If you are a brain injury professional who cannot read an article without knowing what the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores are for the sample studied, then this issue of the Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation may be a source of some consternation. The articles presented here all address methodologies employed to screen for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in various populations. Whether the purpose for identifying cases is to determine prevalence, focus additional services, or compare those with and without TBI, unfortunately, the existence, let alone availability, of a GCS score is a luxury that none of these authors enjoyed. Instead the reader will find that new, and previously untested, methodologies were employed as part of scientific approaches that may seem quite foreign. Why is this? The research literature on TBI is dominated by cohorts for which a diagnosis of TBI (or its absence) was determined at the time that medical attention was given. Whether samples are collected prospectively or retrospectively from a given point in the system of care (eg, emergency department admissions, patients treated in rehabilitation), the standard for description relies on indicators reflecting the extent of altered consciousness as observed by professionals who treated the acute injury (eg, first GCS in the emergency department, time to follow commands during acute hospitalization). Even studies from later in the process of treatment identify a sentinel occurrence of a TBI (eg, 6 months after severe TBI), and whenever possible report the altered consciousness observed at the time (eg, with 5 days of posttraumatic amnesia). Even the epidemiological data in our field are dominated by reports of incident cases, most commonly identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code given at the time of treatment. When the methodology shifts to identifying TBI in cohorts defined not by having been treated, but by some other criteria (eg, schoolchildren with behavioral problems, nursing home residents, prisoners, clients treated for substance abuse disorders, or soldiers returning from combat), then the ways of detecting and categorizing TBI to which we are so accustomed are no longer available. For many readers, the first reaction will be, "why not just collect information about past TBI's from previous medical records." This is a logical approach and, if it were only impractical, someone would have done it. What is impractical, of course, is to attempt to find all of a person's prior treatments and then gain access to those medical records. Perhaps at some time in the future we will carry our medical records in a computer chip imbedded in our arm, but for now there is no way of determining a person's prior treatments without asking him or her to identify them. Putting aside the issue of self-report for the moment, the ability to actually obtain a lifetime's worth of medical records for injuries treated in physicians' offices, emergency departments, or hospitals is a daunting task without adding those injuries attended to only by a school nurse, athletic trainer, or emergency medical technician in the field. But obtaining all these medical records is only what makes the task impractical. What makes it impossible to use medical records to study a past history of TBI is the significant proportion of these injuries that receive no medical attention at all. Articles in this issue report that 61% of head injuries among prisoners were untreated1; similarly, 30% of TBIs experienced by persons with comorbid substance use disorders did not receive medical attention.2 A recent study reported that 42% of persons responding to a Webbased survey had experienced TBI without any medical attention.3 In other projects we have found 25% of adolescents in treatment for substance use disorders report prior TBI with loss of consciousness for which they received no medical attention of any kind; and 41% of TBIs reported by prisoners received no medical care (J.D.C. and J.A.B., written communication, September 2007). Quite clearly, if not treated there will not be a medical record to obtain. The second thought that often comes to mind when faced with the dilemma of identifying past TBI is to conduct testing. However, there is no biomarker for TBI. Techniques like computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, or neuropsychological assessment can be used to detect acute TBI of sufficient severity, or chronic TBI of greater severity, but none of these techniques are sensitive to all TBI, especially not all TBI that may have occurred over a person's lifetime. The validity of our customary


Abstract Vocalisations of the morphologically similar and partially sympatric Australian frog species, Litoria aurea and L. raniformis, were recorded from both wild and captive New Zealand populations. With the aid of sonagrams, vocalisations were divided into five call types and the roles of the calls in the frog's biology are hypothesised. Three call types may represent male advertisement calls; two of those types were examined in detail and appear to be species-specific. The recognition of qualitatively different call types within the repertoire of these species should make future quantitative analyses within call types more feasible.


A new type of scanning µ-RHEED (reflection high energy electron diffraction) microscope has been developed. Three diffraction spots of a RHEED pattern were simultaneously selected for imaging. The scanning µ-RHEED images were obtained from the intensity change of the diffraction spots. The distribution of normally rotated micrograins inside the same plane's grain parallel to the surface was successfully observed from the scanning µ-RHEED images. Micrograin structures of poly-Si and Cu thin films were observed with a resolution of less than one micron.


Many models in operations management assume that faced with excess inventory, retailers offer price discounts to increase sales. This discount is assumed to be a certain dollar amount per unit or a certain percent of the regular price. However, many retailers use nonlinear pricing, e.g. "Buy one, get one for 50% off" and "Buy two, get the third free", which we refer to as BOGO. We analyze BOGO promotions within the newsvendor model framework and identify the reasons for its popularity among retailers. We describe the type of products for which BOGO promotions are suitable, identify the optimal BOGO discount, and its effect on the retailer's profit. We compare the BOGO promotions to the straight price reduction promotions and analyze the newsvendor's optimal choice between them. We also examine the two promotions in the presence of strategic consumers. We find that for reasonable values of consumer marginal utility and a given order quantity, BOGO reduces strategic consumers' chances of obtaining a unit at a discount and their incentive to wait. Therefore, the newsvendor orders a larger quantity with BOGO than with a straight price reduction. Thus, BOGO promotions can be used by the newsvendor to counter strategic consumer behavior. Also, we find that in the presence of strategic consumers, there are some cases where it is optimal for the retailer to wait and discount the product at the end of the season. However, with BOGO it is always optimal to offer the BOGO promotion at the start of the season when realized demand is low.


A new intracranial pressure (ICP) sensor on polyimide lab-on-a-tube using exchanged polysilicon piezoresistive film has been designed, fabricated and successfully characterized in this work. Flexible polyimide film (Kapton) was used as the substrate for a lab-on-a-tube type microcatheter. Aluminum induced crystallization (AIC) process with low annealing temperature was utilized for the development of polysilicon film on polyimide substrate as the piezoresistive sensing element for a membrane based pressure sensor. The pressure sensor integrated with polyimide lab-on-a-tube shows a linearity of 0.996 and a sensitivity of 0.17 mV/mmHg in the low pressure range of 0~45 mmHg, which is very suitable for measuring the ICP.


One of the most remarkable features of China's development path is its large-scale and fast-paced urbanization. As cities already accommodate more than half of China's population, new challenges to urban food systems have emerged concurrently. Concerns over environmental degradation and food safety have provoked growing dissatisfaction with China's food regime. Amidst these concerns, the aim of this paper is to study the role of new and alternative approaches to food, focusing in on the question of how community supported agriculture (CSA) can deal with the food-related issues emerging from China's development. The paper adopts Granovetter's notions of social embeddedness to describe CSA's relational role in consumer-farmer dynamics, as well as the structural role within its broader relational context. Empirical data is drawn from surveys distributed among CSA farms, and interviews with key stakeholders in the Chinese CSA movement. The study finds that the model of CSA demonstrates an innovative approach to deal with food safety issues, address sustainability, and operate in an environment where future food demands are most critical. Although the movement's structural embeddedness is bound by several limitations and contradictions, it is argued that the CSA model offers important insights and adds value into ameliorating China's food systems.


The tyrocidines are cyclic decapeptide antibiotics produced by specific strains of Bacillus brevis. Enzyme-bound intermediate peptides, including Phe-Pro-, Phe-Pro-Phe-, Phe-Pro-Phe-Phe-, and others, up to the linear decapeptidyl Phe-Pro-Phe-Phe-Asn-Gln-Phe-Val-Orn-Leu-, can be isolated from appropriately constituted mixtures by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid, and then identified on two-dimensional thin-layer chromatograms after liberation by treatment with alkali. The growing peptide chains are bound to the enzymes by thio ester linkages. The requisite amino acids must be added in the proper order for polypeptide synthesis; T he development of cell-free systems active in tyrocidine formation has furthered our understanding of the mechanism of its biosynthesis. We report, in the preceding paper, that extracts of tyrocidine-producing strains of Bacillus brevis (ATCC 8185), on filtration through Sephadex G-200, yield three complementary fractions which synthesize tyrocidine when supplied with ATP, Mg2+, and the corresponding amino acids (Roskoski et al., 1970). The light component (mol wt 100,000) and the intermediate component (mol wt 230,000) activate phenylalanine and proline, respectively. The heavy component (mol wt 460,000) activates the remaining tyrocidine constituent amino acids. After activation, the aminoacyl residue is transferred from the aminoacyl adenylate-enzyme complex into a thio ester linkage to an enzymic sulfhydryl group, from which it enters into the chain elongation step. The identification of intermediate thio esterlinked peptides in tyrocidine biosynthesis will be the main subject of the present paper. The isolation from the gramicidin S synthesizing system of Phe-Pro-diketopiperazine (Kurahashi, 1961), Phe-Pro-Val (Tomino and Kurahashi, 1964), and Phe-Pro-Val-Orn (Tsuji, 1966; Holm et al., 1966) had indicated that in this process the direction of chain growth appeared to be from phenylalanine to leucine. In gramicidin S biosynthesis we have reported the identification of tri-, tetra-, and pentapeptidy1 hydroxamates from the corresponding peptidylthioenzymes (Gevers et al., 1969; Kleinkauf and Gevers, 1969), and did not find intermediates containing more than five residues, results confirmed by Frgshov et al. (1970). We concluded that cyclization to the decapeptide occurred by headto-tail condensation of two pentapeptidyl thio esters. Simi* From The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021. Received August 20, 1970. Supported by Grant GM-13972 from the U. S. Public Health Service. t Recipient of a special fellowship (F03 CA22798) from the U. S. Public Health Service. To whom to address correspondence. if phenylalanine or proline are omitted, no polypeptides are formed. Omission of asparagine stops synthesis at the tetrapeptide stage, even when the succeeding amino acids are present; if ornithine is omitted, synthesis stops at the octapeptide stage. These results indicate that chain growth begins at the D-phenylalanine residue next to proline, and proceeds in order, from amino to carboxyl terminus, until the addition of leucine. Finally, the carboxyl group of this residue, activated as thio ester, reacts with the free amino group of phenylalanine causing cyclization and release of the final product, a relatively slow reaction in the case of tyrocidine. larly, K'urahashi et al. (1969) have reported that Phe-Prodiketopiperazine is formed in extracts which synthesize tyrocidine, suggesting that chain growth begins at the same residue as in the gramicidin S system. Our present data indicate that chain growth in tyrocidine biosynthesis begins at D-phenylalanine and proceeds in order, from amino to carboxyl terminus, to form the linear decapeptide ending with thio ester-linked leucine. This peptide cyclizes relatively slowly to form the final product. The cyclization step in the two decapeptide-synthesizing systems thus appears to differ in a rather interesting way. Experimental Section Enzyme Preparation and Formation of ProteinBound Nascent Peptide Chains. The light, intermediate, and heavy enzyme fractions were prepared from extracts of B. brevis (ATCC 81 85) by ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration as described in the preceding paper (Roskoski et al., 1970). The enzyme-bound peptide chains were separated from reaction mixtures by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration and trichloroacetic acid precipitation, all as described previously (Roskoski et ul., 1970). Radioactivity in the trichloroacetic acid precipitable material was collected on filter disks and determined by the method of Mans and Novelli (1961). Liberation of the Enzyme-Bound Peptide Chains. To break the thio ester link by performic acid oxidation, the method of Frgshov et al. (1970) was used. Alkaline cleavage was carried out as follows : washed precipitates were transferred to tubes and macerated with 50 p1 of water and 2.5 pl of 1.0 N KOH, using a steel spatula. The pH was adjusted to 9-10 if necessary. The tubes were stoppered and placed in a water bath at 90" for 20 min. Then 1 ml of 90% aqueous methanol was added to each tube before centrifugation at 1500g for 10 min. The supernatants were removed with Pasteur pipets and dried in a stream of air at 37". The residues were taken up in 80 4846 B I O C H E M I S T R Y , V O L . 9, N O . 2 5 , 1 9 7 0 P E P T I D E I N T E R M E D I A T E S I N T Y R O C I D I N E B I O S Y N T H E S I S


Radishes were used to find the factors affecting removal of pesticide residues in such root vegetables at home.Taking 2% detergent as an example,the effects of these factors declined in the order of soaking time,rinsing times,and blanching time.The best combination to remove pesticide residues in root vegetables was soaking root vegetables in 2% detergents for 10 min,rinsing in running water (3×1 min),and blanching in boiling water for 1 min.


This book review is written for the volume Ana Maria Preoteasa (2018) Multiple facets of precarious work in Romania, Bucharest: ProUniversitaria Publishing House. The book addresses precarious work through its characteristics as atypical employment while in depth quantitative and qualitative analysis are focus on main sources of vulnerability for rural population, youth, Roma minorities in general, Roma women in particular. The added value of the book is the mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods in emphasizing employment related factors for one of the most vulnerable groups in inserting the labor market in Romania: youth from the social protection system, Roma population and Roma women.


The present study investigates the intraseasonal oscillations over the North Pacific during summer based on the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset. It is shown that the main component of intraseasonal variations in meridional wind is dominated by 10–30-day variability. Zonally-oriented wave trains are identified over the North Pacific at this band, with a zonal wavenumber 6. The wave trains exhibit an equivalent-barotropic structure, with the maximum amplitude in the upper troposphere, and are manifested as quasi-stationary Rossby waves with the energy dispersing eastward. The wave trains do not show a phase-locking feature, that is, they have no preferred geographical locations in the zonal direction. Furthermore, energy analyses suggest that the intraseasonal waves gain energy through baroclinic energy conversion, while the barotropic energy conversion plays a negligible role. The present results have implications for better understanding and forecasting weather and climate in North America, since the intraseasonal waves over the North Pacific may act as precursory signals for extreme events occurring over North America.


Russian educational policy in the recent years has been directed towards realization of institutional and infrastructure transformation of universities. This brought about governmental programmes aimed for development of leading Russian universities and for their competitive growth in the Russian and world markets. Russian universities began competing among themselves to achieve the key performance indicators (KPIs: publication activity, citation ratio, the share of income resulting from scientific activities in the university budget, the number of foreign students, the percentage of foreign teachers, the number of joint international educational programs etc.). It is quite obvious that science-related KPIs are generally more relevant and objective than education-related ones. Therefore, there appears the key question, whether the Russian universities are capable to fulfil their main mission - to provide highly skilled globally completive specialists, who would be able to work in conditions of the innovative knowledge-driven economy and all-world competition. The subject of our research is the profile relevance of employability of the graduates of the leading Russian universities - participants of Project 5-100. This KPI is not formally among the key indicators of Project 5-100, but believably belongs to the most important ones in evaluating the educational quality of any university. In this paper, we address this issue by using the new quantitative data from the biggest Russian social network «Vkontakte». By our research, we are bringing this new source of information to this research domain, and by doing so, we are getting access to data which are generated directly from the graduates themselves without any mediators or filters. On the basis of this information we conclude that more than 50 % of the Russian graduates are not employed according to their specialization after they leave university. This obviously reflects weak correlation between the content of their education and the demands of the employers, and also dissatisfaction of the latter with the quality of education provided by the universities. This means that even the leading Russian universities do not provide the necessary level of links with employers, despite the high demand for the skilled workforce at the labour market. According to the results of the analysis, we can state that the problem of non-educational employment of Russian university graduates concerns all areas of training and all regions of the country, and, therefore, is systemic in its nature. In general, the situation in the country looks approximately the same. There is a difference only in the effectiveness of employment between the various subject areas. The employed in the best way are graduates-physicians and IT-specialists, in the worst way - specialists in social and human sciences and jurisprudence. The novelty of the research is in the fact that the social network «Vkontakte» has never been used before to analyze this topic on the country-wide level. The research results appeared to be quite close in qualitative and quantitative sense to the previously studies, undertaken by the portal of Superjob.ru and by Petrozavodsk State University. Having addressed the same subject, but using different data, we came to comparable conclusions with them, but each time 5 years one after another (Superjob.ru - 2007, Petrozavodsk State University - 2012, ITMO University - 2017). The profile relevance of employability of the graduates of the leading Russian universities keeps being at the same level of 45-50 %. Our version is 46 %. Unfortunately, the visible progress in this area is still absent. The key conclusion of the study is the following: the Russian system of university graduate's employment is unbalanced and not effective. More than 50 % of graduates leave Russian universities «for nowhere». An integrated approach to the organization of labour force planning is required, in particular, to the development of foresights of specialists in the main areas of the future economy.


In 1933, 1 attention was called to the fact that the condition of anoxemia is becoming important to an increasingly large number of people. All those who travel by airplane are subjected to a reduced tension of oxygen. There is a still larger group, who suffer from the effects of anoxemia which accompany various diseases. It is well known that anemia as well as certain pulmonary and circulatory disturbances may be complicated by anoxemia. It was stated in previous papers 2 that hunger contractions as well as digestive peristalses are lessened by the production of anoxemia in the normal dog. In a subsequent paper 1 it was stated that anoxemia distinctly delays the emptying time of the stomach of the normal dog. In the light of these observations, and especially since gastric symptoms are characteristic of the various disorders mentioned, it was considered well worth while to determine the effect


The life and personal history of Marquis de Sade and his place in the annals of sex history is addressed. His family background and childhood are presented along with his philosophical and political stances regarding sado-masochism.

Keywords:

algolagnia;
BDSM ;
Catholicism;
France;
hedonism;
libertinism;
sadomasochism


The finite element method is based on replacing the continuum by a discrete model composed of elements connected in a finite number of nodes. The method consists in determining the so-called ''stiffness matrix'' which serves to express the generalized internal forces in nodes of the element as linear functions of the nodes displacement. The present paper applies Hermite's polynomials for determining the stiffness matrix of the element subjected to plane stress. The flow diagram for preparing the computation programme of the stiffnest matrix by means of a digital computer has also been given.


The properties and functions of BMSCs were altered by the diabetic microenvironment, and its mechanism was not very clear. In recent years, the regulation of the function of BMSCs by microRNA has become a research hotspot, meanwhile, HOX genes also have been focused on and involved in multiple functions of stem cells. In this study, we investigated the role of miR‐139‐5p in diabetes‐induced BMSC impairment. Since HOXA9 may be a target gene of miR‐139‐5p, we speculated that miR‐139‐5p/HOXA9 might be involved in regulating the biological characteristics and the function of BMSCs in diabetes. We demonstrated that the miR‐139‐5p expression was increased in BMSCs derived from STZ‐induced diabetic rats. MiR‐139‐5p mimics were able to inhibit cell proliferation, and migration and promoted senescence and apoptosis in vitro. MiR‐139‐5p induced the down‐regulated expression of HOXA9 and c‐Fos in BMSCs derived from normal rats. Moreover, miR‐139‐5p inhibitors reversed the tendency in diabetic‐derived BMSCs. Further, gain‐and‐loss function experiments indicated that miR‐139‐5p regulated the functions of BMSCs by targeting HOXA9 and c‐Fos. In vivo wound model experiments showed that the downregulation of miR‐139‐5p further promoted the epithelialization and angiogenesis of diabetic BMSC‐mediated skin. In conclusion, induction of miR‐139‐5p upregulation mediated the impairment of BMSCs through the HOXA9/c‐Fos pathway in diabetic rats. Therefore, miR‐139‐5p/HOXA9 might be an important therapeutic target in treating diabetic BMSCs and diabetic complications in the future.


Recent studies show that racism still exists in the American medical profession, the fact of which legitimizes the historically long-legacy of mistrust towards medical profession and health authorities among African Americans. Thus, it was suspected that the participation of black patients in end-of-life care has always been significantly low stemmed primarily from their mistrust of the medical profession. On the other hand, much research finds that there are other reasons than the mistrust which makes African Americans feel reluctant to the end-of-life care, such as cultural-religious difference and genuine misunderstanding of the services. If so, two crucial questions are raised. One is how pervasive or significant the mistrust is, compared to the other factors, when they opt out of the end-of-life care. The other is if there is a remedy or solution to the seemingly broken relationship. While no studies available answer these questions, we have conducted an experiment to explore them. The research was performed at two Philadelphia hospitals of Mercy Health System, and the result shows that Black patients' mistrust is not too great to overcome and that education can remove the epistemic obstacles as well as overcome the mistrust.


A used in the device manufacturing process using EUV lithography reduces the adverse effects exerted by EUV, the resist underlayer film composition for effective EUV lithography to obtain a good resist pattern, and a resist underlayer film for the EUV lithography the composition of the resist pattern forming method provides a for EUV lithography process used in manufacturing semiconductor devices comprising a novolak resin containing a halogen atom resist underlayer film forming composition used. Novolac resin comprises an epoxy group, a hydroxyl group, or a cross-linking group comprising a combination thereof. Halogen atom is bromine or iodine atom. A novolac resin or epoxy novolac resin novolak resin is the reaction product of a halogenated benzoic acid. Novolak resin is a reaction product of a glycidyloxy novolak resin and diiodosalicylic acid. .BACKGROUND


The purpose of this piece of work was to know the ages of the players with the highest performance, through the participation time and the performance indicators of basketball players in Olympic Games. The final objective is to provide more significant values which allow to guide training processes to trainers and club's youth coordinators. Results showed the following: a) in guard position, players with more than 29 years old are the ones who have better statistical in most of the indicators, either for men or women; b) in forward position, the age range varies between 27-29 in men and between 26-29 in women; c) the age range in centers diversify between 25-28 in most indicators in men, while in women it is above 28 years old


Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) coolers can profoundly reduce hazardous NOx emissions from diesel engines. Nevertheless the formation of deposits on EGR surfaces causes design uncertainty and maintenance problems. The present study underlines how changing the EGR surface structure for the same inlet velocity can result in substantial increase in shear stress which otherwise would be needed for an effective deposit suppression. Various structures have been developed then studied numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results have been compared with a baseline flat plate rectangular EGR cooler. The numerical findings show that shear stress is increased from 150 to 350% while the overall pressure drop is always below 550 mbar. The geometrical modifications also cause a minor reduction of up to 7% in effective heat transfer area of EGR. INTRODUCTION Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a predominantly NOx emission control technology in diesel-engine vehicles. It can either be done internally by simply returning part of exhaust gas to the combustion chamber or externally which is similar to the previous one except the exhaust gas cools down through a cooler known as EGR cooler before returning to the cylinder. Albeit the most common reason for implementing EGR in modern commercial diesel engines is its capability in NOx reduction, its potential application extents to other purposes as well. Advanced combustion concepts under development, e.g. low temperature combustion (LTC), utilize very high EGR rates for emission control. If the application of LTC over a significant portion of the engine operating map becomes commercial, then more demands for EGR systems is anticipated (Junjun et al., 2009; Srinivasan et al., 2010; Zheng et al., 2007). EGR flow deprives the combustion from a portion of oxygen of the fresh air by introducing cooled exhaust gas, which is lower in oxygen, into the intake system, thereby reducing the combustion temperature and lowering NOx production. However, during the cooling process of EGR, the present soot particles in the exhaust gas form a deposit layer on the EGR walls mainly due to the thermophoresis. The resultant particulate fouling which degrades the heat transfer performance considerably, and therefore, has a profound impact on the design of the EGR coolers (AbdElhady et al., 2011a). Particulate fouling in EGR coolers increases the thermal resistance and consequently deteriorates the cooling efficiency. It is essentially affected by concentration and physical/chemical properties of soot particles, fluid velocity and temperature condition of gas stream and cooler wall, heat capacity rate and temperature of coolant medium, and surface characteristics of EGR walls. Importantly, the net rate of fouling, i.e. the apparent layer formation rate of soot particles on the wall of EGR coolers, is due to the result of competition between two simultaneous mechanisms of deposition and removal/suppression. In order to keep the cooling performance of the EGR coolers, it is essential to mitigate deposit formation on EGR walls. The possible methods to mitigate the particulate fouling on EGR walls are: the changes in physical/chemical properties of surface of EGR walls in order to hinder the deposition rate (Müller-Steinhagen et al., 2011), and/or to increase the wall shear stress in order to enhance the removal rate of deposition layer (Abd-Elhady et al., 2011b; Müller-Steinhagen et al., 1988; Cabrejos and Klinzing, 1992; Grillot and Icart, 1997). The latter can be achieved by geometrical modification of EGR walls in order to enhance the average value, as well as the manipulating and distribution of fluid flow exerted shear wall through changing fluid velocity. The main objective of the present study is to develop and analyze geometries which enhance the wall shear stress for different inlet gas velocities. For this purpose, a baseline rectangular EGR cooler will be studied and the distribution of shear wall stress at three different inlet velocities will be attempted. Next, different geometrical modifications will be introduced and the distribution of shear wall stress at the same velocities will be investigated and compared with the results of baseline rectangular EGR cooler. Finally, based on the quality of shear wall stress enhancement, the geometrical modification will be ranked. DESCRIPTION OF GEOMETRICALLY MODIFIED EGR COOLERS A flat plate rectangular EGR cooler, shown in Figure 1.a, is considered as the baseline geometry which is referred as EGR01 hereafter. Knowing that the existence of an object confronting the flow will cause instabilities and consequently will develop vortex shedding at certain flow velocities and hence may alter the shear stress, then different structural geometries are considered according to the following criteria:  Increased average wall shear stress through enhancing flow instabilities or redirection of main flow stream.  Evenly distribution of effective wall shear stress, i.e. maximize the area where the shear stress is greater than a certain set value. This is, here, considered as the maximum wall shear stress obtained in EGR01). Proceedings of International Conference on Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning 2013 (Peer-reviewed) June 09 14, 2013, Budapest, Hungary Editors: M.R. Malayeri, H. Müller-Steinhagen and A.P. Watkinson Published online www.heatexchanger-fouling.com


Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) remains a common medical emergency. Over the last few years, new national guidelines have changed the focus in managing the condition from being glucose-centered to ketone-centered. With the advent of advancing technology and the increasing use of hand-held, point-of-care ketone meters, greater emphasis is placed on making treatment decisions based on these readings. Furthermore, recent warnings about euglycemic DKA occurring in people with diabetes using sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors urge clinicians to inform their patients of this condition and possible testing options. This review describes the reasons for a change in treating DKA, and outlines the benefits and limitations of using ketone readings, in particular highlighting the difference between urine and capillary readings.


This article offers a detailed examination of the military retinues of the earls during Edward I's wars in the twelve-nineties and early thirteen-hundreds. While work has been done on the English armies in the Hundred Years' War, military retinues in Edward I's reign, the first for which voluminous records survive, have been largely neglected. The article discusses the sources available, analyses the various ways in which the earls created their military followings and argues that continuity of service was much greater than has previously been imagined. Such findings have important implications both for studies of the nobility in the late thirteenth century and for work on military retinues in the Hundred Years' War.


Multistage stochastic linear programming has many practical applications for problemswhose current decisions have to be made under future uncertainty. There are a variety ofmethods for solving the deterministic equivalent forms of these dynamic problems, includingthe simplex and interior‐point methods and nested Benders decomposition, which decomposesthe original problem into a set of smaller linear programming problems and hasrecently been shown to be superior to the alternatives for large problems. The Benderssubproblems can be visualised as being attached to the nodes of a tree which is formed fromthe realisations of the random data process determining the uncertainty in the problem. Thispaper describes a parallel implementation of the nested Benders algorithm which employsa farming technique to parallelize nodal subproblem solutions. Differing structures of thetest problems cause differing levels of speed‐up on a variety of multicomputing platforms:problems with few variables and constraints per node do not gain from this parallelisation.We therefore employ stage aggregation to such problems to improve their parallel solutionefficiency by increasing the size of the nodes and therefore the time spent calculating relativeto the time spent communicating between processors. A parallel version of a sequentialimportance sampling solution algorithm based on local expected value of perfect information(EVPI) is developed which is applicable to extremely large multistage stochastic linearprogrammes which either have too many data paths to solve directly or a continuous distributionof possible realisations. It utilises the parallel nested Benders algorithm and a parallelversion of an algorithm designed to calculate the local EVPI values for the nodes of the treeand achieves near linear speed‐up.


This paper presents an argument for a particular approach to translating Sanskrit drama for an audience unfamiliar with the conventions of classical Indian theatre, such as rasa theory. It illustrates the approach through an analysis of a well-known verse in Act Four of Kālidāsa's "The Recognition of Śakuntalā".


In order to measure and recognize shaft orbits a fault diagnosis system based on LabVIEW is developed. Integrating data acquisition, signal analysis and processing, information recognition and fault diagnosis, this system can automatically measure, analyze, identify the shaft orbits and get fault results. A pattern recognition method on the basis of the invariant moment algorithm is studied with LabVIEW and used to the shaft orbit recognition. The experimental results show that the shaft orbit of a rotor can be identified through this method and the shape is close to the ellipse. So the main fault of the rotor is imbalance. The fault result is verified by spectrum analysis. This study is helpful to develop the online fault diagnosis system based on LabVIEW.


The need to join metallic to composite parts is unavoidable in many complex structures such as modern aircraft. Joints are commonly a weak point in any structure, and this is exacerbated by the use of dissimilar materials. Advanced manufacturing processes


The investigation has as main objective to know how to be, feel, think and act to strengthen the Kichwa students an education that respects, values and promotes the role of children and ninas.Este job ran during the school year 2011- 2012. The research design is documentary because the bibliographic information for the theoretical framework was collected. However, the lack of information on the personality of the Kichwa student, especially in the central region of the country, a survey was applied to school teachers was developed. This allowed to gather important material on the subject. This research was field because it took place in the environment where the student is Kichwa, without manipulating any of the variables. The research population, is made up of students, parents and teachers of the school "Luis A. Martinez", taking as shows students and parents of sixth year of basic education and all teachers. The data collection instruments were observation sheet for students and the survey to parents and teachers.


We present a first interactive digital geological map of the southeastern part of the Sierra Madre Occidental at its borders with the Mesa Central. The area of the geological cartography covers approximately 120,000 km2 that includes part of the states of Jalisco, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Durango. The geology has been compiled in ArcGIS through an interpretation of all the information available in the literature, integrated with our own geological mapping. Published maps were georeferenced and, as far as possible, the traces of the geologic limits and structures with a clear morphological expression were refined using digital elevation models and satellite images available in Google Earth. The map includes 15 geological units and the main tectonic structures. The informal geological units used in the map are chronostratigraphic and lithological and are designed to highlight the main magmatic episodes that shaped the region. The age assignment for each unit has been compared with a geochronological database that includes 304 ages. The lithological classification of each polygon has been compared for consistency with a geochemical database compiled from the literature that includes 313 samples. We also added a layer of information with the main hot springs of the region and their temperature.


Abstract : Any two organizations are likely to have difficulty cooperating to achieve a common objectives because of conflict over subgoals, methods or personalities. Two company divisions, two government agencies, or two military services, cooperating on ventures may experience interdepartmental conflict. But in each case a supraorganization (the company management, the President, the Secretary of Defense) exists which has the power, control and the final work to resolve conflict. In the international context, however, relations between organizations from different nations cannot be governed by appeal to a supra-organizations; no organization exists which both organizations recognize as sovereign. Therefore an international cooperative effort, or joint venture, represents a unique extreme in cooperation. International joint ventures are predicted to become increasingly more important because they allow companies to exercise their advantages and cover their disadvantages. However, the record of successful international joint ventures is poor. A 1971 study stated that fully one third of US joint ventures researched had ended in failure, defined as the dissolution of the partnership or a takeover by the US partner. Invariably, failure occurred during the early years of a partnership--if the venture lasted more than five years, it could be considered to be permanent. Reasons cited for venture 'divorce' included partner disagreement on marketing and distribution policy, differing response to expansion and success, production decisions made for political reasons, and communication barriers. The joint military program is of particular interest because it lies on the extreme margin of risk of the class of all cooperative enterprises.


644043, Russia Abstract Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are currently actively used in real clinical practice and everyday life with a wide range of pathological conditions and diseases, and are part of the medicinal arsenal of doctors of various specialties. Along with high pharmacotherapeutic efficacy according to the main indications, a whole range of various complications is associated with the use of NSAIDs. Of particular relevance is the negative specific effect of NSAIDs on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. The problem of NSAID gastropathy is widely discussed in the literature, which is largely due to the possibilities of its prevention and treatment using proton pump inhibitors. For a long time, much less attention was paid to the issues of NSAID-dependent bowel damage, which may be associated with less instrumental diagnostic capabilities of these lesions and the lack of effective means for their prevention and treatment. The review presented addresses the pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnosis of специ-prevention of NSAID-mediated lesions in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Currently, rebamipid is included in the recommendations of the leading specialized communities in Russia and is recommended not only for the prevention and treatment of NSAIDs induced gastrointestinal lesions, but also as part of the complex therapy of peptic ulcer and anti-helicobacter therapy. The review reviewed studies showing the efficacy and safety of rebamipide for the treatment and prevention of NSAID enteropathy.


In this paper, we report stochastic comparisons of maintenance policies for minimal repairs with the generalized age replacement. Results of comparisons of the same policy for different units with minimal repair in the hazard rate order are given.


From experimental work on fetal development of neural processes, a qualitative entropy model of the brain is derived. The developing brain is structurally organized in a primitive core with a random geometry, surrounded by more highly developed shells with increasing structural order in the connections between neuronal units. Paralleling this development, the sensory-motor transfer function of the brain changes from a transfer of low-grade to high-grade energy. In proportion to the entropy content of their input and output energies, the core and shells exhibit in their signalling functions different degrees of randomness, with negative entropy of the neural process increasing from the core to the peripheral shells. This implies that the genetic span in the brain is represented as a nonstable domain, which extends structurally from the reticular core to the cerebral cortex, and functionally from the maximum entropy to the maximum negentropy of the system. The nonstable domain, measurable as the difference between the maximum equilibrium and non-equilibrium of the system, represents the information capacity of the brain and increases with the developmental stage of the system.


By using Schneebeli's rod material for simulating an ideal granular mass in plane strain, a series of model trap-door tests has been performed with the main objective of checking the validity of th...


Recently, asparagus ( Asparagus officinalis ) growing has become popular in Myanmar and it has been widely cultivated in the central lowlands and eastern mountainous regions of the country. In 2015 the crop was grown on approximately 900 ha, …


The problem of resource allocation for energy-efficient secure communications in multiple input multiple output multiple-antenna eavesdropper (MIMO-ME) systems is investigated. Unlike most papers dealing with physical layer security, in this paper the goal of the resource allocation process is not only to maximize the secrecy capacity, but also the system secrecy energy efficiency (SEE), defined as the ratio between the secrecy capacity and the total consumed power and thus measured in bit/Joule, which represents the amount of information bits that can be reliably and securely transmitted per Joule of consumed energy. The energy-efficient resource allocation problem is studied considering both perfect and statistical channel state information (CSI) as to the channel from the legitimate transmitter to the eavesdropper.


Contemporary health care (HC) practices have been extremely important, especially for patients after ischaemic stroke (IS) who have different degrees of disability and co-morbidities. Objective: To analyze the opinion of IS patients hospitalized in specialized clinics/wards regarding the identification of the specific HC needs and optimization of their management in the period of and after discharge. Material and Methods: For achieving the objective, 114 patients were investigated, representing 22.2% of the response, who were hospitalized for treatment and rehabilitation in specialized clinics/wards on the territory of four medical facilities in the town of Pleven. The study required the use of a complex of sociological and statistical methods: a direct anonymous survey was conducted with questions specially prepared for the purpose to study the opinion, feelings, attitudes and evaluations of the respondents on the investigated issues. Results: The greater share of the surveyed patients 83.3% (95), were dependent on care to varying degrees, and 57.9% (66) were definite that care at home should be supervised by a health professional. Home care for 85.1% (97) of the respondents would be provided by close relatives. Over half of the patients surveyed, 60.5% (69), believed that written home care instructions were required. Conclusion: Despite the preference of the ischaemic stroke patients to be cared for by their relatives, they woke up to the need for ritten guidelines, training and supervision from a health professional/nurse regarding their recovery at home.


Before one can examine how paraprofessionals can be financed, it is necessary to know what is meant by "paraprofessional", in the fields of mental health and substance abuse. The literal meaning is, of course, "similar to professional". However, in today's world it is very broadly used. With the exception of RNs, who are deemed to be professional whatever their degree, it may include anyone with less than a masters degree who delivers direct care, educational or treatment services related to mental health and substance abuse. Paraprofessionals may be psycholog y, socialwork, or 'nurse assistants; a wide variety of counselors; activity or rehabilitation therapists; special educators; residential managers or case managers; crisis or outreach vworkers. They may work with the young, the old, the chronically handicapped, with substance abusers, or the mentally disturbed. Educationally, paraprofessionals may have batchelor's or associate of arts or science degrees, high school diplomas, or no educational certificate at all. Sometimes they can have a considerable amount of in-service training or continuing education with or without formal education, sometimes their formal education may include no specialized training. The specialized training of paraprofessionals may be very broad or very narrow. Some paraprofessionals are only trained to use one skill or to work with one problem, such as alcoholism. Others, such as many mental health associates, may have a broad training in psychology and social therapies and


Wired monitoring systems have been used for damage detection and dynamic analysis of large structures(bridges, dams, plants, etc.). However, the real-world applications still remain limited, mainly due to time and cost issues inherent to wired systems. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have adopted WSN(wireless sensor network) technologies to the field of SHM(structural health monitoring). Accurate time synchronization is most critical for the wireless approach to be feasible for SHM purpose, along with sufficient wireless bandwidth and highly precise measuring resolution. To satisfy technical criteria stated above, a wireless vibration monitoring system that uses high-precision MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical system) sensors and A/D convertor is discussed in detail. It was found experimentally that the level of time synchronization fell within $200\;{\mu}sec$.


e15641Background: CC pts with biliary stents or catheters are prone to have obstruction/infection and studies show 20-40% present with fever/or jaundice requiring urgent treatment for which there i...


In recent years, the use of deep neural networks and dense vector embeddings for text representation have led to excellent results in the field of computational understanding of natural language. It has also been shown that word embeddings often capture gender, racial and other types of bias. One of the methods for assessing the quality of word embeddings are analogies calculations. The article focuses on the evaluation of Slovene word embeddings in terms of gender. We compiled a list of male and female equivalents of occupations and evaluated the gender bias of fastText, word2vec and ELMo embeddings.


Global FDI activities are dominated by cross border acquisitions, especially between industrialized countries. In small industrialized countries, there is a growing concern of losing leading technological firms to large foreign companies through acquisitions. In this paper, we identify under what conditions a technology leader from a small country acquires a laggard from a large country, and vice versa. We answer this question using a two-firm two-country Cournot model, where firms in both countries can enter the foreign market, either through greenfield FDI or acquisition. We consider the roles of technological and market size asymmetries, technology transfer costs and MA like merger integration costs and fees charged by legal and financial advisors. To become the acquirer, a firm from a small country needs not only a strong technological lead but also the ability to exploit it on a global scale, which requires low international technology transfer costs. Moreover, we find that a multilateral liberalization of greenfield investments may actually increase the incentives for foreign acquisitions. The effect of such liberalization on the nationality of the acquirer depends largely on the extent of the technology gap.


I XII (1933), 225-34. I shall refer to this paper as PQ. 2 Ibid., p. 230. 3 For biographical and literary references see Thomas D. Hardy, Descriptive catalogue relating to the history of Great Britain and Ireland, III, 281-82 (cf. pp. 283, 309, and 363); II, 473-74; I, 359-60 =II, 473-74; above all, see DNB, XXIX, 449, and Chronicles of the reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ed. William Stubbs, introd., pp. xi-xviii ("Roll series," Vol. LXXVI, Part II [London, 1883]); also John Bale, Indez Britanniae scriptorum, ed. R. L. Poole and M. Bateson ("Anecdota Oxoniensia" [Oxford, 1902]), p. 182. 4Cf. R. H. Fletcher, The Arthurian material in the chroniceles, etc. (Boston, 1906), p. 169 and n.; p. 175; PQ, p. 231. 6 See also fol. 8r: Incipiunt capitula Bruti abbreviati. Fletcher (p. 177) says that this manuscript "seems to resemble the chronicle of Johannes Beverus, and has Latin verses at intervals, some of them, at least, the same as his." This is not the case. It will be seen below that the verses in MS Rawlinson are practically the same. Having compared this manuscript with MS Harley, I am in a position to assert that MS Rawlinson was copied from MS Harley. Cf. the titles of both manuscripts: Incipiunt capitula Bruti abbreviati. There are, as will be seen, differences in MS Cotton Titus D XII, and it would seem that Fletcher confused the latter with the Rawlinson manuscript (see below, p. 124). 6 P. 175.


BACKGROUND
Tyrosine kinases have emerged as key stimulatory drivers in several cancer-related pathways. This is particularly evident in non-small cell lung cancer with regulating cell growth and apoptosis and so on. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are one breakthrough option that could improve the life quality of cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION
This study aims to find more effective tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

METHODS
In this study, natural products from TargetMol that may be the potential TKI for lung cancer were screened through structure-based virtual screening and experimental validation. Moreover, the binding between the hit compounds and tyrosine kinase was explored.

RESULTS
From the study findings, Gramicidin and Tannic acid have strong interactions with the four tyrosine kinases (ALK, TRK, MET, and ABL), and this could significantly inhibit the viability of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION
These findings indicated that Gramicidin and Tannic acid might be potential multiple TKI and are promising anticancer agents that call for further study.


This work is concerned with the implementation of a decoupled diffuse interface approach for the numerical solution of two‐phase flows with a moving interface. The underlying two‐phase flow model consists of a mass‐preserving Cahn–Hilliard (CH) equation coupled with the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations (NSEs) through surface tension. Due to the higher order nonlinearity and stiff nature of the CH equation, its numerical solution is very challenging. We have used the decoupled pressure projection method for the numerical simulation of the governing equations. The spatial variables are discretized using the finite difference scheme on the staggered grids, while the explicit Euler method is used for time discretization. Four examples include the coalescence of inline rising bubbles, the obliques coalescence of two rising bubbles, and the deformation of single and two different‐sized bubbles in a shear flow field is numerically simulated. It is observed that the scheme is capable of tracking the interface accurately and respecting mass conservation and energy dissipation. Moreover, the scheme is efficient, easily implementable, energy stable, and fully decoupled.


being in the light of a dominant ontology of existence" (p. 52). This example can be matched by others on almost every page of Part I. Almost the only clear writing in the first section is the comparison between Fascism and Communism, and the description of totalitarian dictatorship (pp. 52-56). In Part II a remarkable change is evident in the style of the book. The author's description and analysis of the historical origins and development of the structure of Communist ideology is concise and clear. He presents an excellent summary of how Marx and Engels adapted Feuerbach's materialism and Hegel's philosophy and dialectics. He subjects Communist dialectics and its institutionalized theory to a very perceptive analysis. His chapter on popular political thought under Communism is especially well done. The chapter on national revisionism includes perhaps the best account to date of the nature and spirit of the Hungarian revolt of October, 1956, from the viewpoint of non-Soviet Marxism. Laszlo's thesis is that the revolt was not for "freedom" as understood in Western constitutional Democracy, but for "freedom" under Hungarian national socialism; that it "was not counter to the collectivist principles of Communism" (p. 134), but only against Russian dominance of Hungarian national unity (pp. 130-136). The thesis is too simple, but if the rest of the book were as well written as this section even sceptical readers would find much of value for understanding and insight.—PETER J. STANLIS, University of Detroit.


* The professional historian, like his peers in other scholarly disciplines, enjoys a privileged status in the Soviet Union. His income and prestige are very high by Russian standards-indeed, by any standards. His American counterpart is, in contrast, an anonymous drudge in the academic vineyards. There is, nevertheless, one serious drawback to his otherwise enviable position: he is, ideologically speaking, a captive man. One of the unheralded tragedies of the Stalin era was the decline and near extinction of Russian historical scholarship-a flourishing and honorable discipline in Tsarist times. Perhaps the first casualty of the creeping sterility which settled upon the Soviet intellectual scene in the I930's, history has shared the hesitant renaissance of the Khrushchev thaw. In fact, the Kremlin's attitude toward the study and philosophy of history has been a reliable barometer for some thirty years in anticipating the sinuous course of the Party line in the cultural sector. Yet the concept of free inquiry, unfettered by dogma and unrestrained by institutional pressure, remains a concept as alien to Khrushchev as it is to many Americans. In the United States, intellectual freedom is preserved, save for occasional bouts of McCarthyism, by a variety of quasi-democratic safety devices-chiefly those of mass apathy toward ideas and a be-


The invention relates to a balanced stability centrifugal pump three-volute structure, comprising a first volute, a second volute and a third volute, which are distributed with 120 degrees, and outflowing paths of the three volutes lead the liquid flows to be converged to a common pump outlet. The balanced stability centrifugal pump three-volute structure has the beneficial effects that: the radial stress of the centrifugal pump is balanced and the operation is stable, so as to prolong the service life.


Introduction: Recent recoveries of many hot and cold desert meteorites have drastically increased the number of Martian meteorites and now we have more than 30 samples classified as shergottites. Shergottites are generally divided into three subgroups (basaltic, lherzolitic, and olivine-phyric) based on petrology and mineralogy. In recent years, geochemical studies have revealed that shergottites can be divided into another three subgroups (enriched, depleted, and intermediate) based on distinct trace element and isotopic compositions , that is completely independent from petrological subgrouping [e.g., 1]. Their redox states are closely related to these geochemical characteristics, and interpreted to reflect the heterogeneity of the reservoirs [e.g., 2]. Both basaltic and olivine-phyric shergottites show diverse mineralogy and petrology within each subgroup, and include all three geochemically-classified subgroup samples. In contrast, lherzolitic shergottites showed nearly identical mineralogy and ages within the subgroup, and only geochemically intermediate samples were known. Recently, geochemi-cally enriched shergottites showing close petrological and mineralogical similarities to lherzolitic shergottites were discovered [e.g., 3-6], and which revealed the diversity among lherzolitic shergottites in petrology and mineralogy [3]. These findings have generated reconsideration of a group name of lherzolitic shergot-tites [7]. In this abstract I briefly summarize mineralogy and petrology of these new shergottites, and propose a new group name for lherzolitic shergottites. RBT04262 and NWA4468, Key samples: RBT04262 (and paired RBT04261) and NWA4468 are composed of fine-grained basaltic groundmass of oli-vine, pyroxene, and maskelynite with scattered millimeter sized pyroxene oikocrysts. The pyroxene oikocrysts poikilitically enclose small olivine (Fo ~70) and euhedral chromite. The oikocryts are chemically zoned from low-Ca pyroxene cores (En ~75 Wo ~5) to pigeonite (En ~60 Wo ~15) rims, and their edges are rimmed with thick augite bands (~1 mm). The abundance of pyroxene oikocrysts in typical lherzolitic shergottites is large, and the interstitial non-poikilitic areas are usually much smaller, which is different from RBT04262 and NWA4468 (Fig. 1). The abundance of pyroxene oikocrysts is related to the abundance of maskelynite because maskelynite is dominantly present in non-poikilitic areas. Table 1 shows the abundance of maskelynite, which readily shows abundant maske-lynite in RBT04262 and NWA4468. Except for this


Objective To study the value of monitoring high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia.Methods 50 elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia were studied.The hs-CRP level was detected on the first day,the third day,and the seventh day of diagnosis,analyzed and compared combined with the patients' condition changes and outcomes.Results After the treatment,in 50 elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia,37 cases were cured or relieved,13 patients died (26.0 %).On the third day,the hs-CRP level was significantly increased (P <0.01),and on the seventh day,the hs-CRP level was decreased significantly (P <0.01).On the third and seventh day,the hs-CRP level in the severe group was significantly higher than that in mild group (P <0.01).On different day,the hs-CRP level in death group was higher than that in cure or remission group (P <0.05 or P <0.01).Conclusions Dynamic monitoring of the changes of serum hs-CRP can effectively reflect the changes in the condition of elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia,the disease severity,and outcome prognosis.

Key words:
High sensitivity C-reactive protein;  Elderly;  Aspiration pneumonia;  Stroke


It has been acknowledged that graph-theoretical coefficients computed from the adjacency matrix of cerebral resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) represent aging of the brain and its plasticity facilitating cognitive reserve. In particular, global efficiency (GE) has been recognized as a crucial graph index for age-dependent RSFC. Using the dataset of the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample [NKI-RS], we found that the regions of the brain in which GE values decay with age were located in the subcortical zone and the cerebellum, whereas an opposite relationship was found in many frontal and parietal regions. Based on this systematic tendency, a new coefficient was proposed that corrects GE, referred to as biased GE (BGE); BGE is calculated by changing the sign of the weight between the superior and the inferior parts of the brain before separately averaging the respective sign groups of area-specific corrected GE values, to influence the raw global network GE. The BGE showed a significant negative correlation with age, irrespective of the scan condition, and strong consistency as an information source of a subject's identity. We propose that this new index could play an important role in the clinical context of preventive medicine and the maintenance of healthy brains.


In this paper we describe SIMBA, a simulator for business administration, as a Multi-Agent platform for the design, implementation and evaluation of virtual agents. SIMBA creates a complex competitive environment in which intelligent agents play the role of business decision makers. An important issue of SIMBA architecture is that humans can interact with virtual agents. Decision making in SIMBA is a challenge, since it requires handling large and continuous state and action spaces. In this paper, we propose to tackle this problem using Reinforcement Learning (RL) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) approaches. RL requires the use of generalization techniques to be applied in large state and action spaces. We present different combinations in the choice of the generalization method based on Vector Quantization (VQ) and CMAC. We demonstrate that learning agents are very competitive, and they can outperform human expert decision strategies from business literature.


K.-P. Podewski has recently proven that every countable infinite field admits 2210 different field topologies. Using methods of valuation theory, it is proven that every uncountable field, and more generally, every field F of infinite transcendence degree over some subfield, admits 221 field topologies. By purely set theoretic considerations, it then follows that there are 221F1 field topologies on any infinite field F, no two of which are topologically isomorphic. This latter result is then generalized to any infinite commutative ring without proper zero-divisors. A further aspect of Podewski's work on countable fields is generalized in a final theorem which states that a field F of infinite transcendence degree admits 22'F' field topologies which fail to be suprema of locally bounded ring topologies.


The author has recently reviewed the histories and roentgenograms of 5 male patients with an unusual appearance of the pelvic colon and, in addition, startling changes in the contours of the urinary bladder and the prostatic urethra. Since the clinical course, bizarre roentgenographic changes, and the presence of a palpable lower abdominal mass may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of a large pelvic neoplasm, a report of these cases is felt justified. For sake of brevity and because of the similarity of the case histories, a composite history suffices. The patients, 3 white and 2 colored males, were mainly in the later years of life, ranging in age from thirty-eight to eighty years. All but one complained of urinary frequency, backache, and pains over the bladder region occurring episodically over a period of a few months to eight years. A lower abdominal mass, often described as boggy or fluctuant, was felt by some examining physicians and appeared to vary in size from one examination to the next. The patie...


Animal models should be viewed only as generating hypotheses about human behaviour, because there are differences between animal and human behaviour as well as similarities. There are two ways that gene-based behavioural variants of animals can be used for this. The first way is in identifying and mapping genes with effects on human behaviour. This is considered for genes with effects on alcohol consumption, tolerance and withdrawal in mice. The second way is in developing hypotheses about the biological causes of human behaviour. This is considered for the role of the cyclic amp response element-binding protein (CREB) gene and protein in learning and memory of a mollusc, fruitflies and mice. CREB is a transcription factor. The success and relevance of these and other gene-based animal models of human behaviour depends on the occurrence of homologous genes in animals and humans and on the occurrence of similar biological mechanism for the animal and human behaviour.

Key Concepts:

Animal and humans are both similar and different biologically and behaviourally.

Gene-based animal models of human behaviour may be due to homologous genes acting on homologous behaviours or to homologous genes acting on analogous behaviours.

Gene-based animal models of human behaviour are best considered as hypothesis generators.

Animal models generate hypotheses as to which genes may be involved in a human behaviour and how to find those genes from either comparative gene maps or molecular similarity.

Animal models generate hypotheses as to the developmental, molecular, cellular or physiological effects of a gene on human behaviour.

Keywords:

animal models;
alcohol and alcoholism;
learning and memory;
gene homology;
gene mapping;
gene effects;
aplysia;
fruitflies;
mice


Abstract:  Introduction:  The adverse effects of immunosuppression appear in the majority of patients with a negative impact on morbidity, mortality and quality of life. The group of adverse symptoms manifested as changes in appearance, mood and energy are often more stressful than serious metabolic changes because of their direct negative influence on patients' well‐being. The aim of this study is to explore the adverse symptoms of immunosuppressive medication which are the most stressful for transplanted patients, and which are the modifying factors.


We study the propagation of subpicosecond pulses resonant to the hhl's exciton in Bragg-periodic and detuned multiple quantum wells. We show pulse breakup depending on the radiative interwell coupling, excitation-induced dephasing and nonlinear pulse compression.


this group and St. Margaret escaping from the Dragon below. (There was a Priory of St. Margaret at Ivinghoe.) It is believed that the original building was of the early fifteenth century and was a high barnlike structure of wattle and daub on a very heavy oak frame with a steep pitched roof; that the painting was the background of an altar and that the place was a resthouse for pilgrims to the monastery of Ashridge where certain relics were exhibited. Another short day's walk would take the pilgrims to St. Margaret's priory. It is believed that soon after the dissolution of the monasteries (about 1538) a floor was put in and the gables so prominent in the present building put up to make a twostoried building. This roughly is the present opinion about the building but a more detailed and authoritative report is expected soon. The West Herts Hospital today is an up-to-date unit of I67 beds, but we still keep the bust ofSir Astley Cooper in the hall and have Astley Cooper, Sebright, Clarendon, Ryder and Dickinson wards, names from our first annual report, to show that we were one ofthe earliest, ifnot the first, cottage hospital. I thank Mr. A. D. Side, administrator of West Herts Hospital, for lending me the early Annual Reports; and the Hertfordshire County Record Office for the Herts Mercuty files. REGINALD FISHER


The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of good corporate governance on the relation between information asymmetry with earnings management. In the corporate annual report often found practice of earnings management, this is due to the information asymmetry between  management  and  external  parties,  for  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  factors  that influence the information asymmetry and earnings management in this research were tested with good corporate governance. Corporate governance proxy for institutional ownership, managerial ownership, board of directors composition and audit committee size. Samples were 52 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2013, 156 the number of observations. This research analyzes using classic assumption test to examine the normality of data and multiple linear regression using three models. The analysis showed manajerial ownership, board of directors composition and audit committee size is not moderating variable between information asymmetry relation with earnings management. While the institutional ownership is a moderating variable between information asymmetry relation with earnings management. Keywords: Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Board of Directors Composition, Audit Committee size, Information Asymmetry, Earnings Management.


Great changes will take place in China's traditional concept of value at the times of the global integration of economy, including the change from the enclosed type to the open one, the change from the value norm which emphasizes the form to the one that emphasizes the effect,and the change from the drastic goal of value to the realistic one. In addition, value practice will be changed from subjective reform to the objective one, the man - controlling concept of value will be changed into law - governing concept, and a person' s ideal will be changed from man - of - honor type to ability type.


The author analyzes and compares 17 state legal research guides and sets forth elements that a useful guide should contain. Henke's California Law Guide is set forth as a model. Useful aids and features are discussed. Less desirable items are also noted. The article discusses the need for a section on finding legislative intent. In the article also is a section on bibliographies of state publications and a section on illustrations, diagrams and lists. Finally, the author notes the need for information on proper state legal citation and for a good index. A list of existing state guides concludes the article.


Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to identify waters that are impaired by pollution, even after application of pollution controls. For those waters, states must establish a total maximum daily load (TMDL) of pollutants to ensure that water quality standards can be attained. Implementation was dormant until recently, when states and EPA were prodded by numerous lawsuits.


MapReduce is a simple and powerful processing model that allows parallel scalable programs to run on large volume of data on massive cluster of computers. Besides, Cassandra is a popular database of NoSQL solutions. According to scientific knowledge, still there are no general suitable procedures to perform arbitrary calculations in this database on MapReduce model. So, in this paper we propose some procedures based on MapReduce model that are needed generally to perform variety of aggregate operations on Cassandra. Our evaluation, compare with the most common methods shows significant improvement in performance on multicore computers and a set of peer machines. KeywordsCassandra; MapReduce; NoSQL; Processing model; Large volume of data.


Working with the dying is a task which generates enormous anxiety in the caregiver as well as the entire organization which has taken on this assignment. This case study deals with a chronic care hospital and the organizational defense mechanisms observed by a consultant hired to do staff training and development. Further, there is a discussion of the training model devised to provide a facilitative means of tapping those defenses and working through the anxiety.


Atlantic redfish genus Sebastes (subfamily Sebastinae) possessing an interesting and complex life cycle are intensively studied for the period more than thirty years. A great number of papers are dedicated to the distribution and life cycle of redfish (their growth, reproduction, feeding). Up to the last time, the problem of the taxonomic status remained to be the most difficult one in the process of studying redfish due to the difficulty in identifying the species not only of larvae and fry, but, also, of adult individuals. It was considered that two species inhabited on the shelf and continental slope, namely, ' ,golden redfish' Sebastes marinus (Linne) and beaked redfish S.mentella Travin, Commercial concentrations of beaked redfish were encountere4 in the Labrador and Newfoundland Areas, golden redfish were rarely found there (Travin, Pechenik, 1962; Janulov, 1962, 1963). During the last decade, fundamental investigations of the redfish systematisal conducted by V.V.Barsukov (1968, 1972, 1981) allowed to deter41ne precisely the species status of = CD all 3 redfish species ix the Northwest Atlantic, in particular, v) v) w v) to distinguish S.fasciatus Storer species, which previously was -ct not separated of Sementellla close to it. Nowadays, it is determined that S.fasclatl inhabit like S.mentella the Labrador L., ,..,


Abstract Older adults need sufficient information to make healthy decisions and be active participants in their healthcare. Yet there is often a lack of information available. The Bronx Health Corps (BHC) was created to meet this need by providing older adults with usable knowledge on managing health conditions and promoting healthy behaviors in community-based settings. The BHC trained 175 volunteers, educated 2,065 older adults, with a total attendance of >5,000. Steps of creating a volunteer education initiative will be presented with qualitative and quantitative data utilization in implementation of the program. Focus groups with older adults noted challenges in addressing community health needs and the importance of reaching outside of healthcare settings to address the health of the community. Focus groups with Spanish speaking older adults and caregivers expanded knowledge on their attitudes toward the 4Ms and their ability to use that knowledge in interacting with their providers.


Stabilization of nonholonomic systems by time-varying control laws is considered here to be a special case of time-invariant dynamic feedback. The paper presents dynamic feedback laws for stabilization of the class of drift-free controllable systems, where the first derived algebra of control vector fields span the tangent space.


The articles in this volume provide evidence supporting the claim that organisational actors within the EU do engage in contestation over competences over a wide variety of legislative and policy-making procedures. Far from defining EU politics, treaty texts are only their beginning. The articles also provide evidence that informal changes may be translated into treaty change at a later date, although the evidence for this is more mixed. The various authors seek to take our initial arguments as a starting point to build on and point to important ways in which these arguments can be amended or extended. Nonetheless, it is clear that closer attention to processes of contestation and of interstitial change holds great promise as an approach to the understanding of EU politics.


The Technology is increasing day by day. Modern technology gives better solution to busy working people. Now a days, houses are equipped with variety of appliances like personal computer, switches, doorbells, Ovens, Televisions, LED lighting, Water heaters, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning)etc. It becomes difficult to monitor all the appliances at a time. Sometimes if no one present at home & some appliances remains on, it will consume large amount of power and result's more electricity bill. This could be achieved by using modern technology like an IoT. Proposed work uses two sensors motion and temperature sensor. The PIR (Pyro-electric passive infrared) is used for authentication purpose, and temperature sensor LM35 is used for detecting current temperature of the room and accordingly operate the appliances present in the home.


In the face of increasing threats to global food security and pressure on natural resources, there is an urgent need to identify and market biologically based products as agricultural crop protectants and yield enhancers [1]. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important pulse crop in the world. It is an important source of calories, proteins, dietary fibers, minerals, and vitamins for millions of people in both developing and developed countries worldwide [2]. Annually, more than 143.88 million nutrient tonnes of chemical fertilizers are used worldwide to increase the yield of crop plants [3]. Despite their efficiency in promoting crop yield, they can, under certain circumstances, pollute the environment and contribute to a number of human and animal health problems [3]. Excessive fertilization is a potential global threat to the soil and environment through soil salinity, acidification as well as neutralization of the soil, heavy metal accumulation, water eutrophication, and accumulation of nitrate [4]. Therefore, studies were aiming to replace chemicals by biofertilizers microorganisms. Biofertilizers (fertilizers of a microbial origin) are eco-friendly and can reduce hazards effects caused by uncontrolled application of chemical inputs [5]. Biofertilizers have been an alternative to mineral fertilizers to increase the yield and plant growth in sustainable agriculture [6]. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a vital role in crop protection, growth promotion and in the improvement of soil health [7]. Ninety-five percent of Gram-positive soil bacilli belong to the genus Bacillus. Members of Bacillus species are able to form endospores and hence survive under adverse conditions [8]. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were shown to produce volatile compounds that promote plant growth [9]. Production of enzymes that interfere with fungal pathogenesis. Production of chitinases, glucanases, cellulases, lipases and other lytic enzymes may also contribute to effective biocontrol activity [10].


It is very doubtful whether Lk 6:5D goes back to Jesus, but two things are clear: (i) it suits a background lacking a firm common ethical authority, and (ii) for that reason it is repugnant to any who would enforce substantive norms. It comes early in the church's development, though it is no part of any gospel. Parallels at Jn 7:49, 9:41; Lk 11:52Q; and Mt 23:3 are worth comparing with it. In general it takes a position opposite to that adopted by Apostolic Fathers. The idea can be traced to Pentateuchal and Prophetic texts (but not via a Jewish exegesis); and so scripture still influenced norms (irrespective of apologetic). Former explanations of the verse are shown to be superfluous and misdirected.


Human Activity Recognition (HAR) with mobile and wearable devices has been deeply studied in the last decades. Research groups working on this topic evaluated their proposed methods mostly on public datasets. However, most of the existing datasets only include inertial sensor data, while it is well-known that additional context data (e.g., semantic location) has the potential to significantly improve the recognition rate. Only a few datasets for context-aware HAR are publicly available, and their annotations were mostly self-reported in-the-wild by the subjects involved in data acquisition. This method harms the quality of annotations, thus discouraging the application of supervised models. In this paper, we propose DOMINO, a new public dataset for context-aware HAR. DOMINO includes 25 users (wearing a smartphone and a smartwatch) performing 14 activities. During data acquisition, the mobile devices recorded both inertial and high-level context data while our team monitored the quality of the self-reported annotations. Our experiments on DOMINO show the positive impact of considering high-level context information for Human Activity Recognition.


Response to: Interactive comment on 'Morphology of the tropopause layer and lower stratosphere above a tropical cyclone: A case study on cyclone Davina (1999)'; by F. Cairo et al. All the comments issued by the referees have been considered and the manuscript has been modified accordingly. In particular: Anonymous referee #1 p.18330 l. 9. The temperature and pressure accuracies of the avionic systems have been checked from comparisons with colocated radiosoundings during the APE-


This study will result in a homogeneous photometric set of ultraviolet energy distributions for a large number of white Dwarfs The resulting atlas should prove to be very useful to the astronomical community. Also the statistical study of the mass distribution and the luminosity function of white dwarfs using this ultraviolet data will be a valuable compliment to the similar studies which have been done in the optical wavelengths.


dentally, it is noted that traditional individual or small group incentive schemes appear to have disappeared completely in the Belgian steel industry. But principally the authors attempt to apply a reasonably sophisticated version of functional analysis, couched in much more than pure economic terms, to the problem of systems of wage payment. In so doing, questionnaires and interviews were administered to the relevant actors-employers, trade unions, and workerscontaining various a t ti tu di n al questions relevant to hypotheses concerning the direct or latent functionality or disfunctionality of relating wages to production. After testing their model in this fashion, the authors find there is support for the hypothesis that the connection between payment and production is not in crisis but is in evolution. The volume has the great virtue of having laid almost painfully bare the bones of the analytical model. It has the defect of appearing to relate almost incidentally its empirical materials to the model. I also have the feeling that in enlarging the hypothesis the work has become almost a tour de force. Is periodic adjustment of hourly, weekly, or monthly wage rates to changes in output or productivity a "connection between wages and production"? It is not by the authors' present definition, but is the next enlargement of definition this? If so, has the hypothesis any useful meaning? One has the feeling that, having picked up the gauntlet thrown down by Lutz and Willener, Bolle de Bal and Dejean felt they had to come up with something. Nevertheless, the book is an interesting and useful one. Its method is careful. It focuses on multilateral and multidimensional aspects of methods of wage payment, rather than the conventional purely economic and employer-centered criteria. Its value is largely, in my view, in its theoretical insights and structure rather than in the empirical data. It is without doubt a contribution to the literature. Frederic Meyers Professor Department of Business Administration University of California, Los Angeles Scientific and Managerial Manpower in Nuclear Industry. By James W. Kuhn. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966. xx, 210 pp. $7.50.


-In this paper we describe the rules for reasoning about existence dependencies and functional dependencies in partial knowledge bases. We characterize a formal system ED with only two rules for reasoning about existence dependencies. We prove that ED is sound and complete. In addition, we consider implication problem for functional dependencies. Three types of logical consequenses (implications) are described: standard, strong, and weak logical consequence. The center of our attention is the weak logical consequence and its properties. We prove that that reasoning based on the standard consequence is equivalent to reasoning based on the strong logical consequence, whereas reasoning based on the standard logical consequence and reasoning based on the strong logical consequence are not equivalent to reasoning based on the weak logical consequence..


Using grading machine or winnowing machine to grade the fresh tea leaves plucked by machine and studying the classification effect on fresh tea leaves quality from spreading time or twice classification methods, this paper obtained the results that machine-plucking fresh tea leaves by spreading in different time, when graded after spreading 4 hours by using the grading machine, the proportion of one bud with two leaves and two leaves to the clamp were the highest in the first hole with the proportion of 67.5%, 20% higher than the raw materials; when using winnowing machine to grade the machine-plucking leaves, the proportion of one bud with two leaves and two leaves to the clamp were the highest in the 2#hole by spreading 2 h, up to 68.0%, a 23.1% increase over the raw materials.From the effect of twice classification, materials from classifier then by winnowing machine was better than materials from winnowing machine then by classifier. The proportion of one bud with two leaves and two leaves to the clamp were from winnowing machine 2#hole increased significantly, showing an increase of 27.2%.


Succinic acid (SA) is a highly versatile building block that is used in a wide range of industrial applications. The biological production of succinic acid has emerged in the last years as an efficient alternative to the chemical production based on fossil fuels. However, in order to fully replace the competing petro-based chemical process from which it has been produced so far, some challenges remain to be surpassed. In particular, one main obstacle would be to reduce its production costs, mostly associated to the use of refined sugars. The present work is focused on the development of a sustainable and cost-e↵ective microbial production process based on cheap and renewable resources, such as agroindustrial wastes. Hence, glycerol and carob pods were identified as promising feedstocks and used as inexpensive carbon sources for the bioproduction of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z, one of the best naturally producing strains. Even though glycerol is a highly available carbon source, as by-product of biodiesel production, its consumption by A. succinogenes is impaired due to a redox imbalance during cell growth. However, the use of an external electron acceptor such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) may improve glycerol metabolism and succinic acid production by this strain. As such, DMSO was tested as a co-substrate for glycerol consumption and concentrations of DMSO between 1 and 4% (v/v) greatly promoted glycerol consumption and SA production by this biocatalyst. Aiming at obtaining higher succinic acid yield and production rate, batch and fed-batch experiments were performed under controlled cultivation conditions. Batch experiments resulted in a succinic acid yield on glycerol of 0.95 g SA/g GLY and a production rate of 2.13 g/L.h, with residual production of acetic and formic acids. In fed-batch experiment, the SA production rate reached 2.31 g/L.h, the highest value reported in the literature for A. succinogenes using glycerol as carbon source. DMSO dramatically improved the conversion of glycerol by A. succinogenes and may be used as a co-substrate, opening new perspectives for the use of glycerol by this biocatalyst. Carob pods, highly available in Portugal as a residue from the locust bean gum industry, contain a significant amount of fermentable sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose and were also used as substrate for succinic acid production. Sugar extraction from raw and roasted carobs was optimized varying solid/water ratio and extraction time, maximizing sugar recovery while minimizing the extraction of polyphenols. Kinetic studies of glucose, fructose and sucrose consumption by A. succinogenes as individual carbon sources till 30 g/L were first determined to assess possible metabolic di↵erences. Results showed no significant di↵erences related to sugar consumption and SA production between the di↵erent sugars. Carob pods water extracts were then used as carbon source during


This paper illustrates the implications, features and status of the Model of E-Teaching Ability (META). By establishing the E-Teaching Ability Development System (ETADS), it provides a virtual environment of network for teachers to study advanced information technology, knowledge and skills, and prompts to improve their teaching ability of adopting information technology.


The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been definitely confirmed so far. As a result, a cure for AD is lacking, and current treatments are limited to modest symptomatic relief. Accumulation of damaged proteins and formation of protein aggregates are found in AD brains, suggesting impairment of protein degradation is contained by the pathogenesis of AD. Impairment of ubiquitin-proteasome system has been found in Alzheimer Disease. Here we demonstrate ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) which plays a role in neuronal ubiquitination/de-ubiquitination machinery participates in the pathogenesis of AD.


Impact of Diseases and Disease Control on Crop Production (H. Dehne & E. Oerke). Fungicide Classes: Chemistry, Uses and Mode of Action. Natural Product--Derived Fungicides as Exepmplified by the Antibiotics (I. Yamaguchi). Fungicide Resistance (S. Kendal & D. Hollomon). The Strobilutin Fungicides (J. Clough & C. Godrey). Biological Control of Fungal Diseases (R. Larkin, et al.). Activators for Systemic Acquired Resistance (I. Yamaguchi). Novel Approaches to Disease Control (K. Yoneyama). Index.


The Third International Conference on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific was held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in conjunction with the Fifth National AIDS Seminar in Thailand. These geographical areas accounted for less than 7% of global cumulative AIDS cases, but nearly 20% (over 3.5 million) of global cumulative HIV infections as of mid-1995. The Thai national AIDS program comprises information, education, and communication and the development of sexually transmitted disease (STD) health care with counseling to reduce risk behavior. Safer sex practices among commercial sex workers and injecting drug users (IDUs) have led to a dramatic decline of HIV infection. The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic so far has had a small negative effect economically, but the social implications are more serious. There were 160,000 HIV-infected people in 1995 in these areas; the number is expected to rise to 700,000 by the year 2000. The major source of HIV infection in Asia is unprotected sexual intercourse and injecting drug use. HIV-1 subtype E is the most dominant strain in Asia, yet little research has been done on it. In several countries the major focus of prevention research has been on prostitutes, STD clinic attenders, long-distance truck drivers, and IDUs. In Bombay, India, HIV prevalence among prostitutes was found to be 51% vs. 0.8% among women attending a prenatal clinic. Despite an active prevention program in Chiang Mai, 33% of brothel inmates were infected with STDs. Effective programs should include the development of self-esteem and self-protective behavior. Although condom use has soared in recent years, men refusing its use continue to infect their wives and girlfriends. HIV seroprevalence among women attending prenatal clinics in Bangkok increased from 1% to 2% from 1991 to 1994. One Burmese study indicated that 1.1% of the soldiers were HIV-infected; in northern Thailand ethnic minorities have substantial HIV rates; and unsafe behavior among homosexual males in Australia is continuing.


Both historical observations and outcome from a fully coupled earth system model show a warming trend in core temperature of this Atlantic Water inflow over the last few decades (1977-2015). For example, the upper 50-200m of the West Spitsbergen Current shows an observed overall warming of 1.1 [U+0366]C since 1977. A portion of this recent large warming has been attributed to current global warming and possibly anthropogenic activity. However, low frequency oscillations (50-80 year time-scale) in Atlantic Water temperature have been documented. Over the twentieth century, the Atlantic Water temperature records from observations show two warm periods, in the 1930s-40s and in recent decades, and two colder periods, early in the 1900s and in the 1960s-70s. For example, north of Svalbard the Atlantic Water was as warm as in 2015, during the Nautilus expedition in 1931.


The study of the buying motives and attributes have been widely explored in different market sectors. Companies are, evidently, becoming increasingly concerned with satisfying the needs of their clients, therefore a knowledge of who their clients are, their desires and their profile becomes indispensable. The ecotourism sector is a market sector which is expanding in Brazil, a country with innumerable natural resources which, little by little, are attracting more ecotourists. This work identifies and analyzes the buying motives and attributes considered by ecotourism consumers. The research includes an exploratory phase, in which 12 in-depth interviews were carried out, generating 78 variables, between the attributes and motives. The second phase of the research, the survey, obtained 432 respondents. Descriptive and factorial analyses were carried out, and the averages were also analyzed. The analyses identified the attributes most highly valued by ecotourists in relation to ecotourism destinations, and the motives that lead them to choose these destinations. Among the conclusions presented, it was possible to identify 5 factors among the motives, and 5 among the attributes. This information is valuable for enabling companies in the sector to improve their market positioning.

Key words: Ecotourism; Motive for Choice; Natural Resources.


Objective To detect the relationship between the expression of DMBT1 gene in lung cancer tissues and the clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients with primary lung cancer.Methods The expression of DMBT1 gene was detected by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR) in 37 primary lung cancer tissue samples. Results The normal expression of DMBT1 gene was found in 10 out of 37 primary lung cancer tissue samples ( 27.03%,10/37), and 27 out of 37 samples existed the loss or reduce of expression of DMBT1( 72.97%,27/37).No relationship was found among the expression of DMBT1 and histoclassification of the tumors, P-TNM stages,smoking history,etc(P 0.05),but the relationship was significant between the expression of DMBT1 and differentiated degree of tumors and existing metastasis or not(P 0.01). Conclusion The expression of DMBT1 play a important role in the occurrence of primary lung cancer and the differentiated degree of tumor cells and the metastasis of lung cancer.


The paper examined the short- and long-run relationships between short-term external debt and economic growth in Thailand over the period 1970-2003. The ARDL-bounds test procedure to co-integration was used. Results reveal that real STED and real GDP are correlated positively and significantly as well as co-integrated. There is indirect Granger-causality from economic growth to short-term external debt for the consumption effects. There is evidence that economic growth, exchange rate, and international reserves are determinants of short-term external debt for Thailand. The prominence of exchange rates suggests that it may be used to correct for STED disequilibrium in Thailand. To our knowledge we are the first to uncover these results.


FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 1327635 8/1973 United Kingdom..................... 208/215 Primary Examiner-George J. Crasanakis Attorney, Agent, or Firm-James R. Hoatson, Jr.; John G. Cutts, Jr.; William H. Page, II (57) ABSTRACT A novel method of preparing a non-stochiometric vana dium sulfide catalyst utilized in the processing of hydro carbon feedstocks containing asphaltenes and organo metallic compounds.