The design of a MAGLEV stage with one long stroke and five short stroke axes is presented. It uses 1Dplus encoders as position feedback for the control. Experimental results demonstrate that the system reaches nanometre level stability during standstill and scanning movements. 1 Motivation The need for nanometre (nm) positioning is reflected in numerous research activities and publications of the last few years [1-4]. Target applications are scanning systems typically used for wafer inspection, that require nm level stability, straightness and smooth motion along the scan axis, while maintaining a high throughput. The advantages of MAGLEV technology for nm positioning are well-known [3]. It is however important to note that most developments with long strokes use laser interferometers in air, the turbulences of which influence the measurements and therefore disturb the system. The solution presented in this work has one long stroke axis (300mm) and five short stroke axes (±0.2mm air-gap). The system is controlled in six degrees-of-freedom (6 DoF) based on eight actuators and HEIDENHAIN 1Dplus encoders [5]. This largely reduces the influence of the air turbulences on the system performance. 2 System description Reaching nm repeatability requires system-level optimization. The mechanical construction, amplifiers, sensors, actuators, controllers, and the active isolation system not only bring their own contribution to the performance, but also their interaction needs to be carefully designed. In addition, it is very important in a MAGLEV system that all components possess a very good signal to noise ratio. Proceedings of the 12 th euspen International Conference – Stockholm – June 2012 Therefore the use of proprietary components such as ETEL's active isolation system and AccurET VHP amplifiers allow an optimal integration. On the other hand, the combination of 1Dplus scales and high-end control electronics enhances not only the resolution and the accuracy, but also the speed and the system bandwidth. Figure 1: Carriage and axis design (a), set-up with the optional metrology bridge (b) The stage depicted in Figure 1a is controlled with a 6 DoF controller. A sensor transformation is used to create six decoupled inputs for the 6 DoF that are each controlled with separate controllers, supported by a feed-forward action. An actuator transformation then calculates the force references for the six E-cores and two ironless linear motors. These actions are performed on an industrial PC with xPC Target RTOS, running compiled MATLAB/Simulink code at 10kHz sampling frequency. Position feedback from all encoders and current set-points for the amplifiers are transmitted using ETEL's proprietary interface TransnET. Figure 2: Placing of LIF48 encoder heads with respect to 1Dplus scales The six LIF48 encoder heads and three 1Dplus scales are placed according to Figure 2. The 6 DoF location of the centre of gravity of the carriage can thus be estimated. On start-up however, inductive sensors are used to float the carriage, search for the commutation offset of the ironless linear motors and perform homing. Then the feedback is switched from the inductive sensors to the 1Dplus encoders. (a) (b) Proceedings of the 12 th euspen International Conference – Stockholm – June 2012 A second 6 DoF metrology system has been mounted above the carriage, simply for validation purposes as shown in Figure 1b. It comprises eight LIP200 encoder heads and three 1Dplus scales. This measurement is used only for independently estimating the position of the carriage and does not have any influence on the control. It will be removed later. Using another sensor transformation, the position of the point of interest (PoI) can be estimated, in this case the centre of the wafer chuck. The LIP200 encoders have very low noise levels in the range of 0.1nm RMS in full 3MHz bandwidth so that the stability of the carriage can be accurately measured. 3 Experimental results 3.1 Standstill performance Table 1 summarizes the experimental results obtained on the test bench during standstill at the PoI and measured using the LIP200 encoders. Table 1: Positioning error during standstill 3σ @ PoI measured by LIP200 X [nm] Y [nm] Z [nm] Rx [nrad] Ry [nrad] Rz [nrad] 1.2 1.2 1.9 17.0 12.7 6.5 Figure 3: X axis CPS of position error during standstill @ PoI Figure 3 shows the Cumulative Power Spectrum (CPS) curve of the position error along the X axis. This is a typical example showing that the residual noise is spread over the spectrum up to the bandwidth of the position controller. The absence of any main contribution in the error spectrum is the result of control over each individual system component, and their high level of integration. 3.2 Scanning performance Table 2 summarizes the results for a 40 mm/s scanning movement along the principal Proceedings of the 12 th euspen International Conference – Stockholm – June 2012 axis. As depicted in Figure 4, these results take solely into account the movement at constant speed. With respect to the standstill results, some additional tracking error is observed. These are related to position dependant behaviours such as periodic disturbances of the linear motors and dynamic effects in the cable chains. Encoder scale mapping also still needs to be implemented. Table 2: Positioning error during scan at 40 mm/s 3σ @ PoI measured by LIF48 X [nm] Y [nm] Z [nm] Rx [nrad] Ry [nrad] Rz [nrad] 9.3 4.3 11.0 76 110 32 Figure 4: Error versus position during a scan at 40 mm/s @ PoI 4 Conclusion and Outlook A 6 DoF MAGLEV scanning device using 1Dplus encoders as position feedback has been designed to meet wafer fab inspection equipment requirements. Future work includes reducing the disturbances in the system and improving the performance of all components. The LIF48 encoders can also be replaced by LIP200. References: [1] Angelo de Klerk et al., "Design of a next generation 6 DoF stage for scanning application in vacuum with nanometer accuracy and mGauss magnetic stray field", Proceedings of the 19 Annual ASPE meeting, Orlando, 2004 [2] Won-jong Kim and Shobhit Verma, "Fabrication and Control of a 6-DOF Magnetic Levitation Stage with Nanopositioning Capability", American Control Conference (ACC), Boston, 2004 [3] A. Peijnenburg et al., "Magnetic levitation systems compared to conventional bearing systems", Microelectronic engineering, Volume 83, 2006 [4] Meindert Norg et al., "Active Magnetic Bearing Controls Strategy and Calibrations", ASPE Spring Topical Meeting, Volume 43, 2008 [5] Wolfgang Holzapfel, "Using high-resolution encoders in nanometer applications", International euspen Conference, Baden 2006


sections, which include respectively six chapters on a 'history of water administration', examining examples from colonial Spanish America, mainly Mexico, and four final chapters on 'self management [of water systems] in the early twentieth century' written by Mexican irrigation officers between  and . The book is a useful addition to the literature on the links between irrigation agriculture and social organisation in Mexico, which places the Mexican experience in the wider international context. Unfortunately the book lacks a conclusion, which would have been very useful to bring together the widely different experiences and lessons introduced in the chapters and, more importantly, to elaborate in greater depth the connections between the theoretical frameworks addressed in the first part of the book and the more historical and empirical materials presented in the two final sections. Also, the collection would have benefited from a more interdisciplinary discussion, as it revolves mainly around relatively well-known debates in social anthropology and misses the opportunity to establish a dialogue with the wealth of academic literature on Wittfogel's 'hydraulic hypothesis' that has been produced since the s in disciplines such as geography and in the field of political ecology more broadly.


Asymmetrical ageing of twins who separate and re-unite, one earth-bound and the other travelling away from the earth at high velocity, and returning and joining his twin later, is explained in terms of accelerations and decelerations to which the outgoing twin must necessarily be subjected, if re-union and comparison of their measures are to be made possible. Pauli [1958], page 13, and Bridgman [1962], page 103, are two of the many who have given this explanation. Feynman ([1963] p. 16-3), emphatically said, 'the man who has felt the acceleration, who has seen things fall against the walls, and so on, is the one who would be the younger'. (Emphasis in the original.) A realistic experiment in which twins or two clocks separate and later unite, cannot be conceived without introducing accelerations. The case of three observers in uniform rectilinear motion, such that the second observer passing by the earth-observer (first), transfers his time-reading to a third incoming observer at a distant place, who meets the earth-observer later to find the time-discrepancy, does not present a clearly convincing proof of the different time-rates and ageing processes, because such an experiment involves synchronisation of moving clocks at different places in systems in relative motion. (The ghost of distant simultaneity!) In fact it is possible to so arrange the experiment that both twins are subjected to identical accelerations and decelerations in number, sequence, direction, magnitude and period, so that they attain the same maximum velocity, the only difference in their motion being this, that the constant maximum velocity is maintained in the case of the two twins for different periods of earth-time or their proper times. Thus the careers of the twins are made dynamically different only in so far as the travel at constant coasting velocity is concerned.


4524Background: About 5% of RCC is thought to be familial, but recent studies suggest this may be an underestimate (Int. J. Cancer;100:476). We studied the prevalence of germline cancer-susceptibil...


One of the most primary difficulties in security is the problem of Secure Multi-party Computation (SMC). The problem is simple to solve if consider the existence of a Trusted Third Party (TTP) gathers the inputs, computes the function and shares the results to everyone. However, the problem is very difficult if consider that there is no TTP available and parties may misbehave at all. To solve this challenging in SMC, a smart card-based security model such as TrustedPals was proposed and integrated with the failure detection and consensus in both synchronous and asynchronous network settings. However, this Asynchronous SMC (ASMC) model uses fixed-size of messages in fixed time periods. This can affect the tradeoff between security and performance to provide better security in worse performance. Therefore in this article, an adaptive model is proposed within the failure detector implementation for achieving an acceptable tradeoff between security and performance. This proposed model has the aim of finetuning the network settings and services of failure detector to balance the security in the cost of worse performance. The construction of this proposed tradeoff model consists of Performance Enhanced ASMC (PEASMC) and Security Enhanced ASMC (SEASMC) models that improve the set of metrics for measuring performance and security, respectively. In addition to these models, Performance and Security Enhanced ASMC (PSEASMC) model that improves the tradeoff objective function using both performance and security metrics together and the simultaneous parameter estimation via experiments. By using PSEASMC model, an acceptable tradeoff is computed by reducing the tradeoff objective function instead of automatically switching from one security configuration to another until the required tradeoff is achieved. Finally, the experimental results show the performance efficiency of the proposed PSEASMC model compared with the existing ASMC model in terms of differential privacy, latency, average accuracy and worst-case accuracy. Keywords— Secure multi-party computation, Smart cards, Failure detection, Fault-tolerance, Consensus, Tradeoff, Security performance.


In various applications simultaneous large optical absorption and large thermal and electrical conductivity are desired. As bulk materials cannot fulfill that need, metamaterials have been developed that often require complicated nanotechnology. The work presents the facile fabrication of black metasurfaces consisting of silver only. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are transfer printed onto a silver film from a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp. Numerical simulations confirm that gap plasmon modes between the particles and the film are responsible for increased absorption and also show that a nanoscale variation of the AgNP size increases the spectral width and magnitude of the absorption. The presented transfer printing enables such control of the AgNP size by introducing a relief at the PDMS stamp surface. In a case study a grating relief of a period of 277 nm is used. The resulting highly conductive metasurface shows large absorption of up to 97% for transversal magnetic polarization and over 70% for unpolarized light from the near‐ultraviolet to near‐infrared range for incident angles below 45°.


The article focuses on Latino students' difficulties with higher education because of double construction of identity from and toward the Anglo mainstream in the U.S. It addresses other perception, the potential problems Latino students, Mexican American, encounter in higher education based on how others perceive their individual and group identity. It also addresses self-perception, the contradictory expectations that Mexican Americans have of the mainstream in higher education. It presents the discussion in a letter format that primarily speaks to audiences outside the mainstream.


A retrospective post-marketing surveillance of Transiderm-Nitro 5 was undertaken in 1803 general practice patients with various degrees of severity of angina. Over half the patients were assessed more than 3 months after starting treatment. At the time of assessment two-thirds of the patients were continuing with their Transiderm-Nitro therapy. Only a small proportion (3·8%) of the total patient population were withdrawn after 3 months' usage. This suggests the continuing benefit of longer-term Transiderm-Nitro therapy. Subjective assessment of a reduction in the number of anginal attacks and an improvement in exercise capacity occurred, respectively, in 76·2% and 62·6% of the patients. Although 16% of patients experienced problems specifically related to patch use, only 6·4% withdrew for these reasons. The incidence of headache decreased with time of usage of Transiderm-Nitro to give an over-all withdrawal of 7% The death rate observed during the surveillance lies between that for the United Kingdom population as a whole and that for a population with angina pectoris. This surveillance shows that both patients and doctors perceived clinical benefit from Transiderm-Nitro when used in the treatment of angina.


The author analyzes legal possibilities for downward mobility of the major Russian urban social group of the XIX century meshchanstvo. The article is based on the laws of the Russian Empire. The author defines possible groups of downward mobility and mechanisms which led to the lowering of the social status of this social group representatives.


Skin biopsy, the mainstay of the dermatologist, has become a valuable tool for neurologists to diagnose disorders that involve unmyelinated sensory nerves. A minimally invasive 3-mm punch biopsy, not requiring sutures, is usually taken from a distal skin site with minimal sensory abnormalities, fixed, cut into thick sections, and stained immunohistochemically. The epidermal nerve fibers (ENFs) may be the first detectable sign of neuropathy and perhaps can detect changes over time, as during progression of disease or therapeutic trials. ENFs are the distal terminals of small dorsal root ganglia neurons that pierce the dermal–epidermal basement membrane and penetrate the epidermis, often to stratum corneum. Their clinical use became practical with availability of immunostaining by antibody to protein gene product (PGP) 9.5.1,2 Reduced numbers of ENFs occur with diabetic neuropathy3; sensory neuropathies, including HIV4; and small fiber sensory neuropathy,5 among others.

The syndrome of painful feet from small fiber sensory neuropathy has been an enigma to practitioners because of the unexplained contrast between the severe pain in the extremities …


Aim.  The aim of the research was to study the features of mild cervical dysplasia (CIN I) and determine the management of patients with such abnormal cytological results found in cervical screening against bacterial vaginosis and HPV infection. Materials and methods. The study included 252 patients aged 19 to 35. Ill-defined cells were detected during cytological screening. All patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted of 93 patients with ASC-US cytological Bethesda classification results. The second group included 159 women with LSIL cytological Bethesda classification results. PCRdiagnostics was performed to determine qualitative and quantitative composition of genital tract microflora. The presence of 16th, 18th, 31st, 33rd, 35th, 39th, 45th, 51st, 52nd, 56th, 58th, 59th types HPV was detected. Patients with HPV-infection underwent widened colposcopy with evaluation of the grade of abnormal colposcopy findings. Results.  In the 1st group the bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 83,9% of women, HPV – in 39,7%, trichomoniasis – in 7,5% of patients. In the 2nd group bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 64,8% of patients, HPV – in 78,0%, trichomoniasis – in 2,5%. In the 2nd group the incidence of abnormal colposcopy findings was twice higher than in 1st group. Patients underwent uterine cervix biopsy. Biopsy material was subjected to histological investigation. In the 1st group (n=22) 50,0% of patients had mild cervical dysplasia (CIN I), 9,1% – had moderate cervical dysplasia (CIN II). In the second group (n=61) 68,8% of patients had mild cervical dysplasia (CIN I), 9,83% – had moderate cervical dysplasia (CIN II). Patients of both groups were treated for 3-6 months. They underwent control cytological and microbiological studies after the treatment. The recurrence of bacterial vaginosis was 4,3% in 1st group and 14,0% in 2nd group. In 1st group 16,43% of patients had HPV positive test; it was positive in 19,5% of women of 2nd group. LSIL cytologicalBethesda classification results were in 1 (1,1%) patient in the 1st and in 5 (3,1%) patients in the 2nd group. Conclusion.  Bacterial vaginosis is an additional factor of progression of dysplasia in patients with HPV positive test. Patients with LSIL and ASC-US cytological Bethesda classification results need correct antibiotic therapy which should be followed by control cytological studies and HPV test. These are the main ways of cervical cancer prevention.


Tako‐tsubo syndrome (TTS) in its most typical form shares common features with anterior ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (AMI) during acute presentation. Differential diagnosis between the two conditions is often challenging especially if ST‐segment elevation is associated with extensive apical akinesis.


A 2-yr study was conducted to determine ovicidal effectiveness of thiodicarb against Heliothis spp. in cotton in North Carolina, and to compare it with two standard ovicides, methomyl and chlordimeform. At 0.14 kg (AI)/ha, all materials caused high mortality to eggs collected 2 h after spray, with chlordimeform showing the most activity and greatest persistence, and methomyl persisting the shortest time. Higher rates of thiodicarb up to 0.67 kg (AI)/ha caused greater mortality and longer residual activity, but not at consistent levels both years. Under proper field conditions, ovicidal activity of thiodicarb should persist up to 4 d after application.


K.H., a boy, aged 7 months 3 weeks, was admitted to King's College Hospital on April 22, 1947. Birth had been normal (birth weight 63 lb.) as also was development until six weeks before admission. The infant was vaccinated at the age of 2 months. He was breast-fed entirely for six weeks, then complementary feeding was begun. The baby's behaviour was normal until six weeks before admission when he stopped crying, lay very still, and slept for long periods, only waking when disturbed. He did not suck and had to be fed by spoon. Sweating was increased during this period. He had had no specific fevers. There was one sister aged 10. At the onset of the baby's illness this sister was at home with a cold, sneezing and coughing a good deal. On examination it was seen that the general nutrition was good, the skin normal, and the mouth and throat healthy. There was no glandular enlargement, and no palpable enlargement of liver or spleen. There was no abnormality in heart or lungs. The pupils were small with no reaction to light, or appreciation of light; ophthalmoscopy showed a bilateral optic atrophy, with normal maculae and retina. The infant appeared to be deaf. No other abnormality was observed in the cranial nerves. Both upper and lower limbs were markedly spastic. Reflexes were not obtained. There were bilateral extensor responses.


Micropropagated 'Red Fuji' apple plants undergone three levels of water stress were studied to assess the effects on sorbitol metabolism. Sorbitol was the major soluble carbohydrate (47.5 % in leaves and 65.0 % in roots, respectively) and accumulated under treat ments of mild stress (MIS) or moderate stress (MOS), while it decreased under severe stress (SES) treat ment. Aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PR) activity increased rapidly, but the correlation between sorbitol content and A6PR activity was non significant and the positive effect of it on sorbitol accumulation was limit ed under MOS treatment in apple leaves; significant negative correlations were obtained between sorbitol content and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and only SDH had a significant direct effect on sorbitol content under MIS and MOS treatments; the regulato ry enzymes in the sucrose metabolism affected sorbitol content mainly through the indirect effects of ADP-glu cose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPPase) and amylase; and the rapid decreased of ADPGPPase activity and in creased of amylase activity would be benefited for in crease of sorbitol synthesis. No A6PR activity was de tected in apple roots where SDH activity was present, the increase of sorbitol contents in roots under MIS and MOS treatments were caused by the more propor tion of assimilates distributing and inhibition of sorbi tol degradation. Reason of the decreased sorbitol con tents under severe stress might be resulted by inhibi tion of both numerous synthetic and degrading en zymes of carbohydrates.


Micro-macro schemes contain two important steps. First, the localization process must link the fields inside the inclusion to those applied in the infinite matrix. Secondly, an averaging process is used to derive the macroscopic behavior. For elastic viscoplastic materials, there is no exact solution for the first step. In this work, we adopt the interaction law proposed in [2]. By comparison with Finite element calculations, it is shown that the localization step is well described by the proposed interaction law.


Infrared has emerged in the last decade from the sanctuary of the research laboratory into the domain of practical applied science. It is hoped the basic information presented will stimulate further interest in a field of great potential value.


Titania nanotube is a well-known semiconductor and has numerous technological applications. In chemical graph theory, topological indices provide an important tool to quantify the molecular structure and it is found that there is a strong correlation between the properties of chemical compounds and their molecular structure. Among different topological indices, degree-based topological indices are most studied and have some important applications. In this study, several old and new degree-based topological indices have been investigated for titania nanotubes.


The invention discloses a color management method for the digital printing which comprises, printing IT8 color test table using the digital output equipment and printing equipment, performing measurement using color measuring spectrometer respectively, obtaining the ICC profile of the printing equipment and the ICC profile of the digital output equipment for color adjustment, acquiring the revised ICC profile, proceeding second revision, obtaining the digital sample manuscript of the digital output equipment.


The amount of automatically generated machine-readable data on the Web has significantly increased in recent years. This is in part due to the advent of Linked Data and its publishing tools that allowed the mapping of relational data to RDF. However, the amount of semantic Web data is still many orders of magnitude smaller than the World-Wide-Web, and this limits semantic Web applications. One of the barriers for semantic Web novices to create machine-readable data is the lack of easy-touse Web publishing tools that separate the schema modelling from the data creation. In this article we present ActiveRaUL, a Web form-based user interface that particularly supports users inexperienced in semantic Web technologies in creating RDF data. These Web form-based user interfaces in ActiveRaUL can be automatically generated from any arbitrary input ontology through a process described in this article. We map the graph-structured input ontology to a tree-structured Web form while still allowing the user to create RDF data typed according to the input ontology. We validate our approach of automatically generating Web interfaces from an ontology in a user study based on use cases developed by the W3C Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) Incubator group. We test the effectiveness, efficiency and the satisfaction of users in creating RDF data based on the SSN ontology with ActiveRaUL generated user interfaces compared to a state-of-the-art ontology editing tool.


This research is a qualitative study with interview techniques. To answer this problem used primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through observation, interviews, discussions with the local community and the photographs taken in the field, while the secondary data obtained from the relevant parties. This study aimed to obtain information, analyze and describe data on: (1) social custom in the village Maileppet, (2) the level of income of the people in the village Maileppet and (3) Education Level Maileppet community in the village. Research results showed: (1) in the Village People's habits including good Maileppet, people in the village Maileppet still often worked together, especially in the wedding ceremony and took a boat out to sea from the hills. Society's view of the development also includes either because people are very concerned about the development programs undertaken in the village Maileppet (2) The level of income of the people in the village Maileppet, generally people Maileppet worked as a farmer, but the public generally has a side job. Income varies between Rp 500,000 - Rp 1.000.000/bulan and income from side jobs between Rp 200,000 - Rp 500.000/bulan. Income from such work can meet the needs of the family (3) The level of public education in the village Maileppet generally low, the average graduate junior high, public education is generally completed at the age of 15 years.


Objective To summarize the clinical traits of tuberculo pleurisy and discuss the therapy schedule. Methods By retrospective analysis on clinical traits of 245 patient's tuberculo pleurisy. Results ① 51.5% of the patients age is below 35 years old and 23.2% of them is over 55 years old. The average age is 37.2. ② The rate of fever, cough and chest pain respectively is (73.5)%, 58.0% and 52.2%.③ (94.7%) of them have hydrocele in one side of the chest and 5.3% in both sides, the incidence of left ond right side are respectively 48.6% and 46.1%.④ 98.0% of the patients' hydrocele is in middle or small quantity. Only 2.0% is in large quantity. ⑤ 47.3% of them have both pleurisy and tuberculosis. ⑥ 84.9% of them have the positive reaction to PPD. ⑦ The patients whose red cell ESR quicker take 64.9%, the average is 46.9mn/1h. Conclusion The tuberculo pleurisy is still one of the common disease at present, especially for youth .It has a close connection with the tuberculosis . The clinical traits should be noticed when making diagnosis .Analysis by synthesis , early diagnosis and reasonable treatments should be done.


Depression is a chronic condition that imposes a substantial burden of disability globally. Three principal neurotransmitters (norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT)) implicated the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Clinical studies have found a significant association between numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines with depressive symptoms, endocrine, and neurotransmitter systems. Here, we detail our current understanding about the role of inflammation in depression, the mechanisms that are involved, and show how it is possible to innovate and develop new therapeutics of depression in the field of neuroinflammation.


As school choice expands in different states and districts, it appears in several different forms: (1) open enrollment policies among traditional public schools, (2) charter schools available to students regardless of their neighborhood (including online charter schools), or (3) school vouchers that families can use to enroll in other districts or private institutions. Each of these school choice systems can be complex and confusing for low-income families, especially when they are contending with challenges ranging from unstable employment and housing to limited transportation.


Euphemism, a language means to use mild, vague and indirect words or phrases in place of what is required by truth or accuracy, is itself tinged with social-cultural features, revealing the interrelationship between language and culture. This paper, from the perspective of the euphemism, is intended to probe into English and Chinese cultural connotation by contrastive analysis of value attitude, interpersonal relationship orientation and face theory.


The concept of natural capital has evolved greatly since the days of preclassical economics; these developments reveal a pivotal role for natural capital in economic development and justify its incorporation as a key management tool. While economic approaches and methodologies have provided advances in this area, integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) managers now need to fully integrate assessments of ecological and social features responsible for the generation of natural capital in order to better assess tradeoffs in management choices.


One method employed to detect surface flaws in metals, such as fatigue cracks, is to pass an alternating current through the specimen, and to probe the plane surface for irregularities in the field produced by the flaw. This paper compares the thin-skin surface field distributions obtained from spherical cap volume defects at the surface with the distributions typically found for normal cracks, in this case a crack of circular arc form. When a uniform surface current is applied it is shown that for the former case no change in the E field arises on the plane surface, so that probe signals from the plane around the defect give no indication of its presence. This result is contrasted with the changes in the surface field produced by a circular arc crack calculated from an unfolding theory given in earlier work. Experiments to measure these surface distributions are described and the results are in agreement with the theoretical predictions in both cases.


Abstract Eight hundred fifty-four high school students' responses were employed to compare drug-use estimates derived from either (a) traditional direct questioning regarding use of six drugs, or (b) a more indirect and more anonymous method of inquiry, the randomized response procedure. Results indicated that (1) the randomized response procedure produced significantly fewer response refusals, and (2) significantly higher drug-use estimates supported the hypothesized greater sensitivity and validity of the randomized response procedure. The results further suggested that previous estimates derived from standard forms of questioning many have underestimated incidence of drug-use.


Correspondence to Dr Rudi Coninx; rudiconinx@ hotmail. com © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Reuse permitted under CC BYNC. No commercial reuse. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. INTRODUCTION Interlinkages between conflict, health and peace are well known. The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, which enumerates the fundamental conditions and resources needed for health, lists peace as the first on the list of prerequisites for health. There cannot be health without peace. Violence in general, and armed conflicts in particular, have a direct impact on health. Conflicts cause violent deaths not only among combatants, but also among civilians, and lead to physical and mental injuries that will have lasting effects long after the conflict has ended. Conflicts also lead to the disruption of health systems, collapse of essential medical supply chains, and breakdown of social and economic systems, making it difficult to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC), one of the main objectives of WHO. It also leads to an exodus of healthcare workers, attacks on healthcare, upsurges in epidemics, increased infant mortality rates, sexual violence, and mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. While there cannot be health without peace, there cannot be peace without health either: lack of access to basic social services, such as healthcare, for specific population groups, often on ethnic or religious grounds, leads to feelings of exclusion, sentiments of unfair treatment by the government and perceptions of unequal treatment vis-à-vis other groups. These inequities lead to grievances, which in turn, often boil over into protests and later violence.


In the early twentieth century, Murcia will be an example of the consolidation of the Catholic press in the provinces. As a transmitter of the ideas of the capital, the Church will use this media to promote their ideal model of family among the people in a time of remarkable social and political conflicts. Through the articles in the press, we will see the construction and dissemination of a discourse based on the perpetuation of the Christian family at home, the exaltation of marriage and the definition of the role of the spouses.


Three approaches in interpreting classics, namely the approach of the learning of the Confucian Classics, the approach of the learning of the Principle and that of literature, were adopted in Shiji. This paper aims to examine the overall picture of the approach of the learning of the Confucian Classics witnessed in Shiji and exposit the characteristics in Yan Can's interpretation of the Classics. However, when facing the Chinese traditional Classics, there are very close relation between the methods of interpretation used by the interpreters and their own attitudes towards the Classics. This may go to the extreme that their attitudes are important elements in determining the methods employed. Therefore, this paper, though, studies the characteristics of Yan Can's interpretation of Classics from a methodological approach, must also observes his attitudes toward Shying and the overall impression of the school of Maoshih. Yan Can accepted the kind of interpretation model of moral teaching reflected in the Preface. The aim of his writing of the Shiji was still "using Shying to achieve moral teaching." He had complete respect for the "First Preface." He thought that it was the writing of the national historians. He held different opinions against the "Last Preface" from time to time. Yan Can also believed that it was Confucius who determined the selection of ancient poems. In his interpretations of Shijing, he inherited the idea of praising and satirizing. He emphasized the importance of the meanings of the poems beyond words. The methods employed by Yan Can in his interpretation are very traditional. The model used in sinology was used. Basically, it adopted the method of "using the same classic to interpret the target classic," "using the other classics to interpret the target classic," "using the commentaries to interpret the target classic," and "using commentaries of other classics to interpret the target classic." By means of collecting, grouping, sorting out, analyzing, examining and inducing data, he interpreted the meaning of the classics. All these steps, of course, are very realistic methods of interpretation.


The AgIn(SxSe1-x)2 (X=0 ∼ 1.0) crystals are grown by a normal freezing (NF) method. All samples indicate chalcopyrite structures and n-types by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermoprobe analysis, respectively. Lattice constants a and c are found to be proportional X, according to Vegard's law. In the AgIn(S0.25Se0.75)2 sample, free exciton (FE) emission line is clearly observed in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum at 77 K for the first time.


The investigation of the Mixmaster Universe using singularity analysis has attracted much attention in recent years and produced a variety of interpretations, some of which have been supported by numerical experimentation. We present a new singularity analysis and make direct comparisons with systems of known dynamical behaviour to avoid making unwarranted inferences and remove the controversy surrounding the Mixmaster Universe.


In their discussion of the management of endocardial leads in the left ventricle (LV), Rodriguez, et al.1 assert that thromboembolic events "occur in about 37% of patients" with such leads. In fact, the embolic potential associated with LV endocardial leads may vary widely with lead type even without anticoagulation,2 and the true incidence of thromboembolism for any lead type is unknowable from the information currently at hand. The percentage quoted by the authors is supported by reference to two case reports and perhaps ultimately derives from the frequently referenced review of reported cases by Van Gelder et al.3 Although Van Gelder et al. mentions the "37%" computed from the cases they could identify, these authors quite rightly include the disclaimer that the actual incidence "cannot be concluded from the patient data in the literature." The mystery of true thromboembolic


Learning Objectives: Based on our previous data, the 2-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel TREK-1 appears to play an important role in the development of lung injury using in vitro and in vivo models of Acute Lung Injury/ARDS. In vitro, TREK-1 deficiency altered TNF-α-induced IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) but not IL-8 secretion from alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). In an in vivo model of ventilator-induced ARDS we found that TREK-1 deficiency led to increased lung damage but decreased broncho-alveolar lavage cytokine levels. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying TREK-1 regulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion remain poorly understood. Aim: In this study we determined whether the changes in cytokine secretion from TREK-1 deficient AECs are due to the absence of TREK-1 protein or rather the lack of TREK1-mediated potassium currents. Methods: We stimulated control and TREK-1 deficient human AECs with TNF-α and measured IL-6 and MCP-1 release by ELISA in the presence and absence of the specific TREK-1 blocker Spadin (0.5mM). Results: TREK-1 deficient AECs released less IL-6 and more MCP-1 protein upon TNF-α stimulation but these cytokine alterations were unaffected by Spadin. To determine whether IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion occurred independently of potassium currents in general, we raised the extracellular potassium concentration to 100mM thus minimizing the electrochemical driving force for potassium ions to exit the cell. In contrast to TREK-1 inhibition, we found that TNF-α-induced IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion was significantly impaired in the absence of a physiologic potassium gradient.Conclusions: In summary, TREK-1 protein, but not TREK-1 mediated potassium current, is required for IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion from AECs, although other potassium conductances are important for cytokine secretion. These data suggest that TREK-1 may alter cytokine secretion from AECs by functioning as a regulatory molecule rather than a potassium channel. 1058


Play - the forgotten right describes the important and often overlooked role of play in children's learning. It describes the characteristics of a good play space and points to the inadequate in provision for children's play in Europe (and virtually all other societies). It also discusses the impact on children (and on their later development as adults) of deprived or inadequate play experiences. The concluding section identifies some general criteria to guide the setting-up or improvement of play environments


Various optical techniques have been developed over the last few years for real-time analysis of surfaces and near-surface regions of semiconductor epitaxy. These techniques are providing insights into microscopic mechanisms of epitaxy and opportunities for sample-driven closed- loop feedback control of the epitaxial growth process. Both aspects are expected to become increasingly important as device complexity increases and tolerances become more stringent. Examples are provided and opportunities discussed.


THE GROWTH in patients' watchdogs should not be seen as a threat to nurses, a Department of Health official has said.


The paper discusses the problems existed in the teaching of negative feedback amplifying circuit experiment.Taking the negative feedback experiment with voltage series as examples,the experiment circuit is adjusted by computational analysis and the experiment method has been improved according to the teaching situation.The result shows the improved circuit is more suitable.


AIM: To investigate the expression profile of genes related to islet formation and maturation during pancreas development. METHODS: The gene expression patterns in embryonic day 12.5(E12.5), E15.5, E18.5, newborn and adult pancreas were compared by using the GeneChip RAE 230A. The expressions of paxillin and actopaxin at different stages of rat pancreatic development were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Genes related to cell migration and adhesion (77.8%) were expressed at the highest level at E18.5, and the other ones (22.2%) peaked in newborn rats. The expression level of adult pancreas specific genes began to increase from E18.5, while some transcriptional factors' expression began to decrease from E18.5. Paxillin and actopaxin were expressed at the highest level at E15.5. CONCLUSION: The later embryonic period may be important to pancreas development. Paxillin may play an important role in islet formation.


One of the most obvious features of time-to-event data is the occurrence of censoring. Rarely, if ever, studies are conducted until all participants experience the event of interest. Some participants survive beyond the end of follow-up time, some drop out from the studies for various non-study related reasons. During research planning it is paramount to consider the effect of censoring the follow-up times on the estimates. Herein, we look into the possibility of assessingthe loss of information, as measured by the variability of the survival probability estimates under right censoring. We provide the researchers with an easy to use formula to assess the magnitude of variance inflation due to censoring. Additionally, we conducted simulation studies assuming various survival distributions. We conclude that the provided variance inflation estimator can be an accurate practical tool for applied statisticians.


Choline chloride/urea as a deep eutectic solvent is found to be promising solvent under the optimized conditions for the one-pot three component synthesis of arylmethylideneisoxazol-5(4H)-ones in short span of 15–25 min with an excellent yield of 90-93%.The inexpensive, biodegradable, non-toxic and recyclable nature of choline chloride/urea make this protocol efficient and green.


PHOENIX — Moving transcript requests from paper forms to an electronic format can improve the transcript fulfillment experience for your staff members and your students. With electronic ordering, you can provide quick turnaround and 24-hour access to transcript ordering. But making the change can seem like a daunting task for any office.


19 I I Top: In conventional ISM (left), the PSF for each detector (green circles) is a product of the excitation laser beam profile (blue circle) and the detection probability distribution (red circles). In Q–ISM (right), the effective PSF for a detector pair (orange circles) is a product of the two ISM PSFs (green circles). Bottom: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (left) and Fourier-reweighted Q–ISM (right) images showing microtubules in a fixed 3T3 cell labeled with fluorescent quantum dots; scale bar = 0.5 μm. [Adapted with permission from reference 3.] RESEARCHERS Ron Tenne, Uri Rossman, Batel Rephael, Yaron Silberberg and Dan Oron (firstname.lastname@example.com), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel


In this paper, we analyzed the pulse responses of plane gratings in the dispersion media by utilizing the parameters for permittivity properties of complex dielectric constants, and also investigated the influence of both dielectric and conductor by using the combination of the fast inversion Laplace transform (FILT) method and point matching method (PMM). And also, we confirmed the effectiveness and validity for present method compared with exact solution of perfect conductor plate in dispersion media.


In this paper, a theoretical analysis of optimum bed thickness operates under mass transfer control for realizing a high efficiency and reaction conversion of an electrochemical reactor has been made based on flowthrough porous electrode (FTPE) configuration. Many models have been used to represent the optimum bed thickness by taking a look into previous works concerned and collecting all related information, data, and models. The parameters that affect the optimum bed thickness have been visualized and reviewed, and almost all of them have been examined by experimental data from different sources and based on the various models. It has been found that the increase in electrolyte flow rate, concentration, limiting current density, and specific surface area reduce the optimum bed thickness, and the increase in electrolyte conductivity, void fraction, and overpotential range increases optimum bed thickness. The most important design parameter that has a great effect on optimum bed thickness is found to be the electrolyte flow rate for any certain operation. It has been concluded that the most appropriate two models to represent the optimum bed thickness of FTPE electrochemical reactor operating under mass transfer control based on the results are those predicted theoretically and stated by Kreysa in (1978) and Doherty et al. in (1996).


The thesis advanced in this paper is that benefit-cost analysis, the present-value-of-cost (and benefit) approach, and the expected value of damage as a measure of risk all share a faulty common denominator - the precommensuration of noncommensurable attributes into a single utility function. Alternative approaches are presented that can alleviate some of the harm resulting from current practices of precommensuration. The primary discussion focuses on a particular kind of precommensuration often encountered in the risk assessment process - the precommensuration of extreme events of low frequency and high damage with extreme events of high frequency and low damage. A brief summary is also given of the contributions made by the social and behavioral sciences to the understanding of the normative aspects of risk-its perception, valuation, and judgment.


This is the first report of Caripia montagnei in the United States. The collection is described and illustrated, and compared with prior descriptions of the fungus.


Participants told that they were participating in a study designed to explore how people make decisions in groups. They were randomly assigned "shared" or "hierarchical" group conditions. Groups were fouror five-person in size1. Each participant filled out a 15-item leadership survey to begin the study. After all participants had completed the survey, the experimenter left the room to analyze the results and returned with instructions for a group decision-making task.


The bees described as Panurginus Nylander, 1848, from southern South America and deposited in the Museum Humboldt, Berlin, were studied. Seven species were redescribed and trans-ferred to the genus Panurgillus Schlindwein & Moure, 1998: P. aeneiventris (Friese, 1908),P. brunneicornis (Strand, 1910), P.paraguayanus (Strand, 1910), P. pauloensis (Friese, 1916), P. saltensis (Friese, 1908), P. solani (Ducke, 1912) e P. steinbachi (Friese, 1916). A key for the identification of the 21 known species of the genus is included. Panurginus flaviceps Friese, 1916 and P. saltensis var. nigroclypeata Friese, 1908 described by Friese are synonyms of Anthrenoides meridionalis (Schrottky, 1906). Panurginus laticeps Friese, 1916 belongs to Cephalurgus Moure & Oliveira, 1962 and P. nigriceps Friese is a species of Bicolletes Friese, 1908 (Colletidae, Paracolletini).


My more or less optimistic opmion as to the general prognosis may be contradicted by the perfectly true statement that most of the cripples in this State are crippled by infantile paralysis, but I think you will agree that many, if not most, of these cripples are of the type whose treatment, both the immediate early splinting and the later surgical follow-up treatment, has been rather neglected. I feel that with a clearer understanding of the condition by the physician and a wider education of the parents as to the necessity for maintenance of treatment and observation, infantile paralysis will not be directly responsible for as many cripples.


The properties of the surface layer of construction materials are very important for making adhesive bonds. The article presents the test results for surface free energy in PA6 polyamide subjected to surface layer modification using the ozonation process. To develop the surface geometrically, the samples were subjected to mechanical processing. The comparison of results demonstrated that ozonation is an efficient and eco-friendly method of modifying the surface layer. The article also presents the comparison results for measurements of selected surface roughness parameters.


Objective To detect point mutations associated with macrolide resistance in the 23S rRNA gene of M.genitalium.Methods Ninty-one patients with persistent or recurrent urethritis,who had been treated with macrolides in the past one month but achieved no obvious improvement,were included in this study.Urethral swab and first-void urine samples were collected from these patients.Gram's staining,culture and fluorescence-based quantitative PCR were carried out to detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae,Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis respectively in these urethral swab samples,and PCR was performed to detect M.genitalium in the urine samples.For patients positive to only M.genitalium,nested PCR was conducted to amplify the domain Ⅴ of the 23S rRNA gene followed by direct automatic sequencing,and the resulting sequences were compared to the corresponding sequences of M.genitalium G37 strain submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information.Results Of the 91 patients,21 were positive for M.genitalium,18 for C.trachomatis,10 for U.urealyticum,2 for both M.genitalium and U.urealyticum,3 for both C.trachomatis and U.urealyticum,and 37 for none of the tested pathogens.The domain Ⅴ of the 23S rRNA gene,which was amplified from 18 of the 21 M.genitalium-positive samples,carried an A to G transition at position 2059 in 10 samples,an A to G transition at position 2058 in 5 samples,an A to T transition at position 2058 in 2 samples,but no point mutations in 1 sample.Conclusion The point mutations in domain Ⅴ of the 23S rRNA gene may contribute to macrolide resistance in M.genitalium in Nanjing and its surrounding areas.

Key words:
Mycoplasma genitalium;  Drug resistance, bacterial;  Anti-bacterial agents


The effects of audio cueing on teacher praise rate was investigated in a special class of four children with behaviour problems. After establishing baselines on teacher praise rate and the children's constructive and inappropriate behaviours, auditory cues were given to prompt increased praising. Introduction of the cues significantly increased the teacher's praise rate and resulted in a generalized effect to non-cued periods. In addition, there was a concomitant increase in the frequency of the children's constructive behaviour and a decrease in the frequency of their inappropriate behaviour. It had been planned to introduce an audio cue to apply time-out in a multiple baseline fashion. However, when the frequency of inappropriate behaviour decreased with the increased praise rate, no opportunity arose to cue time-out. The results were interpreted as indicating that audio cueing is an effective teacher training technique.


This is the introductory chapter of the book, which begins with general reflections on the theme of the International Criminal Court (ICC) at five years by those who have closely shaped or followed the naissance of the Court and its policies. Where does the Court stand now? In generational terms, the Court is widely considered as the successor of the ad hoc tribunals. The Court is still an entity in statu nascendi ; certain teething symptoms have been diagnosed in the first practice. Some of the grand doyens of the discipline have raised doubts about the first steps of the ICC. The book combines expertise from inside the Court with inputs from external and critical observers. The authors hope that this diversity of views and analysis will shed a fresh light on some of the merits and main challenges of the Court in the transition from infancy to emancipation. Keywords: Court' first practice; International Criminal Court (ICC)


The work performed during the three previous years can be roughly divided into two main categories: (1) development of advanced modeling techniques; and (2) modeling of arc welding process. The work in the first category comprised the development of the Order of Magnitude Scaling (OMS) technique, which is complementary to numerical modeling techniques such as finite elements, but it provides approximate formulas instead of just numerical results. Borrowing concepts from OMS, another modeling technique based on empirical data was also developed. During this stage special software was also developed. The second category comprised the application of OMS to the three main subsystems of arc welding: the weld pool, the arc, and the electrode. For each of these subsystems they found scaling laws and regimes. With this knowledge, they analyzed the generation of weld pool defects during high current arc welding, proposed a mechanistic description of the process, and possible solutions.


General Concepts of Stochastic Processes.- Analytic Theory of Markov Chains.- Properties of Sample Functions.- Some Topics in Markov Chains.- Basic Theory of Birth and Death Processes. Construction Theory of Birth and Death Processes. Analytical Construction of Birth and Death Processes. Bilateral Birth and Death Processes.- Excessive Functions of Markov Chains with Discrete Time. Systems and the System Method.- Annotations on the History of the contents of Each Section.


The enrichment and recovery of sulfosalicylic acid by anion exchange resin(D201) adsorption were investigated with the measurement of the related parameters such as pH of solution,temperature and adsorption time,etc.The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of amino modified polystyrene were studied.The experimental results show that the maximum adsorption ability of D201 resin can be achieved at pH=2-11;the adsorption behavior of D201 resin for sulfosalicylic acid obeys the Freundlich isotherm;the adsorption kinetic data well fit the Lagergren pseudo-first order rate equation,and besides the intra-particle diffusion,other processes such as film diffusion also affect the rate of adsorption simultaneously.At 295-313 K and adsorptive mass fraction of sulfosalicylic acid of 380-420 mg/g,the changes of adsorption enthalpy is-13.73——8.422 kJ/mol,the free energy is-19.89——21.45 kJ/mol,the entropy of adsorption is 20.88-41.62 J/(K·mol),the adsorption rate constant is 0.025 3-0.056 5 min-1 and the adsorption activity energy is 34.04 kJ/mol.Up to 99% of the sulfosalicylic acid adsorbed in the resin can be easily and quickly eluted with mass fraction 10% NaCl+2% NaOH solution at 315 K.


In this paper, we study the problem of an impurity with infinite mass and the Casimir force between two impurities immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Our calculation results shows that the Casimir force decays exponentially in distance at large distance.


he presence of palatal erosion has been associated with acid originating from the stomach of patients with eating disorders." Bartlett the results of a study investigating the role of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in palatal dental erosion.3 In that study of 36 patients presenting with significant palatal dental erosion, 23 had pathological levels of GOR using intemationally recognised criteria. Of these 23 patients, 7 (30%) had no symptoms of GOR. dental


In "Introduction to the Analyst's Body in the Consulting Room," which ran in the "A Note From the Guest Editors" section published in the print issue 13(2) of Psychoanalytic Perspectives, the contribution by Jonathan H. Slavin, PhD, ABPP, and Miki Rahmani, MA ("Slow Dancing: Mind, Body, and Sexuality in a New Relational Psychoanalysis"; also appearing in 13[2]), was incorrectly represented. The text discussing Slavin and Rahmani's paper should have appeared as shown below:


We describe an inexpensive demonstrator which produces electrical wavepackets of variable length. The packets contain from one to sixteen 1-MHz waves. Students may make a Fourier analysis of the packets with ordinary AM radios. They will discover dramatically different spectra, confirming the complementarity rule between packet length and bandwidth, ΔxΔk≳1.


ABSTRACT. The existence of a trade‐off between flight and reproduction in the migratory noctuid, Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.), was examined in experiments in which female moths were flown on flight balances and then provided with distilled water or sucrose solution. For individuals flight‐tested from the night of eclosion (night 0) through night 1 and fed only distilled water, there was a linear, negative relationship between weight‐related fecundity and flight duration. When flight was recorded through night 2, a curvilinear relationship was obtained suggesting that highly active moths suffer a smaller decrease in fecundity than predicted from its rate of decline with increasing flight duration in less persistent fliers. The hypothesis that this reflects an energetically expensive, initial phase of each flight, followed by a less costly, cruising phase is examined. Fecundity was independent of flight duration in females provided with sucrose after flight but was related to moth weight, as it was in all unflown moths. Effects of flight and feeding on longevity and mating frequency are also reported.


Marquet explains how "groupthink," fear, and stress in the workplace can conspire to keep people from saying things that need to be said, in meetings and otherwise. Drawing on research and on his previous career as the commander of the nuclear-powered fast attack submarine USS Santa Fe, he demonstrates that people must be free of artificial constraints, especially if leadership is to become a distributed attribute. It's better to have a well-prepared culture of empowerment. He writes, "We found that even in emergencies it was better not to have to tell people what to do. Telling people what to do means they can't figure out what to do on their own."


The bearing (11) has two annular end rings (12b, 12c) comprising an outer jacket (12a) of a housing ring (12), where outer diameter of a supporting ring portion (13b) is smaller than internal diameter of the outer jacket of the housing ring. Two bearing rings (14a, 14b) are mounted on two running surfaces (S1, S2) of the supporting ring portion. A pressure ring element (16) axially clamps the two bearing rings against the supporting ring portion such that the supporting ring portion is displaced within the housing ring. The pressure ring element is manufactured by an elastomer, plastic or steel material. The annular end rings are made of plastic.


Gas flows through the passages that consist of various pores inside wood. The structure of the pores is complex and changeful, and the connections between the pores are different in the longitudinal, radial and tangential directions. The existing models for gas permeability of softwoods only considered the connection of the pores in one direction of wood grain or two directions. In this paper, a three dimensional flow resistor network was constructed according to the connection of the pores in longitudinal, radial and tangential directions. The flow resistor network could be used to describe the mechanism of gas flow in the longitudinal direction. The equivalent flow resistor of the flow resistor network was work out by means of the real space renormalization approach, and the evaluation of the gas permeability of softwood could be evaluated from the equivalent flow resistor. The calculated values of the longitudinal gas permeability of Masson pine( Pinus massoniana ) was compaered with the corresponding measured values. There is a close agreement between the calculation and the measurement. It shows the validity of the theory on three dimensional flow resistor network.


Wireless mobile ad-hoc networks are those networks which has no physical links between the nodes. Due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and path loss there is no fixed topology in this network. Hence some routing protocol is needed to function properly for these networks. Many Routing protocols have been proposed and developed for accomplishing this task. The intent of this paper is to analyze the performance of ad-hoc routing protocol AODV with and without black hole attack in wireless network. This paper concentrates evaluating the performance of routing protocol when black hole attacks involve in wireless network and when black hole attack not involve in wireless network. The performance analysis for above protocol is based on variation in speed of nodes in a network with 50 nodes. All simulation is carried out with QualNet 5.0 simulator.


Thesalivary glands ofrodents undergo considerable cytodifferentiation after birth andareuseful models forthestudy offunctional development, including themechanisms offluid andelectrolyte secretion. In theratsubmandibular gland, secretion ofsalivary fluid cannotbeelicited until approximately 2weeksofage.The currently accepted modelofsalivary fluid secretion indicates thatthis processdepends on theactivation, on stimulation ofcholinergic receptors, ofseveral iontransport systems, resulting ina nettransport ofosmotically active ions(primarily Cl-andNa+) acrosstheacinar epithelium. Thiscreates thenecessaryosmotic gradient for thetransacinar movementofwater.Theprocessisassociated witha signal transduction pathway involving the formation ofphosphoinositide products (primarily inositol triphosphate or1P3) andthemobilization ofCa2+. The latter regulates monovalent ionconductances (K+,Cl-), whicharecritical forthesecretory process.Immature submandibular glands andcells ofearly postnatal ratshavealowerdensity ofcholinergic receptors andrelease less K+andCl-thanmaturecells andgradually develop other iontransport systems(such as a Na,K,2Cl cotransport system) involved inthesecretory process.Surprisingly, they formmore 1P3andshowalarger increase incytosolic Ca2+whenstimulated withmaximal orsupramaximal concentrations ofagonist. Therefore, theyshow some interesting dissociations inthesignal transduction mechanism thatsuggest differences inthecoupling between receptors andmembranephosphoinositides, between lP3andlP3-dependent Ca2+stores, andbetween the Ca2+signal andthemonovalent iontransport systems whicharecritical forsecretion.


Given the paucity of studies regarding research practices of teachers, particularly English language teaching (ELT) practitioners in the ASEAN region and in the Philippines, this study explores the research practices of English language teachers in the Philippines. Using purposive-convenience sampling, a total of 49 teachers of English from a Philippine university were asked to answer a survey. To validate the data, pertinent public university documents were examined, and interviews with the university research heads were conducted. Findings suggest that the teachers were cognizant of the link between teaching and their own and their schools' research practices. This research also reports the teachers' positive perception towards research, and high receptivity to and interest in it. However, such research engagement was somehow constrained by factors such as crowded teaching timetables or heavy workload, lack of funding or financial support, difficulty in understanding (e.g., the language) published research, and the challenge of contextualising research findings for classroom use. This paper concludes with a note on how a conducive research climate in a school is a requisite in cultivating teachers' interest in research.


Robustness to missing or faulty input, due to failures in the data collection system, is a key characteristic for any travel time prediction model that is to be applied in a real time environment. Previous research by van Lint et al (2002) has shown that so-called State-Space Neural Networks (SSNN) are capable of accurately predicting experienced travel times. Our paper shows that incorporating corrupt data into the training procedure does increase the robustness of these SSNN models, but at the cost of predictive performance: there is a clear trade off between robustness and model accuracy. More over, inclusion of (small) amounts of corrupted data in the training procedure makes the internal states of the SSNN model which are closely related to the expected traffic conditions, more difficult to interpret. Application of pre-processing (imputation) strategies before feeding the input into the model does lead to a robust but still accurate model. Although there are theoretical shortcomings to simple imputation schemes, the combined framework of pre-processing and SSNN model is robust to various kinds of input failure, even though the proposed pre-processing strategies are naive non-parameterized procedures such as exponential smoothing and spatial interpolation. We hypothesize this is due to the fact that the SSNN model is robust to the "damage" done by the pre-processor. Further research should emphasize on enhancing the proposed pre-processing procedures and applying the travel time prediction framework in real time


Introduction : The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) gene, located on chromosome 11p13, encodes a transcription factor. WT1 is overexpressed in 90% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and thus can be used for minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring by quantitative RT-PCR. The aim of the present study was to analyze the usefulness of WT1 as a marker for MRD quantification in AML after chemotherapy. Patients and Methods : This retrospective and multicentric study included 148 patients with WT1-overexpressed AML. Quantitative assessment of WT1 transcript levels was performed by quantitative RT-PCR in 370 bone marrow (BM) samples at diagnosis (148), post-induction (125) and post-consolidation (97). WT1 gene expression was calculated by relative quantification using the normalized ratio of the target gene (WT1) related to a reference gene (GUS) and using cell line K562 as calibrator. Inter-laboratories methodological standardization was accomplished through a pilot study with 20 BM donor samples, 20 BM patient samples and commercial WT1 plasmids (ProfileQuant Kit, Ipsogen-Qiagen). Results : No significant differences in WT1 gene expression (cycle threshold, Ct) were observed between different laboratories in the pilot study (kappa coefficient >0.7). The cut-off value of WT1 over-expression in BM was established for each laboratory (median+2SD values from healthy donors, data not shown). Median WT1 expression in patient samples at diagnosis was 38% (range, 2-850). Differential expression at diagnosis did not correlate with age, gender, leukocytes, karyotype (risk). However a significantly higher expression in patients with AML-M1 and AML-M2 subtypes as well as patients with mutant NPM1 and/or ITD-FLT3 was observed (p vs . 8% p vs . 0% p vs . 34% p=0.031) and post-consolidation (2 years 74% vs . 26% p=0.004)] were obtained. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed; high risk cytogenetic (complex karyotype), not allo-SCT and post-induction WT1 levels remained as independent prognostic factors in terms RFS (Table 1). Conclusions : WT1 is a useful marker for MRD quantification in AML patients undergoing chemotherapy. Levels after induction and consolidation allow anticipation of relapse and survival. In the group of patients not treated with allo-SCT, results are especially relevant with greater statistically significant differences. Treatment intensification derived from positive post-chemotherapy WT1 levels with allo-SCT overcomes the poor prognosis. Post-induction (A,C) and Post-consolidation (B,D). Abbreviations: Neg. negative (normal levels o no overexpression; Pos: positive (overexpression). Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


A fitness landscape describes the interaction of a search domain, a cost function on designs drawn from the domain, and a neighbourhood function defining the adjacency of designs --- induced by the optimisation method used. Fitness landscapes can be represented in a compact form as Local Optima Networks (LONs). Although research has been conducted on LONs in continuous domains, the majority of work has focused on combinatorial landscapes. LONs are often used to understand the landscape encountered by population-based search heuristics, but are usually constructed via point-based search. This paper proposes the first construction of LONs by a population-based algorithm, applied to continuous optimisation problems. We construct LONs for three benchmark functions with well-known global structure using the widely used Nelder-Mead downhill simplex algorithm, and contrast these to the LONs from a point-based approach. We also investigate the sensitivity of the LON visualisation to the downhill simplex algorithm's hyperparameters, by varying the initial step size of the simplex and the step size for connectivity of optima. Our results suggest that large initial simplex sizes fragment the landscape structure, and exclude some local optima from the fitness landscape.


Introduction - what are values? values and legislation values and ethnic minority communities values expressed by professional groups values and school governors and managers assessment and patterns of educational provision the establishment of whole school policies are we ready for inclusion? children's value systems parental values conclusion - the rights of the child.


We propose a method for solving exactly the nuclear eigenvalue problem within a multiphonon space constructed out of Tamm-Dancoff phonons. The method consists in deriving, within a given n-phonon subspace, a set of equations, of simple structure for any n, which are solved iteratively, starting from the particle-hole vacuum, to yield a set of states covering a multiphonon space up to an arbitrary number of phonons. The intrinsic redundancy of the set so generated is removed completely and exactly by a simple and efficient prescription. Such a multiphonon basis reduces the Hamiltonian into diagonal blocks plus residual off-diagonal terms of simple form. Its diagonalization becomes straightforward and yields exact eigensolutions. {sup 16}O is adopted as numerical test ground.


For a long time interest in the sense of agency was confined to a small group of researchers such as philosophers of mind concerned with fundamental questions of consciousness and free will or neuropsychologists investigating mental illnesses that clearly involve abnormalities of agency (e.g., psychosis). This niche existence obscured the concept's relevance for many societal and cultural phenomena in which individuals experience subjective control over objectively uncontrollable events, or neglect control over events they have caused. It also resulted in a rather small number of scientific studies addressing the sense of agency. Today, scientific investigations of sense of agency constitute a rapidly expanding field. This is evident in the rising number of scientific articles related to the topic as listed on search engine databases such as PubMed.


The course"Line Drawing Modeling"is currently open to the university specialty of fine arts.However,due to some historical and notional reasons,the content establishment for it in many universities appears obscure.As new generations of students tend to blend Eastern ideas with Western ones,this paper proposes that in the course establishment,stress should be placed on a combination of Chinese and Western artistic views,melting embodiment modeling,abstract modeling and image modeling in different stages of the course study,so that students'ability to observe and present objects can be better enhanced.


Crans-Montana-Sierre is an Alpine tourist region located in the driest part of Switzerland. This paper presents preliminary results from the MontanAqua project (www.montanaqua.ch), which aims at developing more sustainable water management options based on the coordination and adaptation of water demand to water availability under changing biophysical and socio-economic conditions. The focus is upon the temporal and spatial characteristics of resource demand, in order to estimate the spatial footprint of water use (drinking water, hydropower production, irrigation and artifi cial snowmaking). A large summer peak and a smaller winter peak characterize current regional water consumption. The summer peak is primarily caused by irrigation demand but secondly by drinking water demand. The winter peak is essentially due to drinking water demand and snowmaking demand. The results show the diffi culty of collecting homogenous data on water usage due to a lack of data and measurement systems.


Despite significant advances in using Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) for on-screen target discrimination, existing methods either require intrusive, low-frequency visual stimulation or only support a small number of targets. We propose SSVEPNet: a convolutional long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network for high-frequency stimulation (≥30Hz) using a large number of visual targets. We evaluate our method for discriminating between 43 targets on an extended alphanumeric virtual keyboard and compare three different frequency assignment strategies. Our experimental results show that SSVEPNet significantly outperforms state-of-the-art correlation-based methods and convolutional neural networks. As such, our work opens up an exciting new direction of research towards a new class of unobtrusive and highly expressive SSVEP-based interfaces for text entry and beyond.


. The study of how idioms are processed in human cognition is essential to find out whether the idioms are comprehended according to their idiomatic meanings that have one referent, or are comprehended according to the meaning of the words in the idioms. The majority of idiom comprehension studies that have been carried out are studies on English idioms, whereas for other languages the study of idiom has not been carried out, including in Indonesian. So the hypothesis related to comprehension of idioms cannot be said to be universal. This study aims to find out how the idioms are comprehended in Indonesian speakers' cognition. This is a preliminary study which employs qualitative method with two stage tests. The first stage is to find out the familiarity of Indonesian idioms for Indonesian speakers, and the second stage is to find out how those idioms are comprehended.


A nonlinear finite element contact mechanics model of a helical gear pair was used to study the effect of intentional tooth profile modifications on durability of helical gear pairs. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) modifications were considered. A detailed parametric study was performed to quantify the changes in the contact and bending stresses as a function of tooth profile modification parameters as compared to an unmodified gear pair baseline. The combined influence of modification parameters and torque transmitted on the maximum stresses is described. Results indicate that both bending and contact stresses of a helical gear pair are increased significantly when 2D modifications are applied, potentially causing an underestimation of the actual stress values when the modifications are not included in stress calculations. When properly selected, 3D modifications cause significantly, less stress increases.


Abstract A numerical investigation into the magneto-convection heat transfer performance of Ag-based nanofluid (i.e., silver nanoparticles dispersed in fluid) filled square enclosure containing a thin central heater and a lower heated wall section is performed. The analysis focuses particularly on the effects of the magnetic field strength, central heater orientation and length, lower heated wall section length, Rayleigh number, and Ag nanoparticle volume fraction on the average Nusselt number along the cool, vertical sidewalls of the enclosure. It is found that the heat transfer performance improves as the lengths of the central heater and lower heated wall section increase. Also, the average Nusselt number increases given a vertical orientation of the central heater. Regardless of the heater orientation, the heat transfer performance decreases with increasing magnetic field strength. As Ag nanoparticle volume fraction increases, the average Nusselt number increases with increasing values of Rayleigh number. Finally, the heat transfer performance improves for increasing nanoparticle volume fraction (0.00, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09) at high Rayleigh numbers of 106 and 107.


We present a design of antenna structure consisting of two orthogonal elements to radiate strong EM field in the near-zone. The use of conjugate magnetic and electric elements not only provides a good mechanism of impedance matching, but also radiates orthogonally polarized fields to form the Poynting vector. The radiation efficiency can be enhanced and provides good communication quality for the near-field communications. Both numerical and experimental results based on exampled antenna design are presented to validate the concept.


In 1998, the research unit of the French Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité (MIRE) published a bilingual glossary of French and English terms used in social policy. A number of issues, questions and hypotheses, all related to translation and transferability, were raised in the course of this exercise. This article purports to take some of them up again. Although the glossary was a collective venture, the following interpretations are under the sole responsibility of the author.


The article poses a research question, important not only in the studies on (neo-)gnosticism, concerning the relationship between the gnostic strategies of interpreting the world (and especially its typical rules of classifying people, based on the externalization of evil) and the tendency to construct a figure of "hylic" as a person embodying evil, and thus "unworthy of life". In this context, the author is interested in the dynamics of the relationship between the religious worldview declared by the authors, the one they actually profess, and their attitude towards the so-called Jewish question. Bulgarian material, which is a case of a particular kind of aporia, cognitive dissonances emerging due to tension between the pressure of cultural stereotypes, pragmatic (economic), religious, parareligious and humanistic thinking, has been analyzed on the basis of post-secular thought. The investigator posits that Bulgarian culture, despite the "economic" anti-Semitism that exists within it, did not produce a figure of a Jew the hylic that absorbs all evil and that could be inscribed (as is the case in popular Polish culture, among others) in every troublesome local political and symbolic context.


This chapter is organized in the following manner. Modelling of an orbital cavity using finite element method is presented in section 2. Finite element method (FEM) is one of the basic tools used for mechanical investigations of a skull, a pelvic bone, eye-socket and in reconstruction of a bony face deformed by congenital defects or injuries. For example, it was applied for modelling of a skull with gnathothisis (Boryor et al., 2008), for investigation of infant head injuries caused by impact (Roth et al, 2009) and for examination of facial skull dystosis of a child (Gautam et al, 2007). FEM served also for an radiological and mathematical analysis of facial deformation provoked by curved central axis of the skull (Iannetti et al., 2004). Furthermore, the method was utilized for modelling of orbit deformation being result of bunt injury (Al-Sukhun et al, 2006) and also for investigation of biomechanical properties of the orbit (Sander et al, 2006). The aim of the study is to develop the numerical model of a bottom arch of an orbital cavity using a FEM. Based on the data obtained from computer tomography, the model of a healthy orbit was proposed. The results obtained from numerical analysis may serve as a basis for further investigations concerning stresses and deformations in orbital implants, including a direct implant application. Due to its geometrical complexity the whole skull (and especially its facial part) modelling presents a substancial engineering problem. To resolve it one subject the area of interest (the surface or the space) to a segmentation by means of finite number of elements averaging the physical state of the body. To generate the maps of stresses, deformations and displacements prior to calculations, it is indispensable to prepare the geometrical and material data of the model. The main subject of section 3 is to present a model of a double layered pelvic bone and some phenomena during leg flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, using finite element method (FEM). In the musculoskeletal system, the pelvis is one of the most important bones. It is a support of whole body, transfer external and gravitational loads across sarco-illiac and


China has witnessed unprecedented urbanization over the past decades. The rapid expansion of urban population has been dominated by the floating population from rural areas,of which the spatiotemporal patterns, driving forces, and multidimensional effects have been scrutinized and evaluated by voluminous empirical studies. However, the urban and economic development mode has been reshaped by the globalization and marketization processes and the socioeconomic space has been restructured as a consequence. How has the spatial pattern of floating population evolved against these backdrops? How has the evolution been driven by the interaction of state and market forces? What have been the contribution of population mobility to the urbanization of origin and destination regions and the evolution of China's urban system?The latest national censuses conducted in 2000 and 2010 offer the opportunity to systematically answer these questions. Analysis based on the county- level data comes to conclusions as follows.(1) The spatial pattern of floating population remained stable over the first decade of the 21 st century. Three coastal mega- city regions, namely the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and the Beijing- Tianjin- Hebei Region, were major concentration areas. As the emergence and rapid development of other coastal mega-city regions, the coastal concentration area of floating population tended to geographically united as a whole, whereas the spatial distribution within each region variegated significantly.(2) Floating population gradually moved into provincial capitals and other big cities in interior regions and its distribution center of gravity moved northward around 110 km during the study period.(3) Compared with extensively investigated inter- provincial migrants, intra- provincial migrants had higher intention and ability to permanently live in cities they worked in and thus might become the main force of China's urbanization in the coming decades.(4) The spatial pattern of floating population was shaped jointly by the state and market forces in transitional China. While the impacts of state forces have been surpassed by market forces in the country as a whole, they are still important in shaping the development space of central and western China.(5) The massive mobility of population contributed a large proportion to the increase of urbanization levels of both origin and destination regions and reshaped China's urban system in terms of its hierarchical organization and spatial structure.


It has been previously demonstrated that the ballistocardiogram responds very definitively to nitroglycerin. 1-3 The response of the ballistocardiogram to a vasodilating agent is probably best explained in terms of the changes induced in the force of the myocardium and the degree of peripheral resistance. It has become increasingly evident that the efficacy of drugs in angina pectoris may in part be due to decreased peripheral resistance.4 The ballistocardiogram is, therefore, admirably suited in the study of agent which may effect the force of ejection during systole and the peripheral resistance against which this &dquo;force&dquo; impinges. The ideal agent for patients with angina pectoris would be one which has the combined advantages of acting rapidly and also sustaining this activity


The author attempted to investigate the extent o f the propaganda o f the Central empires against the armies o f the South-Western Front, since the end o f 1914 to June 1917. Only those armies that were on the South Western Front in the first half o f 1917, namely the Special, 11th, 7th and 8th armies were considered. The study o f the array o f proclamations distributed by the Austro-German soldiers on the South-Western Front o f the Eastern European theatre from the end o f 1914 to the middle o f 1917 showed that the nature o f propaganda during this period has undergone a significant evolution both quantitatively and in relation to the appeals contained in the leaflets. It should also be noted that the sharp increase in propaganda o f AustriaHungary and Germany in the spring o f 1917 was associated with the hope o f concluding a separate peace with the Provisional government that came to power after the February revolution in Russia. In March May 1917, proclamations were m ost often given to Russian soldiers during fraternization, which reached unprecedented development at the front in these months. Ключевые слова: Первая мировая война, Русская армия, Ю го-Западный фронт, прокламация, пропаганда, Февральская революция, братание.


Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared, respectively, by direct mixed oxidation method in different acids. Scanning electron microscopy showed that high quality of PANI nanofibers can be obtained easily in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and acetic acid, especially in the sulfuric acid; infrared and ultraviolet spectra characterization showed all products were the doped PANI. Then, using complex emulsifiers, PANI was dispersed in acrylate emulsion by supersonic dispersion assisted with mechanical stirred to obtain mixed pre-emulsion, the result showed different PANI performed different dispersing stability in the pre-emulsion. More importantly, PANI-polyacrylate copolymer was prepared through multi-steps in situ emulsion polymerization using water-soluble azo (VA-044) as initiator. Experiment showed that good dispersing stability of PANI in the pre-emulsion was premise to obtain the final stable copolymer emulsion. Further, the micro-morphology and thermal property of the copolymer were studied by transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analyzer. The result proved that acrylate occurred in situ polymerization on surface of PANI nanofibers, the presence of PANI increased glass transition temperature (T(g)) and thermal decomposed temperature of the copolymer. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 627-635, 2012


We came upon the article titled "(e Role of Medications in Causing Dry Eye" [1], during a recent literature search conducted for a continuing education program we recently produced on the management of dry eye disease. In reviewing this article, we noted a number of errors, particularly in Tables 3 and 4. Specifically, many of the drugs are misclassified and/or allocated to incorrect therapeutic drug classes, and accordingly, corrigendum has been published. Please also note the following errors:


Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first‐line medication for acute low back pain (LBP). It is unclear if the choice of NSAID impacts outcomes. We compared ibuprofen, ketorolac, and diclofenac for the treatment of acute, nonradicular LBP.


: This research aimed to see the positive impact of learning improvements on Poultry Nutrition Science subject. This research was conducted on 3 parallel classes; Class A does not experience the improvements, except for practicum services; Class B only experienced the improvements for 7 meetings (8th meeting until the end of the semester); and Class C experienced the improvements from the beginning until the end of the semester. The improvements on this Livestock Nutrition Science subject covered: improvements in learning planning, improvements in classroom learning methods, assessment strategy, and improvement in practicum services. The indication of success of this learning system improvement could be seen from the students' responses which were observed and seen from their activity and enthusiasm in the class, their attendance in the class and laboratory, and also the achievement of student's Mid Term Exam and Final Exam scores. The result of this classroom action research showed good responses, which could be seen on the increase in average score of Mid Term Exam and Final Exam on the students who experienced the learning methods improvements (Class C), their satisfaction to the facilitated teaching materials, and the feedback on the assignment and opinions expressed in the class.


Polysaccharides of five fungi (two fungi crude drugs such as Polyporus umbellatus and Poria cocos, three fungi, Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa and Agaricus blazai, used for functional health foods, were evaluated by employing gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with a special column, which is applicable under the alkaline conditions, and multi angle laser light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index (RI) detectors. Total polysaccharides content by the color reaction using phenolic sulfonic acid was also investigated. Three different extraction methods of polysaccharides, with hot water, hot alkali solution or cold alkali solution, were applied for the sample preparation. As a result, different extraction method resulted in the different GPC pattern and polysaccharide content. Polysaccharide component was detected in all three extraction methods from all five fungi by employing ultra filtration (UF). Especially large amount of polysaccharides was detected in cold alkali extraction from Poria cocos. GPC patterns under the different extraction conditions were revealed to be useful for the identification and/or evaluation of fungi. These different results seem to be due to the difference in the sugar conformation of each fungus. Results ob


Two types of retrograded eclogite (phengite‐bearing eclogite and garnet pyroxenite) within eclogite‐facies granitic gneisses are reported for the first time from the Younusisayi area of the South Altyn high to ultrahigh pressure (HP–UHP) metamorphic belt. These eclogites were studied using petrology, mineral chemistry, phase equilibrium modelling, and geochronology. The phengite‐bearing eclogite records five stages of metamorphism: (1) early prograde (Grt + Cpx + Amp + Rt + Qz) at conditions of P = 11.50–17.5 kbar, T = 665–740°C; (2) peak eclogite‐facies (Grt + Omp + Ph + Rt + Qz) at conditions of P > 24.2 kbar, T = 710–1000°C; (3) overprinting during retrograde transition to HP granulite‐facies conditions (Grt + Cpx ± Kfs + Pl + Rt + Qz) at P = 12.1–16.9 kbar and T = 760–890°C; (4) retrogression at granulite‐facies conditions (Grt + Cpx + Amp + Pl + Ilm + Qz) of P = 9.1–11.4 kbar, T = 730–840°C; and (5) amphibolite‐facies metamorphism (Amp + Pl + Ilm + Qz) during cooling and decompression. The garnet pyroxenite records four stages of metamorphism: (1) eclogite‐facies at conditions of P > 23.2 kbar, T = 775–965°C; (2) HP granulite‐facies conditions of P = 13.2–17.8 kbar and T = 836–912°C; (3) granulite‐facies conditions of P = 8.6–9.7 kbar, T = 739–783°C; and (4) amphibolite‐facies metamorphism. Zircon U–Pb dating and trace element analysis constrain eclogite‐facies metamorphism to c. 500 Ma, consistent with the age of the surrounding eclogite‐facies granitic gneiss (497.8 ± 2.7 Ma). Retrograde metamorphism ages of c. 460 Ma are interpreted as recording zircon growth after granulite‐facies metamorphism. The P–T–t path defines the integrated process of deep subduction and multistage exhumation and places constraints on the early Palaeozoic geodynamics of the South Altyn belt. Well‐preserved major and trace element zoning of garnets in the Ph‐bearing eclogites lacks evidence of significant thermal diffusion and may record garnet growth during deep subduction, immediately followed by very rapid exhumation.


Two cell surface antigens of mouse leukemias were defined by BALB/c cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated against syngeneic radiation leukemia virus(RadLV)‐induced leukemia, BALBRV1 or BALBRVD. Hyperimmunization of BALB/c mice with irradiated leukemias followed by in vitro sensitization of primed spleen cells resulted in the generation of CTL with high killing activity. The specificity of CTL was examined by direct cytotoxicity assays and competitive inhibition assays. A shared cell surface antigen, designated as BALBRV1 antigen, was detected by BALB/c anti‐BALBRV1 CTL. BALBRV1 antigen was expressed not only on RadLV‐induced BALB/c leukemias except for BALBRVD, but also on spontaneous or X‐ray‐induced BALB/c leukemias, chemically‐induced leukemias with the H‐2d haplotype and some chemically‐induced BALB/c sarcomas. In contrast, a unique cell surface antigen, designated as BALBRVD antigen, was detected by BALB/c anti‐BALBRVD CTL. BALBRVD antigen was expressed only on BALBRVD, but not on thirty‐nine normal lymphoid or tumor cells. These two antigens could be distinguished from those previously defined on Friend, Moloney, Rauscher or Gross murine leukemia virus (MuLV) leukemias, or MuLV‐related antigens. Both cytotoxic responses were blocked by antisera against H‐2Kd, but not H‐2Dd. The relationship of BALBRV1 antigen and BALBRVD antigen to endogenous MuLV is discussed with regard to the antigenic distribution on tumor cell lines.


The article considers the concept "reader's competence" as a part of the general cultural competence as reading provides system of knowledge and skills that allow any person to navigate in modern sociocultural world. The content of the term "reader's competence" is analyzed and the author's formulation of the concept is offered. The results of the analysis of basic textbooks and calendar-thematic planning on the Russian language in the aspect of training in reading are shown. The article presents the diagnostic work (the stating experiment) on identification of extent of development of the general outlook of pupils of the 5–8th form and the level of formation of their metasubject (general cultural) abilities ,as information search and understanding of the text, transformation and interpretation of information, information assessment is presented. The results of the analysis of data of this experiment is also provided.


This study builds on the success of New York City's protected bicycle lanes (PBLs) through improving the understanding and impacts of different intersection designs. Specifically, to understand better the safety of the two primary intersection design treatments for single direction PBLs, the mixing zone and fully split phase signal, several different data sources are used in a before–after and cross-sectional analysis including; 184 intersections, nearly 17 years of reported bicycle injury crashes at intersections, and historic bicycle volume and turning movement counts. It was found that, following the installation of PBLs, the rate of crashes per bicyclist decreased by an average of 30%. The study also identified similar benefits between mixing zones and fully split phases at intersections with lower turn volumes while at higher turn volume locations the shorter mixing zones have the lowest crash rates. For wider cross-streets, the crash risk for bicycle riders increased regardless of the treatment, however fully split phase intersections perform better at wider crossings overall. Based on these results, it is recommended that the fully split phase treatment should be typically prioritized where the safety need is greatest, such as at wider intersections and two-way cross-streets. In addition, these findings reinforce the need to reduce turn speeds and cyclist exposure at multilane crossings.