Fluoridated toothpastes were designed to produce a topical caries-preventive effect. Many studies have shown their effectiveness. Recently, researchers have expressed concern that fluorosis may be increasing in the American population. There is speculation that fluoride (F) from fluoridated toothpastes might be a contributing factor when the toothpaste is accidentally swallowed by small children. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological evidence in regard to the relationship between the swallowed fluoride from toothpaste and the presence of fluorosis. In regard to the epidemiological evidence, the reports in the literature show only a slight increase in the fluorosis index in communities that use fluoridated toothpastes with one or more type of systemic fluoride. However, these are limited, not excluding studies. The concentration ofF in most toothpastes, 1000 ppm, is a "best estimate", empirically derived rather than based on precise scientific study. The clinical studies concerning ingestion of toothpaste showed that children are ingesting between 0.12 and 0.38 mg of toothpaste per brushing, which represents 0.12-0.38 mg F for the 1.0 mg Fig toothpastes. Children younger than 3 years of age may be ingesting high levels of fluoride from toothpastes. It was clear that the risk of fluorosis increases when children receive systemic fluoride~simultaneously from different sources. It is concluded that small children may accidentally swallow enough fluoride to reach levels considered adequate for the development .of fluorosis. Two approaches are recommended to reduce the hazard of fluorosis from ingested toothpastes: (1) manufacture of low-concentration toothpastes for children's use; or (2) encourage parents to supervise children's toothbrushing using a small amount of toothpaste. It is generally accepted that the presence of fluoride (F) in the enamel, dental plaque, and saliva helps protect teeth against carious attack. At the same time, there is some concern that fluorosis may be increasing in American children as a result of ingestion of excessive amounts of F from a number of sources, during the dentition's formative years. One potential source of swallowed F is fluoridated toothpaste. In many developed countries, F-containing toothpastes comprise 80-95% of all dentifrice sales (Dowell 1981; Horowitz 1984). In the United States, the American Dental Association publication, A Guide to the Use of Fluorides, recommends the use of F dentifrices as soon as the first primary teeth erupt (ADA 1986). The objective of this paper is to evaluate the evidence for a relationship between the swallowed F from toothpaste and its potential effect on dental fluorosis.


The research is directed towards the synthesis and evaluation of novel agents for the treatment of various neurological disorders. The phenothiazine nucleus has been well explored for the various biological activities in past. The oxadiazole substituted phenothiazine have been of keen interest as a drug candidate for the treatment of various neurological disorders. In view of these an attempt has been made to synthesize substituted phenothiazine and explore them for promising anti convulsant activity. The anti-convulsant activity of synthesized compounds had been done by using Strychnine induced and 4-amino pyridine induced models.


Introduction My task is to describe the magnitude of the problem Helicobacter pylori poses worldwide. This is a daunting assignment for, while it would be relatively simple to summarise the prevalence of H pylori, to characterise those at risk for infection, and to delineate incidence trends, it is far more diYcult to quantify the actual disease that H pylori causes. Certainly, H pylori is an extraordinarily common infection. Its mere commonness, however, is not in itself a problem. Rather, it is the propensity H pylori has for causing illness that determines its public health significance. Unfortunately, for several reasons, the total extent of disease worldwide is far more diYcult to quantify than the amount of infection. Firstly, H pylori related diseases (for example, ulcer disease) are often treated empirically without resorting to diagnostic testing. There are, therefore, very incomplete data on the incidence and corresponding morbidity for these processes. Secondly, because some very common diseases or syndromes (for example, atherosclerosis, dyspepsia, and diarrhoea) are as yet only equivocally linked to infection, the true magnitude of H pylori's consequences are not known. Finally, it is possible, although as yet unproved, that H pylori has some beneficial eVects to counterbalance its detrimental eVects.


Carbon prices are one of the most prominent methods to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and have been adopted by several countries around the world. However, regionally different carbon prices can lead to carbon leakage. In this paper, a simplified European power system where carbon prices are varied with respect to GDP per capita is investigated. The findings show inhomogeneous carbon prices leading to significant carbon leakage due to coal-fired generation remaining a major source of power in Eastern Europe. From the results it can be concluded that inhomogeneous carbon prices are a potential risk for European long term decarbonisation targets.


Degradation of water quality in the Sweetwater Reservoir has been occurring as a result of uncontrolled inflow of poor quality runoff from within the watershed. One of the solutions to this issue was to construct the Sweetwater Urban Runoff Diversion System (URDS), a diversion system to intercept and divert poor quality runoff upstream of the reservoir and convey it downstream of the reservoir. Phase II of this system (URDS-II) consists of approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) of 48-in. (1219-mm) gravity pipeline placed in a highly environmentally sensitive area within rocky terrain of the north embankment of the Sweetwater River. This paper describes the numerous challenges that were encountered in the planning, design and construction of this pipeline.


Abstract Making mental phenomena to depend on certain elements or organs of the body is famously recognized as a distinctive feature of physiologia both in the so-called "autobiography" of Socrates in the Phaedo and in a further "doxographic" passage in the dialogue, where Simmias develops the argument that the soul is like "a blending and an attunement" of the bodily elements. While no earlier thinker is mentioned here, one can easily identify Parmenides and Empedocles as two of the main supporters of the notion that thought and perception depend on the various blendings of the physical constituents of the body. That they had such a view is indeed well known thanks to a few fragments, for whose discussion Aristotle's and Theophrastus' comments prove to be particularly helpful. What neither Plato nor Aristotle acknowledge, though, is that no such specific bearer of mental functions as psyche is needed in this kind of account. As a matter of fact, both Parmenides and Empedocles share with the epic and lyric tradition the idea of the precariousness of human knowledge, due to the constant exposure of human beings to change. Yet they "translate" the topos of human existence and thought subjected to the divine into a vision where the physical krasis of the body (not by chance, a medical notion) is all that matters.


ABSTRACT The present study was conducted in the Gujarat State of India to measure the effectiveness of a multimedia on paddy cultivation on gain and retention of knowledge of students of Agricultural Diploma school. There was a substantial net gain in as well as retention of knowledge about the topic by students at selected agricultural diploma schools on viewing the multimedia. The results indicated that the knowledge level before viewing the multimedia was correlated with some of the personal characteristics of the students; while no such correlation was observed with the level of knowledge after viewing the multimedia. Similar results were also observed at the level of retention. Keywords: India; multimedia; agriculture; personal characteristics; knowledge gain. INTRODUCTION Rapid agricultural growth will continue to be the key to poverty reduction and overall economic development in India. The Green Revolution has been the cornerstone of India's agricultural achievement, transforming the country from food deficiency to self-sufficiency. At the present time, the technologies required to address total farming systems are knowledge intensive. In the wake of globalization and liberalization of agricultural trade, the farmers are now becoming more diversified in terms of cropping systems, more conscious about the quality of products and more market oriented. To help ensure success in these uncertain times, it is essential to effectively communicate useful agricultural technologies to the farmers. For this, they should also need to be able to access the expertise in the field of agriculture. In the same way, the Agricultural Diploma School students, who will in future be the key transfer of technology (TOT) agents; are also required to be updated about the latest technological developments. Such institutions cannot bear the cost of employing experts from various disciplines of agriculture. However, the use of information and communication technologies can serve the same purpose. The correct communication media, used effectively, can be a useful tool for teaching the students in a more effective way. Multimedia can be one such tool that can be helpful in enhancing the communication capabilities of teachers in the educational system as well as of the TOT experts working in the extension system of India. Among all the means of mass communication, multimedia is one of the most versatile audiovisual mediums of communication (Brun & Mangstl, 2001). Multimedia instructional material allows the learner actually to see, hear, and use the content to be learned (Roden, 1991). Interactive Multimedia Compact Disks can be used as an effective tool for the transfer of technology (Senthil, et.al., 2003). Hooper (1986) also stressed the utility of multimedia in education. It would be an ideal tool to transmit information to the huge illiterate section of the Indian population, especially the farmers, on whom such an audiovisual medium could have a profound impact. It is also an effective tool for the students studying at below college level. It can reproduce an experience with its sound and motions simultaneously and thereby creates an excellent learning effect. Not only can it be used at the convenience of the user, but it has an added advantage in being demand driven. Beside the preparation and use of multimedia, its evaluation in terms of its effectiveness is also essential to justify investment and to demonstrate results (benefits). A multimedia compact disk (CD) on paddy cultivation has been developed by the Cyber Extension Cell of Gujarat Agricultural University (GAU) in the Gujarati language; which can be used in an equally effective way for the farmers as well as for the students studying in the vernacular language. To evaluate the effectiveness of multimedia in the educational system, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives: 1. To measure the knowledge level before and after viewing the multimedia as well as the retention of knowledge of the students of selected agricultural diploma schools about the seedling raising of paddy crop. …


One of the major problems occurring with the oil shale industry is the production of large amounts of solid wastes (spent shale). The high alkalinity of these waste materials often presents problems for successful management practices to minimize overall pollution impact on the environment. The objective of this study was to determine solubility of calcium and magnesium minerals to explain high alkalinity of spent shales. Two oil shales, one processed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and another processed by Lurgi Ruhrgas (Lurgi) were examined in this study. The x-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify different mineral phases of spent oil shales. The results indicate that processing oil shales at high temperature destroyed carbonate minerals and formed silicate minerals including wollastonite (αCaSiO₃), clinoenstatite (MgSiO₃), or diopside (CaMg(SiO₃)₂). These minerals buffered pH above 11.00 and controlled Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ activities in solution. The experimental findings in this study further suggest that oxides or hydroxides of Ca and Mg produced initially from processing oil shales did not persist after moisture was allowed to contact the spent shale.


The contribution of turbulent low frequency to closure degree of surface energy balance was investigated by using the block ensemble averaging technique(a method to fetch the low-frequency formation proposed by Finnigan et al in 2003) and observation data of land surface process collected in the Dingxi Arid Meteorological and Environment Experimental Base of Lanzhou Institute of Arid Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration.The results are as follows:(1) The low-frequency part accounts for-1%-11% of sensible heat,-7.3%-0.3% of latent heat and-1.4%-0.7% of the sum of sensible heat and latent heat,respectively,relatively small;(2) The contributions of the low frequency part to sensible heat and latent heat increase first and then decrease with averaging period's increase;(3) If we don't take the low-frequency contribution into consideration,the closure degrees of surface energy are 0.93 in sunny day,0.76 in cloudy day and 0.87 in sunny and cloudy mixed day,respectively;(4) If we take the low-frequency contribution into consideration,the closure degrees of surface energy increase to 0.98 in the sunny day,0.86 in the cloudy day and 0.93 in the mixed day,respectively,which has an improvement of 5%-10%;(5) The contributions of the low frequency part to the closure degree increase monotonically with the averaging period's increase in the cloudy day,but in sunny day(mixed day),it increases first within 1.5 hours of the averaging period and then decreases(keeps constant value).So,the low-frequency contribution can improve the surface energy closure degree significantly.But there still remains 2%-14% unclosure degree even when the low-frequency contributions are included.The problem of the surface energy balance still needs further researches.


An Isolated Microgrid (IMG) is an electrical distribution network combined with modern information technologies aiming at reducing costs and pollution to the environment. In this article, we implement the Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) to optimize an IMG model, which includes renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, as well as a conventional generation unit based on diesel fuel. Two novel versions of the BFOA were implemented and tested: Two-Swim Modified BFOA (TS-MBFOA), and Normalized TS-MBFOA (NTS-MBFOA). In a first experiment, the TS-MBFOA parameters were calibrated through a set of 87 independent runs. In a second experiment, 30 independent runs of both TS-MBFOA and NTS-MBFOA were conducted to compare their performance on minimizing the IMG using the best parameter tuning. Results showed that TS-MBFOA obtained better numerical solutions compared to NTS-MBFOA and LSHADE-CV, an Evolutionary Algorithm, found in the literature. However, the best solution found by NTS-MBFOA is better from a mechatronic point of view because it favors the lifetime of the IMG, resulting in economic savings in the long term.


Individuals' levels of access to contemporary education affect the development level of the societies they live in. Changes and developments in the field of education are important in this sense. Technological advancements experienced in the general field of education have also affected visual arts education, and different points of view have emerged in this field. In this study, it is aimed to determine the interaction of art education in parallel to the dynamism of the age with technology according to the opinions of visual arts course teachers. For this purpose, the study uses the qualitative research method of case study. The participants of the study consist of a total of 8 visual arts teachers including 5 female and 3 teachers actively working at secondary schools in the academic year of 2019-2020. Observation and semi-structured interview forms are used in the data collection process. By analyzing the obtained findings with the thematic analysis method, the findings are collected under the themes of reflections and usage methods. In line with the results of the study obtained from the data, positive and negative results of using technology as a material in art education are reached. As in all areas of education, the use of technology in the visual arts course is important for its positive effects such as providing ease of learning for the student. While the study has been completed before the COVID-19 pandemic period, the compulsory nature of technology use today has increased the significance of the study.


The purpose of this study is to identify students` alternative frameworks, to descrive differences in their understandings with increasing grade about an essential. concept, Atmospheric pressure, in secondary school earth science course. Through the analyzing of the current textbooks of secondary school science course, the concept was selected. As a result from pilot study used the subjective questionaire method, the examples of objective questionaire for the main study were determined. The subjects of this study are 528 students in secondary school. They are randomly selected from two classes of each grade in each girls` and boys` secondary school. As the result of this study, eighteen alternative frameworks about atmospheric pressure related to pressure, density, gravity. The differences of these alternative frameworks were analyzed with increasing grade. The alternative frameworks related to mechanical and causal reasoning have the trend reinforced or sophistigated and their rates increase with increasing grade. Secondly, alternative frameworks related phenomenal and mechanical, phenomenal and causal reasoning are changed little. Thirdly, alternative frameworks related to phenomenal, variative and basic reasoning change scientifically. Fourthly, the rate of definitional, empirical, phenomenal alternative frameworks decrease at learning grade of that concept but increase after that grade. The differences of concept understanding types with increasing grade were analyzed by the most selection rate of example sets in questionnaire. Middle school students have the definitional, phenomenal, empirical and qualitative understandings and high school students have the causal, analytic, quantitative and mechanical understandings.


Background: Childhood obesity is a serious public health issues worldwide in the 21st century and the prevalence has been increasing in all countries. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school students in AL-Nasiriya city and their correlation with the eating habits, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted on 357 (177 girls and 180 boys) sample of pupils aged 6-12 years selected randomly from students who attended public primary schools during the period from1st of December 2018 to the end of May 2019 in AL-Nasiriya city. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was measured and used as indicator for overweight/obesity. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight among primary school children in ALNasiriya city was 28% (17.9% were obese and 10.1% were overweight). A significant positive association between excessive body weight and snacks No./day (p-value=0.004, odd ratio=3.112), and fruits intake (p-value=0.014, odd ratio=2.767) was found in this study. While, there was a significant negative association of student's BMI with the physical activities (p-value=0.049, odd ratio=0.566). Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is relatively high among primary school students in AL-Nasiriya city. Preventive approaches by the families and the schools should be considered. Keywords: Overweight,


With the construction of large and important projects, high-strength pile composite foundation, pile foundation and composite pile foundation are more and more widely used in foundation treatment. The study of pile-soil interaction can not only enrich the theoretical content of foundation treatment, but also has important engineering significance in optimization design. Based on the centrifugal model test technology, this paper adopts a set of self-designed loading devices. The model piles equipped with miniature load cells at different sections are subjected to a single pile loading test after the centrifuge reaches a stable operation state, and the pile length and the influence of the strength change of the pile tip soil on the load transfer law of the pile body and the pile-soil interaction characteristics. The results show that as the pile top load increases, the change in the soil stress around the pile caused by the pile side friction also increases. Under the influence of a certain pile side friction, the change in soil stress around the pile shows a tendency of attenuation in the radial direction of the pile. For the section with large side friction, the corresponding stress change of the soil around the pile is larger and the side friction resistance is small. For the section, the corresponding stress change of the soil around the pile is reduced accordingly.


AIM AND OBJECTIVE
Benzoxazoles are valuable bicyclic aromatic compounds, the construction of benzoxazoles via C-O cross-coupling reactions has attracted more and more attention.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The best condition of C-O bond formation from o-haloanilides was carried out taking Cu(OTf)2 (5 mol%) and vasicine (10 mol%) as the catalyst in EtOH in present of K2CO3 (2 eq.) for 12 h at 90oC.

RESULTS
A series of 2-substituted benzoxazoles have been prepared in high yields from 2-bromoanilides and 2-iodioanilides under mild conditions.

CONCLUSION
We have developed an efficient Cu-vasicine catalytic system for intramolecular C-O bond formation. This strategy is applicable to synthesis of a wide variety of 2-substituted benzoxazoles by intramolecular O-arylation of o-haloanilides.


In this paper, the authors estimated the amount of energy-related carbon emissions from different types of primary energy, including coal, oil, and natural gas in Baoding from 2001 to 2010.Then a Gray Relational Analysis model was established on the driving factors of carbon emissions, which included the economic scale, the population scale, the fixed assets investment scale, the industrial scale, the economic structure, the population structure, the fixed assets investment structure, the industrial structure and the energy intensity. The empirical analysis result shows that the scaling factors are the primary factors resulting in increases in carbon emissions. The most obvious change of the structure factors is that the heavy industrialization has become the most important factor which has the largest impact on carbon emissions. The decreasing intensity of carbon emissions has a decisive inhibitory action for carbon emission. After that, Gray Forecasting Model has been used to forecast carbon emissions from 2011 to 2015 in Baoding, and the results show that the carbon emissions will maintain high growth rate, even if the nine driving factors remain at the current rate of development. Thus, sums up achievements and difficulties in current energy conservation and emission reductions work, and finally puts forward policy suggestions for the development of a low-carbon economy in Baoding.


Amplitude fluctuations of surface‐reflected signals from a source at 50‐ft depth were recorded by two receivers at 2600 fathoms. Some features of the observations are attributed to ocean‐wave focusing effects. It is shown that the signal‐amplitude distribution may be described by using a Rayleigh distribution modified by adding a single, focused contribution of random phase. An observed delay in the envelope of the signals recorded by the two receivers that is greater than the wavefront delay is explained as resulting from the sweeping action of an acoustic caustic produced by the ocean waves. Auto‐ and cross‐correlation functions were computed from the data.


The village is the beginning of the implementation of government policies into the community as a representation of the presence of the state. The village is the vanguard that is directly related to the community. To support this great responsibility, the village government is given the authority to manage village finances as a means to implement the realization of a prosperous society as the embodiment of sustainable national development. Therefore, this scientific paper examined and critically analyzed the financial management of villages that should be carried out under the principles of village management based on the mandate of applicable laws and regulations. To analyze the subject matter in this scientific paper, the research method used was the normative legal research method. Because what was studied and analyzed were the laws and regulations related to village financial management, which were elaborated with an analysis of social problems about village financial management. Eventually, this scientific paper can reveal the dynamics of the principles of village financial management that occur in the process of realizing sustainable national development.


The electromagnetic eigenfrequencies fnsm in a perfectly conducting spheroidal cavity are determined analytically, by a shape perturbation method. The analytical determination is possible in the case of small values of the quantity = 1- a2/b2, (|1), where 2a and 2b are the lengths of the rotation axis and the other axis of the spheroidal cavity, respectively. In this case, exact, closed-form expressions are obtained for the expansion coefficients and in the resulting relation fns (0) [1 + + There is no need for using any spheroidal eigenvectors in our solution. The electromagnetic field is expressed in a series of spherical eigenvectors, while the equation of the spheroidal boundary is given in terms of the spherical coordinates. Numerical results are given for the eigenfrequencies of the lower-order magnetic and electric modes.


The author commences by expressing his obligations to Professor Thomson, who gave him assistance in some parts of his work, and every encouragement in the further prosecution of it. Specimens of Peripatus were collected at the Cape of Good Hope during the stay of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' at Simon's Bay, with a view to the investigation of the development of the animal. A specimen was dissected and at once seen to be provided with tracheae, and to contain far developed young.


Solid-solution materials of YBaCu[sub x]Co[sub 2[minus]x]O[sub 5] (0 [le] x [le] 1) have been synthesized by solid-state reaction. Using the X-ray diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy techniques, their structures were determined to be related to the defect perovskite structure and have tetragonal unit cells with a [approximately] 3.88 and c [approximately] 7.75 [angstrom]. Annealing YBaCo[sub 2]O[sub 5] in pure oxygen leads to a 3 [times] 3 [times] 1 tetragonal superstructure which can be eliminated by electron beam irradiation or by annealing the specimen in argon, implying the existence of excess oxygen in the yttrium layer. A model for this superstructure with a composition of Y[sub 9]Ba[sub 9]Co[sub 18]O[sub 49] has been suggested and supported by computer simulations of the HREM images. Irregular intergrowth of YBaCo[sub 2]O[sub 5] and YBa[sub 2]Cu[sub 3]O[sub 7] has also been observed from a specimen with a nominal composition of Y[sub 2]Ba[sub 3]Cu[sub 3]Co[sub 2]O[sub 12]. 10 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.


A single-phase, alternating current motor system is presented wherein the motor components form part of the control system to provide constant-torque regardless of speed changes and also provide a means for adjusting the magnitude of torque over a wide range of values--each adjustment resulting in a fixed torque for all of its associated speeds. This is accomplished by maintaining a constant field flux for all operating speeds and by maintaining an armature current having a component that is in time phase with the field flux. This component of the armature current is constant for each adjustment thereby providing a constant torque. The armature current is obtained by connecting one side of the armature circuit to a mid tap of the motor field winding and the other side to the junction of an inductor and a capacitor connected in series to the same voltage that supplies the field winding. Control of the torque of the motor is achieved by adjustment of the magnitude of the ohmic values, and the ratio of the capacitance reactance to the inductive reactance.


Recently, energy drinks/products have enjoyed increased popularity. Although commonly viewed as beverages or food products by consumers, the primary ingredient, caffeine, is considered both a food additive and a drug by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).1 The caffeine content in a typical 5 ounce cup of coffee ranges from 60 to 100 mg.1 In energy products, the caffeine content varies greatly, from 47 mg to 80 mg per 8 ounces to as high as 207 mg per 2 ounces.2 Some of the reported adverse effects associated with energy drinks are known reactions to caffeine (eg, anxiety, nausea). However, the role of co-ingredients as risk factors or confounders has not been established. In the November 2012, the FDA announced an ongoing investigation based on recent reports of significant injury or death associated with products marketed as "energy drinks."3 Summarized data from voluntary reports received by the FDA from January 1, 2004 through October 23, 2012 revealed that adverse events ranged from nonserious (eg, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, and flushing) to significant or serious (eg, renal failure, seizures, arrhythmias, or death).4,5 As is the case with all voluntary adverse event reporting to the FDA, data may be incomplete, causality is not definitive, under- or over-reporting may exist, and the number of reports does not indicate incidence. Yet, based on what appears to be a potential problem, investigation is warranted.

In the time before the investigation is completed and conclusions are established, health care professionals should be cognizant of the potential risks associated with these products and patients should be educated. Use in patients with underlying risk factors (eg, cardiac disorders, anxiety) or improper use may be associated with an increased potential for developing adverse events. Of particular importance is the use of these products by young people. Currently, the American Academy of Pediatrics does not recommend the use of caffeine in children because of potential harmful adverse effects and detrimental effects on development.6 A short educational document by the FDA entitled "Caffeine and Your Body," may be a useful tool in educating parents and patients at risk.1 In addition, health care providers (HCPs) are encouraged to query patients in routine medication histories regarding caffeine use, including beverages, nonprescription products, and dietary supplements.

To confound the issue, some energy products (eg, 5-Hour Energy, Monster Energy, Rockstar) are marketed as dietary supplements, while others (eg, RedBull) are marketed as conventional foods.4,5 Although the FDA regulates both dietary supplements and conventional foods under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), the requirements for these products are different, including the process for marketing and reporting of adverse events post marketing. As noted by the FDA, "A food additive cannot be used in conventional food unless it has been approved for that use by the FDA. However, substances that are generally recognized as safe by qualified experts are not considered to be food additives, and therefore be added to conventional foods without preapproval from the FDA."3 Dietary ingredients or dietary supplements also do not undergo a FDA approval process, but under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DHSEA) manufacturers of such products are responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement or ingredient is safe prior to marketing and that labeling is not misleading.7 Even though the manufacturer is not required to register the product with the FDA, all processes related to manufacturing, packaging and labeling should meet good manufacturing standards. To remove a dietary supplement from the market, the FDA must prove that it is unsafe under the conditions of the labeling.3

In light of the recent events and the inconsistency in labeling of energy products, it is essential that HCPs, particularly pharmacists, become involved in the education of patients regarding their use and risks. In addition, regardless of the labeling of food or dietary supplements, HCPs are reminded that their role is essential in the identification of adverse events related to these products with subsequent reporting to the FDA's MedWatch program.


The promotion of religiosity among young people or youth needs to get serious attention and become a priority scale that must be realized simultaneously by all parties. The ultimate subject matter concerning religiosity among adolescents today is the blurring of moral values in the eyes of the younger generation. They are faced with various contradictions and diverse moral experiences, causing them to confuse to choose what is right and what is wrong. This is evident in adolescence. The contradictions that exist in the life of adolescents that inhibit the establishment of religiosity. The development of student relokasitas in school is essentially to realize the values of religion as a tradition of behavior that is followed by students and other school residents. To instill values in fostering student religiosity in schools can be done with several methods, among others through exemplary, habituation and advice by education in schools Keywords: coaching, religiosity, high school students, implementation


It is important to guarantee the project cost management qualities in pre-decision phase,bidding phase,and construction phase,to determine the purchase expense of equipments and tools rationally,to ensure the quality of bill quantity and field visas with clear responsibility,objectivity,and accuracy.


Automatic numerical control code computation by CAD/CAM system is Widely being use in manufacturing sector. However, the code itself is generated for general purposes without specializing to any subjected machine. Thus, numerical control programmer takes longer time to edit the codes manually. Therefor, by using virtual CNC arded software, editing and 3D animation for some machine can be completed. The objective of this research is to develop an optimun numerical control codes by using CNC software and to make a simulation and animation of processes based on product machining. Knight chess piece is selected as the product of this project. The numerical control code will be compute by using Mastercam software and the generated code will set off through an editing process. Furthemore, the code will be used as an input for the verifi6aiton process via V-CNC software to ensure its optimization. A few processes.will be made to generate the numerical control code under a number of phases that is design phase, numerical control code computation. phase, numerical control code editing phase, simulation phase, and inspection and compare phase. The output of this project is to generate an optimal numerical control code with its simulation result and the animation of its machining processes of the knight chess piece. The numerical control code is already being tested through V¬CNC to demonstrate that the optimized code can be used by the real CNC machine.


The Geowall is a passive stereo system that can present data visualizations and spatial concepts which in the past have been hard to grasp and difficult to understand. Evidence suggests that 3d objects are easier to understand than a 2d representation of the same object Evidence also supports the idea that some 3d models are easier to understand when they are presented in 3d stereo view. The geosciences have quickly adopted the Geowall to display information and ideas from the realms of seismology, geology, and hydrogeology to name a few. Here large amounts of data, such as those gathered from seismic stations in a large geographical area, are presented with the perspective of 3 dimensions thereby giving viewers a faster and more complete understanding of the data and the events surrounding the generation of the data. 3d stereo viewing not only enhances geosciences but can be applied to other disciplines as well.


Using phosphogypsum (PG) as a raw material to prepare calcium sulphoaluminate cement (CAS) is an effective way of treating phosphogypsum. In order to meet the different application requirements of CSA cement and promote the application of CAS cement, it is necessary to add mineral admixtures to adjust the performance of cement. This paper incorporated two minerals, gypsum dihydrate (C$H2) and calcium hydroxide (CH), into cement clinker prepared from phosphogypsum. The compressive strength and hydration process of the mixtures with different blending levels were investigated around the C4A3$-C$H2 system (SC) and the C4A3$-C$H2-CH system (SCC). The optimum dosing level was determined on the basis of the strength and hydration properties. In the SC system, adding C$H2 promoted the hydration of C4A3$. The compressive strength of the cement was highest at a C$H2/C4A3$ molar ratio of 1.5, with a 7-day compressive strength of 56.5 MPa. AFt was mostly needle-rod and columnar and was tightly cemented to the gel phase, improving the denseness of the matrix. When the molar ratio was 2, the strength of the cement was inverted, and the shape of the AFt changed from needle and rod to columnar, the size of the grains increased, and it could not be filled with the AH3 phase in an excellent staggered manner. At the same time, C$H2 was not fully reacted, increasing matrix porosity and inversion of strength. In the SCC system, adding CH reduced the cement's compressive strength, and the compressive strength reduction increased with the increase in admixture. According to the experimental results, CH inhibited the formation of AFt, resulting in the appearance of new hydration products, AFm. As the amount of CH increased, the amount of hydration products, AFm, increased, while the amount of AFt and AH3 decreased. However, adding CH raised the paste's pH and later facilitated the development of strength. The optimum admixture of CH/C4A3$ was 0.5 mol.


Progression to Hepatitis and Fibrosis Secondary to Lomitapide Use: Selecting the Next Course of Action To the Editor Sacks and colleagues1 report an excellent case of severe hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis depicting the progressive hepatotoxic consequences of long-term lomitapide use. Although the authors portray a comprehensive case, there are several aspects that warrant additional clarification. First, though the authors clearly explain the significant deterioration to steatohepatitis and fibrosis with elevated alkaline phosphatase levels over time, there is no mention of the forthcoming therapeutic plan. Because current Food and Drug Administration labeling for lomitapide recommends discontinuing use in patients with this presentation type, should consideration of cessation of therapy be realized? Furthermore, despite observations of worsening liver disease, no discussion exists as to why lomitapide therapy was continued for 13 years, rather than considering other modalities such as use of apheresis alone or in combination. In addition, because hepatic steatosis greater than 5% will develop in 78% of those who use lomitapide, other treatment options (eg, apheresis) should be regarded in case adverse effects support discontinuing lomitapide therapy. Although lomitapide was used off label for hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis, it would be worthy to note the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels achieved at different time intervals, since studies have revealed LDL-C level reductions of approximately 65% with lomitapide use.2 The patient's mean serum fasting LDL-C level was 63 mg/dL (to convert to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259) prior to initiating lomitapide therapy. Because very low levels of LDL-C have been sporadically associated with increased cancer risk, hemorrhagic stroke, and other complications in cohort studies and clinical trials, should this medication be reserved for patients with elevated baseline LDL-C levels in addition to hypertriglyceridemia? Before making conclusions, the cost of lomitapide should be stated. At a cost of greater than $250 000 yearly,3 most patients will not be able to afford this medication. Obtaining lomitapide on a compassionate use basis at no cost to the patient will have to be the norm. Because severe hepatotoxic effects were observed with lomitapide use, albeit significant reductions in triglyceride levels, a careful assessment of patients who meet the stated criteria for this off-label indication should be performed prior to treatment initiation and at regular time intervals thereafter.


In principle, diatomite consists of amorphous hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O) and small quantities of bounded water, where n = 3.5-8.0. In addition, small amounts of inorganic componentsalumina and lesser amounts of iron, alkaline earth, alkali metals and other minor constituents are present [1]. Diatomite has worldwide applications [2-6] like water treatments, filtration, fillers and adsorbents. It was reported that diatomite can be used also as an adsorbent because it has the effective capability to remove basic dye from aqueous solution [7,8]. Based on multiple applications of diatomite in industry, several physico-chemical investigations were performed to understand the properties of diatomite collected from various locations across the World [9]. One of these resources is natural Jordan diatomite. The structure and morphology of natural Jordan diatomite were, investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [10] [10] and for the prediction of catalytically active sites, the conversion of methylbutynol was applied [11]. However, until present their characterization methods like X-ray fluorescence (XRF) are limited. Khoury [12] reported that Jordan is a rich source with natural clays. Further investigations have been performed as comparing their properties with the Russian type, including the behaviour towards the catalytic activity [13]. In general, Knözinger and Daniell [14] have investigated the effect of adding silica to alumina on the structure of samples by FTIR spectroscopy. Received: 5 March 2018; Accepted: 12 April 2018; Published online: 30 April 2018; AJC-18901


for America. Some of the troubles were perfectly real, but many others were part of a taste for self-laceration that can only be described as a malaise of the times. It would be unfair to regard them merely as a malaise of Time, although that celebrated magazine may supply us with the text of our inquiry: "that America and Americans must stand in the larger dock of guilt and conscience for what happened at My Lai seems inescapable" (December 5,


Objective: To assess EMG, SSEP, and MEP changes in monitoring for neural damage during lumbar surgeries. Background: Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring (IONM) is used to assess for and reverse damage during surgeries that place the nervous system at risk. Lumbar surgeries are done to address progressive spinal lesions or instability of the spinal column. Deficits occur when neural structures are damaged, for example, when local perfusion changes cause cord ischemia, or pedicle screws breach the spinal canal, or spinal correction mechanically strains the cord or roots. Postoperative weakness or numbness can result. Design/Methods: A retrospective review of 100 lumbar surgical cases from August 2017 to July 2018 was performed via electronic medical records review of IONM reports, and pre- and post-operative exams. All included free running electromyography (EMG), 98 included transcranial motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and 32 included somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). Results: IONM changes occurred in 7 cases: 6 involving EMG changes, 4 involving MEP changes, and 1 involving an SSEP change. Four had changes in multiple modalities. Two patients experienced new postoperative deficits, one of which experienced both EMG and MEP changes. The other involved no IONM changes, but rather, worsening of preoperative deficits in the setting of an expanding spinal epidural abscess causing cord compression. Some "false positives" may have resulted in postoperative deficits if not for interventions taken as a result of the IONM changes. For example, the only SSEP change occurred with an MEP change, both in the right arm, due to an unintended change in arm positioning, and resolved by repositioning the arm. Conclusions: EMG and MEP can be useful in monitoring for neural damage in lumbar surgeries. The only SSEP change occurred alongside an MEP change. Some "false positives" may be due to interventions done as a result of IONM changes to prevent postoperative deficits. Disclosure: Dr. Nguyen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Atikilt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cho has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Le has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lopez has nothing to disclose.


This paper is concerned with the behavior of the autocorrelation and memory functions of statistical mechanics as $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. A simple calculation shows that for a large class of models leading to power-law behavior, the two functions have opposite sign and common functional behavior in the limit $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$.


Background: Mepolizumab (anti-IL-5) is a successful biological for treatment of moderate-to-severe T2 eosinophil asthma. However, nothing is known regarding the effect of this treatment on the kinetics of eosinophils and basophils and their progenitors in situ. Therefore, these kinetics were determined by stable isotope labelling in blood and sputum of patients with moderate to severe eosinophilic asthma.

Methods: Cellular kinetics were determined by pulse-chase labelling with 6,6- 2 H 2 -glucose of patients with moderate to severe eosinophilic asthma who were treated short term (4 days) and long term (84 days) with mepolizumab (n=10) or placebo (n=10).  2 H-enrichment in DNA of eosinophils and basophils was determined by GC-MS.

Results: Treatment with mepolizumab induced a fast eosinopenia in peripheral blood associated with no effect on CD34+ eosinophil progenitors.  In contrast, the loss of DNA enrichment in blood eosinophils was significantly delayed (p<0.001) in the short-term treated group compared to placebo, whereas no such effect on kinetics was measured in the long-term treated group. Loss of label in sputum eosinophils was faster in both mepolizumab  treated groups. In contrast, kinetics of blood basophils was not affected by treatment with mepolizumab.

Conclusions: Our data fit with the hypothesis that IL-5 increases the number of IL-5 responsive progenitors leading to reactive eosinophilia in blood and tissues without affecting differentiation of eosinophils in the bone marrow per se . The quick eosinopenia and delayed kinetics induced by short-treatment with mepolizumab imply that  IL-5 controls the exchange of eosinophils to and from the tissues. Long-term treatment with mepolizumab restores the kinetics as normally found in homeostasis.


For its rainwater collection system to pass muster as a potable water source, Seattle's Bullitt Center adhered to strict design and building standards.


The Elsevier series, "Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry"
has released a volume on monitoring ambient air pollution.
This volume, edited by Patricia Forbes, provides information
on sampling and measurement techniques for ambient air
pollution, including examples of the use of the techniques and
instruments in real-world settings.


A method was established for the determination of some metal elements including lithium,beryllium,thallium and stannum in soil standard samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) with high pressure microwave digestion of soil.Compared with the traditional interior standard quantitative method,the external standard quantitative method is simple,rapid with wide application range.The determined results showed that the detection results of method had high accuracy and good precision.


The paper presents approaches for the characterization of saliency with respect to MMO (Man-Made Object) detection at the example of vehicle detection in infrared (IR) images. The methodology is based on an extended evaluation of gradient direction histograms presented in earlier AeroSense (1996, 1997) symposia. The detection of conspicuous image domains (ROI -- Regions of Interest) is an early signal near operation in the process of automated detection and recognition of MMO used in ATR (Automatic Target Recognition) algorithm chains. For this purpose, the ROI detection has to be fast and reliable. It can be used as an efficient data reduction device to speed up subsequent exploitation phases without loss of relevant information. Usually two complementary error classes are distinguished: class (alpha) (an interesting image domain was not detected) and class (beta) [an irrelevant image domain (clutter) has been labeled]. (beta) errors lead to an increased analysis workload in subsequent processing phases. In unfavorable cases much too many image domains are labeled and hence the ROI detection is ineffective. (alpha) errors are even more problematic since it is hard to compensate omissions in subsequent evaluation phases. The quality (efficiency and effectiveness) of the MMO detection restricts the ultimate achievable system performance and hence determines the possible application fields (e.g. on-board or ground based ATR). The optimization trade off between (alpha) and (beta) demands for application specific solutions.


Continuing with a previous study that confirms the presence of bullying in a private university (Hoyos, Romero, Valega and Molinares, 2009), this paper presents the results of a second comparative - descriptive research in which the aimed was characterize the phenomenon of bullying in a sample of 218 college students (153 female and 65 male) from different programs of four private universities. We used a questionnaire that was developed for the national study Ombudsman (2000) in Spain, it was adapted to our university context. The results of study show the incidence of bullying manifestations in the university context, circumstances and places where bullying occur, communication strategies and conflict resolution, in accordance with perspective of each actors (victims, perpetrators and witnesses), and the comparisons by gender and age.


The meeting will feature a California CEEDAR Presentation for General and Special Education Educator Preparation Programs on the work of the CEEDAR Center California State Leadership Team and teacher preparation faculties towards increasing the collaboration among General and Special Education teachers, administrators, service providers, teacher preparation and community members to support the education of all students and youth with disabilities. The panel will be moderated by Paul Sindelar (University of Florida) with panelists Jody Moody (Loyola Marymount University), Anne Spillane (Brandman University), Rebekka Jez (University of San Diego)


This briefing note provides an overview of recent trends in net official lending, along with prospects over the short term. The tree main messages are as follows: (i) net official lending has declined sharply over the past three years and will likely continue to decline in 2006, mainly due to large prepayments to the Paris Club (almost $32 billion), the IMF (over $17 billion) and the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (over $9 billion); (ii) Russia completed paying off its Soviet-era debts with a $22 billion prepayment to its Paris Club of creditors, drawing on its abundant oil-export revenues; and (iii) large prepayments by other countries have been financed by drawing down ample stocks of foreign reserves and by borrowing from private creditors in international capital markets on favorable terms.


Abslruct-We report the influence of the kink effect on the dc and microwave performance of i-InAlAs/n + -InGaAs/i-InAIAs heterojunction doped-channel MESFET's lattice matched to an InP substrate with submicrometer gates. Kink effects were observed at room temperature as well as at 77 K in the de measurement. The kinks seem to be related to deep-level electron trapping, and are not present at microwave frequencies. The existence of kinks at low operating frequencies does not seem to degrade the microwave performance of the devices as can be seen from the measured results. HE use of the InAlAs/InGaAs material system has drawn T much attention recently because of its superior electronic transport properties such as high electron mobilities, high electron velocities, and large r and L valley energy separation. The large conduction-band discontinuity that ensures better electron confinement is also very attractive for better device performance. Previous research of the lattice-matched InAlAs/InGaAs system on either MODFET's [l] or MESFET's [2] has demonstrated its potential for high-frequency devices. In this letter, the kink effect in the doped-channel InAlAs/InGaAs/InAlAs heterojunction devices is discussed. This phenomenon was also observed in the modulation-doped InAlAs/InGaAs structures such as reported in [l] and [3].


Introduction Theoretical Reconciliation of Psychology and Theology Methodological Reconciliation and Formal Aspects The Meaning of Reconciliation as the Purpose of Counseling Cognitive and Affective Reconciliation Behavioral and Conative Reconciliation Conclusions and Future Directions Selected Bibliography Index


In this mainly expository paper, we review some convolution algebras for the category of smooth representations of G, and discuss their properties. Most important for us is the relation of these algebras with the Bernstein center algebra Z(G). In honor of Roger Howe as a sexagenarian


This chapter addresses two issues: the development of Jewish identity in exile and the expressions of this identity in the context of Hellenistic culture. It then discusses several works of Jewish art from the Talmudic period as phenomena demonstrating the constancy of Jewish identity. Even after the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, there was a firm belief among rabbinic scholars that the history of the Chosen People had not yet come to an end. What we have here, then, is a clear demonstration of how post-70 Judaism overcame the catastrophe of destruction without losing its eschatological hopes. In the realm of pictorial art one of the ways to overcome the trauma of destruction and the struggle for a new identity was reached with the aid of Hellenistic imagery and its reinterpretation in accordance with rabbinic thought. Keywords: exile; Hellenistic culture; Jerusalem; Jewish art; Jewish identity; late antiquity; pictorial art; rabbinic thought; Talmudic period


Road accidents claim a staggeringly high number of lives every year. From drunk driving, rash driving and driver distraction to visual impairment, over speeding and over-crowding of vehicles, the majority of road accidents occur because of some fault or the other of the driver/occupants of the vehicle. According to the report on "Road Accidents in India, 2011" by the Ministry of Transport and Highways, Government of India, approximately every 11th person out of 100,000 died in a road accident and further, every 37th person was injured in one, making it an alarming situation for a completely unnecessary cause of death. The above survey also concluded that in 77.5 percent of the cases, the driver of the vehicle was at fault. The situation makes it a necessity to target the root cause of road accidents in order to avoid them. While car manufacturers include a system for avoiding damages to the driver and the vehicle, no real steps have been taken to actually avoid accidents. "Road Accident Prevention Unit" is a step forward in this stead. This design monitors the driver's state using multiple sensors and looks for triggers that can cause accidents, such as alcohol in the driver's breath and driver fatigue or distraction. When an alert situation is detected, the system informs the driver and tries to alert him. If the driver does not respond within a stipulated time, the system turns on a distress signal outside the vehicle to inform nearby drivers and sends a text message to the driver's next of kin about the situation. A marketable design would also shut down power to the vehicle, thus providing maximum probability for avoiding road accidents and extending a crucial window for preventive and mitigation measures to be taken.


The phase structure of an eight-fermion interaction model is investigated in a compact space-time with non-trivial topology, $M^{D-1}\otimes S^1$. The phase boundary dividing the symmetric and the broken phase is shown as a function of the space-time dimensions. It is found that the eight-fermion interaction does not modify the phase boundary for the chiral symmetry breaking.


ing Mother Britain and the Founding Fathers. She argues convincingly that "metaphors that encourage rights-bearing citizens to imagine themselves as affectionate children of a parental state prompted them to recognize their own interests in the law even when they had not participated directly in its making," (7) as well as that "the concept of childhood provided a rationale for exclusion" not just of actual children, but also of other classes of people—notably women and slaves—from full participation in the governance of what they were still indoctrinated to consider "their" nation. In doing so, she is persuasive in her suggestion that "metaphors of citizens as children allowed Americans to consider the limits and potentials of imagination and the limits and potentials of rights, as aspects of citizenship" (8). To illuminate her assertions, Weikle-Mills provides thoughtful readings of such texts as Sarah Fielding's The Governess (1749) and Hannah Webster Foster's The Boarding School (1798) among others. She points out how the encouragement of children to love their books was not merely about cultivating literacy, but also about inculcating a respect for the law, and how the depiction of the transition from childhood to adulthood as a simultaneous shift from being a "bad" reader to a "good" one was intended to model the process of maturation into a desirable citizen. Weikle-Mills also engages—and occasionally respectfully disagrees—with her fellow scholars in the field. She reasonably questions, for instance, Cathy Davidson's contentions that early American novels "subversively call for the enfranchisement of their readers," pointing out that these claims are "complicated by the fact that many specifically claim that children and youth are their readership" (5). So too does Weikle-Mills offer a more nuanced evolution of childhood as a concept than Philippe Ariès who famously asserted that childhood was essentially invented in the seventeenth century (10). In the end, the reader is left to contemplate the limits imposed on children's citizenship and how similar limits may also constrain the rights of grown-ups in ways more restrictive than most adults care to believe. Kathleen Rooney DePaul University


Pistachio, which is generally consumed as a nut in Turkey, has significant benefits for human nutrition and health, besides being the raw material of baklava and dessert industries. It is rich in healthy unsaturated fatty acids (oleic-linoleic acids) and proteins. Pistachios are also rich in minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium and iron that have a role in improvement of anemia, bone development and regulation of blood pressure, as well as in Vitamin E, Vitamin A and Vitamin B complexes that cannot be synthesized in the human body. It is included in diets as it provides a feeling of fullness, due to its high fiber content. It was reported that pistachio consumed daily, at an amount of 20-30 grams, does not result in weight gain. Therefore, it can be a healthy snack. It was observed that pistachio partially reduces blood glucose level, that it could be used in a certain amount in diabetes and could be effective in cardiovascular diseases by modulating the LDL/HDL ratio in favor of HDL. It contains a significant amount of antioxidants. It was reported that pistachio can contribute to fighting cancer cells.


In addition to ratio decidendi (the necessary arguments), judges are allowed to include obiter dicta (arguments which are superfluous) in their decisions.The interpretative decision that an argument is superfluous may be justified by reference to the verbal presentation of the argument. In this paper I discuss several words and expressions that, in legal practice, are considered to be indicators of additional considerations. Starting from a pragma-dialectical characterization of additional considerations, I evaluate some examples of these cases in order to examine which words and expressions can be seen as indicators of obiter dicta.


The focused laser beam divergence with random phase distortions of the field was theoretically investigated. In the original model, radiation as the sum of two statistically independent terms: deterministic and random with zero average statistical value was represented. Relations for calculating the beam divergence depending on the statistical characteristics of the phase distortions of the field are obtained.


When the Alaska Legislature adopted presumptive sentencing ten years ago,1 it recognized that sometimes it would be manifestly unjust to require the imposition of a presumptive sentence.2 It therefore established a "safety valve ' 3 to permit deviation from presumptive sentencing when a panel of three superior court judges agrees with the trial court that a presumptive sentence would result in manifest injustice either to the state or to a defendant.4 Although the legislature anticipated that some presumptive sentences would be manifestly unjust, it did not define what makes a


A review of adult patients with Haemoglobinopathy who had anaesthesia and surgery at the University College Hospital, Ibadan over a three year period was carried out. The 53 patients constituted 1.2% of all surgical cases operated. Two thirds of the patients were ASA II with the rest being ASA III and ASA IV.
The steady state PCV of all patients ranged from 22% to 31% with a mean of 26.4% and general anaesthesia was administered in 83% of the patients while the others had their operations under regional blocks. Peri-operative course was satisfactory in all but two patients (3.8%) who were admitted in the Intensive Care Unit for close observation because of excessive oozing from operation site. Adequate post-operative care including hydration, analgesia, warmth, and blood transfusion when appropriate, ensured minimal post operative morbidity.
These observations emphasize the fact that surgical patients with sickle cell disease do have satisfactory outcome when meticulous attention is paid to details of their peri-operative care. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol. 9, No. 1 (1999) pp. 21-23


This paper introduced the producing cause of fan-noise in boiler house briefly, and discussed the main avenues of the above noise control. It could fully lower the above noise within demands of environment protection to adopt noise insulation, noise-absorption, noise-elimination measures.


The acoustical properties of a concert room tend to affect performers' decisions, especially regarding tempo and agogics. Consequently, the study of the relationship between concert hall acoustics ...


The utilization of various natural resources as coagulant to treat various types of water and wastewater has seen considerable growth in recent years. The coagulation mechanism of natural coagulant is commonly charge neutralization followed by adsorption during the floc growth. However, due to lack of information, further investigation into the nature of the coagulation mechanism is needed. In this study, the coagulation of Congo red synthetic wastewater using crude leucaena extract was investigated at various initial Congo red concentrations (50–100 mg/L) and coagulation temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C. Furthermore, the nature of coagulation was investigated using various adsorption isotherm (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller models) and kinetic models (pseudo-first, pseudo-second, Elovich, and Intraparticle model). It was found that the Congo red concentrations, coagulation temperatures, and their interaction are significant to the dye removal. The sedimentation was well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the coagulation process followed the Langmuir isotherm. This indicates that the coagulation process involved chemisorption with monolayer formation on the coagulant. Moreover, the thermodynamic study shows that the coagulation was both endothermic and spontaneous.


Reverberation acoustic chamber has been designed to stimulate as many mode as possible over the frequency spectrum in line to simulate the launching stage and define strength and stress on the test object. Launching stage is producing highly intensity of acoustic pressure by the propulsion system to the launcher's payload and causing numerous of stress and constraints. Knowing the capabilities of the chamber be able to stretch its characteristic thru analysis and calculation. Reverberation time, Tr has been completed by integrated impulse response method. Additional analysis for repeatability measurement can be performed in order to know the exact value for each central frequency Tr. For the chamber diffusivity, number of acoustic mode, frequency response, and natural resonance frequency (MAXTIQ) has been defined. In succession to have sufficient analysis on total spread of frequency spectrum, the modal density, MD and modal analysis, MS has been included. Results shown that chamber can fulfilled in providing the reverberation acoustic test. Most of the chamber resonance cater at least one mode in the half power band width of the test object. Lower frequencies is well covered eventhough it is limited characteristic. Based on the analysis the absorption coefficient are in reasonable arrangement and the calculated equivalent sound absorption area are none exceeds the maximum limit for a chamber volume of 999.5m3 . There is lessen absorption factor when the environment are totally dry air. ANGKASA's RATF OASPL has the capability to meet the maximum 155dB requirement. Further analysis is suggested with different arrangement of OASPL in the chamber for pattern evaluation.


Title of dissertation: EXPLORING PARENTS' CROSSINGS INTO SCHOOLS: UNDERSTANDING A CRITICAL STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOME-SCHOOL RELATIONSHIPS Raquel Leonor González, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Dissertation directed by: Professor Robert G. Croninger Department of Teaching and Learning, Policy and Leadership This study seeks to deconstruct the process by which home-school relationships develop. This study suggests these relationships develop as the result of "crossings" between home and school where crossings lead to foundational interactions that establish these relationships. Using data from the U.S. Department of Education's Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K), this study investigates school and home factors associated with kindergarten parents' crossings into schools. In addition, this study explores the relationship between crossings and student reading achievement at the end of the kindergarten year. Multilevel methods are applied to explore the impact of both individual and school level factors on parent crossings and reading achievement. This study uses a quantitative criticalist lens and proposes an alternative conceptual model to explore how relationships between home-school form. Crossings potentially lead to interactions that form relationships and impact parent/teacher perceptions of each other, the child's experience at school, and school cultural practices. Findings illustrate the varied nature and impact of these crossings. Not all families or communities cross at the same rate; crossings differ by family education level, race/ethnicity and average income of the school community. Families also experience different degrees of barriers, with families with lower rates of crossings reporting higher barriers to school entry. Schools that offer more events and are successful in helping parents learn how to support their child academically and socially have greater numbers of crossings. School poverty level has a differential impact on crossings based on how much a child praises the school and how much the school contacts the home about student learning. Parent crossings at the individual level and average parent crossings at the school are associated with reading achievement at the end of kindergarten. However, crossings have differential effects on reading achievement based on children's reading skills at the time of entering kindergarten and between parents with no high school diploma versus those with a high school diploma. EXPLORING PARENTS' CROSSINGS INTO SCHOOLS: UNDERSTANDING A CRITICAL STEP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOMESCHOOL RELATIONSHIPS


This paper focuses on channel prediction techniques for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Previous channel predictors are based on theoretical channel models, which would be deviated from realistic channels. In this paper, we develop and compare a vector Kalman filter (VKF)-based channel predictor and a machine learning (ML)-based channel predictor using the realistic channels from the spatial channel model (SCM), which has been adopted in the 3GPP standard for years. First, we propose a low-complexity mobility estimator based on the spatial average using a large number of antennas in massive MIMO. The mobility estimate can be used to determine the complexity order of developed predictors. The VKF-based channel predictor developed in this paper exploits the autoregressive (AR) parameters estimated from the SCM channels based on the Yule-Walker equations. Then, the ML-based channel predictor using the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE)-based noise pre-processed data is developed. Numerical results reveal that both channel predictors have substantial gain over the outdated channel in terms of the channel prediction accuracy and data rate. The ML-based predictor has larger overall computational complexity than the VKF-based predictor, but once trained, the operational complexity of ML-based predictor becomes smaller than that of VKF-based predictor.


The rotationally resolved fluorescence emission spectrum from S1 H2CO(A1A2) following single rotational level (SRL) excitation has been studied in the "collision-free" regime of pressures. Mechanisms of intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational energy flow by vibration–rotation interaction are of interest, more specifically Coriolis coupling. An anomalous rotational line intensity distribution in the absorption spectrum with a strong r-form (ΔK=+1) sub-band and an accompanying weak p-form (ΔK=–1) sub-band, or vice versa, has been observed previously in asymmetric-top molecules due to Coriolis coupling. The presence of Coriolis coupling in asymmetric-top molecules can also be manifested by the emission spectrum, and the first such example is presented here with the rotationally resolved fluorescence emission from the 51 and 1 141 vibronic levels of S1 H2CO with excess vibrational energies of 2968 and 2971 cm–1, respectively. In the collision-free region of pressure the vibronic emission lines are mainly of p-form from the 51 level and r-form from the 1 141 level. Coriolis coupling can also lead to the appearance of transitions which are forbidden in the zero-order approximation. Some emission to ν″4 is observed owing to mixing of the zero-order vibrational levels by Coriolis coupling.


Sutcliffe development theory and the similar omega equation provide an objective framework for the understanding of synoptic-scale development in the extra-tropics. Both are widely applied by forecasters in the UK Met. Office, with the omega equation also being used by forecasters working in other meteorological services. Using results from experiments with a quasi-geostrophic numerical model, this paper examines the pitfalls associated with each, and suggests ways in which these can be avoided. The partitioning between so-called steering and development terms in the Sutcliffe equation is shown to be misleading, and an alternative form is suggested which is more accurate and circumvents significant cancellation problems associated with the existing form. It is shown that oversimplifiction of the omega equation can lead to it being applied in unsuitable ways. In particular, it is argued that the conversion from omega forcing to vertical velocity is best made at the mid-tropospheric level, say at 500 hPa, and that therefore diagnostics such as Q-vectors or their divergence are better applied at this level than, say, at 700 hPa. The so-called Sutcliffe, or Trenberth, form of the omega equation is recommended as being suitable for subjective application.


The plant Luffa acutangula var. Amara is used by native practitioners. Presently, it is planned to make petroleum ether, alcohol, and aqueous extracts of this plant's fruits before undertaking blind screening trials to examine the antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial effects of the fruits and validate native practitioners' claims. The powdered whole fruits were extracted with petroleum ether, alcohol and chloroform water. The LD50 values for all these extracts were found to be 70 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 15g/kg respectively. Alloxan-induced diabetes in 150-200g albino rats was tested for antidiabetic effects and compared to glibenclamide. Albino rats treated with CCl4, a liver toxicant, had increased SGOT, SGPT, SALP, direct and total bilirubin, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride levels. Compared to CCl4-treated group, findings were significant. In a CCl4 hepatotoxic model, alcoholic and aqueous extracts significantly decreased wet liver weight and volume, indicating hepatoprotective action. Histopathological abnormalities (fatty infiltration, necrosis, etc.) were normalised in aqueous and alcoholic extract groups.


circulated around the globe on social media. Within a month the video had been viewed over 4.5 million times. The video not only highlights how bizarre Australian politics can be, it also, as Tim Highfield demonstrates in Social Media and Everyday Politics, serves to show that social media are fundamental to 'how we discuss and document our experience of political issues' (p. 3). Highfield's book takes the reader on a journey through the weird and wonderful world of social media and everyday politics, where the political significance of parody twitter accounts, onion-eating politicians and polling booth selfies (among many other social media practices) are made evidently clear. Social Media and Everyday Politics begins with an introductory chapter that skilfully makes the case that politics affects our lives without being framed around 'presidents or prime ministers, monarchs or ministries' (p. 11) while also highlighting how social media platforms inform our everyday consumption and practices of politics. Chapters then engage with political social media rituals, the impact of social media on media politics, scandals and crises, collective action, political parties and elections. Social Media and Everyday Politics is written in a lively and engaging way. The author is as comfortable writing about collective action as he is about LOLCats, and the funny, energetic style makes Social Media and Everyday Politics a very enjoyable read. Despite the humour, Highfield doesn't shy away from the serious issues of race, class and gender, and how they impact and in turn are impacted upon by everyday social media practices. For example, in discussing the Occupy, Everyday Sexism and Black Lives Matter movements, Highfield recognises that they cannot be reduced to their online aspects. However, he makes it clear how social media 'are a key component of social movement's activities, and for providing information about them' (p. 104). In conclusion, Social Media and Everyday Politics succeeds in revealing how the personal is political and why this is important when we study social media and politics. This book is a great introduction to the everyday politics of social media, and the vibrant discussion of important issues makes it worth a read for students and scholars at any level. Rhys Crilley (University of Warwick)


Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) with two kinds of organometallic compounds including tungsten hexacarbonyle (W(CO)/sub 6/) and dimethyl-gold ((CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/(C/sub 5/H/sub 7/O/sub 2/)Au) as precursors is presented so as to obtain conductive nanostructures. Their resistivity and growth rate are measured, and the composition of deposits are analyzed. To improve the resolution of the deposit and energy consumption, EBID with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as emitters is demonstrated. In the deposit at anode by using W(CO)/sub 6/, mass of the tungsten reaches up to 80% among the compositions.


Abstract Tourism not only has a great economic influence on destination communities, but also promotes the restructuring and regeneration of local capital through local culture. Economic and social impacts of tourism on destination communities are no longer separated but integrated. The present paper explores the characteristics of capital changes and interactions of residents in an ethnic tourism community chiefly through interview and observation. The paper finds that: 1) Villagers have got an increased economic capital while maintaining their social networks in tourism activities; 2) Villagers' social capital is accumulating, or their life satisfaction decreases due to the conflict of values during the growth of wealth; and 3) There is a growing instrumental rationality in villagers' social networking practices, which proves to be beneficial to gain economic capital. The key factors affecting capital interactions are personal competency, instrumental rationality, and recognition and practice of the Dai traditions.


... may be regarded as an encapsulated expression of the shared cognitive forms and values of a society.... It is usually a named event, with a beginning and an end, varying degrees of organization of activity, audience/ performance and location (Herndon 1971:340). Thus, Herndon's definition suggests that, from the point of view of the individual composition, one aspect of its social context derives from the fact that it is part of a larger cognitive and social entity, the musical occasion, in which many compositions are performed. A second aspect of the social context of a composition pertains to the specific situation in which it is played during an occasion. To indicate this, I wish to propose the term: musical event.1 This can be defined as the perceived focus, purpose and observed behavior associated with the actual performance of a composition during a musical occasion. Like the occasion, it is usually named, has a beginning and an end, varying degrees of organization of activity and location, and also may be regarded as an encapsulated expression of cognitive forms and values. Thus, songs performed during an occasion, although sharing certain social contextual features in common, also may well differ in social context in that they are played to evoke different musical events.


In the flourishing of American Catholic literature during the 1950s and 60s, no author outranks the inimitable Flannery O'Connor or Walker Percy. However, one peer of these two masters--J. F. Powers--earned high praise from O'Connor, who wrote of his short stories, "Those that deal with the clergy are as good as any stories being written by anybody." (1) Indeed, if Powers is remembered in this estimable group of masters, it is because of his many short stories detailing the ironic lives of priests and monks populating the Catholic suburbs of Minnesota. His oeuvre does surpass his peers in one particular regard: the publication of his second novel Wheat That Springeth Green in 1988 reflects the radical changes to American Catholicism after the Second Vatican Council. While Percy's later work acknowledges those changes within American Catholicism, his increasing cynicism seems to lament the lost idyll of 1950s and 60s America, particularly in the darkly horrific Thanatos Syndrome; by contrast, Powers's literary vision precludes nostalgia for the forgotten days of Catholic unity prior to what Mark Massa calls the American Catholic Revolution of the 1960s until now. His fundamentally comic vision of human nature pervades this second novel and highlights the simultaneously biting and charitable satire that makes it a literary masterpiece. When read against the ecclesial divide resulting from Vatican II, Wheat That Springeth Green employs Powers' masterful sense of irony in one scandalizing image that haunts the characters attempting to perform the work of the Church faithfully and efficiently: the Cross pervades this novel's pages, calling its protagonist Father Joe Hackett to receive failure as a gracious witness to the scandal of a complacently divided American Catholic Church. To explore this haunting image of the Cross within Powers's last novel, this article will be divided into three major sections. The first will review the critical conversation that has developed around Powers's small body of work with the intention of reaching critical consensus about his fundamental artistic achievement, namely his adaptation of an ironic humor to a deeply Catholic understanding of the lived experience of the Church. The second will then contextualize Powers's second novel within the unique historical moment immediately following Vatican II. This is necessary for the reader to see how Powers's irony is a way of addressing the world of his own time and one that still pervades contemporary Catholic America. Lastly, I will offer a reading of Wheat That Springeth Green through the nexus of Powers's irony and the historical contextualization developed in the first two sections. This framework provides a particular way of reading the novel's central and recurring image, the Cross, as an icon of faithful failure and holy limitation as the means to achieve holiness. As early as 1964, in an interview for American Benedictine Review, Powers identified himself as a comic writer, although he often deals with religious figures like priests and monks. Indeed, he states in this interview, "I write about priests for reasons of irony, comedy, and philosophy. They officially are committed to both worlds in the way that most people officially are not." (2) That tension, which results from the priest's simultaneous commitment to the work of the Church as a spiritual body and to the Church as a job, is Powers's central concern, and the irony of a character trying to honor both commitments with the same life propels the comedy of Powers's works when these figures inevitably and humorously confront their limitations. However, for Powers, writing about such characters is not solely about practicing his great skill as a humorist; instead, Powers's focus on priests as main characters mirrors what he believes to be the situation all Christians face in the modern world. He states, "That is, of course, one of the big ironies. Here we are, Christians, and here we have the clergy who are descended spiritually from the apostles. …


In this paper, an adapted control scheme based on fuzzy logic approach to adjusting turbine speed so as to track the maximum power points is proposed. This scheme facilitates continuous control of wind turbine speed, adapting to the changing wind speed.


The amplification of magnetic fields (MFs) in the intracluster medium (ICM) is attributed to turbulent dynamo (TD) action, which is generally derived in the collisional-MHD framework. However, this assumption is poorly justified a priori, since in the ICM the ion mean free path between collisions is of the order of the dynamical scales, thus requiring a collisionless MHD description. The present study uses an anisotropic plasma pressure that brings the plasma within a parametric space where collisionless instabilities take place. In this model, a relaxation term of the pressure anisotropy simulates the feedback of the mirror and firehose instabilities, in consistency with empirical studies. Our three-dimensional numerical simulations of forced transonic turbulence, aiming the modeling of the turbulent ICM, were performed for different initial values of the MF intensity and different relaxation rates of the pressure anisotropy. We found that in the high-β plasma regime corresponding to the ICM conditions, a fast anisotropy relaxation rate gives results that are similar to the collisional-MHD model, as far as the statistical properties of the turbulence are concerned. Also, the TD amplification of seed MFs was found to be similar to the collisional-MHD model. The simulations that do not employ the anisotropy relaxation deviate significantly from the collisional-MHD results and show more power at the small-scale fluctuations of both density and velocity as a result of the action of the instabilities. For these simulations, the large-scale fluctuations in the MF are mostly suppressed and the TD fails in amplifying seed MFs.


Normal 0 false false false EN-SG X-NONE X-NONE Basic Islamic morality contained in the minutes of that was brought by the Prophet. Minutes of the bersumberkan Qur'an and Sunnah which is manifested by bolting and way of life of the Prophet himself. Behavior and way of life of the Prophet became a role model to follow and an example of the perfection of human life both physical and spiritual. To reach the stage of personal perfection of glory, God has a human equip with original inventory so that is, with all kinds of instincts and reasonable minds and also decorated with all kinds of science that may be a way of life for the sake of fostering civilization on this earth. Due to limited sense weaknesses and limitations in reaching aspect of nature, natural good nature mahupun supernatural reality, Allah sent down His revelation as absolute guidance for human use in fostering the life and civilization in harmony with the values of a noble character. Herein lies the role of the treatise is carried by the Prophet intended to form the basis of a noble character and absolute for the entire human purposes /* Style Definitions */
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The performance of thermal insulation of polyurethan e, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride) foams was introduced. The application of these plastic foams for energy-saving materials in buildings as thermal insulat ing wall, roof, door and window and pipe-net of heat supply was reviewed and th eir efficiency in energy-saving was evaluated.


The application of adaptive structures (smart structures) in ultrahigh precision space structures such as X-ray astronomical satellites is being studied extensively. To ensure the reliability of such ultrahigh precision space structures, it is necessary to introduce an automated fault diagnosis system. In this study, the Taguchi method (Mahalanobis–Taguchi system) is applied to the self-diagnosis problem, wherein a damage in the smart structure is detected using the vibration response data of a smart beam. This article reports on the preliminary results of hardware experiments using a smart beam model in the laboratory.


This research was conducted under k study was conducted to determine the linkages between the job tasks and competencies of first level mpervisors in the FAA. A sample was drawn from each of nine job groups: Flight Service, Terminal, En Route, Regional Office/Headquarters Air Traffic, Aircraft Certification, Security, Airway Facilities, Flight Standards, and Other) for a total sample of 2,412 first-level supervisors. surveys Respondents to three each and (4)


A discrete version of Particle Swarm Ant Colony Optimization (DPSACO) for design of frame structures is presented. DPSACO, similar to continous PSACO, is based on a particle swarm optimizer, worked as a global search, and ant colony optimization employed as a local search. In the DPSACO, the nearest permitted discrete value is replaced with any value selected by agents (Particles or ants). Therefore, the positions of all agents always contain the permitted discrete values. In order to improve the exploration of the proposed method, a new formula for particles' velocity is defined. Two design examples are tested using the new method and their results are compared with the results of other PSO-based algorithms to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method.


To shed light on the possible scarring effects from Covid-19, this paper studies the economic effects of five past pandemics using local projections on a sample of fifty-five countries over 1990-2019. The findings reveal that pandemics have detrimental medium-term effects on output, unemployment, poverty, and inequality. However, policies can go a long way toward alleviating suffering and fostering an inclusive recovery. The adverse output effects are limited for countries that provided relatively greater fiscal support. The increases in unemployment, poverty, and inequality are likewise lower for countries with relatively greater fiscal support and relatively stronger initial conditions (as defined by higher formality, family benefits, and health spending per capita). Keywords: pandemics, output, unemployment, poverty, inequality, fiscal support, informality, social expenditure, health expenditure., increases in unemployment, copyright page, potential GDP, group four, expenditure group, COVID-19, Income inequality, Health care spending, Maternity and childcare benefit spending, Global


In this talk, I take the term case in its traditional meaning of inflectional categorysystem (and the individual categories or values of that system) expressing dependency relations involving NPs.1 Case affixes are not always easy to distinguish from adpositions fulfilling a similar function, but in some way or other a distinction between more or less integrated or more or less 'heavy' ways of marking dependency relations involving NPs is crucial to the question addressed in this talk. A spatial relation involves two percepts, a Figure (or Theme, or Trajector) and an Orienter (or Ground, or Location, or Landmark), the Figure being perceived as located or in motion relative to the Orienter.2 A spatial case is an inflected form of nouns or NPs distinct from the absolute form available for the extra-syntactic function of pure designation, and apt to fulfill one of the following functions without the addition of an adposition:3


It was more by accident than by design that the articles which comprise this special issue on "Developing Hymnology in New Churches" have been brought together. They all came to my attention about the same time, and they have been published together because they rather complement each other.


We propose a smart window using polymer-networked liquid crystals doped with push-pull azobenzene. Azobenzene is used to provide phase transition from the nematic to isotropic state through the trans-cis isomerization of azobenzene. When exposed to sunlight, the device switches from the opaque nematic phase to the transparent isotropic phase. Switching from the transparent to opaque state can be obtained through rapid cis-trans isomerization of push-pull azobenzene without sunlight exposure. The proposed device can reduce the transmittance of the incident sunlight during daytime, whereas it can scatter the incident light during the night for privacy.


In this paper we present three novel posterior transforms with the primary goal to achieve a high reduction of a feature vector size. The presented methods transform the posteriors to 1D or 2D space. For such a high reduction ratio the usually applied methods fail to keep the discriminative information. Contrary, the presented methods were specifically designed to retain most of the discriminative information. In our experiments, we used several different combinations of feature extraction methods nowadays commonly used, i.e. the PLP features (augmented with delta and acceleration coefficients) and two kinds of MLP-ANN features: the bottleneck (BN) and posterior estimates (PE). The experiments were designed with special attention to the assessment of possible improvements of the performance when the PLP features are combined either with the BN features or with the PE features whose dimensionality was reduced using the proposed feature transforms. The performance of the designed transforms was tested on two different speech corpora: a telephone speech SpeechDat-East corpus and multimodal Czech Audio-Visual corpus. Index Terms: speech recognition, posteriors, ANN, bottleneck


The paper introduced the basic knowledge,composition and characteristics of programmable controller in Expressway tunnel monitoring system,mainly analyzed the four factors of programmable controller network.


File type: Digital photograph - 72 DPI JPEG, File Dimensions: 1200 x 1600 pixels (x3), Total file size: 3.69 MB. Files created by FinePix2800ZOOM digital camera.


This article addresses the challenge of truth discovery from noisy social sensing data. The work is motivated by the emergence of social sensing as a data collection paradigm of growing interest, where humans perform sensory data collection tasks. Unlike the case with well-calibrated and well-tested infrastructure sensors, humans are less reliable, and the likelihood that participants' measurements are correct is often unknown a priori. Given a set of human participants of unknown trustworthiness together with their sensory measurements, we pose the question of whether one can use this information alone to determine, in an analytically founded manner, the probability that a given measurement is true. In our previous conference paper, we offered the first maximum likelihood solution to the aforesaid truth discovery problem for corroborating observations only. In contrast, this article extends the conference paper and provides the first maximum likelihood solution to handle the cases where measurements from different participants may be conflicting. The article focuses on binary measurements. The approach is shown to outperform our previous work used for corroborating observations, the state-of-the-art fact-finding baselines, as well as simple heuristics such as majority voting.


Most fish resources in the world are managed in terms of single species models, but there is a growing awareness of their shortcomings. Neither multispecies fisheries models nor ecosystem models have yet proved more useful than single-species models to help manage fisheries, but they are considered to have the potential to provide better advice in both the long- and short-term. This paper addresses the impasse between the single-species, statistical approach and the multispecies, ecological approach. Will understanding ever lead to better management models? A comparison of the spatial dimensions, primary productivity, zooplankton biomass and fishery yields in different productive areas of the world indicates mat the Benguela, the Canary and the California currents are much less "efficient" in terms of fish production than the Humboldt Current or shallow shelf systems in temperate regions such as the North Sea, Georges Bank or the Bering Sea. Reasons for the discrepancies are advanced and the forcing mecha...


. We investigate cosmological signatures of uncorrelated isocurvature perturbations whose power spectrum is blue-tilted with spectral index 2 (cid:46) p (cid:46) 4. Such an explore the connection between the spectral shape of CMB anisotropies and the reionization optical depth as a powerful probe of a highly blue-tilted isocurvature primordial power spectrum. We also study the consequences for 21cm line fluctuations due to neutral hydrogens in minihalos. Combination of measurements of the reionization optical depth and 21cm line fluctuations will provide complementary probes of a highly blue-tilted isocurvature power spectrum.


Summary. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) in infants refers to the condition of nutritional malabsorption because of anatomical or /and functional loss of a significant length of the small intestine. The problem of SBS is actual up till now because of high quantity of surgical operations in full-term and premature newborns. The main clinical manifestations of SBS are pronounced malabsorption and maldigestion. Patients with SBS need long-term parenteral nutrition support until intestinal adaptation occurs. Therefore, children need long-term regular monitoring to prevent various complications. SBS treatment is aimed at achievement of adequate enteral nutrition of infants.