good agreement with the previous design and test work.


ABSTRACT The phase and morphology changes of both Chinese silica brick and silica raw material after high-temperature heat treatment, as well as the high-temperature compressive creep behaviour of silica bricks were investigated. The results show that silica raw materials presented a dense structure at room temperature, but cracks and pores appeared after heating treatment. With the crushing of silica particles, silica brick was transformed into homogeneous structure, and final homogeneous degree of the silica brick made of crystalline silica is higher than that of cemented silica. The final creep results of the silica bricks showed expansion after high-temperature compressive creep testing (1550 °C, 50 h), and the expansion of silica brick made of crystalline silica was larger. Compared with the Chinese standard GB/T 5073 - 2005, setting L0 as the original height of the silica brick can more fully reflect the expansion creep characteristics of silica brick.


Discussion on the differences between mouse and human eosinophil induced death by antibody ligation to human Siglec-8 and mouse Siglec-F.


In this paper, a method to synthesize different GPS networks has been proposed, and by using this method, synthesis of 4 high precision GPS networks in China′s continent have been realized. The velocity field of horizontal movement and the contour map of N and E trending component fields in China′s continent and the surrounding areas have obtained. Under the global frame, China′s continent and the surrounding areas have an obvious eastward movement. The directions of NS trending movements are opposite in the western and eastern part of China′s continent. The eastern part of Xizang plateau is the area with the most intensive crustal movement in China′s continent. The direction of horizontal movement in China′s continent likes a beam of radial arc lines with the same origin. Based on the characteristics of horizontal crustal movement in China′s continent, the geodynamic environment around China′s continent has been analyzed, and a rough estimation has been made for the magnitude of acting forces from each plate and block to China′s continent. According to the estimation, the impact force from India plate to China′s continent is the maximum, and then is the underthrusting force from Philippine Sea plate to China′s continent.


Using the gauge-gravity duality, we compute the leading order hadronic (HLO) contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of muon, a{sub {mu}}{sup HLO}. Holographic renormalization is used to obtain a finite vacuum polarization. We find a{sub {mu}}{sup HLO}=470.5x10{sup -10} in anti-de Sitter/QCD with two light flavors, which is compared with the currently revised BABAR data estimated from e{sup +}e{sup -{yields}{pi}+{pi}-} events, a{sub {mu}}{sup HLO}[{pi}{pi}]=(514.1{+-}3.8)x10{sup -10}.


Background:The current competencies and abilities required for the training of medical professionals, recommended by the National Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Medicine (DCN) have initiated discussions about the teaching of biochemistry in medical schools. Objective: This study aimed to describe the rationale of education in the Clinical Laboratory Applieddisciplines – (LAC) I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII – which will be taught from first to eighth period of medical school at UFV. Methods:The disciplines weredesigned based on the competencies required for graduates of the course with 30 class hours each, always followingthe period of the study unit, integrated with other disciplines. Results:In the disciplines LACI and LAC II, taught in 2010, thestudents learned basic principles of biosafety, collection and storage of biological samples, validation of diagnostic tests, biochemical tests of cerebrospinal fluid, coagulation and renal function. They learned in the context of solving clinical cases presented and discussed in an integrated manner by a physician and a clinical biochemistry professor. Conclusion:According to the DCN, it is essential to facilitate the construction of knowledge in Biochemistry of themedical student, making the run for making clinical decisions based on scientific evidence.


The Internet is a piece of today's way of life that numerous young people can't envision what the world resembled before the Internet existed. The Internet is fun, enlightening and an extraordinary wellspring of correspondence with others. It's an instructive device and clients can find out about just about anything. Sharing data through Internet is simple, shoddy and quick. Young people have admittance to billions of sites containing data as content, pictures and recordings.


The fluidized-bed catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) it is a residue from the industry of the petroleum that shows a high pozzolanic reactivity and, in cementing matrix, it significantly improves their mechanical behaviour as well as durability. In this research a comparative study on residues of catalyst from different sources has been carried out, in order to know if these residues can be used jointly in an indiscriminate way or, on the contrary, it is necessary to classify them according to their characteristics. Thus, a study on five different FCC residues, supplied from different companies, has been carried out, and their physical-chemical characteristics, pozzolanic reactivity by means of thermogravimetric analysis and the evolution of the mechanical strength of mortars were studied. After analyzing all the aspects, it can be concluded that no significant differences among the different tested catalysts were found.


The traditional university financial management model has problems such as low efficiency and high cost, which cannot meet the requirements of the development trend of the current era. Major universities are exploring the reform of financial management model one after another. At present, the budgeting of colleges and universities in our country is still at a low level, and the budgeting is not detailed enough. Moreover, there is no corresponding monitoring and early warning mechanism in budget implementation, resulting in poor budget execution. In order to realize the classification and management of audit issues, this paper uses NLP, artificial intelligence, data mining technology, and financial audit theory with a cross-disciplinary thinking, and proposes a feature fusion short text classification algorithm based on BiLSTM neural network, and examines the effectiveness of the algorithm. Experimental verification. The experiment verifies the effectiveness of the feature fusion short text classification algorithm based on BiLSTM neural network, and proves the effectiveness of the intelligent financial audit system designed in this paper.


This study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of red hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) extract in hypoglycemic injury in mice. Hypoglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of insulin (3 IU/kg) followed 30 min later by ip administration of the pepper extract at 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg. Mice were euthanized 3 h after insulin injection and their brains were dissected out for biochemical studies including determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), 5-lipoxygenase, and cholinesterase. Histological investigations for the brain and liver, and brain immunohistochemistry (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP) were carried out. Results indicated that hypoglycemia significantly increased MDA and nitric acid levels and decreased GSH content in the brain. There was also significant inhibition of PON-1 and cholinesterase activities, but increased brain 5-lipoxygenase. Spongiform degeneration, vacuolations, and necrotic and apoptotic neurons were seen in the cerebral cortex. Glial cells were markedly decreased both in number and size with decreased GFAP staining. Additionally, necrosis of hepatocytes, and cytoplasmic vacuoles were observed. The biochemical alterations induced by hypoglycemia in the brain tissue were alleviated by the pepper extract resulting in decreased MDA and nitric oxide levels, restoration of GSH content, increased PON-1 and cholinesterase activities, and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. The pepper extract reduced the extent of damage to cortical neurons and increased the number, size, and length of astrocytes processes and GFAP expression. In addition, there was marked improvement in pathological changes induced by hypoglycemia in the liver by administering the pepper extract. The study indicates a protective effect for the hot pepper extract against brain and liver damage induced by hypoglycemia likely via inhibition of oxidative stress and 5-lipoxygenase.


Attenuiconus marileeae new species is described from deep reefs off southeastern Curacao. It resembles A. attenuatus, A. honkeri, and A. aureonimbosus in size and general proportion of the shell, but is readily distinguished on the basis of its distinc- tive color pattern, which consists of a vivid orange-red base color with three bands of irregular, white flammules. Attenuiconus marileeae was collected at substantially greater depths than any of its Caribbean congeners. Only A. aureonimbosus ,f rom the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, inhabits comparable depths. Like all species of Attenuiconus, nearly all specimens A. marileeae have one or more major repaired breaks indicative of unsuccess- ful attacks by crustaceans.


The use of English in different situations, and identities attached to its acquisition, are still open questions in African research contexts. This article will examine one sub-community within the continuum of English usage in South Africa. This is a group of male migrant workers in Cape Town who retain close ties with their original homes in the Transkei (Eastern Cape). There will be a focus on what their least proficient language, English (compared to Xhosa and Afrikaans), means to them; and what their aspirations are despite their lowly working positions in Cape Town. More specifically, the article will characterise their interlanguage English in some detail. Features like postponed possessives, generalised prepositions and pronoun gender will be examined, and compared with descriptions of other 'new Englishes' world wide. The article also presents a developmental analysis of negation in this interlanguage, in ways that are still uncommon in 'new English 'studies. Learners are not wilfully distorting the native system but are inventing a system of their own. No one is claiming that the learner 's language system takes precedence over the version of the native speaker or that learners should be content with some minimal language of their own. Ability to communicate […] is after all the learners' goal in many cases. But finding out how students learn means starting from the curious rules and structures they invent for themselves as they go along - their 'interlanguage', as Selinker (1972) puts it. (Cook 1996:9).


This paper presents interfaces for exploring large collections of fonts for design tasks. Existing interfaces typically list fonts in a long, alphabetically-sorted menu that can be challenging and frustrating to explore. We instead propose three interfaces for font selection. First, we organize fonts using high-level descriptive attributes, such as "dramatic" or "legible." Second, we organize fonts in a tree-based hierarchical menu based on perceptual similarity. Third, we display fonts that are most similar to a user's currently-selected font. These tools are complementary; a user may search for "graceful" fonts, select a reasonable one, and then refine the results from a list of fonts similar to the selection. To enable these tools, we use crowdsourcing to gather font attribute data, and then train models to predict attribute values for new fonts. We use attributes to help learn a font similarity metric using crowdsourced comparisons. We evaluate the interfaces against a conventional list interface and find that our interfaces are preferred to the baseline. Our interfaces also produce better results in two real-world tasks: finding the nearest match to a target font, and font selection for graphic designs.


Currently sensor network middlewares are developed so that they include all functionalities for various nodes. Since sensor network nodes usually operate with limited resources, it is desirable for them to have middlewares that have only the functionalities necessary to perform their roles. This paper proposes a systematic method for developing sensor network middleware using the product line approach In this method, functionalities of the sensor network middleware common to all nodes and functionalities specific to the different roles of nodes are carefully separated and grouped so that nodes with different roles have different middlewares that are specialized to their roles but minimally consumes the resources.


PURPOSE
To explore how recovery practices are embodied in the behavior of staff and implemented by staff and members at a psychosocial clubhouse.

DESIGN AND METHODS
Case study design guided 120 hr of participation observation and 18 interviews at a psychosocial clubhouse. Data were subjected to thematic analysis guided by self-determination theory.

FINDINGS
"Autonomy support" emerged as an overarching theme, with three subthemes: "voice cultivating," "talent scouting," and "confidence coaching."

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Autonomy support is an important means of supporting the self-determination of clubhouse members. The findings of this study inform the ongoing development of the clubhouse involved and also provide insights for health services generally in relation to how to implement recovery-oriented practice.


The effect of 4-month storage on the physicochemical properties of palm oil stored in earthenware pots, plastic and tin containers is reported. Significant increase was noted in the iodine value (tin, from 48.22 to 57.95;plastic, from 48.22 to 56.68) free fatty acids (tin, from 0.65 to 0.93 %; plastic, from 0.65 to 0.93 %), and peroxide value (tin, from 5 to 8.07 mEq/kg; plastic, from 5 to 7.87 mEq/kg) of the oil during the period of storage. The increase was even more pronounced in the earthenware pot in iodine value (from 48.22 to 60.91), free fatty acids (from 0.65 to 0.95%), and peroxide value (from 5 to 8.40 mEq/kg). The sensory quality characteristics were adversely affected during storage in the earthenware pots after 4 t h month of storage. The results suggest that plastic was the best storage container for palm oil.


Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common type of arthritis in childhood (1). Prompt diagnosis is mandatory to avoid joint destruction and growth abnormalities. However, it's often misdiagnosed by pediatricians and general practitioners leading to longer diagnosis delay (2).The aim of this study was to evaluate the lag time between JIA symptoms onset and diagnosis and its impact on disease activity and bone loss.A retrospective monocentric study was carried out on JIA patients (ILAR criteria). Diagnosis delay was collected from the patient's medical files. Disease activity at JIA diagnosis was evaluated by JADAS10 (Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score) in poly and oligoarticular subtypes and by BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) in arthritis related enthesitis form. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.We enrolled 48 JIA (31 male and 17 female) with a mean age at disease onset of 11.2 ± 3.8 years. The median disease duration was 84 months [2-408]. The median JIA diagnosis delay was 8 months [1-108]. The JIA subgroups were in decreasing order of frequency: Enthesitis-related Arthritis (n=32), Polyarticular RF- (n=4), Polyarticular RF+ (n=2), Oligoarticular (n=6), Systemic (n=2), Psoriatic Arthritis (n=1) and Undifferentiated (n=1).At diagnosis, median ESR and CRP were 44 mm/hour [2-100] and 24 mg/l [2-86] respectively. Median JADAS10 score was 4 [0-21]. Median BASDAI score was 6.2 [2-9.4].At follow-up, five patients (10.4%) had atlantoaxial subluxation and 17 had coxitis (43.8%).At bone densitometry, 45% of patients had osteroposis and 27.5% had osteopenia.An agreement was assessed between a long diagnosis delay and the following parameters: male gender (p=0.04) and osteoporosis (p=0.018). A Significant positive correlation was found between delay in JIA diagnosis and BASDAI score (p=0.047, r=0.63). No association was found between JIA diagnosis delay and JADAS score (p=0.56). Neither ESR (p=0.19) nor CRP (p=0.42) was associated with JIA diagnosis delay.Finally, no link was observed with the occurrence of hip arthritis (p=0.281) or atlantoaxial subluxation (p=0.137).In this study, delay in diagnosis was associated with higher disease activity scores and bone loss. Our results suggest that early identification and treatment of JIA leads to improved outcomes as well as bone mass.[1]Petty R.E., Southwood T.R., Manners P. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(2):390.[2]Foster HE, Scott C, Tiderius CJ,et al. Improving musculoskeletal health for children and young people - A 'call to action'. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Oct;34(5):101566.None declared


Purpose : To determine the effects of temperature, pressure and extraction time on oil yield obtained from Polygonatum odoratum as well as the optimum processing conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) extraction. Methods: Supercritical CO 2 extraction technology was adopted in this experiment to study the process of extraction of volatile oil from Polygonatum odoratum while gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique was employed to analyze the chemical composition of the volatile oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize supercritical CO 2 process conditions. Results : The determined optimal conditions were as follows: extraction pressure, 27 MPa; extraction temperature, 50 °C; and extraction time, 97.10 min. Under these conditions, the predicted yield of Polygonatum volatile oil was 2.04 % as against an actual oil yield of 2.02 % of the seeds. GC-MS analysis showed that the extract obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction was richer in fatty acids and flavoring substances than that obtained by hydrodistillation. Conclusion : Using RSM can optimize conditions of Polygonatum volatile oil. This provides a scientific basis for further research and development of healthy foods, as well as comprehensive utilization of Polygonatum odoratum. Keywords: Polygonatum odoratum, Volatile oil, Supercritical fluid, Carbon dioxide, Extraction, Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer


Seasonal variations of the optical parameters and physicochemical properties of lake water at 15 sampling sites were investigated,from July 2009 to June 2010,to provide the basic lake optical properties data for submerged aquatic vegetations restoration of a shallow lake—Lake Gehu. The annual variation of the attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation( Kd)was 1. 32-17. 42 m- 1. The minimum and maximum values of Kdwere observed in autumn( 1. 32-3. 70 m- 1) and summer( 3.68-17.42 m- 1),with a medium value of2.35 m- 1and 6. 23 m- 1,respectively. The average euphotic zone depth in spring,fall and winter can satisfy the demand of submerged aquatic vegetation. However,the average euphotic zone depth was only 0. 84 m in summer,which was less than the average water depth( 1. 20 m) of Lake Gehu and implied that the photosynthetically active radiation was one of the inhibiting factors to restore the submerged aquatic vegetations in summer. The Kdand secchi disk depth( SD) in fall and winter had the relationship of Kd= 2. 089 + 0. 705 /SD. Chlorophyll-a and suspended solid were the factors influencing the Kdvalue in Lake Gehu.