Based upon coupled climate simulations driven by present day and glacial boundary conditions, we demonstrate that although the ice sheet topography modifications during the glacial period are primarily placed in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), a climate simulation that employs the ICE-5G glacial topography delivers significantly enhanced climate anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) as well. These conditions, in association with climate anomalies produced by the modification of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration characteristic of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) interval, are shown to be the primary forcing of the SH climate during this epoch. Climate anomalies up to -6°C over the Antarctic region and -4°C over South America are predicted to occur in respect to present day conditions. Accompanying the SH cooling in the LGM simulation there exists a remarkable reduction in the specific humidity, which in turn enforces the overall Southern Hemisphere cooling due to the weaker greenhouse capacity of the dry atmosphere.


N question: Learning to do qualitative research is difficult. But describing how to do qualitative research is even more difficult. Attempts to communicate how to do qualitative research have resulted in the simplification of the research process. As a result, strategies for thinking about, conceptualizing, and manipulating data have been presented as steps in qualitative texts. When complex strategies are outlined as a small number of steps—do this, then do that—these steps are followed literally and are used by new investigators as a recipe for research. However, in qualitative research, recipes do not necessarily guarantee excellent outcomes. Results produced by applying tasks sequentially from "selecting a topic" to "writing it up" may be disappointing. They are superficial, thus lacking insight and, worst of all, rarely adding anything to the literature. How serious is the problem? Some methods appear to be more susceptible to such simplification than others. It has been quite apparent in phenomenology but less evident in grounded theory. The worst cases of methodological simplification, however, appear with the faddism of new methods, particularly those methods in which the literature is used as data. For instance, in nursing, concept analysis has been a common course assignment for doctoral students. Because they do not involve data collection, these "analyses" can be conveniently completed within a semester. Consequently, the nursing literature is now cluttered with articles that are technically correct but contribute little. The latest emerging fad, perhaps a by-product of the evidence-based movement, is qualitative meta-analysis and metasynthesis. These stepwise methods are very problematic: They are easy for neophyte qualitative researchers to follow, yet the qualitative literature is often not large enough to support such work. The number of articles available is generally inadequate for analysis. Even when an area's available literature is sufficient to make the task "manageable," new researchers artificially restrict their topics, perhaps by including the articles published from only one discipline or by narrowing their inquiries, applying criteria that exclude articles because of certain contexts or participants. Although the sample becomes manageable, it is also inadequate. Lacking conceptual work, the meta-analysis reads as little more than a fancy literature review. Is there a solution? Sadly, there are no shortcuts. Research takes as much time and effort as needed, no less. Experts are responsible for explicating their analytic strategies, mentoring new researchers, and fostering new researchers' development by bringing them into their teams. Qualitative inquiry is a skill that is learned and improves with practice. New researchers must recognize that, as with any skill,


A total of 531 consecutive patients were operated upon by laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallbladder stone disease in our institute over the last five years. Technical Difficulty was encountered in 55 of them (10.36%). Parameters of difficulty at laparoscopic cholecystectomy in our study involved obscured anatomy of the Calot's triangle, absence of a dissection plane between the gallbladder and the liver bed or the occurrence of intraoperative complication. The operation was concluded by either standard laparoscopic technique, laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy or converted to open cholecystectomy. Technically difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy could be completed in 13 of the 55 patients (23.63%). In twenty-four of the patients conversion to open cholecystectomy was required (43.63%). Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy was performed for 18 of patients (32.72%) who constituted 3.39% of the laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at the same time period. There was no operative mortality. Two only of the eighteen patients operated upon by laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy have had postoperative local complications in the form of bile leak (11.1 %). None of the patients who underwent laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy developed symptoms attributed to biliary disease or post-cholecystectomy syndrome at a mean follow-up period of 28 (range 6-40) months. Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy LSC is a safe and definitive operation to treat diseases of the gallbladder, whenever there are major difficulties in dissection. It prevents bile duct injuries and allows removal of a difficult gallbladder without the need for conversion to open procedure.


Abstract In this article, to improve the detrimental character of ionic liquids, called moisture absorbing, agar-trapping is introduced as an affordable and straightforward protocol. Using inexpensive biopolymer, agar, as a trapper is a brilliant advantage of the method led to an environmentally sustainable development. Moreover, to show the effect of this method, the catalytic ability of a prepared agar-trapped acidic ionic liquid and its free form was experimentally compared in the synthesis of barbituric and thiobarbituric acid derivatives. In the presence of the entrapped catalyst and under the optimized conditions the products were obtained in high yields during short reactions time.


A device and a method for transmitting hierarchically-coded contents adaptively are provided to transmit the contents seamlessly based on a TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) by adaptively transmitting the contents, which are encoded by using an encoding technique having a flexibly hierarchical structure based on the TCP. A decoding rate measurer(11) measures a transmission rate of contents and a contents decoding rate of a terminal. A connection manager(12) performs TCP connection and manages the TCP connection transmitting the current contents. A contents transmitter(14) transmits the contents by changing an A/V(Audio/Video) level of the transmitted contents. A transmission controller(13) compares the decoding rate with the transmission rate, enables the connection manager to adjust the number of TCP connections, and enables the contents transmitter to adjust the A/V level depending on a comparison result. The transmission controller enables the connection manager to remove one TCP connection when more than two TCP connections are found and enables the contents transmitter to increase one A/V level of the transmitted contents when one TCP connection is found if the transmission rate is higher than the decoding rate.


In experiments where failure times are sparse, degradation analysis is useful for the analysis of failure time distributions in reliability studies. This research investigates the link between a practitioner's selected degradation model and the resulting lifetime model. Simple additive and multiplicative models with single random effects are featured. Results show that seemingly innocuous assumptions of the degradation path create surprising restrictions on the lifetime distribution. These constraints are described in terms of failure rate and distribution classes.


The folklore materials of the Liepāja University record many life stories of various Latvian narrators. Some of them are more extensive and cover the people's ability to survive during difficult periods of history. The purpose of the article is to systematize and analyze the main values depicted in the life stories available in the Liepāja folklore archive. These values helped people survive during the changing times of the 20th century and helped them overcome difficult life situations. The article explores stories of personal experiences which indicate an event experienced by the narrator, as well as life stories that talk about the narrator's life in general. In addition to life stories, the article also analyzes the folklore materials included by the narrators and their included explanations. The study provided a deeper understanding of the narrators' outlook on life and their value system. In order to locate the topic in the context of folkloristic theory, the author has used the guidelines developed by several recognized researchers in the studies of personal narratives. The life values depicted in the narrated stories recorded in the folklore materials are arranged according to their thematic lines. These are values related to human character and virtues, attitude to life, emotional balance, physical and mental health. The life stories and personal accounts indicate the main values discussed by narrators during the period. Among these are values nurtured in the family – like virtues of work, patience and perseverance, positive outlook to life and inner strength, values on interpersonal relationships – like optimism, gratitude and helpfulness, kindness, love and trust in nature and natural order. Along with these, values of joy, singing and celebrating are also mentioned – as they restore strength and create a balance between work and relaxation. Overall, it is clear that the values and virtues mentioned in the classical folklore sources have been very important in surviving the changing times of the 20th-century Latvian territory.


The two major aims of this article are to survey the different phases in the introduction and definition of'Territoriality' as a concept in Western geographical literature, and to investigate the definitions from a meta-geographical point of view, focusing on the axiomatical structure of each definition and the ideological characteristics which each structure has as a system of representation of the world from on a particular social standpoint.'Territoriality' in human geography has its origin in ethology, and the concept was introduced in geography at the beginning of the 1960's. In ethology, the concept was defined first as the aggressive instinct of an organism defending its surroundings. The logic of this theory is a bit circular because of its premise of'an aggressive instinct to be controlled'. This difficulty was overcome for example in sociobiology by posutulating the maximization of'inclusive fitness': in this view, territoriality is defined as a strategy which functions when the defense of a territory brings more benefit than non-territorial behavior. This postulate derives from the original metaphor of the utilitarian behavior of man in Europe, and it became the frame of reference in interpreting animal behavior. At any rate, the ethological concept stimulated an interest in human geography in the territorial behavior of man, which has generally been neglected in spatial analysis and is defined as an attempt to control actions and interactions of objects by asserting and attempting to enforce control over a specific geographical area.The influence of the ethological concept on human geography can be found in some definitions, where geographers use the works of ethologists, but generally they cite first the concept implicitly in an analogical way: there was not any reflection about the difference between animals and man. For example, from the end of the 1960's to the middle of the 1970's, the ethnic or religious segregation within a city is cited as an urban territoriality of man. These implicit analogies are examined in behavioral geography in the 1980's, and it is explicitly recognized that human territoriality has not only biological bases but also symbolical and institutional aspects which are different from animals, and that territoriality has an analogical sense in human behavior.In addition to this behavioral territoriality, the analogical use of the concept has been examined from the humanistic approach from the middle of the 1970's, in the name of 'emotional territoriality'. This approach aims to surpass simple analogies and reflect the emotions and symbols of mankind. It partly criticizes the behavioral approach because of its axiomatical restriction of the object to the observable and measurable, and treats the concept of territoriality by connecting it with ideas such as'attachment to place'and so on.The same connection with the emotional is found in some theories in political geography from the beginning of the 1970's. For example, there are such expressions as 'group's sense of attachment to geographical area'and'sense of belonging to a particular place', which signify the sharing in common of a territorial iconography or symbolism like a national flag. These emotional conceptions can be called: a societal territoriality, which is related to the formation and maintenance of'an attachment to place'by ideological manipulation and societal forces. This conception is found also in the concept of social space, where a value system and other social factors are homogeneous.From another point of view, a conceptual investigation enables us to clarify the ideological and disguised characteristics of these emotional conceptions in the real world, and particularly in geographical theories.


The stroke is defined as the sudden interruption of blood flow in vessels in any area of the brain. The presence of depression is given with great regularity in those affected. Also, people with more stress are potential candidates for developing stroke. For this reason, this research describe the relationship between depression and stress coping styles, in a sample of 50 stroke patients treated at the outpatient service of neurology at Daniel Alcides Carrion Hospital . For this purpose used the Beck Depression Inventory and Brief COPE-The Coping Estimation Inventory. This research found a statistically significant correlation between


While we now know much about the volatile‐rich world of Ceres from the Dawn mission, the deep interior remains something of an enigma, shrouded by a crust composed of water ice, carbonates, phyllosilicates, salts and clathrate hydrates. While smaller than most active moons or planets, Ceres has many features commonly associated with active, icy bodies including: hydrothermal, cryovolcanic, and tectonic features. Yet on active icy moons tidal heating is a significant component of the thermal budget; it is unclear whether radiogenic heating alone would be sufficient to supply the heat necessary for Ceres' interior to undergo solid‐state convection. Here we show that transient asymmetric convection develops as the temperature within the body rises from heat generated by the decay of long‐lived radionuclides (e.g., U, Th, K). The onset of transient asymmetric convection may reconcile a number of puzzling features on Ceres including: the missing large craters, Hanami Planum—the region of thickened crust, the gravity and crustal thickness, and the lithospheric stress state represented by the Samhain Catenae. Hemispheric‐scale instabilities may also be important in the evolution of small bodies with small cores throughout the solar system, including the small icy moons of Saturn and Uranus as well as Kuiper belt objects.


If the lines AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, GH, HA are generators of a quadric, then AD, BE, CF, . . . are generators of another quadric. This theorem is proved from the consideration that, since AB meets DE, AD meets BE; but AD also meets DG and FA, and these are three non-intersecting lines (for if, for example, BE met DG, then BG would meet DE, as well as BC and FG, and hence would be a generator of the original quadric). If this theorem is projected onto a plane from any point P, it becomes the dual theorem mentioned above; for the tangent cone from P to the quadric meets the plane in a conic to which the projections of the generators are tangents.


ica, underscoring how Americans had a fundamental ambivalence and a great diversity of opinion about immigration: immigrants were wanted and needed to fuel economic growth, but were also feared as a threat to white society and its cultural conceits. Immigrants were expected to come and help produce economic growth without posing any threat or burden to the established society, its way of life, and the cost of government. It is in this context that race, gender and class take on a heightened significance. Low-income women from different racial and ethnic backgrounds were most likely to pose the greatest threat by bringing family responsibilities with them when they came to take work. Therefore, the idea of a ''public charge'' emerged as a highly racialized, gendered and class-biased designation. Park charts how this idea declined over time but surged back when welfare and immigration policies changed after the 1996 national reforms were enacted. As national immigration and state health agencies collaborated to identify who might be receiving medical assistance illegally, especially those with children in the United States at taxpayer expense, more low-income, legal immigrant women of color were profiled, interrogated and sometimes illegally denied their rights to assistance. Park's adroit use of her field interviews makes for gripping reading and a compelling narrative: the reader is given an up-close and personal insight into how the system of paroling and profiling immigrants unfolds and is experienced. Yet, what is most surprising and gratifying in this account is its focus on how administrators on the frontlines make sense of the new system to discipline immigrants to become neoliberal subjects in the globalized economy. I have long believed it is important to understand how state actors materialize policy in their quotidian administrative practices, and for that reason am delighted to see this vivid portrayal of the enactment of immigration policy. In the process, we learn to be surprised consistently. Yet, the thread that runs through this analysis most brightly is the innovative practices of resistance that are devised by social workers and others who are hip to the cruelties of the new ''public charge'' paroling and profiling. The interviews with these servants of the state show how they are often quick to enlist in what Lisa Dodson calls the ''moral underground'' of people who break the rules or devise work-arounds so that their clients can still be served in spite of the new policy strictures. Inside the larger saga of this book there is a smaller story of hope, knowing that social workers are out there trying to make a dysfunctional system still work to allow immigrants their rights to assistance. Yet, the overriding narrative is unavoidably bleak and Park does not sugarcoat it. Entitled to Nothing is not just a title that encapsulates the main story that needs to be told. It is a wake-up call for political action to combat the ongoing hypocrisy that goes by the name of U.S. immigration policy. To ignore it is to fail to get the devastating criticism implicit in Dame Edna's joke: in an era of neoliberal globalization, our blood-thirsty desire for immigrants who will work for almost nothing but never ask for anything is its own higher immorality.


We demonstrate that evaluations of the Tutte polynomial, T (x, y) can be used for counting certain families of partial graph orientations. We first prove that the number of acyclic partial orientations of a graph is 2T (3, 1/2) and the number of strongly connected partial orientations of a graph is 2|V |−1T (1/2, 3). We introduce cut minimal partial orientation and cycle minimal partial orientations providing generalizations of Gioan's q-connected full orientations and Greene and Zaslavsky's minimal full orientations respectively, and we apply these objects in proving that the number of partial orientations modulo cycle reversals is 2T (3, 1) and the number of partial orientations modulo cut reversals is 2|V |−1T (1, 3). Additionally, we introduce cycle-path minimal partial orientations which provide distinguished partial orientations with a given indegree sequence, and we highlight a close connection between the cut minimal and cycle minimal partial orientations and Lawrence ideals from combinatorial commutative algebra. We conclude with "edge chromatic" generalizations of the quantities presented, which allow for a new interpretation of the reliability polynomial for all probabilities, p with 0 < p < 1/2.


Over 200 million tons of Nb-bearing steels were continuously cast and hot rolled globally in 2012. These Nb-bearing plate, bar and sheet products are manufactured throughout the world. The melting and casting practices to assure production of crack-free slabs, billets and blooms of high surface quality is presented. Much has been published about the traditional ductility trough associated with higher carbon equivalent steels with and without microalloy additions of Nb, V and/or Ti. However, the steelmaking and process metallurgy parameters are rarely correlated to the hot ductility behavior. The hot ductility troughs associated with simple carbonmanganese steels can also result in surface and internal quality issues if certain steelmaking and casting parameters are not followed. Although high carbon equivalent steels exhibit inherently lower hot ductility behavior, as measured by percent reduction in area at elevated temperature, these steels still exhibit sufficient ductility to satisfactorily meet the unbending stress and strain gradients existing in the straightening section of most casters. The relationship between the steelmaking and caster operation and the resultant slab quality is related through the hot ductility behavior. This global Nb-bearing continuous casting steel research study concludes that the incidence of slab cracking during casting is related to the steelmaking and caster process parameters. These parameters include the elemental residual chemistry level, superheat variation, transfer ladle temperature stratification, mould flux incompatibility, casting speed fluctuation, and excessive secondary cooling. This paper defines these operational root causes supported by physical metallurgy hot ductility data.


ABSTRACT
 Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a pest of small fruits and cherries, and has also been noted to infest a variety of wild, ornamental, and uncultivated hosts. Identifying alternative hosts is critical for pest management. Research objectives were to: 1) survey fruits in the field for natural infestation of D. suzukii, 2) determine the susceptibility of fruits in laboratory no-choice studies, and 3) evaluate short-range preference between simultaneously ripe alternative hosts and cultivated fruits in laboratory choice studies. Field surveys identified new hosts or confirmed previously reported hosts including: Berberis aquifolium Pursh, Oregon grape; Cornus spp., dogwood; Cotoneaster lacteus W.W. Smith, milkflower cotoneaster; Elaeagnus umbellata Thunberg, Autumn olive; Frangula purshiana (de Candolle) A. Gray, cascara buckthorn; Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, spicebush; Lonicera caerulea L., blue honeysuckle; Morus sp., mulberry; Phytolacca americana L., pokeweed; Prunus avium (L.) L., wild cherry; Prunus laurocerasus L., cherry laurel; Prunus lusitanica L., Portuguese laurel; Rubus armeniacus Focke, Himalaya blackberry; Rubus spectabilis Pursh, salmonberry; Sambucus nigra L., black elderberry; Sarcococca confusa Sealy, sweet box; Solanum dulcamara L., bittersweet nightshade; and Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake, snowberry. High fruit infestations were observed in S. confusa during April—May and Lonicera spp. in June before most commercial fruits ripen. From both field and laboratory studies, there was no evidence of susceptibility during the estimated ripe period Crataegus L. 'Autumn Glory,' hawthorn; Ilex crenata Thunberg, Japanese holly; Nandina domestica Thunberg, sacred bamboo; Rhaphiolepis umbellata (Thunberg) Makino, yeddo hawthorne; Rosa acicularis Lindley, prickly rose; Skimmia japonica Thunberg, Japanese skimmia; and Viburnum davidii Franchet, David's viburnum. Lastly, laboratory choice tests identified that several fall-ripening alternative hosts were more susceptible than 'Pinot noir' or 'Pinot gris' wine grapes. By understanding host use, growers can identify high-risk areas where coordinated action may reduce infestation of D. suzukii in crops.


Body area sensor networks have been attracting more and more applications which focus on human behavior and monitoring, ranging from simple positioning to medical applications. These BSNs inherit unique specifications since are composed of light-weight embedded systems. In this paper, we focus on energy and lifetime requirements of these systems which is one of the most challenging design constraints. We study this problem from the angle of data compression which is known to be very efficient in energy reduction specially when large amount of data is to be transmitted wirelessly. We introduce the notion of functional compression which utilizes classes of data patterns to efficiently represent information through regenerative functions. Furthermore, we propose a reconfigurable compression methods which dynamically uses different compression methods to optimize compression ratio and energy savings.


Cities are hotbeds for the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases. In the process of urban development, frequent interpersonal interactions are conducive to the spread of viruses. After the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China in 2019, it quickly spread to Europe, North America, and Asia. This paper collects data on the number of COVID-19-infected cases per 100,000 people in Taiwan from 1 January to 4 May 2022 and the researcher uses the spatial regression model to analyze the spatial effect of the COVID-19 epidemic. The results of the study find that the hot zones of COVID-19-infected cases per 100,000 people are distributed in Taipei City, New Taipei City, Keelung City, Yilan County, and Taoyuan City, and the cold zones are distributed in Changhua County, Yunlin County, Chiayi County, Chiayi City, Tainan City, and Kaohsiung City. There are three types of urban development indicators: density, urbanization, and transportation system and means of transport, all of which can significantly affect the spatial spread of COVID-19. There is a negative correlation between the area of the "urban planning" district, the "road area" per person, the current status of the urban planning district population "density", and the number of infected cases of "COVID19". There is a negative correlation between "urban planning", "road area", "urbanization", and "density" of neighboring cities and "COVID19" in a certain city.


In an important text published in 1853, the celebrated German mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) presented the approach to integration that is still known by his name today. In fact, Riemann devoted only a small portion (5–6 pages) of his text to the question of how to define the integral. Over two decades later, the French mathematician Gaston Darboux (1842–1917), an admirer of Riemann's ideas, provided the rigorous reformulation of the Riemann integral which is learned in most undergraduate level analysis courses in his publication Mémoire sur les fonctions discontinues [Darboux, 1875]. Using the precise definitions in the reformulation, Darboux also provided rigorous proofs of the fundamental properties of Riemann integrable functions, including the following:


The revised《Marriage Law》first established the Divorce Harm Compensatory System in the realm of families,it filled the legislative blank of divorce fault responsibility in China thus further protecting the legitimate rights and interests of both par- ties concerned.But because the system is just a new stipulation of principle,it lacks operability in concrete judicial prac- tice.So the article aims to discuss the character,key components,main problems in judicial practice and counter measures in order to improve the operability of the Divorce Harm Compensatory System.


A multi-objective evaluation model is established to estimate the minimum environmental flows(MEF) based on the relationship between wetted perimeter and discharge.Regarding the maximum wetted perimeter and the minimum river discharge as objectives for habitat protection and water resources utilization respectively,the model is solved by means of the ideal point method,and MEF in the downstream of Zengjiang River is calculated by the multi-objective evaluation model and compared with that calculated by the slope method and the curvature method.The results show that the MEF threshold at Qilinzui station in the downstream of Zengjiang River ranges from 20.8 to 26.3 m3/s,and the corresponding average velocity is from 0.42 to 0.44 m/s.The results calculated by the multi-objective evaluation model have stronger applicability for determination of MEF than those by the traditional wetted perimeter method,and they can better reflect the balanced development between the ecological and economic water uses.


This paper investigates the distributed containment control of multi-agent systems with multiple stationary leaders with event-triggering protocols. A distributed event-triggering protocol is proposed, where the triggering function of each agent with an exponentially decreasing threshold is developed to guarantee the convergence of the followers to the convex hull formed by the leaders. Finally, simulations are given to illustrate the proposed event-triggering algorithm.


Many Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) districts struggle with congestion issues in growing small to medium-sized communities (SMSCs). Congestion in these communities is often highest along state highways that also serve major local travel functions. The objective of this one-year research project was to develop and test a framework for congestion monitoring in MSCs, including economical (low-cost) monitoring techniques and the normal range of improvements for SMSCs. This report summarizes the activities and results for this one-year project. Researchers developed a six-step framework for performing on-going mobility monitoring in SMSCs. The framework was applied in two pilot study locations—one in a small-sized community (less than 50,000 population with no metropolitan planning organization [MPO] presence), and another in a medium-sized community (greater than 00,000 population with a PO presence). Researchers collected travel time data using test vehicles instrumented with global positioning system (GPS) equipment, pneumatic tube traffic volume data, and performed videologs of the 14 (total) corridors. Researchers performed a stopped delay study at one location. Researchers developed methods to effectively communicate mobility monitoring results to both technical and non-technical audiences. A survey of SMSCs was performed to obtain a better understanding of congestion definitions, monitoring activities, and when, where, and why congestion occurs in SMSCs. Researchers developed numerous outreach materials including a guidebook entitled Guidebook for Mobility Monitoring in Small to Medium-Sized Communities: A How-To Guide for technical audiences, a companion (smaller) document for non-technical audiences, tri-fold brochure for the general public, one-page overview of the framework, interactive CD with PowerPoint® presentations to technical and non-technical audiences and an interactive case study, and preliminary workshop lesson plans. The results documented in this research report, and the associated outreach materials will be useful for TxDOT staff in small to medium-sized communities as well as TxDOT's partnering agencies, including MPOs, municipalities, and counties.


Risk factors associated with extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been evaluated mainly in retrospective studies. We aimed to determine risk factors associated with EIMs and to compare the frequency of EIMs between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), based on retrospectively-prospectively collected data of a cohort of IBD patients followed in daily clinical practice.

 Patients with biopsy-confirmed IBD aged 10–80 years old were included in the study. A comprehensive questionnaire was used to collect data on each site visit from July 2018 until March 2020. Logistic regression analysis and multivariable-adjusted models were used to examine risk factors associated with EIMs and chi-squared test was used to compare the frequency of EIMs between patients with UC and CD.

 300 patients with IBD (180 with CD, 113 with UC, and 7 with indeterminate colitis) were evaluated. EIMs were observed in 49% of patients, with a 2-fold increased risk in CD (OR 2.31; 95% CI:1.37–3.89; P<.005). The musculoskeletal system was affected in 38% (43% in CD vs 29% in UC, OR 1.86; 95% CI:1.08–3.20; P<.05) with peripheral arthropathy being the most common manifestation (33% in CD vs 23% in UC, P=.095), followed by dermatological manifestations (13%), with a 4-fold increased risk of erythema nodosum in CD (11% vs 3% in UC, OR 3.95; 95% CI:1.12–13.93; P<.05). On univariate logistic regression analysis history of hospitalization for IBD, history of surgery for IBD, aphthous stomatitis, perianal disease, thyroiditis Hashimoto, age, use of thiopurines, and/or anti-TNF in the past were associated with increased risk of developing EIMs. A trend for increased risk of EIMs was found for family history of IBD in first-degree relatives (OR 2.47; 95% CI:0.91–6.74; P=.078) and fecal calprotectin above 250 μg/g (OR 2.22; 95% CI:0.90–5.47; P<.084). On multivariate analysis only aphthous stomatitis (OR 4.60; 95% CI:2.32–9.13; P<.001), perianal disease (OR 2.30; 95% CI:1.17–4.50; P<.05), thyroiditis Hashimoto (OR 2.82; 95% CI:1.03–7.74; P<.05) and age (2% increase in risk per year, OR 1.02; 95% CI:1.01–1.03; P<.05) were significant for EIMs.

 In this retrospective/prospective study 49% of IBD patients developed EIMs with a 2-fold increased risk in CD. Musculoskeletal and dermatological manifestations were the most frequent EIMs. Aphthous stomatitis, perianal disease, thyroiditis Hashimoto and age were associated with increased risk of EIMs.


The aim of this paper is to provide an overview, although unnecessarily complete, of recent advances in optimal control, optimization, and game theory for networked systems. First, the recent research results and progress in optimal control and game theory for logical domain networked systems are summarized. Then, the recent developments on networked optimization and game theory for continuous domain systems are presented afterward. Finally, after introducing some recent practical applications of optimal control and game theory on networked systems, we conclude the paper with a short discussion on future research perspectives.


Analysis is made of the genetic effects of radiation on man based on the new data produced by G. G. Tinyakov (Doklady 9kad. Nauk S.S.R. 122, 598(1958)) which showed that the frequency of chromosome reorganization in ape sperm cells exposed to 400 r is considerably higher than that obtained in experiments with mice (on the 11th day after irradiation the number of nuclei damaged by chromosome reorganization in apes was 28.66%fl and in mice 11.12%. (R.V.J.)


A continuous beam model is developed for approximate analysis of a large, slender, beam-like truss. The model is incorporated in a multi-level optimization scheme for the weight minimization of such trusses. This scheme is tested against traditional optimization procedures for savings in computational cost. Results from both optimization methods are presented for comparison.


Abstract# A2986 Results of a Large Randomized Controlled Trial of AlemtuzumabVersus Basiliximab-Based Induction Therapy in Kidney Transplantation. R. Haynes,1 P. Harden,2 M. Landray,1 C. Baigent,1 P. Friend,3 Study Collaborative Group.1 1Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffi eld Dept of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; 2Oxford Kidney Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; 3Nuffi eld Dept of Surgical Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Background Calcineurin inhibitors reduce short-term kidney transplant failure, but may contribute to late transplant loss. The role of alemtuzumab (a potent lymphocyte-depleting antibody) as induction therapy followed by an early reduction in CNI exposure after kidney transplantation is uncertain. The 3C Study aims to assess the effi cacy and safety of alemtuzumab (followed by low-dose CNI) compared to basiliximab (with standard dose CNI) among patients receiving kidney transplants. Methods This randomized trial included 852 patients scheduled to receive a kidney transplant who were randomly assigned alemtuzumab-based induction therapy (followed by low-dose tacrolimus and mycophenolate) or basiliximab-based induction therapy (followed by standard-dose tacrolimus, mycophenolate and steroids). The primary outcome is biopsy-proven acute rejection at 6 months. Key secondary outcomes include delayed graft function, steroid resistant rejection, transplant survival, serious infections (defi ned as opportunistic infections or infection requiring hospitalisation) and cause-specifi c mortality. Tertiary outcomes include the incidence of the primary outcome in different types of transplant recipient. Results 426 participants were assigned alemtuzumab and 426 to basiliximab. Average age was 51 years and 65% were male. Approximately one-third of transplants followed each of donation after brain death, donation after cardiac death and living donation. During the fi rst 6 months of follow-up, about 100 participants had biopsy-proven acute rejection, about 30 transplants failed and over 250 participants had a serious infection. Conclusion The 3C Study is the largest randomized trial to assess the clinical effi cacy and safety of alemtuzumab-based induction in kidney transplantation and the unblinded clinical effi cacy results would be presented for the fi rst time during the WTC meeting. With about 100 rejection episodes and 250 serious infections, the study has excellent statistical power to detect clinically important treatment effects. These results should have an important impact on the choice of induction therapy at the time of kidney transplantation. DISCLOSURE: Haynes, R.: Grant/Research Support, Novartis. Harden, P.: Grant/ Research Support, Novartis. Landray, M.: Grant/Research Support, Novartis. Baigent, C.: Grant/Research Support, Novartis. Friend, P.: Grant/Research Support, Novartis.


We use water from taps to wash our hands and subsequently hand blowers to dry them. As we think our hands are clean, still the possibility of germs, bacteria, microbes and mites remain in hands which may have come from the water or the air is used in this cleaning process. The steam sanitizer project is to design and manufacture an equipment to help people sanities their hands instead of washing. In this equipment steam is used instead of water and so the problem of water wastage does not exist..


Lack of water is limiting factor for developing ecologic forestry in arid desert area. The purpose of forestry research is how to overcome adverse circumstance factors and add plants and improve ecologic environment. So focal point of work is to look for drought-resistant water saving afforestation techniques.Through afforestation test with different containers, was analysed effect and summarized that "tree-planting bag"is the best afforestation material among other containers.


Operation of grid connected Voltage Source Converter have to cope with the standards related to preserve of the symmetrical and sinusoidal current with unity power factor even during distorted grid voltage. Hence quality and reliability requirements are challenging because of unpredictable grid conditions such as: variable impedance, interrupts or sudden load changes. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop a current control technique which meets quality requirements, simultaneously providing stable operation under adverse affect of many unfavorable factors coming from grid and power converter construction. Also under distorted grid voltage conditions is difficult to obtain accurately synchronized reference current signal. This paper proposes simple strategy, which provide good performance of Voltage Oriented Control current control technique under strongly distorted grid voltage with robust grid voltage synchronization scheme. The proposed idea involves processed grid voltage and filter capacitor voltage used as feedforward signal. Synchronization scheme is a combination of Synchronous Reference Frame — Phase Locked Loop (SRF-PLL) with Second Order Generalized Integrator — Frequency Locked Loop (SOGI-FLL). Obtained results are explained on theoretical analysis and simulation model.


The work of the Orthodox Jewish psychoanalyst, Moshe Halevi Spero, is examined as representing a non-reductionistic dialogue between religion and psychoanalysis in one analyst's work. The development of Spero's thinking is traced as he has grappled with the possibility of conflict between Jewish theology and psychoanalytic theory and with issues involving transference and countertransference in the work of a religious therapist with religious patients. These issues led to the formulation of a reconciliation between Jewish law, halakha, and psychoanalysis in what Spero termed the "halakhic metapsychology." Eventually his assertion that the reality of God must be acknowledged in clinical psychoanalytic work with religious patients has led to a critique of Lacanian thinking and the formation of a psychoanalytic epistemology in which divinity, in whose image humanity is created, becomes the "ground" for representation and interpersonal communication.


The paper describes the results of the study of social-psychological adaptation of different types of under-achieving pupils, presents the program for prevention of pupils' social maladjustment and the experience of its implementation in secondary schools № 56 in Omsk and № 355 in St. Petersburg.


Medical research has shown that the prolongation of Capillary Refilling Time (CRT) is significantly associated with the shock caused by various pathogenesis, and the shock detected in critically ill patients as earlier as possible has important clinical significance. Utilizing capillary refill time measuring instruments, we can implement standardized and mechanized measurement of CRT, and get stable and reliable photoplethysmogram (PPG) raw signal data of CRT. However, there are many challenges in extracting clinical parameters from PPG raw signal data and analyzing the shock occurs or not depending on these parameters, such as great affection by noise, poor ability to cope with variations, and underutilization of raw data. To cope with these challenges, we propose an end-to-end shock detection model based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). In this paper, the convolutional kernel of dense neural network and mathematical network are proposed innovatively. Our shock detection model achieves 0.89 F1-Score using clinical CRT data, which can provide direct and exact medical verdict indicating the patient be in shock or not, which has clinical value.


E.'s work is deand re-centering with respect to essential faith claims and the cultural contingency of all faith expressions, but especially with respect to the masses of faithful whose experiences of the radical hope in a God of compassion remain tangential to many ecclesial and liturgical authorities—the exclusive claim to which is also contextualized in the volume. Not only is the volume needed with respect to resetting the compass of Catholic theology—or clarifying the process of the traditioning of this story. It is also needed because Christians of every generation are always desperate for restating the central message of compassion to which Christianity witnesses and on which it wagers its entire existence.


A novel triptycene-based azo polymer (TBAP) was explored as a switching material in an atomic switch showing resistive change under voltage sweep and pulse. Current atomic force microscope (C-AFM) measurements...


This paper describes how toxic tar decanter sludge previously dumped at the Bokaro Steel Plant, Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), is now being recycled to the coke ovens via the coal charge. Not only has an environmental pollutant been removed but a savings of US $ 0. 15 million a year has resulted due to carbon recovery. Based on encouraging results at Bokaro, other SAIL plants have undertaken the implementation of the system. This paper depicts details of the generation of tar decanter sludge, the modified recycling system, the design features, the novelty in the system, the modifications, and the economic benefits.


Blue Whale SonD (Service on Demand) is a service (including OS and applications) deployment system designed for open and dynamic computing environment. It provides a mechanism to quickly and flexibly bind physical computing resource with storage resource on the fly and construct an application system, which may be of different processing capability, for example, the frequency of CPU, the number of CPUs, the size of RAM, the number of servers, etc., according to the type of service requested and the system load expected. Based on a low-level storage core service, the server deployment architecture of SonD dynamically bind 'network disk', which stores the image of the server system, to an appropriate server hardware to work. On the storage level, SonD is build on the basis of a novel compound snapshot architecture and offers a block-level cache sharing functionality. With these system supports, the performance of service creation, reallocation and disk utilization could be enhanced dramatically.


The use of computational models in the social sciences has grown quickly in the past decade. For many these models represent a bewildering and possibly intimidating approach to examining data and developing social and organizational theory. Few researchers have had courses or personal experience in the development and building of computational models and even fewer have an understanding of how to validate such models. And while many papers extort the relative advantages and disadvantages of the computational approach, and many call for the validation of such models, few provide insight into how to validate such models and the issues involved in validation. This paper represents an attempt at redressing this oversight. An overview is provided of computational modeling in the social sciences, types of validation, and some of the issues in doing model validation.


While philanthropy is seen as a critical instrument for wealth redistribution in countries with low state capacity or weak welfare institutions, there is little empirical evidence of its distributional consequences. What are the incentives of the rich to philanthropically invest in local public goods? How do these incentives shape inequalities in access to services across ethnic and social groups? I answer these questions by exploiting the fact that fountains in Ottoman Istanbul, a city with rigid religious and social cleavages, were built by the Muslim elite's private initiatives through the waqf system. Using data on water provision from 1868, I find that elites used philanthropy to benefit themselves disproportionately. Elite neighborhoods were more likely to have water access and had more fountains. Also, Muslim communities were better endowed than non-Muslim communities. I conclude that philanthropy can reproduce or even exacerbate inequalities in access to essential services.


To understand the potential impact of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the aquatic ecosystem after the damming of the Yangtze River, we studied the community composition and temporal abundance distribution of algae in two types of water bodies: a segment of the Jialing River near its confluence with the Yangtze River as an example of the river-lake type, and Shuanglong Lake in Chongqing as an example of the lake type. In total, 107 species belonging to 58 genera of 7 phyla were identified in the study area of the Jialing River, dominated by three groups with 49.5% diatoms, 29.0% chlorophytes, and 11.4% cyanobacteria in the community composition. There were 122 species belonging to 66 genera of 8 phyla in Shuanglong Lake, dominated by the same three groups with 19.7% diatoms, 48.4% chlorophytes, and 22.2% cyanobacteria. The densities of total algae and individual dominant groups were all much higher in the lake. More species of diatoms were found in the river-lake segment; whereas more chiorophyte species and cyanobacteriaum species were in the lake. There were 17 dominant species including 8 diatoms, 4 chlorophytes, 3 cyanobacteria and 2 cryptophytes in the river-lake segment, and 21 species in the lake, including 2 diatoms, 9 chlorophytes, 6 cyanobacteria, 3 cryptophytes and a dinoflagellate. In eutrophic conditions, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria may proliferate in a lake-type area and diatoms may cause algal bloom in a relatively faster-flow lake-river type area.


The advent of the internet has created numerous opportunities for B2B marketing professionals to enhance current marketing practices, including electronic relationships. However, the investigation of e-relationships and the factors that influence e-relationships in an internet environment is scant. Further, there appears to be no investigation of this phenomenon within the context of Greek B2B Medium-sized firms (MSF). Τhe research problem investigated in this research is: "Which drivers in B2B e-commerce use affect inter-firm relationships in medium-sized B2B firms?". A framework for B2B e-commerce relationships in a changing and globalized environment was synthesised and integrated with the literature about relationship marketing to arrive at the following research issues: "How do relationship marketing drivers affect the management of B2B e-relationships?". An explanatory quantitative research approach was used and quantitative data was collected from B2B firms in Greece, which represents a case of e-commerce progress during the last six years. Regarding social exchange, some important differences emerge where cooperation between B2B e-commerce firms is concerned. Suppliers engaged in electronic commerce are more committed and oriented to a long-term relationship than buyers, based on both previous and current experience with them. Confidence in the relationships, consistency and honesty with their obligations and the exchange of reliable, trustworthy information and advisory services between firms are important factors in the development and establishment of their e-relationships. The main contribution of this research is the development of a theoretical framework for e-relationships in medium-sized Β2Β firms. That framework is the first rigorously researched step towards understanding the importance of these powerful streams of relationship drivers in total, and the business activity of e-marketing and electronic relationships.


The article analyzed teaching aim and the characters of the graduation design of the opening education. It structured teaching formwork of graduation of the opening education with the modern learning theory. In the teaching formwork the student is leading role. And it described specific courses of the teaching.


Challenges faced by school principal in their daily work
 The article presents the challenges faced by school principals as a result of the processes specific to the modern world, analyzed in the literature. In th


The definition of state belonging has undergone major transformation. At the dawn of the twentyfirst century, several Western European states began to craft policies requiring immigrants to demonstrate host society knowledge, language proficiency and a commitment to national qua liberaldemocratic values. Categorized as 'civic integration', these policies promoted active and productive participation by immigrants in society and the labour market through acquiring a set of 'citizenlike' skills. These include speaking the host country language, having knowledge about the country's history, culture and rules, and understanding and ascribing to the values that underscore their new home. Civic integration policies advance these characteristics with new assessment tools such as integration tests, courses and contracts. Also new is the interjection of the state into the process of immigrant integration, exerting a heavy hand by making status acquisition conditional on completing tests, courses, etc. Finally, in addition to the newness of content, instruments and conditionality, civic requirements uniquely apply not only to naturalization but increasingly to nontraditional membership statuses, including longterm/permanent residence and entry. Given these new hurdles, civic integration is significant from the perspective of the immigrant because it can be a decisive barrier to obtaining status and inclusion. Civic integration is also significant from the perspective of the state as it formally facilitates and mandates integration. By highlighting shared rules of society and concepts of belonging, states are articulating (some for the very first time) concrete and, in principle, accessible definitions of what it means to 'be British' or 'Dutch' or 'German'. Here, civic integration represents the latest iteration of the ongoing project of nationbuilding (or, what StokesDuPass (2015) refers to as 'manufacturing'). On the one hand, this change across mostdifferent systems signifies convergence, where divergent tropes of belonging – from German ethnodifferentialism to French civic republicanism to the multinational understanding of belonging in the UK – face reexamination. This shared change is unidirectional in the sense of states going from zero or informal requirements of membership to robust integration schemes at multiple stages of status. On the other hand, we can question whether states are changing into the same thing and for the same reason. In fact, the question of whether civic integration policies signify an 'end to national models' (Joppke, 2007a) in subsuming national differences to produce a 'lite' form of citizenship (Joppke, 2010) or not


Local injection of steroids has been used for some time in the therapy of skin disorders. 1-7 Recently, triamcinolone diacetate (9 α-fluoro 16 α-hydroxy prednisolone diacetate) has been found helpful when injected into plaques of psoriasis. There is a marked decrease of the scaling within 1 to 2 weeks, followed by gradual blanching of the erythema of the underlying skin, often with residual depression or atrophy at the site of injection. We have carried out a study to observe the sequential histologic changes found in biopsy sections at intervals of 6 hours to 4 weeks and longer after the injection of a psoriatic plaque with triamcinolone. Three patients have been observed in this study. The patient who was the principle subject was studied intensively with 14 separate biopsies. This case is reported in detail as similar changes occurred in the other patients. Report of Case The patient who was the


This is a version of a part of the book ``Transformations of Grassman Spaces'' (in progress). We study transformations of Grassman spaces preserving certain geometrical constructions related to buildings. The next part will be devoted to Grassman spaces associated with polar spaces.


Metabolic acidosis is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) and is known to be associated with deleterious outcomes under these conditions.1, 2 Consistent with this biologically plausible notion, several clinical studies have suggested that correction of acidosis and/or higher bicarbonate levels are associated with greater survival in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.3–5 Hemodialysis therapy can effectively correct metabolic acidosis. During each hemodialysis session, patients are exposed to both the prescribed bicarbonate bath, usually between 30–40 mEq/L, and the dry acid concentrate, which can yield up to 8 mEq/L of bicarbonate.6, 7 Thus, a total bicarbonate load during a single dialysis session can be quite variable.

A number of recent epidemiologic studies, however, have suggested that a higher bicarbonate bath concentration in dialysis and/or a higher level of achieved serum bicarbonate may paradoxically and counterintuitively be associated with an increased risk for death.8–10 These recent findings have led to an FDA advisory in 2012 and ongoing controversies and litigations.6 Hence, the safety of prescribed bicarbonate bath in MHD patients and the ideal target serum bicarbonate concentration are in the public spotlight. We believe that these paradoxical associations between higher serum bicarbonate concentration and poor outcomes are likely false and stem from the confounding role of better nutritional status and higher dietary protein intake, which result in acidemia but improved survival (see below). On the other hand, more profound metabolic acidosis, as a consequence of more severe protein-energy wasting and hypercatabolism, likely worsens survival chance and also prompts clinicians to prescribe higher bicarbonate concentration; hence, a misleading association may arise from the notorious "confounding by indication" (see below).


Sense of community (SC) refers to the perception of similarity and strong interdependence with others, and the feeling of being a member of a stable group. In online courses, the SC is decisive for the academic success and the satisfaction of students. According to the McMillan and Chavis model, the SC made up of four dimensions: (1) Membership (defined by sub-dimensions Boundaries, Emotional safety, Sense of belonging, Personal, investment, Common symbol system), (2) Influence (Power of member to influence the community and Community's power to influence members), (3) Personal fulfilment and integration of needs, and (4) Shared emotional connection (Contact, Quality of Interaction, Closure to events, Shared valent event, Emotional investment, Effect of honor and humiliation on community members, Spiritual bond). Despite their potential advantages, there are few questionnaires used for the evaluation of the SC in online course and none able to measure all the dimensions of McMillan and Chavis model. For this purpose, the Scale of Sense of Community in online Courses (SSCC) has been developed according to McMillan and Chavis model. Internal consistency and convergent/discriminant validity of the scale were investigated: 321 students of universities online courses completed the SSCC, another scale of SC, and a scale assessing a construct in relation to SC. The SSCC was shown to be reliable and valid in discriminating SC from other similar constructs. Further research is necessary to investigate the factor structure of the SSCC. Theoretical and methodological issues in using SSCC in the future are also presented and discussed.


This paper explains in detail the concept of the information resources of the library, and elaborates the functions of traditional documentation resources and electronic network information resources in the teaching and researches in colleges and universities, and clarifies that these two resources are complementary.


Opening wedge osteotomy of the trapezial saddle was reported first by Kapandji and Heim (2002) as a possible surgical treatment for early trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis. This study evaluates the feasibility and anatomical risks of the procedure. Ten upper limbs from fresh cadavers were used for this anatomical and radiological study. A dorsolateral opening wedge osteotomy with a 10° correction was performed on each specimen. CT scans and AP radiographs of all the wrists were performed before and after osteotomy to assess the correction of the slope angle, defined as the angle between the longitudinal axis of the second metacarpal and the axis of the trapeziometacarpal articulation. On standard radiographs, mean trapezial slope was 126° preoperatively and 117° postoperatively. On sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions, one case of trapezial translation and two impingements between trapezoid and trapezium bones were identified. Trapezial osteotomy is technically demanding with several possible complications, but merits further study for young patients with Eaton stage 1 or 2 osteoarthritis and an abnormal trapezial slope.


Abstract : The study describes the current support provided to the US Army by the USAF Air Weather Service (AWS) and identify problems of interservice support. In the conclusion it is brought to light how little the US Army leadership knows about the impact of modern systems upon the weapons systems available. Final recommendations are made to increase AWS support the needs of Army 1986.


Porous organic polymers (POPs) are chemically and thermally robust materials and have been often investigated for their gas sorption properties. From the related field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) it is known that open ligation sites at metal centers can enhance the performance of gas sorption significantly, especially the selectivity toward one gas of a binary mixture, such as CO2/N2 or CO2/CH4. POPs that contain metal centers are rarer. One possibility to introduce metals into POPs is by the synthesis of metal-assisted salphen organic frameworks (MaSOFs), where the framework development is associated with the formation of the metal–salphen pockets. Based on a hexakissalicylaldehyde, a variety of three-dimensional isostructural porous MaSOFs with different metal ions (Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Pd2+, and Pt2+) are introduced. All compounds show a very similar pore structure and comparable specific surface areas, which make these MaSOFs ideal candidates to study the influence of the nature of the incorporate...


INTRODUCTION It is a well established fact that Sub-Saharan Africa is a region of the world weighed down with the heaviest burden of disease. Although this region comprises only a little over 10 per cent of the world's population, over two thirds (67%) of all people living with HIV globally lived in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2008--that is an estimated 22.4 million people. (1) But the HIV/AIDS pandemic is only part of the story of the heavy burden of disease although, without a doubt, it is the deadliest. Malaria, tuberculosis, respiratory tract infections, diarrheal diseases and a myriad of other communicable as well as non-communicable diseases comprise major causes of morbidity and mortality in the region. Until recently, much of the discourse on disease in Sub-Saharan Africa had focused primarily on communicable diseases. Today that is no longer the case. There is a growing threat from non-communicable (chronic) diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, obesity, cancer, and high blood pressure--health conditions that have, until now, been dubbed diseases of "affluence" or "diseases of progress", an apparent reference to the rich industrialized societies. However, Africa has achieved neither widespread affluence nor enough progress to be counted in the company of the rich industrialized countries. The Global Burden of Disease Report (2) asserts that more than 50% of adult disease burden in low and middle income countries is caused by non- communicable diseases. Africa suffers from 25% of the world's burden of diseases. The rising health threat from non-communicable diseases on top of the communicable diseases that have for the most part proved to be pervasive and intractable is creating a "double burden of disease." (3) This in a way represents a truncation of the conventional epidemiological transition of disease. The epidemiological transition of disease represents a shift from one set of diseases (such as acute infectious diseases) to a different set of diseases (such as chronic and degenerative conditions) as the primary causes of morbidity and mortality within a population. Most industrialized countries, such as the United States, have, by and large, achieved the epidemiological transition as the result of their economic, technological, and medical development. In much of the developing world, the "premature" epidemiological transition is occurring as the result of the rapid globalization process. The epidemiological transition in the developing world appears to have been replaced by another transition known as the "nutritional transition" which is characterized by the increase in the consumption of foods high in fats (trans-fatty acids), sweeteners and processed foods. (4) This, in turn, has led to a rapid rise in obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Now people in developing countries are dying from diet-related chronic diseases as well as from the already widely prevalent acute and infectious diseases, again, creating the double burden or double jeopardy of disease. The problem of bringing under control the burden of disease and improving health continues to be one of the major challenges in Africa. Not surprisingly, the dominant reigning disease control paradigms are the biomedical and life- style change (behavior modification) models. However, these models have had very little success, to date, in the promotion of public health and prevention of disease as will be clear in the section on theories of disease. Why have these models been met with only limited success? Given the expense and relative ineffectiveness of these intervention strategies, what is to be done? Is there a better alternative disease prevention model that addresses the challenges of the double burden of disease facing Sub-Saharan African countries today? THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is twofold: First, it attempts to provide a critical assessment of three existing models of health promotion and disease prevention, namely, the bio-medical model, life-style change model, and the political economy model. …


This paper mainly introduces the techniques used in software reverse
engineering,such as:disassembler,discomplier,program information flow analysis,
software understanding tools,software function analysis,etc.These tools and
techniques are helpful to software maintenance and will mako software more
understandable,more correctable and more maintainable.


Provided is a method for manufacturing a formed multi-layered porous body, wherein the formed body is improved in moisture-absorbing and waterproof performances and has improved humidity-control ability and excellent soundproof and heat-retaining effects. The method for manufacturing a formed multi-layered porous body comprises the steps of: preparing hydrophobic powder containing one, two or more hydrophobic mineral powder(particle size: 325-500mesh), preparing hydrophilic powder containing one, two or more hydrophilic mineral powder(particle size of 50-500mesh), and adding water to a mixture of the hydrophobic powder and hydrophilic powder to prepare liquid slip; providing a mold formed of a water-absorbing member having a large water absorptivity, putting the liquid slip into the mold to make the hydrophobic powder and the smaller hydrophilic powder placed near the water-absorbing member, and drying the liquid slip to form a dried body; and removing the mold from the dried body; and firing the dried body.


5. Grant, S. M., Hodge, F. D., and R. K. Sinha. (2018). How disclosure medium affects investor reactions to CEO bragging, modesty, and humblebragging. Accounting, Organizations and Society 68-69: 118-134. • Presented at the 2017 Accounting, Organizations and Society Conference • Select press: Bloomberg, Dealbreaker, Foster Business Magazine, The Ticker Podcast, Investor Relations Magazine, National Affairs


Over the past few decades, seagrass beds are declining worldwide. The eelgrass species Zostera marina L. is the main component of seagrass beds and has been declining in some areas of Japan, including Sagami Bay. This study examined the genetic structure and diversity in popula- tions of this eelgrass in the Sagami Bay to establish guidelines for its restoration. Genotypes of 260 individuals from nine eelgrass beds were determined using five microsatellite markers. Genetic dif- ferentiation was observed among all eelgrass beds. A neighbor-joining tree based on FST values among eelgrass beds revealed that they were grouped in two areas: the Miura Peninsula and the Izu Peninsula. Significant positive correlation between genetic and geographical distances was detect- ed among all beds as well as among beds of the Miura Peninsula. We suggest that restoring beds by transplanting seeds and/or plants of eelgrass to other sites should be avoided; however, if eelgrass beds have disappeared or severely declined, neighboring beds, except those of the Tenjin Island and Nabeta, should be used as donors. The beds of the Tenjin Island and Nabeta are not suitable donors since they lack genetic diversity.


In the cloud environment, virtual machine monitor (VMM) enables multiple virtual machines (VM) running simultaneously to share the same physical resources, such as disk and its on-board disk write-cache. However, for the reasons of high reliability, some virtual machines need to adopt write-through policy for disk write-cache, which is a key component to improve system's I/O performance. This causes serious write performance degradation for other data-intensive virtual machines which prefer a write-back cache. To satisfy the requirement of reliability and performance for different VMs, we adopt a disk write-through cache for the virtual machines with high reliability requirement and create a replaced write cache at the VMM layer for each virtual machine with high write performance demand. We also design and implement a prototype system called VDB within Xen. Our experimental results show that our system solves the coexistence problem of reliable virtual machines and I/O-bound virtual machines for the use of disk write-cache on the same virtualization platform. It can guarantee the reliability requirement and improve the write performance for different VMs.


Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic (1949) was one of the first clarion calls announcing a new era of thinking about Nature, but it is obviously difficult for the human race to turn conceptual insights into action. I propose that the missing link lies in acknowledging non-human personhood. If we allow ourselves to "personize" Leopold's Land, we enable moral behavior towards the world as a whole. In this paper, I build on Leopold and develop the acknowledgement of non-human personhood as the logical and necessary next step in his Ethical Sequence.


BACKGROUND: Pre-harvest interval and decline pat-tern of thiamethoxam were determined in kiwifruit using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The study was carried out to propose import tolerance using OECD maximum residue limit (MRL) calculator for the export promotion of kiwifruit to Taiwan. METHODS AND RESULTS: The thiamethoxam residue in kiwifruit was determined by using the LC-TriQ-MS/ MS with the analytical process to set up the import tolerance under greenhouse conditions for Taiwan. Excellent linearity was observed for all of the analytes with a determination coefficient (R 2 )≥0.99. The limit of quantification was determined to be 0.01 mg/kg for both thiamethoxam and clothianidin in kiwifruit. Linearity was determined from the co-efficient of determinants (R 2 ) obtained from the seven-point calibration curve. The standard calibration curve showed as follows; 1) Site 1 (Gimje): y =


Sufficient conditions for the global asymptotic stability of almost periodic solution for BAM neural networks with continuously distributed delays are established in Banach space by using the fixed point theorem,exponential dichotomy and constructing Lyapunov function.An example is given to evaluate the availability of the proceeding result.


To explain contact failure phenomena and their development in the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). tests were conducted by simulating abnormal current-carrying conditions using an actual 300-kV, 2000-A GIS.

This paper describes the process observed. ranging from contact failures to ground faults, deteriorative phenomena and some detection methods for initial contact failure conditions. A summary of this study is as follows:

(1) The contact resistances are greatly dependent on the materials and construction of contacts.

(2) The relation between the initial contact resistance and the carried current resulting in arcing is derived with approximately constant Joule-heat generation.

(3) Ground faults result from sagging of a shield melted by arcing or a combination of two causes: (i) scattering of molten metal caused by arcing; and (ii) sagging of a conductor caused by bolt melt down.

(4) To detect initial contact failures, it is recommended to observe the contact resistance, the temperature rise on the tank surface, or the electrical partial discharges.


Fresh fruit and vegetable logistics sector in Istanbul started with the logistics of the definition and explanation of the history before the general assessment in this study in the world of logistics mobility, logistics size of Turkey and Istanbul were shared general information about urban logistics with the share of this magnitude. After this information, general information about the sector is explained.
This work; Bayrampasa Bayrampasa Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Market in the province of Istanbul in the special load and transport vehicles that contain statistical information. This information includes time, distance, number, vehicle occupancy rates, and general data on urban and suburban freight mobility depending on the type of vehicle (lorry, truck van, van, and minivan) and the type of product they carry or will travel.
In addition, in light of the data collected in this study, the occupancy modeling of the load vehicles is made and solutions are proposed for low occupancy. In light of these solutions, increasing occupancy rates in order to minimize the effects of daily vehicles on daily transportation in urban traffic; traffic congestion, environment, and economy.


In this paper, we investigate the internal second, third, and fourth boundary value problems of the three‐dimensional Cosserat elasticity by means of potential theory. The obtained integral representations differ from the classical ones. These results complete the ones related to the first BVP, which have recently been obtained by the authors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Using binary SAM instead of uni-SAM may improve sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor. Design parameters which affect the sensitivity are surface density of the molecules on a gold electrode and the length of hydrocarbon tails of the molecules. When a binary SAM is used, amine-terminated aptamers bind to longer alkanethiol molecules. The role of shorter alkanethiol molecules is to repel interfering species (e.g. other nontarget proteins) in order to prevent non-specific adsorption on the electrode as well as to provide lower resistance for electron transfer. The aim of this study is to optimize the sensor in terms of selectivity and sensitivity.


The increased use of mechanized coal mining methods has resulted in greater amounts of coal fines being generated. Many operations report an estimated 6% of their ROM production to be in the -2 mm size range. Fine and ultra-fine size ranges constitute about 11% of the nominal product and retain the bulk of the moisture (SANEDI, 2011). Given the problems associated with moisture in fine coal, it is important to investigate and improve available moisture removal techniques. Coal constitutes the primary source of energy in South Africa and is a major contributor to the economy, and therefore improving coal quality will in effect maximize the quantity of usable coal (De Korte and Mangena, 2004). With the use of effective dewatering methods, fine coal can be beneficiated and added to the coarse particle circuits without compromising the quality of the product and hence substantially increasing the overall plant yield (Condie and Veal, 1998). Condie and Veal (1998) suggest that by rule of thumb, for every ton of moisture removed the clean coal product stream is supplemented with about 4 t of fine coal. This is a powerful incentive for developing advanced dewatering techniques for fine coal particles. Additionally, excessive moisture adds to the mass-based transport costs of coal. For this reason, developing advanced efficient fine coal drying techniques is beneficial from an economical point of view (Campbell, 2006). Rowan (2010) states that coal preparation plants generally discard coal fines with size fractions below 150 μm into waste ponds. This poses a danger of spontaneous combustion, acid mine drainage, and dust release as the surface of the coal is exposed to ambient air and weathering conditions for long periods (De Korte and Mangena, 2004). Coal fines are more susceptible to water absorption than coarser coal and can contain up to 25 wt% total moisture after filtration (Le Roux, 2003). Thermal drying methods are more efficient than mechanical dewatering techniques (De Korte and Mangena, 2004), but the price of coal limits the use of these methods (SANEDI, 2011). Studies conducted at North-West University showed that drying of fine coal (-2 mm +1 mm) in a fluidized bed is possible at low temperatures between 25°C and 40°C. Work by Le Roux et al. (2012) on vacuum filtration showed that intentionally damaging a filter cake improved the airflow infiltration, leading to a lower pressure differential across the cake but increasing the dewatering Air drying of fine coal in a fluidized bed


In England we are currently in the grip of a damaging hegemonic discourse in the field of education. Unquestionable goods include standards, aspiration, effectiveness, measurable performance and – the subject of this contribution- progress. We
 discuss how progress is currently understood and deployed within the educational landscape in England and draw connections between this and the framing of 'catch-up', of 'being left behind' and of 'lost learning' in the government's response to education and the pandemic. We then argue
 for other ways of understanding education and suggest that two key aspects of understanding education as non-linear and non-teleological are love for the world and hope-in-the-present.


This work is devoted to determination of characteristics of hydrogen effusion from SiH bonds in Si rich silicon oxynitride (SRON) films, obtained by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, as a result of thermal anneals at temperatures from 400 to 800°C. The values of the concentrations of SiH bonds in HSi (Si3nOn) (0 n 3) complexes contributing to the structure of SRON films are obtained from the analysis of infrared absorption spectra in the range of 2000-2400 cm1. The kinetics of the decrease of SiH concentrations as a result of anneals is described in the framework of a model with distributed activation energy of hydrogen emission. The median value and the mean-square deviation of this distribution as well as the attempt frequencies of SiH bond breaks are determined from the comparison of experimental and calculated SiH concentrations in SRON films. These characteristics are compatible with such characteristics found for the case of the depassivation of PbH centers at the Si/SiO2 interfaces. Obtained results are useful for the controlled formation of the layers of Si nanocrystals in dielectric matrix for Si based tandem solar cells applications.


This study aims to determine the appearance of 10 high zinc (Zn) rice hope lines and 4 comparative varieties in the field of technical irrigated rice fields during the dry season MK. Each line is planted on plot area of 6,5 m x 2,5 m, spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with one plant / clump. This experiment was carried out with a technical irrigated rice field in the dry season (MK) in August until December 2017. Using a randomized group design with 4 adventures. Observed data were analyzed with even analysis, the treatment was significantly different then further testing was carried out at 5% DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test). The results showed that there were variations between the lines tested for all the characteristics of the rice plants observed. The highest character of dry grain yield is shown by the comparative variety Inpari 32 which is 7,6 tons/ Ha.  The G5 lines have the highest dry grain yield of 10 high zinc rice expectation lines and exceed the dry grain yield of the three comparable varieties, namely Inpar 5 Merawu, Ciherang and IR 64.
Keywords:  Dry Season, high rice zinc, appearance of the phenotype.


Dinuclear carbene complexes with 3,6-dimethylthieno[3,2-b]thienylene (T′T′) and thieno[3,2-b]thienylene (TT) spacers were prepared using the classical Fischer method. Their reactivity in solution towards oxygen, as well as their structural features were investigated. Chromium and tungsten carbene complexes were synthesized via dilithiation of the thienothiophene, followed by the addition of the appropriate metal carbonyl complex and subsequent alkylation with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. Monocarbene [M{C(OEt)T′T′H}(CO)5], (M = Cr, 1; W, 4), biscarbene [(CO)5M{C(OEt)T′T′C(OEt)}M(CO)5], (M = Cr, 2; W, 5), and the products [M{C(OEt)T′T′C(O)OEt} (CO)5], (M = Cr, 3; W, 6), where a metal moiety of 2 and 5 has been replaced by an ester functionality, were isolated. The reaction product afforded in the reaction of Cr(CO)6 with lithiated thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, [Cr{C(OEt)TTC(O)Bu}(CO)5], 7, did not resemble any of the products isolated in the similar reaction of Cr(CO)6 with lithiated 3,6-dimethylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene.


ABSTRACT In this article, I discuss deconstruction and cultural resistance to commercial culture as a strategy practiced by the Residents in the 1974–1980period. The band questioned the mechanisms governing popular culture by a critique of novelty cults, rock-idol worship, simplicity of chart hits, and the art-promotion strategies following practices of commercial advertising. Their LPs deconstructed, reversed, mocked, and distorted the music industry as commercial profit-gaining undertaking. The group's esthetics include references to the primary forms of rock and roll music, modernism, and the avant-garde of twentieth-century music and are rooted ideologically in the Surrealist and Dadaist movements.


Ag/MgF2 films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron method.Subsequent heat treatment at different temperatures from 200 to 500℃.Alternative growth of Ag and MgF2 thin layer combine to annealing was introduced in the film's preparation.The XRD data indicates that,Ag crystalloidal nanoparticles exist in the films as the annealing temperature above 300℃.As the contrast,non-crystalloidal Ag was found in the films annealed below 300℃.The AFM image of sample imply that,in the Ag layer was first prepared films,nanocomposite films consist of nanosized Ag particles embedded in MgF2 matrix.The fine structure of plasmon resonance absorption peak was also found in such films.Otherwise,nanosized Ag particles mostly assembled near surface of the films if the MgF2 layer was first prepared.The annealing effects on the optical absorption of film are also investigated.


Pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl] -N,N′-dimethylurea} was applied aerially on duplicate plots at 2.2 and 4.4 kg/ha in spring, summer, fall, and winter of 1978 and 1979. Treatments were made near Bryan in the Claypan Resource Area of Texas on an area supporting a stand of mixed brush consisting mostly of oak (Quercus) species. Soils were sampled at eight locations in each plot at depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm in March 1980. Bioassays using 'Tamcot' cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and 'Caddo' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were done in the greenhouse to detect levels of tebuthiuron residues in the soil. A standard curve was developed to compare known concentrations of tebuthiuron to the unknown content from treated plots. Tebuthiuron persisted in all treated soils and ranged from 0.08 to 0.49 μg/g. Concentrations were usually greater in soil treated in 1979 than in 1978 and in soil treated with 4.4 kg/ha of tebuthiuron than 2.2 kg/ha. No consistent differences in tebuthiuron residues existed either between soil depths or among seasons of application using the bioassay.


The key aspects and features of the life of Christopher Hitchens, a public and intellectual figure are discussed. Some of his outstanding achievements are highlighted.


Different size fractions of organic matter were collected using filter and cross-flow ultrafiltration,from Meiliang Bay in Lake Taihu from August 2009 to August 2010.Particulate organic carbon,high and low molecular weight dissolved organic carbon concentrations,as well as Chlorophyll a concentration were analyzed.The isolated High Molecular Weight Dissolved Organic Matter(HMW-DOM) was further characterized by atomic carbon to nitrogen ratio and neutral sugars composition.The results indicated that particulate organic carbon was the predominant species of carbon in Lake Taihu.The statistical results showed a significant correlation between the concentrations of Chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon,indicating that phytoplankton was the main source of organic carbon.Moreover,significant difference of carbon to nitrogen ratio was observed between particulate organic matter and HMW-DOM.The high value of carbon to nitrogen ratio and neutral sugars concentration suggested that HMW-DOM is highly bioreactive.


Abstract : The book presents in systematic fashion materials on designing, building, and operating the domestically produced hydrofoil craft created by a group of designers headed by Doctor of Technical Sciences R. Ye. Alekseyev. This edition amounts to a fundamental revision of the first and includes new materials never before published.


4-Alkylpyridines possessing nucleophilic β-dicarbonyl side chains have been converted to spirodihydropyridines upon treatment with ethyl chloroformate and sub-stoichiometric amounts of Ti(O(i)Pr)(4). Alternatively, inclusion of mild base in the reaction medium was found to facilitate generation of anhydrobase intermediates. Subsequent aldol-like condensations with electrophilic side chain moieties followed by hydrolysis delivered benzylically cyclized pyridines in good yield. In situ hydrogenation of cyclized anhydrobase intermediates afforded 4-substituted piperidines.


Objectives: Several heavy metals like lead acetate can accumulate in the body due to exposure to the metal for a prolonged period. One of the possible mechanisms involved with lead toxicity is oxidative stress is for which liver is the target organ. The primary aim of this study was to examine the hepatoprotective role of methanolic stem extract from the herb Cissus quadrangularis on induced lead acetate liver injury in female Wistar rats. Methods: The course of the study was for 14 days. The animals were separated into 5 groups: two being control and negative and the other 3 groups based on the dosage of the methanolic extract of the plant was given. The dosage of the plant extract given was once daily for all days of course study. During the last 7 days, lead acetate was injected in the animals (25 mg/kg of body weight). The sacrifice was done 14 days later and the blood and liver samples were taken, which is then used for different antioxidant enzymatic assays. Results: Significant reduced (p < 0.05) antioxidant levels and increased lipid peroxidation levels were observed in lead acetate treated group which was ameliorated by the action of extract from Cissus quadrangularis fusiformis. Histopathological study also supported the finding. Conclusion: The results of the different antioxidant enzymatic assays supported the hepatoprotective role of methanolic stem extract of the plant Cissus quadrangularis over induced lead acetate injury in wistar female rats.


Amends the Internal Revenue Code to allow an income tax credit of 25 percent of the qualified research and experimental expenditures paid or incurred by a taxpayer in connection with his trade or business. Defines qualified research and experimental expenditures as those business-related expenditures which are currently deductible under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, but limits the scope of such expenditures to technological research designed to develop or improve products or services. Excludes expenditures for research or experimentation in the social sciences or humanities, government-funded research, or research carried on in the taxpayer's behalf. Limits the amount of expenditures eligible for the credit to those which exceed 100 percent of the annual average of such expenditures for the immediately preceding three years. Provides for a three-year carryback and seven-year carryover of unused credits.


Disposal of saline drainage waters containing elevated concentrations of the trace elements Se, As, B, and Mo poses a severe environmental hazard in the western part of the San Joaquin Valley of California. This study investigated the partitioning of these trace elements into evaporite minerals formed in agricultural evaporation ponds to determine trace element behavior during the evaporite formation stage and to provide information for development of manage ment strategies to minimize environmental hazards. The trace elements were largely excluded from the evaporite minerals (∼100 times depleted relative to the solution phase), resulting in comparatively low trace element concentrations in these minerals. The affinity of trace element partitioning to the solid phase follows:  Se ≈ B > As ≈ Mo. No differences in trace element partitioning were evident between summer and winter seasons, the type of evaporite formed, or whether the evaporites were collected wet or dry. Since trace elements accumulate in the...


The aim of biomechanics applied to implantology is to determine the deformative and tensional states by solving the equilibrium equations within the mandibular bone and the osseointegrated implant to ensure its stability and improve the success rate. The finite element method is a powerful numerical technique that uses computing power to derive approximate solutions for the analysis of components with very complex geometry, loads, materials, and especially the biomechanical problems analysis, which is challenging to find in vivo or in vitro. This study performs a complete FEA survey on 3 implants Cono-in with 3 different diameters 3.4 mm, 4.5 mm, and 5.2 mm with abutments inclined to 15° and evaluates the tensions that are generated in the system as a result of the application of chewing loads. In this study, the extent of the stresses developed in the peri-crestal zone of the implants with the variation of the occlusal overstress acting on them was also evaluated. Autodesk Inventor Nastran Software was used to perform this type of localized finite element analysis; With this type of analysis, it was possible to analyze the peri-crestal area of the implant more precisely through a more accurate reconstruction of the mesh element, which allowed us to solve the FEA solution mathematically. The results showed how the application of the inclined load with respect to the vertical load on a larger diameter system leads to an increase in stress.


Type : Oral Abstract Submission No. : OR-1595 PARP inhibitor treatment attenuated renal injury in a murine ischemic AKI model Kyungho Lee, Hye Ryoun Jang, Song In Baeg, Junseok Jeon, Jung Eun Lee, Yoon-Goo Kim, Dae Joong Kim, Wooseong Huh Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea, Republic of Objectives: Intrarenal robust inflammatory process following ischemia-reperfusion injury has been reported as the most crucial factor inducing renal injury in ischemic AKI. Although numerous studies investigated various agents of immune modulation as novel treatments for ischemic AKI, few have showed reproducible effects in both animal models and clinical trials. We hypothesized that poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase(PARP) inhibitor may favorably change postischemic intrarenal immunologic micromilieu by decreasing DAMP signal and improve renal outcome in ischemic AKI. The effects of JPI-289 (PARP inhibitor) on early renal injury in a murine ischemic AKI model were investigated. Methods: Bilateral ischemic-reperfusion injury (BIRI) was induced three groups of 9-week male C57BL/6 mice (control, JPI-289 50mg/kg, and JPI-289 100mg/kg; n=9-10 in each group) by laparotomy approach. Saline or JPI-289 were intraperitoneally injected. Serial changes in renal function were analyzed up to day 3 after BIRI. The effects of JPI-289 on hypoxic HK-2 cells were also investigated. Results: Renal function deterioration was significantly attenuated in the JPI-289 treatment groups in a dose-dependent fashion. Inflammatory cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression were also attenuated in the JPI-289 treatment groups. Low dose (0.5 μg/mL) JPI-289 treatment facilitated proliferation of hypoxic HK-2 cells, but very low dose or high dose treatment failed to show favorable effects on hypoxic HK-2 cells. Conclusions: JPI-289 treatment showed favorable effects by attenuating renal injury in a murine ischemic AKI model and facilitating proliferation of hypoxic HK-2 cells. Further studies are required to elucidate optimal dosage and treatment timing of JPI-289 treatment.


Seven surface horizon soils and their sand, silt, and clay fractions were characterised for mineralogy, and K release by extracting samples with 1 mM CaCl 2 solution daily for 10 days. The low silt content is characteristic of many Western Australian soils, which may provide a partial explanation of the paucity of available K in soils that contain little silt-size primary minerals. The sand and silt fractions were dominated by quartz and contained significant amounts of K-feldspars. The clay fraction was dominated by kaolinite, and some samples contained illite/mica, inhibited vermiculite, and gibbsite. On a per unit weight basis the clay-fraction released the largest amount of K followed in sequence by the silt and sand. The contribution of size fractions to total K release by the soil ranged from 50 to 87%, 2 to 7%, and 10 to 44% for the clay, silt, and sand, respectively. Linear plots of K release versus time 1/2 for the soils, and the sand and silt fractions, indicated that a parabolic diffusion equation adequately describes the K release process. For some clay samples this diffusion controlled kinetic is not strictly obeyed during the initial period of K desorption due to rapid exchange of adsorbed K at sites on external surfaces. The Elovich equation plots show a discontinuity in slope and support the hypothesis of the multireactive nature of K exchange sites for these soils. The parabolic diffusion rate constant closely predicted K supply to plants as it has a close positive relationship (r = 0.99) with total K uptake by ryegrass for 260 days of growth.


The issue on tourism environment is a hot topic in tourism recently. The effectiveness of environmental conservation depends mainly on the balance of the forces of the game parties such as government and enterprises, and on the regulation degree of environmental policies. In the contiguous areas tourism development of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou provinces, in order to creats more effectively a good resources-exploiting environment, efforts should be made to establish a rational, effective environmental protection mechanism of combining government regulation with market readjustment.