In this article, we aim to highlight the main lines of Walter Lippmann's project of rebuilding liberalism in his book The Good Society (1937a). First we expose the historical context and the author's overall trend of thought. Then we deal with what seems to us to be the striking figure of his conception of liberalism, sometimes called neoliberalism: his opposition to laissez-faire. This involves also specifying what he meant by laws, markets and political technology. And finally, we speculate about the influence of his work on the main books that Hayek wrote after the fifties.


When a school-age child with disabilities is accepted into a childcare setting, it is only the first step. The sustenance of the care option depends on whether the setting makes appropriate adaptations to accommodate the child with disability in the setting. Parents face a host of challenges related to adaptations and accommodations. This study focuses on parents' perspectives related to features needed to appropriately accommodate school-age children with disabilities in childcare and other out-of-school settings. Five focus groups attended by 29 parents and eight telephone interviews were conducted. Data were analysed qualitatively using a grounded theory approach and QSR 6, a non-statistical software package for qualitative data. The adaptations identified by parents included adaptations related to physical space and activities, adaptations focusing on socialisation with peers, supervision by staff, safety of children, parent–provider communication, and those focusing on the attitude and skills of childcare providers related to accommodating children with disabilities in childcare settings.


aes, the gene encoding the esterase B in Escherichia coli, is a powerful phylogenetic marker of the species Abstract Background: Previous studies have established a correlation between electrophoretic polymorphism of esterase B, and virulence and phylogeny of Escherichia coli. Strains belonging to the phylogenetic group B2 are more frequently implicated in extraintestinal infections and include esterase B 2 variants, whereas phylogenetic groups A, B1 and D contain less virulent strains and include esterase B 1 variants. We investigated esterase B as a marker of phylogeny and/or virulence, in a thorough analysis of the esterase B-encoding gene.


The authors respond to Harilals criticism on their November 1990 paper on Keralas demographic transition. They ignore minor differences to instead focus upon the following issues: whether they paid enough attention to the role of history in explaining Keralas demographic transition why so much importance was given to the role of female literacy the dismissal of structural changes in Keralas economy as a possible explanation for the fertility decline whether female literacy and other variables may have captured more than what was intended and whether their analysis of contraceptive use by surviving sons fails to disprove the belief that there is no strong preference for sons in Kerala. The substantive issues are first addressed then followed by consideration of the analytical issues raised.


The aim of this chapter was to investigate aspects of risks that are associated with tropical destinations and to develop a model that may be used to classify tourists according to the level of risk they were prepared to engage in. Overall, the level of perceived risk was small with sunburn found to be the risk factor showing the highest level of concern followed by animal-related risks and illnesses. The findings suggest that tourists can be classified into three distinct groups based on the level of risk they are prepared to accept in activities found in a tropical destination: low-risk takers; moderate risk takers; and risk takers. From a destination marketing perspective the findings suggest that while concerns about risk are not particularly high tourists are aware of risks that may be encountered in tropical destinations and attention needs to be given to strategies to minimise the level of risk exposure faced by tourists.


According to the characteristics in winter construction some phenomena caused improper construction in winter and their causing reasons are elaborated for reinforced concrete works. Moreover major technical measures are proposed for reinforced concrete works' winter construction.


Abstrcat Tin-cerium alloy deposit is of excellent prospect due to its good properties. Ultrasonic is used for tin-cerium alloy electroplating. The optimum bath formula and process conditions were obtained by Hull Cell test. The corrosion resistance test of the deposits obtained under different ultrasonic power measured by dipping in hydrochloric acid shows that the corrosion resistance of the deposits is improved with increase of ultrasonic power. The properties of the bath and deposits when using ultrasonic were tested and compared with those without using ultrasonic. The results indicate that when ultrasonic is applicable to the tin-cerium alloy electroplating, the range of current density and temperature are widened, and the deposits have dense and uniform surface, fine crystal, and better oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance and weldability. Moreover, the performances of the bath are improved with a covering power of 100% and cathodic current efficiency and deposition rate increased.


As environmental uncertainty increases, incorporating resilience into project assessments, research recommendations, and future plans is becoming even more critical. This US Army Engineer Research and Development Center special report (SR) demonstrates how the concepts of resilience can be applied in a uniform framework and illustrates this framework through existing case studies on large inland river systems. This SR presents the concepts of resilience in inland river systems, the application of these concepts across disciplines, basic parameters of a resilience assessment, and the challenges and opportunities available for incorporating a more holistic approach to understanding resilience of the US Army Corps of Engineers mission areas on inland rivers. Finally, these concepts are demonstrated in several case studies in the United States to exemplify how these parameters have been applied to improve the overall performance of the system.


This article presents a numerical alternative for treating the propagation of uncertainty in a function that depends on random experimental variables. With the help of microcomputers, this technique can be used by students at all levels in a college physics curriculum and is particularly useful when there are a large number of such calculations to do or the function involved is complicated due to the number of variables present or the explicit functional form. The numerical procedure can even be used with a function that cannot be expressed analytically, but is given instead in the form of a table or graph. Finally, the technique does not require knowledge of partial differentiation or multivariable Taylor series expansions in contrast to the traditional treatment of the propagation of uncertainty.


Throughout the past five decades, the human rights movement has been engaged in efforts to upgrade the quality of its work. The growing professionalization of the movement is evident in its increasing sophistication in dealing with legal issues. The second and the third decades of the movement were, in particular, characterized by a number of important innovations and a series of attempts by scholars to define and redefine general as well as specific rights. The attempts also took such scholars to search for a linkage between human rights and water rights, a linkage that had remained difficult to be clearly established if not missing altogether. In this context, therefore, the publication of the above-captioned book by two experts, lawyers at the World Bank, is a welcome addition to the vast, yet growing, literature on human rights. Divided into four main parts, along with a conclusion and a comprehensive bibliography, the book is methodically well structured. In a logical fashion, it analyses the resolutions and declarations of the various international conferences and forums and the manners in which the international community confronted the issue of the right to water. After a short, yet clear, introduction, the book continues by discussing the evolution of the international legal regime for the protection and promotion of human rights. In that context, it reviews the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, always systematically with a view to tracing the source of the right to water. The role of each of the committees established to oversee the implementation of the two Covenants is also considered, although a greater emphasis is laid on the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). This is ostensibly justifiable in view particularly of the fact that it is not a treaty-based but an organ that matured into its current structure after gradual evolution (that needed to be discussed), and of its role in the practice of issuing General Comments, an important source of interpretative laws in the area of human rights, no doubt of direct topical relevance to the authors. Interestingly, one of the general Comments has dealt specifically with water rights. Indeed, the strength and uniqueness of the book is on the last two parts, devoted to a detailed analysis of the General Comment No. 15, which recognizes the human right to water. These parts analyse the extent to which the Comment recognizes a legal right to water, and highlights some policy aspects that are related to this right. The thesis defended by the authors is that there exists, within the legal framework of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, a human right to water, that this right inheres in


Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite or perovskitoid phosphorescent materials have aroused extensive research interests due to their applications in organic light emitting diodes, anti‐counterfeiting, display, and other fields. Herein, a new strategy is proposed, employing metal‐organic complex (MOC) cations as the organic components, which can increase the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies of the organic units, and hybrid with inorganic parts to form a novel type MOC–inorganic composed perovskitoid. In detail, a lead‐free MOC–inorganic perovskitoid material, named P‐Cl, is synthesized by self‐assembly of preassembled MOC from metallized crown ethers with inorganic cadmium halide component. In the solid state, the assembled perovskitoid exhibits a tunable fluorescence color from blue to green, during which a cold white light emission is achieved. Interestingly, after removal of the radiation source, the perovskitoid still emits a bright and color‐tunable long persistent luminescence (LPL) from cyan to green. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that the bright LPL of P‐Cl arises from the improvement of the metal‐organic part to increase the SOC and the interlocking of metal halogenated layers to inhibit the nonradiative transition. The proposed strategy not only broadens the range of organic–inorganic perovskitoid hybrid materials but also facilitates the design of multifunctional LPL materials.


The English translation of Zhangjiajie's scenic spots introduction plays a vital part in attracting the overseas tourists as well as publicizing the natural landscape and local customs of Zhangjiajie.This paper applies Nord's functionalist translation theory to the exploration of it,finding some linguistic and cultural problems in it and putting forward some constructive suggestions accordingly.


As a model study for the synthesis of anisatin, 2-oxaspiro[3.5]nonane and 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxaspiro[3.5]nonane were synthesized from methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate and 2-ethoxycarbonylcyclohexanone, respectively, and these oxetanes were submitted to ruthenium tetroxide oxidation to afford the corresponding β-lactones.


The aim of this study was to synthesize and investigate the in vitro antifungal properties of 23 cinnamyl Schiff bases. In addition, cytotoxic effects of such cinnamyl Schiff bases against human lung, kidney or red blood cells were also checked. The compounds were synthesized in a single‐step, 2 min of reaction under microwave irradiation produced up to 97% yield. Six of the 23 cinnamyl Schiff bases possessed antifungal activities against strains of Candida, Aspergillus, Fonsecaea and, particularly, Cryptococcus species. Indeed, cinnamyl Schiff bases 1 and 23 exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values more than twofold lower than fluconazole (FCZ) against all the Cryptococcus neoformans strains (MIC = 1·33, 1·4 and 5·2 µg ml−1, respectively) and Cryptococcus gattii strains (MIC = 5·3, 2·8 and 9·2 µg ml−1, respectively) (12 strains of each species) while cinnamyl Schiff base 11 was as potent as FCZ against all strains from both Cryptococcus species. No significant cytotoxic effects were observed for Schiff bases against human lung, kidney or red blood cells, all presenting selective indexes higher than 10. In conclusion, this study revealed cinnamyl Schiff bases, especially 1 and 23, as new lead anticryptococcal agents for the discovery of novel antifungal drugs.


The occurrence of pythiaceous fungi in pot plant cultures grown in ebb and flow bench systems was investigated monthly from May to December, Phytophthora, Pythium and Saprolegnia (in all 351) were isolated from water samples and identified. Nearly all the isolates of Pythium produced zoospores in water.

A pathogenicity test involving 15 isolates of Pythium"group P", and 7 of Pythium"group F" showed that 73 % were pathogenic on cucumber, 66 % on Gerbera, 59 % on lettuce, 50 % on tomato, and 32 % on cress. Control of Pythium and Phytophthora is important in order to improve the health of plants grown in ebb and flow systems.


This exhibition catalogue represents the work of 16 Japanese videomakers. London's introduction brings to light trends in contemporary Japanese art, from the avant-garde 1960s to the present more personal use of the medium. Nakaya gives details on underground film and video culture in Japan. Artist's statements. Biographical note. 1 bibl. ref.


Cloud Computing as the name suggests, it is a style of computing where different users uses the resources on the go i.e. over the Internet. In the recent era, this technology has emerged as a strong option for not only large scale organizations but also for small scale organizations that only access/use the resources what they want. In recent research study, many organizations lose significant part of their revenues in handling the requests given by the clients over the web servers i.e. unable to balance the load for web servers which results in loss of data, delay in time and increased costs. This Paper gives a new enhanced load balancing algorithm by which the performance of their web application can be increased. This Algorithm works on the major drawbacks such as delay in time, response to request ratio etc.


The most outstanding feature of the human brain is its ability to perform highly complex cognitive tasks and one key region of the brain involved in these elaborated tasks is the prefrontal cortex. However, little is known about the basic neuronal processes that sustain these capacities. This dissertation describes the computational study of the biophysical properties of neurons in the prefrontal cortex that underlie complex cognitive processes with special emphasis in working memory, the ability to keep information online in the brain for a short period of time while processing incoming external stimuli. The goal of this study is to link basic mechanisms occurring at the cellular level with the activity of the neuronal network that generates the memory trace, and ultimately to understand the mechanisms underlying working memory function. The current models built to simulate working memory are susceptible to drifts in the memory representation that contribute to deviate it from the original stimulus properties. To improve the stability of the working memory trace, we investigated three slow biophysical mechanisms that are activity-dependent and prominently present in neurons of the prefrontal cortex: depolarization-induced


The dielectric constant and loss of glycerol has been measured in the range 0.1–105 Hz, 218–357 K, and 0–53 kb. A piston-cylinder apparatus was used for the range 0–25 kb and an anvil apparatus for the range 25–53 kb. The static dielectric constant increases with increasing density at a rate that indicates that ∂ln gµ20/∂ ln ρ, where g is Kirkwood's correlation parameter, µ0 the dipole moment of an isolated molecule, and ρ the density, is –0.2. The dispersion region broadens with increasing pressure, and a high-frequency dispersion can be resolved at the higher pressures and lower temperatures. The frequency of maximum loss ƒm decreases with increasing pressure at an increasing rate, a behaviour which is clearly related to the approach to the glass transition. Isotherms can be fitted to the equation ln ƒm=A–B/(p0–P) where A, B and p0 are constants and p0 is the pressure at which ƒm extrapolates to zero.


Advances in the Blue Mountains province (BMP) and adjacent areas of the Pacific Northwest have required an occasional updating of terms used to express new concepts ("trans-Idaho discontinuity" [Yates 1968], "Sr-isotopic boundary" [Armstrong et al. 1977], "Salmon River suture zone" [Lund and Snee 1988], "western Idaho suture zone" [Strayer et al. 1989], "Bourne and Greenhorn subterranes" [Ferns and Brooks 1995], "western Idaho shear zone" [WISZ; McClelland et al. 2000], "Salmon River belt" [Gray and Oldow 2005], "Izee basin" [Dorsey and LaMaskin 2007], "Orofino shear zone" [McClelland and Oldow 2007], "Salmon River suture" [Lund et al. 2008], "arc-continent boundary" [Lewis et al. 2014]). As a consequence, tracking nomenclatural changes over time has presented periodic challenges to workers familiar with the regional geology; to the unfamiliar, this task is intensified by a literature fraught with tantalizing terminology understandable by few. Given the various tectonic elements (Helwig 1974) and etymological changes in the BMP, the probability of miscommunication is high. This discussion centers on a recent Journal of Geology article (LaMaskin et al. 2015) that misuses the Salmon River belt (SRB) terminology—and modifications thereof—when describing the geologic setting of west-central Idaho. Since the publication of Gray and Oldow (2005), various authors have referenced the SRB in tectonic models proposed to explain the outboard amalgamation, accretion, and/or truncation of volcanic-arc terranes comprising the BMP (e.g., Dorsey and LaMaskin 2007; McClelland and Oldow 2007; Giorgis et al. 2008; LaMaskin and Dorsey 2008; Blake et al. 2009;


Objective To explore the application and effects of root cause analysis( RCA) in preventing peripherally inserted central catheter( PICC)venous catheter fracture.Methods The root causes of PICC venous catheter fracture were found out using RCA.The improvement measures were implemented,including detailing the process of indwelling PICC,strengthening the training of maintaining PICC for nurses and patients,and delivering PICC tracing service after discharge.Result After implementation RCA,PICC venous catheter fracture was never happened again.Conclusion The use of RCA can effectively prevent PICC venous catheter fracture,which is an effective method of PICC safety management.


A 28-year-old man presented to the emergency department after a witnessed GTC seizure. The patient had a history of systemic lupus erythematosus, previous subarachnoid hemorrhage, and pulmonary embolism. He was on regular methylprednisolone 16 mg, enoxaparin 60 mg once daily, and levetiracetam (LEV) 500 mg twice daily. The patient had recently stopped taking LEV. There was no trauma in the history. Neurological examination was normal. He had severe lower back pain that failed to subside despite treatment with analgesics and opioids; therefore, this patient had an indication for radiological imaging. Urgent non-contrast computerized tomography (CT) scan of the lumbar spine revealed a burst fracture of L1. Non-contrast lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a bursal fracture in the L1 vertebral corpus that caused approximately 50% height loss, and there was compression of the posterior corpus of the vertebra on the thecal sac; however, no stenosis of the spinal canal was detected. At this level, there was bone marrow edema in the vertebral corpus (Figure 1,2). He was transferred to the neurosurgery department. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this case.


In 1978, dynamic instability of the Great Britain power system associated with power transfers from Scotland to England was first noted. To solve this problem power system stabilisers were applied to selected generators in Scotland. The author describes the series of tests undertaken on the Great Britain power system between 1980 and 1985. The objective of the tests was to measure system damping with and without power system stabilisers in service, and with various combinations of stabilisers. The tests indicated that system damping was considerably improved by the use of power system stabilisers, such that operators now have the confidence to assume that the dynamic stability limit on transfers from Scotland to England is higher than the transient stability limit. >


Abstract: The term vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is now employed to capture the spectrum of illness and disability arising from impaired cognitive function of vascular origin. As such, it supplants the more narrowly focussed terms "Vascular dementia (VaD)" and "multi‐infarct dementia". It is meant to include both those whose cognitive impairment is different from that assumed by the usual criteria for dementia. Traditionally, dementia criteria have been modelled on AD, a disorder with more characteristic neuropathological and clinical disease expression than is seen in VaD, which can occur in many forms. VCI is common, and is associated with many adverse outcomes, including worse cognition, institutionalization, and death.


Stretch-flanging commonly appears at the concave edge of the panel part. Sheet thickness tends to decrease at the center of flange attributed to the outflow of metal flow, and hence causes a radial shrinking of the material. This shrinking pulls the ends of the flange and makes the adjacent surface overcrown. In this paper the effect of punch profiles on a laboratory scale profile, which assimilates the front fender part adjoining the head light, was investigated for the stretch-flanging process. Both the concave and convex punch profiles were considered. SUS 304 stainless steel sheet of 0.6 mm thick was used as the model metal sheet. DynaForm software was used in simulating the stretch flanging process and followed by experimental verification. The results show that a depression angle of 4.4° and an elevation angle 2.6° can produce lowest crown-contour for the concave and convex punches, respectively. The concave punch also causes less thinning at the flange center which makes it a favorable solution than that of the convex punch.


The "Schedulability Analysis Modelling" (SAM) package of UML 2.0 profile MARTE for Modelling and Analysis of Real-Time Embedded systems is providing support for schedulability analysis with RMA-type techniques. The goal is to help software architecture designers to guarantee that processes always meet their deadlines. We have tried to take the simplest approach as possible to characterize the timing and resource properties necessary to specify a complete set of inputs for a rate monotonic schedulability analysis. Our goal was to take a "usable" approach for the application of the MARTE profile. Our work is based on the OMG standard MARTE, and proposes a subset which can express all the useful and required information for the verification stage. This study is targeting the aeronautical domain where some avionics systems have strong real-time requirements and would benefit from early scheduling analysis. The goal of this paper is therefore to propose a methodology for designing critical systems scheduling and verifying them with RapidRMATM tool, and to experiment it on a representative avionics application. 1. ANALYSIS OVERVIEW This paper presents a methodology for real-time software designers to capture and analysis the timing requirements of their architecture. The goal is to ensure the application will execute under worst case conditions using the available resources and within the time allocated to perform the required tasks. The schedulability analysis tool used is RapidRMA from Tri-Pacific Software Inc., it provides the capacity to analyze single node, multiple nodes or dependent end-to-end architectures using Rate Monotonic Analysis (RMA), and also provides analysis for cyclic and aperiodic tasks. Note that this software is available as an IBM Rhapsody plugin and some figures of this paper are actually snapshots from this tool. RapidRMA Analysis of Real-Time Systems Scheduling Using MARTE 6 2 STO-MP-IST-115 requires information about the different tasks: this is mainly the period, working time, deadline, priority and the resources used. In practice, these attributes may change over the development process. For example, working time need to be initially estimated and later refined. As a consequence, in order to guarantee a consistency of analysis results from design to implementation stage, our approach aims at being integrated within existing modelling framework. Emerging UML2.0 profile MARTE [1] is by construction tailored for Modelling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded systems, it also gives support for schedulability analysis through the SAM package. Our goal is therefore to build on top of this, using an existing modelling framework implementing MARTE. 2. TECHNICAL APPROACH The Annotation Process and Rationale Timing properties will be implemented by applying MARTE stereotypes to class instances and message instances on Sequence Diagrams. In the case of shared mutexed resources, stereotypes will be applied to the operations of the class. We have chosen a minimal set of stereotypes that can be used rather than the large number used in the examples available in the OMG UML MARTE specification. Our objective is to create a more usable subset of MARTE concepts dedicated to the annotation of hard deadline performance parameters. This will enhance the adoption of this profile by the UML real-time user community. This simplified approach was chosen because the details related to the allocation of logical processes to physical entities (with the exception of CPU) are intrusive and not helpful for chedulability modelling. The execution time for a schedulable thread is entered into a RMA model as an aggregated duration. This execution duration characterizes a specific CPU, cache, memory residency, and paging algorithm strategy. The time entered into the analysis model is obtained either by profiling or extrapolation of a known execution time for the specific CPU deployment context. Detailed allocation of memory and description of other CPU related resources only add complexity and are useless for this type of characterization. The definition of scheduling dependencies between schedulable entities is not explicit within MARTE. Additional attributes have to be added to UML design to facilitate annotation for predictable DPCP (Distributed Priority Ceiling Protocol) and multi-processor deadline and for system timing requirements. The properties contained within each class instance and its relevant events and messages can be used appropriately for processor schedulability analysis, DPCP and aggregate priority ordering in the analysis tools. Current definition of "resource" in RapidRMA is a synchronously accessed mutex with associated timing properties (acquisition time, deacquisition time, operation time). We have adopted the synchronous operation approach rather than the lock-unlock semantics used in the OMG UML MARTE style. We have done this so that the arbitration policy per resource (PCP, Highest Lockers, Basic Inheritance, and No Preemption) is enforceable within a protected operation using synchronous calling conventions. Approach to handle Communication Needs and Scheduling The MARTE profile is the result of a thorough job with regard to resource characterization of many types of resources. Network and Communications needs and communications execution resources (busses, message clients, etc.) are characterized in a similar manner to computation needs and computation resources (CPUs, executable task instances, etc.). The symmetric definition of resource types can be observed in Figure 1, from the MARTE profile: Analysis of Real-Time Systems Scheduling Using MARTE STO-MP-IST-115 6 3 Figure 1 Symmetric Resource Definition for Communication and Computation As a consequence of the symmetric handling of communication resources and computation resources, a sequence diagram may contain execution instances that use CPU resources or communications resources in a straightforward manner. Consider the following example from the MARTE draft in Figure 2: Figure 2 Computations and Messaging in a Sequence Diagram Note that the Reporter and Controller_Comm columns in the sequence diagram represent executable task instances, while the CAN_Bus column represents a messaging use of the CAN_Bus. The Station_Comm column represents the software that needs to be aware that the CAN_Bus was successfully used. The CAN_Bus column uses network resources while the other columns use CPU resources. Both these uses are directly connected with messaging arrows between their respective portions of the sequence diagram. Communication has now been factored in on an "equal basis" to computation needs for timing analysis purposes. No further exploitation of attribution is necessary other than to use communications resources and their instances within use case or sequence diagrams/scenarios and intersperse them with the CPU-based Analysis of Real-Time Systems Scheduling Using MARTE 6 4 STO-MP-IST-115 execution instances. Dependencies and causalities are all taken care of by the messaging control protocol expressed in the sequence diagram between source and destinations of the message arrows. Therefore, the network-related stereotypes provided in MARTE combined with judicious use of communication resource execution instances in the sequence diagram provides a complete notation and parametric characterization. Our design approach through a series of examples We will present our design approach by describing through examples our recommended usage of MARTE features. This will be followed by a discussion and generalization of what has been presented in the examples. The first example deals with a representative "straightforward" multi-threaded scheduling problem. It has concurrent threads, resource use, and non-preemptible sections. This one example covers the bulk of the annotation needed for the majority of schedulability analysis problems. This example features a single CPU. The second example shows a multi--CPU architecture and adds the notion of task dependency. The third example shows multi-CPU architecture and the synchronization of a set of terminating tasks. First example -Single CPU: threads, resources, non-preemptible regions A sequence diagram characterizing the system to be analyzed is shown below in Figure 3. Figure 3 Single CPU Multithreaded Example There are two periodic threads to be executed: server and periodic. We have shown two different possible UML styles that can invoke a periodic thread. In our analysis for processing of UML sequence diagrams, open-headed arrows arriving at a class instance on a sequence diagram denote the activation and the invocation of a new executing instance of the class – i.e. a new schedulable element. The instance of server is invoked by an event that generates a message from the UML environment (the column with the striped vertical line) to the class instance named server. This is an open-headed arrow, which is realized as an event within UML. This will generate an executing instance of server for each message arrival. Note that we have applied the MARTE stereotype for <<TimerResource>> to message_0 in the UML diagram. We have also Analysis of Real-Time Systems Scheduling Using MARTE STO-MP-IST-115 6 5 applied the MARTE stereotype for <<SaStep>> to the message as well. The result of the application of these two stereotypes yields the tags for message_0 in the sequence diagram as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 below. Figure 4 shows the tags that result from the application of the <<TimerResource>> stereotype and Figure 5 shows the tags that result from the application of the <<SaStep>> stereotype. Figure 4 Tags for message_0 from <<SaStap>> stereotype Figure 5 Tags for message_0 from <<TimerResource>> stereotype The application of these two stereotypes has allowed us to characterize a periodic occurrence pattern, a deadline, and the amount of execution work to be performed for each executing inst


Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ (PIK3CD) syndrome is a combined immunodeficiency, caused by PIK3CD gain-of-function mutations, which encodes the catalytic subunit of PIK3CD.These patients pre-sented with early onset sinopulmonary infections, lymphoproliferation, herpesvirus infections, autoinflammatory di-sease, lymphoma and mental retardation.Hyper immunoglobulin(Ig)M, IgG deficiency, CD4 lymphopenia were common immunologic features.Variable expression can lead to death and asymptom.Penetrance can be incomplete.Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be taken into account for severe cases.

Key words:
Gain-of-function phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ deficiency; Sinopulmonary infections; Lymphoproliferation; Child


Editor—In their systematic review Liu et al show that epidural analgesia does not increase the caesarean section rate, which is welcome.1 Unlike previous meta-analyses, this one included only studies of nulliparous women receiving low concentration epidural infusions, in order to re-examine their effect on instrumental vaginal delivery, in the belief that low concentration …


Raman scattering study of RbH 3 (SeO 3 ) 2 is carried out from 0 to 1000 cm -1 above and below the phase transition temperature T c with special attention to the internal modes of selenite molecules. The internal vibrations are well assigned to internal modes of HSeO 3 - and H 2 SeO 3 rather than those of SeO 3 2- in the both of paraelectric and ferroelectric phases. It is shown that protons do not play an appreciable role in the phase transition mechanism. The splitting of the vibrational Raman band observed at about 20°C above T c indicates the local formation of dynamical clusters having the character of low temperature phase induced by the precursor order above T c .


Complex oxides with the compound A-Nb-O possess an array of interesting and electro-magnetic properties and are being actively researched at the moment in order to obtain new practically demanded materials on their basis. Among the possible compounds of A-Nb-O, the greatest interest has been in the compounds ANbO4 and A3NbO7. As shown by previous studies of the physical properties of these compounds, they have been observed to have anion conductance effects. Currently bismuth niobate (Bi3NbO7), due to its dielectric properties and low synthesis temperature, is considered promising for the development of materials used as dielectric layers in monolithic capacitors, filters, consisting of several ceramic dielectric layers of electrical conductors. In connection with this study, the electrical properties of the tetragonal and cubic modifications of bismuth niobate at high temperatures are very cardinal. Compounds La3NbO7 and Y3NbO7 have attracted a lot of attention because of their interesting dielectric, magnetic and catalytic properties. In this paper, the synthesis modification methods were carried out for La3NbO7 Bi3NbO7 and Y3NbO7 samples at different temperatures . Samples were prepared using the solid phase reaction method. Structural parameters were determined using the X-ray diffraction profiles. Structural characteristics of the samples were determined at room temperature and after different heating temperatures. A common feature of A3NbO7 type of compounds is that the cubic phases of these fluorite-like structures have a hightemperature phase transition without special change in symmetry but proton conductivity. Studies of the properties of these A3NbO7 compounds will provide information on the state of the interaction of atoms and paramagnetic metals, a primary characteristic of the electrical and magnetic properties in a wide temperature range. The results of this work will determine the direction of the next practical importance of research.


Probabilistic amplitude shaping (PAS) can flexibly vary the spectral efficiency (SE) of fiber-optic systems. In this letter, we demonstrate the application of PAS to bit-wise hard decision decoding (HDD) of product codes (PCs) by finding the necessary conditions to select the PC component codes. We show that PAS with PCs and HDD yields gains up to 2.7 dB and SE improvement up to approximately 1 bit/channel use compared to using PCs with uniform signaling and HDD. Furthermore, we employ the recently introduced iterative bounded distance decoding with combined reliability of PCs to improve performance of PAS with PCs and HDD.


First World War collective memory is overshadowed by the experience of the Second World War's National socialism. Yet, since the reunification we notice a revival of the subject of World War One in the academic world as well as in the popular culture.


Vorticella are ciliated protozoa that live in water, sometimes free, and sometimes attached by a long contractile peduncle (or stalk) to floating plant material. Early light microscope studies of the animal revealed the existence of longitudinal and circular myoid fibrils linked with the contractile axis of the stalk. Observers reported (1, 15) that this system has the dual capacity of dosing the oral extremity (cytosome), and of provoking the animal's characteristic shape change, from campaniform to spheroidal (while the peduncle itself contracts into a helical form. In this Brief Note, it is not our intention to describe the morphology of Vorticella, but only to describe the fine structure of the myoid fibrils. I t is sufficient to note that most of the myofilament bundles run near the cell periphery, some in close contact with the cell membrane, some inside the cell cytoplasm. At the (proximal) origin of the stalk, these longitudinal fascicles join to form a thick bundle (Figs. 1 and 3). In the electron microscope, each observably discrete fibril in the system is made up of many elemental components, each 30 to 40 A in width, and of indefinite length (Fig. 2). Differences between contracted and elongated myofibrils are not clearly detectable, and we presume that a certain degree of contraction may always occur as a consequence of fixation (Fig. 4). Electron micrographic profiles show that the fibrillar bundles exist in a close relationship with a membrane-limited canalicular system that resides both inside the bundles and paralleling and bound-


In this study it is stated that the fertility level in India would decline by about 8% if gender preferences could be entirely eliminated. The study examines the effect of son preference on fertility. Data were obtained from the 1992-93 India National Family Health Survey for the nation and for 19 of the most populous states. The analysis includes comparisons of gender preferences in ideals contraceptive use immunization breast feeding common childhood diseases chronic undernutrition and mortality rates. The ideal number of sons exceeded the ideal number of daughters by 20-80% in all states and was particularly strong in Uttar Pradesh Bihar and Gujarat. 7% in India did not indicate a preference for either sex. Desires for additional children were greater among women with two daughters. Women with two sons were more likely to use contraception particularly in Rajasthan. Male advantage in likelihood of immunization was evident in all but five states and was strong in northern border states. Advantage for boys in breast feeding was evident in 14 out of 19 states. Discrimination against girls in medical treatment was strong in Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Bihar Orissa and West Bengal. Girls disadvantage in nutrition was not as clear-cut; boys for instance experienced severe stunting in Assam and Goa. Infant mortality was slightly higher for boys but girls were especially disadvantaged at ages 1-4 years. Only Kerala and Tamil Nadu had higher male child mortality. In general it appears that the effect of son preference on fertility was strongest in areas of moderate fertility. The effect of son preference tended to be small where fertility was very high or very low. The effect of son preference in states with intermediate levels of fertility varied widely. Findings confirm that son preference was widespread and affected fertility everywhere in India.


Part 1: Ministry and Mission Today: Its Conciliar and Preconciliar Theology 1. Developments in Mission and Ministry in the Last Fifty Years 2. Practice and Theology before Vatican II 3. The Aftermath of Vatican II in Magisterium and Theology Part II: The Tradition of the First Two Millennia 1. The History of Order in the First Millennium 2. The History of Order in the Second Millennium Part III: Recasting Theology 1. Representing Christ 2. The Priesthood of Christ and the Church 3. Leadership, Mission, Ministry.


Construction project needs large amount of financial investment for a long time. So, Detailed analysis is needed for that kind of project. In that analysis, technical, economical and social aspects are to be considered with time base. Those investments can be greatly influenced by time factor. In this study, two similar construction projects are chosen and the major categories which can have influence on cost of those projects are found. These categories are analysed with time base to help make decision which project is more profitable when they want. This study can show us the way how we make decision when we have several alternative projects for investment.


A L T E R CANNON, 1 in 1929, coined the term "homeostasis" to describe the autonomic mechanism by which the fluid matrix of the mammalian body is maintained in a constant state despite changes in external environment. This is accomplished by the balanced opposition of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic division provides an emergency protective mechanism which is always ready to go into action to combat any variety of adverse circumstances. When called into action, the sympathetic division uses up the bodily reserves in order to give rise to an increased liberation of body energy and the effects, therefore, are catabolic in character. Some of the more common conditions which arouse it to activity are pain, hemorrhage, infection, asphyxia, extremes in temperature, and any form of intense emotion. The catabolic functions of the sympathetic system are balanced by the anabolic functions of the craniosacral or parasympathetic division which come into ascendancy during periods of rest and recuperation, and are of a conservative character. When one of these systems is excited, the other is inhibited.


Abstract The MOVE UP behavioral activation program, consisting of 32 sessions over 12 months, was delivered by trained community health workers (CHWs) at 26 sites. 300 participants completed a mean of 21.5 sessions. Change in body weight was associated with site attendance: among 9 sites with mean attendance < 70%, participants lost a mean of 5.3%; among 12 sites with 70-80% attendance, 5.6%; and among 5 sites with > 80% attendance, 9.2%. Completion of activity and diet logs followed a similar pattern (34.9%, 56.2%, and 72.7%, respectively), as did retention for 13-month outcome assessment (70%, 85%, and 88%, respectively). CHWs at the high-performing sites were more likely to have prior or current employment in weight management and fitness (90% vs. 41.7% and 44.4%), but did not differ in education, age, race, or employment by sites. CHW experience, not sociodemographics, affected outcomes.


Pecans are unique in our country. They not only have rich nutritive value, but also have great economic value in fertilizer, feed and activated carbon so on. But because of the complex terrain, it brought much inconvenience for pecan picking. This article tested samples of HengLu town of LinAn city and analysis pecan dynamic characteristics. Then find a kind of pecan dynamic model based on vibration and provide the theory basis for vibration type pecan picking machinery.


Target Damage Assessment (TDA) system is an important component of the intelligent command and control system. The method of building TDA based on Image Change Detection can greatly improve the system efficiency and accuracy, thus get a fast and precise assessment results. This paper firstly analyzes the structure of TDA system. Then studies the key technology in this system. Finally, gives an evaluation criteria based on image change detection of the target damage assessment system.


The historiographical debate about continuing or not to populate the valley of the Duero after the Arabic invasion of 711 (key tapie of the peninsular medieval historiography) has pointed out the limits of the documental register when it carne to solve problems like this one, but that by itself is incapable of solving. This arride propases a new mean to enter such a polemic debate. From a concrete area, South East of Galicia nowadays, and thanks to the collection -by prospecting- of religions remains on the surface or of necropolis, we should try to link them with remains of the Roman period (necropolis, epigraphs, «villae», roads, etc.), to elaborare a series of maps to propose, through archaeological and documental interpretation a historical interpretation.


About one thousand extragalactic large‐scale jets are known, and a few tens of them are confirmed sources of infrared, optical, or X‐ray photons. Multiwavelength emission comming directly from these outflows is always non‐thermal in origin. This fact constitutes a primary difficulty in extracting unknown parameters of large‐scale jets, since the non‐thermal featureless continua do not allow to infer undoubtfully (or even at all) bulk velocities and composition of the radiating plasma. In addition, arcsecond spatial resolution, limited sensitivity and narrow energy bands of the best high‐frequency telescopes like Spitzer, Hubble and Chandra, preclude precise constraints on the spectral and morphological properties of the discussed objects. Nevertheless, new multiwavelength observations have substantially enriched our knowledge on extragalactic large‐scale jets, in many aspects, however, by means of challenging previous predictions and expectations. In this short contribution I will concentrate on the follo...


The relevance of the problem under study is justified by the fact that in the modern world, it is increasingly necessary to ensure maintaining the stability of human life and activity in the circumstances contributing to its destabilization, in the context of a pandemic, the issue of the resilience of volunteers and the motivation of volunteer activities is exceptionally significant. The article aims to describe the results of resilience components' analysis and their correlation with the volunteers' motivation. The top methods in this study are the questionnaire "Adults' resilience", the questionnaire of causal orientations, the author's method of assessing the motivation of volunteer activity. As a result of the study, it was found that if the resilience of volunteers is at a high level, the predominance of self-efficacy indicates that they can mobilize their motivation, cognitive resources, and actions to influence events. During the pandemic, volunteers have been successfully applying mechanisms for organizing situation management, assessment of the effectiveness and results of their efforts, focusing on the meaning of active problem solving, turning to social support, the ability to transform the situation, achieving socially meaningful goals, and effective interaction with the ambient. The main motives of volunteers are a sense of service, compassion, and empathy; many volunteers note the importance of positive emotions, professional experience, and communication. The analysis of correlations between the indicators of resilience and motivation of volunteer activity showed the presence of significant positive correlations; the higher the motivation and interest in volunteer activities, the more developed such components of resilience as coping and adaptation, perseverance, family and social relationships and resilience as volunteers have. The materials of the article can be helpful in psychological support of individual groups of the population and improve psychological literacy, development of resilience in various groups of the population, volunteers, teachers, and psychologists to improve the adaptability and resilience of people who need help. The results can be used in the educational process to train future psychologists and other professionals to increase the motivation for helping activities in students.


A quasi experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and practice regarding, prevention of childhood accidents among the mothers of under five children in selected village of Moga, Punjab.


Recently, technical debt investigations became more and more important in the software development industry. In this paper we show that the same challenges are valid for the automated test systems. We present an internal quality analysis of standardized test software developed by ETSI and 3GPP, performed on the systems publicly available at www.ttcn-3.org.


Background Yichun Luming Mining Co., Ltd., Yichun city, Heilongjiang province is the largest molybdenum mine in China with an annual capacity of 25,000 tons. In 2014 Yichun Luming embarked on a project to modernize controls at the plant. The process of beneficiation involves the removal of waste minerals from molybdenum ore to produce a higher grade product (concentrate). The process involves a combination of crushing, grinding and milling as well as heavy liquid separation. The safe and efficient handling of the process involves substantial instrumentation including data acquisition, continuous process control and machinery controls. Following investigation of available control solutions Yichun Luming Mining Co., selected PlantCrusie by Honeywell to automate the beneficiation process.


SOLIDpower provides efficient energy solutions based on its proprietary planar SOFC technology. The first commercial product of the company is the EnGen™-2500. The company deploys the CE certified 2.5 kW combined heat and power generator within the FCH-JU project ene.field and with selected European partners. The EnGen™-2500 uses natural gas for combined heat and power generation (CHP) at high electrical and total efficiencies. The product targets multi-family houses and commercial applications. More than 60 units are to be installed within 2015 and field test results will be presented. SOLIDpower operates a first "to scale" production cell in Northern Italy with a production capacity of 2MW/yr. Based on an ordering volume of 50 MW, the stack and balance of stack components match target market requirements, allowing selling and operating systems at grid parity prices. Besides the micro-CHP generator deployment, SOFCpower also pursues strategic development activities to demonstrate biogas and waste-to-energy (WTE) applications on larger than 2.5 kW scale. SOLIDpower progressed on the technological level for SO Electrolysis. Improved electrode materials and production technology open the door for lifetime for electrolysers stacks beyond 16'000 hrs. SOLIDpower expects that SOFC stack cost reductions stemming from SOFC volume manufacturing can be transferred to a large extend also to SOE stacks. In this field, SOLIDpower intends to work with integration partners on the systems level. The paper provides an update of the stack and system development, including operational results of SOFC-based micro-CHP.


Review(s) of: Handbook of Restorative Justice, by Gerry Johnstone and Daniel W. Van Ness (eds). Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing, 2006. ISBN-10: 1843921510. 650 pp.


The transformation optics introduced by Pendry is a powerful conceptual and practical tool to shape and address electromagnetic waves through an appropriate design of the constitutive parameters of media. This method was applied to design "electromagnetic cloaks", shells of anisotropic material capable of rendering any object within their interior cavities invisible to detection from outside. The perfect cloak ensures that for any incident field the electromagnetic scattered field vanishes in the free space external to the cloaking shell, and the total field vanishes inside the free-space cavity of the shell. Thus, any object placed in the cavity does not perturb the electromagnetic field outside the cloak and to an external observer it appears as if the object and cloak were absent. Such invisibility cloaks require materials with inhomogeneous, anisotropic permittivities and permeabilities that cannot be found in nature.


A new study has confirmed that the symptom burden of patients with polycythemia vera is substantial, and is independent of a patient's disease features.


The effects of temporal changes in the marine geoid on estimates of the ocean dynamic topography is being investigated. Influences from changes of land hydrology, ice sheets, Post-Glacial Rebound (...


Despite efforts to strengthen nursing research, a leading researcher has suggested nurses need to assess the relevance of their studies to make them appropriate to every nursing intervention.


Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of acetol (IUPAC: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone), a species formed upon thermal liquefaction of biomass, can be achieved using inexpensive objects: filter paper, coins, batteries, salts, and water. This simple example demonstrates that "green" chemical transformations can be achieved with familiar items and helps students appreciate that chemistry is all around them. It also illustrates reactivity contrasts between nickel and copper as catalytic metals effecting hydrogenation. Reactions can be completed in 2 to 2.5 h and can be analyzed visually on the basis of a color change or more quantitatively with classic visible wavelength spectrophotometers that can be found in almost any high school or undergraduate institution. Reagents used in the experiment are nontoxic and can be easily disposed of safely.


Pneumonia can be very serious for seniors and those with compromised immune systems. Learn about why vaccinations are vital for seniors here.


An f(n) dominance bound on a heuristic for some problem is a guarantee that the heuristic always returns a solution not worse than at least f(n) solutions. In this paper, we analyze several heuristics for Vertex Cover, Set Cover, and Knapsack for dominance bounds. In particular, we show that the well-known maximal matching heuristic of Vertex Cover provides an excellent dominance bound. We introduce new general analysis techniques which apply to a wide range of problems and heuristics for this measure. Certain general results relating approximation ratio and combinatorial dominance guarantees for optimization problems over subsets are established. We prove certain limitations on the combinatorial dominance guarantees of polynomial-time approximation schemes (PTAS), and give inapproximability results for the problems above.


Environmental and human health are seriously threatened by organic dye pollution. Many efforts have been made to find effective and safe methods of eliminating these contaminants. To mitigate these effects, the hydrothermal method was used to effectively generate a ternary kind of Dy2WO6-ZnO embedded in graphene oxide (DWZG) nanocomposites, which were used to degrade the pollutant. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation confirms the crystalline character of the as-prepared DWZG nanocomposite. The Dy2WO6-ZnO composition on the graphene oxide (GO) layer is shaped like a combination of algae (Dy2WO6) and clusters (ZnO), as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation revealed the composition of elements and oxidation state of C, Dy, O, W and Zn elements. Methylene blue (MB) was chosen as the organic dye target for photocatalytic degradation using the produced nanocomposites. MB is degraded with a photocatalytic efficiency of 98.2% in about 30 min using a DWZG catalyst. Based on the result of the research entitled "Reactive Oxidative Species," the primary reactive species involved in the MB degradation are photo-generated •OH and O2•− radicals. The recycle test was also successful in evaluating the catalysts' long-term viability as well as their reusability.


This paper describes how co-operation on Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI a university and a newly established road construction client organisation. Both organisations share the societal mission of supporting the industrial value chain. As a consequence of new awareness, it is realised to be important to safeguard that not only new technical knowledge is internalised in engineering education programmes and practice, however also the societal responsibility.


Methods for the preparation of fresh nuclear emulsions for use in the study of cosmic radiation by rocket exposures are described. Shattering and mechanical damage is minimized by substituting transparent plastics for the glass support. By casting the emulsion on a temporary microporous medium such as plaster of Paris, emulsions 2 mm. thick can be dried in about six days without appreciable loss of sensitivity. Strong, thin-walled housings for the emulsions are described. The star production rate in emulsions flown in the mesosphere to a peak altitude of 217 km. is 1180 ± 280 cc.−1 d.− 1 and is 1.45 ± 0.17 times greater than similar measurements in the stratosphere (30 km.). The augmentation of nuclear disintegrations can be accounted for by the opening up of the effective solid angle for star-producing radiation during the rocket flight. Energetic stars with three or more shower particles record with a frequency of 278 ± 30 cc.−1 d.−1, about three times greater than in a balloon flight at the same geomag...


abstract This narrative reveals various ways in which my psyche as an African woman has been subjected to assaults. Assaults on my psyche are traced from girlhood and growing up in a male-centred, sexist and misogynistic community to academia which neglected contributions of women of colour. Using intersectionality as a theoretical framework, the narrative contends that gender issues are inextricably linked with racial and global positioning issues. It is asserted that gender equity cannot be achieved in the absence of other human rights.


The ultimate goal of this research project is to develop technology that will produce pure hydrogen from natural gas and logistical fuels using catalytic steam reforming and membrane hydrogen separation.Phase III is intended to advance the state of InnovaGen™ fuel processing technology to the point of alpha readiness. This means that the fundamental design of key subsystems will evolve to include:• Mature configurations (geometry and component placement defined)• Material specifications• Value engineering, design for manufacturability• Reliability engineering and modeling.Phase III includes considerable research, engineering, analysis, design and testing efforts. The result of these efforts will be prototypes capable of successfully completing a multi-unit test program representative of specified operating conditions.


The present invention relates to a wound dressing site antibacterial anti-inflammatory drugs. Metallic material is a secondary dressing for items outside the main ingredient, which in various medical, nursing care facilities have a very wide range of applications. When the prior art dressings on the wound site is only the effect of the wound dressing surface covering for preventing wound infection fester, relatively uniform function which patients outside of the isolation liquid wound surface difference, while pushing and traumatic wounds sweat and dirt outside surface of the skin absorption rate is slower, less absorbent, easy to reverse osmosis. This dressing the wound site antibacterial anti-inflammatory drugs include isolation from top to bottom layer, a physical layer antibacterial anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory drugs the contact layer. The contact layer antiinflammatory medicament layer of breathable nonwoven fabric, the upper and lower surfaces spread safflower, blood, crab powder drug mixture by mixing a powder. The present invention is superior both adsorption effect and sterilization resistance, especially for contact with the wound site after treatment, covering and dressing.


We report on superconductivity in (110) oriented PrBa2Cu3O7-δ films pseudomorphically grown on (110) YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) single crystal substrates. The vertical 4-probe measurements for (110) PrBa2Cu3O7-δ/ YBa2Cu3O7-δ bilayers show clearly two superconducting transition steps associated with two different T c's of 92.0 K of YBa2Cu3O7-δ , 89.9 K for 30 nm thick PrBa2Cu3O7-δ and 75.5 K for 220 nm thick PrBa2Cu3O7-δ. The non-substitutional "regular" Pr1+x Ba2-x Cu3O7-δ (x=0.0) without any interchange between Pr atoms and Ba atoms will show superconductivity by the same mechanism with other YBCO families.


The efficient removal of low-concentration nitric oxide at room temperature from a semi-closed space is becoming a crucial but challenging issue in the context of increasingly serious air pollution. A novel nanoflower-like weak crystallization manganese oxide (WMO) has been synthesized via a facile and scalable strategy for low-concentration nitric oxide oxidation at room temperature. The prepared WMO shows the nanoflower-like morphology with abundant water molecules and Mn vacancies inside. Such WMO could easily adsorb NO and quickly convert it into NO2via catalytic oxidization. Herein, the weak crystallization structure and the presence of Mn vacancies are identified to be mainly responsible for the adsorption and catalytic oxidation of NO. More importantly, it shows much longer lifetime in a moist stream of simulated feed gas than that under dry conditions, which can be attributed to the relative stability of the catalyst with hydrated surfaces. Comparative DFT-calculations are performed to reveal the catalytic effect of Mn-vacancies and hydrated surfaces in reducing the reaction barriers of rate-determining steps.


Many threats, such as denial-of-services (DoS) attacks and impersonation, can endanger an IP network where real-time communication, as represented by VoIP, requires a high level of reliability to work as a replacement for PSTN. Without making a concrete framework to protect the reliability of VoIP, we may soon start seeing cases whereby networks are illegally used by impersonating real-time communication. This paper proposes a technique, based on flow-level behavior, which aims to maintain communication confidentiality and identify applications of real-time communication, in a short period of time in order to eliminate applications that illegally use network resources. The paper shows favorable identification results were obtained from our experiments and also introduces issues we have discovered that must be resolved.


ONE OF THE MOST SEVERE PROBLEMS Russia has faced since the collapse of the Soviet Union has been relations with Chechnya. The problem, as seen from the Russian side, is the separatism of the Chechens and, consequently, the threat posed by this to the integrity of the Federation, and as seen from the Chechen side, Russia's unwillingness to grant national self-determination to Chechnya. The extreme manifestation of the unsolved problems has been the Russo-Chechen wars, the first in 1994-96 and the second beginning in 1999. The problems in Russo-Chechen relations and the efforts to solve them reflect other problems in post-Soviet Russia, especially problems to do with the administrative form and the territory of the Federation and all the political, economic, legal, social and moral issues connected with them.' Russo-Chechen relations have been well discussed in the literature. We have been reminded of the


With an description on the concept of ecological residential district design,combining with ecological residential district design principles,starting from two aspects of water source optimization and plant source optimization,it introduces ecological design of residential district landscape including water-saving irrigation technique,rain water collection,water source recycling,native vegetation utilization and so on,so as to build real ecological residential community.


After the Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) outbreak, the Whole world witnessed the strangest buying behavior within the customers. Suddenly masks, hand sanitizers, and toilet papers became the priority list of the customers. High demand and lesser availability of essentials products like masks, toilet papers, and hand sanitizers create a chaotic situation inside the retail outlet's stores.  The buyer's behavior and the chaotic scenario inside a retail outlet drew the attention of several consumer psychologists, academicians, and researchers. A panic buying situation is the most common behavior that exists in a time of crisis. This paper discusses the panic buying situation briefly during COVID-19. However, a few types of research and studies were captured in the panic buying behavior. The current study examined the factors that influenced the customers buying decisions during the COVID-19 outbreak and secondly, it examined to what extent the buying decision of a customer creates a panic situation. Furthermore, the study looked at the emotional and cognitive responses of the individuals which play a pivotal role in influencing customer decision making the journey. Qualitative content analysis and thematic methodology were considered for data analysis. The results indicated that fear and uncertainties were the key emotional responses; whereas rumors, fallacious thinking, and survivalist psychological were the key cognitive responses that influenced the customer decision journey.


The geographic environment serves a prerequisite factor in the formation of a national culture. The ancient Chinese culture, having arisen and matured on the isolated continent of East Asia, belongs to the continental national culture. It develops on such an internally broad geographic base in East Asia that externallyopens itself to the ocean on the east but blocks itself on the other sides. Such mountaneous environment of hard transportation also explains the production mode characterized by the small-scale self sufficient peasant economy in ancient China. This kind of mode of production leads typically to the formation and development of the ancient Chinese patriarchal clan system.


BACKGROUND
With this survey we wanted to explore the willingness of the patients to convey their experience of abuse in the family and to study the differences in patient reports and doctors'observations on domestic violence.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study on family violence included 27 Slovenian family practitioners,who screened each fifth consecutive patient in the period of 14 days. 1103 patientswere surveyed. We identified the frequency of the violence (as reported by the patients to a trustworthy person, i.e. their family physician), the readiness of the victims of violence toseek help, the sensitivity of the physicians to this topic and their qualifications/aptitude forimmediate help/intervention.
RESULTS
30 % of involved persons confirmed experience of physical and/or psychical violence andwith every fifth person physician did nothing, despite being asked for help. Every fourthanswer to the question "What would you do if a victim of violence would come to you forhelp" is direction to psychiatrist. That probably reflects perception of doctors` professionand their competence. 1/10 of persons sought medical help because of being exposed toviolence. Physicians offered support and conversation to victims in 1/3 of cases, 1/10 ofvictims got sick-leave and hospitalization. 1/5 of them were sent to psychiatrist and for1/20 physician prescribed antidepressants. In every ninth case physicians noticed policeand social service. In 1/5 of cases the physician did nothing.
CONCLUSIONS
The study showed that investigation of medical files and evaluations of physicians aboutpossible factors, which increase the possibility of persons being exposed to violence are notso useful. Physicians are not equipped well enough to give needed help and support topersons exposed to violence in the family. Physicians do not feel that they are the right oneswho should in their practice help victims of violence


Little is known about air-to-foliage transfer of volatile organic pollutants: sink strength of leaves and toxicity to the plant via this route have not been widely documented. Using naphthalene as a model contaminant, a steady-state exposure system was developed in which a continuous stream of naphthalene vapor was generated from a chilled permeation tube. This stream was proportionately released into four separate clean airstreams to deliver four discrete concentrations of naphthalene vapor to large cuvettes in which potted plants were sealed. Each cuvette received a total flow rate of 5 LPM. Naphthalene concentration exiting the permeation tube was calculated twofold: using ideal gas laws and from the daily mass loss of the permeation tube. Daily mass loss from the permeation tube and indirect indication of naphthalene concentration by UV light attenuation indicated that the exposure system was capable of maintaining a logarithmic range of naphthalene vapor concentrations over four days. Deviation from predicted concentrations was associated with high moisture content of the air supply line used to vent the permeation tube. Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris cv. White King) plants were exposed for four days in controlled environment chambers under steady-state conditions. Gaseous naphthalene was mixed with air and applied tomore » foliate during the day or night. Plant growth was not affected by shoot naphthalene dose. Foliar exposure increased stomatal conductance and net CO{sub 2} fixation rates.« less


Avatars in online games and worlds are seen as players' key representations in interactions with each other. In this article, we investigate the avatar design and identity play within a large-scale tween virtual world called Whyville.net, with more than 1.5 million registered players of ages 8—16. One unique feature of Whyville is the players' ability to customize their avatars with various face parts and accessories, all designed and sold by other players in Whyville. Our findings report on the expressive resources available for avatar construction, individual tween players' choices and rationales in creating their avatars, and online postings about avatar design in the community at large. With the growing interest in player-generated content for online worlds such as Second Life, our discussion will address the role of avatars in identity play and self-representation as well as the social issues that arise within the game world.


After an introduction describing the significance and a short history of catalysis at Ciba-Geigy, the present role of the Catalysis Section within the Central Research Services is outlined. Its main activities are preparative services for the synthetic chemists in the fields
 of hydrogenation and high-pressure reactions, the development of catalytic processes and a research program in the fields of enantioselective catalysis, the modification of heterogeneous catalytic systems, acid-base catalysis and catalytic C–C-bond forming reactions. Because catalysis
 is considered by Ciba-Geigy to be a key technology, the main goal of its R+D program in catalysis is to create and maintain a reliable scientific and technical foundation for the optimal application of catalytic reactions throughout the company. Some results are presented that illustrate
 the work described above and an outlook on the opportunities of catalytic technologies in the fine chemicals industry is given.


Upon cooling vicinal Si(100) misoriented by 5° in an arsenic pressure a reversible transition occurs from a uniformly stepped surface to a faceted surface. This transition occurs at an As coverage of 0.38±0.08 ML. The transition temperature varies with As pressure from 760°C at 3.5×10-9 torr to 840°C at 7×10-8 torr. A metastable structure with four-layer high steps can be formed by annealing the initially clean surface in an As pressure between 650°C and 800°C.


This article presents an overview of the results of a four-year study examining road safety on freeways in Switzerland. Using statistics from a traffic accident database, researchers examined the distribution of accident rates, identified accident prone locations, and ranked the severity of accidents. The outcome of the study yielded four specific recommendations. They include: 1) enforce and monitor speed limits with automatic surveillance devices; 2) implement traffic control and ramp metering at congested intersections; 3) analyze accident prone points at two lane tunnels with oncoming traffic; and, 4) establish a unified accident database to analyze accident analysis and eliminate accident prone points.


We show that the emeraldine base form of polyaniline (PANI) forms self-organized (mesomorphic) structures upon mixing with an amphiphilic oligomer zinc dodecyl benzenesulfonate, Zn(DBS)2. The number of Zn(DBS)2 molecules vs the number of PhN repeat units of PANI was selected to be x = 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0, and the mixtures were denoted as PANI[Zn(DBS)2]x according to their nominal compositions. PANI consists of alternating quinone diimine and benzene diamine groups. FT-IR and UV−vis spectroscopies reveal changes in the quinone diimine moieties upon adding Zn(DBS)2, thus suggesting coordination to the iminic nitrogens to form comb-shaped supramolecules PANI[Zn(DBS)2]0.5. Their structure formation was studied using small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. The competition between the attraction (coordination) and repulsion (dodecyl tails) leads to a self-organized lamellar phase with a long period of ca. 31 A. Further increase of Zn(DBS)2 did not reveal clear changes in FT-IR and UV−vis ...


The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the formation and development of estate construction and affected by various factors. The aim of the article is to analyze the study of internal and external factors. Considerable attention is paid to one of them the territorial factor. This article is an attempt to uncover the underlying causes of formation of space-planning and constructive and composite solutions based on the estate of a certain system of factors.


ACUTE INTUSSUSCEPTION present length. The subject of vitamins, for instance, is discussed in some detail under " deficiency diseases " and The latest addition to the new French Monographs on again under " vitamins " and further mentioned under Paediatrics Series is entitled Acute Intussusception in the vitamin demands." Infant,' and its authors, Drs. F. D'ALLAINES and J. ARMINThe description of diseases themselves, with their treatGEAT may be congratulated on a valuable piece of work. ment, is the best portion of the book, though here again the In a little over a hundred pages they deal with every author tends to wander from history to examination and aspect of this important subject, giving a good survey of back to history, and indulges in such sentences as " One the literature-with more Anglo-Saxon references than of the most usual affections involving this particular part usual in a Gallic product-and they rightly make the of the bowel is called appendicitis and also the condition questions of early diagnosis and early operation the main termed perityphlitis" (p. 614), and such vague instructhemes of the book. They quote two principles which tions as "The employment of various drugs such as adequately summarize the whole matter: " signs of morphine, atropine, and the various alkalis, including obstruction plus the passage of blood per rectum equals bismuth subcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium carintussusception," and " every infant with obstruction who bonate, etc., should be advised " (under the treatment is passing blood per anum ought to be operated upon of gastric ulcer). There are, besides, many serious at once." The short chapter on etiology fails to give any omissions in a work which is intended as a textbook. adequate explanation for the occurrence of intussusception, For example, blood transfusion in the treatment of haematand it is not quite in accord with English views to say emesis; intermissions in the history of a gastric ulcer that while 68 per cent. of all patients are under 1 year patient, saline purgatives in the treatment of various of age, 50 per cent. of cases occur before 6 months, forms of colitis and dysentery, and the mercury-loaded since the usual period is surely the second six months of bougie in the treatment of cardiospasm, are not mentioned. life. Apart from this small blemish the book can be Moreover, in the long section on x-ray examination, thoroughly recommended, and the simple lesson it teaches Berg's technique for obtaining pictures of the mucous would, if learnt by all practitioners, save an appreciable membrane (Schleimhautreliefbilder) is omitted. A biblionumber of lives each year. graphy follows each chapter, but its use is limited by the fact that in many instances the author has not been referred to in the text, and the title of his article is not given. Many of the illustrations also would gain by a DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM suitable reference from the text. In his preface to a Practical Treatise on Diseases of the After attempting to digest this mass of redundant Digestive System,' Dr. L. WINFIELD KOHN states that he detail, lacking in definite instruction, the reader will find a proffers his book to " those who would supplement their welcome relief in the lucid and concise style of Zachary knowledge of gastro-enterology " by " recourse to a Cope, who writes a brief but adequate chapter on the thoroughly modem, scientific, practical reference book," surgery of the gastro-intestinal tract. Altogether it seems a statement which can scarcely be said to disarm criticism. to us that in this book there is a wealth of material which Dr. Kohn has had a wide experience of gastro-intestinal has been carelessly treated, and the prevailing impression disorders in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York, and is one of disappointment rather than of condemnation. It this is shown to advantage in some of his descriptions of is to be hoped that in the form of a second edition this the rarer diseases, as also in his discussion of gastroscopy material (preferably condensed into one volume) will be and gastrophotography and in the wealth of excellent illussupplied in a more palatable form. trations, mostly from x-ray photographs. He has attempted a very thorough treatment of his subject, commencing with anatomy and leading on through physiology, historytaking, objective findings, special methods of examination, OPERATIVE SURGERY clinical significance of findings, neurological considerations, To Mr. CECIL P. G. WAKELEY has been entrusted the task and finally clinico-physiological considerations, to the of editing a fifth edition of Treves's well-known Student's actual diseases, which are first dealt with on page 423. This Handbook of Surgical Operations.3 It is by no means section is then followed by nearly 150 pages dealing with easy in a book of this size to cater both for the needs of diet and therapeutics in general. a student attending a practical class in operative surgery Such a plan, though perhaps theoretically sound, is and for the man in practice who wishes to revise his apt to lead the unwary author into long and wearisome knowledge of operative technique. But it is evident detail, and above all to tiresome repetition. Moreover, throughout that Mr. Wakeley has kept this twofold object a book so constructed has disadvantages for reference in mind, and with such a measure of success that a warm purposes, since one finds part of the treatment of a disease wewith classesureadf suassuredtforwahi underits wn hadin, pat uner det, nd prtwelcome from both classes of readers is assured for this under its own heading., art de iet a a t again new edition. under therapeutics. When, in addition to this, the author's The arrangement of the book remains much the same, knowledge of the scientific'side is not always beyond quesbut a little alteration in the sequence of chapters,, a contion (a good deal of recent work with regard to such subsiderable increase in the number of illustrations, and jects as secretin, bile, jaundice, and secretion of chlorides improved paper and type make it a decidedlv more


The article presents a theoretical generalization and empirical study of the reasons of occurrence are revealed in the article and the diagnostic markers of disturbances of perception of physical I in early adolescence are described, the expediency of organization of psychological and pedagogical influence on correction of body image as a factor of optimization of self-image of girls of 15-18 years to the image of physical self is emphasized;  described a program of social and psychological training aimed at changing the attitude of girls to their health by updating the subjective importance of the functional component of the image of the physical self; an experimental and diagnostic study of indicators of the effectiveness of the program of psychological development and correction of body image in young adolescents is shown.
The image of the physical I am tightly connected with self-esteem, as the cognitive component is not perceived by the person indifferent, but awakens in her the assessments and emotions, the intensity of which depends on the context and the cognitive content itself.  Global self-expression, which symbolizes the individual's feelings for or against, has a macrostructure that contains four emotional components and two subsystems: the self-esteem system and the emotional-value system. Self-esteem develops on the basis of leading activity, hierarchy of values, basic motives, social ideas, stereotypes, standards, norms of behavior in relation to which a person conceives his / her self and creates personal meanings.
 The structure of self-esteem can be expressed as follows: First, there is some generalized self-esteem (self-esteem, self-esteem), which is a holistic, one-dimensional and universal formation, which expresses the degree of positive attitude of the individual to his own imagination of the image of "I";  second, this generalized self-integration is in some way integrated with partial self-esteem according to their subjective significance.


The anisotropic stress effect in silicon and germanium pn junctions is studied for various values of factors, such as stress, junction depth from the surface, resistivity and dislocation density of bulk semiconductor, and temperature. On the basis of the empirical formula for this effect, the most important parameters, W0 and J0*, are obtained from the dependence on the above mentioned factors. W0 increases linearly with the increase of junction depth and slightly with the increase of resistivity, while it does not depend on the dislocation density. On the other hand, J0* does not depend on the junction depth, but it increases a little with decreasing impurity concentration and dislocation density. The contribution of stress to the effect changes stepwise during successive increase of the stress. The results are discussed in connection with the strain created of the stress. The results are discussed in connection with the strain created by stress and the recombination current due to the strain, but at the present stage it is difficult to explain the temperature dependence of the anisotropic stress effect.


On 28 February 1975, Babacar Ba, President of the 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) States and Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs of Senegal, delivers a speech during the signing of the Lome Convention for economic cooperation between the nine Member States of the European Economic Community (EEC) and the ACP States.


Cardiac arrhythmias may be due to spontaneous automatic activity from an ectopic focus. We have developed a technique in which a computer model of an ectopic focus (represented by an SA Node cell model), running in real time, can be coupled by a variable conductance, G/sub c/, to a real ventricular cell. We used this technique to investigate the effects of G/sub c/, cell size, and elevated potassium on the ability of an ectopic focus to successfully drive the ventricular cell. For the hybrid cell pair there are three possible outcomes in the steady state: (1) pacing of the SAN model cell but not driving of the ventricular cell, (2) cessation of pacing, or (3) successful pacing of the SAN model cell and driving of the ventricular cell. Elevation of potassium concentration increases both the lower and upper bound of the values of G/sub c/ which define the successful pacing and driving range.


Iterative multi-user detection and time-variant channel estimation in a multi-carrier (MC) code division multiple access (CDMA) uplink requires high computational complexity. This is mainly due to the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) filters that are used for multi-user detection and time-variant channel estimation. Krylov subspace methods allow for an efficient implementation of the LMMSE filter. We show that a suitable chosen starting value, exploiting the iterative receiver structure, allows for a further speedup of the Krylov method. We achieve a complexity reduction by more than one order of magnitude. The Krylov subspace method allows a parallelization of the computations of the multi-user detector, while keeping the receiver performance constant. Numerical simulation results for a fully loaded system with K = 64 users are presented


Background
The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) conducts the largest health professions education program in the country in partnership with academic medical, nursing, and associated health programs across the nation. After World War II, the VA was pressed to meet the increasing population of veterans needing health care and faced challenges in recruiting clinicians.

Observations
The passage of 2 legislative actions, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and Public Law 79-293, and a key policy memorandum set the foundation for the partnership between the VA and academic medical centers that led to improved medical care for veterans and expansion of health professions education for the VA and the nation.

Conclusions
Since passage of these actions, the VA-academic health professions education partnership has grown to involve 113,000 trainees rotating through 150 VA medical centers annually from more than 1400 colleges and universities.


Seasonally acclimatized dark-eyed juncos were exposed to one of three temperature regimes: 30° C (thermoneutrality), - 12° C (moderate cold), or 2° C in a 20.9% oxygen/79.1% helium gas mixture (severe cold), for 2 h or until they became hypothermic. Plasma glucose and free fatty acids (FFA), pectoralis muscle and liver glycogen, and pectoralis lactate were measured after exposure. Pectoralis muscle mass increased by 28% in winter. This increased muscle mass may assist in improving cold tolerance by increasing capacity for shivering thermogenesis in winter birds. Plasma glucose was signiicantly reduced and plasma FFA were significantly elevated under severe cold in winter No differences in plasma metabolites with temperature were detected in summer. Pectoralis muscle glycogen decreased with increasing severity of cold stress at both seasons, but winter levels were significantly greater than summer levels under severe cold. No temperature-induced differences in liver glycogen were apparent, but pooled winter values significantly exceeded summer values. Pectoralis lactate was significantly lower under severe cold at both seasons. In addition, mean lactate values for birds becoming hypothermic in both summer (n = 7) and winter (n = 1) were markedly lower than for normothermic birds at the same test temperatures. These data are consistent with a pattern of augmentedpreferential use of FFA to support shivering, coupled with sparing of muscle glycogen, in winter birds relative to summer birds. Furthermore, the decrement of pectoralis lactate with hypothermia may suggest a link between a reduced ability to mobilize muscle glycogen and the onset of hypothermia.


Through 335 questionnaires collected from 22 corporations in our survey, the two key factors which can influence the employee's knowledge reception readiness in the process of knowledge transfer, namely the degree of knowledge customization and the reliability of the knowledge source, are studied empirically. Moreover, the mediate effect of the employees' involvement degree and specialization degree to the route is analyzed. Therefore, increase the requirement of the external knowledge customization as well as the authority of the external consultants will be help to advance the employees' knowledge reception readiness, and then make an influence to the work performance. When receiving the external knowledge, it is important to not only enhance the employees' involvement and specialization but also to pay attention to the employees' attitude to the reform brought by the external knowledge as well as the resistance caused by the reform so that the external knowledge could be evaluated properly and received. Finally, the suggestions for the managerial practice as well as the future research direction are proposed.


Abstract Since 1961 date of the first integrated circuit to 1971 which has seen the first microprocessor application,the micro-electronics passed from a discrete transistor to MSI integrated circuits with many thousands of integratedcomponents and now to VLSI integrating many hundreds of thousands of devices. Technological recent technologicalprogress permitted the GaAs and its ternary derivative to be the second generation material.So, we present a study on the Gallium arsenide material specifying its transport and electric properties, and itsspecific advantages over the silicon material. A semi insulating substrate study of a gate Schottky diode for the GaAsMESFET devices manufacturing such as structures with and without buffer layer, with buried gate, mushroom andseveral fingers are carried over.We will study the influence of the input impedance and output resistance to the gate as well as the noise generatedby the structures to several fingers. Key words: GaAs MESFET, gate in T and PI, gate resistance, noise.


Abstract Improving designs of facilities that employ floc blankets in a water treatment process train to ensure stable performance is desirable, as is an understanding of suitable operating conditions to maintain a functional floc blanket in the system. By considering sequential processes when choosing design parameters, the whole system can be optimized to produce high quality effluent at low cost. A lab scale water treatment system with flocculator, floc blanket, and lamellar sedimentation was used to evaluate the effect of energy dissipation rates (EDR) in the inlet jet to the floc blanket on performance of the system as a whole. Results show that presence of a floc blanket provided an additional factor of 8 decrease in settled water suspended solids concentration at an upflow velocity 1.2 mm/s. Inlet jet EDR did not impact system performance until ∼300 mW/kg after which settled water turbidity increased. At the lower end of inlet jet EDR tested, the jet was unable to resuspend settled flocs. Given tha...


AbstractAcoustic imaging is an indispensable experimental aid in the design of silent aircraft. In this work, acoustic imaging is performed in a classical closed-section wind tunnel that has been extensively modified using specifically designed liners on the walls of the test section. The details of the associated acoustic modification and the aeroacoustic imaging method are introduced in this paper. The acoustic test performance is carefully evaluated by examining background noise reductions and acoustic beamforming results. The experimental outcomes suggest that the proposed acoustic modification could suppress background noise by 5 dB at 40–80  m/s test flow speeds. The beamforming results clearly identify the dominant airframe noise sources at landing gears and high-lift devices. The experimental results agree fairly well with the preceding computational and empirical predictions. The proposed acoustic imaging technique has been shown to be an effective experimental technique in identifying airframe n...


A concentration depletion is developed nearby a capillary wall from the result of flow-induced radial migration to the axis region of capillary incorporating with the chain extension. The velocity enhancement factor can be defined quantifying the migration of polymers. For the experimental observation of the radial migration, the capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF) system has been adopted as a probe on the microcapillary flow of water-soluble flexible polymers. As a practical implication, the migration phenomena may lead to apply this system due to the possible alteration of the elution characteristics. In order to verify the experimental results more accurately, a model has been provided based on the diffusion equation and the conformation-dependent friction involving a radial dependence of hydrodynamic force on the dumbbell extension. For the nonionic polyacrylamide, the experimental behavior of velocity enhancement was shown to be in accordance with the present model within the somewhat increased We. In case of the anionic polyelectrolyte with 30% hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, the increasing slopes of velocity enhancement are different with the eluant ionic strength. Note that the experimental data allow us to consider an enhanced migration due to the long-ranged repulsive force between capillary wall and polymer.


Species augmentation is a method of reducing species loss via augmenting declining or threatened populations with individuals from captive-bred or stable, wild populations. In this dissertation, species augmentation is analyzed in an optimal control setting to determine the optimal augmentation strategies given various constraints and settings. In each setting, we consider the effects on both the target/endangered population and a reserve population from which the individuals translocated in the augmentation are harvested. Four different optimal control formulations are explored. The first two optimal control formulations model the underlying population dynamics with a system of ordinary differential equations. Each of these two formulations utilizes a different function to model the cost of augmentation. For each optimal control formulation we find a characterization for the optimal control and show numerical results for scenarios of different illustrative parameter sets. The second two optimal control formulations model the underlying population dynamics with systems of discrete difference equations. The difference between these two optimal control formulations is the order in which events occur within each time step in the population models. In the first formulation the population is augmented before the natural growing season in each time step (augment then grow model), whereas in the second formulation the population is augmented after the natural growing season in each time step (grow then augment model). These two discrete time models, which differ only in their order of events, lead to structurally different models. The formulation with the augment then grow model cannot utilize discrete time optimal control theory and a brute force method of finding the optimal augmentation strategy is used. The formulation with the grow then augment model does utilize optimal control theory and we find the characterization of the optimal control. For both formulations, we explore several scenarios of different illustrative parameter sets. In each of the four optimal control formulations, the numerical results provide considerably more detail about the exact dynamics of optimal augmentation than can be readily intuited. The work presented here are the first steps toward building a general theory of population augmentation, which accounts for the complexities inherent in many conservation biology applications.