The purpose of this report is to review some of the currently available methods used for detecting and measuring antibodies in human serum. In order to do so, it is necessary to draw heavily upon observations made with antigen-antibody systems which have nothing to do with mycobacteria, because most of the procedures emphasized in this paper have not as yet been employed for this purpose. What we would like to do first is to discuss some important general considerations regarding the problem of detecting and measuring antibodies in general; and second, to draw attention to a group of antibody detection systems as potentially powerful tools for studying the humoral antibody response of humans and animals during the course of immunization or infection with mycobacterial organisms. There has been a tremendous burst of activity in immunologic research over the past two decades, and the body of knowledge concerning humoral antibodies has become complex. However, as frequently happens when knowledge accumulates in a given area in science, certain simplicities and generalizations sometimes emerge. Such is the case concerning antibodies, and it is currently possible to make four and only four generalizations about antibodies as a class. First, under normal circumstances, antibodies are produced in response to antigenic stimulation. This property functionally separates antibodies from other binding proteins in sera such as haptoglobin and transferrin. Also to be kept in mind is the fact that antigenic stimulation can come from very subtle exposures, such as bacteria in the intestinal tract stimulating the production of isoagglutinins.1 Second, much has been learned about the structure of the several classes of immunoglobulins, and despite major differences among the various heavy peptide chains, all known antibody molecules have either kappa or lambda light chains.2 The third characteristic of antibody populations raised following exposure to even the purest antigens is their heterogeneity. They are heterogeneous not only regarding their structure, as alluded to above, but are also heterogeneous with respect to the strength of the bond they can form with their corresponding antigen sites and with respect to their function in vivo and in vitro. The fourth and last generalization that can be made regarding antibodies as a broad class of molecules is that all antibodies have the capacity to bind with their respective antigens. Noticeably absent from these generalizations regarding antibodies are statements that all antibodies precipitate with antigen, fix complement in the presence of antigen, or that all antibodies have the capacity to agglutinate antigen-coated erythrocytes. The only one of these characteristics which can be approached from a physicochemical standpoint is that antibodies bind to antigens. This binding of antigen to antibody is represented by the following equation:


A system that uses energy absorbing connectors placed between a building's walls and its floor and roof diaphragms is described. A research program, under the direction of the authors , is underway to determine behavioral characteristics of the connection system and how lhe system modifies building response during a typical seismic event. The concept uses a unique patented double-cone connector through which vertical post-tensioned rods passo The connectors allow the floor and roof diaphragms to displace slightly with respect to the walls during earthquake excitation. Seismic energy is transmitted by the relative motion in the conical connectors into the vertical post-tensioned rods. The combination of the vertical motion of the wall mass and the elongation ofthe tensioned rods redirects a portion ofthe seismic energy and thereby reduces the building's lateral seismic demando


Spin–lattice (T1) and spin–spin (T2) relaxation times of normal and sodium taurocholate‐induced pancreatitis (38 rats) were determined in vitro using a 10.7‐MHz magnetic resonance (MR) spectrometer. The increase in pancreatic T1 time in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis correlated well with the elevated water content of the organ. Gadolinium–DTPA did not affect significantly the relaxation times of normal pancreas in vitro during 1 to 20 min postinjection, but it decreased the elevated TI times of inflamed pancreas almost to baseline values. MR imaging studies of rat pancreas in vivo (8 rats, 0.35‐T resistive magnet) indicated that the swollen pancreas and associated edema were depicted using a T2‐weighted SE sequence. Fifteen minutes postinjection of gadolinium–DTPA a homogeneous enhancement of inflamed pancreas was detected. The differentiation of pancreatic necrotic foci from surrounding viable tissue and edema could not be detected on Gd–DTPA‐enhanced MR images after 15 min postinjection although microscopical workup indicated these different tissue constituents in the pancreas. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.


A project to design and construct a new international accelerator was proposed by GSI (Darmstadt, Germany). This project includes the design of several new facilities. One of them is a collector ring (CR). The magnets of the CR operate at constant field (DC), but the level of this field varies for different operational tasks. The magnet system of the CR includes 24 deflecting dipole magnets. The maximum operating field in the aperture is 1.6 T, with a deflection angle of 15 degree, and a bending radius of 8.125 m. The most important requirement for this dipole is a high field uniformity (better than /spl plusmn/0.01% over a volume of 380 mm /spl times/ 150 mm). This requirement must be met for all levels of magnetic flux density in the aperture. Several magnet designs have been investigated including window frame and H-type versions with normal and superconducting coils. The best economical and technical parameters were obtained for a superferric H-type magnet with a wide air filter in the pole. The field homogeneity requirements were fulfilled in such a magnet for field range of 0.2-1.63 T. The effects of the field distortion in the end parts of the magnet, as well as influence of the end plates on the field quality, were also investigated.


List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction: Surveying the Political Landscape 1. Sublimated Spaces 2. Archaeologies of Political Authority 3. Geopolitics 4. Polities 5. Regimes 6. Institutions Conclusion: Toward a Cartography of Political Landscapes References Cited Index


In smart homes, a few millions of data are sent by different sensors and RFID per day. It thus constitutes a Big Data warehouse with all the problems that come from and in our work, we are interested in the problem of managing huge data in streaming. In this paper, we propose to use very fast decision tree(VFDT) for activity recognition. We formulate Activity Recognition as a classification problem where classes correspond to activities. The performance of the VFDT and other classifiers is compared.


In contrast to normal metals, the fundamental dielectric dispersion in semi-conductors and superionic conductors takes place at rather low frequencies, 1011-1012 Hz. The main changes in the spectra of superconductors during the superconducting phase transition also occur in the same frequency interval . On the base of systematic experimental study of submillimeter spectra of a variety of materials the general features of temperature behaviour of conductivity and dielectric permittivity of nonconventional conductors are analysed. The phenomenologycal model for describing the evolution of conductivity and dielectric permittivity spectra during the transition from free motion of charge carriers to their localization is developed. The high sensitivity of the submillimeter dielectric measurements for determination of the charge carriers characteristics in semiconductors and ionic conductors and for testing the quality of conventional and high-temperature superconductors is demonstrated.


The present invention provides an optical substrate, an optical substrate and a method of manufacturing an optical module structure to achieve cost reduction. The optical substrate (1) having: a plate-like resin having a first main surface opposed to each other (10a) and a second main face (10b) configuration, and the base material is formed a slit-shaped receiving portion of the optical fiber (100) (10); forming on the second main surface of the base material (10) is a metal layer (3) on (10B); and forming a wiring pattern (2) on the first main surface of a metal (10a) on the configuration, at the end of the base material (10) is an optical fiber receiving portion (100), forming an inclination angle ([theta]) has with respect to the first main surface (10a) of (101), forming (101) an inclined surface at an obtuse angle of the inclined surface with a a reflective layer (102), the reflective layer (9) is emitted from the optical fiber accommodated in the receiving portion (100), the light is emitted toward the first principal surface (10a) side reflection.


Medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has the advantages of short revisit time and wide coverage, and thus is a potential tool for implementing ground moving target indication (GMTI) tasks. In the paper, aiming at MEO SAR's problems of low signal-to-noise ratio and limited computation resource, an efficient imaging method is proposed for MEO multichannel SAR-GMTI systems with relatively low resolution. The proposed imaging method is designed with the consideration of both static scenes and ground moving targets, and it can simultaneously correct the range cell migrations of static scenes and multiple moving targets of no Doppler ambiguity. It needs only four Fourier transforms and twice phase multiplications, and thus is computationally efficient. Moreover, moving targets' signal characteristics, including the azimuth and range displacements and along-track interferometric phase, in the SAR image obtained by the proposed imaging method are figured out. Experimental results validate the proposed imaging method and the theoretical analyses.


Copper phenanthroline complexes in the solid phase can act as efficient molecular hole transporting material (HTM) for hybrid solar cells. We prepared solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with th ...


Abstract Patients and methods: The clinical records of 583 female breast cancer patients treated at Iida Municipal Hospital from 2005 to 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. We compared BMI of breast cancer patients (BC group) with that of 505 women who had a health screening in the hospital (HS group). Results: The average age at the time of diagnosis of breast cancer was 58.3 ± 13.9 y.o., and average BMI was 22.5 ± 3.5. The average age of the HS group was 55.6 ± 10.1 y.o., and average BMI was 21.6 ± 3.5. The BC group showed a higher BMI than that of HS group. BMI of BC group of all ages was significantly higher than that of HS group (p Conclusion: The increased risk of breast cancer in the postmenopausal women with higher BMI was confirmed in our area as well as western countries. To reduce the risk of breast cancer, we have to provide appropriate guidance for the prevention of obesity in the health screening program.


The invention discloses a biological parameter regulating and controlling method for ship ballast water land-based test water inflow. The biological parameter regulating and controlling method for the ship ballast water land-based test water inflow comprises methods for regulating and controlling kinds and concentrations of organisms larger than 50mu m and 10-50mu m organisms and heterotrophic bacteria. The biological parameter regulating and controlling method for the ship ballast water land-based test water inflow has the characteristics of good regulating and controlling effect, wide applicable temperature range and easy realization, and a regulating and controlling effect can meet requirements of a type approval test on a ship ballast water management system.


The purposes of this study are to identify the biographical characteristics variables which include age, gender, marital status, number of dependents and tenure that affect the performance of the written batik craftsmen in Paseseh village partially and simultaneously. The hypotheses are (1) to determine whether the age variable has a positive and significant effect on the craftsmen's performance (2) to determine whether the gender variable has a positive and significant effect on the craftsmen's performance (3) to determine whether the marital status variable has a positive and significant effect on the craftsmen's performance (4) to determine whether the variable number of dependents has an effect positive and significant impact on the craftsmen's performance (5) to determine whether the variable of tenure has a positive and significant effect on the craftsmen's performance (6) to determine whether the variables of biographical characteristics (age, gender, marital status, number of dependents, and tenure) have a simultaneous effect on the craftsmen's performance.The results of the F test showed that the biographical characteristics (age, gender, marital status, number of dependents, and tenure) have an effect on the craftsmen's performance with the results of Fcount (26.706) Ftable (3.13) and then R Square is 0.641 (64%).


In this paper, We showed a method of risk management against information leakage of companies which has been frequent in recent years. We classified the risk of information leakage into four types from impact and probability, and showed each type of countermeasures through case studies. We also clarified the risk management procedure using ArchiMate. Risk analysis, risk assessment, and selection of risk measures depend on the company's situation. This paper concludes that companies are required to manage the risk of information leakage appropriate to the situation.


Lawrence E. McKune is director of the University of the Air for the Continuing Education Service at Michigan State University. He is also editor of the Compendium of Televised Education. TELEVISED education, most touted of the new media and by far the most rapidly developed aid to education of this century, has been slow to come of age in secondary schooling. The Compendium of Televised Education shows an increased percentage of utilization for 1964-65, following a period of several years during which utilization had diminished.


AbstractThe impact of assimilating radiance observations from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on forecasts of several tropical cyclones (TCs) was studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) and a limited-area ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Analysis/forecast cycling experiments with and without AMSU-A radiance assimilation were performed over the Atlantic Ocean for the period 11 August–13 September 2008, when five named storms formed. For convenience, the radiance forward operators and bias-correction coefficients, along with the majority of quality-control decisions, were computed by a separate, preexisting variational assimilation system. The bias-correction coefficients were obtained from 3-month offline statistics and fixed during the EnKF analysis cycles. The vertical location of each radiance observation, which is required for covariance localization in the EnKF, was taken to be the level at which the AMSU-A channels' weighting functions peaked.Deterministic 72-h WR...


A rapid cooling device, comprising: a) a freezer consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump that transfers heat from the inside of said freezer to its external environment so that the inside of said thermally insulated compartment is cooled to a relatively low temperature below the ambient temperature of the room, wherein said freezer is adapted to maintain said relatively low temperature; and b) a storage chamber adapted to accommodate at least one item for rapid cooling, wherein said storage chamber and said thermally insulated compartment are connected via one or more connecting members such that cooled air from said compartment can flow in a circulate manner from said thermally insulated compartment to the inner volume of said storage chamber and back said thermally insulated compartment, thereby reducing the temperature within the inner volume of said chamber as a result of temperatures differences between said thermally insulated compartment and said storage chamber.


With the help of satellites, the Earth's environment can be monitored from a distance. Earth observing satellites and sensors collect data and survey patterns that supply important information about the environment relating to its affect on human health. Combined with ground data, such patterns and remote sensing data can be essential to public health applications. Remote sensing technology is providing information that can help predict factors that affect human health, such as disease, drought, famine, and floods. A number of public health concerns that affect Earth's human population are part of the current National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Science Applications Plan to provide remotely gathered data to public health decision-makers to aid in forming and implementing policy to protect human health and preserve well-being. These areas of concern are: air quality; water quality; weather and climate change; infectious, zoonotic, and vector-borne disease; sunshine; food resource security; and health risks associated with the built environment. Collaborations within the Earth Science Applications Plan join local, state, national, or global organizations and agencies as partners. These partnerships engage in projects that strive to understand the connection between the environment and health. The important outcome is to put this understanding to use through enhancement of decision support tools that aid policy and management decisions on environmental health risks. Future plans will further employ developed models in formats that are compatible and accessible to all public health organizations.


Objective:To investigate the inherent laws of the "Property-Effect-Medication" of the storax, and lay the foundation of document studies for the future study of the storax of medicinal property theory and application. Method:The ancient and modern literature of storax including the medicinal property theory, material base, pharmacological action, clinical application and so on were extensively collected by manual and computer retrieval methods. All the laws of the literatures had been analyzed, summarized and explored. Result:The framework of the nature of the storax was "Acrid flavour-Warming-Heart-Floating", which had the close relevance with the effect of resuscitation and the indications of the blockage syndrome. Conclusion:The acrid flavour of the storax is the initiation factor of "Heart- Warming heart pulse-Play a refreshment effect-Improve the blockage syndrome", that is, the important material foundation to play a role in "Effect-Medication".


Correspondence: Dr J Cairns, Office of the Chief Coroner, 26 Grenville Street, Toronto, Ontario M7A 2G9. Telephone 416-314-4000, fax 416-314-4030, e-mail email@example.com Accepted for publication February 13, 2007 Amale infant at 37 weeks' gestation was born as a spontaneous vertex weighing 3.9 kg, with Apgar scores of seven at 1 min and nine at 5 min. Prenatally mild bilateral dilation of renal pelvises and ureters was noted on ultrasound. A urology consultation at 36 weeks' gestation suggested a possible normal variant and recommended a kidney ultrasound at three to five days postdelivery, with a voiding cystourethrogram to be performed if the dilation persisted. The baby was bottlefed and was reported to be doing well when he was circumcised using a PlastiBell ring (Hollister, USA) at 10:00 on the seventh day of life (Figure 1). Local anaesthetic was not used. Some slight oozing was noted during the procedure but it was not a problem at discharge. Five hours later, the parents returned to their family doctor with the infant, reporting that he was very irritable and had blue discolouration below the umbilicus when he cried. The doctor confirmed this observation and noted that the penis was slightly swollen. The abdomen was soft and nontender with bowel sounds noted. He was seen in-hospital shortly after by a paediatrician, who again noted the blue discolouration below the umbilicus, especially with crying, and some slight swelling of the penis. He had several loose stools, and it could not be determined with certainty whether he had voided. His temperature was 37.8°C and his respiratory rate was 38 breaths/min. There was good capillary refill in the legs; they were warm, and peripheral pulses were palpated. His blood pressure was 80/65 mmHg in the arm and 120/75 mmHg in the leg, and his heart rate was 196 beats/min. The baby was subsequently discharged home. The infant was brought to a different hospital 14 h after the circumcision. He was now noted to be extremely irritable, with marked swelling of the penis and with bruising, swelling and cyanosis of the scrotum and perineum. He had grunting respirations and was cyanotic below the umbilicus. His temperature was 38.8°C, heart rate 190 beats/min, respiratory rate 24 breaths/min, saturation 98% in room air and blood pressure 104/34 mmHg. A blood culture was obtained, which subsequently grew Escherichia coli sensitive to ampicillin and gentamicin, which were started at this time. His white blood cell count was 2.2×109/L, with 35% bands. The immature to total neutrophil ratio was 1.3. His platelet count was 221×109/L and hemoglobin was 163 g/L. He was transferred to a tertiary care centre, where the bladder was identified as being distended to the level of the umbilicus. The PlastiBell ring was removed 16 h after the circumcision and a catheter was passed. The bladder was drained and the bluish coloration below the umbilicus subsided. Urine volume was not recorded. Over the next few hours, the infant went into septic shock with purpura fulminans, and went on to develop multiorgan failure and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, with a partial thromboplastin time of 1.01 min, an international normalized ratio of 2.63 and a platelet count of 80×109/L. He died seven days after his circumcision from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The infant was not considered to have necrotizing fasciitis. At autopsy, mild dilation of both kidney pelvises and ureters was noted. The bladder and urethra were normal. Complications of meatal obstruction with the PlastiBell technique have been previously described in the literature (1,2). Necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of circumcision is rare, and all cases reported seem to be associated with the PlastiBell technique (2,3). The finding of cyanosis below the umbilicus after circumcision due to meatal obstruction caused by a misplaced PlastiBell ring resulting in bladder distension and obstruction of venous return has also recently been described (1). A review of circumcision complications suggest that these may occur more frequently than is conventionally believed (2,4). The members of the Paediatric Death Review Committee of the Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario were collectively aware of complications from their own institutions, including two children with necrosis of the glans, two infants requiring transfusion, one infant with a buried penis secondary to circumcision, numerous cases of retention of a PlastiBell ring, one infant with a slipped PlastiBell ring causing a penile tourniquet, and one infant with meatal obstruction due to a misplaced PlastiBell ring (Figures 2A and 2B). None of these complications were reported in the medical literature and are therefore not available in a retrospective literature review. It is concerning that none of the initial three physicians who saw this infant, including the physician who performed the procedure,


After successful axenic culture of Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schlecht., P. violaceum (C.F. Schultz) Wint., and P. tuberculatum J. Muller1-3) attempts were made to cultivate P. rubi-idaei (D.C.) Karst. which causes rust on susceptible cultivars of Rubus ideaus4). Rusted raspberry leaves (cultivar: Mailing Delight) were collected from Pen-y-Ffridd Field Station, Bangor, Gwynedd (SH 563, 704) U.K. Following the method of Jones5,6) 15 plates of M1 agar medium (yeasr extract 0.2%, peptone 0.2%, Czapek Dox broth 3.% , casein hydrolysate 0.2%, and Difco Bacto agar 0,1%) were thickly seeded with urediniospores, seald with adhesive tape and incubated at 18C under constant light (3k Lux). Five out of 15 plates appeared to be free of contaminants and vegetative colonies of P, rubi-ideaei developed on M1 medium. Initial colonies were white in colour and 8mm in diameter after 2 weeks. Later they became cream coloured and highly convoluted. After 9 weeks the colonies darkened and growth ceased 11 weeks later. After 6 weeks mycelial plugs of the initial culture were transferred to 5 agar media (M1-M5) used by Rahbar-Bhatti & Shattock1,2). Weekly growth rate (colony diameter) and sporulation were recorded on the agar media under constant light and dry mycelial weight was investigated in illuminated shake cultures (80rev/min) in 50ml of 5 media in 250ml conical flasks at 18C. Hyphal colonies on 5 agar media showed colony diameters of 62, 72, 59, 46 and 50mm when growth ceased after 11 weeks, whilst dry weights after 6 weeks in M1-M5 broth were 238, 257, 198, 170 and 181mg, respectively. Easy development of P. rubi-idaei on medium M1 supports the data of Rahbar-Bhatti and Shattock1,2) and Rahbar-Bhatti3) and shows that initial growth of the members of genus Phragmidium is favoured by peptone and yeast extract in the presence of casein hydrolysate. Maximum mycelial growth of P. rubi-idaei on medium M2 (yeast extract 0.1%, pep-


Total syntheses of the spiro-epimeric natural products (–)-heliespirone A and (+)-heliespirone C are described. The successful strategy involved an aromatic Claisen rearrangement, a diastereoselective Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) reaction, and an intramolecular oxa-Michael addition.


To order via fax, dial 301-470-1244. You may also call toll-free: 1-877-433-7827 (1-877-4-ED-PUBS). If 877 services are not yet available in your area, call 1-800-872-5327 (1-800-USA-LEARN). Those who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) or a teletypewriter (TTY) should call 1-800-437-0833. Acknowledgments Many individuals contributed to the completion of this summary. We are particularly grateful to the state, district, and school-level staff, including state educational technology directors, district technology coordinators, and teachers who took time out of their busy schedules to respond to our surveys and requests for information. Without their efforts, this report would not have been possible, and we deeply appreciate their assistance. We would like to acknowledge the thoughtful contributions of the members of our Technical Working Group in reviewing study methods and materials and prioritizing issues to investigate. Williams of the West Virginia Department of Education. We thank them for their expertise and insights so generously shared. Many U.S. Department of Education staff contributed to the completion of this report. Bernadette Adams Yates served as project manager and provided valuable substantive guidance and support throughout the design, implementation, and reporting phases of this study. We would also like to acknowledge the assistance of other Department staff in reviewing this report and providing useful comments and suggestions, including While we appreciate the assistance and support of all of the above individuals, any errors in judgment or fact are of course the responsibility of the authors. The National Educational Technology Trends Study (NETTS) is the result of collaborative work by SRI International (SRI) and the Urban Institute. Barbara Means, SRI, serves as project supervisor. Among the staff who contributed to the design of the study, collection of data, and analysis were


In the current day scenario as we come across the implementation of outcome based education in the place of traditional teaching. The outcome based education is focusing on the three key aspects Design, Delivery and assessment. The Design refers to here the preparation of course curriculum and its related components, Delivery refers to how and what mechanisms need to follow in delivering a content and finally assessment to verify and validate to what extent we are successful in implementing OBE. The design and assessment are easier tasks when compared with the delivery. Delivery of course content will decide the attainment. In the current paper we tried to showcase the different content delivery mechanisms. Majorly we focused on the course file format which we are in the practice since 2012, and some other best practices which we have adopted which includes open educational resources like MOODLE, Word press for better content Management and delivery.


The US Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for manganese (Mn) is 0.05 mg/L, reportedly because of bitter metallic taste, black–brown particles in water, and black–brown discoloration of fixtures and laundry. This study revisited visual and taste thresholds for Mn(II) and Mn(IV) using one‐in‐five, one‐in‐three, and triangle tests for concentrations from 0.005–506 mg/L. Results showed that Mn(II) and Mn(IV) do not taste significantly different from distilled water at 0.05 mg/L Mn. The population taste threshold for Mn(II) from manganese sulfate is > 1,000 times the SMCL; the threshold concentration is 75–100 mg/L Mn(II) and likely is influenced by both sulfate and Mn(II) taste contribution. Aqueous Mn(II) is colorless at 0.05 mg/L and remains visually undetectable at concentrations as high as 506 mg/L; Mn(IV) is visually detectable in water at concentrations as low as 0.005 mg/L. Findings suggest that consumers cannot detect Mn(II) concentrations above the SMCL by taste or sight and that bitter and metallic descriptors for 0.05 mg/L Mn are unwarranted.


In the archives of Marques da Silva Foundation (where Fernando Távora's legacy is kept) we can find documented all the interactions between the Sacor fuel company and the architect; the key drawings to understand this collaboration are also published in the catalogue of the exhibition "Fernando Távora, Permanent Modernity" (Bandeirinha, 2012). The first commission was a study for the location of Sacor petrol stations in the city of Porto and its environs; Távora's proposal was submitted in November 1957. The project for the Sacor fuel station in Seia was the second commission, initiated in 1958, in Távora's studio, with the collaboration of Alberto Neves and Augusto Amaral; a preliminary proposal was designed in June 1958 and the final project was presented in December 1959; there are also some studies for additions designed between 1961 and 1965 (unbuilt). In June 1959 Távora designed a prototype project to the petrol stations of the company, with the collaboration of Vasco Cunha. In the same date, he presented the first studies for the Gaia petrol station; this work continued until July 1960, when a second study was presented. In October 1961, in a letter to the administration of Sacor, Távora assumes his incapacity to continue to develop this project (explaining that he is too busy with the process of application for associate teacher in the School of Fine Arts of Porto) and suggests that it should be transferred to another architect. Finaly, in Abril 1959, Távora presents to Sacor the preliminary proposal for the petrol station of Guimarães (developed with the collaboration of Augusto Amaral), commissioned in the previous year; the final project was presented in May 1961, but there are some small adjustments designed in 1963 and 1965. A study for the reformulation and enlargement of the building, proposing a restaurant (presented in 1966, with the collaboration of Joaquim Sampaio), was not built. From Seia to Guimarães. Fernando Távora's tectonic shift in the Sacor fuel stations.


Abstract The paper reconsiders the hold-up problem in long-term bilateral trade with specific investments. In our framework, the parties face several trading opportunities (goods) whose characteristics cannot be described at the start of the relationship. Specifically, there exists an investment responsive `innovative' good, and (at least one) non-responsive `standard' good. In line with Hart and Moore (1988), renegotiation takes place as outside option bargaining. We first establish a first-best outcome for the case where trading the innovation is always efficient. This results contrasts with findings in Segal (1999) and Hart and Moore (1999) who adopt an alternative view of renegotiation. Then, we consider a setting where final trade is not always efficient, and show that a properly chosen at-will contract still implements the first best for a non-empty set of parameterizations. Finally, we show that at-will contracts strictly outperform option or specific-performance contracts.


Millions of observations are available on the height of men who participated in the so-called "Forth Registration" of the United States Selective Service Administration in World war II. The men were born between April 28, 1877 and February 16, 1897.


Recently, there has been a worldwide increase in the incidence of bladder cancer. Improved morphological diagnostics, increased surgical activity and availability of chemotherapy allowed reducing the one-year mortality rate and increasing the five-year survival rate. However, at the same time, there was a struggle with complications arising after the treatment. According to the world and domestic literature, it is noted that with an increase in life expectancy in patients who underwent radical cystectomy with intestinal urine derivation, an almost twofold increase in the frequency of complications, including the formation of urinary stones, is recorded. Previous studies have shown that about 60 % of the stones identified in this category of patients are infectious, and 40 % formed because of metabolic disorders, which have their own characteristics with different types of urine derivation. In this work, we present an overview of the predisposition for stone formation in patients who underwent cystectomy for musculoinvasive bladder cancer, taking into account the type of urine derivation.


Meeting The International Centre for Nursing Ethics, 14th Annual Conference in collaboration with Deakin University, Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research (QPS) Theme Ethical Issues at the End of Life: Practice and Policy Imperatives in Health Care Date 16–17 May 2013 City Melbourne Country Australia Web site http://www.deakin.edu.au/health/ research/aci/icne-conference/index.php Meeting ICN 25th Quadrennial Congress Theme Equity and Access to Health Care Date 18–23 May 2013 City Melbourne Country Australia Web site www.icn2013.ch/en/


Context — At the scale of forest ecosystems, wood degradation contributes to nutrients recycling and represents an important source of fresh organic matter for lingo-cellulolytic microorganisms. However, during wood degradation, low molecular weight compounds, called extractives, are released. These compounds are potentially toxic and may represent a barrier for microbes. If the contribution of fungal communities in term of carbon and nutrients recycling is well established, the possible role of bacterial communities but also their interactions with fungi were largely underestimated. Recent studies have shown the complexity of these interactions that can be beneficial or not to the fungal or bacterial community or to both communities. Among these studies, one carried out at the IAM laboratory highlighted that the association of the white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium RP78 with a bacterial community isolated from its mycosphere improved beech degradation. The functional potential of each bacterium forming the bacterial community was characterised, however, their behaviour in presence of wood extractives still needs to be defined.


A pilot assistance program for home builders is discussed. The program is assisting home builders in design, construction, thermal performance monitoring and market promotion of energy conserving passive solar homes. Due to innovative contracting procedures, the program has been able to move ahead with unprecedented speed. Builders and designers have responded to the program with great enthusiasm. Those selected to participate in the program include a range of sizes of builders. Most noteworthy, in terms of influencing other builders to follow, are the large nation wide builder organizations which are represented in the program. The innovative contracting procedures, the approach of early coordination and planning with industry associations, the passive solar designs developed and status of homes constructed under the program are reported.


Neutron detectors designed to observe wide scattering angles are usually mono or linear detectors allowing the study of the reciprocal space along one direction only (linear multidetector or 2 or 3-axis spectrometers). The observation of a scattering plane has been typically developed for small angle neutron scattering experiments (SANS) [1]. The SANS detectors are typically 2-dimensional multidetectors of large dimensions (∼1m × 1m), of relatively large elementary pixel size (∼ 0.01m × 0.01m), and limited pixel number. Because of these large dimensions, the limited number of the pixels, and also of the technique generally employed to select the wavelength (mechanical selectors provide a wavelength dispersion of about Δλ/λ ≈ 10–14%), the SANS resolution is low.


Surveying multiple invasive pest species at the same time can help reduce the cost of detecting new pest invasions. In this paper, we describe a new method for mapping the relative likelihood of pest invasion via plant propagation material in a geographic setting. The method simulates the invasion of a range of pest species, including arrival in an uninvaded area, spread, and survival in a novel landscape, using information on the spatial and temporal distribution of the suitable host crop species and tentative knowledge of the spread and survival capacities of the target pests. The methodology is applied to a gridded map in which each map cell represents a site in a landscape. The method uses stochastic simulations to depict plausible realizations of the invasion outcomes and estimate the distribution of pest invasion likelihood for each cell in the area of concern. The method then prioritizes the cells based on the stochastic invasion outcomes using a pairwise stochastic dominance rule and a hypervolume indicator. We demonstrate the approach by assessing the relative likelihood of pest invasion for strawberry production in Finland. Our method helps to differentiate sites in a landscape using both the estimates of pest invasion risk and their uncertainty. It can be applied to prioritize sites for plant health surveys and allocate survey resources among large geographic regions. The approach is generalizable and can be used in situations where knowledge of the harmful pest species is poor or nonexistent.


H field-cycling NMR relaxometry of polar and nonpolar liquids in porous glasses(4 and 30 nm pores) shows pronounced differences of the spin-lattice relaxation dispersion for "weak"(nonpolar) and "strong" (polar) adsorption. In the latter case bulk-mediated surface diffusion waspredicted so that Levy walks with a Cauchy propagator follow [Bychuk et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1795(1995)]. The data can be perfectly interpreted by this mechanism in combination with reorientationsmediated by translational displacements. The evaluated surface correlation functions are characterizedby correlation lengths in the same order as the pore diameters.


Introduction: This study aimed to calculate and evaluate air quality index (AQI) in Tehran according to the EPA's instruction, and evaluate the obtained values.
Materials and methods: The study period included three years of 2013, 2015, and 2017 within the six-year period of 2013-2017. The concentrations of six studied pollutants were acquired from Department of Environment (DE) and Air Quality Control Company of Tehran (AQCC). EPA's method was applied to calculate AQI values during the study period, selecting the highest AQI value among all of the pollutants and monitors.
Results: The three-year average of AQI was about 147. During all the three years, the air quality had never been in a "good" condition (AQI<50). About 92%, 91%, 87% of AQIs indicated the conditions unhealthy for sensitive groups (100<AQI<150) or unhealthy for all groups (150<AQI<200). PM2.5
accounted for most of the AQI values in Tehran, followed by NO2 and O3.
Evaluating the histogram of AQI values indicated a strange form of distribu- tion, showing a decline in the 100-150 range and a sudden increase just after AQIs higher than 150.
Conclusion: This study indicated that governmental organizations should follow EPA's instruction for AQI calculations to avoid underestimation of air pollution, and broadcast accurate and reliable AQIs to public. To determine the reason for the abnormal distribution of AQI, further studies with longer study periods are required.


Biological scaffolds mimicking basement membranes are valuable tools to study biological processes like cellular differentiation and phenotypic maintenance in vitro. Such artificial basement membranes also hold great promise for engineering tissues and organs and promoting regenerative processes. Basement membrane‐like sheets were fabricated by electrospinning of nanofibers with fiber size, geometry, and the porosity of authentic basement membranes. Nanofibers were electrospun from pure murine laminin 111, murine reconstituted basement membrane (containing laminin, type IV collagen and perlecan) and human cardiac muscle basement membrane enriched in laminins 411 and 511). These proteins and complex extracts were blended with polymers such as polycaprolactone to create hybrid nanofibers with mechanical properties determined by the degradable polymer and biological properties derived from laminin. Importantly, the protein and hybrid nanofibers, unlike others reported, required no chemical crosslinking, which often disrupts biological activity, to maintain structure. These biological scaffolds were compared to films of pure laminin 111 and the mouse and human basement membrane extracts for their ability to maintain the pluripotent state of induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells in defined media. All cell lines examined attached more rapidly and to a greater extent on the nanofibrous basement membrane scaffolds, and antibody and enzymatic staining for a variety of markers of pluripotency showed they resisted the tendency to differentiate in vitro for weeks when maintained on these substrates. Next we examined the ability of the scaffolds to promote attachment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem and PC12 cells to a neuron‐like phenotype. The basement membrane like scaffolds promoted neuronal precursor attachment and differentiation to neuron‐like cells in serum free media without the addition of cAMP or nerve growth factor, suggesting a possible biomimetic effect on differentiation from the scaffold. Together these initial studies illustrate methods to create substrates that mimic native basement membranes in structure and function‐‐these scaffolds may take our in vitro models a bit closer to the in vivo situation.


Whereas the ovary lies within the warm depth of the pelvis, its homologous counterpart, the testis, hangs coolly outside on account of the natural function of the cremaster muscles of the scrotum. Therefore, it is epidemiologically unique that 18 cases of ovarian Burkitt tumor were found against one testicular case in a 30-year biopsy series obtained among a Nigerian ethnic group. Accordingly, it is suggested that temperature is at play. Moreover, this hypothesis should be put to the test along the Burkitt belt worldwide, seeing that the environment itself came into the picture when Burkitt wrote his epochal article in 1958. 2.


Objective
To explore the neuropsychological development in twin premature infants, and to analyze the risk factors for the retardation of development.

Methods
The premature infants hospitalized in the Neonatal Ward First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from Jun.2010 to Jun.2012 were divided into study groups of twin premature infants and a control group of singleton premature infants.The neuropsychological development of 88 premature infants was evaluated at corrected gestational age of 1 year old by Bayley scales of infant development.According to normal lab findings of the Bayley scales of infant development, the premature infants were then divided into abnormal neuropsychological development group [mental development index(MDI)≤79 scores] and normal neuropsychological development group (MDI>79 scores), and the data of 2 groups were statistically analyzed.

Results
The frequency distribution of MDI score in study group showed a skewed distribution, of which 59%(27/46 cases) had abnormal neuropsychological development (MDI ≤79 scores); However, the frequency distribution of MDI score in control group showed an approximate normal distribution, of which only 12%(5/42 cases) for abnormal neuropsychological deve-lopment.Head circumference, body length, body weight, MDI, psycho-motor development index of twin premature infants of one-year old were lower than those of the singleton premature infants of the same age, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The single factor analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for abnormal neuropsychological development(MDI≤79 scores) of twin premature infants were gestational age, birth weight, mother's gestational age, the cultural degree of parents, mode of feeding, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia and neonatal sepsis.Multiple regression analysis showed that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was the independent risk factor for abnormal neuropsychological development of twin premature infants.

Conclusions
At same gestational age, neuropsychological development of twin premature infants lagged behind singleton premature infants.Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia may be the risk factors for neuropsychological development of twin premature infants, so the earlier management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia may be beneficial for the neuropsychological development of twin premature infants.

Key words:
Twin premature infant; Singleton premature infant; Neuropsychological development


PTyPe 6ping limits in ZnMgSSe was calculatod based on an amphoteric native ffect mo&J. The fitting to measurcrnents consi&ing the grcwth temp€raturc showed that the band offs€t in ZnSdZnMgSSe will be localized to the valenoe band, i.e, AE {.95AEg or 0.7AEg that is close to Shahzds rcbrt ( Ev=O.gAEg). It was found that the &cr€ase of 6ping efficiency for the larg€r €nergy gap in ZnMgSSe is also similar in ZnSSe but it can be improved by using ZnCdMgSe or ZnMgSe compound semiconductors.


OZET Şiddetli erozyon etkisi altmda bulunan Tortum golu su toplama havzasinda sedimatasyon sorimu ve kontrolu uzerinde yapilan bu arastirma havzasinin gozlem suresine ait yillik su potansiyeli ile toplam sediment tasinim miktari saptanmistir. Ayrica hidrolojik verilerin degerlendirilmesi acisindan havzadaki onemli dereler icin taskin-tekerrur analizleri yapi/arak elde edilen sonuclar uygulama yonunden tattisi/mistir. Havza karakteristiklerinin sedimantasyon uzerindeki etkilerininbelirlenmesi icin havzanin jeolojik yapisi toprak dagilimi simdiki arazi kullanimi ye topografik yapm ile meCra ozelliklefi de incelenmiilir. SUMMARY ARESEARCH ON THE SEDIMENTATION PROBLEM AND CONSERVATION OF TORTUM LAKE WATERSHED. This study is conducted in Tortum lake watershed which is under severe erosion. To determine the extent of sedimentation and to give same recommeudations for the future land use to slow the erosion. This watershed is on the northeast of Erzurum. Reseacrh area Is very steep and covers the whole watershed having on catchment area of 1792 km2. An observation post is located near the willage of Dikyar on theTortum river and flow measurement taken for the years of 1974, 1975 and 1976 by hydrometrie methods together required hydrologic data for the recIamation of the watershed. Stage-discharge curves of the Tortum river for each observation year were plotted by using the data taken from tht; observation post and water potentiaI is caldulated by these curves. The mea-n annua( flow varied 6-8 m3/sec the basin yield 4-6 lt/sec/km2 and total annual now 196. 106-257.10 6 m3 for the duration of the reseacrh. Expected mean flood discharge of 82 m3/sec is being the proof of the very high erosion and sedimentati on. Estimate the total amount of sediment transported fro!J1 the basin. Suspanded sediment samples are taken from the river by dept-integration method. on the placei where flow measurements are taken. A suspended sediment-rating curve is determined from the relation between mean daily dischargei and mean daily sediment for the di;iration of measurements done in the water years of 1974, 1975 and 1976. Total amoiint of sediment carried from the drainage basin of 1457 km2 up from the place where- the measurehients were taken was found as 3,695.10,6 ton/year (1, 759.10 6 m3/year) by using the method suggested by Miller (1951), analysis of flow-duration and sediment rating curve together. The method developed by Meyer-Peter and Muller (1948) for the estimation of bed-load is appIiestimated annual bed-Ioad which in the 16 %of suspended sedim'ent. Total sediment carried from the basin is calculated as 1,9.106 m3 and arerage annual sedIment production rate is 2,9.10 3 ton/km2. Those factors having an important role on the sediment production such as geology, distribution of soils and topography of the basin and' characteristics of the stream bed are studied' to determine the effects of the basin features on the sedimentation. Erosion control could deerease the damage of sedimentation. Hence the investments done by state and agricultural land would be protected agaInst floods. The filling of the lake by sediments alsa wi'll be ,prevented up to a certain degree. Socio-economic problems of this reqion should be solved to be able to reclaim the nnprodnctive land and to prevent the floods. Reforesting of the former forest areas should be first consideration; to aChiere this objective, state organizations and local piiblic should be tranied and urged for replanting. Restoration of the meadows is also another important subject, For this purpose npper basin should be considered first.


The advantages of native groundcover plants were introduced,the problems were analyzed,and the countermeasures of accelerating application were put forward,so as to provide references for the application of native groundcover plants.


The study aimed to determine the effect of a high dosage of codeine-containing cough syrup administration on some biochemical parameters of the liver in albino rats. Codeine at 80 mg/kg/day, 160 mg/kg/day, 240 mg/kg/day, 320 mg/kg/day cough syrup were administered orally to albino rats for 21 days, biochemical parameters were analyzed for the activities of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bilirubin, Total protein and Albumin. Results obtained revealed that a high dosage of codeine administration significantly increased plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and albumin while it reduced total protein level when compared with the control rats. The study confirmed the risk of increased hepatotoxicity due to a high dosage of codeine administration. Although codeine is reported to be effective in pain management, its toxicity should be kept in mind.


This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Faculty/Staff Scholarship & Research at Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in Library Faculty Presentations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Repository Citation Lampert, C. K. (2009, March). CONTENTdm @ UNLV: New Capabilities, New Opportunities. Presentation at ACRL National Conference, Seattle, WA.


Throughout most of the eighteenth-century, grammarians believed that ch in German words like
 Macht 'power' and Licht 'light' had only one place of articulation. In the final quarter of
 that century three studies discovered that ch in such words represented two places of articulation corresponding
 to what modern-day linguists call 'velar' and 'palatal' (Mäzke 1776; Hemmer 1776; Fränklin 1778). The present
 article concentrates on the years following those three works. While the most widespread claim was that ch
 represented only one place of articulation, a number of scholars continued in the tradition of Mäzke, Hemmer, and Fränklin by
 recognizing that ch had more than one place of articulation. The purpose of this article is to document those
 innovative studies and to assess their understanding of the phonetics and phonology of German ch.


The paper addresses the issue of selection of diagnostic parameters and methods of an object's condition classification. The research was conducted for a power transmission unit of a commuter train. We analysed the vibration of the axle box as measured on the track for systems before and after an overhaul. In the final part of the paper, we proposed an algorithm that can be used to identify the technical condition of a machine while using neural networks and we also described the operation of an on-line diagnostic system.


Purified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with an average outer diameter of 6 rim and a high purity of 95 w/%, synthesized by a floating catalyst method, were employed for electrochemical hydrogen storage experiments, which were conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. A discharge capacity of 739 mAh/g, corresponding to a hydrogen storage capacity of 2.68 w/% normalized to the weight of MWNTs, was obtained. The self-discharge experimental results show that the cohesive force between hydrogen and the MWNTs is so weak that hydrogen can easily escape from the MWNTs when the charge process stops, and this result implies that the mechanism for electrochemical storage of hydrogen in MWNTs may be mainly physical adsorption. In addition, the volumetric measurement results also support a physical adsorption mechanism for gas phrase hydrogen storage in the same purified MWNTs. Therefore, electrochemical hydrogen storage and gas-phase storage of hydrogen in purified MWNTs share the same mechanism, i.e. mainly physical adsorption.


Unlike conventional synchronous generators, the fault characteristics of inverter-based distributed generators (IBDGs) are mainly determined by the inverter control strategies. Their limited fault current contributions make the protection design of islanded microgrids (MGs) become a major challenge. This article focuses on the fault characteristics and protection scheme design of islanded MGs. First, the phase differences between the positive-sequence current fault components (PSC-FCs) at both terminals of fault line are analyzed under different network topologies and fault severities. It points out the phase characteristic differences between internal and external faults. Then, on basis of this to overcome the problems of the phase measurement error and protection setting, a waveform difference feature-based protection scheme is proposed. The protection criteria are formulated using the first peak sign and time information of PSC-FCs between both terminals of line, which are extracted by the mathematical morphology (MM) technology. Only relatively low bandwidth communication is required to achieve accurate fault identification. Finally, the simulation results on a 10-kV islanded MG model demonstrate that the proposed scheme can identify internal faults reliably in both looped and radial islanded MGs under different fault resistances and measurement noises.


A 46-year-old woman who completed 10 years of follow-up after successful treatment for right-sided breast cancer presented in peak winter with discomforts of cough and accompanying chest-wall musculoskeletal pain persisting for 4 days. She had earlier received multimodality therapy with surgery (modified radical mastectomy), radiotherapy (to the ipsilateral postmastectomy chest wall, axilla and the supraclavicular area), chemotherapy and hormonal therapy.

A chest radiograph demonstrated right pulmonary apical fibrosis (figure 1). A CT scan demonstrated a band which showed no contrast enhancement (figure 2). There were no cavitations or calcifications. The rest of the lungs and the mediastinum were unremarkable. A workup on the lines of tuberculosis was …


Adipose tissue produces inflammatory molecules considered to be involved in the development of chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The adipose tissue expression of CCL19 or macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3β in obesity is poorly understood. We, therefore, determined CCL19 gene expression in the adipose tissue samples from lean, overweight, and obese individuals with or without T2D. Subcutaneous adipose samples were collected from 58 non-diabetic (ND) (27-obese, 21-overweight, and 10-lean) and 49 T2D (34-obese, 11-overweight, and 4-lean) individuals. Gene expression of CCL19 and other inflammatory markers was determined using real-time RT-PCR. Plasma CRP and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. CCL19 expression was significantly higher in obese compared with lean individuals (ND: P<0.04; T2D: P<0.02). Notably, CCL19 expression was relatively higher in T2D than ND individuals regarding each body mass index (BMI) group. CCL19 expression correlated with BMI (ND: r=026, p=0.04; T2D: r=0.45, P=0.001). In relation to immune markers, CCL19 expression had association with CXCL10, IL-12A, and TLR2 in ND individuals, and with IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β, TNF-α, TLR9, CCL11 and IRAK-1 in T2D individuals, while it associated with MyD88, CCL5, CCR2, and CRP in both populations. However, CCL19 gene expression associated negatively with adiponectin in ND individuals. With regard to clinical markers, in both populations, CCL19 expression correlated positively with triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1C, whereas it had negative association with HDL cholesterol. These data support that increased adipose tissue expression of CCL19 may represent an immune signature of metabolic inflammation.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the knowledge and attitude on tuberculosis for the undergraduates in Daejon, South Korea and Yanbien, China. A descriptive study was conducted. Data were collected between May and July of 2015 in each college and a total of 258 students assigned to 150 in Daejon and 108 in Yanbien participated in the study. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS 21.0. In Daejon group, the score for knowledge was 13.73 out of 30 points, for awareness in attitude, 46.07 and for prevention behavior in attitude, 44.66 out of 60 points. In Yanbien group, the score for knowledge was 13.06 out of 30 points, for awareness in attitude, 44.72 and for prevention behavior in attitude, 44.19 out of 60 points. There was a significant difference in awareness on tuberculosis between the two groups. In both groups, there were positive significant correlations among knowledge, attitude, PPD test and educational experience about tuberculosis. Based on these findings, education which can guide 236 undergraduates to have correct information and positive attitude should be designed to manage tuberculosis infection. Therefore, it would be utilized in tuberculosis management education effectively.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with a significant morbidity defined by marked destruction and deformity of joints. It is characterized by autoantibody production, synovial inflammation, and erosion of the cartilage and bone. The current first‐line treatment for RA is methotrexate (MTX), an orally active disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug (DMARD). Biologic DMARDs that target tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or other molecules have emerged as potent alternative therapies for patients with inadequate response to MTX therapy. Despite the huge success of MTX and/or biologics, there is still a significant unmet medical need in RA. Approximately one‐third of RA patients are nonresponsive to currently available therapies. With their critical roles in mediating multiple inflammatory pathways, small‐molecule tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors are gaining attention as candidates for oral RA drugs with positive outcomes for a number of late‐stage clinical trials of small‐molecule Jak (Tasocitinib) or Syk (fostamatinib) inhibitors. With the potential for attenuating multiple inflammatory pathways activated in RA, tasocitinib and fostamatinib may represent new and welcome additions to the RA therapeutic landscape. Drug Dev Res 72:805–816, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


As successful families in business grow in family size and number of shareholders, they commonly develop a particular kind of family organization, often referred to as the family council. This family organization usually becomes the family's central governing body. Although family councils are very common among highly complex multigenerational family-owned businesses, implementing them appears to be a challenging task, as each family has its own idea and this idea is likely to evolve over time. With the aim of helping families in business reflect upon or review their family governance system, the present study aims at learning from the experience of 16 Spanish family-owned businesses by analyzing different areas of interest such as the different types of family councils, their key features, the reasons for starting a family council, the objectives of creating a family council, the stages of a family council and the characteristics of other governance structures connected to the family council. Investigating these issues can help multigenerational family-owned businesses to succeed as well-structured organizations that keep the family connected and committed towards a common mission, vision and values. Limitations and future research are also discussed.


How family involvement affects business results? The present work studies how "familiness" is related to environmental dynamism, innovativeness and performance in Mexican family firms. Our aim is to look for the strongest relationship among those dimensions to show which one has more influence on the performance of the family firms. We studied a sample of 194 Mexican family firms and proposed a model that was tested using structural equation modelling. For the sample, we discovered that familiness is positively related with firm's performance, but contrary to previous research, innovativeness is not. In addition, we found that the environmental dynamism positively influences familiness, innovativeness and performance, which can be explained by the constant economic, political, and social uncertainty experienced in Mexico. The main contribution of this research is the peculiar context in which it is focused, as well as the proposed instrument to assess familiness.


Genetic variation in human genome is an emerging resource for studying cancer, a complex set of disease characterized by both environmental and genetic contributions. DNA sequences of the human genome reveal that many genes are polymorphic. In coding or noncoding regions of a specific gene, there may be either a single base pair substitution of one nucleotide (SNPs) for another or a variable number of repeats of a short repetitive DNA sequence. (VNTR). These variations may influence the rate of gene transcription, the stability of the messenger RNA, or the quantity and activity of the resulting protein. Thus, the susceptibility or severity of a number of disorders will be influenced by possession of specific alleles of polymorphic genes. SNPs have gained popularity in recent years and are touted as the genetic markers of choice for the Vitamin-D Receptor (VDR) Gene (Fok-I, Taq-I & Apa-I) Polymorphisms in Healthy Individuals from North Indian Population


Based on asymmetric edge hydrogenation of zigzag silicon carbide nanoribbons (ZSiCNRs), the nanojunction with the boron and nitrogen impurity are constructed. The spin transport properties of nanojunction are calculated in different magnetic configurations by using the non-equilibrium Green's function method and density functional theory. Our findings show the N atom prefers to substitutes for C site while the B atom prefers the Si site. The obtained I–V characteristics indicate that the spin-down and spin-up states filtered in parallel and antiparallel configurations, respectively, which can be used for designing spintronic devices. Moreover, the spin-resolved negative differential resistance (NDR) effect occurs in the spin-polarized currents.


Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) such as open-air beef cattle feedlots are known 'hot spots' of emissions of numerous gases including the major greenhouse gases methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. Some work has documented CAFOs to derive typical emission factors, but few studies have looked beyond the CAFO to the local landscape to derive the net off-farm emissions. To address the net emissions, the exchange of gases downwind of CAFOs is required, determined in part by the air quality of the gas plume from the CAFO and the characteristics of the underlying surface. Our study measured these downwind fluxes at an open-air beef cattle feedlot using an open-path Fourier Transform Infrared detector and a flux-gradient method. The results showed the dynamic response of fluxes to gas concentration (fresh air or feedlot air) and surface condition (actively growing crop and tilled stubble). These results shed light on the pathways of greenhouse gas flow near a CAFO source, and showed that solely measuring source emissions from a CAFO would lead to errors when developing emission factors.


Photosynthetic characteristics and yield changes of wheat(cv.Yangmai16)under low temperature treatments(-2,-4℃)at jointing stage were studied by means of artificial temperature-controlled phytotron.The contents of chlorophyll,chlorophyll a(chl a),and chlorophyll b(chl b)in leaves decreased significantly under lower temperatures and longer stress.The ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b decreased at the preliminary stage,and then increased.Under low temperature stress,net photosynthesis rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Ti)decreased,whereas intercelecullar CO2concentration(Ci)decreased firstly and then increased significantly.Under the stress of-2℃lasting for 12hand-4℃lasting for 6h,the decrease in photosynthetic rate was mainly caused by stomatal factors.Under the stress of-2℃lasting for more than 12hand-4℃lasting for more than 6h,the decrease in photosynthetic rate was primarily caused by non-stomatal factors.Therefore,stomatal effects,non-stomatal effects and chlorophyll content reduction mainly caused the decrease in net photosynthetic rate of wheat plants under cold stress.The longer and lower temperature was,the more yield declined.The yield of the treatments of-2℃and-4℃lasting for 48 h were significantly lower than that of the control,which decreased by 71.08%and 80.15%respectively.The number of spikes and grains per ear reduction were the main reasons of yield decrease under low temperature stress at jointing stage.


We investigate the lifting of half-maximal four-dimensional gauged supergravities to compactifications of string theory. It is shown that a class of such supergravities can arise from compactifications of IIA string theory on manifolds of SU(2)-structure which may be thought of as K3 fibrations over T2. Examples of these SU(2)-structure backgrounds, as smooth K3 bundles and as compactifications with H-flux, are given and we also find evidence for a class of non-geometric, Mirror-fold backgrounds. By applying the duality between IIA string theory on K3 and Heterotic string theory on T4 fibrewise, we argue that these SU(2)-structure backgrounds are dual to Heterotic compactifications on a class T4 fibrations over T2. Examples of these fibrations as twisted tori, H-flux and T-fold compactifications are given. We also construct a new set of backgrounds, particular to Heterotic string theory, which includes a previously unknown class of Heterotic T-folds. A sigma model description of these backgrounds, from the Heterotic perspective, is presented in which we generalize the Bosonic doubled formalism to Heterotic string theory.


Single-switch resonant inverters are widely used due to their simple circuit topology and low cost, and Class E inverter is the most widely used topology among them. However, the output sensitivity of Class E inverter limits the applications. This paper aims at optimizing the design process of single-switch resonant converters by frequency-based extended impedance method (EIM), and finding the design points which make the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the waveforms smaller. After optimization, the electromagnetic interference on the output side would be reduced and the output waveforms would be more sinusoidal.


This study aims to identify the technical aspects of the content topics in the production of the TV feature for the Kurdish satellite channels. The researchers used the descriptive approach and the content analysis satellite channels )TV features broadcasted on )Rudaw and Kurdistan٢4 )٣٠( method for the contents of and after analyzing the content of the sample, the study ,٢٠٢٢/6/١ till ٢٠٢١/١/١ during the period from reached several results, the most important of which are: The most important topics of the posters presented in the two channels are )real-life story narrator and interviews about types of work(, then )lifestyle(. And )good living(, the results of the analysis showed that the majority of the characters for the topics of the personality that were presented in the two channels were ordinary people, then the artistic personality. The results also showed the different types of TV camera movements in the production of the features and showed that the )cut( effects got the largest ratio between the other transitions, and finally .the results showed that )the angle of view( is the most used among all types of angles Content of feature ,٢4 Key words: Features, Production, Feature Production, Rudaw and Kurdistan .production


Medicines must have halal certification to ensure the halalness of the product. Article 4 of the Law on Halal Product Guarantee, stipulates that all products circulating in Indonesia must be certified halal. In fact, many medicinal products are already circulating in the community but do not yet have a halal certificate. So this raises legal problems related to consumer protection. The purpose of this research is to reveal the authority of related institutions in halal certification of medicinal products circulating in Indonesia as well as legal protection for consumers if a medicinal product that has been disseminated has a halal label even though it does not have a halal label. This study uses a normative legal research method with a conceptual approach and legislation. The source of legal material in this study is the primary and secondary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials by analyzing and quoting applicable laws from books, literature, and other sources. The results showed that with the establishment of the Halal Product Guarantee Organizer, the halal regulation of drugs circulating in Indonesia is subject to the Halal Product Guarantee Law No. 33 of 2014 which regulates that certification and labeling of halal products is mandatory. If business actors violate their obligations under these regulations, they will be subject to administrative sanctions in the form of written warnings, administrative fines, and suspension of halal certification.


Specificity of modern industrial development is viewed from employment resources point. The authors state that the industrial sector in the post-industrial conditions acquires the features that integrate the basics of reproduction, forming the necessary conditions for the expanding of employment resources in other sectors of the economy.


New semi-classical collision functions are used to compute the inelastic contribution to the impact electronic total width, by considering three interaction potentials (Coulomb Debye, Cut-off, and Ion Sphere). Numerical results are calculated for the neutral helium 6678 A ($2^{1}\rm P\degr{-}3^{1}D$) and 5876 A ($2^{3}\rm P\degr{-}3^{3}\rm D$) visible lines. The lines corresponding to these transitions are isolated, and the plasma is weakly non-ideal for all temperatures and electronic densities of interest. For electronic collisions, semi-classical perturbation theory is sufficient and the impact approximation is well satisfied. The ion effects can be treated within the quasistatic approximation, and the quasistatic ionic contribution is dominated by the polarization (or quadratic) $r_{\rm p}^{-4}$-interaction. To consider both the electron and the ion effects, the microfield distributions and the complete reduced Stark profile of isolated line are calculated using different methods. The computed total widths corresponding to the three interaction potentials are compared to the available experimental widths and then approximated by appropriate formulae. The data we obtained provide an opportunity to test various approximations included in the semi-classical perturbation formalism. They are also of interest for stellar spectroscopic diagnosis in dense atmospheres (white dwarfs for instance).


In this work, we investigate the Higgs-boson production processes e+e− → ZH, and e+e− → e+e−H in the littlest Higgs model with T-parity. We present the production cross sections, the relative corrections and some distributions of the final states. In the allowed parameter space, we find that the relative corrections of the three production channels are negative, the relative correction of the ZH production can reach −7.5% and the relative corrections of the and e+e−H production can both reach −6.5% for GeV with the scale f = 694 GeV.


State supervision, not accomplished without opposition from "home-rules," has followed a temperate policy guided by intelligennt under-standing with gratifying success.


Diatom analyses were made of sediment cores of length 30 and 40 cm from the southern and western parts of Lake Žuvintas. 188 diatom taxa were identified. The largest amounts of diatoms were recorded in the upper layer of the sediments. Diatoms derived from periphytic species of the genera Fragilaria and Achnanthes were dominant, while planktonic forms were virtually absent. Diatoms were also investigated in Lake Drūksiai, where 284 taxa were recorded in plankton samples and surface sediments, of which 148 were identified in the plankton. Total numbers of diatoms have increased since the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) came into operation in 1984, and they have tended to fluctuate irregularly during the growing season. The diversity of algae was reduced by the dominance of the species Stephanodiscus binderanus (Kutzing) Krieger, S. hantzschii Grunow and Cyclotella ocellata Pantocsek.


lästern Europe is foundering, and the Soviets are worried. For the first time since the late 1940s the states of Eastern and southeastern Europe face severe economic decline. Food and wage riots have erupted with increasing frequency in Romania since 1985, rounds of price rises have repeatedly led to social unrest in Poland, and in Hungary, many people work several jobs just to pay newly instituted taxes. Market-oriented reforms and austerity packages dictated by indigenous planners and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), together with the proclaimed goals of Mikhail Gorbachev, have shaken Eastern Europe. More disruptions will occur if obsolete enterprises are closed in an effort to boost productivity, and as labor and capital are shifted to export-oriented sectors. If present trends continue, several East and southeastern European states face a precipitous slide into the ranks of the lesser developed states. Eastern Europe does have at least one chance to reverse its descent into economic and political decline. There is a shot of gamma globulin within reach, one that could boost prospects for most of Eastern Europe. The successful summit in Washington, a fruitful follow-up meeting in Moscow, and a ratified INF treaty offer Eastern Europe a historic opportunity to turn its fortunes around. With the superpower gridlock broken, the countries of Eastern Europe must seize this long-awaited chance to expand trade and cultural ties with the West, for it is unlikely that their crumbling fortunes can endure the wait for another cyclical upturn in U. S. -Soviet relations. Ironically, Gorbachev "the Reformer"


Stimulatory killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed by various lymphocytes, including NK cells and subsets of T cells. In NK cells, KIRs associate with the adapter molecule KARAP/DAP12, which confers the ability to function as an independent activation unit. The function of KIRs and killer cell activating receptor-associated protein (KARAP)/DAP12 in T cells is unclear. By flow cytometry, we demonstrated that CD4 (cid:1) CD28 null T cells heterogeneously express KIRs and/or KARAP/DAP12. In clones that lacked expression of KARAP/DAP12, the stimulatory KIR KIR2DS2 signaled through the JNK pathway, but did not activate the ERK pathway. However, in the presence of KARAP/DAP12, stimulation through KIR2DS2 led to phosphorylation of both JNK and ERK. Transfection experiments confirmed that KIR2DS2-mediated ERK phosphorylation was dependent on KARAP/DAP12. The differential signaling of KIR2DS2 through association with alternative adapter molecules resulted in differential regulation of cellular activity. In clones that lacked expression of KARAP/DAP12, stimulation of KIR2DS2 did not induce cytotoxicity. However, KIR2DS2 did augment suboptimal TCR stimulation, leading to enhanced IFN- (cid:2) production. In clones that expressed KARAP/DAP12, KIR2DS2 directly activated both cytotoxicity and IFN- (cid:2) production without the need for TCR-derived signals. The function of stimulatory KIRs in T cells is determined by the expression of the appropriate adapter molecule. Expression of KARAP/DAP12 is sufficient to convert a costimulatory KIR into a stimulatory molecule.


A test aquarium was built to perform and simulate different marine environment to optimize laser imaging of submerged targets. The setup enable to study the correlation between the detection angle, the target surface topology and color, water turbidity, and laser type at different depths and backgrounds. A theoretical model of the detection process was tested using MATLAB simulation. The system was able to simulate light extinction of the real deep and shallow aqua environments due to plankton chlorophyll as well as the effect of clay and mud water turbidity. The used dummy targets are approximately 1/500 of the real submarines and naval mines. These targets were illuminated by several laser wavelengths in order to identify the targets with different color and shapes. The setup permits to test the efficiency of different target camouflage versus optical detection.


Summary form only given, as follows. A Ka-band second-harmonic TE/sub 21/ gyro-TWT amplifier with an axis-encircling beam is being constructed at UCD that is predicted to nearly double the efficiency of our previous 200 kW, 12% efficient magnetron injection gun (MIG) TE/sub 21/ gyro-TWT.


This study investigated how caregivers modulate their speaking rate according to children's lexical knowledge and the context of the interaction, and how such adjustments affect children's word learning. We studied a seminaturalistic corpus where caregivers talked about different toys with their 3-4 years old children. The toys were known or unknown to the child, and present or absent from the environment. We found that caregivers talked about unknown toys with a slower speaking rate than known ones. When toys were absent, caregivers also tended to slow down for the toy's name, although they produced the whole utterance faster. Crucially, the results of a subsequent recognition task for children showed that caregivers' greater adjustment in speaking rate between known and unknown words predicted better immediate learning. Our findings suggest that caregivers modify their speaking rate in a helpful manner when the situation is more demanding, which assists children in word learning.


Recently developed business models, coupled with today's complex regional and international commerce environments, complicate the establishment and successful operation of independent small businesses. Even the smallest of businesses calls for a multiplicity of skills seldom found in one individual. The purpose of this paper is to provide practical advice to individuals who are contemplating going into business for themselves. Some of the reasons for small business failures are presented, followed by practical tips for achieving small business success. Major factors of success include going into business for the right reasons and "planning for success," including planning for eventual retirement.


Obtaining a rational all-pass filter that matches a target phase response is a common problem in signal processing. Typical approaches have generally focused on optimizing filter coefficients while minimizing the deviation from the target phase response. However, these approaches typically do not offer a guarantee of exact match of the phase or any conditions on group delay. In this letter, we propose a Blaschke interpolation based all-pass filter design, wherein, if the phase response is known at $n$ distinct frequencies, an all-pass filter that exactly satisfies the target values can be obtained. Moreover, the group delay at the interpolating points can be optimized or tuned to control the phase response for remaining frequencies. Simulations reveal that the design method is able to produce filters that closely match the target phase response accurately with much lower complexity than prior approaches.


Nanostructured bainite steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 2127 MPa, elongation of4% has been obtained by warm rolling followed with isothermal heat treatment.The effect of deformation temperature on transformation of nano bainites has been investigated. The results show that with a proper warm defromation, the time required for the transformation of the supercooled austenite into bainite can be shortened from 50 h to 20 h. The deformation rates of supercooled austenite adopted at all temperatures in the experiments can accelerate the low temperature nanobainite transformation, while the transformation rate increased with the decreasing deformation temperature. With a deformation rate above 30%, the retained austenites were sharply refined and the blocky austenites were diminished. The low temperature nano bainite transformation can be accelerated by warm rolling process without harm to the strength, thus shortening the time of heat treatment resulting in cost saving of the steel production.


A biometric system is a technological system that uses information about a person (or other biological organism) to identify that person. Biometric systems rely on specific data about unique biological traits in order to work effectively. By using biometrics, it is possible to confirm or establish an individual's identity based on "who she is," rather than by "what she possess" (e.g., an ID card) or "what she remembers" (e.g., a password). This system is capable of capturing uni-modal biometric traits such as capturing finger-prints and sent them to the cloud by end-to-end encryption process. An enhanced encryption method with AES-256 algorithm is used for protecting the biometric traits on insecure communication path. The principal component of AES block cipher is the S-Box. To increase the difficulty of the system, AES is used in Round structure. The encrypted biometric information is stored on the cloud. The encrypted biometric image is converted into binary code and stored into the local database. This binary code is decrypted into original image. This local database is connected with cloud SQL. IndexTerms Raspberry Pi, AES Algorithm, PN Sequence generator ________________________________________________________________________________________________________


InP based high indium concentration high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are an attractive transistor technology for millimeter-wave and terahertz applications. Ultra-short gate length (Lg) InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs on InP substrate has been fabricated and demonstrated excellent RF-performance over the past decade. Higher electron mobility and drift velocity can be realized by reducing of Lg and increasing the indium content in the InxGa1-xAs channel. Due to the high electron mobility, velocity and large conduction band offset in InAs, InAs-channel HEMT is promising for high speed and low power logic applications. In this talk, InAs/InxGa1-xAs channel InP HEMTs are fabricated and evaluated for high-frequency applications.


Sizeable enterprise usually have several information platforms, each of them run independently, and lack of universal authentication policies for access control. A role-based PMI model is presented, and explained the format, content and authentication policies of its attribute certificate are explained.


We provide an overview of the software components underlying four different tasks performed by a heterogeneous group of mobile robots. These tasks are drawn from three domains 1. Robot Competitions (Robot Soccer and Find Life on Mars), 2. Security and Surveillance (Perimeter Protection) and 3. Building Environmental Models (Multi-Robot Navigation and Mapping). Once decomposed as a set of cooperating behaviors, we show how these (seemingly unrelated) tasks lead to similar solutions as far as their modular breakdown is concerned, thereby yielding high reusability. Although our collection of robot platforms is notably diverse in terms of mechanics, sensory and computational capabilities, cross-platform migration and extension of existing behavior assemblages require minimal programming effort.


The principles of heterotopia as defined by Michel Foucault are noticeable in Thomas Pynchon's postmodern fantasies heterotopias. In V . and Gravity's Rainbow , heterotopia, an altered space created by way of coexistence of incompatible, mutually exclusive spaces, created by bringing into contact different realities, is used as an ontological pluralizer, thus becoming the instrument used to redefine the familiar, conventional space and to create new and different spaces and realities where fantastic and real intertwine. Pynchon reconstructs the actual geographical spaces with fantasies and numerous mental and cinematographic projections, which are used to build alternate realities, which permeate the actual geographical and imaginary locations in various periods of time, thus annulling the conventional principles of linear temporal and spatial dimensions.


From the Magna Carta (1215) to the Summit of the Americas Declaration of Principles (1994) this reference traces the growth of democracy in the West. It covers 39 countries and regions, offering information on the history and political state of each.


The aim of this research is to improve motivation and achievement in
learning Civic Education in material of definition and means of international
relations for a state throughCooperative Learning type NHT (Numbered Head
Together) at second grade students of IPS SMA Mhammadiyah Pangandaran. The
subjects of this research are 28 students of IPS. It consists of 13 male and 15
female students. This research was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consist of
planning, acting, observing and reflecting. Time allocation for action was 2 x 45
minutes of teaching and learning process for each cycle. The data was collected
by conducting observation, interview, and test. The data was analyzed by using
descriptive percentage technique. The average of students' motivation in learning
increased from cycle 1 meeting (73.53) to cycle 2 meeting (82, 69). Based on the
result of the research, the mean value of the students' learning motivation in cycle
I obtained 73.53 or good and it increased until 82.69 or very good in Cycle II. The
students' learning achievement of Cycle I to Cycle II increased. In Cycle I, there
were 20 of 28 students who completed and the rest wasincomplete. The mean
value of Cycle I was 72.67 and its mastery learning classically obtained 71.42 %.
Meanwhile, in Cycle II, there were 26 of 28 students who completed and the rest
was incomplete.The mean value of Cycle II was 86.07 and its mastery learning
classically obtained 92.85 %. Based on the result above, it can be concluded that
the motivation and achievement of second grade of IPS class aboutdefinition and
means of international relations for a state can be improved by using "Numbered
Head Together".


This article is a study of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises of different legal forms using the author's own assessment procedure based on matrix-rating method with integral index. Ranging of agricultural enterprises according to their level of competitiveness has been done, preferred forms of economic activity in current conditions and trends of increasing their competitive positions have been defined. Author makes a conclusions about different influence of the studied factors on competitiveness of agricultural enterprises of different legal forms. The greatest influence is done by the provision of resources of enterprises, because it affects the quality and quantity of output.


In collaborative tasks, people often communicate using nonverbal gestures to coordinate actions. When two people reach for the same object at the same time, they often respond to an imminent potential collision with jerky halting hand motions that we term hesitation gestures. Successful implementation of such communicative conflict response behaviour onto robots can be useful. In a myriad of human-robot interaction contexts involving shared spaces and objects, this behaviour can provide a fast and effective means for robots to express awareness of conflict and cede right-of-way during collaborative work with users. Our previous work suggests that when a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) robot traces a simplified trajectory of recorded human hesitation gestures, these robot motions are also perceived by humans as hesitation gestures. In this work, we present a characteristic motion profile derived from the recorded human hesitation motions, called the Acceleration-based Hesitation Profile (AHP). We test its efficacy to generate communicative hesitation responses by a robot in a fast-paced human-robot interaction experiment. Compared to traditional abrupt stopping behaviours, we did not find sufficient evidence that the AHP-based robot responses improve human perception of the robot or human-robot task completion time. However, results from our in situ experiment suggest that subjects can recognize AHP-based robot responses as hesitations and distinguish them to be different from abrupt stopping behaviours.


The observed metal−ligand bond lengths in the mixed-valence complex [ttacnMnII(μ-OH)(μ-pivalonato)2MnIIIttacn](ClO4)2 show a significant temperature dependence in the 20−298 K range. Spectroscopic and crystallographic evidence indicates the temperature dependence to be due to a superposition of two orientations with different energies in the crystal, which are interconverted by electron transfer between the metal centers.


ABSTRACT H-Canyon at Savannah River Site has started dissolving High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) fuel as part of the Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) processing campaign. Each HFIR fuel core contains inner and outer fuel elements fabricated from uranium oxide (U3O8) dispersed in a continuous Al phase. Fuels fabricated in this manner, like other SNF's processed in H-Canyon, dissolve by the same general mechanisms with similar gas generation rates including the production of H2. The objective of this work was to identify flowsheet conditions through literature review and laboratory experimentation to safely and efficiently dissolve the HFIR fuel in H-Canyon. The work showed that a full HFIR core could be dissolved using nominally 0.002 M Hg to catalyze the dissolution and the margin between the predicted H2 concentration and the calculated Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) was greater when the dissolving solution was allowed to boil for 45 min prior to initiating the Hg addition.


Galactic and extragalactic objects in the universe are sources of high-energy neutrinos that can be detected by the IceCube neutrino detector, with the former being easier to resolve due to comparatively smaller distances. Recently, a study done using cascade-like events seen by IceCube reported neutrino emission from the Galactic plane with $>$4$\sigma$ significance. In this work, we put a limit on the number of Galactic sources required to explain this emission. To achieve this, we make use of a simulation package created to simulate point sources in the Galaxy along with the neutrino and gamma-ray flux emissions originating from them. Along with making use of past IceCube sensitivity curves, we also account for Eddington bias effects due to Poisson fluctuations in the number of detected neutrino events. By making use of a toy-Monte Carlo simulation method, we find that there should be more than 10 sources, each with luminosities $10^{35}$ erg/s responsible for the Galactic neutrino emission. Our results constrain the number of individual point-like emission regions, which applies both to discrete astrophysical sources and to individual points of diffuse emission.


Schwann cells (SCs) are the unique glial cells in the peripheral nerve. After peripheral nerve injury, SCs change their morphology, function, and play a new role as repair cells, through this process, factors that enhance SCs proliferation and promote SCs migration will benefit nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), which has been proved to offer several regenerative benefits for tissue and organ injuries. However, whether BMDCs support nerve regeneration by affect the proliferation and migration of SCs, remains unclear. Here, we taken BMDCs co-cultured with nerve segments, and then investigated the proliferation and migration of SCs In vitro. Results demonstrated that BMDCs can enhance the proliferation of SCs, and then promoted SCs migration, forming Bungner's brand-liked structure In vitro. These finding provide a potential new method for repair of injured peripheral nerves in clinical.