In theory, corporate social responsibility (CSR) considers private companies as potentially important development agents, particularly in partnership with the government and civil society groups. Following on the first article by Hamann in this issue, which considered the business perspective, this article considers how civil society should respond to the CSR and partnership concepts, with reference to the South African context. Firstly, a critical view of CSR emphasises the need to consider underlying motivations for business to embrace and perpetuate the CSR concept. These may relate to accommodation - the implementation of cosmetic changes to business practice in order to preclude bigger changes - and legitimisation - the influence by business over popular and policy-related discourse in order to define what questions may be asked and what answers are feasible. The second part of the article describes important benefits of the CSR concept for civil society groups, in terms of increased power and rights and hence better negotiating positions. This, however, requires that non-governmental organisations and others proactively engage in shaping the CSR debates, by insisting, inter alia, that CSR be underpinned by corporate accountability. Finally, the article argues that partnerships with business can indeed be beneficial to civil society groups, but that a critical position needs to be maintained within this cooperative approach, namely 'critical cooperation'. Such partnerships will require the strategic use of power-, rights- and interest-based negotiation. Following a brief overview of some recent South African experiences in the mining and chemicals sectors, the article concludes by pointing out the important role of the government in facilitating fair and effective partnerships.


Problems connected with the long version of atom-based Periodic System of chemical elements with arbitrary 1-18 group numbering recommended by IUPAC are discussed. Introducing the atomic cores of elements instead of atomsto the Periodic Table enables to define unequivocally the Periodic System as a triparametric classification resulting from three numbers: the number of core electron shells n, the core charge q, and the number of valence subshells l. The core based periodic chart is free of any imperfections and limitations of the atom based system and it enables reasonable numeration of groups and periods according to the nql parameters.


It is known that shakedown analysis is the extension of the plastic limit analysis for the structures under variable loads, and provides the safer criterion. A shakedown reduced kinematic formulation has been constructed for applications, which implies the plastic limit one as a limitting case. The present paper concerns, in particular, with thin elastic plastic hollow disks under plane stress conditions subject to thermomechanical loading. The system of loading consists of a variable uniform pressure applied over the inner radius of the disk and a uniform temperature field varying with the time, while the outer radius of the disk is fixed. Due to the system of loading applied and the constraints imposed the problem is axisymmetric. Semianalytrical application of the reduced shakedown kinematic theorem produces two possible incremental and alternating plasticity collapse modes. Another plastic limit mode is when the plastic deformation occurs over entire disk. The collapse curve in parametric load-temperature space for the disk is taken as the lower envelope of those modes.


Mangrove barks Rhizophora apiculata which have been chemically modified in basic condition were used as adsorbent for the removal of nickel and copper ions from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM images, FT-IR and BET analysis. Effecting parameters like initial pH, initial concentrations of metal ions and contact time were investigated. The adsorption data were well fitted by Freundlich isotherm model. Kinetic data were best described by pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies showed spontaneous and exothermic nature in the adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions by the modified mangrove barks.


Experimental equilibrium data of the systems water + NaCl or KCl+ 2-methyl 2-propanol are determined experimentally at boiling conditions and 101.3 kPa. The results obtained permit a study of the shape and different regions of their equilibrium diagrams. A comparison with similar diagrams of other alcohols is made, demonstrating that the ability of NaCl and KCl to split the water + alcohol mixture into two liquid phases increases with temperature and that NaCl splits the alcohols from water in the following order: 2-methyl 2-propanol > 1-propanol > 2-propanol.


Zelotes javanus (Kulczynski) from Java and Drassodes ciusi Berland from New Caledonia ar e transferred to the genus Odontodrassus Jezequel, previously known only from West Africa . The latte r species is newly synonymized with the former, which is newly recorded from the Philippine, Solomon , and Marshall Islands, and from Jamaica . Other records greatly increase the known range of Odontodrassus in continental areas .


The invention provides a template for a concrete pouring wall. The template for the concrete pouring wall comprises a left end surface backing plate and a right end surface backing plate, wherein a front panel and a back panel are respectively arranged at the front and back sides of the left and right end surface backing plates, and the front panel and the back panel respectively consist of a plurality of panel units; one side of each panel unit is provided with a convex edge, and the other side of each panel unit is provided with a slot matched with the convex edge; the panel units at the left and right ends are respectively and fixedly connected with the left and right end surface backing plates through screws, and the upper, middle and lower parts of the front and back panels are respectively provided with a stiffener; screw holes are arranged on the stiffeners and the panel units, so that bolts can conveniently penetrate through the screw holes; and the two ends of the bolts are provided with threads and are fastened with screw caps, and the parts of the bolts between the front and back panels are respectively sleeved with a plastic sleeve. The template for the concrete pouring wall has the characteristics of simple structure, low cost, high working efficiency and the like.


THE AIM of the investigation was to study the morbidity and etiology of infections of the urinary system (IUS) in children of the industrial center of the West Siberia. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The demographic indices on the total number of children under 14 years inclusive and birth rate are presented according to the following document: «Main indices of the medical maintenance of the population and work of health institutions» of the Health Department of Administration of the city of Omsk for 19922003. The cases of the established morbidity of IUS were analyzed by the results of work of the nephrological department of the city children clinical hospital N3 and the city perinatal clinical center of Omsk. The bacteriological investigation of urine and identification of the isolated microorganisms was fulfilled according to the order N535 of Health Ministry of the USSR of 1985. RESULTS. The demographic indices in Omsk for 19922003 were characterized by a substantially reduced total number of children under 15 years and at the same time an increased pathology of the urinary organs, infections of the urinary system included. In 2002 and 2003 there was a considerably increased birth rate and, at the same time, sharply increased morbidity of the new born children with infections of the urinary system. For the last 5 years the rate of IUS in the structure of the pathologies in the newborns became 5.5 times higher, and in terms of 1000 newborns 6.5 times higher. The results of a bacteriological examination show that a substantially decreased etiological role of E.coli and higher frequency of isolation of other microorganisms from the family of Enterobacteriaceae (Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter) and Grampositive microflora took place. The microplasma infection was found in more than 60% of patients of all age groups. CONCLUSION. The increased growth of diseases of the IUS in children is observed. In the etiological structure of IUS there appeared a phenomenon of supplanting of E.coli by other representatives of the family of Enterobacteriaceae and Grampositive microflora. The role of an intrauterine infection of children is growing as the primary cause of IUS, the mycoplasma infection included.


This article, thus, set out to argue: masculinity is governed by a fear of losing masculinity and that masculinity itself becomes the problem to which we must attend. In this article, therefore, as scholars before me have noted (Connell, 1995; Kimmel, 1996), masculinity is seldom achievable; that is, boys and men always fail at masculinity. One can never be masculine enough. Masculinity is very carefully governed and enforced. However, what remains uncertain is how critical theory is to think about and through this failure. What might affect theory, the goal of this special issue, offer to the study of masculinity? Throughout this article, I argued that masculinity is cruel optimism, which is to say, "the condition of maintaining an attachment to a significantly problematic object" (Berlant 2011, 24). This article set out to think affectively about this very question. Accordingly, I argued that critical studies of men and masculinities needs to engage with the "affective turn" (Clough and Halley, 2007) that has been undertaken in various subfields of gender studies.


Modeling transport in porous media requires to take into account multiple-scale aspects inherent to porous media structures. Several methodologies have been developed to upscale the equations at a lower-scale and to obtain upper-scale models. This question is reviewed based on a simple heat conduction problem. This is used to present briefly: volume averaging, homogenization, stochastic approaches, and various variants. Following the guidelines provided by volume averaging, the problem of the emergence of macro-scale equations for momentum and energy balance is discussed, with the emphasis on the existence of different models depending on pore-scale physical properties (dimensionless parameters, various time and length-scale ratios). Finally, extensions to more complicated problems of heat transfer in porous media, characterized by various couplings between transport problems, are briefly discussed: coupling with mass diffusion, effect of heat sources, boiling, etc.


By connecting a charged capacitor between the anode and the cathode of a grid-controlled valve it is possible to break off the current through the valve. The paper deals with circuits for grid-controlled phase-advancers based on this principle. Into the circuit of a conventional grid-controlled rectifier are introduced auxiliary valves and a capacitor. The capacitor is connected, through the auxiliary valves, in parallel with each of the principal valves in turn, and extinguishes them. The effect of this is to make the current lead the voltage. There are (a) double-step circuits with two groups of valves and a capacitor which extinguishes in turn the valves of the first and of the second group; and (b) multistep circuits with N groups of valves and N capacitors changing their charge in a periodic fashion. The paper includes formulae and diagrams for the computation of the rated-output factors of the extinguishing capacitor and the smoothing reactor respectively. Experimental results and oscillograms are given which confirm theoretical conclusions. A grid-controlled phase-advancer can be utilized to improve the power factor of an a.c. main, instead of rotary machines or static capacitors.


With the rise of new technologies the demand for efficient cryptographic hardware and design space exploration is rising. This work presents a framework for the automated synthesis of datapaths that use tower-field constructions for finite field arithmetic. The key idea is a novel encoding of the underlying algebraic structure with the dual view as both a finite field and a vector space. The framework uses symbolic computation capabilities of GAP to generate the expressions, needed for hardware implementations, on-the-fly, and compiles them into synthesizable datapaths, test-vectors and testbenches. It supports implementation of expressions defined over different sized finite fields, tower fields, or even several isomorphic finite fields within the same hardware module.


THE POSTHUMOUS DISTRIBUTION of two of Michal Kalecki's last works [3, 1969 and 4, 1971] offers an opportunity to draw attention to the career of one of Poland's most illustrious economic theorists. If Kalecki's formulation of a macroanalytic theory was overshadowed by Keynes in the mid-'thirties, he nonetheless went on to develop it and to make other contributions -both theoretical and applied. In the latter category was his participation in the establishment of the United Nations' World Economic Report. Kalecki's voluntary return to Poland was not uniformly beneficial to his career; there is, unfortunately, ample evidence that any official recognition of his brilliance was accompanied by an overt distrust of his "revisionism." The calamities that befell the Polish economy in 1969-70 are ample proof that Kalecki had the rare distinction of being a prophet in his own country. He repeatedly warned Gomulka of the disastrous effects that his economic policy was likely to have. Although he was a Jew, Kalecki was not directly subject to the slanderous official antiSemitic campaigns launched after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. But he personally was greatly tormented by the inequities and the upsurge of forces of retrogression. In 1968 Professor Kalecki retired voluntarily in protest against the dismissal of many colleagues who fell victims to the wave of repression against alleged "revisionists" and "Zionists." Another form of protest was his refusal to publish in his native country. Kalecki was greatly esteemed by the various groups of progressive economists in Eastern Europe and the U.S.S.R. Also, in the West, he found many staunch admirers of his analytical powers and towering personal integrity. Yet his work has gained in neither East nor West the recognition that it merits. The reputation in the West of Michal Kalecki (who died in 1970) probably rests on his seminal contributions to (1) the theory of economic dynamics and distribution of income, (2) his anticipation and independent discovery of all the essential ingredients of the Keynesian system, (3) his prediction of the regime of the political business cycle, and (4) his development of the concept of general rationing, etc. His contributions to the development of a theory of economic growth and planning under socialism, and to the elaboration of a perspective plan, will probably gain a fifth and equal place in the history of economic thought-and will become just as important in influencing economic policy. (Historical parallels are difficult, however, and this is not the place to make conjectures on the likely impact of theories on policy.) These books bear witness to the clarity of his thinking as well as to the capacity of an adept translator to convey the beauty of his exposition. The study at hand on the socialist economy [3, 1969] reflects Kalecki's first hand knowledge of the realities of planning, the wealth of experience he accumulated as an adviser to the Polish and other governments, and the acuteness of a brilliant theoretical mind. A parallel could, perhaps, be drawn between the development of Kalecki's theory of growth in a socialist economy and the development of his business cycle theory (theory of economic dynamics of the capitalist economy); both were essentially derived from a perceptive observation of economic realities. Kalecki was always primarily interested in and preoccupied with the most urgent problems requiring solution. Kalecki stresses throughout that his work


In this note, we show how optimal or approximate weighted independent sets in k-partite graphs may yield to a good approximate weighted independent set in general graphs. Precisely, optimal solutions in bipartite graphs do yield to a 2 ∆(G) approximation and, more generally, ρ-approximate solutions in k-partite graphs yield to a k ∆(G)ρ-approximation in general graphs.


A novel type of limited double-moment scheme for bulk microphysics is presented here for cloud-systemresolving models (CSRMs). It predicts the average size of cloud droplets and crystals, which is important for representing the radiative impact of clouds on the climate system. In this new scheme, there are interactive components for ice nuclei (IN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). For cloud ice, the processes of primary ice nucleation, Hallett–Mossop (HM) multiplication of ice particles (secondary ice production), and homogeneous freezing of aerosols and droplets provide the source of ice number. The preferential evaporation of smaller droplets during homogeneous freezing of cloud liquid is represented for the first time. Primary and secondary (i.e., in cloud) droplet nucleation are also represented, by predicting the supersaturation as a function of the vertical velocity and local properties of cloud liquid. A linearized scheme predicts the supersaturation, explicitly predicting rates of condensation and vapor deposition onto liquid (cloud liquid, rain) and ice (cloud ice, snow, graupel) species. The predicted supersaturation becomes the input for most nucleation processes, including homogeneous aerosol freezing and secondary droplet activation. Comparison of the scheme with available aircraft and satellite data is performed for two cases of deep convection over the tropical western Pacific Ocean. Sensitivity tests are performed with respect to a range of nucleation processes. The HM process of ice particle multiplication has an important impact on the domain-wide ice concentration in the lower half of the mixed-phase region, especially when a lack of upper-level cirrus suppresses homogeneous freezing. Homogeneous freezing of droplets and, especially, aerosols is found to be the key control on number and sizes of cloud particles in the simulated cloud ensemble. Preferential evaporation of smaller droplets during homogeneous freezing produces a major impact on ice concentrations aloft. Aerosols originating from the remote free troposphere become activated in deep convective updrafts and produce most of the supercooled cloud droplets that freeze homogeneously aloft. Homogeneous aerosol freezing is found to occur only in widespread regions of weak ascent while homogeneous droplet freezing is restricted to deep convective updrafts. This means that homogeneous aerosol freezing can produce many more crystals than homogeneous droplet freezing, if conditions in the upper troposphere are favorable. These competing mechanisms of homogeneous freezing determine the overall response of the ice concentration to environmental CCN concentrations in the simulated cloud ensemble. The corresponding sensitivity with respect to environmental IN concentrations is much lower. Nevertheless, when extremely high concentrations of IN are applied, that are typical for plumes of desert dust, the supercooled cloud liquid is completely eliminated in the upper half of the mixed phase region. This shuts down the process of homogeneous droplet freezing.


The article reviews the book "Roots of the State: Neighborhood Organization and Social Networks in Beijing and Taipei," by Benjamin L. Read.


This building stands by main western access, on the West Bank Campus of this University.
With the new Auditorium-Assembly Hall in a separate building, the Law School forms the beginning of an ambitious construction programmed which will eventually comprise the entire University compound supported by a complex and complete network of pedestrian walkways.
The building design shows a unique plasticity of outstanding visual effects, using exposed concrete and brickwork.
The capacity is for one thousand students plus the required teaching and management staff and occupies a 23,000 M 2 plot.
The library contains about 600,000 books.


Pathogenicity of two entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema abbasi and S. carpocapsae, and their potential applications in the field against the casuarina tussock moth, Lymantria xylina, were conducted in this study. Inoculation with different concentrations of S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae to 3rd- 6th instar larvae of L. xylina, the LT50 values treated with S. carpocapsae were shorter than those with S. abbasi in all larval instars. The LT50 values of 6th instar larvae infected with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 20 IJs/larva were 89.8 h and 67.4 h, while the LT50 values of 3th instar larvae infected with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 15 IJs/larva were 40.5 h and 24.7 h, respectively. The effect of temperature on pathogenicity of S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae to L. xylina was tested by inoculating 4th instar larvae with 20 IJs/larva at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃. The LT50 values infected with S. abbasi at 20℃, 25℃, and 30℃ were 64.3, 43.9, and 30.7 h, whereas those with S. carpocapsae were 32.3, 25.2, and 16.4 h, respectively. These results showed that the LT50 values were decreased while increasing the treating temperatures in both nematodes. Inoculation of 4th instar larvae of L. xylina with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 20 IJs/larva in artificial simulated seasons, i.e., spring and fall (L:D = 12:12 h;26:22℃), summer (L:D = 13 h 20 min:10 h 40 min;31:27℃), and winter (L:D = 11:13 h;21:16℃). The LT50 values infected with S. abbasi at 20 IJs/larva under spring, fall and winter were 35.4, 35.2, and 56.3 h, respectively, while those with S. carpocapsae were 30.4, 26.6, and 36.2 h, respectively. Therefore, the pathogenicity of both nematodes in winter was lower than that in other seasons. While inoculating 4th instar larvae with S. abbasi and S. carpocapsae at 100 and 300 IJs/L in greenhouse, the LT50 values of 4th instar larvae incubated at night were shorter than those in daytime as treated with both nematodes at the same concentration. In small scale field experiments treating with 1x105, 3x105 IJs/L, the mortalities of L. xylina larvae was not significantly different between both nematodes, resulting in only 22.7% - 42.4%, while the larval mortality was reached 87.2% as treated with fenvalerate. Therefore, it is suggested that effective application techniques of these two entomopathogenic nematodes in the field have to be further developed.


WiMAX network,based on IEEE 802.16 protocol suite,evolves from fixed to portable and mobile operation.In IEEE 802.16e protocol,the physical layer has been improved and new characteristics such as handoff process in multimedia access control layer have been added.This paper first introduces the network configuration of WiMAX,describes two ways of handoff and their mechanisms in detail.Then it introduces their handoff procedure among ASN-GWs and BSs in one ASN by combining with the two ways mentioned above.It establishes a foundation for the design of high efficiency and steady handoff arithmetic.


Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is an emerging bio-based nanomaterial being extensively studied in diverse applications, from conceptual design to industrial testing. Its low density, high surface area, renewability, biodegradability, high functionality and low toxicity make it an ideal material as the nanocarrier of solid and liquid therapeutic agents. In this work, NCC was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch using acid hydrolysis. Optimization was performed on the extraction condition to obtain desired properties. The NCC was then tailored into hydrophobic nanocarrier for water-insoluble drug, i.e. curcumin and as a stabilizer of Pickering emulsion for therapeutic oil, black cumin seed oil.


A technique for predicting the response of cells and tissues to a physicochemical stimulus without the use of expensive molecular markers and at time points before any morphological changes can be visibly spotted would be a meaningful addendum to the current set of bioimaging tools. One such method was developed here based on correlating transformed distance matrices of populations of cultured cells and digital checkerboard patterns derived from traditional central African drawings in the sand. Similarity measurements were made at an early time point in the therapy administered to bone cancer cells in the form of composite magnetic nanoparticles. At this early of a time point, the cell viability was mildly reduced, but no gross alterations to the cell morphology or density were visible yet. Similarity score evaluation demonstrated a significantly higher degree of similarity between the patterns derived from the sand drawings and the cells subjected to the treatment than between the former patterns and the untreated cell controls. The treated cells produced more ordered and symmetric patterns than the control ones after the processing of their pairwise distant matrices, explaining their better geometric correlation with the ancestral sand arabesques, which were monolinear and commonly comprised multiple mirror planes and rotational symmetry axes. This has suggested that the course of the therapy could be predicted by a relatively simple comparison between raw optical images of cells and indigenous ideographs using the metrics postulated here. The interdisciplinary method developed in this study may prove applicable for in situ monitoring of the response of cells and tissues to various therapies, allowing for the early indications of adverse effects to be noticed based on the simple optical observations of cells and acted upon before the progression toward nonviable states becomes irreversible. The method elaborated here may also provide an impetus for a broader search for solutions to problems plaguing the modern medicine outside of the scope of its mainstream analytical frameworks and in the ancestral heritage of relatively obscure ethnic traditions.


In this paper, a preliminary study on a shape-recoverable shock absorption structure consisting of hysteretic spring elements combined with a buckling mechanism which could achieve both high energy absorption efficiency and high energy dissipation efficiency is presented. In order to illustrate the basic idea, a conceptual model consisting of a two-link mechanism and a hysteretic spring is investigated. The two-link mechanism with axial and lateral springs is frequently used as an elementary model for the buckling behavior of thin-walled structures. Without the lateral spring, it has a pair of stable equilibriums and one unstable equilibrium between them, so that it shows a snap-through buckling instability when loaded in the lateral direction. The load-deformation curve changes depending on the quantity of the lateral spring constant undergoing saddle-node bifurcation. After the bifurcation, the stable and unstable equilibriums except for the origin vanish, and only one stable equilibrium remains at the origin. This implies that, when combined with a strong spring, the load-deformation curve of the two-link mechanism has only a stable equilibrium at the origin, whereas it has another stable equilibrium when combined with a weak spring. Therefore, if combined with an appropriate hysteretic spring, the mechanism subjected to an impact will yield positive resistive force in the loading path, followed by stopping at the stable equilibrium with residual deformation when unloaded. After the impact, the residual deformation will be eliminated by applying a small amount of energy to trigger the bifurcation again. A proof-of-concept experimental model consisting of a two-link mechanism and a superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) spring is developed for the demonstrative purpose. A prototype of superelastic SMA-based "woven" shells is also developed to show a possible application of the proposed concept.


The field dependence of particle pair correlations in a ferrofluid is investigated using MC simulation and integral equation techniques. In order to simplify calculations a system is chosen where the magnetic field is sufficiently large that thermal fluctuations of the magnetisation of the individual particles can be ignored. The MC calculations were performed using standard techniques for a three dimensional model of a ferrofluid where the particles are assumed to interact via a spherical hard core plus a short range interaction due to the entropic repulsive forces provided by the surfactant molecules and a long range potential assumed to be produced by a point dipole embedded in the particle centres. The results are compared with those obtained using the hypernetted chain approximation by expanding the pair correlation function in terms of Legendre polynomials with respect to angle to the external field. Very good agreement is found between the two methods enabling accurate and smooth correlation functions to be obtained for large external fields at densities typical of ferrofluids.


The pecinase Scourzyme L is applied to process natural colored cotton. The performance of processed cotton are tested, and compared with that of cotton processed by alkali. It is testified that the performance of colored cotton processed by pectinase are better than that of cotton processed by alkali.


Due to lack of funds of the laboratory construction,this paper proposed that school and enterprise should co-construct laboratory.The laboratories carry out the following modes to operate,such as enterprise-university-research cooperation,technology training,participating contest,opening laboratory,etc.These modes cultivate the comprehensive quality and innovation ability of the undergraduates.The joint education of school and enterprise can share the common resource and supply advantage for each other,and provide a new pattern for laboratory construction and personnel training.


Temporal identity factors are sufficient to reprogram developmental competence of neural progenitors, but whether they could also reprogram the identity of fully differentiated cells is unknown. To address this question, we designed a conditional gene expression system combined with genetic lineage tracing that allows rapid screening of potential reprogramming factors in the mouse retina. Using this assay, we report that co-expression of the early temporal identity transcription factor Ikzf1, together with Ikzf4, another Ikaros family member, is sufficient to directly convert adult Müller glial cells into neuron-like cells in vivo, without inducing a proliferative progenitor state. scRNA-seq analysis shows that the reprogrammed cells share some transcriptional signatures with both cone photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Furthermore, we show that co-expression of Ikzf1 and Ikzf4 can reprogram mouse embryonic fibroblasts to induced neurons by remodeling chromatin and promoting a neuronal gene expression program. This work uncovers general neuronal reprogramming properties for temporal identity factors in differentiated cells, opening new opportunities for cell therapy development.


This paper shows an approach to nonlinear least squares fitting of NURBS curves and surfaces to measured data by the Gauss-Newton method. A line search with regularisation and trust region meth ...


Phosphines and phosphonium salts pentaco-ordinated and hexaco-ordinated compounds tervalent phosphorus acid derivatives quinquevalent phosphorus acids nucleotides and nucleic acids ylides and related species phosphazenes physical methods.


We develop an in-line bending sensor based on a tapered hollow core microstructured optical fiber, which paves a promising way for improving the sensing sensitivity. Accordingly, the bending sensitivity is up to 34.2 nm/m-1.


By questionnaire,the analysis of the result of current condition of extracurricular sports of college students in Yunnan province shows: 1) 84% of the students are interested in extracurricular sports;2) Building body and having fun are the main purpose of college students who take part in extracurricular sports;3) 85.7% of the students in Yunnan province in different levels participate in extracurricular sports;4) 54.2% of the students participate in extracurricular sports on Saturday and Sunday and 64% of them are over half an hour per time;5) Lacking of time,place and sports apparatus,these object conditions are the mainly factors which prevent students participating in extracurricular sports.


AbstractThe lightning detector (LD) on the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite uses a pair of silicon photodiodes, viewing each flank at right angles to the satellite track over an extended field of view. The data product is a report every ½ s of the number of digitizer cycles (125 μs each) for which the detected power was in predefined ranges. The performance of this system over the first 2.5 years of the C/NOFS mission is discussed, statistics of its lightning observations are presented, and a statistical cross validation using the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) as a ground truth is provided. It is found that the LD reports of lightning, despite their blunt timing (½ s), show correlation with strokes detected and located by WWLLN. The irradiance of these strokes lies on the high-power flank of the irradiance distribution seen earlier by the FORTE satellite. Thus, the LD thresholds favor high-power lightning; it is shown that the closest portion of the field...


There is a growing body of ethnographic literature which documents the existence of a heroin street addict lifestyle. Drawing on both this literature and symbolic interactionist and role theory, this paper develops a hypothesis oriented theory of heroin use. Empirical support for the theory is presented.


The number of contract clinical trials conducted at the Shizuoka Cancer Center has been increasing every year and in them there has been a marked increase in patients undergoing combination chemotherapy. The number of investigational agents being dispensed has also increased and a need has arisen for greater efficiency in investigational agent distribution, the preparation of injectable anti-cancer drugs, and the management of concomitant drugs. In addition, it was noted that clinical pharmaceutical management counseling for clinical trial participants had not been fully put into practice. In response to these issues, we created a special tool for the management of concomitant drug use based on commercially available software and made efforts to reduce human error in the preparation and distribution of investigational agents as well as in promoting pharmaceutical management counseling for trial participants. The software tool that we created has significantly shortened search times as compared with the previous paper records, leading to an overall increase in efficacy. There has also been an increase in counseling on pharmaceutical management for clinical trial participants. This is partly due to the clinical path we created and allows us to quickly track all of the participants. In conclusion, there is a need for pharmacists to actively contribute to clinical trials, not only through the management of investigational agents but also through that the management of concomitant drug use and pharmaceutical management counseling.


In accordance with organ transplant's evolve especially the kidneys it is necessary to rule out specific health legislation  in dealing with transplantation  of human body's  organs  to prevent  human  trafficking  of human  organs.  The approaches used is the approach of legislation and comparisons to provide an overview of the regulation of transplantation of human body's organs in Indonesia, and to know the comparison with other countries that have specific rules on transplants. The result is that the regulations in Indonesia does not have rules on organ transplants from living non-related organ donation and found no legal protection againts the donor. Keywords: Organ   transplant,   kidney   transplant,   human   trafficking,   health legislation.


To mitigate the low frequency problem in a transmission system in an event of a power station failure or during low renewable generation production, UK National Grid (NG) Electricity System Operator has balancing mechanism in place with generators to provide temporary extra power, or with large energy users to reduce load demand or so call fast reserve services. This paper presents an alternative method to aggregately control the existing distribution network primary on load transformer tap changers as a voltage-led customer load active service. The main benefits of the proposed method are (i) to unlock the distribution network load demand flexibility without causing any negative impact on customers, and (ii) to provide the lowest cost of fast reserve service from a distribution network to transmission network. In this paper an optimal control strategy based on genetic algorithm is proposed and developed to achieve an optimized voltage-led customer load active service with the aim of finding the optimal dispatch of on load transformer tap changers by minimizing each transformer tap switching operation as well as network losses. Two practical 102 buses and 222 buses UK distribution networks have been modelled and used to demonstrate and compare the effectiveness of the proposed control methods under different operating conditions. The performances of the proposed method are also compared with both the rule-based and the branch-and-bound methods. The results show that the proposed optimal control strategy based on the genetic algorithm is more effective by achieving more accuracy and a faster solution for a large distribution network than other two methods. These are important findings as the fast reserve service by transmission network requires the accuracy of the load demand reduction delivery within 2 minutes.


The figure (p. 47) showing the age distribution of the population of Europe (News, C. Holden, "New populations of old add to poor nations' burdens," 5 July, p. 46) was incorrect. The correct figure is shown below. [SEE FIGURE IN SOURCE PDF].


A fundamental goal of the university must be to advance a democracy based on the socialist principles of freedom and critique. A Marxist revolutionary critical pedagogy for democracy is advanced that includes a call for the inclusion of faculty of color who may bring diverse epistemes toward doing research that promotes dissent. The author provides examples of how a Latina episteme, rooted in her experiences as a member of the oppressed, demands community engagement and democratic goals necessary to providing the clarity and rehearsal needed to break free from the shackles of capitalism.


The fast (nanosecond) breakdown of hollow-cathode discharges is studied. Streak camera investigations are presented on the space-time-dependent development of pulsed discharges, starting from low-current preionization discharges. The discharges start near the entrance to the cathode, then move further back into the cathode, and then spread over a wider range along the axis of the cathode. The depth range of the intense pulsed hollow-cathode plasma was found to be two to eight times the cathode diameter. >


Water treatment plants are of great importance in order to provide drinking water to the population. The present work aimed to study the quality of treated water from the Beni-Haroun dam (northeastern Algeria) through the analysis of its physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in order to ensure they conform to international standards. Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of untreated water were also analysed and then compared to the same physicochemical and bacteriological parameters obtained after applying treatment procedures in order to evaluate the efficiency of these procedures on the water quality. As a result, the physicochemical parameters of treated water Beni-Haroun dam were revealed in concordance with the established international standards. Concerning bacteriological results, despite the presence of certain microorganisms in some analysed samples, their loads remained very low and do not constitute a major health risk. Based on our analyses, treated water from Beni-Haroun Dam remains generally of good quality.


The research objective is to give in-detailed description on the time markers for tenses in Mongondow language (Bahasa Mongondow) particularly on their types and meaning. The research applies qualitative descriptive method. Main data are taken from 2 or 3 native speakers in Mongondow language (Bahasa Mongondow). The data collected by using teknik cakap semuka (face to face conversation technique). The data are analyzed by using matching and distributional techniques, with the replacement and expansion techniques. The results of the research are (1) the time markers in Mongondow language (Bahasa Mongondow) are future= ain, continuous = koyogot, perfect = novalut, (2) Future tense time marker ain and Present Continuous time marker koyogot must be present before the verb with prefix mo-. Meanwhile, Perfect tense time marker novalut (sudah/has or has been) is optional because the morphological change from moto noindicates perfect tense, (3) Time markers in Mongondow language can be marked lexically and morphemically. Mongondow language needs to be improved continuously as an effort to characterize regional languages as national assets and in addition this research can be a reference for teaching local languages as an option for schools in applying local content-based learning. Keywords—Time Markers, Mongondow Language


Cathode materials of Co,Cr and Al doped LiMnO_2 for lithium ion battery were prepared by ion exchange.Phase identification,surface morphology and electrochemical properties were studied by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge experiments.The results show that the crystal parameter of doped LiMnO_2 is generally smaller than the undoped LiMnO_2.The surface morphology of the doped LiMnO_2 is different from LiMnO_2,while both structures are the same.All the doped LiMnO_2 offers higher discharge capacity and better cycling performance than LiMnO_2.The discharge capacity of the doped LiMnO_2 decreases,yet the cycling performance improves with the increase of doping concentration.For these doped LiMnO_2,LiMn0.95Cr0.05O2 offers the highest discharge capacity of 198.1mAh/g and LiMn0.85Al0.15O2 offers the lowest.The cycling performance of LiMn0.90Cr0.10O2 is the best,while cobalt doped LiMnO_2 is the worst.


Address the use of remote sensing data from space to study the dynamics of vegetation. The methods of data processing medium and high spatial resolution mapping of agricultural land and forest plantations. The results of the application of methods for agricultural and forest areas of Siberia.


The primary purpose of writing this paper was to explore the impact of transformational and transactional leadership styles of managers as prospective antecedents of the firm's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices. A large-scale survey had been conducted to collect data from employees of several organizations in Pakistan. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed hypotheses in the conceptual model. Findings revealed that transformational leadership style is positively associated with Employee CSR perception whereas transactional leadership showed an insignificant relationship with employee CSR perception. The results implied that to strengthen an organization's CSR activities the managers should employ transformational leadership along with transactional leadership.


AIM
To systematically investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the CYP3A4 gene in a Han Chinese population.

MATERIALS & METHODS
The promoter and exons of CYP3A4 gene in 1114 unrelated, healthy Han Chinese subjects were amplified and genotyped by direct sequencing.

RESULTS
In total, five previously reported alleles (*1G, *4, *5, *18B and *23) were detected, of which one allele (*23) was reported for the first time in Han Chinese population. Additionally, seven novel exonic variants were also identified and designated as new alleles CYP3A4*28-*34.

CONCLUSION
This study provides the most comprehensive data of CYP3A4 polymorphisms in Han Chinese population and detects the largest number of novel CYP3A4 alleles in one ethnic group.


using new software called the ARTAS Hair Studio™, the images and markings are converted into a 3-D model of the patient. The robot uses the inter-pupillary distance (IPD) to match dimensions of the model with the actual dimensions of the patient. To determine how the hair will ultimately grow, the physician uses the software to specify the angle of the recipient site incisions (relative to the plane of the scalp), incision direction, site depth, average density, and total number of incisions. The site spacing can then be easily modified to create variations in density in different parts of the scalp while the computer keeps the total number of sites constant. An important feature of the ARTAS® system is that the robot uses image-guided technology to avoid hairs of a specific diameter when making recipient sites. In this way, the distribution of sites that are created in the procedure can be made to complement the distribution of existing terminal hairs (or the hair from prior hair transplant procedures), while ignoring hair that is miniaturized or vellus. The physician can specify the cut-off diameter based upon the diameter of the patient's full terminal hairs. Partially miniaturized hair may also be included in the group of hairs to be avoided. Once this parameter is set, the robot will proceed to create sites at a minimum distance from the selected existing hair and do so randomly throughout the areas where the hair is finer or the scalp is bald. The imaging software is currently used to translate the design the physician makes directly on the patient scalp into a computerized algorithm that directs the creation of recipient sites in the operating room. In the future, the system will also have the capability of simulating, in advance of the surgery, what the actual hair transplant will look like so that it can be used as tool to aid the physician during the consultation.


The bar is an alternative to Likert-type scale as a response format option used in closed-form questionnaires. An important advantage of using the bar is that it provides a variety of data post-processing options (i.e., ways of partitioning the values of a continuous variable into discrete groups). In this context, continuous variables are usually divided into equal-length or equalarea intervals according to a user-specified distribution (e.g. the Gaussian). However, this transition from continuous into discrete can lead to a significant loss of information. In this work, we present a fuzzy coding of the original variables which exploits linear and invertible triangular membership functions. The proposed coding scheme retains all of the information in the data and can be naturally combined with an exploratory data analysis tech nique, Correspondence Analysis, in order to visually investigate both linear and non-linear variable  associations. The proposed approach is illustrated with a real-world application to a student course evaluation dataset.


By using the method of nutrient solution culture and simulated water stress with PEG6000,the effects of different nitrogen forms(NO3——N,NH4+-N and the mixture of NO3——N and NH4+N)and water statuses(non-water stress and water stress condition)on growth and N accumulation and distribution of rice plant were studied.The results obtained were as follows:The plant height and leaf area of treatment 25/75(NH4+/NO3-)was the maximal among treatments,which was 1.5 and 1.3 times of treatment 100/0 respectively,under water stress condition.Root lengh of treatment 25/75 was all the maximal among treatments under either non-water stress or water stress condition,which was 6.8 times of treatment 100/0 under non-water stress,and 3.3 times under water stress.N accumulation in different part of plant under non-water stress were all higher than that under water stress.Under two water condition,N accumulation in root of treatment 0/100 were all the maximal,and treatment 100/0 had the maximal N accumulation in stem,the lowest was treatment 0/100.Under non-water stress,leaf N accumulation of treatment 100/0 was the maximal,under water stress,leaf N accumulation of treatment 75/25 was the maximal.Under water stress,supply of single NO3——N might increase N accumulation in root,supply of mixture of NO3——N and NH4+-N could promote N accumulation and distribution in stem and leaf of rice plant.


Analog Circuit sizing is the task to determine the sizes of all components in the circuit during automated synthesis. Randomized combinatorial optimization algorithms are desired for quicker determination of a set of optimal sizes of the components. These algorithms require set of multiple performance parameters, for a very large number of sized circuits. Therefore the reduction in time required to estimate these performance parameters is also highly desired. For the purpose of estimation of performance parameters, we employ Support Vector Machine (SVM) based macro-models of analog circuits, instead of using SPICE simulation. These SVM macro-models are not only faster to evaluate, but use of efficient kernel functions has also made them almost as accurate as SPICE. In this paper, we report multi-objective genetic algorithm for simultaneous optimization of multiple performance parameters. We compute the Pareto optimal points for various performance parameters of a two-stage op-amp circuit in 180 nm technology. We perform SVM classification and regression using Least Square SVM toolbox [1] with MATLAB. HSPICE was used to generate data-set from simulation of two-stage op-amp, which was used to train the SVM macro-model. The results pertaining to total time consumed in sizing task are very encouraging. We observed 'time taken' in one evaluation by SVM macromodel as compared to HSPICE is upto two order smaller, resulting in speed-up of approximately 20.


This article focuses on analyzing how evangelical beliefs produce and are inscribed in the corporality of young people, from the native idea of the "body as a temple". The text presents a journey through social studies of the body as theoretical coordinates from which to investigate practices, discourses and the deployment of the youth agency regarding the ways in which their bodies inhabit. The data presented come from ethnographic fieldwork in different evangelical communities, especially interviews, observations and records regarding the production of youthful corporalities in these spaces. Through the analysis of practices, discourses and conceptions about the juvenile body, a view is presented that aim store cognize the multiple dimensions that cross them, which include tensions related to religious reproduction and agency, regulation, control, and disputes of meaning regarding the relationship with the sacred from the experience of the incarnated belief.


Based on the statistic results of the star catalogue V/50 and the prerequisite that enough acquiring probability should be insured,the field of view of the optical system and the maximum star magnitude which can be detected by the star sensor have been determined in this paper.Then,combined with the performances of the STAR-250 CMOS sensor,the aperture,focal length,spectral range and primary wavelength,the diameter of the dispersion spot and so on of the optical system have been determined,with enough signal noise ratio guaranteed simultaneously.Based on the preliminary pattern of improved double Gauss structure,an optical system,which not only features large aperture(F/1.198),wide field of view(22.6°),wide spectral range(0.5μm~0.8μm) and good imaging quality but also meets the special requirements of dispersion spot and enclosed energy,has been achieved on the stage of ZEMAX.


The utility model relates to a large feed-quantity crawler type obliquely-arranged tangential/longitudinal-flow double-roller field combined harvesting test vehicle. The test vehicle comprises a material cutting and transporting device, a material threshing separating device, a separated mixture cleaning device, a chassis running device, a power transmissions system, a power load testing system and an auxiliary execution device. The test vehicle is capable of meeting harvesting requirements of large feed quantity of crops like rice, wheat, rape and soybeans, and is high in harvesting efficiency, strong in threshing separation ability, less in cleaning loss, high in cleaning efficiency, and capable of timely and precisely gaining power consumption conditions of all working parts, and intelligent control of the whole machine is improved.


This paper examines the compatibility of various construction contracting methods with certain types of owners and projects. Contracting methods, as defined in this paper, consist of four parts: scope, organization, contract, and award. An owner must create an appropriate contracting method for each project. It was determined that there are six main organizations around which the contracting variations are created: general contractor, construction manager, multiple primes, design‐build, turnkey, and build‐operate‐transfer. The most common method is the traditional system of an independent designer, a general contractor, and a competitively bid, lump‐sum price. This method is efficient in many cases; however, in some situations, alternative methods are more appropriate and should be explored. Choosing certain methods can decrease the project duration, provide flexibility for changes, reduce adversarial relationships, allow for contractor participation in design, provide cost savings incentives to the contr...


The New Jersey Department of Transportation conducted 26 full-scale crash tests on 13 steel and 13 aluminum U-posts. The sign installations contained from one to four posts for both the steel and aluminum tests. The tests were conducted on 4-lbf/ft(58- N/m) steel sections and 4- and 8-lbf/ft(58-and 117- N/m) equivalent aluminum sections with both 2,000-and 4,500-lbm (907- and 1941-kg) vehicles; impact speeds ranged from 20 to 45 mph (32 to 72 km/h), and impact angles ranged from 0 (head-on) to 20 deg in accordance with Federal Highway Administration test conditions. Results of the dynamic testing indicate that simultaneously impacting more than one 4-lbf/ft steel U-post or more than three aluminum U-posts produces conditions that do not satisfy present FHWA criteria. Results also indicate that the use of aluminum bolts for the signpost connection yields less severe speed changes than stainless steel bolts when only a partial number of posts are impacted by the vehicle.


The traditional paradigms of marketing are expanding to incorporate negotiated exchanges with internal and external coalitions in the pursuit of competitive advantage. This paper explores the implications of a broader paradigm for setting priorities in research and theory development in strategic marketing. These priorities build on conceptual and methodological strengths within marketing. The perspective taken in this paper also contributes to the continuing dialogue about the appropriate role for the marketing function in addressing strategic issues.


Disclosed is a method of forming a line using inkjet printing. The disclosed method of forming a line using inkjet printing includes: a step of forming a trench on a substrate and a first and a second guide trench which are arranged on both sides of the trench, a step of printing ink which includes a conductive material on the trench, and a step of forming a tunnel by the contraction of the ink in the lower part of the trench by heating the substrate to sinter the ink, and form a line made of the conductive material on the upper part of the trench.


A regional-scale model that estimates landscape vulnerability of pesticide leaching and runoff (solution and particle adsorbed) underestimated runoff vulnerability and overestimated leaching vulnerability compared to measured data when applied to a gently rolling landscape in northeast Missouri. Many of the soils in this watershed have naturally occurring thick clay layers (clay pans) at or near the soil surface that limit infiltration and/or soil water storage capacity. Because of this, runoff events are common whenever the soil profile above the claypan is saturated prior to a rain event (capacity limited), or when the rain event is heavy and intense (rate limited). In addition, subsurface lateral flow along the top of the clay pan that subsequently emerges from seeps or along stream banks may prolong elevated pesticide levels in stream flows following a runoff event. In our model we use NRCS's Index of Surface Runoff (ISRO) as a component to identify leaching and runoff vulnerable areas in the landscape. ISRO is derived from slope and the soil's minimum saturated conductivity (Ksat) and is modified based on depth to free water. To better account for reduced water storage capacity due to restrictive clay layers in the Missouri watershed, we replaced the free water ISRO adjustments with a function based on available water storage capacity above a restrictive layer. However, claypans are not identified in the SSURGO (Soil Survey Geographic) data base. Consequently, we developed a claypan definition for the model based on a clay intensity function for the Bt horizon(s). The depth to restrictive layer adjustment could also be applied to soils with fragic, cemented or other restrictive horizons. When the modification was added to the model, it better represented the expected runoff vulnerability relative to leaching vulnerability in a claypan watershed.


The invention relates to a preparation method of halogen-free flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane. The preparation method comprises the following components in parts by weight: 50-100 parts of thermoplastic polyurethane, 5-20 parts of flame-retardant agent, 1-10 parts of antioxidant, 1-10 parts of dispersing agent, 1-5 parts of anti-dripping agent and 0.1-0.5 part of demolding agent, and all the components are blended and extruded. The halogen-free flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane prepared by the preparation method has excellent flame retardance and can meet the requirement for extruding into lines in the modern industry completely by test.


The present paper deals with a low-cost wind power generator. The proposed generator is very suitable and cost-effective for supplying isolated DC loads in remote areas where extension of grid is economically not feasible. The dynamic flux model of the self-excited induction generator used in the wind power-generator is given. This model, known to account for magnetic saturation is validated by experimental results. Performance of the generator under variable wind speed and/or variable load is discussed.


One small aspect of the astonishing election of 2000 was that the public learned, nearly all for the first time, a great deal about a similar electoral fiasco in 1876 and about the unfortunate Democratic loser, Samuel J. Tilden. Gore sympathizers held a number of rallies in the center of New York City to protest the botched electoral count in Florida. Yet none of them involved the Tilden Memorial, the most visible site of Tilden's memory. By coincidence, the monument had recently been cleaned and restored, but it remained in isolation far uptown on Riverside Drive at 112th Street, noticed only by dog-walkers and visitors on walking tours. New York City's Tilden Memorial is a very unremarkable monument apart from its large size (see Figures 4, 5, presented later). Nowadays, it seems almost inevitable that such a portrait statue would exist and be large, undistinguished, and ignored. Scholars have grappled with the role of monuments in the politics and geography of cities. A great deal has also been written on major


One of the major challenges facing current media management systems and the related applications is the so-called "semantic gap" between the rich meaning that a user desires and the shallowness of the content descriptions that are automatically extracted from the media. In this paper, we address the problem of bridging this gap in the sports domain. We propose a general framework for indexing and summarizing sports broadcast programs. The framework is based on a high-level model of sports broadcast video using the concept of an event, defined according to domain-specific knowledge for different types of sports. Within this general framework, we develop automatic event detection algorithms that are based on automatic analysis of the visual and aural signals in the media. We have successfully applied the event detection algorithms to different types of sports including American football, baseball, Japanese sumo wrestling, and soccer. Event modeling and detection contribute to the reduction of the semantic gap by providing rudimentary semantic information obtained through media analysis. We further propose a novel approach, which makes use of independently generated rich textual metadata, to fill the gap completely through synchronization of the information-laden textual data with the basic event segments. An MPEG-7 compliant prototype browsing system has been implemented to demonstrate semantic retrieval and summarization of sports video.


Recent years have witnessed the rise of novel network applications such as telesurgery, telepresence, and holoportation. As such applications have stringent performance requirements, timely and accurate traffic monitoring becomes of paramount importance to be able to react in a timely and efficient manner, and swiftly adjust the network configuration to achieve the sought‐after requirements. However, existing monitoring schemes are either incurring high cost (e.g., high bandwidth consumption) due to the large number of monitoring messages or inefficient when they incur high reporting delay (i.e., the time needed for a monitoring message to reach the controller) making the collected statistics obsolete. In this paper, we address this problem and propose monitoring mechanisms for software defined networks that minimize the monitoring cost while satisfying an upper bound on the reporting delay of the statistics. Our solutions allow to carefully select the switch that should report the statistics about each flow crossing the network taking into consideration the available bandwidth and the capacity of the switch (i.e., the maximum number of flows that it can monitor). In particular, we formulate the switch‐to‐flow selection problem as an integer linear program and propose two heuristic algorithms to cope with large‐scale instances of the problem. We consider the scenario where a single controller is collecting statistics and another where statistics are collected by multiple controllers. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms provide near‐optimal solutions with minimal computation time and outperform existing monitoring strategies in terms of monitoring cost and reporting delay.


Abstract Recent reports on oil tanker casualties have astonished the world due to big economic losses and severe environmental pollution at sea. This paper firstly makes a review of oil tanker casualties in the recent decades and proposes a suitable condition monitoring system. Defects of the reported oil tanker structure are analyzed regarding ship size and failure type. Different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for structural health monitoring are introduced including Acoustic Emission (AE), Ultrasonic Scanning (US), Magnetic Particle (MP), Vibration Analysis (VA) and strain measurement. The availability of these techniques in the application of structural condition monitoring for large oil tanker is discussed. On the basis of analysis on dynamic loads upon tanker structure, together with evaluation of present ship structure condition monitoring systems under application, a new structural condition monitoring method is proposed. Scheme of this system, position of sensors, data acquisition and signal analysis method are discussed in this paper.


Aim  Studies on habitat fragmentation of insect communities mostly ignore the impact of the surrounding landscape matrix and treat all species equally. In our study, on habitat fragmentation and the importance of landscape context, we expected that habitat specialists are more affected by area and isolation, and habitat generalists more by landscape context.


The first author was supported by the Centre of Research in Mathematics and Applications, University of Evora, through the FCT Pluriannual Funding Program.
The second author was supported by FEDER Funds through "Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE" and by Portuguese Funds through FCT -"Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia", within the Project PEst-C/MAT/UI0013/2011.


The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is a widely used measure of adults' propensity to engage in reflective analytic thought. The CRT is strongly predictive of many diverse psychological factors but unsuitable for use with developmental samples. Here, we examined a children's CRT, the CRT–Developmental (CRT–D), and investigated its predictive utility in the domains of science and mathematics. School-age children (N = 152) completed the CRT–D, measures of executive functioning, measures of rational thinking, and measures of vitalist-biology and mathematical-equivalence concepts. CRT–D performance predicted conceptual understanding in both domains after we adjusted for children's age, executive functioning, and rational thinking. These findings suggest that cognitive reflection supports conceptual knowledge in early science and mathematics and, moreover, demonstrate the theoretical and practical importance of children's cognitive reflection. The CRT–D will allow researchers to investigate the development, malleability, and consequences of children's cognitive reflection.


Functional extensions of optical coherence tomography (OCT) are today extensively studied as they have the potential to further enhance the diagnostic capabilities of OCT. Modern Doppler OCT, as the most prominent functional extension, yields outstanding contrast for the vascular plexus down to even smallest capillaries. Optical or OCT elastography is a very young functional OCT approach that gained from the developments of high speed OCT technology. It is capable to sense smallest structural tissue deformation during mechanical stress. The achieved deformation sensitivity is on the nanometer scale even in living retinal tissue. Due to the high sensitivity, OCT elastography is capable to observe tissue derformation caused by the natural pulse of the perfusion bed. This avoids external mechanical stress applied to the eye bulb and allows studying the biomechanical properties of tissue in its natural environment. Of particular interest is the motion of the fundus and of the lamina cribrosa (LC). First results indicate differential motion within the retina and LC of a few micrometer/second. This might be the basis for using the biomechanical status of the LC as new diagnostic biomarker of disease for example for glaucoma.


The Kaidun meteorite is different from all other meteorites [1], consisting largely of a mixture of incompatible types of meteoritic material carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites, i.e. corre-sponding to the most oxidized and the most reduced samples of meteorite materials, including CI1, CM1-2, CV3, EH3-5, and EL3. In addition to these, minor amounts of ordinary and R chondrites are present. In addition, approximately half of the Kaidun lithologies are new materials not known as separate meteorites. Among these are aqueously altered enstatite chondrites [1], which are of considerable interest because they testify that not all reduced asteroids escaped late-stage oxidation, and hydrolysis, and also because hydrated poorly crystalline Si-Fe phase, which in turn is re-placed by serpentine (Figs 3-5). In the end the only indication of the original presence of metal is the re-sidual carbides. In other enstatite chondrite lithogies (of uncertain type) original silicates and metal have been thoroughly replaced by an assemblage of authi-genic plagioclase laths, calcite boxwork, and occasion-al residual grains of silica, Cr-rich troilite, ilmenite, and rare sulfides including heideite (Fig. 6). Fe and S have been largely leached from the rock (Fig. 4). Again the accessory phases are the first clue to the original character of the rock, which can be verified by O isotopes. It is fortunate that Kaidun displays every step of the alteration process.


A new version of the Multi-objective Alliance Algorithm (MOAA) is described. The MOAA's performance is compared with that of NSGA-II using the epsilon and hypervolume indicators to evaluate the results. The benchmark functions chosen for the comparison are from the ZDT and DTLZ families and the main classical multi-objective (MO) problems. The results show that the new MOAA version is able to outperform NSGA-II on almost all the problems.


We show that I&R's original implementation does not derive the result that they claim to. We amend the system by employing inquisitive semantics (Ciardelli et al., 2015) and redefining some notions so that it gives us the correct interpretation of conditional statements/questions. I&RS' ANALYSIS In I&R's system, a context C is an equivalence relation on a fixed set W of possible worlds. The initial ignorant and indifferent context is the total relation on W , as depicted in Fig. 1(a). Utterances are treated as operations on a macro-context τ = ⟨C0, . . . ,Cn⟩, which is a stack or list of contexts. Given a macro-context τ , τn is the n-th context (counting from 0 at the top) and ∣τ ∣ means its length. The Macro-Context Change Potential (MCCP) of the if -clause in (1b) pushes a copy of the main context on top of the stack and the top context is assertively updated (2) as defined in (3). Since the consequent of (1b) is a question, the top context is inquisitively updated, i.e., partitioned by (4).


Aim: We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C according to the type of malignancy in cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Patients with malignancy treated between February 2016 and February 2021 were included in our study. HBsAg, Anti HBs and Anti HCV test results of cancer patients determined by chemiluminescence method were compared according to cancer subgroups. Results: Of the 882 cancer patients included in the study, 64.6% were male and 35.4% were female. The mean age of the patients was 65.74±12.94 years. When hepatitis markers were evaluated according to gender, the rate of Anti-HBs seropositivity was higher in males (p<0.001), and there was no significant difference in terms of HBsAg seropositivity (p=0.542) and Anti-HCV seropositivity (p=0.301). In our study, 2.5% of adult cancer patients were HBsAg seropositive, 0.9% were Anti HCV seropositive, and 17.0% were Anti HBs seropositive. There was no difference between cancer groups in terms of Anti HBs seropositivity (p=0.074) and Anti HCV seropositivity (p=0.071) in all cancer patients. HBsAg seropositivity in patients with sarcoma was statistically significantly higher (8.3%) compared to other cancer groups (p=0.015). Conclusion: In our study, higher HBsAg seropositivity was found in patients with sarcoma compared to patients with other cancer types. The viral hepatitis panel must be examined before the use of immunosuppressive treatments and hepatotoxic agents in all cancer types, especially in patients with sarcoma. In addition, the etiopathological significance of this difference according to cancer types should be investigated.


In this paper, a single, large‐area OLED lighting panel of 245×295 mm2 with 50 lm/W efficacy, correlated color temperature of 3000K and color‐rendering index of 80 at 1500 cd/m2 has been demonstrated. Short reduction layer and metal grids are adopted to solve the particle issue and improve the luminance variation of the intra‐panel for less than 15%, respectively. In addition, a light extraction film with bulk light scattering function is attached to the OLED lighting panel for improving the total lighting flux by a factor of 1.5. And also, the color shift (Δv'u') with viewing angles from 0 (normal direction) to 60 degree can be suppressed to 0.005.


The writer argues that the primary and high school teachers should perform education researches on practical basis.They should improve teaching quality and continued learning attitudes,study problems they meet with,and enrich their researching while teaching.


Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an important spice crop which belongs to the family Apiaceae and originated from Mediterranean Region. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of coriander with a greater share in the world export market. In India, coriander is grown in an area of 6,74,000 hectares with the production of 8,83,000 metric tonnes and the productivity of 1.3 metric tonnes per hectare (DASD, 2017). Estimated export of coriander is 40,100 tones with a total value of` 4,48,161 lakhs. Major importers are Malaysia, Pakistan, UAE and Saudi Arabia. In India, Rajasthan (60%) is the major producer of coriander followed by Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Odisha.


The present invention has been inflatable by the gas-filled so as to protect persons in the event of a collision, an airbag apparatus for an air bag module of a motor vehicle, with surrounded by the inner cover, in the inflated state of the airbag device an inner chamber forms the inner region, disposed outside the inner chamber surrounded by the inner cover in the inflated state, an airbag device comprising: a plurality of outer chamber at least partially surrounding said inner chamber, the. According to the present invention, the outer having at least a plurality of said outer chamber (3), respectively, disposed opposite to said inner cover (20) the cover portion that does not define the scope of the inner chamber (2) (31) surrounded by the cover (30), upon inflation of the airbag device, at least one gap is not gas filled (4) is formed between the inner cover (20) and cover portion (31) opposing the cover in so that the cover part facing the inner cover (20) (31) is at least in part in the expanded state is configured to separate from the inner cover (20). .FIELD 2b


In order to maximize the utilization ratio of equipment, from the perspective of the effects of direct current on the AC system, combined with DC current distribution calculation and AC power flow calculation model, this article takes multiple constraints like bus voltage, generator power and transformer reactive power loss into consideration for modeling the layout optimization problem of the blocking devices, so as to minimize the number of blocking devices in the network. In this paper, the quantum genetic algorithm is used to solve optimal placement problem of the blocking devices, which is a large-scale 0-1 integer programming. With IEEE 118 nodes standard power system as an example, for the condition of different into-ground DC currents, solution for optimal placement of the blocking devices is calculated. When the into-ground current is 3000A, it's necessary to equip blocking device for 8 out of 154 sets of transformers. When the into-ground current rises to 9000A, 20 sets of transformers need to be equipped with blocking device. With the increase of the into-ground current, the increasing speed of the number of required blocking device increases gradually, while increasing speed of the total neutral point currents of the system gradually slows down.


Let L be a linear differential operator with coefficients in some differential field k of characteristic zero with algebraically closed field of constants. Let ka be the algebraic closure of k. For a solution y0, Ly0 = 0, we determine the linear differential operator of minimal degree and coefficients in ka, such that . This result is then applied to some Picard–Fuchs equations which appear in the study of perturbations of plane polynomial vector fields of Lotka–Volterra type.


Methods of determining the masses of the primary particles are discussed. Results from measurements of individual nuclei at energies below 2 x 10/sup 12/ eV are summarized. It is concluded that those showers which are observed at sea level are largely generated by protons. A clear distinction between purely proton composition and certain types of mixed composition cannot be drawn. 18 figures, 34 references. (BJG)


A "return" is not simply a form but is a form which serves a function. One should not ignore either form or function, but there is sometimes a tension between them. This paper looks at how that balance between form and function should apply to taxpayers who participate in the substitute-for-return process under section 6020. The IRS has recently changed its mind on the proper balance. It used to agree that a signed Form 870 should be treated "as the return of the taxpayer" within the meaning of section 6020(a) when presented to taxpayers by the IRS during the substitute-for-return process. The IRS reached this result even though the Form 870 was not one of the "prescribed return forms." The gist of Rev. Rul. 74-203, followed by over 30 year's worth of other IRS guidance and court opinions on the same issue, was that a signed Form 870 sufficiently fulfilled the function of a return to be treated as the return of the taxpayer. In the section 6020 context, where it was the IRS preparing the "return," the taxpayer should not be held accountable for the IRS's choice of what form to use. In short, form followed function. The IRS changed its mind in Rev. Rul. 2005-59. There, it decided that because the Form 870 lacked a formality, it could not serve as the taxpayer's return in the section 6020 context. This paper explains why the current IRS position is out of balance.


Summary

The amounts of eighteen elements Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, Zr, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Mo, Ga, Cu, V, Sr, Ba, in topsoils from igneous rocks of the South-West Pacific region have been related to the nature of the parent rock, the degree of soil weathering, and the organic-matter content.

When the mineral topsoils are only weakly weathered the total-element contents are directly related to geochemistry. In strongly weathered topsoils the geochemistry of primary minerals has largely been replaced by the chemistry of secondary minerals. In combining analyses of topsoils having varying degrees of weathering within the parent-rock groupings ultrabasic, basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic, the amounts of the elements are greatly modified by soil-forming processes, but the distribution trends inherited from magmatic fractionations remain for Fe, Mg, Na, K, Ti, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Mo, Cu, V, Sr, Ba.

The leaching or concentration of elements during soil weathering was traced from the build-up of clay within parent-rock groupings. Under the high rainfalls of the region soil weathering was accompanied by loss of Mg, Ca, Na, K, Sr, Ba, resulting in a concentration of Fe, Ti, Mo, Ga, V, and little, or irregular, change in Al, Zr, Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu.

The leaching of elements in soils derived from acidic rocks can be modified by litter from vegetation such as kauri (Agathis australis). In strongly podzolized, strongly weathered topsoils with a kauri cover the elements normally concentrated under climatic weathering have been removed by vegetative leaching, and silicon is the residual element.

Organic topsoils had lower element contents (on oven-dry weight) than the mineral-organic soils.


Nitrogen recommendation for cotton under the mulch-drip irrigation condition was explored based on the mea- surements using chlorophyll meter(SPAD-502).Field experiment was conducted at Wulanwusu Agricultural Meteorolog- ical Experiment Station,Shihezi,Xinjiang,China,during the 2006 cotton growing seasons.The adopted cotton variation was Xinluzao 24.The results showed that leaf nitrogen'contents and SPAD value varied markedly in different leaf posi- tion.Significant correlation was found between SPAD and leaf chlorophyll concentration,N concentration in leaf or N ab- sorbed content.The leaf tip position of the reverse 4th leaf from the apex of the main stem is the best measuring position because of the small deviation of measurement value.There were significant linear correlation between SPAD value and the rate of applied nitrogenous fertilizer at budding peak stage,flowering stage,flowering peak stage and boiling stage.A significant correlation between SPAD value and the cotton yield was detected as well.The highest link yield was 4686.5 kg/ha,correspondingly,the optimal nitrogenous fertilizer rate was 293.1 kg/ha under the experimental management sce- nario.The most profitable N rate was 207.33 kg/ha and the economic yield was 4565.9 kg/ha.The critical SPAD value at the budding peak stage,flowering stage,flowering peak stage and boiling stage were 60.5,60.0,60.8 and 59.1 re- spectively.A statistic model was evaluated for N fertilizer recommendation in cotton cultivation under drip irrigation with film mulch,the recommended N fertilizer rate is 10.81,8.46,13.42,and 6.29 kg/ha at budding peak stage,flowering stage,flowering peak stage and boiling stage for unit change of SPAD value.


The Raman spectra of β‐lactoglobulin in the crystalline, freeze‐dried, and solution states are compared. The spectra of the freeze‐dried and crystalline proteins were practically identical. The conformationally sensitive amide III line appearing at 1242 cm−1 increased in intensity 30% upon dissolution of the protein in water which is interpreted as a conformational change in the disordered chains of the protein. This result appears to be a phenomenon for globular proteins containing a large disordered chain fraction.


The utility model discloses a flue gas quenching and tempering equipment for wet electrostatic precipitator entry, including air treatment system (1) and water processing system (2), air treatment system (1) and water processing system (2) are connected with nozzle (3) through connecting line (9), and air treatment system (1) includes air compressor (5), desiccator (6), first manual ball valve (7) and the first teletransmission pressure transmitter (8) who connects in order through compressed air pipe way (4), water processing system (2) include water pump (11), electric butterfly valve (12), cold water machine (13), the manual ball valve of second (14) and the second teletransmission pressure transmitter (15) who connects in order through water pipe (10). The utility model discloses can effective control wet electrostatic precipitator the temperature and the moderate degree of entry flue gas, effectively improve wet electrostatic precipitator's dust collection efficiency.


The paper provides an overview of past, present and future development in the program to implement a Flood Forecasting and Decision-Support System (DSS) for the SAIH network in some Spanish basins. These tools represent a significant advance by embedding the decision-making components for management of hydraulic infrastructure into the flood forecasting and flood early warning procedures. The DSS has been implemented based on an open-shell platform for integrating various data sources and different simulation models. So far, it covers the Segura, Jucar, Tajo, Duero and Miño-Sil basins, which represent 42% of Spanish territory. Special attention is paid to the decision-support for the operation of the 66 major reservoirs as a fundamental part of flood management.


The purpose of this study was to discover and compare the attitudes of job-satisfied and job-dissatisfied female instructors regarding teaching. An initial sample of 1000 female elementary school teachers who had worked in their department for more than five years was taken from four districts in Kashmir valley. The final sample was obtained after the original sample was subjected to the Quartile Deviation (Q3) and Q1 techniques. UmmeKulsum's "Attitude towards Teaching Profession Scale(ASTTP)" and Meera Dixit's "Job Satisfaction Scale for Teacher (JSST)" were employed by the researchers. The data was statistically treated appropriately, with Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), and a test of significance ("t"-test) being used. The findings demonstrated that Job Satisfied and Dissatisfied women instructors differed considerably in their attitudes toward teaching, with Job Satisfied women teachers having a better attitude toward teaching than Job Dissatisfied women teachers.


Excerpt To the editor: The report of Lauter and associates (Ann Intern Med79:59-62, 1973), that the nitroblue tetrazolium dye test was positive in 16 patients with myocardial infarction and 1 with ...


Proliferation and rapid development rate of digital technologies integrates them into our personal and social life spheres. These developments bring about new digital risks along with digital opportunities. Recently these risks captured considerable attention within the current research agenda. Children who lack required literacies are among the most vulnerable groups regarding these risks. This context defines new roles and responsibilities for parents. Digital parenting term deals with these roles. Digital parents are responsible for their children's healthy and effective access to digital technologies. But literature fails to serve an explanative framework for digital parenting competences. This study aims to identify competence areas and indicators for digital parenting. Researchers organized an expert panel with participation from related authorities and scholars in Turkey. Participants were from governmental authorities, non-governmental organizations and academic institutions. Qualitative analyses of the data suggested digital citizenship were the core component of the digital parenting along with newly identified dimensions.


Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars with increased β-conglycinin (BC) and reduced glycinin (Gly) may have both food production and human health benefits. The stability of BC and Gly concentrations over different environmental conditions will be an important factor in the production of these cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of locations and planting dates on the protein composition of soybean genotypes with varied combinations of Gy and gy alleles for reduced Gly and increased BC concentration. Six soybean lines with different gy allele combinations and one common cultivar with only wild-type Gy alleles were grown at four locations with three planting dates at each location in 2008. There were no significant differences among planting dates for the mean concentration of BC, Gly, or their subunits. The means of locations were significantly different for all of the protein components, except for the A124 subunit of Gly. The genotype with four gy alleles produced 0 g kg -1 of Gly across locations and planting dates, but only three of the mutant gy alleles were required to maximize BC concentration. Grain produced at different locations likely would differ in BC and Gly concentration, but planting dates at a location would not be expected to significantly affect the protein components.


Fred Farrokh is a Muslim-background Christian. He is a missionary ordained by Elim Fellowship who currently serves as an International Trainer with Global Initiative: Reaching Muslim Peoples. He received a PhD in Intercultural Studies from the Assemblies of God Theological Seminary in 2014, with a dissertation on the topic of Muslim Identity. Previously, Fred served with Jesus For Muslims Network, in Metro New York, as well as with SAT-7 in the Middle East. In the last few years, identity has emerged as a key facet of the missiological discourse regarding contextualization, insider movements, and interfaith relations in Muslim contexts. This article addresses the identity of Muslims who have come to trust Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. In particular, I will take a look at missiological discussions regarding the important concept of "CITO," which is an acronym for believers in Christ from a Muslim background who are "cultural insiders but theological outsiders."


The present invention proposes a 3D image processing apparatus, one of the 3D image processing apparatus comprising: image displacement detecting means for detecting the image displacement of a target object image of the first left-eye image or a first right-eye image on the time axis, to generate temporal displacement vector, and a first left-eye image and right-eye images for a first image displacement detection, spatial displacement vectors to produce a target image of an object; depth of field generating means for temporal and spatial displacement vector basis generating a target depth value of the displacement vector image of an object; instruction receiving means for receiving a command to adjust the depth of field; and an image synthesizing means for adjusting the depth of field based on the instruction, and adjusting at least a first portion of an image for a first eye of the right-eye image position of the object, to synthesize a second left-eye image and a second right-eye image.


Clustering is still an important research issue in thedata mining, because there is a continuous research indata mining for optimum clusters on spatial data.There are so many types of partition based andhierarchal algorithms implemented for clustering andthe clusters which are formed based on the densityare easy to understand and it does not limit itself tocertain shapes of the clusters. This paper presents thecomparative analysis of the various density basedclustering mechanisms. There is certain problem onexisting density based algorithms because they arenot capable of finding the meaningful clusterswhenever the density is so much varied. VDBSCANis introduced to compensate this problem. It is sameas DBSCAN (Density Based Spatial Clustering ofApplications with Noise) but only the difference isVDBSCAN selects several values of parameter Epsfor different densities according to k-dist plot. Theproblem is the value of parameter k in k-dist plot isuser defined. This paper introduces a new method tofind out the value of parameter k automatically basedon the characteristics of the datasets. In this methodwe consider spatial distance from a point to all otherspoints in the datasets. The proposed method haspotential to find out optimal value for parameter k .Inthis paper a synthetic database with two dimensionaldata is used for demonstration.


For the development of this project, the characterization of the discharges is performed to evaluate the appropriate parameters in the diagnosis of these as they are: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), amount of sulfides , Methylene blue active substances, total sedimented and suspended solids, pH, total chromium, flow rate, phenols, temperature and oils and greases, all according to the Standard Methods for Water Examination And waste water.


PURPOSE
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) demonstrates durable clinical benefits in a minority of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We aimed to identify the molecular features that determine the response and develop approaches to enhance the response.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
We investigated the effects of SET domain-containing protein 2 (SEDT2) loss on the DNA damage response pathway, the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, the tumor immune microenvironment, and the response to Ataxia telangiectasia and rad3 related (ATR) and checkpoint inhibition in RCC.

RESULTS
ATR inhibition activated the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, resulting in the concurrent expression of inflammatory cytokines and immune checkpoints. Among the common RCC genotypes, SETD2 loss is associated with preferential ATR activation and sensitizes cells to ATR inhibition. SETD2 knockdown promoted the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway in response to ATR inhibition. Treatment with the ATR inhibitor VE822 concurrently upregulated immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression in Setd2 knockdown Renca tumors, providing a rationale for ATR inhibition plus ICB combination therapy. Setd2 deficient Renca tumors demonstrated greater vulnerability to ICB monotherapy or combination therapy with VE822 than Setd2 proficient tumors. Moreover, SETD2 mutations were associated with a higher response rate and prolonged overall survival in ICB-treated RCC patients but not in non-ICB-treated RCC patients.

CONCLUSIONS
SETD2 loss and ATR inhibition synergize to promote cGAS signaling and enhance immune cell infiltration, providing a mechanistic rationale for the combination of ATR and checkpoint inhibition in RCC patients with SETD2 mutations.


For quantum key distribution (QKD) using spontaneous parametric-down-conversion sources (SPDCSs), the passive decoy-state protocol has been proved to be efficiently close to the theoretical limit of an infinite decoy-state protocol. In this paper, we apply a tight finite-key analysis for the passive decoy-state QKD using SPDCSs. Combining the security bound based on the uncertainty principle with the passive decoy-state protocol, a concise and stringent formula for calculating the key generation rate for QKD using SPDCSs is presented. The simulation shows that the secure distance under our formula can reach up to 182 km when the number of sifted data is $10^{10}$. Our results also indicate that, under the same deviation of statistical fluctuation due to finite-size effects, the passive decoy-state QKD with SPDCSs can perform as well as the active decoy-state QKD with a weak coherent source.


We have developed a high precision three axes scanning and positioning system for integration with Multifunctional Image Guided Surgical (MIGS) Platform. The stage integrates three main components: an optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe, laser scalpel and suction cup. The requirements for this stage were to provide scanning area of 400mm2, resolution of less than 10 microns and scanning velocity in the range of 10 - 40 mm/s. The stage was modeled using computer aided design software NX Unigraphics. In addition to the parameters mentioned above, additional boundary conditions for the stage were set as low volume and modularity. Optimized stage model was fabricated by using rapid prototyping technique that integrates low cost stepper motors, threaded rod drive train and a stepper motor controller. The EZ4axis stepper motor controller was able to provide 1/8th microstep resolution control over the motors, which met the criterion desired for the MIGS platform. Integration of computer controlled three-axis stage with MIGS platform provides the opportunity for conducting intricate surgical procedures using remote control or joystick. The device is image guided using the OCT probe and it is able to pin point any location requiring a laser scalpel incision. Due to the scanning capabilities, a high quality threedimensional image of the tissue topography is obtained which allows the surgeon to make a confident decision of where to apply the laser scalpel and make an incision.


This study was carried out in order to check the efficiency in water transport capacity in the trench backfill zone (IT) in 2–45‐year‐old tile drains, and the differences between IT and the zone midway between trenches (BT) in field‐saturated steady‐state infiltration rate (Ifs) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). At seven sites with high clay content, Ifs was recorded in situ in large rings (1 m diameter) and at the same time small cores (7.2 cm in diameter) were sampled to measure Ks in the laboratory. There were large differences in drainage efficiency between the 'disturbed' trench backfill zone and the 'undisturbed' zone midway between trench lines. Ifs and Ks values were in almost all cases larger in IT than in BT. Differences between the plough sole and subsoil, for both Ifs and Ks, were more evident in BT than in IT. The positive effect above the drainpipes, indicating that macropore connectivity was superior in IT, was evident for as long as 45 years after the installation of drainpipes. In BT, Ifs and Ks ranged within approximately equal values. In IT, however, Ifs ranged at larger values than Ks. In modelling these kinds of soils, it may be considered whether water transport during heavy rain events should be characterized by a quick onset of water flow in drainpipes caused by the more permeable soil in the backfill trench, and a subsequent slower and more continuous transport of water from the zone between trenches, and in what way the drain water quality is influenced by this. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Climate change has had an impact on increasing hydrometeorological disasters in Indonesia. the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) estimates, until mid-May 2020 Indonesia is threatened with a hydrometeorological disaster. Most of the Indonesian people are in areas prone to hydrometeorological disasters. To reduce its impact, the government needs to make adaptation efforts to climate change, which are carried out holistically and integrated by involving all elements of society and the government by referring to the National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in Indonesia that has been prepared by the government of Indonesia.


A comparative study of two finite-volume calculation methods for incompressible flows on nonorthogonal grids with different grid arrangements is presented. One of the methods is based on the conventional staggered grid arrangement, and the other method is based on the nonstaggered grid arrangement of Rhie and Chow. The existing schemes have been slightly modified to employ the same dependent variables in the momentum equations and the same pressure and velocity coupling technique, in order to compare effectively the relative performances of the two schemes. Both schemes are applied to test problems, and the computed results are compared with the analytic solution and the experimental data available in the literature.