Prophylactic application of an antibiotic to chicks and poults during the first few days of life as an aid in the control and prevention of chronic respiratory disease, offers several advantages over treatment of older birds. The probability exists that mycoplasma are present in smaller numbers in young chicks or poults than in older birds and may be more easily eliminated. Further, the mycoplasma, not being encapsulated by tissue, as in more advanced infections, might be more readily accessible to the antibiotic. Prophylactic disease treatment is usually more beneficial and less expensive than therapeusis. This report describes a system of injecting embryonating chicken or turkey eggs with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the use of the hatched chicks and poults for comparing tylosintreated birds with untreated control birds. This system may also be used to demonstrate the stress of Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccination. Mycoplasma innoculation of embryonating eggs produces a uniform infeotion in day-old birds; therefore, experimental evaluations can be made wiith few birds compared to the large numbers required for similar evaluations under field conditions.


The minimum spanning tree problem consists to find the smallest weight among all possible trees in a network. It is one of the main problems of graphs theory, since it has a wide range of applications in Engineering and Computation areas, such as: electricity distribution networks, information storage, transportation, etc. In this paper is proposed an exact algorithm to the minimum spanning tree problem with uncertain structures. It is based on the mainly papers of the literature and presents a solution ordered set of minimum spanning trees. The uncertainties of the structures are resolved using the fuzzy sets theory. The algorithm was tested on literature instances having the same results. Its complexity is O((v-a)(v2)), where v is the node sets and a is the arcs sets.


The homogeneity limits of ZnTe were examined using direct physical−chemical technique in the temperature range 750—1455 K. It was demonstrated that surface oxidation in the room environment results in the distortion of the observed picture such that an excess of a component may appear with a negative sign. At the same time, in the case of non−oxidized ZnTe, it was demonstrated for the first time the stoichiometrical composition lies within the homogeneity limits. The maximum nonstoichiometries were found to be a 3.4 × 10-4 and 4.4 × 10-3 mole excess of a component per mole of ZnTe for Te at 1369 K and Zn at 1292 K, respectively. At T < 1200 K the solidus lines of both the Te- and Zn-rich boundaries demonstrated retrograde behavior. On the basis of the results obtained from X- ray diffraction and optical microscopy measurements performed on quenched samples, a T — x -projection including a wurtzite-sphalerite-like phase transformation was proposed for the Zn—Te-system.


In the course of studies of lateral line canals of the goldfish, it seemed advisable to observe possible reactions of the canals of the lateral line organs to absorption of coloring substances held in suspension by water. To accomplish this purpose, goldfishes were immersed in various weak solutions containing lampblack, India ink, vermilion and Berlin blue, and allowed to live over periods of time varying from a week to two months. From time to time the fishes were examined and it was found that actually small amounts of these coloring substances had been taken up by the lateral line canals of the head or trunk. Such small patches of absorbed pigment occasionally found caught in the lumen of the lateral line canals gave, however, unsatisfactory evidence of any mechanism of absorption or expulsion of fluids into the system of canals. Finally, by using more highly concentrated solutions of some of these same substances, in which the fishes, temporarily, were allowed to swim, a very striking outline of the lateral line canal system filled with coloring substance was obtained; and there was also offered an opportunity of directly observing the intake and expulsion of these colored fluids through the pores distributed along the canal system. An illustrative experiment is as follows: goldfish, length 5 cm. fron tip of snout to base of tail, whitish color. Solution: India ink 20 cc., water 200 cc., temperature 20? C. Preliminary examination of fish showed normal-looking lateral line canals of head and of body. The fish was placed in the India ink solution for thirty seconds, rinsed in water, and changed to a shallow dish of water for examination under the dissecting microscope. The canal system of each side of the head was sharply outlined in black, the supra and infraorbital, the hyomandibular and the supra-temporal canals were deeply injected, and appeared as sharp black lines. The absorbed India ink extended to about one-fourth of the adjacent region of the lateral line of the trunk. After the lapse of over one half minute, there was noted black coloring 313


Cities desiring to improve urban environment, maintain resources, and develop population economic conditions, shall offer integrated programs to create rules and recommendations for design processes, operate and maintain all sustainable urban communities. Thus, heritage buildings design recommendations avail comprehensive methodology for developing and maintaining the urban context, which focuses on developing urban environment as the frame giving such buildings the integrative image and achieving harmony with the context. Where studying urban heritage comes on the top of tourist authorities and international organizations programs priorities, this study aims at: - Determining the mutual relationship between heritage buildings and urban context. - Designing main principles for developing urban districts to suit their value buildings as an approach for developing urban heritage investment value. - Offering recommendations to enhance the development of historical districts considered as macro frame for urban heritage. The research follows inductive analysis methodology to establish a relationship between urban planning factors of historical city districts and their role in developing performance and heritage buildings appearance. The research is expected to determine recommendations for mixing heritage buildings with their urban content to develop their value and architectural appearance.


The objectives of this research were to study the effects when filling up pure oxygen into a small gasoline engine and compare the fuel consumption between the engine filled and unfilled with oxygen for experimentation. For the experiment, the gasoline engine with 1 cylinder and 4 stroke size 1.25 kW was used and classified into 3 conditions included : (1) no oxygen filling up , (2) oxygen filling up before throttle valve, (3) and oxygen filling up after throttle valve. The experiment was made in accordance with engine speed viz; 1080 1440 1,800 2,160 2,520 2,880 3,240 and 3,600 rpm. The measurement of oxygen flow, engine torque, cylinder pressure, specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas analysis were made according to the 3 mentioned conditions through exhaust gas analysis machine. The findings were as followed: When fill up pure oxygen in air-fuel mixture, the engine torque was more increased and burning was more perfected than none of oxygen. The engine torque was highest increased when filling up the oxygen before and after throttle valve, the flowing rate was at 700 cm3/min. The fuel could be more economized than none of oxygen. The comparisons of specific fuel consumption was shown that oxygen filling up after throttle valve was more economized than filling up before throttle averagely by 2.92 % and more economized than none of oxygen averagely by 7.29 %


Abstract : The intent of this research paper is to examine the transformation of the U.S. Army during the Eisenhower Administration. Due to the administration's New Look strategy the U.S. Army was forced to examine its role and relevance in light of a new strategic environment that relied almost exclusively on strategic bombing and nuclear weapons. However the administration offered frustratingly little guidance on how the Army should accomplish this mission other than cutting its budget and structure. Faced with what was thought to be a revolution of military affairs (RMA) the Army undertook dramatic changes: extensively reorganizing the division embracing the technology of guided missiles enlarging the role of air defense and experimenting to understand the techniques tactics and procedures needed to operate on the "atomic" battlefield--all at the expense of developing conventional weapons due to misplaced confidence in "emerging" technology that was projected for fielding. As the Army went through these changes it experienced significant cultural uncertainty and professional debate. However at the end of the Eisenhower administration there was strong feeling that this transformation was misguided as evidenced by the impermanence of the New Look transformational changes. The Army quickly suspended the Pentomic reorganization and the Kennedy Administration adopted the concept of Flexible Response. During this transformation two successive Chiefs of Staff grappled with a highly controversial Secretary of Defense highlighting the numerous shortcomings of the New Look policy. Their greatest concern was that the Army was not prepared to fight in limited wars which was exactly the type of conflict the Army later faced. This scenario is worth examining as the Army 50 years later faces some of the same issues of trying to "get it right" in transformation.


Thermal oxidation kinetics of raw constant viscosity natural rubber (CVNR) prepared with fresh natural rubber (NR) latex containing several difference viscosity stabilizers was studied. The comparison with the ageing characteristics of hot oxygen (hot air), ozone and light oxygen (ultraviolet light) of vulcanizate of raw CVNR was also studied. The results show that the thermal oxidation activation energies of CVNR prepared with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrazine hydrate, aniline or semicarbazide hydrochloride are higher, extraordinarily that of aniline. The thermal oxidation activation energy of CVNR prepared with hydroxylammonium sulphate was lower and also compared to that of the control. The oxidation kinetics of raw CVNR had good correlation with thermal oxidation ageing characteristics of vulcanizate of raw CVNR, and had no correlation with the ageing characteristics of ozone and light oxygen. Introduction The molecules of natural rubber (NR) can crosslink [1,2] during storage because there are aldehydes [1,3] on molecular chain, which will make molecular weight change, causing initial plasticity (P0) and Mooney viscosity increase and plasticity retention index (PRI) decrease. Mooney viscosity is an important indicator measuring the processing property of NR. The change of Mooney viscosity of NR during storage affects greatly the processing property of NR. NR with constant viscosity can simplify the production technology of products, and maintains consistent performance of products. Constant viscosity natural rubber (CVNR) is prepared by the method of adding viscosity stabilizer into NR latex. The viscosity stabilizer can react with aldehyde to reduce the activity of aldehyde, which will prevent rubber from hardening 4 and maintain stability of Mooney viscosity. The CVNR with different Mooney viscosity is obtained through the addition of different viscosity stabilizer. For example, The CVNR with low Mooney viscosity can be obtained through adding hydroxylamine hydrochloride or hydroxylammonium sulphate. CVNR with medium Mooney viscosity can be obtained through adding aniline (0.03 phr) or semicarbazide hydrochloride. The CVNR with medium Mooney viscosity can be obtained through adding aniline (0.03 phr) or semicarbazide hydrochloride. CVNR with high Mooney viscosity can be obtained through adding aniline (0.05 phr) or hydrazine hydrate [5]. The physical and chemical properties of NR will change with addition of viscosity stabilizer. The effects of different viscosity stabilizer on NR are different. Some viscosity stabilizers will improve aging property of NR and some will wreck that. The 205 Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Biological Sciences Research (ABSR), volume 6 2017 2nd International Conference on Biological Sciences and Technology (BST 2017)


United States Geological Survey, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Chief Scientists: Dave Nichols, Tom Mack. Data (navigation) of field activity 98050 (W-50-98-NH) in New Hampshire Great Bay from 11/16/1998 to 11/20/1998, http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/w/w5098nh/html/w-50-98-nh.meta.html.


Continuity and change in children's involvement in bullying was examined across the transition to middle school in relation to externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in fifth grade and peer affiliations in fifth and sixth grades. The sample consisted of 533 students (223 boys, 310 girls) with 72% European American, 25% African American, and 3% Other. Although externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in fifth grade were related to bullying involvement in sixth grade, the prediction of stability and desistance in bullying and victimization status was enhanced by information about students' peer group trajectories. Furthermore, peer group trajectories uniquely explained the emergence of bullying and victimization in middle school.


Objective: To examine the clinical and pathological factors associated with survival in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Methods: The final analysis cohort included 71 patients with pathologically proven FTLD, excluding patients with clinical motor neuron disease (MND), evaluated at the University of Pennsylvania or at the University of California, San Francisco. We assessed clinical and demographic features; cognitive functioning at presentation; genetic markers of disease; and graded anatomical distribution of tau, ubiquitin and amyloid pathology. Results: The tau-negative group (n = 35) had a median survival time of 96 months (95% CI: 72–114 months), whereas the tau-positive group (n = 36) had a median survival time of 72 months (95% CI: 60–84 months). Patients with tau-positive pathology across all brain regions had shorter survival than those with tau-negative pathology in univariate Cox regression analyses (Hazard ratio of dying = 2.003, 95% CI = 1.209–3.318, p = 0.007). Conclusions: Tau-positive pathology represents a significant risk to survival in FTLD, whereas tau-negative pathology is associated with a longer survival time when clinical MND is excluded.


A method for transmitting data in a transmitter of a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) system according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: selecting an antenna to be used for transmission among a plurality of antennas based on transmission data; and transmitting the transmission data via the selected antenna. Additionally, in another embodiment, the transmitter for transmitting the data in the MIMO system comprises: an antenna part including one and more antennas for transmitting and receiving signals to and from a receiver; and a controller for selecting the antenna to be used for transmission among the one and more antennas based on the transmission antenna and controlling the antenna part to transmit the transmission data via the selected antenna. The method for transmitting and receiving the data according to the embodiment increases throughput in a MIMO communication system. Therefore a transceiver better in the aspect of complexity and performance as compared with traditional technology may be designed. So, the present invention increases the number of symbols to be transmitted at once by acquiring additional degree of freedom (DOF) rather than traditional communication technology. Moreover, the presented technology may be used under specific conditions and, also, may enhance additional performance even when being applied to a traditional MIMO communication system.


In a recent column in The Wall Street Journal, executives were urged to focus on four priorities based on the events of the summer of 2007. At the top of the list was "Make supply-chain management a top priority." The story went on to say, "Don't wait for a crisis" (Hymowitz, 2007). Much of the story focused on supply chain security.There has been a lot written on supply chain vulnerability during crises or disasters such as the 9-11 terrorist attack in 2001 or natural disasters such as hurricane Katrina (e.g., Melnyk et. al., 2005). Not much attention has been paid to day-to-day supply chain security. As supply chains reach around the globe, potential security concerns are present every day. The focus of this article will be on developing a framework for the topic. Given a framework, it should then be possible for organizations to develop strategies and tactics for supply chain security.Supply chain security has four dimensions:a. security of the product or serviceb. security of the information flowsc. security of the money flowsd. security of the logistics systemsLet us look at each dimension in turn, provide a description and give examples, both good and bad.The Product or ServiceSecurity of the product or service itself has several dimensions. Underlying all of them is the question which the customers (meaning each successive link in the supply chain) must ask continually: "Am I getting what I ordered or expected?" Pharmaceutical companies, for example, have elaborate procedures to insure that cheap generics or even placebos are not substituted for high value drugs at some point in the distribution system (Zoellner, 2007). Their efforts are intended to insure that the end customer receives the medication that he or she is expecting. If this does not happen, lives and the company's reputation are at risk. Pills are small, easily counterfeited and easy to conceal. The more people who handle the drug before it reaches the consumer, the greater the risk of a security breach.A company may receive the products it ordered from a supplier, but the products may not be made to specifications. Stories of toys painted with lead based paint from China have made for sensational headlines. (Casey, 2007). Again, people's health and lives as well as companies' reputations are at risk from such a security breach. Ironically, the lead in the paint came largely from recycled electronic goods shipped to China from the U.S. (Fairclough, 2007).Products may not be made to the quality standards that have been specified, or cheaper Substitute raw materials or components may have been used. Products received may contain illegally obtained components, either through outright theft or the theft of intellectual property. You may think you have an original product, but find that you have a knock-off instead. Colgate warned consumers about authentic looking tubes of their toothpaste that were labeled "Made in South Africa" (where Colgate does not manufacture toothpaste). The toothpaste was contaminated with diethylene glycol (DEG), the same poison found in Chinese toothpaste (Colgate, 2007). Or, suppliers may simply cheat. One local businessman reported receiving a container full of rocks instead of steel from a Korean supplier.Sometimes the length or complexity of the supply chain makes security difficult. For the agricultural product ginger, China accounts for 53.8 percent of U.S. imports. In July 2007, ginger contaminated with the pesticide aldifarb sulfoxide, a chemical which can cause adverse reactions in humans, was discovered in a California food store. The investigators uncovered seven links in the supply chain from the farmers in China to the retail store. Discovering the actual source of the contamination was virtually impossible since for any given shipment arriving in a food store, the links in the supply chain may be different each time (Zamiska, 2007). Even in the highly regulated pharmaceutical industry problems can arise with contaminated products. …


This document presents the results of an evaluation of water hammer events in LWR power plants. The evaluation was based upon reports of actual events, typical plant design drawings and operating procedures. Included in this report are design and operating recommendations for the prevention or mitigation of water hammer occurrence.


Weakly agglomerated nano-crystalline Ho2O3 and Sc2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (HoScSZ) powders are prepared by the hydrothermal method. Dense HoScSZ ceramic pellets are fabricated by isostatically pressing the powders then sintering at 1350 degrees C for 2 h. All the HoScSZ samples are cubic phase verified by X-ray diffraction. 7 mol % Sc2O3 + 1 mol % Ho2O3 stabilized zirconia (7Sc1HoSZ) is verified by impedance spectroscopy possessing the higher conductivity than that of 8 mol % Sc2O3 stabilized zirconia (8ScSZ). Space charge potential and specific grain boundary conductivity are calculated and fitted under the circumstance that the grain boundary is free of any amorphous phase which is verified by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. With the increase of the doping content of Ho2O3, the specific grain boundary conductivity and space charge potential decrease, while oxygen vacancy concentration increases. (C)2013 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved.


Universities expose higher education professionals to complex organisational environments, expecting them to comply with structures, policies and practices. A university is not so different in this respect from other Communities of Practice (Wenger, 1998), in which the pressures to conform are often greater than the inducement to be original, and in which being different may be implicitly discouraged. The relationship between the individual and the established power structures becomes even more complicated when a university is going through the transitions and challenges that are inherent to internationalisation. This chapter examines the challenges and opportunities experienced by academics who are cultural and linguistic outliers within the setting of a European university, showing how the assumptions, values and expectations of the university environment can affect individuals' ability to perform agentically. We consider how these academic outliers make meaning of being professional within the context of internationalisation and consider how such efforts can contribute to new understandings of interculturality. We further examine how alternative ways of being can result in new modes of engagement with colleagues. Drawing on interviews with six academics within a single institution, this chapter offers a version of the truth that is 'woven from an amalgam of raw data' (Clough, 2002), resulting in an exploratory narrative in the voices of fictionalised protagonists.


Candida albicans is a microorganism being part of the normal microflora of the mouth, however, when a patient wears removable partial dentures (RPD)the amount of C. albicans yeast increases because of the dentures material porosity enhancing the attachment of microorganism being for which patientmins oral hygiene is a basic factor for maintaining supporting structures healthy. The propoleum ethanolic extracts (PEE) are characterized by an antifungal activity against C. albicans due to their bioactive components. The goal of the present research was to determine the effectiveness of commercial PEE in Merida State for the elimination of C. albicans in hard acrylic resin samples of RPD. Different PEE proportions were tested. Two tests were performed: desinfection of the acrylic samples submerged into different PEE for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes and 8 hours; later the agar diffusion to determine the halos of inhibitions. In a first time it was found that in petri dishes showed growing of C. albicans just in the controls; in the second period agar diffusion the PEE at 20% generated a smaller inhibition of halo, PEE at 30% and 40% generated irregular shape inhibitory halos and C. albicans growing was observed after 24 hours. Effectiveness of PEE for the inhibition of C. albicans after 5 minutes of samples immersion. The PEE at 20% showed inhibition of C. albicans growing at 30% and 40% they exhibited antifungal activity towards C. albicans.


Using the length data of Antarctic krill collected by the fishery observers on board the large-scale otter midwater trawlers,the present study analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics of length distribution of Antarctic krill based on dividing the study area into small scale units with resolution of 10′ and 10′.The results show that,the range of average length is 46.9 to 55.0 mm in the 24 units,the minimum and maximum length is 26.8 mm and 62.2 mm,respectively.Significant difference can be found among the units for the length distribution.Remarkable differences of the length distribution also exist for all units on the same latitudinal level and most units(71.4%) on the same longitudinal level.Over half of samples(60.3%) are distributed in the layer under the surface 40 to 80 m.Significant difference can be found for the length distribution among the 6 layers(0 to 120 m with 20 m interval),however,the average length is closer among the layers(52.5 to 53.6 mm).The range of length distribution and average length are 26.8 to 62.4 mm and 53.1 mm in December and 39.1 to 62.0 mm and 52.4 mm in January.Small individuals exist significantly in the middle of December,and the dominant length ranged from 32 to 35 mm,accounting for about 10%.


This project will be developing and implementing an Automated Bracket Crimper system with either innovating a PLC-based Ohmmeter or developing an Arduino Ohmmeter solution for testing resistance of a gas igniter module. The system comprises of a Direct Logic DL05 that controls solenoid valves allowing the compressed air to actuates cylinders for the needed mechanical functions. The PLC-based Ohmmeter uses a Direct logic DL05, a F0-04AD-2 Analog Input Card, and a FC-P3 signal conditioner module. The Arduino Ohmmeter solution is comprised of an Arduino Mega 2560, QAP ASS 1602a LCD screen, and a couple resistors with high accuracy. The newly designed Ohmmeters will help the operator to distinguish between good or bad parts while increasing productivity. Josh Kwascigroh, a mechanical engineer, will be developing the mechanical design while I develop the electrical and controls portion of the bracket crimper and find a better Ohmmeter solution.


The aim of this research is to determine the effect of cabin safety knowledge on cabin safety behavior, and the role of cabin safety information source credibility as a variable that reinforces the influence of cabin safety knowledge on cabin safety behavior. This research is quantitative and uses a sample of 175 respondents surveyed by distributing online questionnaires via Google Form. The object of research is Lion Air passengers during the vulnerable period 2019 - 2020. This research uses the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The results of this research indicate that cabin safety knowledge has a positive effect on cabin safety behavior, and the moderating effect test on cabin safety information source credibility is to strengthen the influence of cabin safety knowledge on cabin safety behavior.


MANY theories have been advanced to explain the increase in resistance of bacteria which frequently follows their exposure to an antibiotic. The view that the action of the antibiotic is selective, killing all but resistant bacteria which have arisen by mutation from sensitive bacteria, is now widely accepted. The critical experiments of Luria and Delbruick (1943), which showed that virus resistant bacteria arose by mutation from sensitive bacteria independently of the action of the virus, supports this view. Studies of the type carried out by these authors give not only quantitative information about the incidence of variant bacterial strains, but also provide a means of studying the problem of mutation in living cells. In view of this it seemed worth while to apply the methods of Luria and Delbruck to another strain of the bacterium they studied, Escherichia coli. Consequently tests were carried out to determine


The A·T and G·C base-pairs have been investigated experimentally and computationally to examine whether they contain any special stability relative to other base pairs. An empirically based relationship between overall complex stability (-ΔG°) and various possible component interactions is developed to probe the question in a large set of experimentally determined base-pairs and their analogs. Unexpected stability is observed in the A·T pair, and its origin is examined computationally. The results and their possible relationship to prebiotic chemistry are described.


Objective . To identify risk factors for thirdand fourth-degree perineal tears, so as to anticipate and intervene in order to prevent this complication that can severely affect a woman's quality of life. The study design was a retrospective case control study. Method . Ninety-three cases of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears were identified from the birth register of a tertiary referral hospital (Tygerberg Hospital). One hundred and nine patients with normal vaginal deliveries in the same time period were used as control group. Results . An analysis of the results revealed that there were no significant differences between cases and controls with regards to age, body mass index (BMI), gestation at delivery, duration of second stage, episiotomy and birth weight. However, there were significantly more primigravidas, assisted deliveries (forceps and vacuum), occipitoposterior positions, HIV negative patients and shoulder dystocia in the study group. Conclusions . Antenatal risk factors for thirdand fourth-degree tears are difficult to identify. However, intrapartum occipitoposterior and assisted deliveries, especially in the primigravid patient, should warn the obstetrician/ midwife about the risk of a severe tear. A restrictive episiotomy policy should be practiced. Shoulder dystocia was invariably associated with third- and fourth-degree tears in this study. The higher incidence of HIV negative patients in the study group requires further research.


Pot culture experiment was conducted to study the impact of organic and inorganic phosphorus source on major and micronutrient availability for main and residual crop. Organic and inorganic Phosphorus sources (farmyard manure, poultry manure, vermicompost, sewage sludge and single superphosphate), to supply 34 kg P2O5 ha -1 , were used as treatments with no phosphorus source as control. These six treatments replicated four times, making a total of 24 pots. In main groundnut crop all the phosphorus sources improved soil organic carbon and major and micronutrient contents. Among them poultry manure had the greatest influence on the availability of phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and sulphur. In the residual sunflower crop phosphorus source improved the nutrient availability and soil organic carbon content. Among them, poultry manure registered higher soil available nitrogen and phosphorus content and sewage sludge treatment increased potassium and sulphur content. Residual iron, zinc and copper content was higher and comparable in sewage sludge and farmyard manure treatment. And residual manganese content was higher in single super phosphate treatment. © 2017 Elixir All rights reserved. Elixir Agriculture 111 (2017) 48773-48778 Agriculture Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) P. Premanandarajah / Elixir Agriculture 111 (2017) 48773-48778 48774 To all the 24 pots, common basal applications of 17 kg N ha -1 as urea, 54 kg K2O ha -1 as muriate of potash and 74.34 kg S ha -1 as gypsum were given. On equivalent P basis @ 34 kg P2O5 ha -1 (0.054 g P per pot). Organic sources of P and inorganic SSP were applied to each pot. Seeds of groundnut (five per pot) were sown in each pot. After the germination, the plants were thinned to 3 per pot. Routine cultural practices were adopted in raising the crop. After the harvest of main crop groundnut, the soil in the pots were removed, gently powdered and repotted again. Common basal applications of N @ 40 kg N ha -1 , as urea and K @ 20 kg K2O ha -1 as muriate of potash were given; no phosphorus was applied. Seeds of sunflower were then sown @ 5 in each pot. After germination, 3 plants were uniformly maintained in each pot. After main and residual crop representative sub samples were drawn from the treatments organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and DTPA Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu were analyzed by using recommended methods. Statistical analysis The data obtained from the above investigations were subjected to statistical analysis to find out the effect of various treatments on the availability of nutrients. 3. Results and Discussion


Despite the growing body of literature on different employee behaviors such as organizational citizenship behavior or boundary spanning behavior, few research studies have investigated the impact of both in-role and extra-role behavior on performance outcomes, especially in business services settings. In this study we investigate how in-role behavior, extra-role behavior, and their interrelation influences employee performed productivity and quality in business security services. Data from 1,174 frontline service employees is analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that performance quality is directly influenced by in-role employee behavior oriented towards customers, while performance productivity is influenced by both in-role and extra-role employee behavior oriented towards employees and customers. Opportunities for future research and managerial implications of the results are discussed.


This observational study was designed to analyze the safety and feasibility of percutaneous skin closure using a purse‐string suture (PSS) after MitraClip procedures.


The invention belongs to the technical field of control over remote driving cranes, and particularly relates to an unmanned stacking unit control system. The unmanned stacking unit control system is high in efficiency and safety and good in use effect. The unmanned stacking unit control system comprises a background management and control part, a wireless data exchange device, a stacking unit PLC control part, a horizontal position detection and collection device, a large car frequency converter, a large car walking motor, a vertical position detection and collection device, an anode frequency converter and an anode lifting motor. The unmanned stacking unit control system is structurally characterized in that a signal transmission port of the stacking unit PLC control part is connected with a signal transmission port of the horizontal position detection and collection device, a signal transmission port of the large car frequency converter, a signal transmission port of the vertical position detection and collection device and a signal transmission port of the anode frequency converter.


The intense spirit of law is the basic characteristic of WTO, and it is an important guarantee to make the disposition of international economic resources and promote the development of modern productivity, too. At present, there is still a big gap between the requirements of rule by law and the carry-out of administration. To meet the requirements of the rule of WTO, we must build up the modern sense of administration by law, take effective reform measures, and make truly our administration get to the road of the rule by law.


Abstract : The corrosion rates of bare and chromated 2024-T3 aluminum and AZ31b magnesium were determined at several tropical environments (marine, open field, rain forest). Weight losses for magnesium were generally greater than for aluminum, but there were instances of catastrophic exfoliation corrosion of aluminum. Chromate conversion coatings provided effective protection to aluminum, but were only moderately protective to magnesium at the marine site, and provided no protection at nonmarine sites. The effect of environmental factors (i.e., rainfall and saltfall) on corrosion of aluminum and magnesium was studies. The effect of soil burial on corrosion rates was also determined. Double sealing (nickel acetate seal, followed by dichromate seal) of sulfuric anodized aluminum provided superior corrosion resistance over more conventional sealing techniques. (Author)


As one of the characteristics of GCE A Level Examination in England,the centre-assessed coursework is an integral part of many subject assessments.Through undertaking authentic tasks such as experiments,investigations,paper writing,etc.,the candidates produce the work under the supervision of their teachers in accordance with the requirements of the awarding body.The coursework is then marked by teachers and moderated externally.The standards and policies for assessment are made by the awarding body.The success of centre-assessed coursework in England provides a kind of model of reform in public examinations in the context of new curriculum reform in China.


NAND flash memories have bit errors that are corrected by error-correction codes (ECC). We present raw error data from multi-level-cell devices from four manufacturers, identify the root-cause mechanisms, and estimate the resulting uncorrectable bit error rates (UBER). Write, retention, and read-disturb errors all contribute. Accurately estimating the UBER requires care in characterization to include all write errors, which are highly erratic, and guardbanding for variation in raw bit error rate. NAND UBER values can be much better than 10-15, but UBER is a strong function of program/erase cycling and subsequent retention time, so UBER specifications must be coupled with maximum specifications for these quantities.


Due to their geometry and asymmetric transport properties, carbon nanotube Y‐junctions make it possible to create three‐terminal nanoelectronic devices and fully nanoscale device networks. To understand the propagation of electron waves in these nanoscopic "wave guides", we have simulated the STM images of such systems by calculating the transversal propagation of electronic wave packets through an STM model. The STM tip acts as a local injection source, the variation of the probability density along the branches of the Y‐junction gives information about the wave packet reflections and localized states.


AA number of Western developed countries initiated administrative reform programs during the early 1980's. The nature and scope of their reform interventions became known as new public administration (NPM). This paper distinguishes between administrative reform and new public management (NPM). It describes reform and reform interventions aimed at achieving particular goals and interventions to attain reform goals. It argues that NPM is only the utilisation of a particular style of management to effect reform goals. It concludes that South Africa must differentiate between reform and NPM initiatives to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of its own public management and administration.


This article uses Sharon Snyder and David Mitchell's concept of "cultural locations of disability" to theorize the 19th century medical plantation as a space in which black enslaved women were used as raw materials for medical-scientific advancement. The central argument is that the history can be perceived in new ways by applying the dual frameworks of black feminist theory and cultural disability theory to understand the medical plantation as a cultural location of disability. In so doing, the article demonstrates that on the 19th century medical plantation—a locality spatially separate from the agricultural plantation—black women's bodies were imagined as the ideal test subjects of research and innovation within what became modern gynecology. Keywords : medical plantation, cultural locations of disability, slavery, nineteenth-century medicine, black feminist theory, women's health, disability theory


An energy storage device thermochemical comprising: - a reservoir (301) for containing a thermochemical material, - at least one dryer (302) configured to dehydrate the thermochemical material, the device comprising at least one drying grid ( 303) configured to dip at least partially into the thermochemical material.


Objective: To analyze incidence of allergic shock due to azithromycin intra venous injection. Methods: The nature and ratio of allergic shock due to azithromycin iv injection published in various journals from 1994 to 2005 were reviewed and analyzed. Results: No significant difference between male and female subjects who experienced the allergic shock was found. The onset time of the allergic shock after the initial injection was within 6. 9 -49. 0 minutes ( CI 95% ) ; the mean age of the subjects who experienced the allergic shock was 32. 5 years ( range of 23. 4 - 41. 6, CI 95% ). Three out of nineteen allergic shocks (15.8% ) caused death. Conclusion: A close monitor to the patients who receive azithromycin for iv injection is essential to prevent and relieve the incidence of allergic shocks.


Against the background of generally low music activity in rural Russia, the button accordion (garmon') player Mikhail Sorochinsky from the Smolensk province (Smolenskaja oblast) lives an intensive yet solitary musical life. The paper presents Sorochinsky's artistic development and his not always easy relation to his social and musical environment. Further, the historical background of solitary music-making is discussed as well as socially and musically meaningful emotions.


The invention discloses a multifunctional oral cavity comprehensive treatment machine. The multifunctional oral cavity comprehensive treatment machine comprises a supporting base, a treatment seat, an illuminating lamp bracket and a treatment equipment drive device, wherein an equipment controller is arranged at the right side of the illuminating lamp bracket; a screen supporting rod is arranged at the upper end of the equipment controller; a display screen is arranged at the upper end of the screen supporting rod; a device connecting plate is arranged at the front side of the treatment equipment drive device, and a flushing tube connector is arranged at the left end of the device connecting plate; an equipment driver is arranged inside the treatment equipment drive device; an internal processor is arranged inside the equipment controller; a display transmission line is arranged at the upper end of the internal processor; a drive device connecting line is arranged at the lower end of the internal processor; a drive device connector is arranged at the lower end of the drive device connecting line. The multifunctional oral cavity comprehensive treatment machine is simple in structure, simple and convenient to operate, user-friendly, and convenient for medical staff to perform oral cavity treatment, so that pains of a patient are reduced, a treatment effect is improved, and workload of the medical staff is relieved.


In this paper, we investigate how the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic---the increase in the probability of death, following Blanchard and Fischer (1989)---may affect growth and welfare in a scale-invariant R&D-based Schumpeterian model. Without money, the increase in the probability of death has no effect on long-run growth and a negative effect on welfare. By contrast, when money is introduced via the cash-in-advance constraint on consumption, the increase in the probability of death decreases long-run growth and welfare under elastic labor supply. Calibration shows that the quantitative effect of an increase in the probability of death on welfare is much larger compared to that on growth.


The first part of the article analyses the international agreements related to children'd issues and constitutional provisions regarding the protection of children. The second part deals with the definition of children in Croatian legislation as well as with the statistical information about the number of children in Croatia. The third part investigates the causes and proportions of child delinquency in Croatia. The fourth part analyses the criteria of criminal responsibility of children in Croatia, the role of professionals dealing with delinquency of minors, special procedural regime before juvenile courts, and sanctions for minors. Fifth part defines the legal status (criminal irresposivility) of children under age of 14 as perpetrators. Sixth part deals with the concept of alternative family care "de lege lata" and "de lege ferenda". Seventh part is dedicated to policy considerations and mechanisms of prevention of juvenile delinquency. Finally, the author provides a critical evaluation of the success of juvenile delinquency policy and practice in Croatia.


A perturbing body force, in the form of an impulsive point source, is suddenly introduced into an anisotropic elastic body. The anisotropic solid is characterized by two parameters. After placing suitable restrictions on these parameters, integral representations of the transient displacement components are found. Explicit expressions for the displacements are obtained along two perpendicular lines which are centered at the point of application of the point impulse and parallel to the coordinate axes. Wave front singularities are identified and graphical results for the wave shapes are presented.


. Reliable plasma transport modeling for magnetic confinement fusion depends on accurately resolving the ion charge state distribution and radiative power losses of the plasma. These quantities can be obtained from solutions of a collisional-radiative (CR) model at each time step within a plasma transport simulation. However, even compact, approximate CR models can be computationally onerous to evaluate, and in-situ evaluations of these models within a coupled plasma transport code can lead to a rigid bottleneck. A way to bypass this bottleneck is to deploy artificial neural network surrogates for rapid evaluations of the necessary plasma quantities. However, one issue with training an accurate artificial neural network surrogate is the reliance on a sufficiently large and representative data set for both training and validation, which can be time-consuming to generate. In this study we further explore a data-driven active learning and training scheme to allow autonomous adaptive sampling of the problem parameter space that ensures a sufficiently large and meaningful set of training data assembled for the surrogate training. Our numerical experiments show that in order to produce a comparably accurate CR surrogate, the proposed approach requires a total number of data samples that is an order-of-magnitude smaller than a conventional approach.


While the responsibilities of public health nurses have changed since 1996, a Public Health Nursing Section document defining those challenges had not. The Section's "Definition and Practice of Public Health Nursing" document had not had a complete overhaul in nearly two decades.


Thin sections of single-crystal sapphire are favored as substrates for the epitaxial deposition of gallium nitride and other III-V and II-VI thin films used in the fabrication of electro-optic devices such as blue-green LEDs and laser diodes. Due to difficulties commonly encountered in cutting this hard material, alternatives to traditional mechanical processing techniques are of particular interest. This paper reviews a recent study characterizing the scribing of sapphire using the tightly focused output of an ultraviolet wavelength pulsed solid-state laser.


This dissertation addresses (1) the biogeochemical link between benthic and pelagic processes as seenina transient foraminifer population and suboxic conditions at the seafloor-water interface, and (2) ferromanganese-oxide accumulation, andbarite precipitation in the surface anddeep oceans. Experimental, observational, and statistical approaches were used to investigate the origin, distribution, accumulation rate, and elemental composition of benthic foraminifera and minerals on the seafloor. The experimental component involved the deployment of experimental substrates for known time intervals at four waterdepths on Cross Seamount (18 40'N, 158 17 Scanning electron microscopy, interfaced to an analytical energydispersive X-ray fluorescence detector (SEM/EDS), wasusedto document the abundance, morphology, and composition of minerals within the chamber walls of benthic foraminifera andon the experimental substrates. Theobservational study included SEM/EDS analyses of natural ferromanganese-oxide crusts andwater column particles. A 30% decrease inparticulate carbonflux recorded in the central Pacific (Karl et aI., 1994) appears to be reflected in the abundances of particular benthic foraminifera on the experimental substrates. When particle flux was greatest, motile calcareous foraminifera and an irregular branched agglutinated foraminifer were most abundant. In contrast, the abundance of most attached, agglutinated foraminifera increased with deployment duration, showing no statistical association with particulatecarbon flux.


Cultivating land in agricultural activities requires optimal regulation of tractor requirements. The number of tractors that should be needed with the available land area is based on the availability of water in a subak with the aim of obtaining optimal tillage productivity, so a tractor with the availability of irrigation water is needed to irrigate the land to facilitate processing and streamline the land. The purpose of this study is to determine the number of tractors needed based on water availability by comparing the tractors available on subak. This study uses a quantitative analysis approach through a survey method by finding primary data, namely the measurement of discharge available for building and land measurements. The results showed that the tractors needed were based on the availability of water in the subaks of Tabanan Regency in the upstream, middle and downstream areas. For the nine subaks in the upstream area, the required rotary tractor with an average of 6 tractors can cultivate land reaching 87.3 ha or 1 tractor unit can work on an area of 14.6 ha with an average water consumption for 1 unit of tractor which is 27.16 lt/s. For the nine subaks in the central area of the tractor needed, with an average of 5 tractors, an area of 69 ha or 1 unit of tractor can work on an area of 13.8 ha with an average water consumption for 1 tractor unit, 26.84 lt/s. While the nine subaks in the downstream area of the tractor needed with an average of 10 tractors can cultivate land with an area of 114.5 ha or 1 unit of tractor can work on land with an area of 11.8 ha with an average water consumption for 1 tractor unit that is 12.1 lt/s.


The innovations in automotive electronics are progressing with a high speed. E.g. more and more mechanical systems will be replaced through electronic respectively electromechanical systems. From this results a completely new way of keeping an eye on the Functional safety for the development of new systems. Also regarding the product liability developers are confrontated with new challenges. The following paper descibes how the Functional Safety can be checked respectively ensured.


Flight Trajectory Prediction (FTP) is an essential task in Air Traffic Control (ATC), which can assist air traffic controllers to manage airspace more safely and efficiently. Existing approaches generally perform multi-horizon FTP tasks in an autoregressive manner, which is prone to suffer from error accumulation and low-efficiency problems. In this paper, a novel framework, called FlightBERT++, is proposed to i) forecast multi-horizon flight trajectories directly in a non-autoregressive way, and ii) improved the limitation of the binary encoding (BE) representation in the FlightBERT framework. Specifically, the proposed framework is implemented by a generalized Encoder-Decoder architecture, in which the encoder learns the temporal-spatial patterns from historical observations and the decoder predicts the flight status for the future time steps. Compared to conventional architecture, an extra horizon-aware contexts generator (HACG) is dedicatedly designed to consider the prior horizon information that enables us to perform multi-horizon non-autoregressive prediction. Additionally, a differential prediction strategy is designed by well considering both the stationarity of the differential sequence and the high-bits errors of the BE representation. Moreover, the Bit-wise Weighted Binary Cross Entropy loss function is proposed to optimize the proposed framework that can further constrain the high-bits errors of the predictions. Finally, the proposed framework is validated on a real-world flight trajectory dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed framework outperformed the competitive baselines.


SUMMARY The asymptotic normal distributions of two estimators, the maximum likelihood estimator and an alternative weighted least-squares estimator proposed by Wincek & Reinsel (1986) for parameter estimation of autoregressive-moving average models with nonconsecutively observed or missing data are derived for the stationary first-order autoregressive model, and also for the moving average model under periodic A-B sampling. Numerical comparisons of the explicit asymptotic variances of the two estimators under both normal and nonnormal distributional assumptions are presented, and results are contrasted between the first-order autoregressive and first-order moving average models.


Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems which have tremendous economic and social benefits on Earth.The relationship between birds and wetlands is pretty close,because birds have special sensitivity which is an important indicator to the wetland environment.By analyzing a large number of survey data about Beijing wetlands,a conclusion has been drawn that Beijing wetlands are generally rich in bird resources,comprising a total of 36 orders,89 families,and 393 species rare birds,accounting for 75.6% of the city's bird species.From the statistical point of view,the market valuation method should not be restricted by subjective factors.It can make up the previous assessment about the rare birds' value.The method was used in this study to evaluate the potential value of rare birds in Beijing wetlands.It was found that there are about 302 species of birds in Beijing wetlands,in which 6 species are first class national protected animals,including Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana),Black Stork (Ciconia nigra),Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca),Great Bustard (Otis tarda),Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos),and White-talied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).There are 38 species pertaining to the second class national protected animals.There are also 21 and 89 species of first and second classes of Beijing protected animals,respectively.Rare birds in wetlands are mainly distributed in suburb areas.About 90% of national protected rare birds are distributed in suburb wetlands,especially in natural reserve areas of Yanqing County and Yeyahu County.In Yeyahu County,there are about 115 first class nationally protected birds and 34,875 birds in total.As for city park wetlands,about 46.9% of national class protected rare birds are distributed in the Yuyuantan Park wetland.Market value evaluation results show that:1) the total value of rare birds in Beijing wetlands is 73,990 million RMB,and the suburb wetland accounts for 98%,which is much larger than urban wetlands.2) As the total value is estimated by a unit of county,the value of Miyun County,Yanqing County,and Mentougou District is greater than other counties,accounting for about 31%,14%,and 13% respectively.3) As the total value is estimated by wetland type,river wetlands are the highest,taking up about 50%.4) Marsh wetlands have the greatest value per unit area,i.e.,about 5.6 million RMB/hm2.


of time and material resources in reviewing the literature, sharing research facilities and subjects, collecting and analyzing the data, and writing the report (Glenwick & Burka, 1978). Still there remains the question of how the individual students' contributions will be evaluated. Furedy and Furedy (1977) recommend that the advisor be divorced from the evaluation process by recruiting outside reviewers. The research personnel would be more likely to perceive themselves as colleagues and to perform as role partners rather than, as is typically the case, as adversaries. Undergraduate research should be judged on the basis of how it is performed rather than what its results are. The forceful communication of this value to the students may lessen any implicit demand to bias or fabricate results in the direction of low p-levels. While not denying the scientific and psychological value of statistical significance, I think the process is more important than the product, especially in view of the factors operating against making a major contribution to our knowledge. This would imply, then, that the judgments of outside reviewers employed in the evaluation process should be weighed with those of the advisor who presumably knows how the research was conducted. At Hanover College, we require our students to send copies of their projects to two off-campus expert reviewers, not so much for evaluation, but to make salient that there is a community of scholars beyond the college halls to whom the students are ultimately responsible. More thought should be given to the final disposition of the culminating research report. Perhaps we should modify the traditional prescription of a lengthy thesis which does cost time and money. More in keeping with professional role demands would be a report written in journal format, which may or may not be submitted for editorial review, or as a paper suitable for oral presentation. Usually a thesis is written for a specific advisor with the expectation that only this individual will read it. A greater sense of responsibility and personal accountability is likely if the project were more widely shared. We forewarn our students that a copy of the final report will become a permanent part of the college and departmental libraries, and, when appropriate, we strongly encourage them to include copies with their graduate school and employment applications. Gant, Dillon, and Malott (1 980) reported that their students' research performance improved when they were informed that performance evaluations would accompany letters of recommendation. Publicity of one's accomplishments can serve as a powerful incentive for scholarship. Carsrud (1975; 1978) has championed the cause of undergraduate research conferences. Participation at psychological conferences generally, either by delivering formal papers or by poster presentations, should be more encouraged and supported (Palladino et a/., 1982). Finally, it is not unreasonable to think that some undergraduate research can be published, although because of the time and special expertise required for this, the role of the advisor will have to be expanded.


The symptom reaction and RT-PCR used to analysis on12Xinjiang BNYVV isolators which collected from different regions of Xinjiang.The results shown that no difference within12BNYVV isolators on sugarbeet,New Zealand ice-plant,fat hen,all have the yellow spot,when using RT-PCR,the composition of nuclear acid have difference,RNA1,RNA2,RNA3and RNA4just found in the isolators of BNYVV from Tatai and145Reg.areas,and RNA5in the Kuerle areas,RNA1,RNA2were found in the Shihezi areas.


Research on degradation of textile dyestuffs using electrooxidation method and graphite electrodes from used batteries with a continuous system has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to ...


Objective To investigate the effect of parecoxib sodium on levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in plasm and patient-controlled analegsia (PCA) after laparoscopic gastrectomy.Methods Ninety gastric cancer patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic gastrectomy accepting PCA were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (group S) and parecoxib sodium grou (group P).Group S received intravenous normal saline (5 ml) 30 min before incision and 8 h after operation respectively.Group P received intravenous parecoxib sodium (40 mg) 30 min before incision and 8 h after operation respectively.Venous blood samples were collected 30 min before incision (T1),2 h after surgery beginning (T2) and 12 h after operation (T3) to test PGE2 concentrations.The visual analogue scale (VAS) for assessing resting and motion pain at 12,24 and 48 h after operation,the consumption of sufentanil,effective number of PCA,the side effects and patient satisfaction were recorded.Results The levels of PGE2 were significantly lower at T2 in group S and group P than at T1 (P < 0.05),higher at T3 (P < 0.05).As compared with group S,the levels of PGE2 at T2(135.95 ± 30.27 vs.147.78 ± 19.70) and at T3 (168.03 ±29.15 vs.182.61 ± 28.36) were significantly lowered in group P (P < 0.05).The resting VAS of pain at 12 h after operation in group P and group S was separately 12.73 ± 12.41 and 23.64 ± 15.29 (P <0.05),abd the motion VAS of pain was 13.18 ± 13.14 and 23.63 ± 15.29 (P <0.05).The resting VAS of pain at 24 h after operation in group P and group S was separately 10.00 ± 8.73 and 17.27 ± 9.84 (P < 0.05),and the motion VAS of pain wase 10.90 ± 8.11 and 17.27 ± 9.844 (P < 0.05).The effective number of PCA was significantly less in group P than in group S (P < 0.05).No significant differences were found between two groups at the side effects (P > 0.05).The patient satisfaction was better in group P than in group S (P < 0.05).Conclusion Parecoxib sodium could siginificantly suppress the production of PGE2 and improve the effect of PCA after laparoscopic gastrectomy.

Key words:
Parecoxib sodium;  Prostaglandin E2 ;  Patient-controlled analegsia;  Laparoscopy ;  Gastrectomy


1. A system (10) for molding the molded products by compressing a powder or granules, comprising the following devices: a feed unit (12) for feeding powder; assembly (20) bespolostnoy press, comprising: a bottom plate (22) whose size is substantially equal to the size of the pressed article or exceeds it, stop means for isolating part of the powder, the upper punch (24) itransporter (14) to move the powder and / or pressed izdeliy.2. A system (10) according to Claim. 1 further comprising a sealing assembly (16) suitable for partial densification of the powder and removing therefrom vozduha.3. A system (10) according to Claim. 1 or 2, further comprising a decorating unit (18) suitable for adding decorating material over the powder before pressovaniem.4. A system (10) according to Claim. 1 or 2, further comprising a flexible grille (23) below the conveyor (14), fixed on top of the bottom plate (22) .5. A system (10) according to Claim. 1 or 2, wherein the bottom plate is isostatic plitoy.6. A system (10) according to Claim. 1 or 2, wherein the conveyor (14) is air-permeable conveyor lentoy.7. A system (10) according to claim. 2, wherein (16) the sealing assembly comprises rollers (34) of different diameter and a secondary sealing strip (36) .8. . A system (10) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a powder or granules comprising: fly ash, clay powder, granulated fly ash, granulated clay and a combination thereof or smes.9. A system (10) according to Claim. 1 or 2, wherein the powder or granules additionally contain other ingredients to modify the properties of the powder, granules and / or pressed izdeliya.10. . A system (10) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the delivery unit (12) for feeding powder comprising: a vibratory feed cFe


To strengthen the socialist core value education of the inland Tibetan college students is an important task of Tibet ideological and political education work in the new era,and the implement of the spirit of the instructions of the seventh session of the Sixth Plenum of the Party and the Central Fifth Tibet Working Forum as well.By analyzing the concept of value of current Tibetan college students and seeking effective ways of strengthening their socialist core value education,this essay presents ways of how to strengthen socialist core value education.


The status of corn seeds Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc) Thirum., Shaw Naras from different growing area was detected for consecutive three years by using the methods of microscope observation and symptom observation in growing period. The results show that seeds from diseased spike of diseased plant, healthy spike of diseased plant, and from healthy plant in diseased field were higher fungal-bearing rate. The outbreak of corn crazy top in different areas was mainly caused by the long way transportation of the diseased seed.


In a direct comparison of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) responses and mental status interview content, MMPI statements were judged to overlap only 40 percent of standard mental status items, with a range of agreement from three to 87 percent when the same 100 psychiatric patients were evaluated with both procedures. Differences in content emphasis between the two procedures are discussed. Although the MMPI and the standard mental status examination complement each other, the authors discourage attempts to substitute one for the other.


The administrative accountability through omni-directional,multi-level surveillance and improvement of government management has promoted the construction of a responsible administration and the remoulding of government's accountability.In our country,there is misunderstandiing of the administration's activities among citizens;there is also misplacement of the roles of "the public servant"and the general public;and the administrative accountability safeguard mechanism is weak.Therefore,in order to contain the empty administravite responsibility behavior,it is necessary to set up a correct concept of the government's accountability,to clarify the role of the government,and to construct the administrative accountability mechanism.


This paper presents the design and implementation of an adaptive filter using the state-of-the-art Xilinx Vivado software/hardware co-design concepts and tools. A desired signal corrupted by the environment can often be recovered by an adaptive noise canceller using the least mean squares (LMS) algorithm. The detailed structure of the adaptive noise cancellation system is illustrated. The adaptive parameters of the least-mean-square based adaptive filter system are obtained using the MATLAB/Simulink model. RTL design is generated by converting LMS design in Simulink to an Intellectual Property (IP) Core using HDL Coder Support. A complete system of Filter based on Zynq board target architecture is designed using Vivado Synthesis Design and VHDL target language. The IP Core is adopted in Vivado Synthesis and implementation. Finally, the debugger is run before the audio file was fed in Zedboard development board for test. Experimental results show that the proposed hardware implementation method has a high degree of noise cancellation performance


The invention discloses a matching and accelerating method of a regular expression based on a deterministic finite automaton with memory, including a rule compiler of the regular expression and a pattern matching engine; the rule compiler of the regular expression firstly transforms the regular expression into an analytic tree, and then transforms the analytic tree into a nondeterministic finite automaton with memory and the deterministic finite automaton with memory respectively; the pattern matching engine can accelerate pattern matching by using the deterministic finite automaton with memory generated by the rule compiler. The invention has the advantages that: 1) by directly supporting repeat operators, the compiler does not need to unfold the repeat expression, thus the difficulty of the development of the compiler is greatly reduced and the memory occupation and the compile time of the compiler are decreased as well; 2) for the same reason, the volume of a rules database generated by the compiler can be reduced, so the cost and complexity of the pattern matching engine can be lowered.


History and mode of use. Although it is only within very recent years that corneal contact glasses have become a practical proposition, the idea is by no means new. As so few people have had an opportunity of seeing a contact lens, I should explain that this term re ers to glass lenses which are worn inside the eyelids in direct contact with the eyeball itself. They are ^visible to ordinary observation and indeed e^ en to 1939 ^ PaPer rea<i before the Bristol Medico-Chirurgical Society, 8th March,


In the age of globalization, when the scope of human migration is rapidly increasing and boundaries between countries and regions are losing their significance, the ability to communicate effectively in a few foreign languages with people from different cultural backgrounds is becoming crucial. Nowadays a considerable number of students studying in Lithuanian universities come from abroad. Some of them settle in Lithuania, others, however, move to other countries for studies or work. Therefore, the demand to learn foreign languages alongside specialization subjects is growing. Responding to students' needs, the Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL) at Vytautas Magnus University (VMU) offers students an opportunity to learn foreign languages through English as a lingua franca. The article presents the findings of part of the research performed at IFL which aims at identifying peculiarities of learning German through English as a medium of instruction in classes of representatives of different countries. The research identified the students' foreign language competence, their German language motivation and impact of learning environment upon teaching and learning German as a foreign language in a multicultural context. It was found that extrinsic integrative motivation prevails among the students studying German as a foreign language. The students' psychological well-being, impact of teacher's personal qualifies upon the learning environment, different students' expectations regarding learning process organisation were also identified. The research results indicate that language teaching and learning in multicultural environment is inextricably related to the development of students' intercultural competence, as it requires attention to intercultural differences, teacher and student cooperation and tolerance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-2027.4.8


Objective: To achieve consensus on the minimum reporting set of study variables for fetal growth restriction (FGR) research studies. Determination of a list of variables considered essential to be reported independent of a specific hypothesis is likely to improve the study quality by inclusion of essential end-points, enhancing the consistency among studies and minimizing potential confounding. This in turn can accelerate generation of generalizable knowledge either by standardization of individual study designs or by enhancing the possibility of individual patient data meta-analysis merging a number of uniformly structured datasets. Study Design: An expert panel, identified based on their publication record as lead or senior authors in studies of FGR, was requested to select a set of essential study parameters from a literature-based list utilizing the Delphi consensus methodology. We collected responses in four consecutive rounds by online questionnaires presented to panelists through a unique tokensecured link for each round. Variables were selected in three rounds based on the concurrence on Likert scale scoring. In the final round, retained parameters were categorized as essential (to be reported in all FGR studies) or recommended (important but not mandatory). Results: 87/100 experts agreed to participate and 62 (71%) completed all four rounds. Agreement was reached for 16 essential and 30 recommended parameters including maternal characteristics, prenatal investigations, management and pregnancy/neonatal outcomes. Essential parameters included hypertensive complications in the current pregnancy, smoking, parity, maternal age, abdominal circumference, estimated fetal weight, umbilical artery Doppler This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (pulsatility index and end-diastolic flow), middle cerebral artery Doppler, indications for intervention, pregnancy outcome (live birth, stillbirth or neonatal death), gestational age at delivery, birthweight, birthweight centile, mode of delivery and Apgar score at 5 minutes. Conclusions: We present a list of essential and recommended parameters that characterize FGR independent of study hypotheses. Uniform reporting of these variables in prospective clinical research is expected to improve data quality, study consistency and ultimately our understanding of FGR. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


The article discusses the issue of computerization of infographic modeling. Given the current data of the analysis of the software market, providing the opportunity to work with i infographic models. Noted the need to develop a specialized software that can automate the process


A camera module 200 is detachable from a mobile communication device 100 and - when attached to the communication device - is movable from a retracted 210 to an exposed position and is able to rotate around at least one axis in the exposed position. Attaching means are provided for securing the camera module to complimentary attachment means on the communication device. The communication device may be a mobile telephone and the camera module may move with respect to the communication device using a spring mechanism.


Abstract—The motion characteristics of 300T high-speed presses are obtained by kinematic analysis and dynamical analysis of main movement mechanism which according to its operating features and the basic principle of mechanical design. Equivalent moment of resistance force is also obtained by equivalent force analysis of mechanism based on the basic equation of machine movement. The results of this study provides support for the research of the stability of machines run and the determination of driving torque.


here are very few case reports of epidemic keratoconjuncT tivitis (EKC) in chronic care facilities. Outbreaks, however, have been reported in military camps and in the community as a result of nosocomial spread by contaminated eye solutions and by visits to eye clinics. EKC generally occurs in adults and is usually caused by adenovirus.' The incubation period is usually between 5 and 12 days, but it may be shorter or longer. EKC is a highly contagious disease, which may spread rapidly in an institutional setting because (1) viral shedding may begin from 3 days before to 14 days after symptoms appear, (2) standard disinfectants may not be virucidal, and (3) the virus may contaminate environmental surfaces for up to 1 week.' The first case report of EKC in an institutional setting was traced to visits to an eye clinic and to the use of contaminated eye solutions and the t ~ n o m e t e r . ~ Another case report described an outbreak, traced to an ophthalmology office, which then spread to two nursing homes.4 A series of I-day surveys in seven skilled care nursing homes showed that the prevalence of conjunctivitis is 3.4%.s More recently, patterns of transmission and measures for control have been studied retrospectively and more extensively in an outbreak described in a chronic care facility in Michigan.6 Possible risk factors for infection of the residents identified in this study include mobility, underlying illness, medications, involvement in social activities, and the level of confusion. Risk factors for infection among employees were co-morbid illness and eye conditions, exposure to persons with conjunctivitis, visits to eye-care specialists, and the use of contact lenses or eyeglasses. Transmission to facility staff from residents is a known occurrence, but transmission of EKC to food handlers, i.e., personnel not involved in direct patient care, has not been reported.


Cu/tetrapod-like ZnO whisker (T-ZnOw) compounds were successfully synthesized using N2H4 · H2O as a reducing agent by a simple reduction method without any insert gas at room temperature. The crystal phase composition and morphology of the as-prepared samples were investigated by XRD, SEM and FESEM tests. The photocatalytic property of the as-prepared samples was detected by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) aqueous solution under UV irradiation. It can be found that Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) dispersed on the surface of T-ZnOw increased with the increasing of Cu/Zn molar ratios (Cu/Zn MRs), and an octahedral structure of CuNPs was obtained when the sample was prepared with less than and equal to 7.30% Cu/Zn MR, but tended to a spherical or nanorod structure of CuNPs densely arranged on the surface of T-ZnOw, which is prepared by Cu/Zn MRs up to 22.00%. All the compounds exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity in decomposing of MO than T-ZnOw, the photocatalytic property of the samples increased with the increasing of Cu/Zn MRs up to 7.30%, while it decreases when further increasing the Cu/Zn MRs. The Schottky barrier of the Cu/T-ZnOw compound can effectively capture photoinduced electrons from the interface and enhanced the photocatalytic property of T-ZnOw.


A Community Network (CN) is a bottom-up network infrastructure that interconnects communities of people and represents a promising and successful networking model. The more people join a CN, the higher is the demand for a wider range of community services and the need for scalable network protocols. CN designers and passionates hence require adequate frameworks to develop and test different technical solutions, that must reproduce realistic environments and allow a rapid prototyping and deployment. We propose a full-comprehensive framework that can be used to develop new protocols and applications both in a flexible and portable manner. NePA TesT (Network Protocols and Applications Testing Toolchain) is based on the Mininet emulator enriched with: a library capable of creating random synthetic topologies with the most up to date realistic topology generators, a data set with topologies extracted from real world CNs, and powerful extensions to dynamically run and control the emulated scenarios. This paper will analyse and document each component and show how NePA TesT can be used in two realistic application scenarios.


In order to facilitate intuitive and understanding of the frequency synthesizer technology, research on direct digital frequency synthesizer by the phase accumulator , waveform storage ROM, the D/ Aconverter and low-pass filter modules .Multisim provides powerful virtual electronic platform, realize DDS synthetic sine wave design and circuit simulation by C51 MCU control center, while providing key code. By adjustingthe reference clock frequency fc, or to adjust the frequency control word K, can be clearly seen of the frequency of the synthesized sine wave will be changed.


Glacier thermal regime is shown to have a significant influence on the formation of ice‐marginal moraines. Annual moraines at the margin of Midtdalsbreen are asymmetrical and contain sorted fine sediment and diamicton layers dipping gently up‐glacier. The sorted fine sediments include sands and gravels that were initially deposited fluvially directly in front of the glacier. Clast‐form data indicate that the diamictons have a mixed subglacial and fluvial origin. Winter cold is able to penetrate through the thin (<10 m) ice margin and freeze these sediments to the glacier sole. During winter, sediment becomes elevated along the wedge‐shaped advancing glacier snout before melting out and being deposited as asymmetrical ridges. These annual moraines have a limited preservation potential of ∼40 years, and this is reflected in the evolution of landforms across the glacier foreland. Despite changing climatic conditions since the Little Ice Age and particularly within the last 10 years when frontal retreat has significantly speeded up, glacier dynamics have remained relatively constant with moraines deposited via basal freeze‐on, which requires stable glacier geometry. While the annual moraines on the eastern side of Midtdalsbreen indicate a slow steady retreat, the western foreland contains contrasting ice‐stagnation topography, highlighting the importance of local forcing factors such as shielding, aspect and debris cover in addition to changing climate. This study indicates that, even in temperate glacial environments, restricted or localised areas of cold‐based ice can have a significant impact on the geomorphic imprint of the glacier system and may actually be more widespread within both modern and ancient glacial environments than previously thought.


Temperatures accurate to ? O.l'C were recorded every half hour and meaned for each distance from shelter over day, 0700-1900 h, and night, 1900-0700 h. The most significant variations occurred on still frosty nights (Figure IA) when it was up to 4'C warmer inside the shelter. Wind speed (WS) at ewe and lamb heights in the lee of the shelter was reduced to 11% and 3% of unsheltered speed (Figure IB) and increased to 58% and 59% 5 m away. .


Four different mesocosm scale constructed wetlands – monoculture (Carexstipata), self-designed (passive) community, mixed planted monoculturepassive community and a non-vegetated control were compared to assess the effects of plant community composition on the removal of inorganic nutrients from agricultural runoff (synthetic tile water). The mixed and self-designed systems consistently produced effl uent NO3–N concentrations signifi cantly below 10 mg/L, and had higher rates of evapotranspiration. Results indicate the type and composition of the plant community can impact the performance of constructed wetlands. Therefore, self-design of the plant community through the existing seed bank may increase the effectiveness of wetlands in treating agricultural runoff.


Cross‐cultural communication competence is a key issue in teaching in international schools. Cultural awareness issues are likely to play a role in how effectively the expat teachers in international schools are able to teach. This research examines communication competence, cultural awareness, and communication apprehension of UK teachers in a British curriculum international school in Bangkok, Thailand. Generally, the respondents have a high level of self‐reported communication competence, high levels of cultural awareness, and low communication apprehension. Although the sample size in this pilot work is small, the data do seem to show that intercultural awareness is related to communication competence, and that it is also related to communication apprehension, which itself relates to communication competence. This is an important issue for future research.


Abstract : This report considers the problem of applying neural network for logic testing and proposes an efficient method based on the hyperneural model. The conventional Hopfield network of N neurons describes only binary relations between neurons. With this model gates having more than two inputs need hidden neurons. Even two inputs XOR and XNOR gates require four neurons; one extra than that required by most other gates. Inclusion of an additional neuron doubles the search space. Thus, finding a valid test set using Hopfield model is either increasingly hard or the network converges to an invalid solution. The proposed hyperneural model overcomes these difficulties by using an energy function that not only considers binary relations but also captures all higher order relations between N neurons. A C++ code, developed for hyperneural network (HNN) based approach, is tested on a SUN SPARC 10/41 workstation for ISCAS 85 benchmark circuits and the results are compared with those obtained from MODEM and FAN. We have also applied the hyperneural concept for redundancy identification and removal problem in combinatorial circuits. Results, obtained for benchmark circuits, compare well with those given in the literature using conventional methods.


Libo County has a wealth of cultural resources. The green, red and characteristic cultures are colorful, and there are a lot of room for the development of cultural tourism industrialization. Deepening the integration of cultural and tourism is a major proposition that must be solved in Libo County to build a distinctive and charming local cultural tourism. Through combing and explaining the current situation of local cultural and tourism development, focusing on discussing several major problems in the integrated development of cultural and tourism in Libo County, and trying to explore the ideas and countermeasures for accelerating the in-depth integrated development of cultural and tourism in Libo County under the background of global tourism.


Bureaucracy reform demands bring information technology to take part in government, especially in public service innovation. Bureaucracy reform is done through E-Government policy, in this case public service innovation is done by online system. Department of Investment and Integrated Services One Door Kabupaten Boyolali has implemented online licensing which is also part of ¬E-Government. However, in its application there are some barriers that is in the citizens participation. Facts found that citizens participation to use online permissions are very low. The research method used in this research is mix method approach with data collection technique through the questionnaire and interview, also document study. Respondents in this study are people who take care of licensing and informants of this study are people who work in Section of Information and Documentation Division of Investment and Integrated Service Department One Door Boyolali District. The result of the research shows that the factors that influence the low of public participation in using the online permission are the knowledge of the society about the low of the socialization in online licensing, the ability of the community to use the supporting facilities / infrastructures which are not yet optimal, the quality of the internet network is inadequate in some areas, Low online services, and awareness of people who want change but not in line with the attitude of people who want to use online licensing. Recommendations that can be given to the implementation of E-Government as an innovation of public services in encouraging licensing services in Boyolali District is the Department of Investment and Integrated Services One Door Boyolali District as the party that implements online permissions in order to give socialization back evenly with methods that are easily accepted by citizens. For the citizens try to support the bureaucratic reform effort in Boyolali District through E-Government especially through online permission and willing to abandon the old way to achieve their needs effectively and efficiently. For the private sector concerned to participate in supporting government policy, especially E-Government by improving equity of supporting facilities such as internet network development to the areas that still unreachable.


Much debate in the library literature has focused on the effectiveness of web‐based or online instruction versus traditional face‐to‐face library instruction. While both forms of library instruction have their strengths and weaknesses, the authors contend that a hybrid approach to information literacy instruction, by bringing the web into the classroom, offers students and instructors the greatest benefit. The authors' experience with the evolution of instruction sessions for 1,100 first‐year biology students from PowerPoint presentations to web‐based courseware (WebCT) to its current web‐based format illustrates the improvements to instruction that have accrued as the program has developed. These include the ability to address diverse learning styles, encourage active participation, provide 24/7 access, and foster increased student contact with librarians.


Being different from Ronsenfield fuzzy groups (RFG) and smooth fuzzy groups (SFG), a class of fuzzy groups (simply FGs) was recently proposed. Homomorphism of FGs had been reported. However, any property of own structure of FGs has not been seen in literature. To solve the problem, this paper puts forward such the definitions as fuzzy fixed elements, fuzzy conjugate class, fuzzy centralizer, fuzzy center, fuzzy p-subgroup, and fuzzy Sylow p-subgroup on the basis of FGs, gives and proves the following theorems: 1. fuzzy Caushy theorem, 2. How many is the number of elements of fuzzy conjugate class, 3.the existence of Fuzzy fixed elements, and 4. fuzzy Sylow theorem. Compared with the previous work of FGs, this paper increases new structural properties for a class of fuzzy groups itself


The cytology of laryngeal diseases including 25 cases of laryngeal carcinoma, 15 cases of vocal cord polyp, 8 cases of chronic laryngitis and 2 cases of laryngeal leukoplakia were studied.The results were as follows;1. The over all correct diagnostic rate in this series of patients was 77.6%.2. The accuracy of cytological diagnosis in laryngeal carcinomas was 76.0% and the false negative rate was 24.0%.3. All benign laryngeal diseases were proved cytologically benign and the false positive was none.4. The laryngeal cytology under direct laryngoscopy were superior to the cytology under indirect laryngoscopy.5. The false negative diagnosis were derived by the paucity of malignant cells and epithelial cells in the specimen.6. The exfolliative cytology was proved to be a usefll method for the diagnosis of laryngeal diseases.7. The accuracy of laryngeal cytology should be improved with the use of direct laryngoscopy, especially with fiberlaryngoscopy.


In applications using high power thyristors, the designer has to make sure that the selected thyristor will withstand stresses caused by overloads and fault currents. If the surge current characteristics found in the thyristor data sheet do not provide sufficient information, he has to find the transient excursions in junction temperature that will be caused by the worst expected fault current and then make a judgment on whether or not they can be tolerated. The standard way of predicting changes in junction temperature due to a known current waveshape is to determine the corresponding power loss using the on-state conduction characteristic and then to find the time trace of the junction temperature using the curve of transient thermal impedance. The main problem facing the designer is that the information found in contemporary data sheets is often neither sufficient for a meaningful calculation, nor for deciding whether or not the calculated temperature excursions can be tolerated. This paper deals with three subjects. It shows the application engineer how to use off-the-shelf computer software for more accurate and much easier prediction of junction temperature excursions. It advises what to do with the results. And finally, it points to the missing pieces of information which should be made available in all future data sheets. The proposed method for calculation of temperature excursions in high power thyristors is also applicable to other electrical apparatus such as ZnO arresters, transformers, electric machines etc.


As an approach to text/discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis (CDA) has been under constant criticism since its emergence in the 1980s. Many of the criticisms are apt and illuminating, but some others are not so fair, showing that the critics might have expected too much from CDA.


Requirement Elicitation is one of the important factors in developing any new application. Most of systems fail just because of wrong elicitation practice. A requirement may be defined as a demand or need. In software engineering, a requirement is a description of what a system should do. System may have dozen to thousands of requirements. Without the elicitation techniques it is impossible to find out requirements and the needs of the developing system. It provides base to the developer to construct a structure of proposed system keeping in view the wish list of stake holders. This research paper is based on understanding elicitation techniques and their usage in real time applications, by implementing the Elicitation techniques for knowing the needs of stakeholder so that system developer can get clear view of requirement for the developing system.


This article examines the relationship between classical and quantum propagation of chaos. (In this context, "chaos" refers to the Boltzmann's Ansatz of molecular disorder, not to chaotic dynamics.) Classical propagation of chaos is shown to occur when quantum systems that propagate quantum molecular chaos are suitably prepared, allowed to evolve without interference, and then observed.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among service quality factors, spectator sat -isfaction, and intention to revisit of spectators at F1 Korea Grand Prize International Sports Event. The study utilized the random convenient sampling method at the site of 2010 F1 Korea Grand Prize International Sports and a total of 287 samples were retrieved for the further analyses. The study employed frequency analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmator y factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structure equation modeling through SPSS Version 18.0 and Amos 7.0. The r esults suggested that the service quality of F1 Korea Grand Prize International Sports Event influenced posi tively on the spectator satisfaction. Although the service quality of the event had no influence on the intention to revisit of spectators directly, the spectator satisfaction of the event had a positive impact on the intentio n to revisit of spectators emphasizing the signifi - cance of spectator satisfaction as a mediator between service quality and intention to revisit of spectators at F1 events in Korea.


With increasing concerns about the world's crude oil consumption, alternative fuels based on renewable resources attract more and more attention. Microalgae have been proposed to be one of the most sustainable feedstocks for the production of lipid-based biodiesel. Naturally occurring, high-lipid producing microalgae strains can be domesticated and further genetically improved in order to redirect metabolite fluxes towards increased lipid contents. This review summarizes the current knowledge about metabolic engineering of microalgae in order to increase the cellular lipid content, with an emphasis on triacylglycerols for the production of biofuels. Additionally, it outlines the contribution of systems biology and genome-scale metabolic pathway modeling, as well as their potential impact in the future.


Reports on the Cybathlon event. The goal of the Cybathlon is to drive the development of technical assistance systems for everyday use and promote the inclusion of people with disabilities. Looking at the millions of people who use technical assistance systems in their daily lives, Robert Riener, head of the Professorship for Sensory-Motor Systems, Eidgenossiche Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, initiated the Cybathlon in 2013. What began as an idea to promote, through a competition, the development of assistance systems for everyday use and the inclusion of people with disabilities has grown to be a powerful communication and exchange platform that interactively showcases the interplay between humans and technology and its potential to remove barriers.


Kathy Mills at microphone, in front of promotional material for Aboriginal Health Promotion, National Campaign Against Drug Abuse - Caring and Sharing without Grog.


Aims: The aim of this manuscript is to present a rare case of a schwannoma in the retroperitoneal space. Case: We present the case of a 61-year-old female with a retroperitoneal tumor which proved to be a schwannoma. After incomplete surgical excision, a second surgical exploration, due to tumor relapse, was


PREPARE ACTIVITY LOGS Preparing and keeping activity logs over periods of several days helps you to understand how you spend your time, and when you perform at your best. Without modifying your behaviour any more than necessary, note down what you do and how much time you take when accomplishing tasks. Note down all of your activities, even including opening post, making coffee and chatting with colleagues.


Objective
We observed influence of different handgrip exercise on the changes of blood flow velocity and blood vessel diameter of basilic vein before and after the PICC placement and discuss the best model for handgrip exercise.

Methods
60 patients with PICC were chosen and divided into group A, B and C with 20 patients in each groups. Group A received routine guidance on unarmed handgrip exercise, group B used electronic handgrip, the frequency was 25 times/min, the time period was 2 min with 4 times a day, once every 4 hours, group C adopted the same model as that of group B and 6 times a day, once every 3 hours. The venous blood flow velocity and blood vessel diameter was measured by pulsed Doppler ultra-sound one hour before the PICC placement and one hour, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days, 14 days, 21 days after placement.

Results
The venous blood flow velocity before and after PICC placement had statistically significant differences at different time points (F=2.934, P<0.05). The effect of group B and C was better than that of the group A and group C showed the best effect. The blood vessel diameter before and after PICC placement had significant differences at different time points (F=3.940, P<0.05). There was significant differences in the blood vessel diameter 1h before and 1h after PICC placement.

Conclusions
Handgrip exercise can effectively promote the upper limb venous blood flow velocity in patients with PICC, but shows little effect on the blood vessel diameter. Using the electronic hand grip in weak tap position, 25 times/min, 2 min every time, and 6 times a day (once every 3 hours), can obviously promote the upper limb venous blood flow velocity.

Key words:
Peripherally inserted central catheter; Handgrip exercise; Color Doppler ultrasound; Blood flow velocity; Blood vessel diameter