LEACH 路由协议是无线传感器网络拓扑控制中最具代表性和重要性的算法之一.针对LEACH路由协议簇头分布不均匀,节点死亡率高,易产生路由空洞等问题,提出LEACH-EED改进算法并进行仿真.首先剔除低能量节点入选簇头的权利,改进簇头选举机制,然后利用待选簇头身份标识编号增加二次簇头选举.仿真结果表明,改进的分簇算法能有效地降低节点死亡率,提高数据融合度,延长网络生存时间. LEACH is an algorithm of the most representative and important one of wireless sensor networks in topology control. In order to solve LEACH uneven distribution of the routing protocol suite, node high mortality rates, easy to produce routing holes, the paper proposes an improved algorithms and simulation. First, it deprives the right of low-energy cluster head node to be selected, improves the cluster head election mechanism, and then uses selected cluster ID numbers to increase the secondary cluster head election. Simulation results show that the improved node clustering algorithm is effective in reducing mortality, improving the integration of the data and extending the network lifetime.


We have carried out reconnaissance gravity surveys across three Mauritanian craters: Aouelloul, an undoubted meteorite crater; Tenoumer, a probable meteorite crater with a unique array of concentric dikes on its outer rim flanks containing xenoliths of country rock showing abundant shock artifacts; and Temimichat Ghallaman, a crater of possible meteorite impact origin. All three have residual negative gravity anomalies associated with their interiors. In all cases the gravity values return to "normal" immediately outside their rims. At Tenoumer the anomaly has the form and magnitude expected for a meteorite crater which has been subsequently in-filled with unconsolidated sediments to the level of the surrounding country. Maximum depth from the present crater floor to the bottom of the sedimentary fill (top of the original crater floor) is at least 750 feet. With a rim-rim diameter of 6,300 feet, the origin depth/diameter ratio of about 1:8 is virtually identical with that of Meteor Crater, Arizona. Temimichat, with a rim-rim diameter of 2,100 to 2,400 feet, is somewhat larger than has been previously reported. If it is meteoritic in origin the gravity data dictate a surprisingly shallow structure, with a depth from the present floor to the original crater floor of 150 feet maximum and an original depth/diameter ratio of 1:15. No positive evidence for an impact origin has yet been found for Temimichat. Aouelloul is also larger than generally reported, with a rim-rim diameter averaging 1,275 feet. As for Temimichat the gravity data dictate a remarkably shallow structure having a depth/diameter ratio of about 1:13. The combination of a shallow depth and a reasonably high rim apparently requires a scaled depth of burst for the impact event substantially in excess of 0.50, a value previously considered a maximum for explosive impacts. The morphological resemblance between Temimichat and Aouelloul is striking but, without additional evidence, this fact alone cannot be used to infer a similar origin.


Citation: Jackeline Cristiane Santos. "World Crisis Caused by the Advance of the New Coronavirus: Stripping Social Ills and Taking a Place in the Struggle". EC Nursing and Healthcare 2.5 (2020): 01-02. *Corresponding Author: Jackeline Cristiane Santos, Nurse and Master in Administration from the Federal University of Pernambuco, Postgraduate Degree in Health Systems Auditing from Universidade Estácio de Sá, PhD Student in Education at the State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Received: April 08, 2020; Published: April 27, 2020 Jackeline Cristiane Santos*


This paper introduces the special effects of the new developed Regional Satellite Augmentation System (RSAS) as an integration component of the Global Satellite Augmentation System (GSAS) employing current and new Satellite Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) for improving Air Traffic Control (ATC) and Air Traffic Management and of GPS or GLONASS and enhancement of safety and emergency systems including transport security and control of aircraft freight, logistics and the security of the crew and passengers onboard aircraft and helicopters. The current infrastructures of the first generation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-1) applications are represented by old fundamental solutions for Position, Velocity and Time (PVT) of the satellite navigation and determination systems such as the US GPS and Russian (former-USSR) GLONASS military requirements, respectively. The establishment of Local satellite Augmentation System (LSAS) and Surface Movement Guidance and Control (SMGC) are also discussed as a special infrastructures in airports areas, integrated with existing and future RSAS and future GSAS.


Abstract Population demographics are used by biologists and managers to determine the quality of a fishery and set regulations to achieve desired management goals. Regulating a large river system fishery that spans a substantial geographical region is often complicated by spatially variable environmental factors that affect fish population dynamics (e.g. habitat, water quality); these dynamics are rarely examined within an entire system. In this study we compared spatial differences in population age and length at capture, growth, fecundity and body condition of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus among two different river reaches (e.g. basin width, gradient, velocity) of the Illinois River (Illinois, USA) and a disconnected floodplain lake, the Emiquon Preserve. Variations in selected population demographics were evaluated in relation to well-documented habitat characteristics (e.g. water quality, aquatic vegetation, backwater availability). Differences in bluegill demographic traits between the disconnected floodplain lake and river reaches were distinct, and variations between river reaches were sex specific. The floodplain lake generally had older bluegill that expressed a higher maximum length at age and a lower growth rate and fecundity than bluegill in river reaches. River bluegill differed between river reaches in male growth, and fecundity in both sexes. Body condition was not significantly different among bluegill populations. Early research on floodplain lakes indicates that this habitat supports greater fish growth and higher reproductive fitness than mainstem habitat. We conclude that increasing the availability of quality backwater habitat, even within a highly modified large river system like the Illinois River, could substantially increase the quality and stability of bluegill populations.


The paper presents a description of a specific musical repertoire (Kapiwaya) and its place in the Desana clan musical-choreographic ritual universe. The survey was conducted in Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira, state of Amazonas, Brazil, through dialogues with the baya (chant specialist). The text introduces aspects of the humanity creation and the human being formation through performances and rites, taking as its starting point the myth of creation of the world and the musical repertoires of this indigenous group.


Observations made in a paddy field were analysed to show the influences of meteorological and vegetational factors on the crop's energy budget. Energy budget in the paddy field was characterized by the major partitioning to latent heat flux LE and by the negative Bowen ratio B mostly in the afternoon. Canopy resistance rc, estimated with the Penman–Monteith equation, was related to the influences of solar radiation SR, vapour pressure deficit VPD and plant height. The results demonstrated that rc could not directly account for B but that critical canopy resistance rcc, defined as the canopy resistance when B = 0, could be used to standardize rc, and that rc − rcc proved to be a good parameter to account for B. Influences of bulk stomatal response on energy partitioning were assessed as follows: the Bowen ratio dropped below zero, while the bulk stomatal aperture dwindled with the increase of VPD. In addition, stomata of a big leaf acted to promote the partitioning to LE against the rise of SR in the condition of higher VPD. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality especially in the indusirialzcd societies. This retrospective study was carried out on 385 patients who were referred to Shariati and Jamaran Hospitals from 1992 till 1997 and who underwent coronaty artery bypass grafting. The objective was to obtain a descriptive analysis of the important factors in this population and to draw a comparison betweent the two genders and to draw genders regarding these variables. The data were obtained from patients' files, angiography and operation notes; 82.9% of the study population were of male. The mean age of women was higher than men by 2.2years. The most common risk factors among the male gender were found to be smoking, hyperlipedemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Except for smoking which was omitted in women, all other risk factors showed a comparative low prevalence in this gender. Most patients (93.37%) fell in group II and III of functional class as per NYHA classification and the most frequent signs and symptoms on admission being chest pain (81.5%) and dyspnea (11.2%). The affected vessels in order of frequency were the left anterior descending, the right coronary and the circumflex arteries respectively. The average number of grafts utilized were 3 in the entire population. Overall mortality recorded was 2.1%.


The apparent end of the bear market in bonds and relatively high interest rates have led some investors to conclude that bonds are now the superior investment medium. On the other hand, stocks continue to command a large following. Theoretically, neither should completely dominate the other: some combinations of bonds and stocks should prove superior to either taken alone. We shall first summarize the theoretical argument, and then examine some relevant data. In the last decade increasing use has been made in both academic and investment institutions of the "capital asset pricing model" of Sharpe [6], Lintner [2] and Mossin [4], developed from the portfolio selection model of Markowitz [3]. The theory is described in detail in Sharpe [81 and more concisely in Vasicek and McQuown [9]. Only the major implications will be summarized here. The approach is based on a portfolio view. The investor is assumed to be concerned only with the prospects for his overall portfolio. Securities are evaluated in this context. A key aspect of the theory is the treatment of risk. Only the risk of the overall portfolio is considered important. As a corollary, the appropriate measure of an individual security's risk is its contribution to portfolio risk. When evaluating alternative portfolios, investors are assumed to prefer those with the greatest expected return for given risk. The appropriate amount of risk and return will, of course, depend on an investor's personal circumstances. But a high-risk portfolio will not be considered unless it offers a high expected return as well. The formal theory measures risk by the standard deviation of portfolio return,' but under plausible assumptions, this can be shown to be closely related to more familiar measures of risk. These considerations lead to a view of the future such as that shown in Figure I. Each point in the shaded region represents a portfolio of risky securities. Were only these alternatives available, the investor would select one of those along the upper left-hand border, depending on his tastes, circumstances, etc. However, other possibilities exist. Point P represents the (riskless) interest rate. By splitting his funds between the combination of risky securities plotted at point M and a security giving this interest rate, prospects along line PM can be attained. By borrowing funds to purchase combination M on margin at this rate, prospects along the segment MN can be attained. The preferred strategy is to select combination M of risky securities, with riskless investment or personal leverage used as required to obtain the most desirable risk-return combination along line PMN. Figure I plots prospects. Different investors will view prospects differently and thus arrive at different conclusions regarding the composition of portfolio M. Some will choose to hold a disproportionately large amount of a given security, while William F. Sharpe is Professor of Business, Stanford University, and Advisor, Computer Applications Department, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Smith, Inc. Comments and suggestions of Paul Cootner, Alan Kraus, Robert Litzenberger and James Van Horne of Stanford University and Guy Cooper, Gilbert Hammer and Lawrence Tint of Merrill Lynch are gratefully acknowledged. 1. Footnotes and references appear at end of article.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To achieve appropriate sales promotion.SOLUTION: In a sales promotion system 1, it is necessary to obtain an exchange code in order to acquire content, and not only a logo-included two-dimensional code 10 applied to merchandise 2 but also an exchange code printed on a receipt 3 to be issued when the merchandise 2 is purchased are required therefor. Thus, it is possible to effectively prevent such fraudulence that only the logo-included two-dimensional code 10 applied to the merchandise 2 is read to acquire the content although the merchandise 2 is not purchased in the sales promotion system 1. Also, it is possible to apply the logo-included two-dimensional code 10 to the desired merchandise 2 in a sales store. Thus, it is possible to achieve the appropriate sales promotion of the merchandise 2.


Introduction Sialoliths can be removed by sialendoscopy in some cases. But sometimes it fails if the stone is located in the proximal or hilum of Wharton's duct. Aim To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the sialendoscopy-assisted intraoral incision approach to remove large stones located in the proximal or hilum of Wharton's duct, when sialendoscopy alone fails. Material and methods Twenty patients with large stones located in the proximal or hilum of Wharton's duct were included in our study. We used a sialendoscopy-assisted intraoral incision approach to remove large stones located in the proximal or hilum of Wharton's duct when endoscopy failed. The complications and treatment effect were observed. Results The stones were removed successfully in this way in all patients. Two cases had tongue numbness after the operation, and recovered 3 months later without additional intervention. No swelling or pain appeared during the 3-month to 1-year follow-up. Saliva could be observed from the orifice in 15 patients, with little or none in 5 patients. Conclusions The sialendoscopy-assisted intraoral incision approach to remove large stones located in the proximal or hilum of Wharton's duct is effective and safe.


In order to put the resistivity method into damage study,firstly soaking cemented soil sample in pure water,sewage and industrial wastewater for ninety days,the variation of its electric current are measured in the unconfined compression tests.Combining pictures,the relationships between the current-strain curves and stress-strain curves are compared.Being a basic parameter of the damage degree,the concept of "effective current" has been put forward;and based on it,the damage model of cemented soil is obtained through the statistical method.Finally,the damage model of cemented soil has been normalized.The analysis shows that the variation of current is easy to measure;and the current are varied regularly with the increase of strain.The current-strain curves and stress-strain curves can be divided into four stages which well describe the whole damage process of cemented soil.This model can be unified into a quartic polynomial equation in the whole strain range;and the equation form is irrelevant with cement type and pollution type.The results fully illustrate that it is completely feasible through the current changes to reflect the structural damage process of cemented soil.


The motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of human deaths and injuries in the United States. Eleven percent of all the motor vehicle traffic fatalities reported involved heavy trucks--gross vehicle weight > 26,000 lbs (11,794 kg). In a 1986 Federal Highway Administration survey, 26 states indicated that they use lane restrictions for trucks to improve operations, to reduce crashes, for pavement structural considerations, and in construction zones. The survey also found that, in most cases, restrictions were not formally evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a lane use restriction for trucks in reducing crashes on Interstate-95 in Palm Beach County, Florida. This restriction, which was imposed in February 1990, prohibits the trucks with three or more axles from using the left lane between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m.


In the title compound, C15H14N2O2, the 2,3-dimethylanilinic and benzaldehyde groups are planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.0101 and 0.0241 Å, respectively, and are oriented at a dihedral angle of 11.69 (3)°. The nitro group is inclined to the benzaldehyde group by 34.02 (9)°. The molecule adopts an E configuration about the C=N bond. In the crystal, molecules are linked via C—H⋯O interactions, giving rise to the formation of zigzag polymeric chains extending along [010]. They are also linked by C—H⋯π, and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance of 3.7185 (11) Å] involving symmetry-related aniline and benzene rings. The H atoms of the ortho-methyl group are disordered over two sites with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.69 (2):0.31 (2).


In this paper we examine a new symptom: the museum members of the network of communication. Exploring the concept of device, we reflect on the museum as a means in itself, its relationship with other media, in its own history and presence of this relationship and its function to produce a public representation of knowledge and power to the social field. Finally thinking about the trends that we can recognize today in the design of museums and what they mean.


Semiconductor-metal hybrid nanostructures and potential applications ranging optical sensing ,  photocatalysis and optical devices  have brought interest due to a singular localized surface plasmon (LSP) effect for optical enhancement .LSPs in metal surface, excited by the interaction between light and electron plasma waves, are capable of introducing an enhanced local electromagnetic-field, which has a great enhancement on a variety of optical processes spatially enhanced optical second-harmonic generation. This review article introduces a comprehensive seeing of physical mechanisms of optical second harmonic generation (SHG) in semiconductor metal hybrid nanostructures, and the enhancement of SHG by means of localized surface plasmon. This article includes the basic concept of;  optical properties of semiconductor nanomaterials , Localized Surface Plasmon (LSP) , Hybrid Nanomaterials (HNs) (which include optical properties of hybrid nanostructures, motivation of hybrid nanostructures and the synthesis method of hybrid nanostructures),  nonlinear optics properties which include , nonlinear optics properties of materials, second –harmonic generation SHG in semiconductor materials and the principles of enhance second – harmonic generation SHG  effect.


Forty-three rhizobia isolated from eleven species of plants of Leguminosae in Panzhihua and Liangshan,southwest Sichuan were studied together with twenty recognized reference rhizobial strains by numerical taxonomy,BOXAIR-PCR fingerprinting and 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP.The result of numerical analysis showed that there was a great phenotypic diversity among the isolates.Compared with the reference strains,more than 70% new isolates had different phenotypic characteristics and fell into single clusters respectively at a similarity level of 80%.All the new strains could grow normally at 60 ℃ and could not grow well at 10 ℃ or pH4.0.The same strains used in numerical taxonomy were analyzed by BOXAIR-PCR fingerprinting.Compared with the result of numerical taxonomy,the tested strains belonging to one phenon in numerical taxonomy always distributed in several BOXAIR-PCR groups,and most reference strains from one recognized rhizobial species were not grouped together.As a result,BOXAIR-PCR fingerprinting was appropriate as a method revealing genetic diversity within a rhizobial species.The result above showed that there was a great genotypic diversity among the isolated rhizobial strains.Based on the results of numerical taxonomy,16S rDNA PCR-RFLP was applied to study the genotype of the selected fifteen representative isolates and seven type strains.The fifteen isolates tested had their own unique genotypes by four kinds of restriction endonucleases(HaeⅢ、MspⅠ、DdeⅠand RsaⅠ).Only the central strains CCBAU61224 and Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA2370T,CCBAU61303 and Agrobacterium tumerfaciense IAM13129T had the same genotype.The results of numerical taxonomy and 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP analysis were in good agreement.Fig 4,Tab 2,Ref 21


This study presents a low-power analog front-end readout for the organic sensor to sense the Photoplethysmography (PPG) signal from the radial wrist artery. The system consists of a current-to-voltage converter, a low pass filter, a high pass filter, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA), an OLED Driver, and a micro-controller unit. In addition, an ambient light channel assisted, a window-based external OLED driver, is proposed for the low power consumption. The analog front-end circuit is implemented in the integrated chip with an area of 1.6 mm2 and fabricated via TSMC 0.18µm process. With the standard 1.8V, the experimental result shows that the measured linear current sensing range is 50 nA-25 µA. The measured signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with OLED-OPD PPG sensor is >40dB (at the wrist), and the measured integrated input-referred noise is 36 pA/Hz½. The total power consumption of the designed chip with the senor while measuring PPG at the wrist is 54 µW (readout) + 1.62 mW (OLED driver worst-case power)/ 0.18 mW (best-case depends on the subject and skin), presenting the least power consumption compared to all the other studies.


Risk management is a requirement for success of any enterprise. Despite this fact, there have been limited solutions for integrating risk management in agile life cycles. On average, 70% of all IT‐related projects fail to meet their objectives which have caused 80% of companies to reassess their process. One of these processes includes risk management where studies have shown that risks should be assessed in all dimensions of a program. We found that risk management was being conducted on the overall program with concentration in the software development phase which leaves other life cycle phases with no risk assessments and mitigation strategies. Agile systems engineering is more complex than traditional systems engineering due to events happening concurrently and non‐sequentially during the life cycle of a program. This paper will propose a framework and model for risk 'managility', management in an agile environment, specifically in systems engineering life cycle. We use the Department of Defense's Evolutionary Acquisition and Management Framework as a bridge to define and illustrate an agile systems engineering life cycle (ASEL) framework and an agile risk integrated engineering lifecycle (ARIEL) model.


The research is to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychological program on self-efficacy, hope and happiness of adolescents and to contribute development of our society by overcoming stress based on growth. The research is One-group pretest-posttest design that is designated to investigate 32 adolescents' self-efficacy, hope and happiness under the positive psychological program conducted for 16 weeks from Mar. 3rd 2010 to Jun 30th 2010. The data analysis were conducted in ways that general traits of subjects were analyzed with frequency test and pretest and posttest were analyzed with paired t-test. Pretest and posttest average score increased from 3.24 to 3.47, showing statistically significant modification(t=-2.706, p=0.013). Pretest and posttest average self-efficacy and hopescore increased from 2.98 to 3.03 and 3.35 to 3.43 respectively, showing relatively less significant upward trends. The given positive psychological program has favorable effect on adolescents' self-efficacy, hope and happiness. Therefore it is required to lead them to deal with their stresses and manage effectively.


The present invention aims at providing a medicament for the treatment agent for a disease caused by hypofunction of GNE protein, food composition, and food additives. Medicament for the treatment agent according to the present invention is characterized in that it comprises a compound having the effect of increasing the N- acetylneuraminic acid content in the cells. As compounds to be contained in a medicament for the treatment agent, N- acetylneuraminic acid, intermediate product formed in the downstream than the N- acetylmannosamine in N- acetylneuraminic acid biosynthetic pathway, N- acetylneuraminic acid derivative , N- acetylmannosamine derivative, N- acetylneuraminic acid-containing compound, N- acetylneuraminic acid derivative containing compound, N- acetylmannosamine-containing compound, N- acetylmannosamine derivative-containing compound, N- acetyl protease inhibitors neuraminic acid degrading enzyme inhibitor N- acetylmannosamine and enzymes inhibitors like of the intermediate product and the like.


In JAMA Network Open, Zimmerman et al 1 present the results of their Delphi panel on assisted living (AL). They asked health care professionals and elder care experts: if you had to choose based on benefit to quality of life and feasibility, what medical and mental health care ought to be provided in AL facilities?


Clay samples from the west area of Chania, Crete, Greece (3 clays) heated at 600 oC were selected to react with saturated lime, due to their high lime reactivity. When the clay is mixed with lime, the silica and alumina minerals of clay samples react with lime yielding calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), which is the main cause of hardening of mortar. The formation of CSH depends on various conditions; in this part of the work the effect of time and chemical characteristics of clay samples on the lime-clay reaction has been investigated. In order to assess, if the initial rapid absorption of lime observed for clays calcined at 600 oC, is followed by rapid reaction, the clays were left to react with saturated lime for a period of time up to 60 days. The products of this reaction over time have been characterized with the aid of FTIR, XRD and TGA-DTA. In the FTIR spectra, the pozzolanic reaction evolution can be observed through the progressive reduction of portlandite peaks (3647 cm-1) and the appearance of peaks at ~1620 cm-1, attributed to the presence of combined water, while the absorptions in the spectral range of 1020-901 cm-1 can be assigned to the Si-O stretching of CSH products. DTA curves and XRD patterns showed similar trends for the studied systems. The lime consumption over time in the CB clay is more rapid than that of the GM clay, contrary to the results obtained for the lime reactivity determined in a short time scale. This may be related to the lower calcite content of the CB clay. Therefore, only considering the lime reactivity over a short time scale, does not reflect the overall response of the material. A marly limestone heated at 800 oC was mixed with water and the hydration products have been investigated with the above mentioned techniques after a period of 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. The marly limestone, after one month of hydrolysis, showed CSH products; therefore, it can be considered as a potential hydraulic binder.


The research is devoted to the development of methods for forecasting microstructure of a welded joint in relation to the temperature-time modes of an electron-beam welding (EBW). The analysis of the simulation models and methods existing in the practice of thermal treatment and relating to austenite decomposition kinetics during cooling was carried out to choose methods for forecasting the forming microstructure in a welded joint at EBW. On the basis of these models one method for forecasting the microstructure of welded joints at EBW is offered in this work.


The presumptive unisensory neocortical areas process multisensory information by oscillatory entrainment of neuronal networks via direct cortico‐cortical projections. While neonatal unimodal experience has been identified as necessary for setting up the neuronal networks of multisensory processing, it is still unclear whether early cross‐modal experience equally controls the ontogeny of multisensory processing. Here, we assess the development of visual–somatosensory interactions and their anatomical substrate by performing extracellular recordings of network activity in primary sensory cortices in vivo and assessing the cortico‐cortical connectivity in pigmented rats. Similar to adult animals, juvenile rats with minimal cross‐modal experience display supra‐additive augmentation of evoked responses, time‐dependent modulation of power and phase reset of network oscillations in response to cross‐modal light and whisker stimulation. Moreover, the neuronal discharge of individual neurons is stronger coupled to theta and alpha network oscillations after visual–tactile stimuli. The adult‐like multisensory processing of juvenile rats relies on abundant direct visual–somatosensory connections and thalamocortical feedforward interactions. Thus, cellular and network interactions ensuring multisensory processing emerge before cross‐modal experience and refine during juvenile development.


Nishchal, Dr. Md. Jahangir Alam and Dr. Nitin Kumar School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram. ...................................................................................................................... Manuscript Info Abstract ......................... ........................................................................ Manuscript History Received: 15 April 2020 Final Accepted: 18 May 2020 Published: June 2020


Most vitamins and supplements do very little towards improving heart health, but a recent report identified two supplements and one dietary measure that may be beneficial.


The use of deep learning methods to decode visual perception images from brain activity recorded by fMRI has received a lot of attention. However, limited fMRI data make the task of visual reconstruction challenging. Inspired by hierarchical encoding of the visual cortex and the theory of brain homology with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), we propose a novel neural decoding model called hierarchical semantic generative adversarial network (HS-GAN). Specifically, we use CNN-based image encoder to extract hierarchical and semantic features of visually stimulus images. Then a neural decoder is used to decode hierarchical and semantic features from fMRI. In order to take full advantage of the information from different visual cortexes, we construct a generator with self-attention modules and skip connections to fuse the image features of different layers. In model training, adversarial learning is introduced to realize more natural image reconstruction. Compared to existing advanced methods, our method significantly improves the naturalness and fidelity of reconstructed images.


The invention provides an injection molding system, an injection molding method, an automotive glass-covered edge and an automotive window. The injection molding system comprises a gas supply device, a plasticization device and an injection device, wherein the gas supply device is connected with the plasticization device to supply at least one of gases to the plasticization device; the plasticization device is used for plasticizing raw materials to form into the solution, and mixing the gases with the solution to form an air bubble-containing mixed solution; and the injection device is connected with the plasticization device to inject the air bubble-containing mixed solution into a cavity of an automotive glass-covered edge mold. The injection molding method comprises the following steps of: plasticizing the raw materials to form into the solution; injecting at least one of the gases into the raw materials when the raw materials are plasticized; mixing the solution with the gases to form into the air bubble-containing mixed solution; and injecting the mixed solution into the cavity of the automotive glass-covered edge mold to form into the automotive glass-covered edge. The invention further provides the automotive glass-covered edge formed by the injection molding method and the automotive glass-covered edge-containing automotive window. According to the invention, the contraction problem in the process of injection molding can be restrained.


The point-kinetics reactor system which is subject to feedback effects may have multiple steady-state solutions for some operating conditions. A necessary and sufficient condition for multiple steady-state solutions of the point-kinetics reactor feedback system for an external input reactivity is obtained through their theoretical approach. If and only if the steady-state feedback reactivity of the reactor system is not strictly monotonic on some values of the feedback variables, then the reactor system has multiple steady-state solutions for the equilibrium operating conditions corresponding to the values of the feedback variables. Also, if and only if the steady--state feedback reactivity is strictly monotonic on all the feedback variables, then the reactor system has only one steady-state solution for all the operating conditions.


Bioprocess Development for Chlorella vulgaris Cultivation and Biosynthesis of Anti-phytopathogens Silver Nanoparticles

In this study, growth media formulations and environmental conditions were varied to optimize the growth media composition and conditions for maximized algal biomass production. The production both of Chlorella vulgaris in different photobioreactor configurations (250 ml flask, 5L flask and 7.5L stirred tank reactor) was investigated, using different organic and inorganic media formulations. The effect of initial cell concentrations, agitation speed, airflow rate and photoperiodic time were studied using inexpensive poultry manure medium, the results indicate that 0.5 × 107 (n/ml), 200 rpm, 1 bar and 16:8hr respectively which better for biomass productivity at growth periods. The highest overall specific growth rate (μ) and doubling time (td) were found when growing C. vulgaris in batch operation in a 7.5 L stirred tank bioreactor, μ=0.08 d-1 and 3.5 days respectively which also reached the maximum biomass concentration of 0.59 g/L. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being widely using in the field of agriculture. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out by using the algal cells for the reduction of aqueous silver ions in short period. A Plackett-Burman experimental design was applied to screen seven parameters for biosynthesis of AgNPs, the most important parameters were pH, temperature and container head space; the results indicate that pH 6, 40oC and 75% container head space which better for biosynthesis of AgNPs which also reached the maximum final product concentration of 5.59 mg/L. The AgNP formation was confirmed with the help of SEM, XRD and UV-Vis spectroscopy. These AgNPs were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The tested strains are; Erwinia carotovora and Alternaria alternata were used. The results indicate that the AgNPs may have an important advantage over conventional antibiotics.


A critical area of ethical concern in Indigenous language documentation projects, especially in collaborative and community-based projects, involves thinking about and agreeing upon who has ownership and control over project outcomes, who benefits from a project, and who determines the answers to these questions (amongst other works by linguists discussing these concerns, see Dobrin & Berson 2011, Dwyer 2006, Newman 2012, Penfield et al 2008, Rice 2006; see also Battiste & Henderson 2000). In this paper, we present an example of how one group of Coast Salish First Nations and one university in British Columbia (Canada) responded to such concerns through the development of 1) a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the communities and the university partner, and 2) accompanying Researcher Contracts. The approach was grounded on the principles that Coast Salish protocols around intangible property must be respected from the outset, and that relationships between community and academic partners in language revitalization need to be framed over the long-term (beyond the project's funding period). The MoU provided terms of reference for clear systems of communication and decision-making between community and academic partners, with specific mechanisms to listen to and respect the advice of community Elders. Negotiating the MoU enabled the communities and researchers to set priorities and approve research, and establish an informed consent process for if and how language documentation would be made public. The MoU allowed the research partners to address concerns about how conventional intellectual property (ie: copyright, royalties) would be handled, and to lay out principles for how to respect and protect Aboriginal intangible property which are not well covered by conventional IP systems. The MoUs and Researcher Contracts also defined individual researcher responsibilities in documentation and publication, confidentiality, royalties, university's intellectual property rights, and dispute resolution mechanisms. We argue that MoU's and Researcher Contracts are tools for establishing formal mechanisms that respect communities and move beyond privileging universities and university researchers. They can ensure communities' intellectual property is not exploited or misappropriated by outsiders, can protect sacred and/or privately- or collectively-owned songs, or stories, etc., and can prevent non-community members from profiting from community traditions. They can also be used to empower Indigenous governance and self-determination, encourage institutions to change their policies, and overcome limitations of intellectual property rights conventions as these relate to language (e.g., WIPO). As tools of empowerment, they have the potential to contribute to communities' positive functioning and well-being. References Battiste, M. and J. Y. Henderson. 2000. Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: A Global Challenge. Saskatoon: Purich Publishing Ltd. Dobrin, L. & J. Berson. 2011. Speakers and language documentation. In Austin, P. & J. Sallabank (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. 187- 211. Cambridge: CUP. Dwyer, A. 2006. Ethics and practicalities of cooperative fieldwork and analysis. In Gippert, J., N.P. Himemelmann, & U. Mosel. Essentials of Language Documentation. 32-66. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. Newman, P. 2012. Copyright and Other Legal Concerns. In Thieberger, N. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Fieldwork. Oxford Handbooks Online. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199571888.013.0020 Penfield, S., A. Serratos, B.V. Tucker, A. Flores, G. Harper, J. Hill, Jr., & N. Vasquez. 2008. Community collaborations: Best practices for North American Indigenous Language Documentation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 191. 187-202. Rice, K. 2006. Ethical issues in Linguistics fieldwork: an overview. Journal of Academic Ethics 4. 123-155. World Intellectual Property Organization. http://www.wipo.int/portal/en/index.html Accessed 26 August 2016.


In contrast to yeast RAD51, mammalian mRAD51 is an essential gene. Its role in double strand break (DSB) repair and its consequences on cell viability remain to be characterized precisely. Here, we used a hamster cell line carrying tandem repeat sequences with an I‐SceI cleavage site. We characterized conservative recombination after I‐SceI cleavage as gene conversion or intrachromatid crossing over associated with random reintegration of the excised reciprocal product. We identified two dominant‐negative RAD51 forms that specifically inhibit conservative recombination: the yeast ScRAD51 or the yeast–mouse chimera SMRAD51. In contrast, the mouse MmRAD51 stimulates conservative recombination. None of these RAD51 forms affects non‐conservative recombination or global DSB healing. Consistently, although resistance to γ‐rays remains unaffected, MmRAD51 stimulates whereas ScRAD51 or SMRAD51 prevents radiation‐induced recombination. This suggests that mRAD51 does not significantly affect the global DSB repair efficiency but controls the classes of recombination events. Finally, both ScRAD51 and SMRAD51 drastically inhibit spontaneous recombination but not cell proliferation, showing that RAD51‐dependent spontaneous and DSB‐induced conservative recombination can be impaired significantly without affecting cell viability.


A method for providing a maintenance algorithm for a vehicle fleet described, with which can be determined maintenance information and displayed in each vehicle in the fleet. In the vehicles of the vehicle fleet are from sensor data which are indicative of a load of components in the vehicle, load variables are determined. The stress variables are determined are stored for a predeterminable period in the vehicles and with a wear-related event, in addition wear variables which characterize a wear-related event, is detected. The stress variables and the wear variables are transmitted to a control center, in which checks by means of the stress and wear variables of previous maintenance algorithm and, optionally, an improved maintenance algorithm is derived. The maintenance algorithm is used to determine and display a maintenance timing.


"A majestic study of a most important epoch of intellectual history."--Brian Pippard, "Times Literary Supplement" "Superbly written and exhaustively researched."--Peter Harman, "Nature"Winner of the 1987 Pfizer Award of the History of Science Society


A device to cut bulk modules of tree prunings was developed as part of a harvesting system for prunings. The complete harvesting system includes a modified cotton module builder, module transporter, tub grinder, and the modular cutter. Modules of tree prunings made with a heavy duty module builder are cut into two of three sections with the module cutter. Module sections are then loaded into the tub grinder to produce marketable biomass products such as boiler fuel, mushroom compost, and others. The development of the module cutting device was a key link in the overall system. A full size prototype module cutter was designed, fabricated, and field tested. The forklift mounted machine consists of a C shaped rectangular frame 2.4 m high and 3 m long, open at the bottom, with a continuous tensioned saw chain driven around the inner periphery. The hydraulically driven saw chain is unsupported along the lower, cutting span. Two 3 m long forks mounted on an auxiliary mast of the forklift are used to lift the module and separate the cut to avoid chain binding and facilitate removal of the chain after cutting. Field tests over two pruning seasons indicated the machine would make amore » minimum of 11 cuts/h for a cost of $2.77/t ($2.51/ton) of wood. The actual performance was within the design specifications of the cutter.« less


This release contains 2095 sections annotated in 257 audio recordings of 58 compositions. The midi and SymbTr-scores of the compositions are also included in the dataset.


Luminescence modulation based on photochromic reactions is always considered to be a promising method to achieve nondestructive readout in photochromic materials. Generally speaking, two conventional strategies have been widely used to achieve this target: tuning the absorption bands and adjusting luminescent quenching mechanisms. In this paper, we found a new strategy to improve effectively luminescence readout capability in Er/Yb codoped NBN-based solid-state inorganic photochromics by using a two-photon absorption mode of luminescent centers. Upon alternating visible light irradiation (407 nm) and the thermal stimulus, the materials exhibited a high luminescence switching contrast ratio (ΔRt = 86%), excellent reversibility, and significantly improved luminescent efficiency (22 times). Most importantly, the photochromic reaction process can be efficiently read out using the two-photon absorption (or up-conversion) mode without inducing any new reactions, showing extremely low destruction on information recording (destruction degree <11%), which is superior to other luminescence emission modes (down-shifting or down-conversion). These results could be used as a guide to tailor the luminescence modulation properties of photochromic materials to realize non-destructive readout in 3D optical data storage device applications.


PURPOSE: A groundwater monitoring device is provided to improve cost efficiency by monitoring the properties of groundwater of multiple depths using a measurement unit. CONSTITUTION: A groundwater monitoring device(100) comprises a pumping unit(110), a guide unit(120), a control unit(130), and a measurement unit(140). The pumping unit is located inside a borehole(H) and pumps groundwater(W) in multiple depths. The guide unit individually guides the pumped groundwater to the outside the ground(G). The control unit selectively opens and closes multiple guide members(121,122,123,124,125) to discharge groundwater remaining in the guide members to the outside. The measurement unit measures the properties of the guided groundwater in multiple depths.


The present invention discloses an apparatus and method for detecting thread within one of a method respectively threaded, and reconstruction of the measured surface, thereby completing the thread parameters measured, since only a single measurement surface for the lower or upper thread, without requiring the camera acquiring a complete image of the tooth, so the camera and the laser projector may be placed outside the detection hole, avoiding the limitations of device dimensions; which ultimately obtained information in a complete thread shape, the foreign object detection can be performed at the same time, the thread depth , pitch, tooth profile measurement parameters; because most thread is made of metal, the projection light is specularly reflected on its working surface, the camera and the laser projector is provided on the same side of the detection surface, but also help the camera to obtain a clear projection light image; and proposed automated surface splicing technology based on optimization theory, improve the accuracy of the upper and lower surfaces of a threaded stitching, also easy to be programmed, to improve the automated data post-processing, to simplify the measurement operation.


In the aspect of curriculum theory, this paper mainly discussed, on the background of the new curriculum criteria, how PE teaching materials should be compiled. Looking back the developing history from the outline teaching materials to the curriculum criteria teaching materials, the author discussed the characteristics of compiling PE teaching materials according to the new curriculum criteria and the principles in compiling PE teaching materials.


Postema's article discusses, lucidly and probingly, a central jurisprudential idea, which he calls the autonomy thesis. In its general form it is shared by many writers who otherwise support divergent accounts of the nature of law. It is, according to Postema, a thesis that is meant to account for a core idea, that the law's "defining aim is to … unify public political judgment and coordinate social interaction." In some form or another this core idea is probably supported by Postema himself. However, in this article his concern is to criticize what he takes to be the widespread belief that it is explained by the autonomy thesis. The autonomy thesis is flawed and must be rejected. In arguing to that conclusion he succumbs to one of the unattractive tendencies of contemporary legal and political philosophy, namely he does not discuss anyone's view, but a family of views. This allows one to construct one's target by selecting features from a variety of authors so that the combined picture is in fact no one's view, and all those cited as adhering to it would disagree with it.


.................................. 3 Methods and materials ......................... 4 Results... .................................. 4 Species and sizes of fish ..................... 5 Effect of temperature ....................... 6 Effect of water quality. ...................... 6 Recovery ............................... 6 Safety indices ............................ 7 Discussion ................................. g Conclusions. ................................ 9 Summary .................................. 9 Literature cited.............................. 10 TOXICITY OF MS-222 TO SELECTED FISHES By Leif L. Marking, Chemist, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife La Crosse, Wis. Abstract. Toxicity of MS-222 to rainbow trout, brown trout, brook trout, lake trout, northern pike, bluegill, largemouth bass, and walleye of various sizes was determined in 15-, 30-, and 60-minute and 24-, 48-, and 96-hour static bioassays at selected temperatures. Twenty-fourhour LC 50 values for the eight species ranged from 33.8 to 63.0 p.p.m. Exposures longer than 24 hours had little effect on toxicity. Small fish of a species were more sensitive to the drug than large ones, and trout were more sensitive at warmer temperatures. Safety indexes were calculated on the basis of the brief exposures. Toxicity of MS-222 to rainbow trout, brown trout, brook trout, lake trout, northern pike, bluegill, largemouth bass, and walleye of various sizes was determined in 15-, 30-, and 60-minute and 24-, 48-, and 96-hour static bioassays at selected temperatures. Twenty-fourhour LC 50 values for the eight species ranged from 33.8 to 63.0 p.p.m. Exposures longer than 24 hours had little effect on toxicity. Small fish of a species were more sensitive to the drug than large ones, and trout were more sensitive at warmer temperatures. Safety indexes were calculated on the basis of the brief exposures. Bove (1962) identified MS-222 as the methanesulphonate of meta-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester. The compound is a fine, white crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 261.3 and a melting point of 145° to 150° C. It leaves only minimum traces of ash upon ignition and is free from chlorides, sulfates, alkaloids, and heavy metals. Less than 0.5 percent of its weight is lost upon heating to 103° C. It is soluble to 11 percent in water and forms a clear, colorless, acid, and relatively stable solution. He also reported that a 10-percent solution retained its potency during 3 days' storage, but decreased 5 percent in activity after 10 days. Exposure of a solution to light caused a change in color to yellow or brown, but its activity was not affected. The molecular structure of MS-222, although not defined in literature, possibly conforms to figure 1. Since it is highly soluble (up to 22.5 percent in our laboratory) a proton bond probably exists between the amine group on the benzoate structure and the hydrogen on the methane sulfonante. In the ionization of the compound, the hydrogen probably splits off the sulfonate group, being attracted to the nitrogen of the amine group. COOC 2 H5 Figure 1. Structure of MS-222. MS-222 is an effective anesthetic for fish and other coldblooded animals (McFarland, 1959; Eisler and Backiel, 1960; Bove*, 1962; Schoettger and Julin, 1966). Rothlin (1932) stated that the drug is three times less toxic to coldblooded animals than novocaine and ten times less toxic than cocaine. There are reports, however, that under certain circumstances MS-222 is toxic to certain species or strains of fish. Marvin Smith (Regional Fishery Management Biologist at Atlanta, in a memorandum report to the Branch of Game Fish and Hatcheries, June 12, 1956) recommended that MS-222 be bioassayed for toxicity to rainbow trout under Investigations in Fish Control 12 : Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife various water qualities. Thompson (1959) observed a 95-percent mortality among cutthroat trout exposed to 50 p.p.m. of MS-222 for 5 hours. Others have noted that excessive exposures cause mortalities among fish (Nelson, 1953; Parkhurst and Smith, 1957; and Eisler and Backiel, 1960). The purpose of this investigation was to define the concentrations of MS-222 which are toxic to eight species of freshwater, game fish of various sizes. The experimental conditions included different water qualities and durations of exposure at four temperatures. Safety indices for rainbow trout were established. METHODS AND MATERIALS Eight species of fish were obtained from various fish hatcheries (table 1). The three size groups included small fingerlings 1 to 3 inches long, an intermediate group of 3 to 5 inches, and a group 6 to 9 inches long. All fish were quarantined for 10 days and if judged acceptable, were then acclimated to the temperatures and conditions of the tests of MS-222. The static bioassays of the anesthetic against 2-inch fish were conducted in 5gallon glass jars (Lennon and Walker, 1964). At least 120 fish of this size were included in each test of 10 concentrations of drug. Ten fish were exposed to each concentration, and 20 served as controls. The tests against TABLE 1. Fishes used in toxioity tests of MS-222


One of the most hotly debated topics of criminal law is the death penalty/capital punishment. While the death penalty has been abolished in the majority of countries throughout the world, it remains legal in India. The Indian legislature and judiciary continue to believe that death punishment is justified in some instances. Murder, rape, terrorism, offences under defence laws, and narcotics offences under certain conditions can all result in the death penalty in India. The case in question has become a hot topic in terms of the death penalty. Many legislative initiatives were undertaken after the Constitution to address the practicality and legality of death punishment. In 1973, the Criminal Procedure Code was amended, requiring "special reasons" for the imposition of a death sentence, based on the recommendations of the 35th Law Commission Report. "However, taking into account the conditions in India, the diversity of social upbringing of its inhabitants, the disparity in the level of morality and education in the country, the vastness of its area, the diversity of its population, and the paramount need for maintaining law and order in the country at this juncture," the Law Commission of India stated in its 35th report.


A total of 23,007 clinical samples, 2,001 bacterial isolate were identified as Escherichia coli, of which 205 strains were haemolytic. On biotyping, indole test was found positive in 99.52% strains. Glucose, maltose, trehalose were fermented by all strains. Dulcitol was fermented by 80.98% strains. Raffinose, sucrose, adonitol and inositol were fermented by 61.96%, 49.76%, 35.13% and 34.15% strains respectively. Lysine, ornithine and arginine were decarboxylated / hydrolyzed by 90.74%, 82.44% and 22.44% strains respectively. Serotypability was 82.9% and 51 serogroups were detected. 35.14% belonged to 3 serotypes (O6, O2 & O4). Resistogram typing showed that most of the strains were resistant to Boric acid, Malachite green and Cetrimide. These strains fell into 57 different resistotypes. Antibiogram revealed a higher degree of multiple drug resistance (53.75%).


According to the UK Commission on Social Sciences (2003), 'globalization' has become one of the 'big issues' of our times. It is difficult to believe that barely two decades ago the term was virtually unknown. One of the first authors to take up the concept was Anthony Giddens, in the mid-1980s, and since then the literature on the subject has mushroomed. According to Richard Dore (2001), of the 271 books in the Harvard University library in mid-2000 with the term 'globalization' in the title, only five had been published before 1990, and some 85 per cent dated from the last half of the 1990s. The number has continued to expand apace: my own search of the catalogue of Cambridge University Library in April 2004 revealed no fewer than 742 books and monographs on globalization. A similar search of journal articles containing the term revealed nearly 4000 since 1995! Such has been the academic and political impact of the notion that it has also stimulated new journals and even new research centres devoted to the topic. As this interest has grown, so academic discussion of globalization has widened to embrace a diverse range of issues: the global financial system, information technologies and global capitalism, global trade, global economic regulation and governance, global elites, global culture, the political economy of global warming, and global terrorism, to name but some. More than any of the other numerous concepts and neologisms that have swept into social science and beyond in recent years, the term has become firmly established as an essential part of our lexicon. For some, and neoliberals especially, globalization is seen in highly positive terms, as presenting new opportunities and scope for economic development, spreading prosperity, promoting multiculturalism and tackling environmental problems; others, particularly of a neorealist bent, view it much more negatively, as reinforcing uneven development, threatening jobs and communities, eroding national identity and autonomy, and devouring vital natural and environmental resources. Indeed, from the very first, the term has been fiercely contested and debated. Among the key issues around which discussion has centred, the following have been particularly prominent:


AIM
The objective of this study was to histologically evaluate and compare vital bone formation, residual graft particles, and fraction of connective tissue (CT)/other tissues between 3 different time points at 2-month intervals after alveolar ridge preservation with a cancellous allograft and dense - polytetrafluoroethylene (d-PTFE) membrane.

METHODS
Ridge preservation with a cancellous allograft and d-PTFE membrane was performed at 49 extraction sockets (1 per patient). Volunteers were assigned to implant placement at three different time points of 2, 4, and 6 months, at which time core biopsies were obtained. Histomorphometric analysis were performed to determine the percentages of vital bone, residual graft particles, and connective tissue/other non-bone components, and subjected to statistical analyses.

RESULTS
There was a statistically significant difference in the amount of vital bone at every time point from 28.31% to 40.87% to 64.11% (at 2-, 4-, and 6-month groups, respectively) (p<0.05). The percentage of residual graft particles ranged from 44.57% to 36.16% to 14.86%, showing statistical significance between 4 to 6 months (21.29%, p<0.001), and 2 to 6 months (29.71%, p<0.001). While there were no significant differences for the amount of CT/other tissue among the different time points.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provided the first histologic comparison of alveolar ridge preservation using a cancellous allograft and d-PTFE membrane at 3 different time points. Extraction sockets that healed for 6 months produced the highest amount of vital bone in combination with the least percentage of residual graft particles, while similar results were observed for the fraction of CT/other tissues between the 3 time points. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Wind power is cleaner and less expensive compared to other alternative sources, and it has therefore become one of the most important energy sources worldwide. However, challenges related to the operation and maintenance of wind farms significantly contribute to the increase in their overall costs, and, therefore, it is necessary to monitor the condition of each wind turbine on the farm and identify the different states of alarm. Common alarms are raised based on data acquired by a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system; however, this system generates a large number of false positive alerts, which must be handled to minimize inspection costs and perform preventive maintenance before actual critical or catastrophic failures occur. To this end, a fault detection methodology is proposed in this paper; in the proposed method, different data analysis and data processing techniques are applied to real SCADA data (imbalanced data) for improving the detection of alarms related to the temperature of the main gearbox of a wind turbine. An imbalanced dataset is a classification data set that contains skewed class proportions (more observations from one class than the other) which can cause a potential bias if it is not handled with caution. Furthermore, the dataset is time dependent introducing an additional variable to deal with when processing and splitting the data. These methods are aimed to reduce false positives and false negatives, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of well-applied preprocessing techniques for improving the performance of different machine learning algorithms.


Dynamic Job shop scheduling (DJSS) is a complex and hard problem in real-world manufacturing systems. In practice, the parameters of a job shop like processing times, due dates, etc. are uncertain. But most of the current research on scheduling consider only deterministic scenarios. In a typical dynamic job shop, once the information about a job becomes available it is considered unchanged. In this work, we consider genetic programming based dispatching rules to generate schedules in an uncertain environment where the process time of an operation is not known exactly until it is finished. Our primary goal is to investigate methods to incorporate the uncertainty information into the dispatching rules. We develop two training approaches, namely ex-post and ex-ante to evolve the dispatching rules to generate good schedules under uncertainty. Both these methods consider different ways of incorporating the uncertainty parameters into the genetic programs during evolution. We test our methods under different scenarios and the results compare well against the existing approaches. We also test the generalization capability of our methods across different levels of uncertainty and observe that the proposed methods perform well. In particular, we observe that the proposed ex-ante training approach outperformed other methods.


A catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives was achieved through the [3+2]-cycloaddition of the platinum-containing carbonyl ylides generated from acyclic gamma,delta-ynones on treatment with 10 mol % of PtCl(2)-Walphos and AgSbF(6). Synthetically useful 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives were obtained in good yields and mostly in over 90% ee's.


The aim of this work was to study some parameters of cellular immunity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study included 10 patients with relapsing-remitting MS aged 32 to 50 years. Diagnosis was clinically established and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Patients did not receive immunosuppressive therapy for at least 6 months prior to study entry. The neurological status of all examined patients was assessed using the Kurtzke functional scale using the Extended Disability Scale (EDSS) and averaged 4.0±0.67 points, the mean number of exacerbations per year was 1.25±0.25. While studying such parameters of the immune status such as the number of T, B, NK-cells, the content of immunoglobulins, the phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes, their production of reactive oxygen species, no significant differences were observed in patients with MS in comparison with the normal donor level. At the same time, we have noted an increase in the proliferative response of mononuclear blood cells to myelin antigen by 2.35 times. The content of CD4+CD45RO+CD62L+ and CD8+CD45RO+CD62L+ central memory T-cells, as well as CD8+CD45RO+CD62L- effector memory T-cells in the blood of MS patients significantly exceeded the control values (p < 0.05). Also, in MS patients, compared with healthy individuals, there was an increased level of naive IFNγ-positive CD4+CD45RO- and CD8+CD45ROT-cells (p < 0.01), and an increase in CD4+CD45RO+ and CD8+CD45RO+ memory T-cells producing IFNγg or IFNγg together with IL-4 in response to the activation (p < 0.01). Consistent with these data, there were significantly increased serum IFNγ and IL-17 levels and no changes in IL-4 levels. The relative level of naive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+, as well as induced CD4+CD25- FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells in MS patients did not significantly change compared to donor values. The results of assessing some parameters of the immune status in MS patients indicate a functional reshaping of the immune system towards the Th1 type of immune response. It is obvious that immunotropic treatment of MS should be aimed at inactivating auto-immune Tand B-lymphocytes, suppressing the production of proinflammatory mediators, and enhancing the activity of natural and induced regulatory T-cells.


What about me was so deranged that in less than half an hour a doctor would pack me off to the nuthouse? He tricked me though: a couple of weeks. It was closer to two years. I was eighteen. (Kaysen 39) After a twenty-minute interview with a psychiatrist, eighteen-year-old Susanna Kaysen was compelled to sign herself into McLean Hospital, a psychiatric institute, where she would spend nearly two years. Kaysen's memoir of the experience, Girl, Interrupted (1994) remained on the New York Times paperback bestseller list for at least seven years after its initial publication. According to Publisher's Weekly, customer demand for Kaysen's memoir quickly surpassed the original printing of 13,500, which resulted in Girl, Interrupted being "temporarily out of stock" (Maryles 18). As recently as 2000, a reporter for the Boston Globe suggested that Susanna Kaysen's Girl, Interrupted threatened to replace Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar as the "Must-read for young women in high school and college" (Bass 7). Like The Bell Jar (1963), Girl, Interrupted exists as a cross-written text that straddles the arbitrary border between young adult and adult literature. "Many teenagers read the book long before they encounter it in class, just as a previous generation of young women were drawn to The Bell Jar" (Bass 7). The popularity of Girl, Interrupted and the association of the text with U.S. adolescent girls warrants further consideration of the memoir as a text read by young adults and as a representation of adolescent girlhood that offers a complex commentary on feminine coming-of-age. In this essay, I analyze Kaysen's memoir as a unique narrative mode through which she intervenes in knowledge about feminine adolescence. Specifically, I trace how Kaysen relies on the figure of the wounded girl


The structure of maize (Zea mays L.) canopies influences light interception, photosynthesis, and yield. A recently developed corn phenotype termed Leafy, which has additional leaves above the ear compared with normal phenotypes of the same maturity, is thought to provide a greater source of photosynthates. The objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model to compare hybrid light interception, photosynthesis, carbohydrate storage, and export of carbohydrates from the leaves, based on measured leaf area distribution, leaf photosynthesis, and diurnal changes in leaf sugars and starches. Model simulations were run for two Leafy hybrids and a normal check hybrid, all grown at 6.5 and 3.25 plants m -2 . A series of differential equations described how photosynthate was stored as leaf sugar and starch and then exported to stems. Rate coefficients were used to characterize diurnal changes in leaf carbohydrate concentration during early grain filling for different hybrids and planting densities. Model fits to leaf sugar and starch data were good (0.64 ≤ r ≤ 0.89). Model calculations showed that storage of carbohydrates in leaves was relatively small compared with the total amount of leaf photosynthate produced; more than 90% of the photosynthate was exported directly to the stem. Hybrid and planting density comparisons indicated that rate coefficients for the export of photosynthate from leaves increased with total plant dry matter. Leafy hybrids and hybrids grown at the lower plant density had greater plant dry weights, photosynthetic rates, and leaf export rates than the check or hybrids grown at the higher plant density.


In this paper, we examine the possibility to utilize the well-known approximations of Jaccard metric in order to reduce computational complexity of Edit Distance metric estimation. The scope of our analytical results is the representing strings rather than the original (raw) textual data, still in practice we obtained a solid indication that the results can be applied to (raw) strings that have low n-gram repetitions. We formulate inequalities between the Jaccard metric and the Edit Distance, that impose upper and lower bounds on the Edit Distance values in terms of the Jaccard values. We validate our inequality over strings of API call traces where (the small) clusters obtained are refined by applying Edit Distance. Jaccard is a measure of similarity between two sets, while Edit Distance is a measure for two strings, such as traces of API calls. The computation associated with creating n-grams and using Jaccard similarity is much more efficient than the computation of Edit Distance (linear versus quadratic time complexity). Thus, our new bounds on the Edit Distance given the Jaccard value are of practical interest. Another new aspect we coped with in our research is the inherent imbalance between malicious and benign API traces that are harvested from the system, as most of the traces are benign. We performed clustering only on the malware traces where each cluster concentrates malware with some specific common essence. The obtained clustering is used with great success in classifying new query traces for being either benign or malware. The traces for our research were obtained from the KVM hypervisor Runtime Execution Introspection and Profiling (REIP) system based on Virtual Machine Introspection (VMI) techniques to profile hooked Windows API calls.


This thesis presents a short history and description of the gaucho of Argentina and explores some of the literature that portrays the gaucho way of life.


The policy of urban containment has lain at the heart of British land-use planning for over fifty years. The author examines the political dynamics underlying the commitment to this policy through the lens of public choice theory. The analysis suggests that macroelectoral shifts in favour of environmental protection have provided a push towards restrictive land-use planning and an emphasis on urban containment in recent years. Evidence of a 'voluntary' approach to regulation in other areas of environmental concern, however, suggests that the peculiar focus on containment is attributable to the political power exerted by a coalition of special interests and public sector bureaucrats who benefit most from this core of the British planning system.


This article presents a specific approach to the question of dwelling from the point of view of practice theories. Dwelling is defined as "coping with space", as opposed to approaches where the occupation of dwellings and/or immobility of individuals are prominent. Selected elements of different theoretical approaches that focus on the concept of practice are made explicit and critically analysed regarding their heuristic capacity to approach dwelling. A photograph representing people doing something in a touristic situation serves as starting point. In a second step, this touristic situation is utilised to think about one of the contemporary characteristics of dwelling, which is the pervasive nature of spatial mobility. Finally, selected elements of theories of practice that can be mobilized for analyses of contemporary dwelling. One of the issues is the coherent conceptualisation of the spatial dimensions of practice conceived a priori without references to spatial issues.


Objective To explore the current research and the developing trend on molecular mechanism of endemic fluorosis skeletal fluorosis.Methods The domestic and foreign latest documents and information collected through modern information techniques and the Internet were treated with aggregate analysis.Results There was close relationship between the development of skeletal fluorosis and bone formation related gene and bone resorption related gene.Conclusion It may play an important role in the early prophylaxis and control measures studying the molecular mechanism of endemic fluorosis skeletal fluorosis especially in children.


The development of shape-partitions is explained as graphic adaptations of integer partitions, producing forms that the author incorporates in artworks. Shape-partitions expand the possibilities of integer partitions by producing multiple graphic appearances for single integer partitions. The complete sets of shape-partitions for a triangle containing 6 points and a rhombus containing 9 points are described, categorized, and illustrated. Artworks utilizing these shape-partitions are reproduced, accompanied by discussion of the color and composition strategies used to foster a fundamentally visual apprehension of mathematical order.


The thesis has been made for NCC Teknik in Gothenburg. The NCC Corporation is one of the largest leading companies in Scandinavia within the construction industry. NCC is active throughout the whol ...


The fourth industrial revolution directs people to increasingly realize the importance of digitization. PT Indah Jawara Utama is a corporate in the digital business world which has many competitors. To ensure the suitability measurement, strategy, duty, and the resultant impact, the company must possess a good organizational behaviour. Organizational behaviour refers to a system which distinguishes an organization to others. It indicates that an organization upholds a set of characteristics of organizational behavior. This study aimed to identify the characteristic of strong organizational behaviors in PT Indah Jawara Utama as a company which engages in the production house, agency media, and event organizer. This study used a qualitative method with focused interview approach. The samples were determined by saturated sampling (census). Results obtained from this study states that six of seven characteristics of organizational behaviors are found in PT Indah Jawara Utama. Those are innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, and stability.


The streets of the lotizaciones: Drivers Union and San Francisco are not in optimal conditions, which generates economic output loss products. For this reason, the project's main objective is to perform the geometric design, structural and storm drainage of vehicular streets lotizaciones: Drivers Union and San Francisco, belonging to the Canton Arenillas province of Gold, The research conducted in this project was using the form of consultations on websites, bibliographic research and field work.
It based on studies of traffic count design speed, soil studies and the pavement structure was determined it conducted with AASTHO -93 standard, the geometric layout is hiso with the architecture and urbanism of Ecuador norm and INEN, the environmental impact hiso under the rule of MTOP
The routes are III project order with low traffic and a design speed of 40 km / h, with a length of 4496.50 m. carriageway width 7.30 m and 5.60 m, 0.60 m ditches, curb 0.20 m high and 0.15 m wide. by order of the municipality in the storm drain pipe to the drain o250 mm and O300 mm H ° the main collector is placed, the total cost of the project reached an amount of $ 1,681,202.89. The environmental impact is of low magnitude for this project.


Facility Layout Problem (FLP) is an important issue in plant design, which directly affects production costs as well as safety concerns. Hierarchical and integrated approaches are two main methods used for the formulation of FLP. In the hierarchical approach, FLP is solved after the completion of the process design and scheduling, while the integrated approach treats FLP simultaneously with other phases. This paper presents a new approach based on the candidate groups for interactive functions; incorporating the advantages of the previous approaches. In the new approach, the design phases prior to FLP results in a set of models introducing by the engineering team in advance. Next, the models are solved such that instead of individual designs, a set of suggested structures are generated. These structures are then fed into the FLP as input data and solved by mixed integer programming technique. Some characteristics of the models are: presence of the hub stations, different and variable dimensions for each station, possibility of rotation for the stations and incorporating safety distances. Finally, test problems are solved and results are discussed. It should be noted that if a candidate group entails a different production flow then a different optimum solution might be obtained.


The next step beyond the recognition of the interesting overlaps between human and non-human moral action, briefly indicated in the book's concluding chapter, will be to assess the implications of accepting that we are not unique in our possession of morality. Cynthia Willett makes the thought-provoking proposal that we once we have reckoned that each non-human animal group has its own ethos, we should consider the potential for constructive alliances with the other species among whom we are coevolving (p. 261). This made me think for the first time of human engagement with other animals in the mode of diplomacy: properly attentive to and respectful of the social norms that pertain within their own communities, and seeking to identify areas of cooperation to mutual advantage. Whatever the merits of this reflection, it is clear that if the insights of this volume are taken seriously, the negotiation of our relationships with other animals cannot remain unchanged.


A method for the identification of canned fish, based on the thin-layer chromatographic patterns of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of the carbonyl compounds in fish, is described. By using this technique it is possible to distinguish between canned sprats, brisling, sardines, salmon, tuna, cod, haddock and plaice. The dinitrophenylhydrazone patterns of these canned products are presented.


This research aimsto determine the degree of influence of the self-control and self-disclosure for the establishment of disciplinary behavior model of students at school. The object of this research is the students of SMK PGRI Wonoasri Caruban Madiun of academic year 2011/2012, with131 students as its sampel. The analysis shows that (1) the first minor hypothesis is acceptable, based on the results of hypothesis test with the t value the 2865; t table = 1.658, p = 0.005 (significant) at 5% significance level, (2) the second minor hypothesis is acceptable, based on the results of hypothesis test with the t value = 9267; t table = 1.658, p = 0.000 (significant) at 5% significance level, (3) the major hypothesis indicates that there is a significant influence of self-control and self-disclosure toward disciplinary behavior. The data processing reveals the F value =46,856, at 5% significance level with F table = 2.290. This means that the major hypothesis is acceptable, because F value > F table. The findings of this research provide clear information that internal factors such as self-control and self-disclosure strongly influence the formation of the students' disciplinary behavior with a contribution = 67.2%. It is very important for teachers as educators, school counselors as wellas for students themselves to consider the influenceof these two factors.


This paper investigates the impacts of turbulent anisotropy on the mean flow and turbulence structures in vegetated open-channel flows. The Reynolds stress model, which is an anisotropic turbulence model, is used for the turbulence closure. Plain open-channel flows and vegetated flows with emergent and submerged plants are simulated. Computed profiles of the mean velocity and turbulence structures are compared with measured data available in the literature. Comparisons are also made with the predictions by the k- model and by the algebraic stress model. For plain open-channel flows and open-channel flows with emergent vegetation, the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles by isotropic and anisotropic turbulence models were hardly distinguished and they agreed well with measured data. This means that the mean flow and Reynolds stress is hardly affected by anisotropy of turbulence. However, anisotropy of turbulence due to the damping effect near the bottom and free surface is successfully simulated only by the Reynolds stress model. In open-channel flows with submerged vegetation, anisotropy of turbulence is strengthenednear the vegetation height. The Reynolds stress model predicts the mean velocity and turbulence intensity better than the algebraic stress model or the k- model. However, above the vegetation height, the k- model overestimates the mean velocity and underestimates turbulence intensity Sediment transport capacity of vegetated open-channel flows is also investigated by using the computed profiles. It is shown that the isotropic turbulence model underestimates seriously suspended load.


304 austenitic stainless steel (SS 304) is widely used in the oil and gas industry to resist high pitting and stress corrosion. However, It's wear resistance to withstand the fine sand particles carried out from the oil well is very limited. Cold rolling is one of the mechanical methods used to increase the hardness of SS 304 steel. This method causes a crystalline structure deformation of ss 304 and transforms their phase from austenite to martensite. The phase transformation is followed by the change of magnetic properties of these materials. The increasing percentage of structure deformation is followed by an increase of magnetic saturation value and a change of magnetic coercivity. A large population of martensite phase formed influenced the magnetic saturation value. While deforming of grain shape influenced the magnetic coercivity. The rise of its magnetic property will respond to an external magnetic field. Therefore, the observation of structural deformation of SS 304 can be identified by magnetic interaction.


Drawing on recent scholarship on public relations historiography and oral history, this study offers a reflection on the author's experiences of researching Australian public relations history, focusing on the 1980s and 1990s. Research which identifies 'pioneers' and relies on interviews with industry practitioners requires a critical approach to avoid assuming the practitioners' perceptions and experiences are an unproblematic and authentic recounting of historical events. Rather, the author suggests the subjective nature of interviews and remembering is worthy of analysis, but only if a critical stance and authorial reflexivity are adopted.


overextended in a hearty but unfortunate attempt to answer the otiose question, What is the overall pattern of history? Blumenberg fondly contrasts his concept of inherited questions with the widespread idea of secularization, for example, with Karl Lowith's notion that "progress" is a secularized version of Christian eschatology. Lowith's thesis is implausible, Blumenberg argues, if only because eschatology requires an external intervention for which people passively wait, while progress is an indigenous process driven by human effort. Indeed, far from being a secularization of the Christian idea of history, "progress" is a counteroffer, asserted against eschatology and its devaluation of the world. The needs of polemic may also explain some of the self-discrediting exaggerations of Enlightenment thought. A massive provocation will incite an exorbitant response. But when provocations recede from the cultural scene, as they have in the case of Christian dogma, historians must control their impulse to interpret, say, Hobbes's theoretical bravado as sheer willfulness or a sign of reprehensible hubris.


Abstract The outstanding economic importance of injection molding in plastics processing and the steadily growing requirements on the molded parts to be produced are leading to constant further developments in the process engineering for injection molding. Computer simulation is a method that has only recently come to be used to an increasing extent in the field of injection molding, and the use of computers has so far been restricted to simulation of the injection mold. One key prerequisite for the quality of the molded parts, however, is that the melt should have been prepared by the plasticating unit in a manner that comes as close to the ideal as possible. The article presents a closed basis for calculation for the simulation of the plasticisation process in injection molding. This makes it possible for a large number of screw layout criteria to be estimated and calculated in advance. The computer simulation serves to make the plasticisation process more or less transparent and also clearer and calculable. The validity of the computation model for any size of plasticating units is demonstrated by examining the operating points of large industrial plants.


The two‐tone suppression effect in forward masking may be equivalent to a simple attenuation of the level of the suppressed tone. To test this we equated two maskers by determining the level of a 1‐kHz tone required to mask a 1‐kHz probe at 30 dB SL for the 1‐kHz tone (a) alone (level L1), (b) together with a 1150‐Hz tone at L1 + 20 dB. According to the simple attenuation hypothesis the 1‐kHz components in these two maskers should be equivalent in their internal representation and thus equally effective as maskers. Accordingly, the probe threshold was measured as a function of probe frequency for each of the two maskers. Contrary to the predictions probe threshold was higher for the second masker when the probe frequency was less than 980 Hz. However this discrepancy may be explained by the combination tone at 850 Hz produced by the two‐tone masker. An adaptive 2‐AFC procedure was used throughout, with 20‐ms probe tones and 300‐ms maskers.


According to inverse problem mathematical model of one dimensional wave equation,the singular value decomposition(SVD) technique is applied to analyze the characteristics of inversion equations.The method of solving problem for regularization answer is discussed and Tikhonov regularization method is applied to overcome the ill-posed nature of inverse problem.In the end,the genetic algorithms which has better precision and efficiency is adopted for finding the optimal regularization parameter based on the solution rule of regularization parameter.


To compare the mean glandular dose (MGD), cancer detection rate (CDR), and recall rate (RR) among screening examinations of patients with breast implants utilizing various digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT)-based imaging protocols.

 This IRB-approved retrospective study included 1998 women with breast implants who presented for screening mammography between December 10, 2013 and May 29, 2020. Images were obtained using various protocol combinations of DBT and 2D digital mammography. Data collected included MGD, implant type and position, breast density, BI-RADS final assessment category, CDR, and RR. Statistical analysis utilized type II analysis of variance and the chi-square test.

 The highest MGD was observed in the DBT only protocol, while the 2D only protocol had the lowest (10.29 mGy vs 5.88 mGy, respectively). Statistically significant difference in MGD was observed across protocols (P < 0.0001). The highest per-view MGD was among DBT full-field (FF) views in both craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections (P < 0.0001). No significant difference was observed in RR among protocols (P = 0.17). The combined 2D (FF only) + DBT implant-displaced (ID) views protocol detected the highest number of cancers (CDR, 7.2 per 1000), but this was not significantly different across protocols (P = 0.48).

 The combination of 2D FF views and DBT ID views should be considered for women with breast implants in a DBT-based screening practice when aiming to minimize radiation exposure without compromising the sensitivity of cancer detection. Avoidance of DBT FF in this patient population is recommended to minimize radiation dose.


Abstract Social media are increasingly used as platforms to not only socialise but also to shop for products and services. Social commerce is the new trend in e-commerce that leverages the enhanced consumer-to-consumer interactions to support shopping processes. Based on the concept of social commerce constructs suggested by Nick Hajli, this article investigates the role of social commerce constructs, emotional and informative support, and trust as drivers of social commerce intention. We apply multi-group analysis to validate the drivers of social commerce for two of the most relevant social media platforms: Facebook and Instagram. Based on a sample of 800 social commerce users, our findings reveal that social commerce constructs are strong drivers of social commerce intention for both social media platforms; however, there are differences between the two as Facebook seems to generate higher emotional support and trust than Instagram.


Two studies concerned with the valuation of computer-supplemented medical decision-aiding systems were used to derive and illustrate guidelines for designing, conducting, and analyzing field tests of medical systems. The guidelines are not exhaustive and are intended to supplement those commonly found in books dealing with research and evaluation.


Many future decision support systems will be human-centric, i.e., require substantial human oversight and control. Because these systems often provide critical services, high assurance will be needed that they satisfy their requirements. How to develop "high assurance human-centric decision systems" is unknown: while significant research has been conducted in areas such as agents, cognitive science, and formal methods, how to apply and integrate the design principles and disparate models in each area is unclear. This paper proposes a novel process for developing human-centric decision systems where AI (artificial intelligence) methods-namely, cognitive models to predict human behavior and agents to assist the human-are used to achieve adequate system performance, and software engineering methods, namely, formal modeling and analysis, to obtain high assurance. To support this process, the paper introduces a software engineering technique-formal model synthesis from scenarios-and two AI techniques-a model for predicting human overload and user model synthesis from participant studies data. To illustrate the process and techniques, the paper describes a decision system controlling unmanned air vehicles.


BACKGROUND To determine chronic drug intake in the non-institutionalised elderly population and identify factors associated with polypharmacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study by means of home interview. 1,015 elderly individuals were selected systematically from the 1991 municipal electoral list of Albacete, Spain (level of confidence 95%, precision 3%, response rate 93.8%). The questionnaire included, disability scales (Minimental test, index of Katz and Lawton-Brody, Yesavage scale and DUKE-UNC questionnaire), a self-preceivement of health, demographic data and qualitative and quantitative information about drug intake. We employed the anatomic classification of drugs to obtain a profile of consumption. RESULTS 75% of those interviewed admitted to taking medication chronically (CI 95%: 72.6-78.6). The mean number of drugs was 3.17 +/- 1.94 SD. Intake was significantly higher in women (p = 0.01), widows (p = 0.04), those of lower social status (p = 0.01), greater age (p or = 4 contacts with health providers over a three-month period (OR = 2.73) and previous hospital admissions (OR = 2.67). CONCLUSIONS The high intake of drugs by the elderly is determined, among other factors, by sociodemographic considerations, the subject's perceived status of health and different forms of disability. These factors should be taken into account by health professionals when planning a rational use of drugs. There is a high consumption of peripheral vasodilators despite their scanty therapeutic value.


First-principles calculations are performed to study the structural and electronic properties of Sn-based intermetallic compounds (IMCs) with substitution elements. Cu atoms preferentially occupy the 2a sites in (Ni1 − x Cu x )3Sn4 structures. With the increase of Cu content, the heats of formation (H f) of (Ni1 − x Cu x )3Sn4 structures become higher. For the Ni3Sn4-based ternary structures with different substitution elements, a simple rule for the H f is obtained. Comparing with the substitution elements in group IB (Cu, Ag, Au), those from group VIIIB (Co, Ni, Pd, Pt) are more helpful for stabilizing the ternary structures. For substitution elements in the same group, the H f of these ternary structures becomes lower with the increase of atomic number. This rule is verified by calculating the H f of Cu6Sn5-based and AuSn4-based ternary structures.


Past research has suggested that the presence of sulfur (S) in municipal waste combustors (MWCs) can decrease the downstream formation of chlorinated organic compounds, particularly polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Thus, co-firing a MWC with coal, because of the S species from coal, may reduce PCDD and PCDF emissions. Experiments were carried out to test this hypothesis and to determine the role of S. A field-sampled MWC fly ash was injected into the EPA's pilot-scale reactor, doped with hydrogen chloride (HCl). The tests involved either natural gas or coal combustion. Besides the combustion environment, MWC fly ash injection temperature and sulfur-to-chlorine ratio (S/CI) were varied. Flue gas was sampled and analyzed for PCDD and PCDF to determine in-flight formation. In the natural-gas-fired reactor, when S was added (as sulfur dioxide, SO 2 ), the PCDD and PCDF formation decreased dramatically at S/Cl ratios as low as 0.64, and with varying furnace conditions, the inhibitory effect was consistent for S/Cl ratios of about 1. In tests with the coal-fired furnace, the S inhibitory effect was again observed at S/Cl values of 0.8 and 1.2, respectively, for the two coals tested. S inhibition mechanisms were studied in a bench-scale reactor. Results show that the depletion of molecular chlorine (Cl 2 ), an active chlorinating agent, by SO 2 through a gas-phase reaction appears to be a significant inhibition mechanism in addition to previously reported SO 2 deactivation of copper catalysts.


Forging America: Ironworkers, Adventurers, and the Industrious Revolution. By John Bezis-Selfa. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. Pp. xi, 279. Illustrations. Cloth, $39.95.)From its colonial inception, the American iron industry has been at the center of the interests of many historians. Yet, despite the wealth of information they provided, these authors hardly ever attempted to place their accounts in a wider, interpretive framework. Following the approaches indicated by the revisionist historiography of the last generation, John Bezis-Selfa successfully makes the American iron industry meaningful for the understanding of how America was "forged." His work aims not simply at establishing that the iron industry "provided the foundation upon which the United States could develop a vibrant economy" (3), but also at showing how entrepreneurial aspirations and prospects, labor markets, and political circumstances combined over time to shape notions of work and independence in America.Drawing upon an impressive set of primary sources, including firm records, Bezis-Selfa introduces us to the world of ironmaking in early America: a world made of "adventurers"-as he defines ironmastersand of a workforce overwhelmingly composed of black slaves and white indentured servants. The crucial role played by the black component of the labor force, which was signalled by the steady taking over of highly skilled positions by slaves, leads the author to conclude that "it took slavery to forge America" (225). In so doing, Bezis-Selfa dispels the myth that slave labor was generally unskilled. Bezis-Selfa also documents and highlights the presence of women-both slave and free-in the several operations related to ironmaking.Bezis-Selfa's interpretational framework is organized around the transition from the "industrious" to the "industrial" revolution. As the author explains, the American Revolution represented a true watershed between the two. From the point of view of the ironmasters, political independence opened new perspectives and created new challenges to them as for the future of the industry. It also engendered transformations in the definition of slavery and freedom that profoundly affected an industry in which the lahor force had been composed of people in bondage. While wide consensus existed in colonial America that labor must be coerced, the individualist and contractual underpinnings of the movement for national independence created new definitions of the relationship between employer and employee. Changes in the labor markets were ably exploited by northern ironmasters, who found in the rhetorical appeal to free labor a convenient strategy to demand and obtain protection for the industry by state and national governments. …


Generally speaking,convex sphere is tested by a template.But for testing large convex spherical surface template method has many shortages.So,a null compensating test is discussed in this paper.It is of high accuracy,and at the same time,the defects of the template method are overcomed effectively.We explain the null testing method in detail through the fabricating and inspecting a  300 mm convex sphere,and the design results of the testing system is also given.