Aspheric placement in the Double Gauss form is re-evaluated. Two aspheric configurations are considered and their resulting aberration balances are studied and compared to an all spherical design.


The goal of this paper is to compare a reduced version of a social accounting matrix (SAM) for Andalusia and Catalunya. Using available data for Regional Accounts, Input-output tables, etc., we provide a complete picture of flow among economic agents (four producers, one consumer, the Government and one foreing agent). It is obvions this is a preliminary paper because for its usage we must avoid some statistic mistakes observed in our regional statistics nowdays, this chore we left for future workings. The SAM may be userful to the Regional Agencies in charge of constructing the Regional Accounts, as well as researchers in appiled general equilibrium. We want to present the structural differences between these regions by mean of multivariate analysis, using as data their respectives SAM (I beg your perdon for our delayed)


Objectives: To identify current practice in teaching on smoking and smoking cessation in UK medical schools, and establish whether newly qualified UK doctors feel prepared to deliver smoking cessation interventions. Design: Search of published curricula from all UK medical schools; questionnaire surveys of all UK medical school deans and UK qualified pre-registration house officers (PRHOs). Participants: Deans or nominated representatives from all 24 UK medical schools with current undergraduates, and all UK qualified PRHOs. Main outcome measures: Inclusion and organisation in curriculum of 15 predefined core topics related to smoking (deans); perceived readiness to deliver smoking cessation interventions (PRHOs). Results: There was no mention of smoking or smoking cessation in the published curriculum material of 10 (42%) medical schools. Deans reported compulsory teaching on a mean (SD) of 9.5 (2.8) core topics, while PRHOs recalled compulsory teaching in only 6.6 (3.2). Training in clinical aspects of smoking cessation was particularly neglected, with 60% of PRHOs reporting that they graduated unable to deliver smoking cessation interventions in accordance with national guidelines. Only 17% of PRHOs felt well prepared to deliver advice on using nicotine replacement therapy, and 5% on bupropion. Conclusions: Teaching on smoking cessation in UK medical schools is inadequate.


Data have been gathered on the protozoan population of steppe soils which make it possible to fill gaps in our information concerning the succession of zonal soils in Eurasia. Analysis of the identified succession of zonal protozoan communities has made it possible to link the protozoan population with geographical characteristics of the soil cover from north to south.


We address the problem of academic conference homepage understanding for the Semantic Web. This problem consists of three labeling tasks - labeling conference function pages, function blocks, and attributes. Different from traditional information extraction tasks, the data in academic conference homepages has complex structural dependencies across multiple Web pages. In addition, there are logical constraints in the data. In this paper, we propose a unified approach, Constrained Hierarchical Conditional Random Fields, to accomplish the three labeling tasks simultaneously. In this approach, complex structural dependencies can be well described. Also, the constrained Viterbi algorithm in the inference process can avoid logical errors. Experimental results on real world conference data have demonstrated that this approach performs better than cascaded labeling methods by 3.6% in F1-measure and that the constrained inference process can improve the accuracy by 14.3%. Based on the proposed approach, we develop a prototype system of use-oriented semantic academic conference calendar. The user simply needs to specify what conferences he/she is interested in. Subsequently, the system finds, extracts, and updates the semantic information from the Web, and then builds a calendar automatically for the user. The semantic conference data can be used in other applications, such as finding sponsors and finding experts. The proposed approach can be used in other information extraction tasks as well.


A delegation from Kosovo visited the Nursing and Midwifery Council last week to hear how the organisation regulates nurses in the UK.


The L-valinol-derived unsaturated lactam methyl 3-isopropyl-7a-methyl-5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7aH-pyrrolo[2,1-b]oxazole-6-carboxylate functions as an excellent chiral dienophile in asymmetric Diets-Alder reactions. Diene approach occurs exclusively from the α-(endo) face to provide optically pure tricyclic lactams. In the presence of Lewis acids, increases in rate, regiospecificity, and 'Alder endo' stereoselectivity are observed. Elaboration of the cycloadducts provided an unexpected entry into cyclopropane-containing polycyclic systems via an N-acyliminium ion-enamide rearrangement. In addition, a number of optically pure carbocycles were readily prepared via this methodology.


In t.hi$ paper, a t.ransient t.wo-dimensional method for analyzing heat. transfer through ground-coupled elements in a building is described. The heat conduction differential equation is solved by using a numerical scheme based On the eigenvalue technique. The solution is carried out by means of the Bupel'position principle and incorporates a harmonic representation of the outside climatic conditions. A set of examples is given in graphical outputs to show some aspects of the modeling.


The invention relates to a graphite reaction kettle which comprises an upper graphite shell cover, a graphite barrel body, a lower graphite shell cover and metal protective layers; the graphite reaction kettle is characterized in that cooling liquid or steam is introduced into a circular-ring-shaped groove 8 and a circular-ring-shaped groove 9, and the cooling liquid or steam circulates through a gap reserved between the barrel body metal protective layer and the graphite barrel body as well as a gap reserved between the lower shell cover metal protective layer and the lower graphite shell cover, so that the graphite reaction kettle can be cooled or heated, heating or cooling of the reaction kettle can be more uniform, the production efficiency can be improved, and finally the cooling liquid or steam can be discharged through a drain outlet formed in the bottom end, the cooling liquid is prevented from remaining in the graphite reaction kettle; a man hole adopts an ellipsoidal structure, therefore pipelines and batching holes on the upper graphite shell cover can be distributed more uniformly and reasonably.


Sediment toxicity tests play an important role in prospective risk assessment for organic chemicals. This review describes sediment toxicity tests for microorganisms, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates, and benthic communities. Current approaches in sediment toxicity testing are fragmentary and diverse. This hampers the translation of single-species test results between freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems and to the population and community levels. A more representative selection of species and endpoints as well as a unification of dose metrics and exposure assessment methodologies across groups of test species, constitutes a first step toward a balanced strategy for sediment toxicity testing of single organic compounds in the context of prospective risk assessment. Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology for the supplemental material.


This paper's purpose is to help a scientific equipment company make use of the 5S tool on the shop floor so that the organization can become progressively beneficial and increasingly productive.,The organization has adopted a simple approach for making a suitable team for 5S tool implementation at the workplace. After that, they have used three types of data-collection methods so that these methods could help in the correct introduction of the 5S tool in the business workplace. They have also analysed the regression analysis with the genetic algorithm for the audit scores to predict the behaviour of 5S implementation in the coming weeks.,In this case study, it has been found after the suitable analysis that the 5S tool implementation has resulted in the overall benefits of the workplace. The major benefit achieved with the 5S tool is that the searching time for the tool in the workplace has been improved significantly. Also, the safety level is increased. The 5S audit has been carried out in the workplace and the audit score has been improved from the level of 6 scores (in week 1) to 72 score (in week 24).,5S tool has emerged as an incredible asset and it tends to be actualized in any of the ventures whether it is of a miniature, small, medium or large scale industry. The 5S tool can be applied horizontally at a large scale and it can be applied to almost all the workstations in the workplace.,The presented productions and contextual investigation for the 5S tool will be helpful and useful for all the analysts, experts and all other people who are worried about this subject of the 5S tool and its implementation in the organization.


Searching multiple data sources for specific information is complex and time-consuming, largely because a user query traditionally accesses only one data source at a time. In response to this problem, a number of vendors have developed federated database-access technology products that let users query multiple, heterogeneous data sources simultaneously.


The paper studied the methods of workflow applied in geological work deployment,introduced the multilever support system of the geological work deployment,workflow technology definition,the prototype system based on the workflow technology.The design,network architecture,database,development tools and software of the system were put forward.The paper gave a case to illuminat the detailed design and implement,verified the effectivity,feasibility,practicality,practical and representativeness of workflow technology.The results obtained have certain reference significance and application value.


Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become extremely common, now affecting 25% of the worldwide population.(1) All physicians, regardless of their specialty, are seeing NAFLD patients in their daily clinical practice, and all are challenged by the identification of the small subgroup having an advanced form of the disease. As with the other causes of chronic liver disease, it is now well established that liver fibrosis is the main predictor of the prognosis in NAFLD,(2) justifying the interest in diagnosing fibrosis. Because it is not conceivable to perform liver biopsy (currently the best reference, albeit imperfect, for liver fibrosis evaluation) in large populations, noninvasive testing represents an attractive option for the diagnosis and screening of NAFLD patients with advanced liver disease in need of specialized management. The noninvasive tests currently available are mainly represented by blood tests, either simple blood tests combining common indirect markers of liver fibrosis or specialized blood tests, including direct markers of liver fibrogenesis and fibrolysis, and elastography devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


While children's interaction with digital technologies is a matter of interest around the world, evidence based on nationally representative data about how integrated these tools are in children's everyday life is still limited in New Zealand. This research report presents findings from a study that explores children's internet access, online skills, practices, and opportunities. This report is part of Netsafe's research project Ngā taiohi matihiko o Aotearoa - New Zealand Kids Online, and our first publication as a member of Global Kids Online. Generating insightful, reliable evidence about New Zealand children's online experiences is vital to develop adequate support that reflects children's experiences and needs. This, in turn, will help them to manage online risks and potential harm from behaviours such as cyberbullying, harassment, and other forms of abuse and intimidation.


In this paper, an exact dynamic model of manipulator handling a flexible payload is derived by Hamiton's principle. On the basis of the distributed parameter model, a position controller is designed by using Lyapunov function related to the total energy of the system. The controller can achieve the given desired link angles and suppress the vibrations of flexible payload. Using the LaSalle's invariance principle and the characteristic of the differential operator, the asymptotic stability in the neighbor-hood of the desired states of the closed-loop system is proved. The effectiveness of the control strategy proposed is supported by some simulations.


1 Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Education, Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2 Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 3 MPH Student, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran * Corresponding author: Parastoo Golshiri, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: email@example.com


Background: The ($\alpha$,n) and ($\alpha$,$\gamma$) reactions on $^{17,18}$O have significant impact on the neutron balance in the astrophysical $s$-process. In this scenario stellar reaction rates are required for relatively low temperatures below $T_9 \lesssim 1$.
Purpose: The uncertainties of the $^{17,18}$O($\alpha$,n)$^{20,21}$Ne reactions are investigated. Statistical model calculations are performed to study the applicability of this model for relatively light nuclei in extension to a recent review for the $20 \le A \le 50$ mass range.
Method: The available experimental data for the $^{17,18}$O($\alpha$,n)$^{20,21}$Ne reactions are compared to statistical model calculations. Additionally, the reverse $^{20}$Ne(n,$\alpha$)$^{17}$O reaction is investigated, and similar studies for the $^{17}$F mirror nucleus are provided.
Results: It is found that on average the available experimental data for $^{17}$O and $^{18}$O are well described within the statistical model, resulting in reliable reaction rates above $T_9 \gtrsim 1.5$ from these calculations. However, significant experimental uncertainties are identified for the $^{17}$O($\alpha$,n$_0$)$^{20}$Ne(g.s.) channel.
Conclusions: The statistical model is able to predict astrophysical reaction rates for temperatures above 1 GK with uncertainties of less than a factor of two for the nuclei under study. An experimental discrepancy for the $^{17}$O($\alpha$,n)$^{20}$Ne reaction needs to be resolved.


This paper reassesses the suggestion, advanced among others by David George, that the 1858 failed attentat by the Italian patriot Felice Orsini against Napoleon III can be considered as a paradigmatic instance of "terrorist assassination." Drawing on a new interpretation of the acts of Orsini's trial, the paper argues that Orsini's motivations were to a large degree "idiosyncratic"; however, it also discusses evidence suggesting that the significant collateral damage caused by the attack was, in Orsini's mind, one of the aims of the action and cannot be portrayed as unintended.


The temperature dependence (100 to 500 deg K) of the magnetic susceptibility of Y- Ce hydrides (YH/sub 1.9/ to Ce/sub 0.54/Y/sub 0.46/H/sub 1.9/ ) is reported. The effective magnetic moments per Ce atom agree well with those of the Ce/sup 3+/ ion, indicating that the magnetic properties of the alloy hydrides are determined by the localized 4f Ce electrons. The exchange interaction appears to be antiferromagnetic. The effects of H and Ce content on the susceptibility are discussed. (DLC)


Alhtough recurrence intervals are of primary interest in frequency analysis of excessive precipitation, present methods average these intervals and thus conceal much design information; by relating probability to recurrence interval instead of rainfall depth, distribution of recurrence interval for preassigned rainfall amount is obtained; this provides additional information for design.


Textile and Industrial waste water is discharged on land or into the running water streams, which is used for irrigating crops. Amanishah nallah, which is a great importance to Jaipur city particularly Sanganer area, now it has become one of the best example to get effluents and polluted water from different Textile industries. This waste water effluent of textile dyeing and printing industries of Sanganer is discharged without any treatment into Amanishah nallah drainage. This drainage water changes the Physico chemical properties of water. This paper contains results of Physico-chemical analysis of waste water collected from 5 different agricultural sites of Sanganer town adjoining the Amanishah nallah. Water from underground sources is drawn and used in tie and dye industries and converted into textile waste water. This waste water is used in several nearby located agricultural fields. The study was carried out during a period of two years (2011 – 2013). Results revealed that in two years (from 2011 – 2013) pH ranges between 7.33 to 9.49 and Electrical Conductivity between 0.76 to 1.56 mmhos/cm. Total solids from 709 to 2385 mg/L. Calcium and Magnesium hardness ranges between 240 to 650 mg/L and 210 to 580 mg/L respectively. The Total Hardness ranges between 450 to 1200 mg/L and Chloride values ranges between 318.63 to 776.33 mg/L respectively, heavy metals were also analyzed, waste water contains Pb 1.072 to 2.001mg/L, Fe 0.149 to 0.189 mg/L, Cu 4.66 to 5.12 mg/L, Cd 1.79 to 2.16 mg/L, Zn 3.14 to 3.68 mg/L, Ni 0.036 to 0.089 mg/L and Cr 3.55 to 4.14 mg/L.


Objective:To investigate the expression of survivin and caspase-3 in NK/T cell lymphoma and its significance. Methods:Immunohistochemistry EnVision system was applied to test the expression of survivin and caspase-3 in 50 cases of nasal-NK/T cell lymphoma and 12 cases of normal lymph nodes. Results:The positive expression rates of survivin in tumor tissues and nomal lymph nodes were 60.0%(30/50) and 16.7%(2/11), respectively, and there was significant difference between them(P0.05). The positive expression of caspase-3 was 100% in nomal lymph nodes, which was higher than that in tumor tissues, but there was no significant difference (P0.05). Negative correlation between the expression of survivin of caspase-3 was found. Conclusion:Survivin may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of NK/T cell lymphomas by inhibiting cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferating. Moreover survivin may prevent cell apoptosis by inhibiting the activity of caspase-3.


Introduction: In the future, petroleum refineries will require modification if they are to efficiently process the lower quality crudes and heavy oils that are expected to become more prevalent in world crude markets. As crude quality declines and final product fuel specifications become more demanding to meet environmental regulations, many refineries will find it necessary to make expensive additions to their capital facilities. These additions will allow refiners to increase processing severity to meet future product specifications, and to take advantage of the diverging price differential between light sweet crudes and more abundant heavier crudes. With the price of crude oil and the value of refined fuels increasing relative to the value of residual and other bottom-of-the-barrel products, a strong incentive exists for a refiner to maximize output of higher value products. Increasing coking capacity to process vacuum residual has been the refiner's preference to date, but excess petroleum coke product will exacerbate the glut of coke on the market, depressing its price even further. As the quality of the resid feedstock declines with respect to sulfur and heavy metals content, the resulting coke quality is poor and consequently has little economic value.


(interpersonal etiquette emphasizing equality); a shared stock of songs; support for powerful state social democracy (the welfare state); participation (if often only sporadic) in the national Lutheran church; and a relationship to the royal house, either through the media or through the public appearance of members of the royal family. A question that immediately arises when studying this list is how, for example, to place people with a different faith. Are they excluded from being Danish? Two points are important here. The first is methodological. In his ethnographic research, Jenkins deliberately chooses to focus on people whose traits are shared by the majority of the population: white Danes. Second, especially at the end of the book, Jenkins draws on his examination of what it means to be Danish to discuss what this form of ethnicity entails in terms of living together with people who in various ways do not share the abovementioned everyday practices. What, in short, may be the societal place and status of immigrants whose everyday practices differ from what is covered by the notion of Danishness? Jenkins proposes different scenarios, the most realistic of which he considers to be a redefinition of Danishness—some form of ongoing revision of what it means to be Danish. One of the interesting observations he makes here is how capitalism may play a progressive role in this redefinition of Danishness: in recent years, Danish public school education has focused increasingly on education in literacy, numeracy, and science in order to improve Denmark's chances in future global capitalism, and while this takes place alongside attempts to strengthen values currently associated with being Danish (such as education in Danish culture), it is likely that the responses to the challenges of future capitalism will prevail and have a greater impact on the formation of Danishness. As this example indicates, the field of education is central to Jenkins' analysis because schools play a key role in civil enculturation. One of the core strengths of the book is the unusual selection of materials from this and other fields. In his discussion of the public school system, for example, the opinions of pupils figure centrally, meaning that Danishness is not just studied on the basis of adult voices. Similarly, in his discussion of the Danes' relation to the EU, he examines readers' letters published in two Skive newspapers during the 1992 referendum campaign. This, too, allows for a highly interesting inclusion of voices not usually heard. A few critical remarks may be raised. For example, Jenkins' analysis of new Danish school laws' emphasis on Danish culture in the basic public school curricula could have benefitted from showing in more detail how, and by means of what technologies, this focus on Danish culture is being enacted in actual teaching situations: what is being read and discussed in class, and how? Similarly, the understanding of these school laws could have been improved by linking them more explicitly to the past decades' waves of neoliberal modes of governing. Such critiques notwithstanding, Jenkins' book is highly recommended—not only for its content, but also for its style. As mentioned, the book is well written. Theoretical terminology is downplayed, meaning that the book does not aim at an exclusively academic audience, but appeals to a wider circle of readers. What is more, at times the book is really amusing, the funniest part being Jenkins' struggles to adapt to Danish customs of saying ''thank you'' in almost any social situation, and his parallel failure to find a Danish equivalent to his English ''please.'' These are spot-on observations of cultural difference, and wonderful examples of what being Danish (also) means in everyday life.


The aim of this paper is to prove weak and strong convergence as well as weak stability results of CR-iterative procedures using contractive-like operators. The results obtained generalize several existing results. An example is also given, using computer programming in C++, to show that CR-iterative procedure converges faster than SP and Noor iterative procedures.


While visiting St. Loyes College on November l Sth, H.R.H. l~rince~s Elizabeth inspected the Occupational Therapy Department. Miss Osborn had the honour of being presented .and H.R.H, showed a very practical interest in the trainees and the work which they were doing. Later Miss Ross and the staff and students of St. Loyes School of Occupational Therapy were presented. The Princess showed considerable knowledge of the training and spoke to members of the staff and to several of the students. She said that she thought that there appeared to be a great future for Occupational Therapy and that it must be a most interesting. and useful profession.


Blood samples were collected from 150 unrelated people of Hanethnic group in Fuzhou of China. The DNA was extracted fromwhole blood using the Chelex-100 extraction method (1), and theDNA concentration was determined by the ethidium bromide dotquantization method (2). Target DNA ranging from 0.5 to 1.25 ngwas amplified in 8 lL of total reaction volume containing 3 lLReaction Mix, 1.8 lL Primer Set, and 0.25 lLAmpliTaqGoldDNA polymerase (5 U ⁄lL) using the AmpFLSTR


Significance Warfare and homicide are pervasive features of the human experience, yet scholars struggle to understand the conditions that promote violence. Climate and conflict research has revealed many linkages between climate change and human violence; however, studies often produce contrary findings, and the driving mechanisms remain difficult to identify. We suggest a solution is to identify conditions producing resource scarcity, which are necessarily a combination of climate and population dynamics. We examine patterns of lethal violence in the Prehispanic Andes and find that favorable climate conditions fostered rapid population growth within a circumscribed landscape, resulting in chronic warfare. Our work suggests that an increasingly unstable climate may promote future violence, where favorable climate regimes incentivize population growth and attendant resource strain.


Give the necessary introdution to the educational administration teaching network system and analyse the concrete problems which we will meet when we put the system into effect in the first period. Combining with the Windows2003 terminal Thin-Client/Server calculate system,to achieve the educational administration teaching network office system to put into effect safely.


The replacement range of the synonymous monosyllabic and disyllabic verb with identical morpheme(s) in context is positively correlated with their semantic corresponding degree.Circulation and analysis show that there are three semantic corresponding relationships.The identical relation has the highest corresponding degree,and there are not definite division between the properly inclusive corresponding relation and the crossing one.The corresponding value is the ratio between the number of monosyllabic and disyllabic verb shared meaning items and their each ones.Based on the circulation and analysis,we concluded the word list about semantic corresponding rank of synonymous monosyllabic and disyllabic verb with same morpheme.


Most popular ornamental plants for buyers are broccoli and rombusa, because this type of ornamental plant is very good and the maintenance is also quite easy, unlike other ornamental plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of the costs of planting and maintaining broccoli and rombusa ornamental plants and to analyze the comparative advantages of farming from broccoli and rombusa ornamental plants. The location of this study was determined intentionally (purposive sampling) with the consideration that in Terate Banjarejo Hamlet was the center of businessmen, farmers, and sales of ornamental plants that had been well known for a long time in Kediri Regency and Kediri Residency. This research is a qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative research. The results of the analysis can be seen that the total cost of rombusa farming with 47 farmers is Rp. 50971157. Production of rombusa is 359.15pot at a price of Rp. 5000 / Kg. The advantage of rombusa plants is Rp. 740473.81. R / C ratio of 1.70 and these results are feasible. The total cost of brokolid farming with respondents 47 farmers is Rp. 51946741. Production of broccoli plants amounted to 379.15pot at a price of Rp. 5,000 / Kg. The advantage of broccoli plants is Rp. 790494.87. R / C ratio is 1.71 according to (Sunarjono) which is feasible. Based on the results of the Independent Sample t-test, the probability is 0.047 which means that <0.05 (probability <0.05) pobability value <0.05 then H0 rejected. Based on these results, it can be said that farm income between rombusa ornamental plant farmers and broccoli ornamental plants farmers is different.


A search for double quantum emission as a competing process to M2 transitions in K/sup 41/ and Rb/sup 85/ is undertaken. The emitted gamma radiation is detected by two NaI(Tl) crystals and a sum coincidence technique is used. Upper limits for the ratio (probability for double quantum emission)/ (probability for single quantum emission) are found to be 6 x 10/sup -5/ for the 1.29-Mev level in K/sup 41/ and 1.2 x 10/sup -5/ for the 0.514Mev level in Rb/sup 85/. (auth)


We have studied the optimal number of sources and detectors necessary for reconstructing optical properties within certain accuracy. A frequency domain model with 140 MHz modulation frequency is used in computer simulation. The results based on perturbation approximation have showed that the reconstructed optical properties are within 10% if the total number of detectors deployed over 9 cm by 9 cm area is greater than 13 while the total number of sources varies between 40 and 16. These simulation results will be verified by measurements.


system of formal education, usually preschools. Comparatively speaking, however, Japan presents something that is especially problematic in this regard. Shields (1989) suggests that because of the intense indulgence ofJapanese mothers, many observers are mystified by the relative ease of transition of pupils from the highly charged home context to the fully demanding classroom environment. Lewis (1989:140; see also Peak 1991:186) asks about the ways in which "indulged," undisciplined toddlers become attentive, well-disciplined schoolchildren in large classes where subordination of personal needs to group goals is often the dominant norm. Tobin et al. elaborate further by noting that


Combining the project example and construction practice,the paper from the materials and construction,analyzes and explores the reasons for the cracks on the cast-in-place floor,and points out some precautions for the concrete cracks from the concrete materials,the construction,and the maintenance,so as to ensure the quality of the cast-in-place concrete building plate.


This paper highlights higher education refers to education in post higher secondary institution, colleges and Universities. There are three aspects of higher education. Higher education play significant role in developing enlightenments, enrich racial experiences, attainment of mokhsa,transmission of knowledge,conservation and preservation of beliefs,values,culture etc and constructs a modern society with best attitude of the people in the right direction. The term education is used in a variety of contexts and with different shades of meaning. In its broadest sense, any act of experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual can be called as education. Education may also connote a system of institutions organized by society to deliberately transmit its cultural heritage its accumulated knowledge, values and skillsfrom one generation to another. In terms of the institution common to the higher education includes all education above the level, of the secondary school given in colleges, universities graduate schools, professional schools, technical institutes, teachers colleges and normal schools. Higher education refers to education in post higher secondary institution, colleges and Universities. It is higher education, firstly because it constitutes the topmost stage of formal education and more importantly because it is concerned with processes in the more advanced phases of human learning. The entrants are about eighteen years of age and therefore, they are mentally mature and capable of performing at the abstract level. They can analyse, synthesise and group concepts and ideas of all kinds. Their creative faculties are also developed adequately. Naturally the content of course methods of interaction and organization of work have to be very different from what they are at the schools. Three Aspect of higher Education : Three aspects of higher education are of relatively recent origin. One of them is that social, economic and industrial developments have created a pressure towards greater specialization. The tendency has been strengthened due to expansion of knowledge also, since within given time it is not possible to include vast areas of disciplines or subject in the Curriculum. Whereas two centuries ago students could study philosophy Mathematics and medicine in their Universities programmers today these subjects are studies usually by different faculties or institutions. Philosophy gave birth to the psychology and many specializations including various sciences. History led to the new area of political science, geography led to a specialization in geology and so on. Because specialization, today's students in higher education knows more and more about less and less and sometimes special efforts are necessary to create a brother understanding of subjects and disciplines. The second aspect is that as societies grow more complex, more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission evolved. The result is the formal, institutionalised system of education. The need of producing students of comparable base of knowledge and standard of achievement by a large number of institutions, has led to formalism in evaluating or examining of students. Thirdly, research has emerged as one of the most significant dimensions of higher education today creation of knowledge is a tangible of the education system because of which the Universities have acquired a new social status, particularly, in the developed countries. In fact there exists a symbiotic relation between research and specialisation of knowledge and skills. Higher Education as Enlightenments Higher education as we have it today is the outcome of a long sociohistorical process of evolution. A basic character of education is that it informs a person and it enlightens him about things not know and thus initiated him into asking all sorts of questions about nature about life, about society and its organizations.One is made capable for thinking for himself and finding answers to the questions which one consider important or significant for one's life. In this sense education is said to be 'liberating' force. If makes the individual free and capable of ordering his or her life according to his own choice or playing a more active role in his or her society either to preserve it or to change it. Higher Education as a Racial Experience In early society Education was not a separate component of human activity. It was a means of handing over racial experience from the elder to the younger generation. Literacy was restricted to a small proportion of the population even in free countries, what to say of dependent or colonial countries. The idea of a universal education or education for all, is a part and parcel of other socio-political ideas of recognizing that all men are equal before the law or that every member of the society has a vote and possesses other basic human rights. This is the general context in which education has been used in our society for many centuries. Advanced knowledge particularly in the form of science and technology is being deliberately used by countries which are called developed today. Incidentally all of them having been colonial rulers in the past who want to maintain their supremacy and domination over the rest of the world. It is quite clear that education is on the one hand a liberating force for the individual but on the other hand, for this very reason it has been used for suppressing the individual in all societies, and for the same reason in the developing countries which have attained independence. It would be a tremendous social force for economic, social and cultural advancement. Higher Education as Attainment of Moksha The higher development of the human individual is one of the time honoured functions of education. To the ancient Indians, it was spiritual perfection or the attainment of Moksha higher education during vedic and Upanishadic times aimed at preparing individuals for such a life. To the medieval Christians in Europe, the aim of education was to prepare the individual not for this life but for the life to come in the other world. Higher Education for Developing a Responsible Citizen In the present world, higher education plays a significant role in developing responsible citizens for the society because it is the higher education that develops all senses of human beings in terms of moral, social, ethical, cultural, technical. Vocational and professional values and skills at the higher level. The best knowledge understanding, application, skills, values, attitudes, critical and rational thinking, and reasoning power at the highest level would have been developed through higher education.


Engelbert Dollfuss has not been enshrined in history as a popular political figure. The National Socialists vilified him as a Satanic evildoer who embodied everything they hated. Dollfuß's widow and two children found it imperative to flee to Switzerland immediately after the Anschluss and eventually went to Canada, where Mrs. Dollfuß and their daughter remained until 1956. Their son still lives there.


Foreword by Robert Farris Thompson Introduction African Traditional Religion General and Background Material African Traditional Religion--General Works Regional Studies West Africa Central Africa Southern Africa East Africa African Traditions in the Diaspora General and Background Material Religion in the Diaspora Regional Studies Mexico Latin America Central America South America The Caribbean United States Appendix I: Reference Works Appendix II: Archives and Research Centers Ethnic Index Subject Index Author Index


in fact obligatory control (OC). This runs contrary to most analyses, as split control in English is usually characterized as a form of nonobligatory control (NOC) (e.g., Williams 1980, Hornstein 1999). The fact that Korean exhibits split OC suggests two possible conclusions: (a) the typology of control is not uniform across languages and what is OC in one language may not be in another, or (b) split OC is a true form of OC and what defines split OC is poorly understood. In this squib, I argue for the second possibility. In section 1, I provide a brief outline of control in Korean and empirically detail split OC in English as well as in Korean. In section 2, I examine the implications of the Korean data for two current theories of control, OC as A-movement, beginning with Hornstein 1999, and OC as Agree, which began with Landau 1999. I show that these approaches cannot account for the data in a straightforward manner. In section 3, I provide the beginnings of a possible alternative analysis.


Many EFL (English as a Foreign Language) listening comprehension tests use multiple-choice formats. How well such tests are devised is a crucial issue in EFL
assessment and instruction. An important aspect of such tests is the time interval between items. Pauses between items are highly significant because they affect the
processing of oral linguistic data and EFL learners require time to focus on form, as suggested by Krashen's Monitor Model. The present study examines the effects of
variation in time interval between test items on the performance of a group of EFL learners studying English for a BA degree at an Iranian institution of higher education. Twenty-nine undergraduate students in a listening comprehension class took part in the study. Data were collected on their beginning proficiency and listening ability. As part of their course, the learners also took three parallel listening comprehension tests developed by the National Test Center of the institution (the central branch of the University Of Payame-Noor). These three listening tests were modified and the tapes were rerecorded to include 10- 30-, and 60-second intervals between items. The analysis of variance between their performances on the tests indicated that the length of time interval between items was a very significant factor. Students performed significantly better on the test with 30-second intervals between items. The findings of the study sensitize EFL teachers to plan for the assessment of listening performance. They also contribute to arguments about the depth of linguistic processing and the issue of time in EFL listening comprehension.


In this work, a novel 2 degree-of-freedom (DOF) vibration energy harvester is proposed. The harvester comprises one main cantilever beam and one secondary cantilever beam cut out within the main beam. By varying the proof masses, the first two resonances can be tuned close to each other, while maintaining significant magnitudes, thus providing a useful wide bandwidth for energy harvesting. Unlike previous 2-DOF harvesters, the proposed harvester is compact and utilizes the beam more efficiently by generating energy from both the main and secondary cantilevers. Therefore, the proposed harvester is more adaptive and functional in practical random or frequency-variant vibrational circumstances.


At present, we observe active development of new methods and strategies of teaching foreign languages, in which mass media materials play an important role because they provide authentic resources that offer natural language environment and enrich the curriculum and syllabus. These resources can be easily adapted to suit different levels of language proficiency, interests and needs of the students. The study attempts to substantiate the necessity and importance of using various types of authentic media materials in the classroom and analyzes the challenges teachers may face in the process of teaching. The aim of the study is to address both the theoretical background and the practical issues of application of media texts at the lessons of Russian as a foreign language. They enhance not only language but and socio-cultural proficiency of the students and their understanding of linguistic phenomena such as various stylistic figures of speech, phraseological units, linguistic means of manipulation, etc. Mass media resources can be used to develop media literacy, critical thinking and analytical skills. This study is based on the use of general scientific methods such as analysis, description and interpretation. The authors fall back on scholarly literature and their personal experience of teaching Russian. The article suggests using practical media-based approaches to develop language skills and psychological properties, such as memory, prediction skills, and speed of response to linguistic stimuli in undergraduate university students of Russian as a second language. The opportunities and methods regarded in the study can be used in any other classroom of Russian as a second language.


The automation strategies currently used in HVAC systems do not control the system temperature variables (supplied air, chilled, and condensation water temperatures) in an optimized way. Normally, these temperatures are fixed in design conditions, or vary according to the weather conditions. However, studies demonstrate that adequate control of these three temperatures can provide significant reductions in the energy consumption of the air conditioner system. Therefore, this work analyzes the benefits of individualized and integrated automation of these three variable temperatures in different tropical and subtropical weather conditions through computer simulation for a typical commercial building. The results of integrated automation show savings in consumption between 5.03% and 19.68% compared to a fixed control, and between 3.22% and 8.21% compared to a weather-based control alone, showing that the integrated strategies are better than both models adopted as market benchmarks.


In this paper, we investigate channel estimation for Interleave-Division Multiple Access (IDMA) in an asynchronous multiuser system, by deploying superimposed pilots. As the superimposed pilots are the a priori known spreading sequences, the initial channel estimates can be obtained by separating the users with respect to the corresponding code-division orthogonality. Within the inherent IDMA iterations, a trellis-based channel estimator is integrated, which can significantly enhance the channel estimation during the iterations, by exploiting the superimposed pilots. Notice that the so-called turbo-effect can be clearly observed, in which both data detection and channel estimation are jointly improved between consecutive iterations.


The task of the invention provides an optical mask manufacturing method, an optical mask and a pattern transfer method. For the optical mask, even a tiny pattern with CD (critical dimension)lower than 3[mu]m can be stably formed on a transferred body, thereby fully restraining CD deviation in surfaces. The invention refers to the optical mask manufacturing method, comprising a optical mask manufacturing method of a transfer pattern including an optical film pattern, wherein the optical film pattern is formed by patterning an optical film including Cr on a transparent substrate. The optical mask manufacturing method comprises the steps of: forming an optical mask intermediate of an optical film on the transparent substrate; irradiating the optical film with vacuum ultraviolet so as to reform film quality of the optical film; coating a photosensitive resistant film on the reformed optical film; portraying and developing the photosensitive resistant film to form an anti-corrosion pattern; using the pattern to perform wet etching on the optical film to form an optical film pattern; and removing the anti-corrosion pattern.


Water is a fundamental natural and strategic economic resource that plays a vital role in promoting economic and social development. With the accelerated urbanization and industrialization in China, the potential demand for water resources will be enormous. Therefore, accurate prediction of water resources demand is important for the formulation of industrial and agricultural policies, development of economic plans, and many other aspects. In this study, we develop a model based on principal component analysis (PCA) and back propagation (BP) neural network to predict water resources demand in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, a city with severe water shortage in China. The prediction accuracy is then compared with PCA-ANN, ARIMA, NARX, Grey–Markov, serial regression, and LSTM models, and the results showed that the PCA-BP model outperformed other models in many evaluation factors. The proposed PCA-BP model reduces the dimensionality of high-dimensional variables by PCA and transformed them into uncorrelated composite data, which can make them easier to compute. More importantly, BP and weight threshold adjustment in model training further improve the prediction accuracy of the model. The model analysis will provide an important reference for water demand assessment and optimal water allocation in other regions.


Dendritic cell (DC)‐based vaccines have become important in immunotherapeutics as a measure for generating antitumor immune responses. We have previously demonstrated that linkage of the antigen gene to a lysosomal targeting signal, a sorting signal of the lysosome‐associated membrane protein type 1 (LAMP‐1), enhances the potency of DC‐based vaccines. DCs have a limited life span, hindering their long‐term ability to prime antigen‐specific T cells. In this study, we attempted to further improve the potency of a DC vaccine that targets human papilloma virus 16 (HPV16) E7 to a lysosomal compartment (DC‐Sig/E7/LAMP‐1) by combining a strategy to prolong DC life. We show that small interfering RNA‐targeting Bak and Bax proteins can be used to allow transfected DCs to resist being killed by T cells. This is done by downregulating these proapoptotic proteins, which have been known as so‐called gate keepers in mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis. DCs expressing intact E7 or Sig/E7/LAMP‐1 became resistant to attack by CD8+ T cells after transfection with BAK/BAX siRNA, leading to enhanced E7‐specific T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, vaccination with E7‐presenting DCs transfected with BAK/BAX siRNA generated a strong therapeutic effect against an E7‐expressing tumor in vaccinated mice, compared with DCs transfected with control siRNA. Our data indicate that a combination of strategies to enhance intracellular Ag processing and to prolong DC life may offer a promising strategy for improving DC vaccine potency. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Numerical prediction of landslide runout and deposition is important for estimating landslide risk and developing mitigation plans. The choice of a suitable model and its parameters and a confident calibration strategy are crucial for numerical simulations. Here, we evaluated two constitutive models with a three‐dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method by simulating the catastrophic 11 October 2018 Baige landslide. The results indicate that both the soil mechanic and fluid models can capture the dynamic runout and deposition morphology while using different values of input parameters. A point‐wise comparison of deposit elevation can minimize the calibration error. Numerical models were constrained accurately by utilizing both the static observation data and dynamic seismic signals. The effects of friction on deep‐seated landslides motion and deposition are more significant than cohesion. The 3D model includes the effects of shear stresses and velocities inside the material body, resulting in a reduced friction coefficient compared to the 2D model (e.g., depth‐averaged model). Our study highlights the potential of the 3D SPH method for modeling large‐scale complex landslides.


Purpose: To investigate the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the cerebral hemispheres in patients with morbid obesity (MO) with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) by voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC). Methods: Patients and matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited, and all subjects underwent functional resonance magnetic imaging (fMRI), and VMHC results were processed statistically to assess the differences in FC in different brain regions between the two groups. We further used ROC curves to evaluate the diagnostic value of these differences. We also used Pearson's correlation analysis to explore the relationship between changes in VMHC values in specific brain regions, visual acuity, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Conclusions: Patients with morbid obesity and MGD had abnormal FC in the cerebral hemispheres in several specific brain areas, which were mainly concentrated in pathways related to vision and perception and may correlate to some extent with the clinical presentations of the patients.


Indian economy has experienced an enormous change in employment from the independence. Employment totally based on the skills and requirement of the profile gives contributing to major portion to our national income. However, the earning inequality in India has unfavorably obstructed underprivileged in accessing elementary needs like health and education. Periodic labour force survey (PLFS) conducted by National Statistical Office of India generates estimates on earning status at national and state level for both rural and urban sectors separately. This paper demonstrates disaggregate level disparities in earning distribution classified by gender and occupational categories in Indo-Gangetic Plain region of India which includes Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. This analysis helps in distinguishing the disparities in earning distribution between rural and urban sector in this region classified by gender and occupational categories which often masked at further down the level of disaggregation. This study of earning disparities is directly pertinent for measuring and monitoring the sustainable development goal 8 and 10 and expected to offer extraordinary evidence to policy-makers for recognizing the areas demanding additional consideration.


The antitrust legislation is traditionally considered as an attribute of free market economy and an incentive to increase public welfare. Critical analysis of the given theses is offered in the article. The author provides a number of theoretical, historical and practical arguments on the negative influence of antitrust legislation on economic development. In his opinion, antitrust measures liquidate competition, acting as a means of protection of non-competitive commodity producers. Under tariff regulation prices are usually established at higher level than under conditions of emulative competition.


Abstract : The U.S. Army has recognized the potential of plastic media blasting (PMB) as an innovative waste minimization alternative to conventional paint removal techniques. However, little information was available on the use, effectiveness and potential cost savings of PMB for the various types of materiel processed through the U.S. Army Depot System Command (DESCOM). Consequently, the following demonstration test program was performed at Letterkenny Army Depot (LEAD) under production-scale conditions to evaluate PMB and determine it's suitability for use in DESCOM. Fifty-five tests were performed in a blast cabinet to evaluate several commercially available plastic medias, as well as walnut shells and glass beads, and to determine the optimum operational blast parameters for PMB. Seventy tests were performed in a full- scale blast room, which was specifically purchased for this test program, to evaluate plastic media, walnut shells and a combination 80% plastic media/20% glass beads under production scale conditions. PMB was also tested on Chemical Agent Resistant Coatings (CARC). PMB effectively removed conventional paint coatings on all shapes, sizes and materials of construction tested. Keywords: Abrasive blasting, Chemical stripping, Hazardous waste minimization.


Australian office workers are less inclined to being always available for work via communications technology, a work-life balance survey has found.


Novel applications of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to chemical detection are described. Using a linear optical resonator with an intra-cavity double-Brewster-window flow cell, CRDS is employed to probe the optical response to adsorption of the surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) of an ultra-thin (0.2 nm), nanostructured Au film. Detection limits for trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), and NO 2 are found to be 7x10 -8 mol/L, 2x10 -8 mol/L, and 4 x 10 -9 mol/L, respectively. As the ultra-thin nanostructured film is well described by a distribution of nanospheres with a mean diameter of 4.5 nm, Mie theory is employed to account for some aspects of the optical response. In a second implementation of CRDS, evanescent wave CRDS (EW-CRDS) is used to detect TCE, cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), and trans-DCE by probing the first C-H stretching overtones in the near-IR with a monolithic folded resonator (MFR), providing spectroscopic selectivity and a reversible response. In a comparison of EW-CRDS to previous sensing technologies, the sensitivity obtained using an unclad MFR for TCE detection is found to be comparable to that obtained with a long-effective-path-length optical waveguide using a TCE-enriching polysiloxane coating. By applying an analyte-enriching, protective coating to an MFR, EW-CRDS may provide a sensitive, selective, and robust technology for longterm environmental monitoring.


Objective of this research is to investigate the effect of parental involvement in education to development of 0-3 years old specially educated children with intellectual disability. The dependent variable of the research is "the development" of 0-3 years old children with intellectual disabilities; and the independent variable is parental involvement in the education. Study group of the research includes 0-3 years children with intellectual disabilities, who go to Special Education and Rehabilitation Center. 10 for experimental group and 10 for control group; in total 20 children are included in the study. While choosing the groups, the pretest points and birth dates are taken into consideration and groups are equalized. From the sub skills of "Following the given instruction" skill of Receptive Language Skills of 0-3 years children with intellectual disabilities; giving response to name, following basic instructions, following more than one instruction; from the pre-skills of "Putting a ring on a stick" of Motor Skills; holding and leaving, putting rings on a stick, driving nails and from sub skills of "wiping his mouth" of Self Care Skills; being aware of dirtiness, being disturbed of the dirtiness, wiping his mouth are tried to be measured by the prepared forms. In data analysis of the study, Kruskal Wallis Test and in measuring the meaning of the relation between the group averages and groups, Ki-Kare Test are used. At the and of the study; there is a difference between pretest and posttest of control group who get only special education.


Using a semiclassical approach, we theoretically study the above-threshold ionization of magnesium by intense, mid-infrared laser pulses. The formation of low-energy structures in the photoelectron spectrum is found to be enhanced by comparing with a calculation based on the single-active electron approximation. By performing electron trajectory and recollision-time distribution analysis, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is due to the laser-induced ionic core polarization effects on the recolliding electrons. We also show that the polarization effects should be experimentally detectable. Our finding provides new insight into ultrafast control of strong-field photoionization and imaging of polar molecules.


This study tries to describe students' achievement on institutional TOEFL in Universitas Wijaya Putra. The test is meant as a means of evaluation upon the launching of a mandatory subject as a prerequisite towards final paper writing. The program begins with ten weeks of test preparation completed with a try-out test and the final test. This is a descriptive study since it tries to depict the result of their achievement and the most difficult section of the test. The data analysis uses the computation upon the results mostly applied for Excel Program, particularly in finding the Mean (X) and the Standard Deviation (S). The findings derived from the data analysis tell that  62.85% of the class belong to Grade D which means it is far below expectation. The finding also identified that Listening Section is to be the most difficult part of the test. Still, the findings say none of the students included into the level of either extremely excellent or failed. It is a big task to fulfill a better target for the coming classes by undergoing revision and development in many aspects, especially in time allocation and the module.


Most modern evaporites are accumulating within 50° of latitude of the equator. Within this evaporite belt the distribution pattern is bimodal; evaporite deposition is concentrated in the subtropical high-pressure zones of each hemisphere. Few evaporites accumulate in the low-pressure equatorial zone. This bimodality results from the arrangement of atmospheric circulation and is matched by similar bimodality in the distributions of hot deserts, average marine surface salinity, and the difference between evaporation and precipitation. When ancient evaporites are analyzed in terms of their assumed latitudes of original deposition they are found to follow the present-day distribution model quite closely-at least as far back as the Permian, and possibly as far back as the beginning of the Phanerozoic. This essential constancy of the evaporite regime is taken as an indication that atmospheric circulation and hence the distribution of deserts and of marine salinity have also adhered in general to the modern model. The global evaporite belts in each hemisphere do not seem to have migrated in any consistent direction during the Phanerozoic. Permian to Jurassic time, perhaps approximately the time of existence of Pangaea, seems also to have been the time of peak accumulation of evaporites.


With the development of computer technique,image processing technique and network,industry control develops quickly.We can realize the unification of monitoring,control,management and decision-making of industry production process.Combing features of glass coating process,our system utilizes Siemens high-quality S7-400 PLC as controller,applies STEP7V5.5 and WinCCV7.0 software technique and realizes monitoring,control and management of glass coating.


Debates over urban injustice, and the call for certain rights to the city, have gained increasing prominence in recent years. Searching for the Just City responds to and builds on a gathering body of work spurred by David Harvey's (1973) Social Justice and the City, Iris Marion Young's engagement with the city in her 1990 work on Justice and the Politics of Difference, the English translation of Henri Lefebvre's essay on 'the right to the city' (see Lefebvre, 1996), and Don Mitchell's (2003) development of that idea in The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. This edited collection – a collaborative project between established and emerging scholars led by a group of doctoral students in Urban Planning at Columbia University – includes contributions by Harvey and two other key figures in these debates in the US, Susan Fainstein and Peter Marcuse. The book arises from a 2006 conference celebrating – and on the evidence of the pieces published here, energetically criticising – the work of Fainstein on the occasion of her leaving Columbia for Harvard. The book is organised into three parts. The first deals with theoretical arguments concerning the just city, and attempts to 'urbanise' broader debates – liberal, communitarian and Marxist – on justice (John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, Manuel Castells, Amartya Sen, Nancy Fraser and Young all figure here). The second section extends the debate both conceptually – Peter Marcuse's piece suggests that 'justice planning' is largely concerned with post facto or processual problems of distribution and deliberation, and argues for 'commons planning' as a more radical understanding of how power relations shape urban conditions – and spatially, with pieces on the European city and Amsterdam in particular as (increasingly compromised) models of what a just city might look like, and on the severe injustices produced within processes of Israeli cityand nation-building. The final section looks to cases of urban activism, from local movements for environmental justice in New York city, to urban politics in Brazilian cities, to the baleful exemplar of urban injustice offered by preand post-Katrina New Orleans. On my reading, the strongest insights are to be drawn from those pieces that bring together original critical arguments with a compelling analysis of specific urban contexts. The chapter by Oren Yiftachel, Ravit Goldhaber and Roy Nuriel on the differentiated forms of 'recognition' afforded different ethnic groups (Russian Jews, Middle Eastern Jews and Bedouin Arabs) in Israel's government and planning of the Beer Sheva metropolitan region, enlarges the theoretical discussion of justice, Local Government Studies Vol. 36, No. 4, 587–593, August 2010


AIM An integrative review was conducted to identify and evaluate interventions for test anxiety (TA) in undergraduate nursing students. BACKGROUND Test performance has a major impact on the academic success of nursing students. Therefore, testing is a source of stress and anxiety, which may impair academic performance. METHOD A systematic search was conducted to locate peer-reviewed literature about interventions for TA in undergraduate nursing students. RESULTS Review of 33 publications dated 1973 to 2014 identified 19 interventions for TA in undergraduate nursing students. Findings included experimental evidence supporting aromatherapy, music therapy, and various cognitive or behavioral interventions. Nonexperimental evidence supporting collaborative testing, crib sheets, and humorous exam items was also found. CONCLUSION Many interventions for mitigating TA in nursing students have been evaluated since the 1970s. Current research is needed to corroborate and strengthen the evidentiary support for existing interventions and to evaluate new interventions.


With the development of the national economy, our country's highway construction is developing in a more advanced and humane direction. On the basis of meeting traffic needs, people have begun to pay more attention to the construction of highway landscapes. Based on the understanding and integration of domestic and foreign landscape evaluation system research, this paper constructs a new type of highway landscape evaluation model and selects Zhangjiakou, one of the co-host cities of the Winter Olympics, to analyze and verify the model. We use the designed evaluation model to analyze and evaluate the three highways in the Zhangjiakou area. First, based on the analytic hierarchy process, the combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluation indicators is selected, and then, the GIS geographic information system is used to obtain the basic data of the quantitative indicators and the questionnaire method is used. The grade evaluation of three highways is realized, and the optimization measures and construction strategies for the landscape quality along the highway are proposed. The results show that the research results of this evaluation system are of great significance to the landscape construction along the line, the protection of landscape resources, and the development of tourist roads.


The systems analysis capability of the ORNL HTGR Safety analysis research program includes a family of computer codes: an overall plant NSSS simulation (ORTAP), and detailed component codes for investigating core neutronic accidents (CORTAP), shutdown emergency-cooling accidents via a 3-dimensional core model (ORECA), and once-through steam generator transients (BLAST). The component codes can either be run independently or in the overall NSSS code. Verification efforts have consisted primarily of using existing Fort St. Vrain reactor dynamics data to compare against code predictions. Comparisons of core thermal conditions made for reactor scrams from power levels between 30 and 50% showed good agreement. An optimization program was used to rationalize the difference between the predicted and measured refueling region outlet temperatures, and, in general, excellent agreement was attained by adjustment of models and parameters within their uncertainty ranges. However, more work is required to establish a unique and valid set of models.


Exploits of technology have been an issue in healthcare for many years. Many hospital systems have a problemwith "disruptive innovation" when introducing new technology. Disruptive innovation is "an innovation thatcreates a new market by applying a different set of values, which ultimately overtakes an existing market"(Sensmeier, 2012). Modern healthcare systems are historically slow to accept new technological advancements .This may be because patient-based, provider-based, or industry-wide decisions are tough to implement, giving wayto dire consequences. One potential consequence is that healthcare providers may not be able to provide the bestpossible care to patients. For example, if a healthcare provider does not adopt new technologies or approaches tomedical treatment, they may not be able to offer the same level of care as a provider who has embraced thoseinnovations. This leads to lower quality of care and poorer patient outcomes.Another consequence is that healthcare providers who do not adapt to disruptive innovations may lose marketshare to competitors who are more forward-thinking and willing to embrace new technologies and approaches.This can harm the provider's financial performance and sustainability.Not adapting to disruptive innovations inhealthcare can result in missed opportunities to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of medical treatment. If ahealthcare provider does not adopt electronic medical records, they may miss out on the benefits of faster andmore accurate information sharing, improving patient care.Once the decision to implement technology in a specific healthcare industry is made, concerns about patientsafety, an aversion to change, and hospital-wide compliance with regulations begin to arise (WynHouse, nd.). Thehealthcare technology industry also boomed with the COVID-19 outbreak. The COVID-19 outbreak has led tosignificant advancements and innovations in medical technology. In order to diagnose, treat, and prevent thespread of the virus, healthcare providers and researchers have had to develop and deploy new technologies andapproaches. The COVID-19 outbreak has highlighted the importance of the medical industry and the essential roleit plays in society. This has led to increased funding, support for medical research and development, as well as agreater appreciation for the work of healthcare providers. This has created opportunities for growth andinnovation in the medical industry. It also placed enormous strain on global health systems, disrupting healthcareby increasing the risk of fraud and deception; the risk of hospital operations and assets being compromised,disrupted, or altered; and the increased use of telehealth resulting in a breakdown between providers andconsumers (Kuehn,2021). This article will cover the effects/impact of disruptive innovations/technologiesintroduced into healthcare industries over the short term through a light review of disruptions and responses,followed by commentary and policy recommendations.


The invention relates to an interface module for a local data network comprising a series of inductive components (7,8) which connect the interface circuit (3, 4) to a data line (6). Said inductive components and in particular the translator (8) have a magnetic core (9) constructed from amorphous or nanocrystalline alloys and are characterized by a particularly small construction volume.


Fenced Nitraria torngutorumcones with wire and sowing seeds in desert region show that along two sides of Yuelianghu highway,compared with unenclosed Nitraria torngutorum conesvegetation coverage were enhanced by 17.4 and species diversity, density, roughness respectively increased 13 categories,28 individual plants/m 2 ,18.3 times and sand flux and wind speed decreased 5.7 times and 11.37%.


Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes.These plants,and the associated microbes,fungi,plants,and animals,constitute the mangrove forest community or mangal.The mangal and its associated abiotic factors constitute the mangrove ecosystem.Mangrove ecosystem is a very important category of the wetland systems in China.It has important direct and indirect economic,ecological and social values to human being.However,the mangrove area of China has been severely reduced during the past fifty years by destroying mangroves as agricultural fields,aquaculture ponds,and urban construction and so on.An important reason why mangrove ecosystems continue to be used in unsustainable ways is that their economic value is not adequately represented in decision-making and often the economic valuations of mangroves only include the direct uses and products of mangroves,which only represent part of the total value of mangroves.The non-market values,such as biodiversity and nutrient export,are not easily quantified but have shown to be significant.Through a study of the energy flows,and using the method of emergy analysis,this paper estimated the emergy value of the mangrove ecosystem in China.The ecosystem services of mangrove in China used in our analysis include organic matter production,raw materials,habitat,disturbance regulation,waste treatment and education.The organic matter production is leaf litter and detrital matter,which are valuable sources of food for animals in estuary and coastal waters.The raw materials are the production of timber.The habitat is the capacity of mangrove ecosystem to provide refuge and reproduction habitat to wild animals,especially wild birds.The disturbance regulation is the capacity of mangrove ecosystem to protect and stabilize the coastlines.The wastewater treatment services can be assessed based on the data concerning the capacity of mangroves to remove nutrients from adjacent waters.The education relates to the unlimited opportunities for nature study.The results show that total emergy money value of mangrove ecosystem services in China,which covers(13 646)hm~2,adds up to 12.6×10~8 Yuan(Chinese RMB),of which,about(2 826.58×10~4) Yuan of litter fall,about(1 170.81)×10~4 Yuan of biomass,about(63 866.15)×10~4 Yuan of habit,about(10 473.30)×10~4 Yuan of storm prevention,about(47 567.13)×10~4 Yuan of waste treatment,and about 206.86×10~4 Yuan of scientific study.In addition,the concepts of the emergy flow value and the emergy storage value of ecosystem services were analyzed and discussed with the details of mangrove ecosystem in China.


This paper uses provincial data during 2004-2013 to analyze the relationship between finance leasing, equipment investment and GDP growth. The analysis of the paper shows that financial leasing promotes the increase in equipment investment, which is significant in central and western regions, but not significant in eastern region; financial leasing significantly promotes economic growth in eastern, central and western regions; equipment investment significantly promotes economic growth in central and western regions, but not in eastern region.


Microcapsules enclosing a material having a solubility in water of less than 750 mg / l at 20 ° C or clomazone, characterized by the microcapsules wall is formed by an interfacial polymerization reaction of the materials forming the wall (a ) isocyanate (s) aliphatic (s), and (b) isocyanate (s) aromatic (s), and (c) compound (s) of formula (I) -derived carbamida- acetylene in monomeric and / or oligomeric and / or polymer where R1, R3, R5, R7, are, independently of one another, methylene, ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, n-butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene R2, R4, R6, R8, are, independently of one another, hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl R9, R10 are hydrogen or hydroxymethyl; comprising the compounds (I) all isomeric and stereochemical configurations that may be present; depending on the radicals cited, and been excluded from compounds (I) all the combinations of radicals that can not form polyurea polymers derivatives carbamide acetylene when such derivatives carbamide acetylene are reacted in the present invention with a mixture isocyanate and the ratio of wall forming materials is aliphatic isocyanate: aromatic isocyanate from 1: 3 to 1: 1; aromatic isocyanate: acetylene carbamide derivatives 9: 1 to 4: 1; aliphatic isocyanates: acetylene carbamide derivatives of 2: 1 to 5: 1; and the microcapsules have an average diameter from 0.3 to 25 .mu.m, and 90% of the microcapsules have a diameter less than 100 microns, when measured with size analyzer conventional laser diffraction particle, after dilution with water Custom stirring.


The genetic diversity among 24 Flue-cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco cultivars was investigated using 20 SSR primers. Distinct polymorphism was noticed among closely related cultivars studied indicating the robust nature of microsatellites in revealing polymorphism. A total of 78 amplicons were produced of which 48% were polymorphic among the varieties. The pairwise similarity among the varieties ranged from 0.54 to 0.91, indicated a broad genetic base of the tested genotypes which could be due to use of divergent parents including exotic introductions and local selections in breeding for different quality and physiological traits. Varieties developed indigenously through different breeding methods were clustered together whereas exotic introductions and their derivatives were grouped together separately. Genetic relationship among the FCV tobacco varieties based on polymorphic DNA profile largely corresponded with parentage. The SSR based analysis in the present study suggested that the Indian tobacco breeding has been successful in developing varieties with a relative broader genetic base.


The microstructure of two-layered variable-burning rate propellant was studied.The existence and characters of crazes were proved and the compensating mechanism of crazes was put forward.Using scanning electron microscope,we could observe the thickness of crazes changed with temperature;in the closed bomb test,compared the combustion characters of the treated propellant with that of original propellant,analyzed the interior ballistic performances at different temperatures on a certain shrapnel shell.By the changes of thickness of the crazes with temperature,the burning area of the propellant is changed and the desire discharge rule of the propellant is realized.The result indicates that the correct principle of crazes,the stability of crazes and the existence of crazes cause the two-layered alterable-burning rate propellant to have low temperature coefficient.


In a recent monograph, Sabine Folger-Fonfara introduces neutral intentions as the crowning achievement of Francis of Marchia's metaphysics. Neutral intentions express the common characteristics of first intentions (pertaining to real beings) and of second intentions (mental beings) and therefore play the role of supertranscendentals. The doctrine of neutral intentions also explains how, in Francis of Marchia's theory of general metaphysics, being can have maximum extension. Yet this signal development in the history of philosophy does not appear in Francis of Marchia's main philosophical work, his Commentary on the Sentences. This paper analyzes Francis of Marchia's doctrine of intentionality in the Quodlibet and compares it to the treatments in the Questions on the Metaphysics and in the Commentary on the Sentences, and concludes that the doctrine of intentionality assumed by Questions on the Metaphysics and articulated by the Commentary on the Sentences reflects a more sophisticated understanding of the...


We describe an in situ method for studying the influence of deposited laser energy on microstructural evolution during nanosecond laser driven crystallization of amorphous Si. By monitoring microstructural evolution as a function of deposited energy in a dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM), information on grain size and defect concentration can be correlated directly with processing conditions. This work demonstrates that DTEM studies are a promising approach for obtaining fundamental information on nucleation and growth processes that have technological importance for the development of thin film transistors.


Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is common winter season respiratory pathogen that affects humans.Together with measles and mumps virus, RSV belongs to family of Paramyxoviridae, although it is less severe when it comes to disease severity and outcome. Today, RSV is the most frequent viral pathogen in infants causing lower respiratory tract infections whereas in adults, infection is localized to upper respiratory tract characterized by mild and transient inflammation. Infection in infants is often characterized by bronchiolitis and wheezing due to bronchiole mucus plugging and bronchoconstriction, which in some cases require hospitalization. Certain percentage of infants experience recurrent RSV infections and develop the airway hyperactivity that could result in development of allergic asthma later in childhood. There are many hypothesis on RSV caused pathology in infants ; immaturity of immune system, inadequate innate immune response or ability of the virus to circumvent effective adaptive anti-viral responses shifting from type 1 to type 2 immune responses, since some clinical symptoms of RSV bronchiolitis resemble to acute allergic asthmatic attack In our isnvestigation we confirmed that infants with acute RSV infection produce more IL-4 cytokine that correlates to disease severity. Predominance of type 2 response in acute RSV infection is not only accompanied by increased expression of the low affinity IgE receptor (CD23) but also the synthesis of specific anti-RSV IgE and IgG4 antibodies. Since innate immunity is part of immune system with ability to recognize and act upon pathogen challenge, importance of Toll-like receptors (TLR) that " sense" RSV have major role in the control of viral replication and development of specific anti-viral response. Analyzing peripheral blood cells from infants with RSV infection, we found that extracellular TLR4 (recognizing RSV glycoprotein G) and intracellular TLR3, TLR7 and TLR8 (recognizing RSV RNA molecule) are expressed at lower level. Lower TLRs expression could relate with inadequate engagement in innate immunity mechanisms followed by the insufficient dendritic cell maturation and the lower adaptive cytokine synthesis.


Objective: The objective of this paper is to present a birds-eye view of the Malaria situation in the W.H.O. Western Pacific Region. Methods: The methods included online searches related to Malaria for each country such as from W.H.O., World Bank and journal articles as well as national program documents.Findings: Twenty-eight countries, territories, and areas (American Samoa, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Kiribati, Macao SAR, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Singapore, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna) are free of indigenous Malaria while the remaining nine (Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Viet Nam) are progressing towards that target. Conclusion: Cambodia and Malaysia are most likely to receive a certification for Malaria elimination in the immediate future.


In the current context of the market economy development and evolution and development of companies' activities it is remarked the proper development of economic and financial information. In this paper we shall present both the qualitative characteristics of the accounting information, from national and international perspective, and their classification according to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 2. The need for information is covered by unpublished reports, statements, which include selective information from the financial statements. In the private sector, managers interested in the entity's performance, turn to financial analysts, who on the basis of economic and financial indicators can give a diagnosis on the health of the entity.


Having laid this American background, Dr. Scott then proceeds to discuss the movement culminating in the establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Of this he is in a position to speak with authority, inasmuch as he served as expert advisor to Mr. Root, who was a member of the Advisory Committee of Jurists which drafted the substantial outlines of the present court statute and protocol. He emphasizes the important service which Mr. Root performed in suggesting the method finally adopted for the selection of the judges of the Permanent Court. The chapter is rounded out with a general discussion of the organization and jurisdiction of the court. The book contains nine appendices comprising several American constitutional documents as well as various others of current international importance such as the draft scheme of the advisory committee of jurists for the World Court, the statute creating the tribunal, and the protocol actually establishing it. The third appendix lists all the cases between the states of the American Union, or between the United States and the states, which have come before the Supreme Court. The book leaves upon the reader exactly the impression which Dr. Scott undoubtedly wished to make upon his hearers when he delivered the lectures, namely, that American participation in the Permanent Court of International Justice is demanded by all the traditions and experience of this nation in settling the numerous disputes which have arisen between states. American failure to join would have been a betrayal of the past. This is not the thorough and comprehensive book on the World Court which we wish that Dr. Scott would give us, but it forms a suggestive and valuable background for such a work.


We previously proposed a three-dimensional microscopic imaging system for objects hidden behind scattering media using in-line phase-shift digital holography, which simultaneously captures amplitude and phase information. However, as the thickness of the scattering medium increases, the influence of scattering is enhanced, and the reconstructed image of the object behind the scattering medium deteriorates. In this paper, we report the evaluation of this image using a near-infrared light source with a wavelength of 780 nm that is capable of deep tissue penetration. A favorable microscopic image of the object behind the rat-skin sample of 912 μm-thickness was successfully reconstructed.


: We investigated the safety and utility of endoscopic removal of common bile duct stones ( CBDS ) in the elderly. In all, 253 patients with CBDS who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) between January 2007 and December 2011 at Showa University Hospital were evaluated retro-spectively. The median age of the patients was 75 years ; thus, we divided patients into two groups, those aged ≥ 75 years ( Group A ; n = 134 ) and those aged < 75 years ( Group B ; n = 119 ) . Patients in Group A had significantly higher rates of endoscopic sphincterotomy in palliative ERCP ( 24.8% vs. 10.7% ; p = 0.008 ) and palliative removal of CBDS ( 34.8% vs. 20.9% ; p = 0.015 ) than patients in Group B. However, the median dose of flunitrazepam was significantly lower for patients in Group A than Group B ( 1 vs. 1.4 mg, respectively ; p < 0.001 ) . The rate of use of pentazocine ( 18.5% vs. 54.7% ; p < 0.001 ) and scopolamine butylbromide ( 6.2% vs. 23.9% ; p < 0.01 ) was significantly lower in Group A patients, whereas the use of glucagon was significantly higher in this group ( 43.8 vs. 15.4% ; p < 0.001 ) . There were no significant differences in the rate of successful endoscopic removal of CBDS, treatment time, complications, and the recurrence of CBDS between the two groups. Endoscopic removal of CBDS in the elderly is a safe procedure with good outcomes if the appropriate treatment is selected.


The paper discusses the application of multidisciplinary synthesis to the predesign of launch vehicles. Computer program COPESIADS was extended to include a convergence loop over several different launch vehicle predesign level analyses which use a standard call statement. The resulting code was used to perform a trade study on a two stage launch vehicle. The loop over the analyses converged and results of the trade study are reported.


Previous reports'I2 have shown evidence for a N 13 year sinusoidal variation in the light curve of the Crab pulsar. The variation was quantified as the ratio of the intensity of the two peaks in the light curve, designated as P2/P1, where P2 is the intensity of the second peak and P1 the intensity of the first peak. The model that has been suggested to explain this variation is one in which the pulsar precesses and, as the view from Earth of the gamma-ray beam changes, so does the ratio of P2 to PI. The variations in different energy bands might track, although it is possible to evoke a more complicated model in which the beam profile width perpendicular to the plane scanning the Earth is different in different energy ranges. Our new data (taken over the energy range 50-200 keV, which is close enough to the previous 60-340 keV data in energy given that the low energy flux dominates) show, however, that the effect does not seem to be real, as can be seen in Figure 1. Most likely the high points in Figure 1 are simply statistical fluctuations as all the high points coincidently have large error bars.


Incorporation of copper into a recording material of poly (vinyl alcohol) with Iron (III) Chloride is observed to give improved its characteristics as holographic recording medium. We show preliminary results; transmission gratings were recorded in the photopolymer films using a diode laser (445 nm). Copper-doped films showed good energy sensitivity and gratings recorded in films exhibited a diffraction efficiency of 20% at first order. This material have great advantages such as real-time image development, self-processing and high photosensitivity.


Prior authorization monitors prescription drugs to ensure you are getting a medication that is suitable for the intended use and covered by your pharmacy bene t. If your prescription requires a prior authorization, your physician needs to be consulted to provide additional information before it can be covered under your bene t. Only your physician can provide this necessary information to insure the prescription is dispensed safely and for the appropriate conditions. If your physician con rms that the clinical criteria are satis ed, the prescription can be lled under your bene t coverage. If the clinical criteria are not satis ed, the claim is not covered under your bene t. e Pharmacy Bene ts Manager (PBM), Express Scripts Inc. (ESI), will contact your pharmacist and also will send you a letter describing the reasons for denial and providing instructions if you wish to appeal this denial.


Members of the coniferophagous Choristoneura genus can be found in all conifer-forested regions of North America. The distribution of its species is reasonably well established and most members of the group are taxonomically distinct. There has been one recorded case of natural hybridization between C. occidentalis and C. retiniana (68). In areas of sympatry among other species, the mechanisms of reproductive isolation are not well understood and little data is available to assume lack of hybridization. Pheromone differences may, in fact, be an important factor in species isolation (24). The two most economically important and widely distributed species, C. fumiferana, the spruce budworm, and C. occidentalis, the western spruce budworm, are believed to be geographically isolated and are the most in tensively studied of all the budworms. Spruce budworm, the most extensive in range of all the bud worms , exhibits population oscillations (35, 49 ) of very large amplitudes, with periods of extremely high densities when defoliation and tree mortality can occur (42) over extensive areas. Several reviews have summarized the biology (56) and the sex-pheromone chemistry (59, 60) of the coniferophagous Choristoneura. The pheromone mediated behavior of both C. fumiferana (3, 60) and C. occidentalis (2; J. Sweeney & J. McLean, unpublished data) has been studied in some detail, and this research may help decode the communication systems in the other


Association rule of the well-studied techniques in data mining is the exploratory data analysis for understanding the relevance among the items in a huge database. This method has been used to find the relationship between each set of items based on the interestingness measures such as support, confidence, lift, similarity measures, etc. By typical association rule technique, we generate association rule that satisfy minimum support and confidence values. Support and confidence are the most frequently used, but they have the drawback that they can not determine the direction of the association because they have always positive values. In this paper, we compared support, basic confidence, and three kinds of confidence measures useful for classification model building to overcome this problem. The result confirmed that the causal confirmed confidence was the best confidence in view of the association mining because it showed more precisely the direction of association.


Abstract We present an easily defined countable family of permutations of the natural numbers for which explicit rearrangements (i.e., the sums induced by the permutations) can be computed. The digamma function proves to be the key tool for the computations found here for the alternating harmonic series. The permutations φ under consideration are simple in the sense that φ○φ is the identity function. We show that the countable set of rearrangements obtained from the permutations considered below is dense in the reals.


5-chloro-7-( 3-diethylaminopropylaminomethyl )-8-quinolinol (PAA-3854) was tested against Entamoeba histolytica in the form of the base, hydrochloride, pamoate, disalicylate, and bis-3-hydroxy2-naphthoate salts. In a liver-serum medium, PAA-3854 hydrochloride was amebicidal in concentrations of 20 to 40 gg/ml; the reference drug, emetine hydrochloride, was amebicidal at 2.5 ALg/ml. In rats, all forms of PAA-3854 were active by drug-diet administration in dose levels of 149 to 679 mg/kg/day for 7 days; the hydrochloride, pamoate, and disalicylate salts were effective by gavage in doses of 75 to 600 mg/kg/day for 4 days. The highest doses inhibited the growth of rats; otherwise, the drug was well tolerated on the basis of gross examination. In the oral treatment of dogs for 10 days, the hydrochloride and pamoate salts were curative, roughly proportional to the amount given, in respective doses of 3.13 to 50 mg/kg/day and 12.5 to 25 mg/kg/day. These doses were well tolerated, by gross examination. Hepatic amebiasis in hamsters was suppressed by 100 to 200 mg/kg/day oral doses of PAA-3854 hydrochloride; its effects were roughly comparable to those of the reference drug, chloroquine diphosphate. The substituted 8-quinolinols comprise one of the main classes of intestinal amebicides. A large number of them have been examined in these laboratories for antiamebic action (Thompson et al., 1955; Burckhalter et al., 1961). 5-chloro-7-(3-diethylaminopropylaminomethyl)-8-quinolinol, either as the base or certain salts, has shown a particularly interesting degree of activity. This paper deals with the effects of these substances against Entamoeba histolytica in vitro, in rats and dogs with experimental intestinal amebiasis, and in hamsters with experimental hepatic amebiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detailed descriptions of the antiamebic test methods in vitro and in experimental animals have been presented elsewhere (Thompson et al., 1956). All tests were conducted with strain 200 Entamoeba histolytica in association with undefined mixtures of bacteria. The culture medium for in vitro tests was made to a final concentration of 0.5% liver extract (Wilson & Co., Liver Concentrate, N.F.), 14.3% calf serum, and rice starch (Stein Hall & Co., Imported, No. 42499) in approximately M/20 phosphate buffer-physiologic saline (pH 7.4). The latter was prepared by mixing 86 ml 1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate, 14 ml 1 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 1,400 ml 0.86% NaCl in distilled water. The liver extract was added as a 5% aqueous solution. The test preparations consisted of 4 ml medium, 0.5 ml drug preparation, and 0.5 ml inoculum containing sufficient amebae for a final density of 7,500/mi. They were dispensed in screw-capped Received for publication 2 April 1965. tubes and incubated for 48 hr at 37 C in an atmosphere of CO2. Results were read by making semiquantitative estimates of the amebic population. Rats of the Yale (Y) strain (Maguran Farms), the CFE strain (Carworth Farms), or of the Sprague-Dawley (SD) strain (Sprague-Dawley, Inc.) of either sex were used. They were infected intracecally at 22 days of age with 10,000 to 100,000 amebae (depending upon their virulence) and were maintained on an enriched, low-residue die (Thompson, 1958). Drugs were given either in the diet for 7 days, starting approximately 3 hr after inoculation, or twice daily by gavage on the 3rd through the 6th days after inoculation. Doses given by gavage were administered in 10 ml vehicle/kg of body weight. The controls were sham-dosed with the vehicles. Results were read by autopsy on the 7th day after inoculation, in terms of the average degree of infection and the proportion of animals infected. Drug effects were computed by Abbott's formula (Abbott, 1925) on the basis of the parallel sham-treated controls. Five to 15 rats were used per test group and data from many experiments were compiled, with appropriate weighting for the variable numbers of rats used. Deaths are not recorded in the treated groups, as they occurred rarely. The effects of the drugs on growth of the rats is expressed as the "per cent tolerance" (the quotient of mean weight gains by treated and control groups during the medication periods). Dogs (4 to 9 kg weight range, either sex, mixed breeds) were infected intrarectally from donor animals or cultures and maintained on a strict diet of canned salmon, supplemented three times weekly with vitamins and minerals (Abdol? and Ferro Drops?, Parke, Davis & Co.). Drug was withheld until the animals developed dysentery and was given orally in gelatin capsules. Therapeutic effects were assayed by examining fresh colonic aspirates for amebae three times weekly. Animals