Most forests worldwide are located in upland landscapes. Previous studies have mainly focused on ground methane (CH4) flux in upland forests, and living tree stem‐based CH4 processes and fluxes are thus relatively poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship between CH4 concentration and water content in the heartwood of living trees in midtemperate, warm temperate, and subtropical upland forests and also measured seasonal changes of in situ stem CH4 flux and the CH4 concentration and water content in the heartwood of Populus davidiana Dode in a warm temperate upland forest. We found that approximately 4–13% of tree stems or approximately 8–31% of tree species had a substantial CH4 concentration of ≥10,000 μL L−1 in their heartwood across the three types of upland forests. The heartwood CH4 concentration was related to water content by a power function. A threshold of water content occurred beyond which CH4 was produced at high levels in the heartwood. The CH4 emissions from the breast height stems of P. davidiana ranged from 202.1 to 331.6 μg m−2 h−1 on a stem surface area basis during July–October 2016 and were significantly linearly correlated with the CH4 concentration or water content in the heartwood throughout the experimental period, but the linear correlation was not significant at daily and monthly scales. Temperature was not a limiting factor for CH4 production during July–October 2016, and thus, most of the CH4 production may be explained by water content in the heartwood of living trees in upland forests.


Dynamic microtubules transiently polymerize into dendritic spines, however intracellular factors that regulate this process and their functional role at synapses are hardly understood. Using live imaging, electrophysiology, and glutamate uncaging, we show that the microtubule-severing complex katanin is located at individual spine synapses, participates in the activity-dependent process of microtubule polymerization into dendritic spines, and regulates synaptic plasticity. Overexpression of a dominant-negative ATPase-deficient katanin subunit, did not alter microtubule growth velocities or comet density in dendrites, but significantly reduced the activity-dependent invasion of microtubules into dendritic spines. Notably, functional inhibition of katanin significantly affected the potentiation of AMPA-receptor-mediated excitatory currents after chemical induction of long-term potentiation (cLTP). Furthermore, interference with katanin function prevented structural spine remodeling following single spine glutamate uncaging. Our data identify katanin at individual spine synapses in association with PSD-95. Thus, katanin regulates postsynaptic microtubules and modulates synaptic structure and function.


Precisely programmed commands encoded on a storage medium are used for automation of machine tools in the Computer Numeric Control (CNC) machines. End to end component design is highly automated using DSP processor in the modern CNC systems. The use of RS232 for serial communication became inefficient now a days where fast processing is required. RS232 communication is slower in terms of speed compared to USB communication so it is efficient to use USB communication for CNC to continuously work with the system. In USB communication number of devices can be connected by using USB hub but using RS232 only one device can be connected at a time. In this experiment the dual-core DSP microprocessor TMS320F28377D is used for fast and precise operation. The processor has USB 2.0 slot so it becomes easy to develop a FAT32 file management system for CNC machine using USB 2.0 flash drive. Keywords— CNC, USB, Dual Core, FAT32, File Management.


This essay claims that the first stanza of the Dao-de Jing (DDJ) attempts to formulate the sense of paradox—and loss—in the transition from pre-linguistic humanity to the first linguistically self-aware Chinese generation. Hegel's account of the silence of the Sphinx is employed to lay the ground for a Kantian conjectural account of this paradoxical transition. Nagel's question "What is it like to be a bat?" is employed as a model for the "Kantian" conjectural question posed in the first stanza of the DDJ: "What is it like to be a member of this primordial linguistically self-aware generation?" Also discussed here is the question whether there is a Kantian metaphysical dimension to the DDJ. Finally, an explanation is offered as to why understanding such primordial texts is both so difficult and so important for modern thinkers.


Partial least square (PLS) is the most commonly used algorithm for near infrared (NIR) modeling. NIR modeling features that it's cheap, easy and fast to measure the NIR spectroscopy while expensive, difficult and time-consuming to measure the reference value for this spectroscopy. PLS often faces the challenge of that limited samples are available in training set to build a predicative model. To tackle this problem, a novel NIR modeling method - Laplacian regularized least squares regression (LapRLSR) and its dynamically adaptive parameters optimization method was presented. Based on the semi-supervised learning framework, LapRLSR can take the advantage of many unlabeled spectra to promote the prediction performance of the model though there are only few labeled samples. The proposed LapRLSR modeling algorithm was applied to the online monitoring of the concentration of salvia acid B in the column separation procedure of TCM manufacturing, and the results demonstrated that its prediction capability outperformed PLS and regularized least square regression method.


Placement of the dental implant has become a popular option for oral rehabilitation in edentulous patients. The inter-foraminal area of the anterior mandible has become the elective area for the placement of implants. This area is also prone to vascular accidents because of the rich vascular anastomoses that supply this area. We present a case of slight perforation of one of the implants during surgery which just missed the sublingual branch. It was followed for a period of one year and no relevant complications were seen.


This paper explains the experience of introducing student's portfolio as an active learning methodology in the field of "Theory of Communication" syllabus in Journalism studies degree. This is an example of how these methodologies together with the use of new technology (online virtual platform) let students' learning and teaching quality to improve, as well as to adapt university teaching to changing times.


These revised lecture notes are an expository account of part of the proof of Thurston's Ending Lamination Conjecture for Kleinian surface groups, which states that such groups are uniquely determined by invariants that describe the asymptotic structure of the ends of their quotient manifolds.


Originally worshipped by the people of a small and politically insignificant eastern Mediterranean community, the Hebrew God rose to become the monotheistic deity of the entire Western tradition. Indeed, the God of Israel ranks as the most distinguished deity in human history. In this text, biblical scholar Bernhard Lang draws upon the available evidence, including ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian texts and art, to provide a portrait of the ancient Hebrew God. Lang's portrait shows the Hebrew God in five images. He appears as lord of wisdom, lord of war, lord of the animals, lord of the individual, and lord of the harvest - a God whose rule extends to all areas of life. Lang illuminates the completeness of this God's leadership with insights derived from modern religious, anthropological and cultural studies, and he argues that Israel's monotheistic God, far from being simply opposed to other gods, actually echoes and incorporates much of the ancient polytheistic experience of the divine. The worldview of the ancient Semites did not differ from that of the Indo-European peoples as dramatically as others have assumed, Lang contends. Written in a non-technical style, this volume should be suitable for the general reader and religious historian alike.


A decomposition technique based on the method of feasible directions for the solution of a special linear-convex programming problem is presented, the method being very similar to Rosen's decomposition method but unlike it ensuring convergence.


Abstract does not appear. First page follows.
 Introduction
 The early history of the alfalfa butterfly as a pest is well covered in the works
 of (Wildermuth (1911), (1914), (1920).4 In California and other parts of the West the caterpillar of this butterfly, Colias eurytheme Boisduval,5 is the most serious pest attacking alfalfa. Here, in cases of severe outbreaks, entire
 fields are often defoliated.
 During the course of the alfalfa weevil investigation in the region adjacent to the
 San Francisco Bay and in the northwest portion of the San Joaquin Valley, it was observed
 that the amount of damage done by the alfalfa butterfly varied not only from year
 to year but from field to field. One of the reasons for this behavior came to light
 during September, 1938. In an alfalfa field near Tracy a large number of larvae were
 collected for use in toxicity studies. The alfalfa was about one third grown and supported
 a very large population of small larvae. At first it appeared that the developing
 population was sufficient to inflict serious damage. However, most of the larvae collected
 proved to be parasitized by a hymenopterous parasite, Apanteles flaviconehae Riley. (Wildermuth (1914)) probably referred to this parasite when he recorded A. fiavicombe as a relatively unimportant parasite of the alfalfa butterfly at Salt Lake City,
 Utah.


Provided are an electrode for an electrochemical device, a method for producing the same, and an electrochemical device comprising the electrode. The electrode for an electrochemical device comprises: a network structure comprising cellulose fiber and a conductive material in which the ratio of the length to the thickness (L/D) is 50 or more; and an active material which is dispersed in the network structure.


Preventing smoke back‐layering in longitudinal‐ventilated tunnels is an important topic in handling with fires safety issues. Previous studies focused on the critical velocity, while only very few of them paid attention to how to realize this parameter, that is, in a critical state, to overcome the resistance of the tunnel and the fire source to the airflow, the required driving force provided by the ventilation equipment installed in the tunnel. This study addressed this problem in the situation where the coupling effect of blockage and throttling effect was highlighted by conducting theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The results showed that the presence of metro train blockage reduces the effective cross‐sectional area of the tunnel near the fire source and decreases the critical velocity. On the other hand, the blockage of trains also increases the resistance to the ventilation airflow and exacerbates the throttling effect, leading to the increase of the critical driving force. In such conditions, a stronger driving force to approach the critical velocity was needed. Besides, the length of train blockage was verified to exert limited influence on the value of critical velocity while it significantly affected the critical driving force. Furthermore, the calculated formula for the critical driving force was proposed with the prevention of smoke back‐layering considering the blockage effect to be emphasized.


In cognitive radio system, spectrum reuse is one of the main methods to improve the utilization of spectrum resources. Nevertheless, it has been unable to further improve spectrum efficiency that the reuse is implemented exclusively from the dimension of frequency. Taking account of the problem of spectrum resource spatial reuse in addition to the reuse of frequency, and aiming at the problem of the network transmission power optimization based on spectrum resource spatial reuse method in cognitive network, this paper proposes a spectrum resource spatial reuse algorithm based on Game Theory. Game theory is used by the algorithm to establish a game model of spectrum resources spatial reuse. A price function based on the channel quality is introduced to ensure the fairness of cognitive user to allocate power in each channel. A successive over relaxation iteration algorithm is used to solve the Nash equilibrium. Simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithm not only has high reliable detection performance to reduce the total transmission power, but also can ensure the service quality of cognitive users.


A new method for the restoration of degraded images in inhomogeneous atmosphere was proposed using the optical model of image degradation in inhomogeneous path. Firstly, Sky radiances at observer corresponding to the slant directions of each object in image were estimated. Then, based on the prior knowledge of dark channel, the rough relative distances of scene objects in image were estimated appro ximately, and as a key point, the ratio factor which reflects the inhomo geneous property of visual path in the degradation model was obtained, and subsequently atmospheric transmittance of imaging path was computed. Finally, using these parameters computed above, the degraded image can be restored by the inverse process of the optical degradation model.The experimental results show that the new algorithm is effective for actual outdoor degraded images.


Protracted inflammation has been associated with the generation of autoimmune responses. In this respect, increase in the chaperonin, heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) is an outcome of prolonged inflammatory stress. Previous experiments have shown that overexpression of inducible hsp70 in vitro enhanced myelin autoantigen recognition. To prove the role of hsp70 in myelin‐directed responses in vivo, we applied a mouse deficient in the major gene encoding inducible hsp70, hsp70.1. Hsp70.1–/– mice sensitized for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35–55, displayed almost complete resistance to the disease. This correlated with the loss of T cell proliferation and IFN‐γ production in response to MOG35–55. T cell transfer experiments as well as antigen presentation assays in vitro demonstrated that hsp70 deficiency was associated with dysfunction in the activation of autoreactive T cells. Moreover, T cell responses to ovalbumin (OVA) peptide 323–339 were altered and CD4+ T cells were more prone to TCR‐induced apoptosis, suggesting broader spectrum of T cell defect in hsp70.1–/– mice. These results provide compelling evidence for generalized effect mediated by inducible hsp70 in the recognition of myelin self and non‐self antigens that influences the cytokine profile of the immune response affecting autoimmune demyelination.


Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (TB) is usually performed by the tuberculin intradermal test, which allows detection of cattle that have been exposed to Mycobacterium bovis. However, in herds where control of TB is based on the identification and removal of reactors to this test, some animals in advanced stages of the disease and with open lesions do not show reactivity to tuberculin (anergic), and might remain in the herd, thus constituting a potential source of infection in susceptible cattle. The objective of this study was to use alternative methods of diagnosis to identify positive TB bovines that are not detected by the intradermal test. A dairy herd of 277 bovines, which had been under supervision by the National TB Control and Eradication Campaign in Mexico (CANETB), was selected. A serologic survey was carried out to determine the presence of antibodies against components of the culture filtrate protein extract (CFPE) by immunoenzymat ic methods (ELISA). Eleven samples were considered positive as they showed optical density (OD) values equal or higher than the cut-off value (OD = 0.300). These animals were analyzed again by ELISA, using both M. bovis and M. avium CFPE, in order to confirm infection. In addition, production of interferon-g (IFN-γ) was also determined in whole blood samples using a commercial kit. DNA obtained from nasal swabs of the same animals was analyzed by spoligotyping. Results obtained in these assays indicated that 8/11 were positive to ELISA, 7/11 showed production of IFN-γ, and 6/11 were positive by spoligotyping. Tests used in this study identified several anergic animals in this herd. It is considered that these methods could be useful in the control of TB in areas of low prevalence (<1%), since the intradermal test does not detect bovines in an advanced stage of the disease. These alternative methods could be used together with the tuberculin test for a more reliable diagnosis of tuberculosis.


e15564 Background: The presence of lymph node (LN) metastases has a major impact on the prognosis of women with endometrial cancer. Sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy can potentially help to avoid extensive dissection, however, current data show insufficient diagnostic accuracy. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of the SN in order to increase accuracy.

METHODS
From January 2008 to December 2009, 30 consecutive patients with endometrial cancer were labeled by hysteroscopic injection of Tc-99and underwent SN biopsy . All sentinel lymph nodes were submitted to immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using Pan-cytokeratin antibody combined with a set of three 4 mm thick sections cut every 250 μm.

RESULTS
59 SN obtained from 25 patients were available for IHC staining. Significantly more metastases were detected compared to H&E staining. Ten out of 59 SN (17%) had detectable micrometastasis or isolated tumor cells (ITC).This had a positive impact on the diagnostic accuracy of the sentinel node biopsy. Sensitivity increased from 67% to 100% (p=0,01) since 2 false negative patients out of 6 patients with LN metastases were positive for micrometastasis in the H&E negative SN. In addition, 2 patients with H&E tumor-free LNs were diagnosed with ITC in their SN. These additional micrometastasis or ITC were equally distributed among the pelvic and para-aortic area.

CONCLUSIONS
We could demonstrate that additional immunohistochemistry staining can substantially improve the diagnostic accuracy of SN biopsy. If this is associated with a false positive rate of 7% has to be shown by careful follow up of IHC SN positive patients.


We present a rare case of fetal ventriculomegaly initially diagnosed at 37 weeks of gestation in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy of a 30-years-old primigravida. During a growth scan arranged at 37 weeks of gestation in order to determine the placental position and fetal lie, both lateral brain ventricles were found to be severely dilated, approximately 16 mm. No other markers of chromosomal abnormalities or major structural defects were identified on the scan. Our case highlights the importance of a more detailed brain assessment in case that 3rd trimester sonographic evaluations are undertaken. In the literature, no case of fetal ventriculomegaly diagnosed via ultrasound later than 36 weeks has been documented. Fetal brain is probably the only fetal structure that continues to develop significantly throughout late gestation and sonographers and clinicians should take advantage of these fetal imaging advances in all pregnancy trimesters for parental reassurance and optimal fetal development.


Reverse engineering is an important process in CAD systems today. Yet several open problems lead to a bottleneck in the reverse engineering process. First, because the topology of the object to be reconstructed is unknown, point connectivity relations are undefined. Second, the fitted surface must satisfy global and local shape preservation criteria that are undefined explicitly. In reverse engineering, object reconstruction is based both on parameterization and on fitting. Nevertheless, the above problems are influenced mainly by parameterization. In order to overcome the above problems, the paper proposes a neural network, Self Organizing Map (SOM) method, for creating a 3D parametric grid. The main advantage of the proposed SOM method is that it detects both the orientation of the grid and the position of the sub-boundaries. The neural network grid converges to the sampled shape through an adaptive learning process. The SOM method is applied directly on 3D sampled data and avoids the projection anomalies common to other methods. The paper also presents boundary correction and growing grid extensions to the SOM method. In the surface fitting stage, an RSEC (Random Surface Error Correction) fitting method based on the SOM method was developed and implemented.


The kinetics of the vapor-phase ammoxidation of m-xylene over a chromium-vanadium catalyst and an antimony-vanadium catalyst, in which the atomic ratio of chromium or antimony to vanadium was unity, was studied in a flow system and compared with that over a vanadium catalyst. The reaction-rate data obtained were then correlated with the reaction kinetic model proposed for a vanadium catalyst. There was no great difference in the reaction rates of m-xylene over the various catalysts. The ratios of the specific rate constant of m-xylene to that of m-tolunitrile, kx/kM both mixed vanadium catalysts were considerably smaller than that for a vanadium catalyst. The relative ratio for the formation of m-tolunitrile from m-xylene, k1/kx, was nearly equal for a vanadium catalyst and a chromium-vanadium catalyst, but it was larger for an antimony-vanadium catalyst. The order of the relative ratio for the direct formation of carbon oxides and hydrogen cyanide from m-xylene was: vanadium catalyst>chromium-vanadium ca...


We consider the dynamical system with control for the abstract nonselfadjoint operator in the Hilbert space and derive the equations of the Boundary Control method for this problem. We show that the solution of this equations depends of the controllability type of the dynamical system. We provide the applications of this equation to the problem of the recovering of the spectral data from the dynamical one.


The literature suggests a positive link between homeownership and transition to parenthood. However, couples' preferences to become homeowners before having their first child have been undermined by rising housing uncertainty and housing unaffordability over recent decades. Britain is an archetype example: homeownership rates have fallen markedly among young adults as a result of low wages, precarious employment, reductions in the availability of mortgage credit, and rising house prices, generating a housing crisis. Using longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (1991-2008) and the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study (2009-2016), and applying multilevel discrete-time event-history techniques on a sample of women aged 18-42, we investigate whether and how the link between housing tenure and first birth has changed over recent decades in Britain. We find that, in comparison to the 1990s, the likelihood of becoming a parent has declined among homeowners in recent years, whereas childbearing rates among private renters have remained stable. Thus owner occupiers and private renters have become more similar in terms of their likelihood of entering parenthood. Overall, our findings question the classical micro-level assumption of a positive link between homeownership and transition to parenthood, at least among Britain's "Generation Rent".


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We investigate entanglement spectra of the SO(3) bilinear-biquadratic spin-1 chain, a model with phases exhibiting spontaneous symmetry breaking (both translation and spin rotation), points of enlarged symmetry, and a symmetry-protected topological phase (the Haldane phase). Our analysis reveals how these hallmark features are manifested in the entanglement spectra, and highlights the versatility of entanglement spectra as a tool to study one-dimensional quantum systems via small finite size realizations.


Wind power prediction is important to the operation of power system with large amount of wind power.The current situation of wind power prediction technology,wind power prediction system construction,prediction errors,assessment index and main market body of prediction were discussed from the power dispatch perspective.The main problems of incomplete basic data,low prediction precision,prediction time scale short and lack of prediction in most wind farms were analyzed.Some improvement suggestions were proposed,such as enforcing wind power prediction system construction both on grid side and wind farm side,speeding up the building of ultra-short term wind power prediction system,deepening wind power prediction technology study and strengthening prediction technical standard system and cooperation of different industries.


The Cold War Era left the major participants, the United States and the former Soviet Union (FSU), with large environmental legacies in terms of facility contamination and environmental degradation. Although the countries face similar issues from similar activities, important differences in waste management practices make the potential environmental and health risks of more immediate concern in the FSU and Eastern Europe. In the West, most nuclear and chemical waste is stored in known contained locations, while in the East much of the equivalent material is unconfined, contaminating the environment. The knowledge and experiences of the U.S. in these initial cleanup efforts are seen as important information in many North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Partner countries, where the environmental problems are more severe and the cleanup budgets more limited. An Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on ''Risk Assessment Activities for the Cold War Facilities and Environmental Legacies'' was held in Bourgas, Bulgaria, May 2-11, 2000. The objective of the ASI was to provide information to facilitate and enable decision-making activities affecting the environment and human populations in the NATO and Partner countries. Specifically, the ASI provided a forum to communicate the current status of risk analysis and management methodologies and their appropriatemore » application. It addressed scientific approaches and application experiences from the initial U.S. risk assessment activities. This book is the product of the ASI. The power of the text lies in linking information on legacies with an integrated view of controlling the risk of those legacies. Risk can only be effectively controlled by proper balance of three central concepts: risk analysis, risk perception, and risk management. The editors were drawn together by the joint recognition that risk analysis methods had matured over the past 30 years in several fields, relatively independent of each other. It was time to integrate all these forms of risk analysis under one framework, identifying the reasons for the seemingly disparate approaches and the gains to be reaped by bringing them together. Part I of this book gives detailed information on the three central concepts and gives further definition to facility-centered and human-centered approaches to risk analysis and risk management. Part II of this book gives extensive information on the legacies, our perception of the risk associated with them, and, in some cases, tools for analyzing that risk. Part III of the book relies heavily on applications as a means of presenting detailed information on risk assessment programs and methodologies. Finally, Part IV provides details on future activities. Applications were selected for this text that illustrate the strengths and limitations of different risk methodologies for assessments of military and Cold War legacy facilities in NATO and Partner countries. The textbook shows how specific needs have been met by the various risk methodologies and stress the need for an integrated view that uses the various risk methodologies in a complementary rather than competitive manner.« less


Dolj County is an administrative territorial unit representative for the South-West, at least in terms of agricultural production, given its potential (agricultural land and arable land 585,363 and 488, 715 ha). In this context, it is interesting to realize an overview of what it means agricultural equipment of Dolj with major mechanical components of the park (tractors, tractor plows, seeders and combine aerial) over the period 2011-2013. Unfortunately the work could not also capture the qualitative aspects of the mechanical park side, given that many of the machines are outdated. In this situation there is a need to modernize the mechanical park, operation down menus difficult to de-capitalization conditions of the greater part of farmers. Attracting European funds constitutes a viable alternative for only a part of manufacturers, unfortunately, those with favorable financial conditions. This paper seeks to anchor Dolj County, in terms of endowment with mechanical, in regional and national context.


The absorption spectra of solid films of six photoconductive dyes are reported. The transitions in the solid state correspond to those of the ``isolated'' cations in solution. However, the longest‐wavelength singlet‐singlet absorption band is split into components separated by 1000 cm—1 or more. Other bands are unaffected, except for a general decrease of oscillator strength. The results are interpreted in terms of light absorption by a single molecule, followed by exciton motion in the lowest excited state.


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Objective: To understand the STD infection status of recent years in countryside of Xinjiang. Methods: At the time of May, 2001, a study was conducted on the STD prevalence in the countryside in Xinjiang. Ureaplasma Urealyticum(UU), M. hominis(MH), Chlamydia trachomatic(CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae(GN), rapid plasma reagin(RPR) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) were detected to 110 general women. Results: The positive rate of UU, CT, MH and NG were 30%, 21.8%, 5.45% and 5.45%, respectively. 29(26.3%) women have two or three infective agents of them. Among patients of cervical inflammation or/and pelvic inflammation(59 cases), positive rate of CT or/and UU(59%) were higher than in control group(19.6%). All women were HIV negative, one of them was positive of RPR test. Conclusion: The study should be carried out in detecting and treating of STD in general people.


1NORTH AND SOUTH was a title suggested by Dickens and accepted by Elizabeth Gaskell, who thought of her novel as "Margaret Hale" during the early stages of composition.' The choice represents Dickens's imagination rather than Gaskell's; it sets up an absolute contrast, a sharpening of distinctions between pastoral and industrial worlds, that Dickens himself might have used to make his rhetorical points. His own "condition of England" novel, Hard Times, was running in Household Words as he received Gaskell's chapters, and it seems likely that he invented a title which would link the new novel with his own and with Disraeli's Sybil, or The Two Nations, and advertise it as another account of the crisis of social division. But North and South is not really organized as a system of contrasts;2 nor is it exactly a "social-problem novel," for it does not identify a clear version of industrial crisis and cry


Price (2001) evokes the constraints of social contexts on language use by this quote from P. L. Berger and T. Luckmann (1967) thus: "I encounter language as a facility external to myself and it is coercive in its effect on me. Language forces me into patterns". The dissemination of knowledge through established conventions of academic discourse seemingly demonstrates the capacity of the discourse to effectuate the learning and expression of such knowledge (Hyland and Hamp-Lyons 2002). This crucial proficiency therefore means specific practices in academic contexts and communicative behaviours. Academic literacy thus applies to a complex set of skills to which allude Dudley-Evans and St. John (1988), and to a "common core of universal skills or language forms" (Hutchison and Walters 1998; Spack 1988). Inescapably, critical questions arise to wit: Does a Language for Academic Purposes (LAP) exist to delineate disciplines? Is its specificity defensible in heterogeneous academic communities? How inherently different are individual discourse communities and disciplines vis-a-vis their social, communicative and cognitive dimensions?


This paper describes the derivation and testing of a set of household category trip production rates. The trip rates were derived from reported trip making from a home interview survey conducted in Toowoomba in 1964. The synthesising ability of the category analysis model using the Toowoomba trip rates was tested for six other Australian cities using data from transportation study reports. The general applicability of the trip rates was tested as the data ranged from 1960 to 1971 and for city sizes from 50,000 to 2 million. Examination was also made of possible modifications to the model to include a measure of zonal accessibility. /TRRL/


A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.


Introduction: Anthropometric measurements are simple, easy, cheap, and feasible methods used to estimate body fat. Regular exercise is very important for healthy life. Overweight and obesity are risk factors for hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. This study was aimed to correlate anthropometric parameters with lipid profile in healthy females performing regular exercise.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study correlation of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist hip ratio (WHC) with lipid profile in females performing regular exercise.

Materials and Methods: BMI, WC, hip circumference, and WHC measured using standard protocol. 2 mL blood sample collected after overnight fasting. ipid profile study for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low-density lipoproteins was done using fully automated biochemical analyzer. Pearson's correlation and Chi-square test used for statistical analysis.

Results: BMI and WC showed statistically significant positive correlation with TC and LDL. WHR showed highly significant positive correlation with TC and LDL.

Conclusion: BMI, WC, and WHR are showing significant positive correlation with TC and LDL. This underlies significance of regular exercise to maintain lipid profile in control range for good health.


Traditionally handbooks on Greek and Roman interiors state that ancient houses were sparsely furnished, with only the most necessary items. This assumption is highly influenced by the nineteenth century, as in that age most ideas about ancient domestic culture, including interior decoration, were formed. Aristocratic houses in nineteenth century Europe were anything but sparsely furnished, especially compared to what was known about Classical antiquity. After posing this assumption, the handbooks list the items of furniture used in antiquity, based on sources of very diverse origin, mostly departing from depictions of furniture in Greek and Roman art. These are labeled with names used for furniture in ancient literature and sometimes epigraphical material.

Keywords:

archaeology;
arts and architecture;
cultural history


This study investigates the thermal and structural effects of fire protection, the slab, and the connection fixity on the thermal and structural behavior of perimeter columns in a common steel-framed high-rise building exposed to fire. A model is developed based on a tall steel building (of common construction) that was subject to conflagration in the last decade. The progression of the fire from floor to floor as it moved up the building is considered in developing the time-temperature curves for the analyses. Structural analyses therefore consider that some floors are cooling down while others are heating up. Results show that the beams framing into perimeter columns expand significantly and induce large moments in the perimeter columns, which may lead to the development of plastic hinges. The development of many plastic hinges in a frame could lead to overall structural instability. This phenomenon is essentially independent of the beam-to-column connection fixity and the presence/absence of a slab; therefore fire protection designs for perimeter columns should consider the beams framing into them, which are integral to structural stability.


Many parts of today´s world are manufactured by cold forming operations or more precisely by mechanical upsetting such as wheelmounts or bevel gears because cold forming has several advantages compared to other machining operations. Due to size effects, the maximum achievable upset ratio in mechanical upsetting decreases with decreasing size of the work piece, so that upsetting becomes inefficient in micro range. Here, one promising approach is the laser rod end melting process generating a so called preform which allows upset ratios of several hundred within one stage. This preform is subsequently calibrated by a mechanical upsetting process. A numerical simulation showing the open die upsetting process of preforms, modeled with Abaqus, is presented in this work. Results of numerically determined natural strain are compared with an analytical model showing that the analytical model is a reasonable approximation. The maximum achievable average natural strain of preforms in upsetting is experimentally determined to be at least φ*=2.75.


Based on the tip-based continuous indentation process, a novel method for the fabrication of periodic arrayed triangular micro-cavities on copper (Cu) surfaces is presented. The indentation force is modulated and the indentation speed and moving velocity of the precision stage used to drive the workpiece are optimized to improve the machining efficiency. The deformation property of the pile-ups at the side of the pyramidal cavity is studied. Due to the overlap of the pile-ups of adjacent micro pyramidal cavities, two and three dimensional arrayed nanostructures are successfully achieved. Then, the structured Cu (110) surface is used as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with the rhodamine 6G (R6G) probe molecule as the detecting target in the present study. Experimental results show that the Raman intensity is enhanced with a decrease in the moving velocity of the precision stage. SERS enhancement factors within the range of 105 to 3 × 106 are achieved on the structured Cu (110) surface, which demonstrates that this method is reliable, replicable, homogeneous and inexpensive for the fabrication of SERS substrates.


At 220 K in cyclopropane solvent, hydrogen-atom abstraction from allyl alcohol by ButO˙, EtO˙, PhMe2CO˙, (Me3Si)2N˙ or triplet-state acetone gives the 1-hydroxyallyl radical 3 as a ca. 3 : 1 mixture of the syn- and anti-isomers. In contrast, the allyloxyl radical does not react with allyl alcohol to bring about abstraction of hydrogen, but instead undergoes a more rapid alcohol-promoted rearrangement to give 3 as a ca. 1 : 1 mixture of the syn- and anti-forms. 2-Methylallyl alcohol, ethanol and propan-2-ol also induce this formal 1,2-H-atom shift in the allyloxyl radical. In the presence of ethan[2H]ol, both 3 and (3-OD) are formed and as [EtOD] is increased from 0.3 to 3.6 mol dm–3[3-OD]/[3] first passes through a maximum value of ca. 1 and then decreases to 0.38. It is proposed that there is more than one mechanism for the alcohol-induced rearrangement of the allyloxyl radical, one that involves assisted migration of hydrogen from the α-carbon atom to the oxygen atom and another that results in incorporation of deuterium from the EtOD. The importance of the latter mechanism decreases at high alcohol concentrations and this behaviour is thought to be related to the extent of association of the alcohol by hydrogen-bonding. The allyloxyl radical was generated by UV photolysis of allyl tert-butyl peroxide and by ring opening of the oxiranylmethyl radical, derived from epibromohydrin or epichlorohydrin by halogen-atom abstraction. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations predict that an unassisted 1,2-H-atom shift in the allyloxyl radical will involve a very large activation energy. The alcohol is believed to serve a dual function in promoting the rearrangement: first, to increase the acidity of the α-CH2 group by hydrogen-bonding to the oxygen atom of the allyloxyl radical and, secondly, to provide a basic oxygen atom to facilitate the transfer/removal of a erotic α-hydrogen atom.


Recursive filter design techniques are described and developed for finite impulse filters using finite field arithmetic. The finite fields considered have the form GF(q^{2}) , the Galois field of q^{2} elements, and are analogous to the field of complex numbers when q is a prime such that (-1) is not a quadratic residue. These filters can be designed to yield either a desired finite impulse or finite frequency response function. This filtering technique has other possible applications, including the encoding or decoding of information and signal design. Infinite signal trains can be decomposed naturally into orthogonal sequences which may be useful in the encoding and decoding process and may provide another approach to convolutional coding. Since the recursive filters developed here do not have the accumulation of round-off or truncation error that one might expect in recursive computations, such filters are noise-free transducers in the sense of Shannon.


The present study on 'Distribution and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned buffalo calves in Krishna-Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh' was conducted to establish the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection as well as the Cryptosporidium species prevailed in the K-G river basin area (Guntur, Krishna, West and East Godavari districts). Five hundred and five dung samples from pre-weaned buffalo calves under one month old were screened for Cryptosporidium infection. In modified cold strong Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN) staining technique 54 (10.69 %) dung samples were found positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts, whereas in FEA sedimentation coupled mZN staining method detected 51 (12.14 %) samples. Randomly selected 267 dung samples were subjected to two-step nested PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium DNA and 71 (26.59 %) positives were recorded. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium was done by DNA sequence analysis. The influencing factors (age, sex, dung consistency and geographical area) on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in pre-weaned buffalo calves of the K-G river basin area were analyzed based on the results obtained by mZN, FEA combined mZN staining method and nested PCR. The highest prevalence of infection was observed at 2 and 3 week age groups by conventional and nested PCR. The prevalence rate in the 1 week of age was recorded as the lowest, followed by the 4 week age group. The minimum age at which the 6 days old buffalo calf was infected and detected by both conventional and nested PCR techniques. Among the detection methods, mZN staining method detected the lowest prevalence rate for all the age groups when compared to FEA combined mZN staining method and nested PCR. Sex-wise Cryptosporidium infection was detected in 25 (19.53 %) male calves out of 128 examined whereas, in females it was 46 (33.09 %) out of 139 screened by nested PCR. Further, in both the sexes the nested PCR showed significantly (P<0.05) higher detection percent when compared to mZN and FEA coupled mZN staining techniques. Based on the consistency of dung, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in pre-weaned buffalo calves of the K-G river basin of Andhra Pradesh was studied. The highest rate of infection was observed with diarrhoeic and watery dung consistency groups. In formed dung consistency group of samples, the prevalence rate was at 9.63 (18/187) and 24.18 (22/91) by mZN staining and nested PCR techniques, respectively. The high prevalence rate of infection was observed by nested PCR in diarrhoeic dung consistency group (46.0 %). In the samples of formed and diarrhoeic dung consistency, the nested PCR showed significantly (P<0.05) a higher prevalence when compared to mZN and FEA combined mZN staining techniques. Based on the results of mZN staining method, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was higher (15.30 %) in the Godavari river basin and lowest in the Krishna river basin (4.91 %). In FEA combined mZN staining method, 420 dung samples were examined and detected 7.73 and 15.93 percent of infection in the dairy calves of Krishna river basin (15/194) and Godavari river basin (36/226), respectively. Nested PCR detected 14.91 (17/114) and 35.29 percent (54/153) of Cryptosporidium infection. These results clearly showed that the buffalo calves reared in the Godavari basin area are more at risk than those at the Krishna river basin area. DNA sequence analysis revealed that, in the K-G river basin area of Andhra Pradesh, among the screened, the majority of the dung samples from the pre-weaned graded murrah buffalo calves has C. bovis infection (n=11), followed by C. ryanae (n=7) and C. parvum (n=5) infection. The zoonotic species, C. parvum was recorded both from the Krishna river basin (n=3) and the Godavari basin areas (n=2) of the Andhra Pradesh state. To highlight this is the first of its kind of report on the Cryptosoridium in buffalo calves of the K-G river basin area of Andhra Pradesh.


Photograph by Roger Stalley. Detail of base showing torus and thin horizontal rolls and a pronounced spur at the corner.


Range of motion, degree of hemarthrosis and leg circumference was prospectively recorded in one hundred and eighteen consecutive isolated ACL reconstructions. A higher grade of hemarthrosis at one week was associated with a flexion deficit at eight weeks (P=0.002, relative risk 1.93). Increased leg circumference at one week was also associated with a flexion deficit at eight weeks (P=0.007, relative risk 1.37). An extension deficit was not associated with a hemarthrosis (P=0.47) or increased circumference (P=0.07). This prospective review identifies a risk factor for clinicians to be aware of after ACL Reconstruction. These patients merit closer observation and possibly a modified rehabilitation protocol. To determine if increased swelling in the early post operative period is predictive of difficulty in regaining full range of motion after ACL reconstruction. Increased swelling, at one-week post op (presence of a large hemarthrosis or a measured circumference greater than 1.5cm more than the control limb) is associated with flexion loss at eight weeks post surgery. These patients merit closer observation and possibly a modified rehabilitation protocol. Patients with a higher grade of hemarthrosis at one week were more likely to have a flexion deficit at eight weeks (P=0.002, relative risk 1.93). Increased circumference was also associated with a flexion deficit at eight weeks (P=0.007, relative risk 1.37). The presence of a large hemarthrosis was not associated with an extension deficit at (P=0.47) although there was a trend for increased circumference to be associated with extension deficit (P=0.07). One hundred and eighteen consecutive patients were prospectively assessed post ACL reconstruction. Range of motion was measured by goniometer at week one, four and eight. A deficit greater than 10° of flexion or 5° of extension (compared to normal leg) at the eight-week mark was defined as significant. The grade of hemarthrosis and circumference of the leg at the level of the patella were recorded at the same intervals. All patients underwent endoscopic, primary, ACL reconstruction with a standardized post op physio protocol. Exclusion criteria included previous surgery on either knee, significant effusion at the time of surgery or associated ligament injuries.


Personalized Web search systems have been explored to alleviate the problem of information overload by keeping track of a user's specific information retrieval (IR) preferences, and then pushing information to the user according to their preferences maintained in a user profile. Nevertheless, personalization and contextualization is always associated with a computational cost. Therefore, it is more advantageous for a personalized Web search system to evaluate the necessity of personalization for a query before invoking the personalization mechanism. Unfortunately, most of the existing personalized Web search approaches only blindly personalize users' queries without considering the characteristic of the queries or the searchers who issue those queries. The main contributions of our research work presented in this paper are two fold. First, a novel selective Web search personalization and contextualization method is developed to enhance the effectiveness of personalized Web search. Second, an inferential language model which can take into account the semantic and contextual information associated with a Web search scenario is developed to enhance the selective personalization and contextualization process. The results of our initial experiment show that the proposed selective personalization and contextualization method underpinned by inferential language modeling significantly outperforms a baseline method developed based on syntactic click entropy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first inferential language modeling approach that has been successfully applied to Web search personalization and contextualization.


Objective: this study was to assess the effect of education on level of knowledge regarding the role and consumption of folic acid supplement in pregnant women. Methods: This was an interventional study in which 126 pregnant women referred to health centers in Qazvin during 2006-2007 were included. Health centers were selected by cluster sampling and the study population chosen randomly. Data were collected through a two-stage interview using a questionnaire. Initially, a questionnaire was completed by interview followed by a15-minute face to face education session and further re-filling of the same questionnaire two weeks later. Data were analyzed using T test, chi square test, and Fisher's exact test. Findings: Based on results of present study, the level of knowledge on folic acid consumption among study population was demonstrated to be good (4%), moderate (57.1%), and poor (38.9%) pre-education which changed to 57.1%, 40.5% and 2.4% post-education, respectively. There was a significant difference between the level of knowledge pre- and post-education, statistically (P<0/000). Consumption of folic acid by pregnant women was found to be around 84.1% before education which rose to 96% after education program with a statistically significant difference preand post-education (P= 0/003). Conclusion: According to data found in our study, midwifes, medics, and health care workers are recommended to follow a given educational package in which the promotion of knowledge on folic acid supplement consumption and its advantages in reproductive age particularly in pregnant women is targeted.


This paper designed a set of simulation tester aimed at the lab scale used for the researching of the flowage characteristic of pulverized coal feeding and introduced the development of flowage kettle,the key part of this tester.The experiment result showed that this kind of tester is capable in ensuring the uniformity and steady flow of the pulverized coal.


ENZYMES, once regarded by most physicians as the mysterious and complex playthings of the biochemist, have steadily climbed to a position of eminence and familiarity in many fields of medicine. The ever-increasing importance of these substances has sprung from the realization that enzymatic processes supply the basic electricity that runs the human machine. Although the diagnostic and experimental applications of enzymes have already gained medical sanction, the therapeutic use of these agents has lagged behind. Recent developments, however, suggest that enzymatic therapy may shortly assume a position of consequence. Many enzymes are currently in medical use.1 This paper, however, deals . . .


This thesis will address the analysis of all internal and external conditions of the economic situation of SMEs in the Czech Republic, focusing on the Zlin region. Help survey will be collected information about the state of the economy SMEs. We will focus on analyzing their own situation in a particular enterprise. The result of the evaluation of research work and recommended solutions to economic problems for the company. The aim is to better assess the company available products and services. Its effective use of increased efficiency and competitiveness.


Objective: Toxoplasmosis is an important disease which is caused by the coccidian parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The aim of this study was to determine seroprevalence of and risk factors for T. gondii among pregnant women in Abyek township of Qazvin province by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Methods: Blood samples were taken from 200 pregnant women referred to the health centers of Abyek township. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)and IgG titers and effects of some factors on incidence of the disease were evaluated. The collected data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 17 using Chisquare test. Results: Anti toxoplasma IgM and IgG were positive in 2% and 29% respectively. Seropositive subjects were more frequently seen in women with age >30 years compared to younger women. No significant relationship was found between the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and level of education, residence area, history of abortion and gestational age. Conclusion: It was indicative of having a latent infection due to the previous exposure to toxoplasma parasite in this region. Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, Prevalence, Pregnant women, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Immunoglobulin M.


This study aims to analyze the effect of environmental stimuli and social factors against impulsive buying tendency case study on Indomart consumers in Banda Aceh. The data analysis method used in this study was through data quality testing to determine the validity of each question item. Furthermore, hypothesis testing is carried out using the path analysis test tool. Based on the results of the research and discussion, it is known that the conclusions of the study are 1) The influence of environmental stimuli has a significant effect on positive emotions in Indomart Superstore consumers in Banda Aceh, 2) Social factors have a significant effect on positive emotions in Indomart Superstore consumer products in Banda Aceh, 3 ) Environmental stimuli have a significant negative effect on impulse buying at the Indomart Superstore in Banda Aceh, 4) The influence of social factors has a significant effect on impulse purchases at Indomart Superstore in Banda Aceh, 5) The influence of positive emotions has a significant effect on impulsive buying at the Indomart Superstore in the city Banda Aceh, 6) Positive emotions mediate environmental stimuli to impulse buying at Indomart Superstore in Banda Aceh city, and 7) Positive emotions mediate social factors to impulsive buying at Suzuya Superstore in Banda Aceh City.


Part 5G promotes the collection of road surface texture data as an important component of site investigative and road network management in Australia and New Zealand. The guide primarily focuses upon one measure of texture, namely macrotexture, due to its important contribution to the available level of friction at the interface between vehicle tyre and road surface, and especially at high vehicle speeds and/or in wet conditions. The guidelines describe the different methods routinely used to measure texture in Australia and New Zealand and explain the need to consider the results obtained alongside skid resistance measurements. Information regarding road surface roughness is provided in the Austroads Guide to Asset Management – Part 5B: Roughness. (a)


The purpose of this study is to segment Japanese spa tourists according to push motivation using a factor-cluster market segmentation approach. The study examines why these tourists choose spa destinations from among the numerous available tourism options, and what kind of attractiveness they seek. The authors derive 7 factors from 44 motivation items by factor analysis and the tourists are segmented into five clusters. Their analysis reveals that these tourists chose spa destinations when they were in search of a 'soothing' experience, one of the seven factors considered specific to spas. The answer to the question on the kind of attractiveness sought varied by segment.


Native populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are generally susceptible to a number of drugs that can be used successfully in therapy. Drug resistance occurs because of predictable genetic mutation. For most commonly used drugs, a resistant mutant occurs once in every 10 to 10 bacterial divisions. Consequently, large populations of M. tuberculosis will almost always contain a small number of organisms resistant to any single antimycobacterial drug. Since individual genetic mutations are independent events, the likelihood of a single organism being resistant to two or more antimycobacterial drugs is extremely small. The population of M. tuberculosis in a person who is infected, but who does not have disease, is small enough to allow successful preventive therapy with a single drug (Isoniazid [INH]). However, persons with disease caused by M. tuberculosis have bacterial populations large enough to contain resistant mutants, and at least two drugs must be given for therapy to be successful. Drug-resistant tuberculosis occurs when there is a substantial increase in the percentage of organisms that are resistant to one or more of the antimycobacterial drugs. Secondary resistance occurs when the small number of drug-resistant mutants in a native population are selected by inappropriate drug therapy. Inappropriate therapy may consist of the use of an insufficient number of drugs, the use of inappropriate doses of one or more drugs, or irregular ingestion of antituberculosis medications. The crucial period for selection of drugresistant mutants is during the first few weeks and months of therapy when the bacterial population is relatively large. The likelihood of selecting drugresistant mutants becomes progressively decreased during the period of therapy. Consequently, secondary drug resistance may be largely prevented by appropriate therapy early in the treatment of tuberculosis. Primary drug resistance occurs when the initial population of M. tuberculosis contains a large percentage of organisms resistant to one or more drugs. Primary drug resistance occurs presumably by spread of resistant organisms from a person with secondary drug resistance. The likelihood of primary drug resistance has an important effect on the selection of initial therapy for tuberculosis. If the incidence of primary drug resistance is high in a population, three or more drugs must be used in the initial therapy of tuberculosis in order to make certain that at least two of the drugs are effective during the period of time when the bacterial population is large.


The action of rural cooperative movement in the 1920- 1930's , was called one of the methods that could recover rural society at that time. However the loan capital of rural cooperatives was so little that it could not provide a basic condition of countryside recovery. This fact reflects the change of rural society at that time from one side.


Failure mechanisms of materials under very high strain experienced at and ahead of the crack tip such as the formation, growth and interaction of microvoids in ductile materials, microcracks in brittle solids or crazes in polymers and adhesives are represented by one-dimensional, nonlinear stress-strain relations possessing different post-yield softening (strain-softening) behavior. These reflect different ways by which the material loses capacity to carry load up to fracture or total separation. A DCB type specimen is considered in this study.* The nonlinear material is confined to a thin strip between the two elastic beams loaded by a wedge. The problem is first modelled as a beam on a nonlinear foundation. The pertinent equation is solved numerically as a two-point boundary value problem for both the stationary and the quasi-statically propagating crack. A finite element model is then used to model the problem in more detail to assess the adequacy of the beam model for the use of experimental data to determine in-situ properties of the thin interlayer. It is found that the energy release rate derived by assuming built-in conditions at the crack tip can be used to calculate the fracture (surface) energy more accurately and conveniently than Berry's scheme [2] even in cases where the built-in assumption is apparently invalid. The analyses suggest that it is possible to infer from detailed macroscopic measurements of the deformations of the beam prior to and during crack growth the approximate characteristics of the complete (uniaxial) material stress-strain behavior of the cohesive interlayer including loading and strain-softening.t


Purpose: To verify the deviation of dose calculation based on commonly used TG43U1‐based algorithms from Monte Carlo simulations in eyeplaque implants, and to evaluate the dose perturbation introduced by eyeplaque. Method and Materials: Monte Carlo technique was used to generate 3D dose distributions of single IsoAid™ I‐125 brachytherapy sources. A novel computer code EyeMC was developed to utilize the single‐source 3D dose distribution to generate dose distributions of multiple‐source implants for COMS eye‐plaques, through rotating, superposing, displacing and interpolating methods. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations were performed for the 8‐seed implant to verify the accuracy of the EyeMC and treatment planning system, and to verify the magnitude seed‐eyeplaque effects. Eight seeds were placed as two isocentric squares at the same plane, with the inner square width of 0.6 cm and outside square width of 1.1 cm. The treatment planning system Brachyvision™ was also used to calculate the doses at points of interest with point‐ and line‐source approximations. Results: The point‐source approximation used in the treatment planning system agreed with line‐source approximation within 10%. Compared to the Monte Carlo simulation, the treatment planning system using line‐source approximation significantly underestimated the dose values at the eyeplaque axis, by 13% at 2 mm, 18% at 1.0 cm, 20% at 2.0 cm, and 24% at 3 cm. The eyeplauqe‐seed effect was small but noticeable. The presence of the eyeplaque could reduce dose up to 10% at the distance of interest up to 3 cm. The data from EyeMC agreed with multiple‐seed full Monte Carlo simulation within 3%. Conclusion: Our comparison of commonly used TG43U1‐based algorithm shows that neither point‐source nor line‐source approximations provides accurate dose calculations for multiple‐seed implant eyeplaques at short distances. Our study suggests that a Monte Carlo‐aided code, such as EyeMC, is needed to increase the accuracy of dose calculation.


Suggestions for curriculum development with teachers on In-Service courses are presented and emphasise the value of Process approaches to teaching and learning with gifted pupils. These suggestions are based upon trials with children, students and teachers in ordinary classrooms over a period of several years. The model of teaching presented emphasises the development of pupils' ability to think efficiently and communicate those thoughts succinctly in the context of the usual subject contents. The process approach is found to be particularly motivating and necessary for gifted pupils to prevent them from under functioning, for it offers them 'Cognitive Stretch'.


1-4Final year students, Department of Electronics Engineering, K.D.K College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra 5Guide & H.O.D, Department of Electronics Engineering, K.D.K College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract – The Emotion performs an essential position in our day by day existence and paintings. Real-time evaluation and law of emotion will enhance humans's lifestyles and make it higher. For example, within the communication of humansystem-interplay, emotion recognition will make the process more smooth and herbal. Another example, in the remedy of sufferers, in particular those with expression troubles, the real emotion kingdom of sufferers will assist doctors to offer greater appropriate medical care. In recent years, emotion popularity from EEG has won mass attention. Also it's far a completely critical factor in mind computer interface (BCI) structures, for you to successfully enhance the communication between human and machines. Reliable approach which efficient in detection of person's health are proposed. The design can detect the circumstance of the character individual the use of image classifier and EEG analyzer the usage of adaptive threshold detection method.


Urban and peri-urban development is one of the most underestimated causes of soil destruction. Therefore, the general aim of this study was to evaluate urban sprawl in the great EL Jadida. The methodology adopted is based on a diachronic study of multispectral satellite images (TM, ETM, and OLI) using two classification methods (maximum likelihood and spectral indices). This methodology allowed the reconstruction of trajectories of changes in land occupation and land use, highlighting the artificialisation of the territory and the privileged extension zones of urban and peri-urban sprawl between 1985 and 2019. This study reveals that the artificialization of the great El Jadida from 1986 to 2019 confirms solid urban growth. The area of land invaded by urbanization was approximately 5899 ha. Thus, the evolution of urban space from 1985 to 2019 revealed an average progression of approximately 174 ha per year. There is also a substantial regression of agricultural land around 6976 ha.


Efavirenz was associated with increased suicidal thoughts/behaviors in an analysis of randomized trials. However, analyses of observational data have found no evidence of increased hazard. To assess whether population differences explain this divergence we transported the effect of efavirenz from these trials to a specific target population. Using inverse odds weights and multiple imputation, the effect of efavirenz on suicidal thoughts/behaviors in these randomized trials (enrolled 2001-2007) was transported to a trials-eligible cohort of adults in the United States initiating antiretroviral therapy while receiving HIV clinical care at medical centers between 1999-2015. Overall, 8,291 cohort and 3,949 trial participants were eligible. Antidepressant prescription (19% vs. 13%) and injection drug history (16% vs. 10%) were more frequent in the cohort versus trials. Compared to the effect in trials, the estimated hazard ratio for efavirenz on suicidal thoughts/behaviors was attenuated in our target population (trials=2.3, 95%CI: 1.2, 4.4; transported=1.8, 95%CI: 0.90, 4.4), whereas the incidence rate difference was similar (trials=5.1, 95%CI: 1.6, 8.7; transported=5.4, 95%CI: -0.4, 11.4). In our target population, there was over 20% attenuation of the hazard ratio estimate compared to the trials-only estimate. Transporting results from trials to a target population is informative for addressing external validity.


Dr. Jasmeer P. Chhatwal (Neurology): A 35-year-old man was seen in the emergency department at this hospital because of right-sided neck pain, hoarseness, and dysphagia. The patient had been well until 7 days earlier when, while he was performing manual labor outdoors, pain developed suddenly in his right mandible and teeth, radiating to the ear. Minutes later, bilateral blurred vision and unsteadiness developed, resolving after 10 to 15 minutes. The jaw pain resolved spontaneously during 3 hours. Several hours later, pain in the right posterior neck and right-sided headache developed, which he rated at 8 on a scale of 0 to 10 (with 10 indicating the most severe pain), without nausea, vomiting, or photophobia. He took nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications; the headache gradually improved, but neck pain persisted. Two days later, he saw his physician. On examination, the systolic blood pressure was 150 to 159 mm Hg. Computed tomography (CT) of the head was reportedly normal. A combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone was prescribed for pain, and atenolol (25 mg daily) for hypertension. During the next 2 days, his voice became hoarse and swelling and weakness of the tongue (including difficulty moving the tongue to the right) developed, as did dysphagia with solid foods. He saw his dentist, who did not identify a dental cause for the pain, and he returned to his physician. The acetaminophen with oxycodone was stopped, and methylprednisolone (5-day tapering dose) and amoxicillin were administered. One day before this evaluation, the patient went to the emergency department at another hospital. CT scans of the neck, obtained after the administration of contrast material, were reportedly normal. Diazepam was prescribed. On the day of presentation, his physician referred him to the emergency department at this hospital. The headache had resolved, but the neck pain and hoarseness were unchanged. The patient did not have visual changes, vertigo, sensory loss, weakness (other than of the tongue), or constitutional symptoms. He reported no neck trauma. He was right-handed. He had borderline hypertension and had had 35 fractures in the past attributed to osteogenesis imperfecta. He took no medications other than those recently prescribed. He had allergic reactions to codeine (pruritus) and statins (myalgias). He worked in construction, which involved frequent heavy lifting. He was married and lived with his wife and son, who were well. He drank alcohol in moderation and did not smoke or use illicit drugs. His father had hypertension and hyperlipidemia and had had numerous fractures, his mother was healthy, and his Case 18-2012: A 35-Year-Old Man with Neck Pain, Hoarseness, and Dysphagia


SPMA is a new type of ad-hoc network Data-Link-Layer multiple access protocol. Different from traditional multi-finger access methods, such as CSMA, TDMA, etc., SPMA protocol can realize the priority distinction of information and ensure the low-latency and high-reliability transmission of high-priority information. This paper firstly presents a highly dynamic ad-hoc network scheme based on SPMA protocol, and focuses on the routing protocol and network topology control algorithm. Then, a cross-layer optimization algorithm scheme of OLSR and SPMA for multi-hop environment is proposed, that is, cross-layer optimization Layer-optimized distributed channel load sensing algorithm, so that the threshold algorithm can also be optimized; finally, the SPMA simulation verification platform is built to verify the distributed channel load sensing algorithm proposed in this paper, which can achieve better effects of differentiated transmission with different priorities and better guarantee the high-performance transmission of high-priority data.


Creative problem solving (CPS) abilities are vital in today's rapidly changing society. Teachers play a crucial role in promoting CPS from as early as primary education. This PhD project focused on CPS in primary school students. A CPS assessment procedure was developed and four studies were conducted to gain insight into the nature of CPS in this age group, as well as to formulate implications for the assessment of CPS.

The studies examined the impact of exploring knowledge and defining problems on CPS outcomes, the feasibility of solution-finding, and how students select the most creative ideas. They also explored the generalization of CPS scores across tasks and the impact of raters and tasks on these CPS scores. In addition, the studies investigated the nature of CPS in primary school students by focusing on the CPS process and product. Lastly, it was examined whether elementary school teachers could assess students' CPS abilities in absolute and relative ways.

The findings showed that exploring knowledge and defining problems could assist primary school students in generating more and more original ideas. Furthermore, students were able to identify their most creative ideas. The studies also indicated that primary school students possess CPS abilities, but a comprehensive understanding of a student's CPS abilities requires multiple tasks and raters. Relative assessments of CPS may yield reliable scores, whereas absolute assessments are more difficult to generalize across tasks. Teachers were quite able to assess CPS, in a relative way.

The studies' results have not only provided relevant implications for education but also have opened up novel areas of investigation


(CSP) method is applied to the method of moments prediction of radar scattering from complex geometries. Like the fast multipole method, the CSP method breaks up the geometry into groups of basis functions. The interactions between groups are computed using a CSP expansion that gives rise to Gaussian beam-like functions which are spectrally narrow. A small percentage of the beams are responsible for the interactions between each pair of separated groups. The CSP method is being investigated to accelerate the asymptotic phasefront extraction (APEx) algorithm. Also investigated is a cross-range imaging approach that uses swept-frequency data at a single aspect angle to obtain the cross-range locations of the first order scattering centers. Such an approach is very beneficial because APEx and other numerical methods are inefficient for predicting backscatter patterns for multiple aspect angles.


This paper aims at identifying the causes for pleasure, suffering and signs of illness in nurses and technicians who perform intensive care services. It also compares the occurrence of those symptoms at the beginning and end of professional's career. A descriptive and transversal research using two Likert scales: "EPST"(acronyms for suffering and pleasure at work scale) and "ESRT" (symptoms related to work scale) were used. The data was collected between September 2006 and January 2007, in the Intensive Care Unit at the "Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal". One hundred and twenty two health professionals took part in the research. The quantitative data analysis was made through descriptive statistics using the software SPSS 12.0. The data from both scales, ESRT and EPST, were compared taking into consideration the existence of the feelings of pleasure and suffering together with health damage to the nurses and technicians at the beginning and the end of their career. In the ESRT scale the result shows that the physical damage to the nurses has a score slightly above the technicians' (median average 2,8 and average 2,7 with DP ± 0,7, and in the technicians the numbers are respectively 2,5 and 2,6, with DP ± 0,8). In the psychological damages, the nurses had a median average of 1,7 and average 1,8 with DP ± 0,6 and the technicians 1,7 and 1,8, with DP ± 0,8. In social damages, the nurses had median average of 1,5 and average 1,7, with DP ± 0,7 and the technicians median average 1,4 and average 1,7 with DP ± 0,7. In the EPST analysis, the factors that indicate pleasure had, in the item professional fulfillment, for the nurses, median average 3,2 and average 3,2, with DP ± 0,8. For the technicians, it showed median average 3,1 and average 3,2, with DP ± 0,9. The topic freedom of speech showed, for the nurses, median average 3,6 and average 3,6, with DP ± 0,7 and the same numbers for the technicians. The topics indicating suffering showed, for professional exhaustion, median average 3,5 and average 3,2, with DP ± 0,9 for the nurses, and median average 2,8 and average 2,8 with DP ± 0,9 for the technicians. The topic lack of recognition had a median average 3,2 and average 3,0 with DP ± 0,7 for the nurses, and for the technicians median average and average 2,6 with DP ± 0,8. We may come to the conclusion that, the Intensive Care Unit services, for both categories, cause physical damages at moderate and relevant levels and the psychological and social damages are at acceptable levels. Those damages are not the same for both categories, neither at the beginning nor at the end of their career. In relation to pleasure and suffering, for both categories, the study concluded that the pleasure at work is found to be in a satisfactory level. We may highlight that, in the topic freedom of speech, for the nurses, this ability improves towards the end of their career. However, it remains steady all along the technician's career. Professional exhaustion, for both categories, is perceived at moderate levels. But for the technicians, those symptoms are more significant at the beginning of their career.


Beaming effect makes it possible that gamma-ray bursts have a standard energy, but the gamma-ray energy release is sensitive to some parameters. Our attention is focused on the effect of the gamma ray conversion efficiency ( \ eta γ ), which may range between 0.01 and 0.9, and which probably has a random value for different GRBs under certain conditions. Making use of the afterglow data from the literature, we carried out a complete correction to the conical opening angle formula. Within the framework of the conical jet model, we ran a simple Monte Carlo simulation for random values of \ eta γ , and found that the gamma-ray energy release is narrowly clustered, whether we use a constant value of \ eta γ or random values for different gamma-ray bursts.


The structural fabrics recorded from Devonian rocks and substrate in the Hasteinen area, Western Norway, show near E-W trends. In the Devonian rocks these fabrics are a consequence of post-depositional regional folding at a considerable depth, presumably attended by the aquisition of an thermoviscous (TVRM) or thermochemical (TCRM) remanence (group A). Post or possibly late syntectonic group A remanences (declination=210, inclination = +18, α95=9) constitute the principal remanence in both Devonian rocks and their substrate, whereas a younger group B magnetization (declination=047, inclination=+59, α95=7) relates to early Mesozoic shearing. The palaeomagnetic (group A) and structural data from the Hasteinen and Kvamshesten Old Red Sandstone Massifs favor a regional compressive N-S shortening event (Svalbardian-Solundian), which probably occurred during latest Devonian times. Some recent extensional-basin models, appealing to listric-normal faulting to account for both the sedimentation and the subsequent deformation of the Western Norwegian Devonian rocks, are rejected on the basis of inadequate structural information.


This paper presents research results on changes in material characteristics of the existing steel super-tall-chimney affected due to corrosion. The research was carried out on the strength, fatigue characteristics, residual stresses, macro-and micro-compositions, etc. of corroded sections. It is concluded that there is no adverse influence of corrosion on the material characteristics.


increases, more parties are turning to mediation to settle their wrongful termination, discrimination, and non-compete disputes. Why? Because mediation saves the parties significant litigation costs, including attorneys' fees, court expenses, and lost business opportunities due to time spent in litigation. It also offers a confidential resolution (versus the possibility of a published court or state anti-discrimination agency decision), the elimination of stress, and a swift return to more productive business. Finally, mediation allows the parties to control the outcome of the case, rather than leaving it for a judge,


Objective To study of the relationship between polymorphisms of XRCC1 and radiation exposure induced chromosome damage.Methods 224 radiation exposed workers suffering from chromosome damage were selected as case group.The chromosome damages were classified as mild and severe groups according to damage degree.Applying 1∶1 pair matching case-control design,224 workers with normal chromosome,hemogram,and similar cumulative radiation exposure matched in sex,age(±5 years),nationality,type of job,and working age(≤1 year)were selected as controls.The common information of subjects was investigated.The method of whole blood tiny culture was used for chromosome analysis.DNA was extracted from veinal blood by means of a saturated salting out procedure.The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)technique was applied to detect the sites of XRCC1.Results There was no significant difference in frequencies of XRCC1 26304,27466,28152,36189 genotypes and alleles between mild damage and control.Frequency of 26304 CT/TT in severe damage group was significantly higher than that of control(OR=1.89,95% CI 1.10~3.26).The frequencies of XRCC1 26304T allele in severe damage group and controls were 35.98% and 22.43% respectively,the difference was statistically significant(P0.01).Conclusions The polymorphism of XRCC1 26304 was associated with chromosome damage.The chromosome damage was easy-to-occur in workers with 26304 CT/TT when exposed to radiation.The relationship between polymorphism of XRCC1 27466,28152,36189 sites and chromosome damage was not found in this study.


This paper presents an efficient method for the dynamic simulation of inextensible cloth. The triangle mesh for our cloth model is simulated using an impulse-based approach which is able to solve hard constraints. Using hard distance constraints on the edges of the triangle mesh removes too many degrees of freedom, resulting in a rigid motion. This is known as the locking problem which is typically solved by using rectangular meshes in existing impulse-based simulations. We solve this problem by using a nonconforming representation for the simulation model which unfortunately results in a discontinuous mesh. Therefore, we couple the original conforming mesh with the nonconforming elements and use it for collision handling and visualization.


In the Federal Republic of Germany, some 700 people drown every year. Of particular importance is the so-called swimming bath black-out that occurs while swimming under water, which must always be avoidable when the causes are known and appropriate precautionary measures taken. Of life-saving importance in a case of drowning is the rapid and proper use of first aid. The severe pulmonary injury induced by freshwater or salt water aspiration urgently requires the treatment of the victim in an intensive care unit of a hospital, even after successful resuscitation.


A method of mapping out regions of reversed flow and producing animated vector fields is outlined. Some unusual techniques needed developing. Using a flying hot-wire technique and splitting bodies, the phase average vector flow fields in the near wakes and cavities of bodies were obtained. An animation of the vector field was produced which illustrates how vortices are formed during the vortex shedding process. Although the flow was turbulent, the structures have a geometry which fits in with the moderate Reynolds number (Re= 1000) unsteady laminar vortex shedding classification of Perry and Lim (1978).


Purpose: The paper is aimed at determining young people's motives and views related
to entrepreneurship, in particular social entrepreneurship. To this purpose, a
survey was conducted at the School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo to
explore the motivations of the student population to pursue entrepreneurship,
with a focus on social entrepreneurship and their intentions to engage in it.
The survey examined socio-political, situational and personal factors and their
direct and mediating effect on the intention to engage in social
entrepreneurship.
 Methodology: The research model and methodology presented in the
paper are based on the process theory of motivation and the model used by
Barton et al. (2018) and by Krueger (1993). The model elaborated by this paper's authors is expanded and redefined so
as to take account of socio-political factors and the respondents' views of
them.
 Results: The research revealed a limiting and de-stimulating effect of environmental
factors on the intention to start a business, as well as the significance of
situational and personal factors when deciding on engaging in social
entrepreneurship.
 Conclusion: The conducted research revealed that young people in
Bosnia and Herzegovina understand the significance of social entrepreneurship
for society at large, as well as for themselves, i.e. the sense of fulfilment
it could bring. The results could suggest that, for the respondents, the
desirable entrepreneurial option would be the one that implies involvement not
in the social entrepreneurship but in the socially responsible
entrepreneurship.


A new polysulfone hollow fiber, Helixone, manufactured using nano-controlled spinning technology has recently been introduced. This membrane has been mounted in a redesigned dialyzer, the FX Class (Fresenius Medical Care, Germany) with spiral blood inlet design and increased fibre packing density. It has unique biocompatibility, optimized clearance performance, and simplified handling characteristics. In a 6-week crossing-over clinical study we compared the traditional F80 dialyzer and FX80 dialyzer. The 15-minute percentage reduction rate on leukocyte, platelet, complement C5a was used as the observed parameter for membrane biocompatibility; as well as intradialytic reduction rate of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphate for performance on small molecular solutes removal. To measure ease of handling, we compared the volume of normal saline and nursing time used in priming and wash-back of both dialyzer types. The results showed that the FX80 helixone dialyzer maintained good biocompatibility compared to that of the F80. Removal rate of small solutes of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphate were higher in the FX80 than the F80 but the difference was not statistically significant which is possibly due to small sample size. The superior reduction ratio for phosphate with the FX approached significance (p=0.08). Easier handling of the FX80 compared to the F80 was confirmed by the need for less volume for prime and wash-back (P<0.0001) and less nursing time consumed by these procedures. We conclude that the new helixone FX80 dialyzer maintains good biocompatibility, and has a trend to higher reduction rate of small solutes compared to the F80. Moreover, the Helixone hollow fiber is easier for handling during priming and rinsing back during dialysis.


supematant. The suspension is transferred to a bijou bottle connected to the Hemming's filter containing a Whatman no. 41 filter paper. The bottles with the filter are centrifuged at about 2,000 r.p.m. for five minutes. This retains particles of diameter greater than 5 1, including epithelial cells, but allows bacteria and smaller debris, e.g., phosphates, to pass through. Glycerin albumin is spread thickly on two 3 x 1 in. slides. The moist filter paper is removed from the Hemming's filter and an imprint made on the first slide. The imprinted material is relatively fluid and is mixed by means of a slide end with the glycerin albumin on the slide. The mixture is drawn down with the slide edge into several parallel thick transverse lines, to make scanning for cells easier. The filter paper is then placed firmly on the second slide and the imprinted area ringed on the reverse of the slide with a diamond. The filter paper is then discarded. The slides are fixed in formalin vapour at 60°C. for one hour, washed in water, and stained at room temperature for 10 minutes with cresyl fast violet. The smears are finally washed in water and mounted in glycerine jelly. This technique removes much of the debris normally found even in a fresh urine. It is possible to use a cellulose acetate filter in place of the Whatman no. 41, but being a finer filter much debris is retained. This technique may have some value in the examination of cells in urine deposits for malignancy.


This is the first empirical study to explain the contested uses and meanings of 'Yid' in English football fan culture. A pertinent socio-political issue with important policy and legal implications, we explain the different uses of 'Yid', making central the cultural context in which it is used, together with the intent underpinning its usage. Focusing upon Kick It Out's The Y-Word campaign film (which attempted to raise awareness of antisemitism in football by advocating a 'zero tolerance' policy approach to 'Yid'), the complex relationship of Tottenham Hotspur with Judaism is unpacked. The origins of this complexity stem from Tottenham traditionally attracting Jewish fans due to nearby Jewish communities. As a consequence, Tottenham is perceived as a 'Jewish' club and their fans have suffered antisemitic abuse from opposing supporters who have disparagingly referred to them as 'Yids'. In response, Tottenham fans have, since the 1970s, appropriated and embraced the term by identifying as the 'Yid Army'. Critical analysis of fan forum discourse suggests that many Tottenham fans thought The Y-Word film failed to sufficiently understand or demarcate between the multiple meanings and intentions associated with use of 'Yid' as both an ethnic epithet and term of endearment. We call for an appreciation of the nature of language that acknowledges the fluidity and temporality of linguistic reclamation and 'ownership' in future policies to combat antisemitism.


We have previously identified a mAb that binds to a molecule expressed preferentially on the surface of cycling thymocytes. In this study the molecule recognized by this mAb has been identified in the mouse as CD147 (basigin) by expression cloning. We show that CD147 expression correlates with cycling of immature thymocytes even in the absence of TCRβ selection and that ligation of this molecule on immature fetal thymocytes inhibits their further development into mature T cells.


Absorption saturation of the lowest excitons under the high density excitation is studied in GaAs-AlAs multi-quantum-well structures. Saturation characteristics remarkably depend on the well layer thickness ranging from 53A to 154A. These saturation characteristics and possible mechanisms are discussed.


We present an architecture for optically implementing a digital associative memory using a coherent optical system. Bipolar information is holographically phase encoded in a photorefractive crystal and upon readout is interferometrically phase decoded.


The sentence in the Materials and Methods section regarding X-ray crystallography that states, "Diffraction data for LYPLA2-PMSF were collected on the Advanced Photon Source LS-CAT beamline 24-ID-E at 100 K." should state, instead, "Diffraction data for LYPLA2-PMSF were collected on the NE-CAT beamline 24-ID-E at 100 K." The Acknowledgments should include the sentence, "The NE-CAT beamline is supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (P30 GM124165, S10OD021527).


JM: The managing committee was established by order of the Interior Secretaries of the German states. It included all of the police forces from the different states, the national police force and the Office of the Interior Secretary. First we looked at which topics we would have to especially keep an eye on. The first topic was dangers from hooliganism, secondly terrorism and extremism and the third was regular and organized crime that specializes in large events. We then divided this project team that already grown to 20 people into smaller teams that in consideration of these three topics worked on specific tasks. One subgroup worked on foreign country collaboration. That specifically involved collaborating with the police planning units of other countries and also coordinating the deployment of foreign police troops in Germany. One team dealt with the task of information exchange within our country and also with other countries and also the question of what kind of picture of the situation do we have during the World Cup? Yet another team was in charge of public relations and collaboration with the press. Team 5 was doing the operations management. That is what tasks do different police forces in Hamburg, Berlin, Cologne or Munich have to fulfill according to uniform standards? And finally team 6 was doing the actual work of crime fighting. All these parts in turn were incorporated into the police master-planning framework, which we updated several times.


Beam elements are commonly used in the analysis of steel and reinforced concrete structures in earthquake engineering practice. These elements reproduce the global behavior of these structures at a reasonable computational cost. For this type of analysis the force-based fiber beam element has proven an excellent compromise between accuracy and computational cost for the simulation of the inelastic response of structural models of significant size. Recent studies have proposed extensions of the model to account for the effect of shear and torsion under fixed shear strain or stress distributions. These assumptions suffer from shortcomings for the representation of the coupling between shear and torsion, and are not suitable for the representation of local stress and strain distributions at critical sections. To describe such complex stress states, shell finite element models are often used with a significant increase in computational cost. This paper presents the mixed formulation of an enhanced 3d fiber beam element that represents accurately the global and local response of structural members under axial force, flexure, shear and torsion interaction. The proposed 3d fiber beam element determines the shear strain distribution at a section from the satisfaction of local equilibrium equations with the section warping displacements as local parameters. Unlike existing models, the coupling between sections is taken in account. Hence the enhanced fiber beam-column is able to capture the local effects due to constrained warping of the section, such as the flange shear lag effect. The model is also capable of representing accurately the maximum local stress at element boundaries, and of simulating the torsional response of beams under warping constraints. The element is validated with several examples involving inelastic response of steel members under high shear force, such as shear links. The simulations are conducted under monotonic and cyclic load conditions for specimens with wide flange and box sections. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed element is demonstrated by comparing the results with experimental values and with local response estimates of shell finite element models.


This paper revels a defected 2-D hexagonal lattice structure for large frequency range. The 2-D Plane wave expansion (PWE) method is used to investigate large frequency range. It has been shown theoretically that it is possible to obtain large frequency range by adjusting filling factor and absolute frequency.


The deformation of the solid matrix affects the fluid pore pressure and flow by altering the pore volume. Such interaction in turn affects the storage of groundwater in the void space. Obviously, this subject is of interest in groundwater hydrology. This paper describes an investigation of the effect of aquifer heterogeneity on the variability of the fluid pressure head and solid's volume strain, where the assumption of a constant vertical total stress leads to a relatively simple relationship between changes in solid's volume strain and fluid pressure head. To solve the problem analytically, focus is placed on the one‐dimensional models. It is found from our closed‐form solutions that the variance and correlation length of the log hydraulic conductivity are important in increasing the variability of pressure head and solid's volume strain. It is hoped that our findings will provide a basic framework for understanding and quantifying field‐scale volume strain processes and be useful in stimulating further research in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.