In recent years, the structural applications of hollow core beams became widespread because of its advantages such as high strength, large energy absorption capacity, light weight, adequate ductility and concrete saving. The main objective of this study is to analyse the performance of reinforced hollow core beams strengthened with CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer) wrapping. Experimental results revealed that the confinement of CFRP wrapping significantly enhanced the load carrying capacity, stiffness of hollow core beams. Numerical models were developed with the help of ANSYS software to validate the behaviour of hollow beams with CFRP wrapping.


GATE is a GEANT4 application toolkit for accurate simulation of positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) systems. As Monte Carlo simulations are CPU-intensive, simulations often take up to several days to complete with state-of-the-art single-CPU computers. However, Monte Carlo simulations are also excellently suited for parallelization, theoretically showing a linear speed-up as a function of the number of processing nodes. Previously a parallel computing platform was developed in order to reduce the overall computing time of GATE experiments. It was comprised of a job splitter, to subdivide the simulation using time-domain decomposition and a file merger to merge the data output. However, at that time three factors limited the scalability of this platform. Firstly, isotopes with a short half life led to an inefficient load balancing, as an unequal amount of events was processed on each node. Secondly, a long setup time was required for SPECT collimator geometries. Thirdly, the merge overhead of the single file merger greatly limited the scalability. This paper provides a solution for each of these problems, thereby improving the overall scalability of the aforementioned cluster platform significantly.


Following our previous papers on the mechanism of cyclic esters polymerization induced by tin(II) octoate (Sn(Oct) 2 ) and particularly papers on ∈-caprolactone (CL), the present work shows that L,L-dilactide/Sn(Oct)2 does not differ mechanistically from the CL/Sn(Oct) 2 system. Sn atoms bonded through alkoxide groups to macromolecules were also observed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Formation of the actual initiator from Sn(Oct) 2 and a hydroxy group-containing compound (ROH) was envisaged by kinetic arguments. The appropriate experiments were carried out to show that some mechanisms put forward during the past few decades by several research groups were not sufficiently substantiated. Eventually, we conclude that L,L-dilactide/Sn(Oct)2 polymerization proceeds by simple monomer insertion into the ...-Sn-OR bond, reversibly formed in the reaction ...-SnOct + ROH ⇄ ...-Sn-OR + OctH, where ROH is either the low molar mass co-initiator (an alcohol, hydroxy acid, or H 2 O) or a macromolecule fitted with a hydroxy end group. These interconversions take place throughout the whole polymerization process. Sn(Oct) 2 itself does not play an active role in the polymerization.


Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent emotional problems in Preschool Education,affecting 10-20% of the population in these ages, being persistent over time and predictorsof later problems. That is why the present work aims to analyze the presence of anxietyin a group of students, both from the perspective of families and teachers. To carry outthe study, the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) was used in a classroom with 19 studentsof ages between 3 and 4, in its version for families and teachers. The results obtained indicatea low level of agreement between the data observed from both perspectives, therebeing agreement regarding the subscales of Social Anxiety and Fear for Physical Integrity.Furthermore, only above-average scores have been detected in family observations. Theimportance of early detection and family-school communication are concluded.


Digital solutions open up advances in institutions and in the services they provide. Many organizations collect large amounts of data (Big Data), but the value of these data is not readily available. Any possible solution to solve this problem is seen as an opportunity to obtain innovative indications for improving the functioning of the institutions.


Metagenetriindole A and deoxytopsentin are the fascinating bisindole alkaloids due to their potential biological activities viz; cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, MRSA PK inhibition etc. and they were isolated from deep-sea sediment metagenomic clone derived Escherichia coli fermentation broth and Mediterranean sponge Topsentia genitrix respectively. The unavailability of large quantity of these alkaloids could restrict their further biological findings. So a short and efficient method to produce these biologically active alkaloids is important. Environmentally benign and metal free syntheses of these alkaloids is reported. The total synthesis involves bisindole formation and self-condensation-cyclization strategy without using any protecting group.


This research describes information on various issues of Hajj Manasik Guidance activities throughout the year at the Integrated Hajj and Umrah Service Center (PLHUT) Padang City. This activity is an innovation from the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia since 2019 which aims to meet the achievement of the objectives of organizing the Hajj, providing guidance, service and protection for pilgrims in accordance with sharia, as well as realizing independence and resilience in the implementation of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. The Facts show that this new innovation creates some problems for PLHUT that require solutions. The research aims to find out the problems and solutions provided in dealing with the problem of guidance. This research is a field research with a descriptive qualitative approach. The data source is taken from the Head of the Hajj and Umrah Organizing Section of the Ministry of Religion of the city of Padang, implementing officers, supervisors and prospective pilgrims as well, by using purposive technique. The instruments that used are observation and interview. The results are as following : 1) The problems faced by PLHUT were budget issues, guidance materials, Jamaat do not have the maximum time to follow the guidance, the available time allocation and limited facilities. Presentation of guidance material and its schedule are less systematic and module are ineffective. 2) PLHUT provides a solution by increasing the guidance time in "Ramadan" every day, the committee will provide a schedule and guidance module.


The propagation of transient waves is considered along the principal axis of symmetry in a magnetic crystal. The occurrence of magnetoelectric effects, characterized by skew-symmetric susceptibilities, gives rise to wave modes propagating in opposite directions with different speeds and different amplitude attenuation. The wave propagators are evaluated for each mode through an asymptotic expansion of the Laplace transforms of the constitutive functions. Thermodynamic restrictions on these functions are shown to impose wave damping due to time dispersion and to the presence of electric conductivity. Reflectivity at a discontinuity surface within the magnetic material is also investigated in detail. Dissipative effects are shown to characterize the behaviour of the reflected field.


With today's need for renewable energy new technologies needs to be developed to
meet this demand. Minestos concept for the tidal power plant Deep Green is one
such technology. Deep Green is a power plant that with its unique movement pattern
extracts energy from tidal currents that previously have been untapped. In this
project the electrical system of Deep Green is studied and what the effects are for
a rise in operating voltages from 500V to 690V , 1kV and 3, 3kV . The procedure
for this project is a literature study in connection with simulations with the programs
Matlab, Comsol and Pspice. The results show that an increased voltage to
690V will lead to the power loss being reduced by half in the submarine cable. The
higher voltage leads to a fractional change of the power electronics in the system.
The conclusion of this study is that a heightened voltage level that gives lower losses
is favorable. To implement the voltages 1kV and 3, 3kV further investigations
are required because several components needs to be replaced or modified at these
voltage levels.


The initial focus of this research project is to study the potential roles, utility and benefits of a Quantity Surveyor within the golf course development industry. In order to achieve the overall aim; five objectives were set out to complete which contributed to the answering of the research question.
Through the review of literature significant gaps in knowledge were identified with the focus of most research directed mainly at environmental conflicts and issues surrounding golf course development. There was little information relating to more technical aspects of golf course development that were particularly relevant to a Quantity Surveyor. After identifying this gap the author knew that researching in the direction intended was important, and any findings discovered would be beneficial to both the author and individuals in the industry.
The authors intentions were to draw experiences from professionals within the industry and discover how important the role of the QS is in the development of a golf course. Based on findings in literature of the fragility of golf courses, the expansive areas of land that they take up and the effects they can have on their surrounding environment, the author expected the Quantity Surveyor to play a fundamental and consistent role throughout the development of a project. The authors intentions were to utilise a number of research methods in order to achieve the objectives. A questionnaire was distributed to selected participants in industry, with a total of 40 questionnaires being sent out, achieving a 50% response rate of 20 completed questionnaires.
The author also conducted six interviews with professionals in practice and had initially arranged a site visit to a current project in Scotland called The Angus. However, due to delays in finalisation of the construction contract, access to the site was not possible until early June.
After the collection and analysis of data from the interview and questionnaires a number of key findings were identified. Most importantly, there was inconsistent use of the role of a Quantity Surveyor with the Architect often taking on this role on a temporary basis. It was also clear that many methods and techniques, performed in traditional civil engineering projects by a QS were not as widely utilised in golf course development projects. However it was identified that the importance of a QS and the roles they take on are an essential need when developing such fragile pieces of land. From these findings key recommendations for the golf course development industry were suggested which could provide benefits across all specifications of golf course development projects.


Acoustic sensors offer a promising new tool to detect furtive animals; however, sifting through years of audio data is fraught with challenges. Developing automatic detection software still requires a large dataset of calls that have been accurately annotated by experts. Few studies have explored how people identify species by vocalisations in the wild, and how this skill can be applied to designing technologies for locating and identifying calls in recordings. To explore how birders often find and identify animals by calls and share their observations, we conducted qualitative interviews and a visualization-review activity with nine birders, eliciting insight into their existing practices, knowledge, and visualisation interpretation. We found that visualisations evoked memories demonstrating birder expertise on the natural history, behaviours, and habitats of birds. Birders were curious and learned from exploring the abstract patterns in visualisations of acoustic data, relying on past experiences with nature to interpret acoustic visualisations. Birders often wanted to corroborate findings with other birders by reviewing acoustic recordings and local bird lists. This study demonstrates how qualitative review of visualisations can elicit a nuanced understanding of community practices, knowledge, and sensemaking, which are essential to improve design of future technologies.


The method of microwave digestion-sequential injection hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry was proposed for determining mercury(Hg) and arsenic(As) in compost by means of optimizing pre-processing and instrumental performance.The digestion temperature and volume of reagent,flow chart of digestion of compost were determined.20 min pre-processing of a sample reduced the release volume of poisonous gas.The pre-processing method of sample had characteristic of low pollution,briefness and rapidity.Disturbing effect of HNO3 was eliminated with 1% ascorbic acid in the course of testing sample.Used Ar as carrier gas and sheath gas,the flow rate was respectively 400 and 800 mL·min-1,the carrier liquid was 0.12 mol·L-1 HCl,the reducer was KHB4(its content was respectively 0.01% and 1% for testing Hg and As).The detection limit of Hg and As was 0.001 2 μg·L-1 and 0.018 μg·L-1 respectively under optimal conditions.The correlation coefficient of standard curve was more than 0.999.The recovery of Hg and As was(100±8)%,with RSD below 2%.The testing method was sensitive and accurate.The loss ratio of Hg and As was below 7% after composting,indicating that the composting had little effect on Hg and As decreasing.


In the paper, we propose a car-following model to explore the impacts of ABS (antilock braking system) on driving behavior under emergent situations. Numerical results show that the proposed model can improve safety performance of traffic under some specific traffic states.


The transfer of the Russian Federation to the market economy had a negative impact on the industry of the Volgograd region and determined the process of deindustrialization. For the reconstruction of the industry since 2013 to present day the institutional sphere of small and medium sized entrepreneurship (SME) development within the government program "Economic development and innovative economy" is being created. The program supposed the foundation of centers for entrepreneurial support, business incubators, microfinance centers, regional guarantee funds, engineering centers, prototyping centers, centers for export support and other elements of infrastructure in the regions of the Russian Federation. The article studies the process of the creation of institutional conditions and mechanisms of entrepreneurship development in the Volgograd region, the statistical data on the governmental support of small and medium sized enterprises from the point of view of the created elements of institutional environment. Despite significant efforts on the creation of institutional sphere, the tendency which is observed today is the escape of business from the Volgograd region and transfer to more successful regions of the Russian Federation. This fact is connected first of all with a considerable reduction of incomes and the purchasing ability of population. The authors analyzed indices of the development of small and medium sized enterprises in dynamics. The conclusion about negative trends in this sphere is made. The innovative development of a region is a driver of the industrial development needs special conditions. In particular they are industrial parks, cluster potential of the territory and also new mechanisms of innovations' encouragement i.e. innovative vouchers. For the moment the efforts are made in the implementation of the project in the chemical and pharamaceutical industrial cluster.


Current compiler technology performs extensive code transformations either to parallelize code or to perform optimizations that reduce space or time. The cost of the analyses for these transformations is high and is further magnified when edits are made, forcing complete recompilation. By extending the concept of incremental compilation to include fine‐grained, high‐quality target code generation, we develop techniques that reuse the information created by an optimizing compiler to incorporate program edits efficiently into optimized target code. Our techniques include developing models of register usage for both local and global register allocation schemes and algorithms for incrementally updating these structures in response to an editing change. Based on these changes, the target code is updated. As graph colouring is a widely accepted register allocation scheme, we present techniques to rebuild and recolour interference graphs incrementally. Results from experiments that compare the performance of the incremental target code generator with its non‐incremental counterpart are reported, showing a saving when incorporating changes incrementally.


Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are characterised by the ability to integrate geospatial data from a wide variety of sources.World Wide Web Geographical Information System(WebGIS) is the combination of Internet/Web technologies and Geographical Information System,it makes the Web publishing and sharing of geospatial information in the whole world possible and has exerted great influence on the national economic development and our everyday life.In the application of WebGIS,how to transfer efficiently the geospatial information,such as the user's spatial query submits and the result data from GIS database,through the network is a key factor to determine the capability of the system.This paper firstly analyses the problem existed in WebGIS,and then introduces the Rich Internet Applications,in short RIA,which is a brand-new Web application solution.Considering the trait of RIA,the thought for constructing WebGIS based on RIA is presented,and three key techniques adopted in RIA based WebGIS are summarized and analyzed.After that,this paper describes the framework of WebGIS based on RIA,consisting of five layers:client layer,presentation layer,business layer,integration layer and resource layer.In the design,the realization of client,server and protocol are discussed in detail.Finally,the thought given in this paper is proved feasible and effective with an experimental system,in addition,some future work in WebGIS based on RIA,such as security,interoperability are indicated and simply explored.The authors believe that with more research on WebGIS based on RIA,RIA will play greater role in publishing geospatial information,furthermore,the geospatial information web sharing will become easier.


Abstract This study addresses the Chinese Second World War victims' reparations movement (CWRM) against Japan as a case of contemporary Chinese memory politics. While many studies indicate the Chinese government's use of the war memories for political purposes, ours focuses on how official discourses are translated into citizens' political participation and how the state–society interactions lead to variation in the development of the movement sectors within the case of CWRM. Drawing on textual and ethnographic data and a theoretical "dynamic statism," we argue that the central government's ambivalent attitude towards this ideologically useful yet institutionally troublesome movement created room for local governments and the movement to pursue their own causes. Yet the local and central governments' strong interventions, either facilitation or repression, discouraged civil society's participation and led to the underdevelopment of some movement sectors. In the sectors where the local governments held an attitude of absenteeism or co-operation, the movement was able to mobilize resources from civil society and state institutions and finally developed well.


Validation and improvement of numerical results obtained nowadays on helicopter rotor blade aerodynamics need more and more accurate and suited experimental data. Particulary, phenomena occuring in the region very close to the blades, like transition, separation, and dynamic stall require local and detailed informations on the boundary layer (BL) characteristics. Among these informations, visualization and instantaneous velocity profiles remain one of the main useful and suitable tools for analyzing the behaviour of the boundary-layer. The main goal of the present work is to study qualitatively and quantitatively the physics of unsteady separated flows around a NACA0012 airfoil oscillating in pitch through stall conditions. A particular attention is payed to the dynamic structure of the flow field when a bubble is formed, grows and bursts as the angle of attack is increasing and decreasing. Moreover, formation and shedding of vortices generated by the dynamic stall is studied. The purpose of this research is also to show that the visualization technique developped at LABM is well suited to the characterization of the flow physics features generated by the dynamic stall phenomenon occuring on retreating helicopter rotor blade. The dynamic stall of the retreating blade is simulated by the unsteady separation occuring on the upper side of an airfoil oscillating in pitch. The light sheet is produced from an optical system mounted flush with the wind tunnel wall in order to avoid light reflection. The model, a NACA 0012 airfoil, 0.3m in chord, is spanning the entire test section (0.5 m) in order to simulate a 2D flow configuration, and the light sheet is adjusted to illuminate the middle horizontal plane of the wind tunnel. As shown in Figure 1, the flow on the uppper side of the airfoil is visualized by smoke filaments emitted from upstream. The characteristics of the S2Luminy Wind-tunnel are the following: open circuit wind-tunnel with rectangular closed section (1mx0.5m) 3m in length, free stream velocity variyng from 2.5m/s to 25m/s, natural turbulence intensity less than 0.5%. The model oscillates in pitch around a mean angle of incidence αο , with a reduced frequency of oscillation k = 0.188, and an angular amplitude ∆α = 6deg. The Reynolds number referring to the model chord will be fixed to the two values : Re = 10 and Re=2.10. A particular effort has been also performed on visualization tests concerning the steady airfoil set at both unstall and stall incidences. Pictures of the flowfield close to the airfoil are taken from a digital camera which was synchronized on the motion of the airfoil when oscillating. Pitching Airfoil 1 m


A nonphotorealistic rendering technique can help medical practitioners visualize anatomic models. The article briefly looks at the method and the articles in this special issue


The suspension of school operations, which lasted for a long period of time to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic, posed significant challenges to educational institutions to continue their operations smoothly. This pilot research study explores the views and experiences of 50 theatre teachers on the implementation of distance learning in primary schools during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate the difficulties and obstacles that arose during the implementation of distance learning, as well as to record the challenges and opportunities for teaching the theatre course. The main objectives of the study were to explore the challenges of the role of theatre teachers and the difficulties they were faced with, the possibilities of their cooperation with the leadership of the school units, with their colleagues, as well as the communication with children and their families. A questionnaire was used as the main research tool for data collection, which was designed and consisted of Likert scale questions. Some of the main findings were the lack of preparation of teachers in the implementation of distance learning, technical barriers, high levels of stress, and intense concern in the digital classroom. Also, the challenges and difficulties of the students in attending the distance learning of the theatre education were mentioned, as well as the involvement of the parents in the process. Finally, the findings regarding the support and attitude of the school leadership are commented.  Article visualizations:


In the (long) time I was a student in Neal's lab, I learned a rigorous, programmatic approach to psychoacoustics that was grounded in signal detection theory. Much of the work at that time followed up on Neal's classic work in intensity discrimination and envelope processing, and how that might depend on processing within or across auditory channels. The research was tied to what was known about physiological processing in the auditory system. Research from other laboratories at the time suggested that the cochlea might adjust in response to sound via efferent feedback, and a paper by Liberman used a physiological approach that could be easily translated to psychoacoustic experiments. This inspired a search for behavioral evidence of efferent feedback to the cochlea, and an array of experiments were performed looking for effects of contralateral sound on psychoacoustic measures. While those experiments did not provide compelling evidence of efferent feedback, they sparked an interest that has continued to be a focus of my research. This talk will cover the array of experiments done at that time, and consider the results in the context of more recent results from my laboratory and other laboratories. [Work supported by NIH(NIDCD)R01 DC008327.]In the (long) time I was a student in Neal's lab, I learned a rigorous, programmatic approach to psychoacoustics that was grounded in signal detection theory. Much of the work at that time followed up on Neal's classic work in intensity discrimination and envelope processing, and how that might depend on processing within or across auditory channels. The research was tied to what was known about physiological processing in the auditory system. Research from other laboratories at the time suggested that the cochlea might adjust in response to sound via efferent feedback, and a paper by Liberman used a physiological approach that could be easily translated to psychoacoustic experiments. This inspired a search for behavioral evidence of efferent feedback to the cochlea, and an array of experiments were performed looking for effects of contralateral sound on psychoacoustic measures. While those experiments did not provide compelling evidence of efferent feedback, they sparked an interest that has continued to...


The presence of non‐erodible roughness elements on erodible surfaces has the effect of absorbing part of the wind shear stress and thus protecting the erodible surface from wind erosion. This paper examines the shear stress distribution over roughness arrays of varying density, representing the progress of erosion on a bed of erodible and non‐erodible particles. Three‐dimensional numerical simulations, simulating wind flow over a bed of particles covered by roughness elements, were conducted in order to investigate the effect of roughness elements on the shear stress near the surface. The results of these simulations confirm that the erosion of soil by wind is strongly attenuated by the presence of roughness elements on the surface and depends on the geometric properties of the roughness elements. Based on the new numerical results obtained, a refinement of existing theoretical approaches is developed to describe the dependence of the friction velocity upon roughness frontal area and real exposed cover rate. The new formulation proposed will allow a more accurate evaluation of shear stress partitioning as a function of topographic changes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Ampelozizyphus amazonicus Ducke (Rhamnaceae) is an Amazonian medicinal plant popularly known as "saracura-mira", from which barks and roots an aqueous drink can be prepared. In an ethnopharmacological study conducted in the "quilombola" communities of Oriximina (PA), Brazil, we learnt the plant is used in the treatment of liver disorders, and as a tonic, among other uses. A trypanocidal activity for an extract of this plant has been demonstrated in literature. In this work, we investigated the effect of A. amazonicus on Trypanosoma cruzi in murine macrophages. Barks of the plant were collected and extracted twice with boiling water, filtered and dried to obtain a powder (SART). Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were infected with metacyclic forms of the Trypanosoma cruzi clone Dm 28c (3 parasites per macrophage) and some cultures were treated with A. amazonicus. Three days after infection the number of amastigotes forms was evaluated. The numbers of trypomastigote forms were determined by counting of the supernatant in a hemocytometer after 7 and 9 days of culture. In addition, we tested whether nitric oxide was involved in the mechanism of resistance to infection in our in vitro model. To address that hypothesis, peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with LPS, INF-γ and treated with A. amazonicus, and nitric oxide concentration was measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test for independent samples, with the level of significance set at p < 0,05. Our results have shown that A. amazonicus reduces significantly the replication of amastigotes forms (35% reduction), the release of trypomastigotes forms (75% reduction) in murine macrophages infected byTrypanosoma cruzi in vitro, and that this effect does not depend on nitric oxide production. Taken together, our results suggest that A. amazonicus is a promissing natural product with important trypanocidal action in intracellular infection. Support: FAPERJ and CNPq.


Total-energy calculations based on density-functional theory are combined with ab initio thermodynamics to better understand the pH-value-dependent water–wollastonite(001) (CaSiO3) interaction. The truncation of wollastonite(001) is found to lead to nearly negligible ionic relaxation with respect to the bulk geometry. The thermodynamic ground state for low water coverage gives rise to a molecular adsorption energy of about 2 eV and features coexisting Si–OH and Ca–OH groups at the wollastonite(001) surface. The adsorption energy per molecule decreases to 1.4 eV with increasing the coverage to one monolayer. For water coverages in excess of one monolayer, adsorption energies close to the value characteristic for water adsorption on ice are obtained. More favorable than stoichiometric interfaces, however, are water–wollastonite(001) interfaces that are enriched in Si–OH sites: Even at basic pH values, a metal–proton exchange reaction at the water–wollastonite(001) interface lowers the total energy.


Objective To investigate the pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnosis,differential diagnosis and nursing measures of pancreatic encephalopathy(PE) in Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) and to modify the prognosis of PE.Methods Clinical data of 12 patients with PE in the past 3 years were collected and the pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnosis and nursing measures were retrospectively analyzed.Results 12 cases of SAP were complicated with PE.9 cases of PE appeared in earlier period(SIRS period) and 3 cases in later period(infection period).Clinical manifestations of PE mainly included nerve system symptoms such as dysphoria,disturbance of orientation,illusion,somnolence and coma.Patients with PE also had symptoms of meningeal irritation signs,increased intracranial pressure.PE patients often had deeper eumycetes infection.3 cases of PE patients in SIRS period died of multiple organ failer(MOF) and 1 case of PE patient in infection period died of severe sepsis following MOF.The rest patients were recovered.Conclusions PE is one of severe complications of SAP.Eliminating causes of PE,early diagnosis and nursing care were important.As soon as final diagnosis of PE is made,it is helpful to decrease death rate of PE to take the rational therapy of pancreatitis,infection,nerve nutrition and nursing care.


The utility model discloses an energy-saving cooling device with accurate air supply for a machine room air conditioning system. The device comprises an air conditioning device which is mounted in a machine room, and is characterized in that a main air pipe is connected with an air outlet of the air conditioning device; auxiliary air pipes of the main air pipe are communicated with air inlets of equipment cabinets; and a central controller comprehensively calculates the cooling capacity needed by the machine room according to the temperatures of the equipment cabinets and the opening/closing statuses of valves, so as to control the air conditioning device to increase or decrease the power and accurately save electricity on the premise of guaranteeing a comfortable operating environment of the equipment cabinets. The utility model has the remarkable benefits of accurate air supply, good heat exchange effect, low energy consumption, small occupied space, convenient expansion of the machine room, and automatic alarm when the temperatures or humidities of the engine cabinets and the machine room exceed an early warning value set by the system.


Water mixer - in the two parallel uprights are provided on the battery body, - in which the one hand, a hot water inlet line and on the other hand, a cold water inflow pipe is connected, - characterized in that each stand (1) at the upstream end portion of a connecting piece (20) of a tubular connecting adapter (2) receives, screwed with the connecting piece (20) has a conical outer surface (204) and a radial blind bore (205) in the jacket so that it in the stator (1) in different positions each with a in a threaded bore (12) of the stator (1) - radial screw (6, 6a) is fixable sealed, - while each of the stand (1) protruding pin (21) of the connection adapter (2) for connection to the hot or cold water inlet line (5) is provided, such that the water mixing device both a tiled and on a sanitary body, as a Badewannenwulst, can be fastened, wherein the blind hole (205) upstream in the axial direction in the region a second bore of a polygonal profile (206) is arranged and the central axis of the second bore eccentrically to a center axis of the polygonal profile (206) in (from the blind bore 205 ) facing away from the direction of being offset.


Most organisations take their property for granted. Local authorities are no exception. Yet in England and Wales, local authorities hold over £100 billion worth of non‐housing property. The extraordinary fact is that there is no precise information on its extent or value. At the same time, property also accounts for considerable recurring costs. One way or another, the cost of holding and managing this property represents about a quarter of local authorities' total annual rate and grant expenditure. The Audit Commission's handbook on property management is, therefore, timely. Perhaps the only surprise is that the subject has resisted in‐depth analysis for so long, since the 1972 Bains report identified it as one of the three key resources to be managed in local government, along with finance and personnel.


Text and translation are nicely printed and easy to read, the translation following the Pali verse in each case and frequently being supplemented by explanations taken from the early commentator Buddhaghosa and by comparative passages selected from philosophical and theological texts of East and West. Although perhaps too numerous, these extraneous references give evidence of the translator's wide learning. On the whole, the translation is clear and accurate, though it contains some questionable renderings and a few definite errors. For the reader who is concerned only with the English version, a glossary of terms which have been left untranslated (e.g. samana and fabbajita in v. 388) might usefully have been provided.


Deregulation of signaling pathways is commonly accompanied with the initiation, development,infiltration and metastasis of many kinds of tumors.Basal cell carcinoma(BCC)is a most common form of skin malignancy.Numerous studies have shown that many signaling pathways including Wnt, epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR), Notch, transforming growth factor(TGF)β/bone morphogenetic protein(BMP), FasL-Fas, PI3K-AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B, etc, play an essential role in the biological behaviors of BCC.Of these signaling pathways, Hedgehog is the core pathway.Most importantly, there are some cross-talks between Hedgehog pathway and Wnt, EGFR, TGFβ/BMP, Notch pathway in the signal transduction in BCC.Researches on these signaling pathways in BCC may contribute to the illumination of pathogenesis of BCC and searches for accurate therapeutic targets.

Key words:
Carcinoma, basal cell; Hedgehog pathway


J. Hajj-Boutros and J. Sfeila (1987, 1991) found solutions of the field equations for the local rotational symmetry (LRS) Bianchi-I spacetime with their solution-generating technique and time-dependent equation of state. A. Mazumder (1990) found solutions with the stiff matter equation of state (p = μ). In the present paper I have extended the work of J. Hajj-Boutors and Mazumder. The kinematic properties of our solutions have also been studied.


DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN. Pancreas.?A case of pancreatitis with haemorrhage 'that occurred under the care of Dr. Rolleston ia recorded.1 The pancreas presented a curious appearance. Although the lobules were distinct, the gland was infiltrated with putty-like material, situated apparently in the interstial tissue. A layer of similar substance covered the surface of the gland. Over this ?again was a layer of blood about three-eighths of an inch thick, which spread outwards on either side over the surface of both kidneys and the suprarenal foodies. The posterior surface of the stomach was covered with recent soft lymph, and behind it, in the cavity of the omentum, were several ounces of a fluid


Solid tumors frequently contain cells that are heterogeneous in the copy number of DNA loci. This fact implies the existence of genetic instability, which may be associated with disease aggressiveness. Accurate measurement of this phenomenon requires analysis of intact nuclei within their natural tissue context. We perform these measurements by preparing >30μm thick tissue sections, labeling them with fluorescent labels for total DNA and for specific DNA loci using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) which retain the transparency of the tissue and acquiring 3D images of the tissue using confocal microscopy (figure 1). In this study, we combined automated 3D image analysis (IA) algorithms for segmenting individual nuclei based on the total DNA stain1 and for segmenting the punctuate FISH signals of DNA loci. This enables us to efficiently enumerate the copy number of specific DNA loci in individual cells and as a function of the cell's location in the tissue.


The recent anthrax attacks in the USAhave increased everyone's awarenessof the extreme difficulty of handlingmajor health dangers in a coordinatedmanner.Evenwithoutthislatestdrama,the need for improved coordination isobvious in the light of recent outbreakssuch as those of bovine spongiformencephalopathy and foot-and-mouthdisease, and the cacophony of theEuropean response to these problems.The Americans are fortunateenough to have a central agency fordealing with such matters: the Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), of which the National Centerfor Infectious Diseases (NCID) is animportant part. This is a big federalorganization with more than 1500employees. It combines advancedresearch, surveillance, control, andtraining. Each US state has its ownhealth policy and disease surveillanceand control system, but the NCIDplays an important role in coordinatingactivities and collecting data. In termsof research, the NCID's work iscomplemented by that of many otherresearch centres, including theNational Institutes of Health (NIH),theUSArmylaboratoriesandthousandsof university laboratories.Clearly an organization in Europeanalogous to the NCID — a EuropeanCentre for Infectious Diseases (ECID)— is sorely needed, and this idea hasbeguntotakeshape(1,2).Theprincipleis to set up a central structure with walls,which, like its American counterpart,would coordinate advanced research,surveillance and professional training.The ECID would not be limited to theEuropean Union, and would includecountries such as Switzerland, as wellas those of Eastern Europe. It wouldalso have strong links with developingcountries, because if we want tocontrol epidemics in Europe, we haveto do it in developing countries too:microorganisms are no respectersof national borders (2). And as far asbioterrorism is concerned uncoordi-nated health systems offer a strategicadvantage for causing havoc.It is important to underline thatthe ECID would be only one piece ofthe European system in this domain.It does not aim to replace nationalstructures such as the Pasteur Institutesin France or the Karolinska Institute inSweden. Nor would it aim to competewith national control structures such astheInstitut deVeille Sanitaire inFrance.On the contrary, its goal would be tocomplement and optimize the actionof existing structures.The harsh reality is that the taskbefore us is huge, and so far there is noEuropean system to tackle it. Europeneeds a centralized structure even morethan the USA, because of the politicalcompartmentalization of this continent.In spite of the excellence of theexisting institutions, European workon researching and controlling infec-tiousdiseasesisadistressingcacophony,like an orchestra with no conductor(3). It has been argued that a centralstructure would be useless, and that a''virtual CDC'' (surveillance networkselectronically operated) would be moreefficient (4, 5). Actually, the twoconcepts are complementary. TheEuropean Centre would be efficientlycompleted by electronic networks,outposts and cooperation centres.It is proposed that as part of theirongoing work the ECID programmeswould take advantage of the genomicandpost-genomicrevolutiontodevelopfar-reaching holistic research on theepidemiology of infectious diseases.In doing so it would find ways toreconcile new powerful technologiessuchasmassivesequencing,DNAchipsand bioinformatics with valuable butvanishing savoir-faires such as classicalmedical entomology, parasitology andbacteriology. The European dimensionof the enterprise would make itpossibletoworkonascalethatishardlypossible within national frameworks.By analogy, only the successful Eur-opean Space Agency made it possibleto develop the Ariane launchers.Much discussion has been alreadygenerated around the idea of thisproject (6, 7). It has enabled the ECIDscientific board and its steering com-mittee to develop the concept, andour goal now is to relaunch the debatethroughaseriesofmeetingsandarticles,to turn the idea into a reality. Prepared-ness for disease emergencies is sucha hot topic now (8) that there is no wayto avoid the question and its practicalimplications. In the end, of course, it isa matter that has to be taken up bypoliticians and decision-makers. In itspresent state, the ECID is a privateundertaking supported by a group ofscientists and health professionals,andnotanofficialprojectofanynationalinstitution.


The integration of new information and communication technologies at university introduces new opportunities and challenges of innovation that should lead to a transformation and improvement of teaching quality and provide opportunities to students for their future working lives. In this way the participatory methodology of business game springs from this reality.
This article aims to release the experience of the School of Tourism which has created a tourist company sham, «Vila Daurada Resort», an innovating and novel learning tool for universities, which allows students to develop their skills and abilities in order to guarantee their access to the world of work.


We discuss a quantizer which, for every new input sample, adapts its step size by a factor depending only on the knowledge of which quantizer slot was occupied by the previous signal sample [1]. Specifically, if the outputs of a uniform B‐bit quantizer are of the form Yu = PuΔu2; ±Pu = 1, 3, ⋯, 2B − 1, Δu>0, the step size Δr is given by the previous step‐size multiplied by a time‐invariant function of the code‐word magnitude |Pr−1|: Δr = Δr−1 ⋅ M(|Pr−1|). The adaptations are motivated by the assumption that the input signal variance is unknown. Computer simulations have shown that, for first‐order Gauss‐Markoff signals, the optimum multiplier function M (which minimizes the mean‐squared value of quantization error) has the property that it calls for fast increases of step size but slow decreases thereof. This property was first observed in a differential speech quantizer described by Cummiskey and Flanagan during the previous meeting of the Acoustical Society. In fact, there is a remarkable agreement betw...


The intercalation behavior of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids into layered double hydroxide (LDH) was investigated by the reconstruction method using Mg-Al-LDH with Mg/Al= 3. The fatty acids used were both saturated (butyric acid (number of carbons, NC = 4), capric acid, NC = 10, lauric acid, NC = 12, palmitic acid, NC = 16 and stearic acid, NC = 18) and unsaturated acids (crotonic acid, NC = 4, decenoic acid, NC = 10 and oleic acid, NC = 18). Intercalation of these fatty acid anions into LDH was confirmed by a shift of the basal reflection at about 2θ = 12° toward lower angles, except for crotonic acid. Intercalation became more difficult with fatty acids of smaller NC. At concentrations > 1mM the d-spacings of the basal reflections of the saturated fatty acid intercalated samples increased with increasing NC of the fatty acids, from 3.20 nm in capric acid to 5.17 nm in stearic acid. By contrast, the d-spacings of the unsaturated fatty acid intercalated samples showed no clear trend with the NC values, but were sensitive to the fatty acid concentration, i.e. from 3.55 to 4.85 nm in decenoic acid samples and from 3.85 to 4.80 nm in oleic acid. The changes in the d-spacings suggest that the fatty acid anions are intercalated as double layers, and then as micelles at higher fatty acid concentrations. The difference in the d-spacing changes between the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is considered to be resulted from differences in the molecular shape, i.e. the straight configuration of saturated fatty acids compared with the bent configuration of unsaturated fatty acids.


The invention discloses a solar module encapsulation structure. The structure comprises a back panel, a glass panel, a solar cell, an adhesive substance and at least one optical plate, wherein the glass panel is positioned above the backing plate; the solar cell is positioned between the backing plate and the glass panel; the adhesive substance is positioned between the backing plate and the glass panel to fix and cover the solar cell; and the optical plate is positioned above the solar cell, the acceptance surface of the optical plate far from the solar cell is the forward side, and is provided with a concave-convex structure; the surface of the optical plate towards the solar cell is the backward side; and the optical plate has forward high transmittance and backward high reflection. The structure achieves the effect of reinforcing module reflection resistance and light trapping by setting the optical plate of which a uniwafer has a geometric structure on the solar module surface structure and/or an interface structure, and has the advantages of improving the module generation power.


This paper discusses non-Muslim leadership in the context of modern Indonesia. By using descriptive analytic methods, the writer discusses verses about leadership and links them to the pros and cons about non-Muslim leadership. This study find that some Muslim scholars misused these verses to discredit non-Muslim leadership.


Acute cerebral infarction is caused by multiple factors-induced cerebral artery lumen stenosis or occlusion in a short period of time, it can lead to ischemic hypoxic injury of brain tissue in corresponding blood-supply area, and severe cases can lead to irreversible neuron apoptosis and permanent nerve dysfunction[1,2]. The cerebral vascular thrombosis and the cerebral blood circulation blocking make it difficult for normal intravenous treatment to achieve effective thrombolysis, so interventional thrombolysis has become one of the common methods for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction[3,4]. The main cause of nerve injury is the ischemia reperfusion injury after thrombolysis, and how to effectively protect the brain function after intervention has also become the focus of current clinical research. Hyperbaric oxygen is the common method to treat ischemic cerebral infarction, it can stimulate the ischemic neurons to recover normal function, but the hyperbaric oxygen therapy alone has some limitations in improving patients' brain function. Ganglioside is an important substance to maintain the stability of the neuron membrane, many scholars have currently recommended adding exogenous ganglioside to optimize the neuron function, and it is expected to become an effective auxiliary method for clinical treatment of acute cerebral infarction[5,6]. In this study, ganglioside combined with hyperbaric oxygen was added in the treatment of patients with cerebral infarction after intervention, and the specific clinical value was explored from neural functional recovery, oxidative stress injury and other aspects.


An experiment was conducted during kharif 2012 to find the effect of humic substances on growth, yield and quality of sunflower (DRSH1) at the college farm, college of agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The results indicated that nutrient uptake and chemical properties of soil were significantly influenced by different treatments. However, available nitrogen status was not altered by different treatments. Nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and post-harvest nutrient status (P and K) were higher under combined application of RDF (60: 60: 30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1) + soil application of humic acid granules @ 12.5 kg ha-1 while, the lowest nutrient status was associated with application of recommended dose of fertilizer alone.


The management and organization of configuration knowledge are essential to the validity and efficiency of configuration design.To improve the validity and efficiency of configuration design,the configuration knowledge combination with product parts was defined for many kinds of intelligent configuration unit(ICU),and a self-adaptive model for configuration knowledge based on ICU was put forward.The self-adaptation of product configuration knowledge was realized by the message mechanism and execution mechanism of ICU.According to the effect range of configuration knowledge,self-adaptive operation could be classified as positive self-adaptation and passive self-adaptation.Positive self-adaptation could improve the efficiency of configuration reasoning by classifying configuration rules into ABC classes and reducing configuration instances rationally.Passive self-adaptation could ensure the consistent update to product parts by negotiation.The method had been successfully applied to configuration design for elevator.


Urban Distribution Automation is a necessary requirement for power grid development . The article describes a network frame , Automation Master station ,Feeder automation "" Distribution Communication network construction and change making principles , features , Method , measures , to develop a construction planning goal .


Abstract In this work, we introduce Ni nanopyramid arrays (NPAs) supported amorphous Ge anode architecture and demonstrate its effective improvement in sodium storage properties. The Ni−Ge NPAs are prepared by facile electrodeposition and sputtering method, which eliminates the need for any binder or conductive additive when used as a Na‐ion battery anode. The electrodes display stable cycling performance and enhanced rate capabilities in contrast with planar Ge electrodes, which can be owing to the rational design of the architectured electrodes and firm bonding between current collector and active material (i. e. Ni and Ge, respectively). To validate improvement of nanostructures on electrochemical performance, sodium insertion behavior of crystalline Ge derived from Mg2Ge precursor has been investigated, in which limited but effective enhancement of sodium storage properties are realized by introducing porous nanostructure in crystalline Ge. These results show that elaborately designed configuration of Ge electrodes may be a promising anode for Na‐ion battery applications.


In this interview, Prof. Karen Armstrong addresses the question of the relation between religion and violence from the Axial Age to the present day. She argues that every single one of the Axial Sages developed the Golden Rule and insisted that you could not confine your compassion to your own group. Today more than ever, we should not forget the crucial Axial principles. We need them to counter some of the dangers of the new technology, not least the dangers to the environment and the dangers of scientifically produced weaponry.


The ECAT High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT) (CTI PET Systems, Knoxville, TN, USA) is the state-of-the-art positron emission tomography (PET) scanner in the nuclear medicine imaging field. The gantry of the HRRT PET scanner has detector-free regions. These regions between the detector blocks introduce missing parts to the acquired PET data. Without the estimation of the missing parts of the sinogram data, the methods which require full sinogram dataset give undesired results. Previously, we proposed the iterative discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain gap-filling method which gave better quantitative and visual results than the previously published gap-filling methods. The gap-filling methods published so far estimate the missing parts only on the transaxial slices while they are ignoring the information from the neighboring transaxial slices. In this study, we propose a non-iterative gap-filling method for the compensation of the HRRT PET sinogram data by using the slices in the direction of radial samples. We compared the results of this new method with the results of the improved version of the DCT domain gap-filling approach. We used 3D numerical phantom sinogram at eight different Poisson noise levels for checking the regional quantitative results. For visual assessment, we employed a [11C]-raclopride human brain study. After the missing parts were estimated, we applied 2D filtered backprojection which obligates full sinogram dataset. The results showed that the non-iterative interpolation by using the slices in the direction of radial samples gave similar results as the DCT domain data estimation method. Its simplicity and the short processing time over the DCT domain gap-filling method are the notable advantageous properties of this non-iterative gap-filling approach.


This thesis introduces a framework for distributed and dynamic three-dimensional visual applications that is designed to reduce the effort and expertise necessary for application development while providing suitable performance in distributed, heterogeneous environments. Within this framework, the functionality of three-dimensional graphics, time-dependent dynamics, and user interaction are integrated so that these aspects of the system's behavior can be expressed in a consistent, coherent fashion.
The premise of this work is that problems of programming complexity, hardware dependence, and inefficient operation in distributed environments all have their roots in the use of sequential, procedural programming languages to implement visual applications. In this thesis, a declarative model-based approach is introduced where objects are used to represent rather than simply implement elements of the application or presentation. The interpretation of these structures is performed by device-specific agents distinct from the representation elements.
The use of declarative representations provides the following benefits. First, it makes it easier to build visual applications by hiding the details of rendering and control sequencing. This allows the application developer to focus on modeling the application rather than programming graphics. Second, it provides a very high degree of device independence since the representation system is defined independent of any virtual graphics machine architecture. Third, the explicit representation of the application elements facilitates use through interactive tools. Finally, it makes it possible to efficiently operate in distributed environments by adopting the copy-on-write behaviors of master-slave database systems. This allows the representations to be distributed so that rendering can occur at the display site rather than at a central site.
An implementation of this architecture, the Mirage System, has been developed using C++. By combining object-oriented programming and declarative knowledge representation techniques, superior modularity and ease of use are achieved as compared to current systems. The Mirage System has been used to construct several applications including scientific data visualizations and virtual reality application. Through these applications, it has been shown that the representational approach reduces development time while providing acceptable functionality and performance.


Uniform, alloyed Cu-In-Zn-S nanoflowers with sizes of 11.5 ± 2.1 nm and 31 ± 5 nm composed of aggregated 4.1 nm and 5.6 nm primary crystallites, respectively, were obtained in a one-pot, heat-up reaction between copper, indium, and zinc acetate with tert-dodecanethiol in the presence of trioctylphosphine oxide. Larger aggregates were obtained by diluting tert-dodecanethiol with oleylamine, which lowered the reactivity of the indium and zinc precursors and led to the formation of copper rich particles. The thermal decomposition of tert-dodecanethiol stabilizing the primary crystallites induced their agglomeration, while the presence of trioctylphosphine oxide on the surface of the nanoflowers provided them with colloidal stability and prevented them from further aggregation.


The present report is a part of the project REGIONAL PROGRAMME ON INDUSTRIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE WESTERN BALKAN AND TURKEY The purpose of the programme is to assist the intellectual property offices of the region, in this case the Intellectual Property Office of the Republic of Serbia (in the following IPO), to support the economic development of the IPA Region through effective and adequate protection and enforcement of industrial and intellectual property rights, in line with European and international requirements. The report concerns the activity RS. 3.2 Evaluation of the possibility to create specialized IP courts in Serbia, stage 1. The activity is described as follows:


We propose a new method to measure the vacuum ultraviolet inverse photoemission spectrum in an isochromat mode with high resolution. In this new method, two filters (F1 and F2) with slightly different cutoff energies hν1 and hν2 (hν1<hν2) are used as the window for measurement. The transmittance of the two filters is assumed to be equivalent except for the region of hν1∼hν2. The spectrum measured by F1 is properly normalized and subtracted from the spectrum obtained by F2. The resulting difference spectrum provides the inverse photoemission spectrum measured with high resolution defined by hν2-hν1, which can be better than 0.2 eV.


An interesting species of fossil fish was recently sent to the American Museum for determination, by Mr. George F. Sternberg, of the Kansas State Teachers College, Hays, Kansas. The specimen consists of a small block of the yellowish chalk characteristic of the Niobrara formation (Cretaceous) of Kansas, on which are two small, deepened fishes, about three inches in length. Both are of one species, which apparently represents an undescribed genus. Through the kindness of Mr. Sternberg, I here giveo a description of this new form. I am also indebted to Dr. W. K. Gregory, to whom the specimen was originally sent, for kindly placing it in my hands for study.


It is well known that Welch algorithm is one of classical power spectrum estimation which is used widely. But facing a rapidly growing massive data, it will spend a plenty of time to operate Welch algorithm in the serial Matlab circumstances. Though a parallel computing toolbox is involved in Matlab in 2004, it is too expensive to be used widely. A parallel Welch algorithm, which is implemented using the Master-Slave parallel programming model with the support of Linux clusters and MPI, is proposed here depending on the theory of Welch algorithm. The experiment results show that PMWelch can achieve the same accuracy as Matlab do and can highly improve the speed.


Offshore the Pacific margin of Costa Rica the Caribbean Plate converges with the subducting Cocos Plate along the Middle America Trench. The tectonics of both plates have been studied on the basis of reflection seismic, gravimetric, and magnetic data and swath-mapping. The magnetic data were acquired by GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, during cruise SO-76 of R/V Sonne off Costa Rica in 1992. Two different magnetic anomaly patterns are observed. Off Nicoya Peninsula the linear magnetic anomalies trend about N50°E and can be traced from the ocean basin to the landward end of the profiles. To the southeast of a major structural break trending parallel to Fisher Seamount and the associated ridge the strike of the magnetic anomalies is N70°E. In the area southeast of Fisher Seamount the magnetic signatures of numerous seamounts are superimposed upon the linear anomalies. We interpret the magnetic lineations as chrons 5C to 6B (16 - 22.5 Ma). Magnetic modeling demonstrates a significant magnetization (∼1 A/m) of the margin wedge in the continental slope, a structural unit known from seismic studies. This is not compatible with the previously discussed origin of the continental slope as an accretionary wedge. A composition of the margin wedge similar to the ophiolitic rocks found onshore on Nicoya Peninsula appears likely. A number of morphological furrows observed in the landward trench slope opposite the seamount covered domain of the oceanic crust coincide with magnetic anomalies. Three-dimensional magnetic modeling demonstrates that these anomalies can be explained well by subducting seamounts. This implies that the seamounts remain intact, at least magnetically, for a long time interval during the subduction process. Thus they may indeed be important seismogenic asperities.


We employ the jackknife algorithm to analyze the propagation of the statistical quantum Monte Carlo error through the Bethe--Salpeter equation. This allows us to estimate the error of dynamical mean-field theory calculations of the susceptibility and of dynamical vertex approximation calculations of the self-energy. We find that the different frequency components of the susceptibility are uncorrelated, whereas those of the self-energy are correlated. For improving the quality of the correlation matrix taking sufficiently many jackknife bins is key, while for reducing the standard error of the mean sufficiently many Monte Carlo measurements are necessary. We furthermore show that even in the case of the self-energy, the finite covariance does not have a sizable influence on the analytic continuation.


The invention discloses a drawer type water purifier, which comprises a water purifier main body and a body for supporting the water purifier main body. The water purifier main body and the body form drawer type cooperation. Specifically, the water purifier main body includes a filter element group, pumps, a pallet, a central partition board and a control panel. The central partition board is installed on the top surface of the pallet and divides the top surface of the pallet into at least two regions. The filter element group and the pumps are respectively installed at different regions of the top surface of the pallet. The control panel is installed on the front side of the central partition board. The pallet and the body form drawer type cooperation. According to the invention, by adopting the structure, one the one hand, the replacement or repair operation of the water purifier main body can be very labor-saving and convenient, and on the other hand the water purifier main body and the body become two independent parts, matching combination or body replacement can be carried out according to actual needs of users, thus diversifying the product style.


N onarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the leading cause of sudden optic nerve–related vision loss in individuals over 50 years old and is caused by inadequate blood supply to the optic nerve head (1). In the United States, it affects 2.3 to 10.2 per 100,000 people over 50 years, resulting in 10,000 to 12,000 new cases per year (2,3). Little is understood concerning the pathophysiology of the disease, and there currently is no medical or surgical treatment that has been proven to be consistently beneficial (4). The QRK207 NAION study, sponsored by Quark Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in collaboration with the Neuro-Ophthalmology Research Disease Investigator Consortium (NORDIC), is the first clinical trial designed to test therapy with potential to provide neuroprotection for acute optic nerve injury due to NAION. In addition, this is the first major collaboration with industry involving neuro-ophthalmologists, who are integrated into the study design, conduct, performance, analysis, and reporting of the trial. A recent review details the many reports of attempted therapies (5). These previous studies reported treatment successes and failures. Some of the possible pathophysiological mechanisms considered by the interventions include 1) blocking sodium channels, which have been shown to be neuroprotective in in vitro hypoxic injury to the optic nerve; 2) vasodilation, hemodilution, anticoagulation, and increasing blood pressure to increase presumed arterial or capillary perfusion of the optic nerve head; and 3) reduction of compression of optic nerve axons in the neural canal by reducing swelling or enlarging the scleral opening or decompressing the optic nerve sheath. Other procedures seem to have no scientific basis for the treatment of an acute ischemic white matter pathway injury; including intravitreal (IVT) antivascular endothelial growth factor agents and oral L-Dopa. In addition, only 1 study, the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial (IONDT), was designed, powered, and conducted in a manner appropriate to collect Class I evidence (6). As if clinical research design challenges were not enough, most of the interventions in these studies have been initiated well beyond the time point where permanent axon injury and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss or atrophy have occurred (7).


The tittle of this research is criminal responsibility of traffic accident in the case conducted by children who cause the victim died. The background of the problems are increasing number of vehicles also caused problems, one of them is
the use of a vehicle by children without having driving license can inflict traffic accidents until the victim died. The problem statements in this law research are what decisions is given by a judge against children under age who drives a vehicle until the victim died? and what consideration are given by a judge to decide in cases of children involved in traffic accidents until causing dead victim? This law research is using normative method which focus on positive law norm. The
verdict who given by a judge is conditional criminal with the consideration are children are still under 18 years of age, children who are still school, background of the family, and the given compensation from the parents of defendant to the
heir with the agreement.


Regression testing being expensive, requires optimization notion. Typically, the optimization of test cases results in selecting a reduced set or subset of test cases or prioritizing the test cases to detect potential faults at an earlier phase. Many former studies revealed the heuristic-dependent mechanism to attain optimality while reducing or prioritizing test cases. Nevertheless, those studies were deprived of systematic procedures to manage tied test cases issue. Moreover, evolutionary algorithms such as the genetic process often help in depleting test cases, together with a concurrent decrease in computational runtime. However, when examining the fault detection capacity along with other parameters, is required, the method falls short. The current research is motivated by this concept and proposes a multifactor algorithm incorporated with genetic operators and powerful features. A factor-based prioritizer is introduced for proper handling of tied test cases that emerged while implementing re-ordering. Besides this, a Cost-based Fine Tuner (CFT) is embedded in the study to reveal the stable test cases for processing. The effectiveness of the outcome procured through the proposed minimization approach is anatomized and compared with a specific heuristic method (rule-based) and standard genetic methodology. Intra-validation for the result achieved from the reduction procedure is performed graphically. This study contrasts randomly generated sequences with procured re-ordered test sequence for over '10' benchmark codes for the proposed prioritization scheme. Experimental analysis divulged that the proposed system significantly managed to achieve a reduction of 35-40% in testing effort by identifying and executing stable and coverage efficacious test cases at an earlier phase.


There has been little discussion on how the materials used to create deformable devices, and the subsequent interactions, might influence user performance and preference. In this paper we evaluated how the stiffness and required deformation extent (bending up and down bimanually) of mobile phone-shaped deformable devices influenced how precisely participants were able to move to and maintain target extents of deformation (bend). Given the inherent haptic feedback available from deforming devices (over rigid devices), we also compared performance with, and without, external visual feedback. User perception and preference regarding the different devices were also elicited. Results show that, while device stiffness did not significantly affect task performance, user comfort and preferences were strongly in favour of softer materials (0.45 N·m/rad) and moderate amounts of deformation. Removing external visual feedback led to less precise user input, but inaccuracy remained low enough to suggest non-visual interaction with deformable devices is feasible.


In this paper, results on preparation of stable and uniform SERS solid substrates using macroporous silicon (pSi) with deposited silver and gold are presented. Macroporous silicon is produced by anodisation of p-type silicon in hydrofluoric acid. The as prepared pSi is then used as a template for Ag and Au depositions. The noble metals were deposited in three different ways: by immersion in silver nitrate solution, by drop-casting silver colloidal solution and by pulsed laser ablation (PLA). Substrates obtained by different deposition processes were evaluated for SERS efficiency using methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine 6G (R6G) at 514.5, 633 and 785 nm. Using 514.5 nm excitation and R6G the limits of detection (LOD) for macroporous Si samples with noble metal nanostructures obtained by immersion of pSi sample in silver nitrate solution and by applying silver colloidal solution to pSi template were 10–9 M and 10–8 M respectively. Using 633 nm laser and MB the most noticeable SERS activity gave pSi samples ablated with 30000 and 45000 laser pulses where the LODs of 10–10 M were obtained. The detection limit of 10–10 M was also reached for 4 mA cm–2-15 min pSi sample, silver ablated with 30000 pulses. Macroporous silicon proved to be a good base for the preparation of SERS substrates.


The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is a new pest of corn in Europe. Future management may include the use of natural enemies. Our study focused on the determination of density and species composition of spiders in corn fields, as well as in the adjacent corn field margins, during the peak flight period of WCR adults. An additional objective was to test different sampling methods, used for spider collecting, in corn fields and in adjacent corn field margins. The field study was conducted in July and August, 1999, in experimental corn plots, as well as in the adjacent field margins, owned by the Cereal Research Institute, Szeged, in Southern Hungary. Spiders were collected by individual plant search and by sweep nets. Number of spiders /m2 was significantly higher, whereas /m3 was significantly lower in the corn plots compared to the adjacent field margins. Remnants of WCR adults were found in theridiid [Theridion impressum L. Koch, T. pictum (Walckenaer), Enoplognat...


Two novel mutations of the human CLCN1 chloride channel gene, c.592C>G (p.L198V) and c.2255A>G (p.K752R), are described, occurring coincidentally in the one myotonic patient. These individual mutations and a construct with both mutations in the one cDNA were transcribed and expressed in Xenopus oocytes where channel gating parameters were extracted from chloride currents recorded under voltage clamp. We found that the p.L198V mutation has its major effects on the common (or slow) gate of the chloride channel, as do other dominant ClC‐1 mutations, and may therefore be causative of the patient's symptoms (when co‐expressed with wild‐type human ClC‐1, the p.L198V mutation exerts a dominant negative effect on common gating) but the p.K752R mutation appears to be innocuous and may be a benign polymorphism. A third mutant, the recently described c.2795C>T (p.P932L), was expressed in HEK 293 cells. Despite the severity of the disease associated with this mutation, chloride currents in cells expressing p.P932L were not significantly different from those of cells expressing wild‐type ClC‐1. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Sensible responses to natural hazards should encompass the complementary elements of likelihood and severity. Flood hazard evaluation accomplishes this by relating frequency of occurrence to magnitude with the methods of flood frequency analysis. The use of these methods in current engineering and planning practice is based on the implicit assumption that the IOO-year floodplain is fixed in areal extent, and once delineated, it will not be affected by future urbanization of the watershed. To the extent that floodplains are dynamic, however, nonstructural management strategies such as the National Flood Insurance Program cannot be expected to fulfill their objectives. Research during the past three years has shown that this assumption of static floodplains is unjustified in southeastern New England where the hydrologic response of watersheds to extensive urban growth is conditioned by geologic, pedologic and morphometric parameters. Data from 18 watersheds located in eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island are used to develop a methodology whereby the change in discharge corresponding to both one and two percent annual exceedance probabilities may be predicted. A group of secondary data sources, including topographic maps, surficial geologic quadrangles and land use maps, are employed to develop indices of urban land use change, surficial watershed properties and drainage network configuration. The dependent variable is derived from two separate estimates of flood expectancy which are found by standard analyses of nonoverlapping segments of a basin's hydrologic record. It is expressed as the ratio of change in the SO-year or IOO-year flood expectancy to the iii mean annual discharge. Multiple regression techniques have yielded two equations corresponding to these two flood expectancies. The resultant models account for approximately 7S percent of the observed variation in the response, are statistically significant at the one percent level, and reproduce the observed values of the hydrologic indices with reasonable accuracy. Moreover, the urbanization index is by far the most important predictor, although the network parameter and the pervious index contribute substantially to the model. Incorporation of this methodology in the Metropolitan Landscape Planning Model, which is being developed at the University of Massachusetts, can be expected to refine its applicability to floodplain management in the southeastern New England region. Furthermore, the rationale by which this model has been constructed is recommended for the development of comparable techniques in other rapidly growing metropolitan areas.


The invention discloses a solar garden lamp with a monitoring function. The solar garden lamp comprises a lamp pole, a solar cell panel, an LED lamp holder, an infrared monitor, a controller and an accumulator. The different components are connected via circuits. The solar cell panel is arranged at the top end of the lamp pole; the LED lamp holder is arranged in the middle upper of the lamp pole; the infrared monitor is arranged below the LED lamp holder; the controller is arranged in the bottom of the lamp pole; and the accumulator is arranged at the bottom of the lamp pole. The solar garden lamp is simple in structure, convenient to use, safe, energy-saving and free of pollution. Besides, since charging and on and off of the solar garden lamp are controlled intelligently, or the solar garden lamp is on and off automatically by means of optical control, manual operation is omitted, operational stability and reliability is guaranteed, electric charge is saved, and maintenance is omitted.


................................................................................................ ii List of Photos.................................................................................................. iv List of Maps..................................................................................................... v List of Tables...................................................................................................vi Chapter I: The Collision of Two Eeonomies................................................................................... 1 Chapter II : The Blaekfoot People's Traditional Mode of Production................................................. 15 Chapter III: The Years 1855-1870: From Peace to Military Aggression.................................................... 28 Chapter IV : Reservation Era: Starvation And Assimilation......................................................................48 Chapter V: Blaekfoot Illness....................................................................... 65 Chapter VI: Societal Change, Lasting Poverty And Illness................................................................................ 76 References Cited............................................................................................ 88


Non-ruminant livestock diets in most regions of the world are based on cereals and plant proteins that are particularly important in view of the current ban on animal proteins within the European Union, although they are still valuable raw materials elsewhere. The major component of cereals is starch that makes a significant contribution to energy-yielding value. Starch has traditionally been viewed as being very well digested, although, increasingly, this statement is being challenged. Thus, native (raw) starch is, to a varying degree depending on the origin, crystalline which is less well digested than is amorphous starch. Processing (invariably heat treatment) reduces the degree of crystallinity of starch, leading to better digestibility, particularly in young animals. For newly weaned pigs, processing can overcome, to an extent, the post-weaning growth check. Extrusion can improve the coefficient of apparent digestibility of starch in wheat three-quarters along the small intestine, from a range of 0.50 to 0.85 (raw) to 0.95. Plant proteins invariably contain naturally occurring anti-nutritive factors, principally trypsin inhibitors that are particularly important in soya beans but also occasionally in peas. The inhibitors are heat labile and denatured by heat. There are several technologies available for processing plant proteins, but a key message is that equipment operates under variable conditions of temperature, duration and moisture addition. Over-processing risks protein being denatured; for example, a trypsin inhibitor activity of 1.5 mg/g is associated with a reduction in amino acid digestibility. It is crucial that processing conditions are defined accurately rather than simply providing the name of the equipment.


The main focus of the present study was the influence of liquid metal properties on the particle size during water atomisation. Experiments for liquid iron showed that alloy additions of carbon and ...


The Phillips spectrum was widely applied in real-time rendering of the irregular ocean wave.The structure of the Phillips spectrum was analyzed,and the frequency spectrum and directional distribution function of the Phillips spectrum were calculated.The frequency spectrum was similar with the P-M spectrum,so the constant A of the Phillips spectrum was computed by reference to the P-M spectrum,and the spectral wind speed was clarified.In addition to the Phillips spectrum,other spectra were tried.The P-M spectrum and the directional distribution function of the cos(2s) form were used to construct the PM-cos2s spectrum,and the JONSWAP spectrum and the direction distribution function of the Poisson form were applied for constructing the J-Po spectrum.The three spectra mentioned above were used for rendering ocean wave,and the rendering results were compared.The waves rendered by the Phillips spectrum or PM-cos2s spectrum reflected the wind speed effect,and the wave generated by the J-Po spectrum showed the wind speed effect along with the fetch length effect.The frame rate of the three spectra shared the same value.Because the wave produced by the J-Po spectrum reflected the wind speed and fetch length influence,and the generated wave distributed in(π,π]of the wind direction,the J-Po spectrum was more suitable for the maritime simulator.


WHILE THIS nation's "welfare laws" distribute more than $180 billion a year as income sup plements to individuals and families?accounting for more than 9 per cent of our gross national product and more than one third of total governmental expen ditures?"welfare law" remains a subject little noticed by lawyers, law schools, or law publishers. Drawing up blueprints for "welfare reform" and so cial security revision were priority items on the Carter administration's 1977 agenda. It is a sign of the law yers' neglect of this field that economists and other social scientists, not lawyers, were the obvious ex perts to be entrusted with both tasks. By any measure the area has as much legal as social importance. Federal and state welfare statutes and regulations are both voluminous and complex and touch the lives of virtually all of us. Administrative agencies and courts handle huge numbers of hearings or adjudications concerning individual entitlement under these statutes and regulations, many cases pos ing difficult factual and legal questions. In fact, over the last ten years welfare claims of all sorts have come to comprise a significant portion of the business of the federal courts right up to the top. Why, despite these obvious marks of importance, does the subject remain largely unrecognized as a dis tinctive and unified legal specialty? The most obvious reason is that few legislators, ad ministrators, social scientists, and members of the general public view these programs as forming a single system. Most legal specialties and many legal categories are defined by concepts and terminology drawn from common language and experience. In this case there is little to draw on. We have no term that encompasses such diverse programs as aid to families with dependent children (A.F.D.C.), supplemental se curity income (S.S.I.), old age, survivors, and disabil ity insurance (O.A.S.D.I.), food stamps, medicaid, medicare, veterans' pensions and compensation, un employment insurance, and so on. Those who wish to write or speak about those pro grams all together must devise and define their own labels. "Welfare law" used here in that broad sense is normally understood much more narrowly. Recent government studies and scholarly writings have em ployed such phrases as "income assistance," "income security," and "income maintenance," but none of them enjoys wide acceptance among lawyers, social scientists, or the public.


This paper reports on a survey of faculty members at California State University, Northridge (CSUN) in Los Angeles, California, regarding their attitudes about libraries' and librarians' roles in the area of fake news. This study is a continuation of a previous paper that reviewed the origins of fake news and faculty perceptions of the concept. The survey results suggest that faculty members have differing views of how libraries and librarians can help them address fake news. Across disciplines, ages, and genders, faculty members' views show little belief in the use of the library or librarians to help combat fake news. Notably, only lecturers seem to have a strong view of libraries and librarians playing helpful roles in dealing with the fake news phenomenon. These findings may have future implications for librarians who attempt to address fake news with either their faculty or their students. It may be necessary to develop broader outreach and awareness programs to change traditional conceptions of academic librarians and library services, which are often conflated.


A slimming method includes transferring an object to be processed on which a patterned carbon-containing thin film is formed into a process chamber in an oxidation apparatus; and oxidizing and removing the surface of the carbon-containing thin film by an oxidizing gas while supplying moisture into the process chamber, to reduce widths of the protruded portions on the pattern of the carbon-containing thin film.


Retention cyst of the pharyngeal mucosal space is an accumulation of trapped mucous in the mucosa or adenoids of the pharynx. It is a benign lesion, often seen on routine imaging of the head and spine. It is typically a simple cyst originating from the pharyngeal mucosa, without invasion of the surrounding structures. It is important not to misinterpret a retention cyst as a malignant tumor. Patients are usually asymptomatic and do not need treatment.


: The potential of wind energy in Ukraine is examined in this article. Possibilities of its use are analyzed, an analytical assessment of the potential for its use is performed, and prospects for the use of energy resources for the development of the wind energy market is substantiated. Reasons are provided for the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy, which should be combined into the following components. The natural resource potential of Ukraine for the development of wind energy is analyzed. It has been confirmed that the wind energy potential of different territories of Ukraine is characterized by average annual wind speeds at the level of 7.0–8.5 m/s (on the continent – at heights of about The situation with the production of energy resources in Ukraine is analyzed based on wind sources and means before the war. The advantages of wind energy development based on the improvement of legislative framework and promoting production of equipment for the operation of wind power plants in Ukraine are proven. The reasons for the potential of the wind energy market are stated and the main consumers of wind energy in Ukraine are outlined. The development of wind energy is considered as a method for energy independence of the national economy of Ukraine.


This paper describes the preparation methods off VTT's 1.1 MN force standard machine (FSM) before modernization of the control system. Working principle of machine is introduced. Customized datalogger to investigate the FSM functionality and dynamic behaviour is developed and discribed. Plan for the investigation of the 1 MN force standard machine's control system is also introduced.


The authors present cumulative distribution estimates for the one-second-averaged bit-error-rate that would be experienced on UHF links in a microcellular environment. Mobile and stationary users (subscribers) are assumed to move at speeds ranging from quasi-stationary (e.g., pedestrians) to 96 km/h (vehicles). Emphasis is placed on lineal (as opposed to area) microcells. These are defined as cells in which there is always a line-of-sight (LOS) ray path between the microcell site (or microsite) antenna and the subscriber antenna, in addition to road- and/or building-reflected rays. Using extensive UHF data collected in New York City, results are presented for both uplink (subscriber-to-microsite) and downlink (microsite-to-subscriber) transmission, for both nondiversity and selection diversity receivers. It is found that, for moving subscribers, simple diversity reception can give dramatic benefits in grade of service. For stationary subscribers, nondiversity operation provides an excellent grade of service.<<ETX>>


RESULTS: Overall, BMD and lean mass were positively correlated (p < 0.01, r2=0.6). When comparing groups, a statistically significant correlation between lean mass and BMD (p < 0.05, r2=0.4) was found in women, but not in men. There were no significant correlations found between fat mass and BMD for the total sample or by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Higher lean mass is positively associated with greater bone mineral density in women. Future investigations should examine the correlation of fat mass, lean mass distribution and BMD at different sites within the skeletal system.


We have synthesized 1.5 micron thick superconducting Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu (TBCCO) films from ion-beam sputtered Ba-Ca-Cu-O precursors on yttria stabilized zirconia flexible substrates. The films have been characterized before and after thallium post-deposition annealing. Our initial data demonstrates that high quality films are produced by heat-treatment in a two-stage annealing. We show from bending experiments that mechanical strain in the films has little effect on the critical current density up to fracture.


One of the mu'amalah phenomena in the economic field is buying and selling transactions that use electronic media, technological developments have spurred changes in individual habits including one of them in terms of buying and selling transactions. If in the past what was meant by buying and selling transactions had to be carried out face to face where there was a direct transfer of goods from the seller to the buyer, that is the buyer had to meet the seller in the real market. Judging from the type of research, there is also the type of research used in this research, namely bibliography research or library research, which is research that is carried out by collecting information or making objective records that mean the object of research or collecting information that has the character of a bibliography, or analysis carried out to unravel a problem which is basically based on critical and in-depth analysis of relevant literature materials. This research results that in online sales it fulfills the pillars of the contract in accordance with the rules of fiqh. As is well known, there are four pillars of contract, namely: (a); there are contracting parties; (b) consent and acceptance; (c) the object of the contract; (d) the main purpose of the contract is carried out.
Keywords: Hadith, Online Buying and Selling, Islamic Perspective


To evaluate the use of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) for prenatal diagnosis, including assessment of variants of uncertain significance, and the ability to detect abnormalities not detected by karyotype, and vice versa.


shown between the measured flap data and aerodynamic theory. It is shown that the vectorial addition of the separate effects of fixed flaps in waves and driven flaps in smooth water is in close correlation with results for cycling flaps in waves. It is substantiated for supercavitating design that the Tulin two-term section has a greater lift-to-drag ratio than a flat wedge section at a given lift coefficient, and good flap effectiveness is obtained on supercavitating foils. Data at cavitation number zero agree with accepted theory.


Matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy has been combined with MP2/6-31+G(d,p) and MP2/aug'-cc-pVTZ calculations to characterize the 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complexes between H2O2 and bases containing phosphorus and sulfur as electron pair donor atoms. Most obvious from the spectra of the complexes HOOH:PH3, HOOH:P(CH3)3, HOOH:SH2, and HOOH:S(CH3)2 and their deuterated analogues is the shift to lower frequency of the hydrogen-bonded O−H or O−D stretching bands (νs) relative to isolated H2O2 and D2O2. The experimental shifts are in good agreement with the computed shifts. Shifted modes of both H2O2 and base subunits have been observed, along with the band for the intermolecular librational mode of each complex. Comparisons are made between the structures and spectral properties of these complexes and related complexes formed between H2O2 and corresponding N and O bases.


The present work demonstrates the visualization of the intracellular distribution of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) by microscopy with excitation in the NIR spectral range and detection of upconversion luminescence in the VIS range. The cell viability is scored for cytotoxic effects of UCNPs at dark and light exposed conditions. Non-functionalized UCNPs incubated with the cells are found to be endocytosed by cells. The obtained results confirm a high sensitivity of the luminescent UCNPs to the concentration variations within cells. UCNPs are promising alternatives to traditional fluorescent labels for cell imaging and possess prominent potentials in biological and clinical applications.


The association between yield traits was worked out in F 2 generation in 36 crosses of rice. Seed yield had highly significant positive correlations with total biomass both phenotypically and genotypically and 1000 weight genotypically. Path analysis revealed t hat number of filled grains per panicle had the highest positive and direct effect on grain yield fby total biomass, kernel length and harvest index. Number of filled grains per panicle showed h ighly positive indirect effect through panicle dens ity, total biomass and days to 50% flowering on grain yi eld. The study revealed that genetic improvement o f grain yield in rice is admissible by selecting char acter having high positive correlation and positive direct effect.


This paper presents the results, obtained after replacement of coarse aggregates, in concrete mix, with tyre rubber. Solid waste management has gained a lot of attention to the research community now-adays. Out of the various solid waste, accumulated waste tyres has become a problem of interest because of its nonbiodegradable nature. Researchers have investigated over the years, the use of recycled tyre rubber waste as a replacement for aggregate in concrete. In this study an attempt has been made to identify the various properties required for the design of concrete mix with the scrap tyre rubber as aggregate. "RubcreteMix" which would result from such replacement found to have many engineering applications, one of which is it has good mechanical property. Hence itis considered to be one of the best and economical ways of reusing the waste tyres. The present experimental study has the aim of partial replacement of scrap tyre material for the aggregates in concrete, for various engineering applications. For achieving a proper bond with the surrounding concrete paste, the scrap tyre have been designed with respect to their size and shape. With the water – cement ratio being kept constant fine and coarse aggregate has been replaced with tyre. In preparing the concrete, Ordinary Portland cement has been used.


Recent studies of anthocyanin formation have involved the use of a varied assortment of plant systems: seedlings, leaves, fruits, petals, callus cultures, and Lemnaceous flowering plants (2, 9). Each of these kinds of material possesses certain advantages and certain disadvantages. In the dark-grown buckwheat seedling anthocyanin synthesis can be induced in the hypocotyl by exposure of that organ to light (6, 8); this formation of pigment is not accompanied by photosynthesis, since the hypocotyl does not contain chlorophyll. However, under many conditions which might be used in a study of anthocyanin formation, growth of the seedling, especially of the hypocotyl itself, would be a complicating factor. Furthermore, the hypocotyl is not homogeneous from top to bottom in its anthocyanin-forming capacity (1, 6). These disadvantages might be overcome by removing the hypocotyl from the seedling before its experimental use. Accordingly, an investigation of anthocyanin formation in excised hypocotyls and hypocotyl segments was undertaken in order to ascertain the suitability of such a system.


The utility model relates to imitated silk high-elasticity knitted underwear fabric. The fabric is formed by interweaving fine-denier cuprammonium/nylon double-component filament and spandex, wherein the fine-denier cuprammonium/nylon double-component filament is positioned on the front surface of the fabric and can completely cover the spandex. The imitated silk high-elasticity knitted underwear fabric disclosed by the utility model has the functions of smooth hand feeling, brightness, plump appearance, soft hand feeling, antibacterial property, comfort and the like, and can solve the problems of poor bursting strength and insufficient elasticity of single cuprammonium fiber imitated silk fabric, as well as the problems of non-uniform blending and dyeing of cuprammonium fiber and chemical fiber, yellowing in color and uneven cloth surface.