Goiânia was built to redefine the administrative logic of the Goiano territory. It was raised to break up the connections defined by the local oligarchy and consolidade an articulation with the economy based on the country's southeast. The new capital was the central element in a universalizing discourse which announced the benefits brought about by the instauration of a new productive mentality in the State of Goias. However, despite the eloquence with which the new capital was promoted, several elements which were not inserted in the original project started to emerge. Such elements represent the particular demands present in the lives of the migrants who were enlisted to work in the construction of such an important edifice. Thus, the universality promoted by the official discourses ended up interacting with the particularity derived from "supporting" actions. Such movement affected the originally-delineated form of the new capital. Certainly, the modification in the city's appearance is evidence of alterations also in its essence. In such context, a city built upon principles of "reason" ended up revealing traces of "insanity."


We report the detection of a feature at 65 μm and a broad feature around 100 μm in the far-infrared spectra of the diffuse emission from two active star-forming regions, the Carina Nebula and Sharpless 171. The features are seen in the spectra over a wide area of the observed regions, indicating that the carriers are fairly ubiquitous species in the interstellar medium. A similar 65 μm feature has been detected in evolved stars and attributed to diopside, a Ca-bearing crystalline silicate. The present observations indicate the first detection of a crystalline silicate in the interstellar medium if this identification also holds true for the interstellar feature. A similar broad feature around 90 μm reported in the spectra of evolved stars has been attributed to calcite, a Ca-bearing carbonate mineral. The interstellar feature seems to be shifted to longer wavelengths and have a broader width, although the precise estimate of the feature profile is difficult. As a carrier for the interstellar 100 μm feature, we investigate a possibility that the feature originates from carbon onions, grains consisting of curved graphitic shells. Because of the curved graphitic sheet structure, the optical properties in the direction parallel to the graphitic plane interact with those in the vertical direction in the carbon onion grains. This effect enhances the interband transition feature in the direction parallel to the graphitic plane in the carbon onions, which is suppressed in the graphite particles. Simple calculations suggest that carbon onion grains are a likely candidate for the observed 100 μm feature carrier, but the appearance of the feature is sensitive to the assumed optical properties.


The human endometrium undergoes cyclical changes regulated by sex hormones. Evidence suggests sex hormones regulate NK cell recruitment into the uterus, where NK cells are found in large numbers. NKG2D is a dominant activating receptor expressed on human NK cells, γδT cells and CD8 T cells, and NKG2D ligands are known to be sensors of cellular "stress". In this study, we investigated whether sex hormones directly regulate NKG2D ligand expression. Real‐time PCR analysis showed that NKG2D ligands were expressed in the endometrium, and there was a trend for greater micA expression in the secretory phase endometrium. NKG2D ligands were detected primarily on epithelial cells, and greater MICA expression was observed in immunohistochemical analysis of tissues from patients in the secretory phase. Estradiol increased MICA expression on uterine epithelial cells, and this regulation was estrogen receptor dependent. Uterine NK cell cytotoxicity of these epithelial cells was NKG2D dependent. These data suggest that estrogens regulate uterine NK cell activity by altering NKG2D ligand expression in the human endometrium. These findings have implications for hormonal regulation of NKG2D recognition in other tissues and diseases. This study was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (AI50178)


On the basis of analysis of various streaming media digital copyright management security protocols, this paper presents a digital copyright protection protocol which is adaptive to dynamic, distributed and heterogeneous IPTV network environments and can span the diverse security domain. This protocol does not only meet the basic requirements of digital copyright protection, but also has the ability to defend against IPTV protocol attacks and assure fairness between digital content Web service providers and customers by introducing a gateway web service and copyright center. We also apply WS-Security to the protocol to ensure end-to-end security and wsdl which explains how operations can be invoked. Furthermore, a formalization tool is applied to analyze the security of the protocol and the analysis results indicate that the protocol is secure.


This study aims to determine the effect of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) on writing scientific articles. The target group was 70 Indonesian students at Universitas Asahan enrolling Indonesian Language course. The duration of the course was 14 weeks. Students were asked to submit individual writing and group projects during the experiment. This study employs a quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent post-test design in two Indonesian Language courses. According to the results, the aggregate mean score of students in PBL class was 79.91. In comparison, the overall mean score of students in the control group or those who did not adopt the PBL approach was 66.51. These results suggest that students in PBL class could write good scientific articles.


Phosphonomycin is a new broad antibacterial medicine.Six-step reactions are included of the synthesis.One step of them is preparing from 1,2-propadienyl-phosphonic acid to cis-1-propenyl phosphonic acid on carbon-supported palladium.The catalysts were made by immersion method.The relation between the microscopic structure and the activity was studied.The results show that the crystalline form is different as the different content of the metal and the crystalline form affects the activity of the catalyst.The catalysts that supported on different supports such as active carbon,MCM-41,γ-Al_2O_3 and HZSM-5 had different activities.The reason may be that different supports have different interactions with the metal.Compared studies indicated that higher activity it shows on Ru/C than Ru/C catalyst,which is attributed to that Ru is much more disperse on the surface of the carbon than Pd and Ru can not form suitable crystalline grain.


Dinoflagellates of the genera Prorocentrum and Dinophysis are known producers of toxic compounds belonging to the okadaic acid (OA) group. The ingestion of shellfish contaminated with these toxins causes a human disease named diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In this study, the first record of Prorocentrum panamense, a potential toxin‐producer species, was reported in the Canary Islands together with its toxicological characterization. Prorocentrum panamense cells were collected during April 2017 from natural pools located in the Northeastern part of Gran Canaria. This new record represents an expansion of P. panamense distribution area, previously restricted to the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf and the Caribbean, and its introduction mechanisms are discussed. Laboratory cultures of P. panamense were settled and toxin production was assessed in both cell pellets and culture media at four different growth phases (latency, exponential, early stationary and late stationary) implementing LC‐MS/MS and neuro‐2a cell‐based assay (CBA). LC‐MS/MS allowed the identification of OA in the fraction corresponding to the late stationary phase, and tests performed on neuro‐2a cells showed, for most of the fractions, OA‐like activity observable by both cell morphology changes and cell mortality. This information is fundamental for a better understanding of the genus Prorocentrum global distribution, its ecology, and risks associated to toxic producing species.


Dynamic contact angles were measured by means of the Wilhelmy technique for a single fiber of 6-nylon and a plate of Teflon. The measuring liquids were n-alkanes and various polar liquids including doubly distilled water. The contact angle increased with increasing rate of advance of the three-phase line up to the rate of 0.2 mm/min and was independent of the rate in the region of 0.2-0.4 mm/min. At the rate near 0.5 mmimin the contact angle recommenced increasing. The plateau was observed at the air/water and n-alkane/water interfaces. As the thermodynamically significant contact angles the advancing and receding contact angles at the plateau were used for the estimation of the surface free energy of the solids. The dispersion component (23.8 erg/cm2) of the surface free energy of 6-nylon was estimated from the advancing contact angle and the polar component (25.5 erg/cm2) from the receding contact angle. (Received March 14, 1987)


We use very large cosmological N–body simulations to obtain accurate predictions for the two-point correlations and power spectra of mass-limited samples of galaxy clusters. We consider two currently popular cold dark matter (CDM) cosmogonies, a critical density model ( τ CDM) and a flat low density model with a cosmological constant (ΛCDM). Our simulations each use 10 9 particles to follow the mass distribution within cubes of side 2 h − 1 Gpc ( τ CDM) and 3 h − 1 Gpc (ΛCDM) with a force resolution better than 10 − 4 of the cube side. We investigate how the predicted cluster correlations increase for samples of increasing mass and decreasing abundance. Very similar behaviour is found in the two cases. The correlation length increases from r 0 = 12 – 13 h − 1 Mpc for samples with mean separation d c = 30 h − 1 Mpc to r 0 = 22 – 27 h − 1 Mpc for samples with d c = 100 h − 1 Mpc. The lower value here corresponds to τ CDM and the upper to ΛCDM. The power spectra of these cluster samples are accurately parallel to those of the mass over more than a decade in scale. Both correlation lengths and power spectrum biases can be predicted to better than 10% using the simple model of Sheth, Mo & Tormen (2000). This prediction requires only the linear mass power spectrum and has no adjustable parameters. We compare our predictions with published results for the APM cluster sample. The observed variation of correlation length with richness agrees well with the models, particularly for ΛCDM. The observed power spectrum (for a cluster sample of mean separation d c = 31 h − 1 Mpc) lies significantly above the predictions of both models.


Grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) systems have increased dramatically in the last few years due to the increased global interest in renewable energy sources and the growth in energy demand. Consequently, new and modern control strategies should be applied to improve the efficiency, reliability, and stability of grid-connected PV systems. To achieve this, the whole PV system should be tested under various weather and grid conditions. However, the wide variety of the PV system devices and control algorithms, in addition to the destructive nature of many types of scenarios and faults, make the practical testing of the PV system very difficult, very expensive, and impossible in many cases. Therefore, this paper utilizes the modelling and simulation tools of Matlab/Simulink to develop an accurate model for a grid-connected PV system-DC stage. The developed model implements all components of the grid-connected PV system at the DC side; these components are a PV array, a Boost converter, and a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller. Each component of the system is modelled, simulated and validated. Then the PV system is used to simulate many scenarios under various grid and weather conditions. The simulation results show that the model is reliable, stable and suitable for studying the grid-connected PV system.


To be able to meet the expected function from the green areas, they must be handled within the system integrity across the city. 'The Green Infrastructure System' is based on the understanding that urban green areas must be connected to natural systems and other open spaces with the green corridors plays a very important role in performing its ecological, aesthetic, recreational, and economic functions. On the other hand, the 'Social Design Approach' based on determining the needs of the beneficiary in physical spaces and gaining user satisfaction is considered important. In the research, in the line with the social design approach, the green infrastructure performance of Bingöl city and user satisfaction was analyzed. As a data collection tool, a survey form was created. In order to evaluate the green infrastructure performance, 16 success criteria were determined by using Delphi technique. The survey was applied to 658 people by using a simple random sampling method. In the analysis of the survey results, in addition to basic statistical methods, the preferences of the participants according to individual characteristics were analyzed with the method of correspondence analysis. For the green infrastructure performance of the city, in the evaluation made over 5 points, results were obtained between 1.86 and 2.59 points, with an average of 2.12 points. It was found that the participants use the green areas intensively, and they prefer passive recreational more and especially the individuals over 51 use the green spaces to walk their children, the individuals between 21-35 to do sport and jogging, the middle-income individuals to rest and relax and the male participants to engage social activities. According to the physical measurements and observations, it was found that the amount of the green areas of the city does not meet a planned the 'green infrastructure' system and despite the green area of 7,6 m per person, this cannot provide the user satisfaction. In the research, various suggestions were made to strengthen the green infrastructure of the city and ensure beneficiary satisfaction. Suggestions such as increasing the quality and quantity of existing green spaces, providing functionality in line with user needs, and putting additional city parks into service in order to ensure equal opportunity in access to green areas come to the fore.


Competitive advantage is increasingly considered to be one of the key drivers of long-term success of an organization in today's competitive markets. Before looking for a competitive advantage a lot of work has already been done. Sales goals have been reviewed; target markets are defined, problems and opportunities are defined and a thorough marketing plan is prepared. A marketing database is a collection of valuable structured information on present and prospective customers. The information gathered includes, who they are, where they buy, when they buy and how they buy. A proper database marketing system adds value to an organization, so it plays an important role in creating the competitive advantage. This paper contributes in the discussion about the identification of the barriers faced by large and medium firms in the service sector in Albania, trying to build competitive advantage through database marketing use. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n9p785


Cytokines are small molecular polypeptides that mainly secreted by immune cells. They play a pivotal role in signaling transduction and are involved in a wide range of biological activities. In addition to their role in immune system, cytokines are also linked with numerous diseases. In this thesis, we tried to (1) examine the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and (2) to elucidate the effect of cytokines in pain management. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. The cause of RA is still obscure, although a genetic component and environmental factors appear likely. In RA patients, numerous of immune cells accumulate in the joint, leading to activate osteoclast and stimulate synovial fibroblast (SF) to secret lots of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α eventually lead to cartilage erosion and joint destruction. Previous studies have shown that the levels of oncostatin M (OSM) are upregulated in RA patients' synovial fluid, but how OSM participates in RA is still unclear. Here we found that OSM could increase the mRNA and protein levels of placenta growth actor (PLGF) in RA synovial fibroblast (RASF) derived from RA patients. The enhancement effect of OSM was antagonized by the addition of Jak and PI3K inhibitors. Treatment of OSM in RASF could activate Jak/STAT and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, activated-STAT will further translocate into nucleus and bind to the promoter region of PLGF. The accumulation of PLGF may contribute to inflammation and angiogenesis of RA. These results revealed that OSM could be a good target for developing drugs to treat RA. To the patients who have moderate to severe RA, persistent pain is the most annoying problem. Clinicians sometimes use opioids to reduce severe pain when traditional painkiller not able to control pain. However, long-term use of opioids is usually confined by the development of tolerance, which means a higher dose is required to achieve the same analgesic level. Higher doses of opioids are associated with more serious side effects including constipation, nausea, dizziness and respiratory depression. In our second and third studies, we found that long-term treatment of morphine could increase the levels of OSM and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in rat spinal cord. The upregulated OSM and LIF could potentiate the analgesic effect of morphine by enhancing the effect of opioid on potassium outward current in dorsal horn neurons. Moreover, OSM and LIF could markedly attenuate the development of tolerance by suppressing microglia activation. We further collected sample from patients with different degrees of opioid tolerant cancer patients and compared with opioid naive surgical patients. It was found that the levels of LIF were significantly higher in opioid tolerant patients, there was a positive correlation between daily equivalent opioid dose and LIF expression. These results indicate that LIF might be a novel target to inhibit the development of opioid tolerance. In summary, our results implicate novel mechanism of OSM and LIF in the pathogenesis of RA and in the development of opioid tolerance. These chemokines may be a good drug target for developing new drugs.


Inductor means for a pump with a high suction capacity, wherein the inductor means comprises a housing (124) surrounding a Induktorrotor (123) having a plurality of blades (136) forming the housing (124) a clearance (J11), characterized that a game (J12) between a peripheral portion of the blades (136) and the housing (124) having an enlarged value, which lies above the value of the normal game (J11), in a zone which is also cylindrical in a first region (127) of the inner wall of the housing (124) upstream of the Induktorrotor (123) and in an area (127A) extending the inner wall of the housing (124) which is adjacent to the first cylindrical region (127) and a region upstream of the Induktorrotor overlaps (123) corresponding to a distance (d11), which starts from a leading edge of the blades (136) of the Induktorrotors (123), and that the ratio between the game with enlarged We rt (J12) and the game with a normal value (J11) is greater than 10 degrees.


To determine whether the use of nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS) for treatment of stage 1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) changed between 2009 and the end of 2013 in Australia.


Abstract Leisingite, ideally Cu(Mg,Cu,Fe,Zn)2Te6+O6·6H2O, is hexagonal, P3 (143), with unit-cell parameters refined from powder data: a = 5.305(1), c = 9.693(6) Å, V = 236.2(2) Å3, c/a = 1.8271, Z = 1. The strongest six reflections of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I) (hkl)] are: 9.70 (100) (001), 4.834 (80) (002), 4.604 (60) (100), 2.655 (60) (110), 2.556 (70) (111) and 2.326 (70) (112). The mineral is found on the dumps of the Centennial Eureka mine, Juab County, Utah, U.S.A. where it occurs as isolated, or rarely as clusters of, hexagonal-shaped very thin plates or foliated masses in small vugs of crumbly to drusy white to colourless quartz. Associated minerals are jensenite, cesbronite and hematite. Individual crystals are subhedral to euhedral and average less than 0.1 mm in size. Cleavage {001} perfect. Forms are: {001} major; {100}, {110} minute. The mineral is transparent to somewhat translucent, pale yellow to pale orange-yellow, with a pale yellow streak and an uneven fracture. Leisingite is vitreous with a somewhat satiny to frosted appearance, brittle to somewhat flexible and nonfluorescent; H(Mohs) 3-4; D(calc.) 3.41 for the idealized formula; uniaxial negative, ω = 1.803(3), ɛ = 1.581 (calc.). Averaged electron-microprobe analyses yielded CuO 24.71, FeO 6.86, MgO 6.19, ZnO 0.45, TeO3 36.94, H2O (calc.) [21.55], total [96.70] wt.%, leading to the empirical formula Cu1.00(Mg0.77Cu0.56Fe0.48Zn0.03)Σ1.84Te1.066+O6.02·5.98H2O based on O = 12. The infrared absorption spectrum shows definite bands for structural H2O with an O-H stretching frequency centered at 3253 cm−1 and a H-O-H flexing frequency centered at 1670 cm−1. The mineral name honours Joseph F. Leising, Reno, Nevada, who helped collect the discovery specimens.


The association between thraustochytrids and decaying seaweed was investigated in model System. Measurements were taken of: (1) dissolved carbohydrate and phenolics in seawater and (2) fungal propagules on the decaying algal thalli and light and S.E.M. observations of algal sections and algal thalli respectively. Thraustochytrids were initially present only in low numbers but äs the amount of dissolved carbohydrate in the seawater increased, so the number of thraustochytrids increased. This was significantly greater rhan for the higher marine fungi recorded. By day 16, thraustochytrid fungi had attained their greatest number and again the number of higher marine fungi remained low. There was then a decrease in the number of thraustochytrids recovered and an increase in the number of higher marine fungi. Suggestions are made äs to why the number of thraustochytrid fungi on living Fucus serratus thalli are low, but they do occur on the surface and when conditions are suitable for growth, e.g. when carbohydrates are lost due to senescence of the algal thalli they increase in number. This work suggests that fungi are more important in the decay of seaweeds than previously realised.


The casefor thin-film silicon as one of the main future options for cost-effectivephotovoltaicsolar cells is outlined. The limitations of presentamorphoussilicon (a-Si:H) solar cells are briefly mentioned.Hydrogenatedmicrocrystallinesilicon (mcSi:H) depositedby PECVD (plasma-enhancedchemical vapor deposition) at low substratetemperatur es (approx. 200 8C) constitutesa new and additionalpossibility for solar cells. Propertiesof intrinsic mc-Si:H layersdepositedby PECVD at VHF (very high frequency) excitationfrequenciesare listed, togetherwith thenecessaryconditionsfor obtainingdevice-gradematerial. Performancesobtainedso far with mc-Si:H solar cells are given; the latter are compar ed with estimatedlimits for pnandpintype deviceswith E s1.1 eV. Finally, presentperformancesand future perspectivesfor 'micromorph' (mc-Si:Hya-Si:H) tandem g solarcells are discussed.


Emotions are subjective constructs. Recent end-to-end speech emotion recognition systems are typically agnostic to the subjective nature of emotions, despite their state-of-the-art performance. In this work, we introduce an end-to-end Bayesian neural network architecture to capture the inherent subjectivity in the arousal dimension of emotional expressions. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to use Bayesian neural networks for speech emotion recognition. At training, the network learns a distribution of weights to capture the inherent uncertainty related to subjective arousal annotations. To this end, we introduce a loss term that enables the model to be explicitly trained on a distribution of annotations, rather than training them exclusively on mean or gold-standard labels. We evalu-ate the proposed approach on the AVEC'16 dataset. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results reveals that the proposed model can aptly capture the distribution of subjective arousal annotations, with state-of-the-art results in mean and standard deviation estimations for uncertainty modeling.


Resource-based city have been confronted of employment difficulty recently, the main cause is delayed transition to market based economy that led to an undeveloped new economic sector and less employment chance. For the lagged reform of SOE's, the employment shock endured by resource dependent cities is less severe than other cities. The cover of securing vulnerable policy, provided by government, is excess and insufficiency in concurrence. Active labor market policy, eg. promoting re-employment policy, do improve the market status who received, but just very few urban laid-off worker got the service, especially in resource-based city. So, it points the correct direction that central public finance be devoted in the next period.


A project to acquire a boring core column from below Lake Biwa had long been proposed by one of the authors. It is only recently that it was realized satisfactorily. The lowermost portion of the column was finally dug out last autumn from the depth 197 m below the lake bottom, and a long core composed of green clay particles became available now. Since the beginning of the Tertiary period in which the lake started to exist, an enormous amount of clay particles has been gathered from her vast drainage basin. They all were falling ceaselessly in water to form a thick ooze near the bottom. As the ooze became gradually consolidated under increasing load with increasing over-lying particles, an undisturbed basin with no gap of deposition began slowly to develop till its thickness exceeded over more than 1000 m. The core, when examined under the microscope, contains fine spherical ferromagnetic particles resembling conspicuously to the cosmic dust collected from ocean bottom. On further observation under the magnetometer, the whole column was found to possess a weak but stable permanent magnetism. Each sphere made a damped oscillation, whilst it was descending in water, till its polarity became parallel to that of the geomagnetic field and subsequently fossilized within the clay matrix. Consequently, one could trace the geomagnetic field backward in time by measuring the magnetism from the uppermost part of the core to the lowermost successively. In Fig. 1 is shown how the geomagnetic inclination changes with increasing depth. In the above measurements 40 sampling horizons were so chosen that they may spread over the entire column uniformly with a nearly equal separation of 5 m. Then, from each horizon three specimens were cut off successively along the core axis, and measured after the


In this paper, we present a novel art gallery-based algorithm for placing a small number of guards to cover a global environment with obstacles for an autonomous robot. The guards are required to cover the entire workspace that is represented as a simple polygon with n vertices and h holes (obstacles). The proposed algorithm efficiently computes a (small) number of guards in simple polygons with holes, which runs in O (n log n) time and requires a linear storage complexity. However, an additional set of connection nodes is computed to form the connectivity graph, which contains all guards. This graph has far less number of vertices when compared to similar data structures used in conventional visibility-based or probabilistic-based motion planning algorithms. The resulting placement of guards and connectors can then be used as control points in the path of an autonomous mobile robot for navigation or inspection tasks. The proposed algorithm is not only offering a better performance in terms of computational cost but also an easy implementation. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency, robustness, and potential of the proposed algorithm.


Qigequan area is a lithologic layered oil pool controlled by anticline structure.The reservoir has some distribution characters of thin,more,diffusion and mixed.The forecast accuracy is comparatively low if borehole data is only used in reservoir predict.poststack acoustic impedance inversion can supplement the shortage.The development of reservoir has a distinctive appearance in seismic wave,According to statistical results we find their relations,which have directive significance for reservoir predict in Sha Hejie Formation of Qigequan area.


Knuckle slide driving device for a press is used to link to the side turning towards the connection point between the links for driving the slide in, the distal end is attached to the knuckle presses the base end portion. It said side link is maintained at a very small angle of inclination for the slide to the lower link to rise and fall. A small inclination angle is thrust does not occur on the slide, and molding and extrusion products also work starting from a high point above the bottom dead center of the slide - to be able to perform precision molding. According to one embodiment of the invention, the base end portion of the link side is attached firmly to the frame of the knuckle presses. At the lower dead point to, according to another embodiment of the invention, the bottom dead point correcting apparatus is to compensate for the change in the connection and adjusts the position of the distal end of the side link.


Online learning is one of the biggest concerns in Ministry of Higher Education in order to achieve Malaysia's goal towards access, quality and efficiency. Online learning is known to be one of the medium in education that reduce the space, time
and cost for students and at the same time provide a competitive advantage to the university. This study attempts to examine the perception of School of Business Management students in online learning satisfaction towards online learning system in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Factors used in this study to evaluate the satisfaction over online learning system are user interface design, online course design, perceived ease of use and perceived of usefulness. It is important to know the levels of student satisfaction towards online learning system from the perspective of student's
behaviour and the design of system in order to enhance the quality of online education. This study also examined the level of usage for online learning system used in Universiti Utara Malaysia among School of Business Management students.
A total of 331 students participated in the research from four different courses; Marketing, Human Resource Management, Entrepreneurial and Business Administration. In order to test the hypotheses, SmartPLS version 2.0 was used and
the findings of this study showed that the user interface design, online course design, perceived ease of use and perceived of usefulness have a significant relationship to student online learning satisfaction.


Benthic macroinvertebrate community was studied in a stretch of Bhagirathi River fragmented by Maneri-Bhalli stage I Hydroelectric project. Three stations were sampled at monthly intervals: one (S1) upstream of Maneri dam with natural hydrological regime, one (S2) in the 17 km fragmented stretch starved of its flow  downstream of the dam, and one (S3) abour 1 km downstream of M-B I power house. Mean water temperature increased while current velocity and DO decreased from S1 to S3. The benthic density decreased significantly in the downstream stations. Similar benthic assemblages in most of the months at S1 indicated the stable ecosystem while varying types of assemblages at S2 and S3 depict perturbed state. Biological Monitoring Working Party Score indicated moderately impacted to impacted and impacted to heavily polluted water quality at S2 and S3 respectively as compared to moderate water quality at S1. LIFE score indicated moderate to fast-flow conditions at S1, slow to moderate at S2 and varying flow conditions at S3 during lean season. CCA separated three stations with different characteristic taxa associated with different environmental variables. Current velocity, pH and dissolved oxygen explained maximum of the variance in assemblage in CCA plot. The study indicates that urgent measures are required to improve the ecological health and integrity of the stretch deprived of its natural hydrological regime.


The Coaching Success Questionnaire-2 (CSQ-2) was developed to provide a global assessment of coaches' ability to develop critical athlete outcomes (e.g., self-confidence). Study 1 examined the responses of 212 collegiate athletes on the 106-item CSQ-2A, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) results provided empirical guidance for modification and refinement of the instrument. Study 2 utilized EFA and covariance modeling to examine the responses of 352 participants on the 76-item CSQ-2B, resulting in the final 40-item, 10-factor model. Study 3 confirmed the model with a sample of 396 athletes demonstrating strong factorial validity (i.e., RMSEA =.07; SRMR =.05; NNFI =.98; CFI =.99). Construct validity of the CSQ-2 was also examined using bivariate correlations and multivariate analysis of variance across psychosocial correlate variables (i.e., athlete self-confidence, enjoyment/boredom, motivational climate and athlete burnout). Results provided preliminary support for the construct validity of the CSQ-2 and discussion focused on possible uses of this new measure of coaching success as both a research and coach development tool.


A grommet of a dynamoelectric machine is provided electrically to insulate a part of a bus bar by using a pair of protrusion members extended from a flange unit to receive the bus bar. A grommet(50) of a dynamoelectric machine includes a body unit(110) and at least one protrusion. The body unit is sealed with a hole(54) of a housing of the dynamoelectric machine. The at least one protrusion receives a conductor and is extended from the body unit. The grommet further includes an aperture extended from the body unit to seal and receive the conductor passing through the hole. The hole has a slit shape to seal the conductor and is extended from the inside to the outside of the dynamoelectric machine. The grommet is electrically non-conductive.


Discrimination of Asian immigrants has a long history in the USA. After 9/11, violence against Asian immigrants, particularly Sikhs, has increased dramatically. Asian Americans are viewed as the 'model minority in the United States'. Yet Sikh immigrants, one of the most successful Asian immigrants in the United States, experience discrimination that ranges from verbal taunts to physical attacks. The violent racist attack and the tragic killings of Sikh immigrants at the Milwaukee Gurdwara is an example of this trend. Often media portrays misidentification of Sikhs for 'Middle Eastern Muslim' terrorists as the reason for such mindless violence against Sikh immigrants. In this paper, I argue that misembodiment accompanies misidentification. Psychological research on immigrants needs to explore the phenomenological aspects of embodying a mistaken identity. Furthermore, in this paper I discuss the paradox of being a model minority who experience the most discrimination among Asian immigrants and its implications for developing culturally appropriate therapeutic interventions that could empower Sikh immigrant communities.


Cooperative spectrum sensing is a key technology to tackle the challenges such as fading or hidden terminal problem in local spectrum sensing of cognitive radio system. Conventional cooperative method can improve the detection performance in some sense, but increase overhead of control channel. In order to reduce the overhead, a new cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm based on confidence level is proposed. In this algorithm, the maximum-eigenvalue-based detection scheme is carried out to obtain the local spectrum detection and the detection probability and false alarm probability of each secondary user are used to estimate the reliability of the sensing decision. The test statistic of the secondary users with high reliability are chosen and sent to fusion center. Then weighted factors of chosen secondary users are derived from creditability values, and the global decision is made by weighted fusion at fusion center. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the detection probability in the guarantee of the false-alarm probability close to 0 and saves half of the overhead in the control channel.


Business English is a branch of English for special purpose ( ESP ) ,It is involving management,marketing,trade,finance and other fields,It is synthesis application of English knowledge, professional knowledge and business background.This article on the Business English for the targeted analysis, discusses the traditional teaching method and scenarios - case study teaching method in the teaching of business English, and puts forward relevant teaching strategies.


In the background of the sharp controversy contra Eunomium , one can discern the outline of the cohesive epistemological doctrine of St. Gregory. Following classical semiotics, mainly Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics, the Cappadocian theologians developed a tripartite semiotic theory, that (1) distinguishes thing, human intelligence, and linguistic annunciation as three components of reality and (2) simultaneously stresses the complex character of mental and linguistic entities in their dialectical ambivalence. CE II provides a theoretical frame for discussing these traditional philosophical issues in respect to Christian theology. In order to focus on positive issues of Nyssa's teaching, this chapter presents the theoretical content of the interrelated topics of the CE II in a systematic exposition, excluding the discussion in extenso of the polemic context which provoked its development. Keywords: Christian theology; contra Eunomium ; St. Gregory; tripartite semiotic theory


Abstract In China, a mere copying and pasting of the regulative skeleton from the West aiming to enhance the quality of regulations would always invite criticism. With respect to the legal system of intellectual property rights protection, especially the digital copyright legal regime, it looks more like a paradoxical combination of the Western approach. Accomplished success has been achieved on the 'black letter' (doctrinalism) aspect. However, there has been little awareness of the comparison from the perspectives of cultural, social, and political context (contextualism) where the regulation develops. This article reviews why and to what extent the cultural context matters in regard to the interaction between technology and digital copyright regulations. This research will eventually come to a conclusion that in those developing countries, such as China, legal transplant could still need to be carefully selected and tailored to the socio-cultural and economic demands of that country. Keywords: digital copyright, contextualism, digital rights management (DRM), DRM regulatory model, intellectual property protection, cultural lag, reciprocal determinism theory, local protectionism 1. In an era when copyright protection system meets digital technology Technology produces far-reaching and profound effects on people's lives. Compared to science, technology plays more direct and important roles in people's behaviours and day-to-day lives (Weber et al. 2010). What's more, concerning the relationship between technology and law, development of technology shall directly drive the growth of wealth to further push the growth of 'rights' as a vital factor in economic relations (Luo 2006), which also leads to changes in the allocation principles and rules governing both rights and power. Friedrich Engels believes that economic relationships are a critical base of social history, including all manufacturing and transportation techniques (Ibid). Furthermore, they also determine the exchange, means of distribution and social class divisions after the disintegration of the clan society. Copyright regulations emerged from the need to protect the intellectual works from any form of unauthorized use and distribution. It was conceived on the basis of protecting the rights-holders' creation from illegitimate use by the public. When copyright exists independently under the intellectual property regime, it merely regulates the issues that have occurred in the physical world. Following the constantly and rapidly developed technologies, there has been an unprecedented change in the ways in which various digital works are accessed and disseminated. This has necessitated the revision of copyright regulatory systems and their regulatory models on a continuous basis in a way that they can timely and adequately respond to the seemingly insurmountable challenges of combating the indiscriminate and illegitimate reproduction and distribution of creators' work that has been facilitated by new technologies. We become what we behold. We shape our tools, and thereafter our tools shape us. (Marshall McLuhan) With the rapid development of new technologies, the problems regarding copyright gradually spread into the digital context (Postigo 2012). It is understandable that the current copyright system has always been challenged by the technological development, and sometimes the current copyright regime is delayed when it is conceived to adapting to this sort of technical innovation. Growing concern from the public is deemed as a control mechanism for the dissemination of information (Will 2014). The whole copyrights system has been primarily and gradually changed by novel technology, which embarrasses the exploitation of copyright works and makes it hard to manage in a networked environment. In the digital context, the massive reproduction and distribution of new information and technological innovation has spread dramatically. …


This paper analyzes the impact of corruption on the establishment of new businesses through a comparative analysis of the Western Balkan countries and the developed European countries. The aim of the paper is to examine whether corruption affects the establishment of new businesses, and to identify areas that are important for starting a new business in which corruption is most present, as well as to propose measures that can mitigate the negative effects of corruption and, consequently, make more supportive environments for development of entrepreneurship. Our initial assumption is that corruption has a negative impact on the development of entrepreneurship. In order to check this hypothesis, the method of correlation and regression analysis was applied in research of corruption impact on entrepreneurship development based on a sample of 25 countries. The results of our research have shown that corruption has had a negative and statistically significant impact on the establishment of new businesses. Also, our research has shown that the impact of corruption on the development of entrepreneurship is higher in countries characterized by an insufficiently stable and underdeveloped macroeconomic environment such as the Western Balkans countries, compared to developed European countries. As study has shown, obtaining construction permit and registering property are the areas in which corruption is most pronounced.


Introduction We previously reported a unique hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis profile in women with a menstrually related mood disorder (MRMD) who also had a history of sexual abuse (SA). In the present study, we sought to extend that work by examining the association of an SA history with HPT-axis disturbance in both women with MRMD and women without MRMD. Methods Fifty-seven women met the prospective criteria for MRMD (23 with an SA history), and 52 women were non-MRMD (18 with an SA history). Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxin (T4; total and free), and triiodothyronine (T3; total and free) were evaluated in serum, together with thyroid hormone ratios reflecting T4 to T3 conversion. Results Women with MRMD, compared with women without MRMD, had elevated T3/T4 ratios (p values ⩽ .01; reflecting increased conversion of T4 to T3) and lower free and total T4 concentrations (p values = .01). Higher T3/T4 ratios and lower T4 concentrations predicted more severe premenstrual symptoms in all women. An SA history, irrespective of MRMD status, was associated with elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations (p = .03). However, in women with MRMD, an SA history was associated with elevated T3 concentrations (p = .049), whereas in women without MRMD, an SA history was associated with decreased T3 concentrations (p = .02). Conclusions An MRMD and an SA history are associated with independent and interactive effects on the HPT axis. The evidence that an MRMD moderates the influence of SA on T3 concentrations contributes to a growing body of work suggesting that an SA history may identify a distinct subgroup of women with MRMD. Abbreviations HPT = hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid MRMD = menstrually related mood disorder PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder SA = sexual abuse T4 = thyroxin T3 = triiodothyronine TBG = thyroid-binding globulin TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone


In the European Emission Trading scheme the supply of allowances exceeds emissions - cumulating, according to our estimates, in a surplus of 2.7 billion tonnes by 2013/2014. We find that initially the surplus was acquired by power companies so as to hedge future carbon costs. As the surplus exceeds this hedging demand, additional allowances need to be acquired as speculative investment. This requires higher rates of return and implies that expected future carbon prices are highly discounted. This could explain the recent drop in carbon prices. The analysis shows that the volume of unused allowances matters for the discount applied to future carbon prices. We use our supply-demand framework to assess currently discussed policy options set-aside, reserve price for auctions and adjustments of emission targets.


ion of electrons from cellular constituents such as proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA, and plasma transferring. During this reduction of Cr to Cr, several other oxidative states transiently occur, namely Cr and Cr that contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr.


C3H mice aged 56-70 days, weighing 27-37 g. were used throughout this experiment. A transplantable fibrosarcoma arising spontaneousely from C3H mice was used. For experiment, 104 tumor cells suspended in 0.025 ml of saline solution were injected into the cerebral hemisphere by a 26 gauge needle with a micrometer syringe under nembutal anesthesia. Whole brain irradiation was performed at 7 days after injection of the tumor cells and the radiation doses were 2, 000 and 20, 000 rads, respectively. The feature of x-rays were 200 kVp, 20 mA, 0.5 mm Cu + 0.5 mm Al filtration and TSD 20 cm. The dose-rate was 340-360 R/min. The articles of this study were as follows:a) Determination of LD50 values for the mice, tumor-bearing in the brain or non-tumor-bearing; and b) Observation of clinical features and gross autopsy findings of the mice following irradiation. The LD50 values for 2, 000 rad irradiation in the tumor-bearing or non-tumor-bearing mice were 10.9 and 11.4 days, respectively. LD50 values of 3.7 days and 4.3 days were the results for the tumor-bearing and non-tumorbearing mice irradiated by 20, 000 rad, respectively. On the other hand, the LD50 value for the control group, i.e. non-irradiated mice, was 6.7 days. At postmortem examinations, gastrointestinal bleeding was observed frequently in mice bearing tumor in the brain. Whole brain irradiation is effective to prolong the life of tumor-bearing mice. However, in some instances, deaths have occurred earlier in tumor-bearing mice compared to the control group.


IFTY-TWO BY-ELECTIONS were held after the general election of May 1955 and before the October 1959 general election.1 One hundred and thirty-six candidates contested, two appeared in two by-elections: thirtyone of them lost and did not appear in the 1959 general election. Thirteen of these losers had no previous record this was their first, and so far their only candidacy. Three were Labour candidates, four were Liberals, two were Conservatives, and the remaining four stood under various party designations. Eighteen losers had previous records. For twelve this was their second defeat, for four their third loss, and for one it was his fourth unsuccessful attempt. One of the eighteen had been elected once, had failed to contest in 1955, and thus suffered his first defeat in a 1956 by-election. Party affiliations were: Labour, eight; Conservatives, five; Liberals, two; and others, three. The remaining 105 contestants 56 with previous records and 49 who appeared for the first time in these by-elections reappeared as candidates in the 1959 general election. The experienced candidates showed quite a range of previous wins and losses, from once elected and once defeated to twice elected and six times defeated, seven times elected and six times defeated, and other combinations. Four had first been candidates in 1929; 24 between 1945 and 1951; and 28 in 1955. What happened to both beginners and old hands can be shown conveniently in a table. TABLE I


This reminiscence recalls the environment in which LEO came to be built, the personalities involved, the major problems that were encountered, and the circumstances that led to the disappearance of the brand at the time when it was achieving its greatest successes. From first to last, LEO's active life span was only 20 years.


Viscosity properties of wheat starch and flour measured by the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) were characterised by RVA running conditions and varietal difference. RVA variables including starting temperature of measurement, heating rate and final cooling temperature were found to be the most important factors determining RVA viscosity properties. Starting temperature mostly affected peak time, peak viscosity, breakdown and setback viscosity for starch, and peak time and breakdown for flour. Heating rate influenced peak time, peak viscosity, holding strength and final viscosity for starch, and peak time, peak viscosity, breakdown and holding strength for flour. Setback viscosity for starch and flour was determined by final cooling temperature. Discrimination of wheat varieties was greatest with the following RVA running profile: starting temperature of 50 °C, heating rate of 20°C/min and final cooling temperature for both starch and flour of 43°C. This profile also showed clear classification of wheat varieties tested and accordingly good prediction for softness of cooked white salted noodles.


An important feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is common to other major neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease, is that the minority (5%–10%) of patients with an inherited form of ALS cannot be distinguished clinically from the majority who have no family history. This has encouraged the view that understanding the genetic, molecular, and cellular basis of familial ALS (fALS) will provide major insights into pathogenesis, and ultimately lead to the generation of effective therapies, for the much commoner sporadic form of disease. For more than a decade, the only gene clearly associated with fALS was SOD1 , which accounts for 20% of familial cases.1 The most significant development in ALS research since that initial breakthrough was the discovery that TDP-43 protein is both a constituent of ubiquitinated inclusions in ALS spinal cord motor neurons2 and also mutated in approximately 5% of patients with fALS.3 A smaller number of patients with ALS carry mutations in the gene for angiogenin4 but more than three-quarters of familial ALS cases have remained unexplained. It has long been clear that there are more ALS genes to be discovered. …


Objective: To examine the efficacy of octreotide in resolving chylothoraces in infants and children following cardiac surgery. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care center. Patients: All children who received octreotide for the treatment of chylothoraces following surgery for congenital heart disease over a 30-month period between 2001–2004. Interventions: Octreotide infusion. Measurements and main results: Eight courses of octreotide treatment were identified in seven patients who met our inclusion criteria. The median duration of therapy was 5 days, and dosing ranged from 1 to 4 &mgr;g/kg/hr. Treatment did not result in an overall decrease in average chest tube output after 3 days of therapy. However, in two patients (29%) the chylothoraces ultimately resolved during the octreotide infusion. Treatment was well tolerated, and no serious side effects were noted. Conclusion: In contrast to previously published reports, we find octreotide therapy for postoperative chylothoraces to be successful in only a minority of cases.


According to the data from continuous monitoring during 1989~1999,the average body length, body width and body weight of matured mitten crab caught from the Yangtze River were 58mm, 63mm and 131g respectively. The ratio of female to male was 1∶0.92 in the catching. The peak season of the crab catching was from Oct. 4 to Oct. 19 in the middle and lower reaches of the river and late November in the estuaries. As the result of drastic declining of the matured mitten crab resource, the catching season of matured mitten crab disappeared in the river course upper than NanJing. The authors analyzed the reproductive migration and the present catching of the crab in the Yangtze River. Protective measures on the crab resource in the Yangtze River were also suggested in the paper.


Five days after the Tiananmen Square massacre, Deng Xiaoping indicated that this "counter-revolutionary turmoil" was bound to happen because of trends in the da qihou (literally, the larger climate; figuratively, major domestic and global developments((1)). To understand the intriguing changes that have taken place in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) ten years after 1 July 1997, it is instructive to assess changes in not only Hong Kong itself but also Beijing-Hong Kong relations. China's precipitous rise to within striking distance of attaining "quasisuperpower" status also has to be taken into account.


Adaptively selected to provide a context model for entropy coding and to a method and apparatus for a video decoder. Whether the residual data to a method of coding a residual prediction flag, the residual prediction flag indicating an enhancement layer block of a multi-layer video signals in accordance with the residual data for the enhancement layer residual block corresponding to the lower layer predicted differential data, the method comprising the steps of: calculating a residual energy of the lower layer data block; energy determination according to the encoding method for the residual prediction flag; using the determined encoding method and the residual predictive coding flag.


There is proposed a photon detector (1) having in addition to a paralysierbaren photon-sensitive element (5) is a photon transmission element (7). The photon detector is adapted to provide by the photon transmission element (7) transmitted and to the photon-sensitive element (5) to vary incident photon intensity, for example, by changing an absorption property or a Defokussierungseigenschaft the photon transmission element (7). In this way the paralysierbare photon-sensitive element, for example, as SPAD (Single Photon Avalanche Diode) may may be formed, always close to the optimum working range and below a Paralysierungsbereiches be operated. It is further described with such a photon detector a distance measuring device.


2-Phenylpyridines react with olefins react with olefins in the presence of rhodium(I) as a catalyst to give 2-(2-alkylphenyl)pyridines by a regioselective alkylation at the ortho position of the phenyl ring.


The structure of bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptane dionato)barium was determined by X-ray diffraction on crystals grown by sublimation. It consists of cyclic tetramers [Ba 4 (C 11 H 19 O 2 ) 8 ] with ligands acting as μ 2 and μ 3 bridges.


The Doppler‐free high‐resolution spectrum of the B 1 Π–X 1Σ+ transition of NaK was measured by the technique of laser polarization spectroscopy. The molecular constants of the B 1 Π state, which reproduced the observed 831 unperturbed line positions (v=0–6, J=1–94) with a standard deviation of 0.002 cm−1 , were determined. Many perturbed lines, which were attributed to the perturbation between the B 1 Π and c(2) 3 Σ+ states, were observed. By analyzing the energy shifts of the B 1 Π(v=4,J) levels around J=13, we estimated the rotational constant Bv of the c(2) 3 Σ+ state to be 0.048 cm−1, and the matrix element of the spin‐orbit interaction 〈c(2) 3 Σ+ vN=JJM‖Hso‖ B 1Πv=4JM〉 to be 0.14 cm−1 . We found that the strongly perturbed lines split into four lines, and we identified them as a hyperfine splitting caused by a mixing of the c(2) 3 Σ+ state. The splitting into four lines is explained by the magnetic dipole interaction due to a nucleus of I=3/2.


In the early twentieth century, Vaughan Cornish and others developed an aural aesthetic for English town and country planning which categorized sounds as 'in place' or 'out of place'. Implicit to this was a moral geography and idealisation of rural landscapes and Englishness which deemed loud music to be out of place in the countryside. Debates over the appropriateness of popular music in rural environments have continued, with a particular emphasis placed on open-air festivals and raves which have attracted local fears and distrust. However, it may be argued that some events, such as Fairport Convention's annual event at Cropredy in Oxfordshire, are now an integral part of the cultural identity and contemporary rural economy of their host locations. In the process, such events have helped to reposition both 'traditional' ideas of the rural idyll and its concomitant Englishness.


A Gender Equity Strategy and Action Plan has been integrated into the Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board's Master Plan. Implementation of this plan will be the first gender mainstreaming exercise in the energy sector in Bangladesh, and possibly in the world.


We describe a joint effort to integrate engineering design in the first-year courses across the curricula of multiple departments at the host institution. A modular design approach allows for student interaction and teaming across two different design exercises, and early exposure of students from each engineering discipline is emphasized. Survey results indicate that the intervention is helpful in promoting engineering design and inter-discipline awareness for the students.


The invention relates to a ceramic atomization element. The ceramic atomization element comprises a power supply positive terminal, a power supply negative terminal and a fixed base, wherein an air inlet is formed from the outer wall surface to the inner wall surface of the power supply positive terminal, the power supply negative terminal is mounted at the lower end of the power supply positive terminal, an insulation ring is mounted between the inner wall of the power supply positive terminal and the outer wall of the power supply negative terminal, a threaded hole is formed along the direction of the axis line of the fixed base, a ceramic liquid guide element is mounted in the threaded hole, and the inner wall of the ceramic liquid guide element contacts an atomization heating piece. The ceramic atomization element is made of porous ceramic, has the high-temperature resistance, has small possibility of generating charring, has the large smoke liquid contact area, and is high in liquid guide speed. The invention further provides a smoke cartridge which is simple in structure and convenient to process.


Elaborates the reason why the present plough applied rare in our country from the condition of our country thin seam.Also carries on the comparison to the service condition of plough in domestic and aboard, moreover elaborates the domestic plough and foreign advanced plough with disparity in the technical aspect, points out the development tendency of plough,and analyzes the plough has the broad space in our country.


We investigate from probabilistic point of view the asymptotic behavior of the number of distinct component sizes in general classes of combinatorial structures of sizenasn?∞. Mild restrictions of admissibility type are imposed on the corresponding generating functions and asymptotic expressions of the mean and variance of that number are obtained. Then we establish weak convergence to a convolution of two distributions, where one of them is always Gaussian. As an illustration we consider three typical generating function examples: partitions of a finite set, partitions of a positive integer and mappings of a finite set into itself.


The importance of language input for foreign language acquisition is widely accepted. Among all the theories ,Krashen's Input Hypothesis is by far the most influential. Based on this hypothesis, this essay elaborates the significance of input and how to input in foreign language teaching.


Among the different technological solutions realized in order to preserve data privacy, the front end trust filter could be effectively applied in environments characterized by high dynamism and untrustworthiness. Unfortunately, a preliminary assessment of this approach suggested a possible weakness: by using different user's profiles the privacy policy can be eluded and sensitive information could be obtained by inference over legal data set. This paper proposes a solution that could be helpful for two purposes: it could be used in the design phase for identifying which use scenarios (i.e., sequences of legal queries) could threaten data privacy; additionally, it could be used for identifying users which could potentially exploit inference for disclosing confidential information.


The aim of the study was to developed edible film from pea starch and casein with good physical, mechanical and water vapour permeability properties. The films were prepared from dissolving of 5% pea starch and casein in different ratios 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 3:1 into the water with Glycerol (2.5 %) and were analysed for determine its physical and mechanical properties. The film from starch/casein ratio 1:3 was better in film thickness(0.204 mm), solubility (52.72%), tensile strength(20.9 MPa), elongation at break (9.7%) and water vapour permeability (12.09 g msPa). Increasing concentrations of casein was cause high moisture content in film with higher transparency. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectrum and X-ray diffraction of T2 sample was showed smooth surface without any fracture, interaction between of hydroxyl and amino group of pea starch / casein and revealed an amorphouscrystalline structure of film, respectively.


ROCKET AF and its East Asian subanalysis demonstrated that rivaroxaban was non‐inferior to warfarin for stroke/systemic embolism (SE) prevention in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), with a favorable benefit–risk profile. XANAP investigated the safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban in routine care in Asia‐Pacific.


We have had our attention drawn to the paper by Peel and Eastell, which applied the method of Bland and Altman for comparing rates of bone loss measured by two manufacturers' densitometers on the same individuals. Our purpose is to point out a possible error in the application of the method which arises from an obscurity in the original paper by Bland and Altman which has received insufficient attention. The Bland and Altman approach is to compare the difference in rates of bone loss measured by two techniques in the same subjects with the meaned rate of bone loss and to seek a trend. In the event that a significant trend is demonstrable the two techniques for measuring rates of bone loss must not be used interchangeably. The problem arises in defining the mean rate of bone loss. If the two methodologies that are being compared have the same level of imprecision, then the arithmetic mean as originally suggested by Bland and Altman is the correct value to use on the abscissa. However, Altman subsequently mentioned without drawing attention to it adequately that the mean should be the best estimate of the true value. Therefore, in the case of data of unequal precision, the mean should be calculated after weighting the data statistically according to the reciprocal of the precision variances. In the case of Peel and Eastell's paper, in which rates of bone loss were compared from Lunar and Hologic machines, it would appear that little difference to their results would be obtained from using weighted instead of unweighted means as far as comparing bone mineral density (g/cm) values are concerned. When data from earlier technology, e.g., dual-photon absorptiometry data from a Novo or Lunar machine is compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data, the difference in precision can however be substantial and the choice of whether to statistically weight the data when calculating the meaned values for a Bland and Altman analysis can profoundly influence the outcome. Finally, it appears that the bone mineral content (BMC) data discussed by Peel and Eastell may have been wrongly analyzed if the authors are right in their suggestion that the BMC measurement precisions with the Lunar and Hologic machines are considerably different. For those of us interested in multicenter cohort studies or trials using machines from different manufacturers, it would therefore be of interest to know whether Peel and Eastell's conclusions would be modified by the corrected calculations applied to their BMC data.


Scholars from numerous academic fields have tried to make sense of the Mexican Revolution, a movement which began as a unified multi-class rebellion against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, but ended as a series of regional battles where factions with contrasting agendas fought each other in a struggle for land, power, and autonomy. The complex sequence of events that occurred in Mexico between 1910 and 1920 has inspired (and continues to inspire) historians to propose different interpretations of the revolutionary process. This article will discuss how the interpretations of various Marxist historians shaped the historiography of the Mexican Revolution. Interpretive models developed by two generations of Marxists—those from the 1930s and their counterparts from the 1970s—influenced the way scholars perceived Mexican history in general and the Mexican Revolution in particular. Marxist historians broadly defined the Mexican Revolution as (a) an aborted or unfulfilled proletarian revolution, and (b) the victory of the middle class bourgeoisie and the development of capitalism.


In this paper,a motor control scheme based on multi-DSP architecture is presented for feedback control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(PMSM).The basis of this scheme is that the motor control algorithms can be divided into three main processes,and they can be executed in parallel and in pipeline structure.So this scheme can execute the motor control algorithm in an efficient way by taking advantages of both multi-DSP architecture and pipeline structure,and offer a large computing power for intelligent control of motor.It is also a reference to the digital design of other motor control system.


The riot at Internment Camp 3 Tatura on 29 September 1941 was an example of differing views between officers in charge and their superiors regarding the enforcement of camp rules in Australia during World War II. A system of cooperation developed in the c


The accuracy of an interferometer was analyzed by E.V. Stansfield, who derived approximate formulas for the variance of the phase error given that the received signal from each antenna is a sinusoid embedded in additive white Gaussian noise. These formulas are simple to use and provide useful insights into the performance of interferometric direction finding systems. However, they may be unreliable, as their derivation depends on certain assumptions which, in a strict sense, are invalid. In particular, an exact solution for the probability density of the phase error has, up to now, resisted mathematical analysis. This paper derives an exact formula for the probability density of the phase error of a digital interferometer based on the processing of non-overlapped signal data blocks. This result leads to an exact formula for the variance of the phase error, and thereby improves the accuracy with which the theoretical performance of a digital interferometer can be determined.


Let $\varphi=(1+\sqrt{5})/2$ denote the golden section. We investigate relationships between unbounded iterations of the floor function applied to various combinations of $\varphi$ and $\varphi^2$. We use them to formulate an algebraic polynomial-time winning strategy for a new four-pile take-away game Flora, which is motivated by partitioning the set of games into subsets CompGames and PrimGames. We further formulate recursive, arithmetic, and word-mapping winning strategies for it. The arithmetic one is based on the Fibonacci numeration system. We further show how to generate the floor words induced by the iterations using word-mappings and characterize them using the Fibonacci numeration system. We also exhibit an infinite array of such sequences.


he traditional Chinese acupuncture has been reported to alleviate pain and is widely accepted as a complement therapy for pain relief in the world. In 1996, a novel acupuncture strategy, Fu's subcutaneous needling (FSN), was developed from the traditional Chinese acupuncture, but quite different from it. In FSN, needles are penetrated and swayed in the subcutaneous layer, but not the muscular layer. The choosing of its insertion points doesn't obey the principles of traditional Chinese medicine. To date, FSN has been widely used by clinicians in China for its good job in pain management though the systemic and rigorous studies are still lack.


The objective of this research is to present a neural network based optical vibration sensor using a quad-cell photo-detector array. The proposed system uses a He-Ne laser source whose Gaussian beam impinges on the photo-detector array. The optical power distribution from the photo-detectors is fed to vibration monitoring system which maps the power distribution to the x-y position of the laser beam center. The vibration monitoring system uses artificial neural networks for function approximation to yield the correct mapping and estimate the x-y positions of the laser beam center which are then used for vibration characterization. An experimental setup of the system is developed and then trained using neural networks. The results obtained show the effectiveness of neural networks to estimate the vibration frequency and magnitude of a vibrating system.


Women are still failing to reach the senior levels of management. A number of studies have addressed potential reasons for this and one area of research has examined the influence of gendered cultures on women. Researchers argue that women are excluded from male-dominated cultures through a complex dynamic of discourse and gendered practices. This study seeks to understand one aspect of this, using a qualitative content analysis of the websites of sixteen investment banks. Investments banks are chosen as an industry which has poor representation of women at senior levels and demonstrates characteristics of gendered cultures. The websites are examined to understand the gendered messages given through the espoused organisational culture and values. It is suggested that these espoused cultural values are in contradiction with the organisational reality and furthermore, they offer the image of a 'contribution culture' based on masculine images of organisational success.


This study evaluated the impact of naturally occurring water with a high-sulfate concentration on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, growth, and trace mineral status of yearling beef heifers. Angus-based heifers (n = 48; 398.4 ± 22.1 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 pens (4 heifers/pen) and fed for 100 d arranged into 25 d periods. Heifers were provided water containing 350 (CON); 2,300 (MEDS); or 4,300 mg/L (HIGHS) sulfate. Concentrated water (71,482 mg/L sulfate) from natural source was collected and blended to achieve the treatments. All data were analyzed using the fixed effects of treatment, period (d 1-25, 26-50, 51-75, and 76-100), and the treatment × period interaction, with period as a repeated measure. Average daily gain, and gain-to-feed were not affected (P>0.29). Provision of HIGHS decreased (interaction, P< 0.01) DMI from d 1-25, 26-50 and 51-75, with no effect from d 76-100 compared with CON. Heifers drinking CON and MEDS during d 26-50 had greater (interaction, P< 0.01) water intake than HIGHS with no differences among treatments otherwise. Total sulfate intake (g/d) was greater for HIGHS, followed by MEDS and CON with a greater difference between treatments during d 26-50 (interaction, P< 0.01). Heifers provided MEDS and HIGHS had a greater (interaction, P< 0.01) reduction in serum copper compared with CON. Liver copper concentration did not differ at the start of the study but was 74% and 62% of CON for MEDS and HIGHS, respectively at the end of the study (interaction, P< 0.01). Serum selenium was greater for MEDS and HIGHS than CON; while liver selenium was least for HIGHS heifers at the end of the study (interaction, P< 0.01). These data highlight that beef heifers were able to tolerate 213 g/d of sulfate intake with no negative impact on growth performance; however, MEDS and HIGHS decreased liver copper and liver selenium concentrations.


The disposal of organic wastes specially from urban origin is a very serious problem. The recycling through agriculture is certainly one of the best solutions but it means a thorough control of the composition and doses applied, as well as the response of the crops, in production and quality. In this paper we deal with compost of solid urban residues, sewage sludge, and cow manure as a known reference, on a crop rotation of barley, rape seed, wheat and sorghum. The experience is planned on the basis of N crop needs, considering that manure and compost mineralize 60% the first year and 40% the second after their application, while sewage sludge does it 75% and 25%. Crop composition has not shown any significant difference between treatments, and a rather high production increase comparing with the testimony plot.


Objective To summarize diagnosis and therapeutic experience of severe brain injury complicated delayed intracranial hematome. Methods 36 cases of severe brain injury complicated late intracranial hematoma were reviewed retrospectively in our hospital of late years. Results Non-operative treatment 6 cases,2 cases survived well,2 cases suffered from moderate disability, 1 case severe deficit, 1 case death; Operative treatment 30 cases, 18 cases survived well,6 cases suffered from moderate disabolity,3 cases severe deficit, 1 case vegetative and 2 cases death according to GOS after one months. Conclusion Shifting observation exactly, Intracranial hematoma evacution early, Relieved intracranial hypertension, Treated complication after operation were keys in severe brain injury complicated late intracranial hematoma.The features were well in simple localized brain injury complicated late intracranial hematoma after operation,The prognosis was poor in widely brain injury,brain swelling or brain stem injury complicated late intracranial hematomla.


In the last few decades, the use of vehicles in our daily life has become mandatory and increased drastically. Sometimes, controlling traffic and identifying vehicle owners manually becomes tedious due to crowd signals, which disobey the traffic rules and drive fast and abnormal. This demands an efficient and automatic system to solve the problem these days. Still, it is challenging in such cases as moving vehicles fast, font on number plate, illumination, etc. This led to developing efficient and automatic number plate detection as the solution. This paper presents automatic number plate detection with number diagnosis and tracking by applying various methods such as thresholding, morphological methods, contour detection, etc. Later, KNN is used for classification to improve accuracy. The proposed method tested on datasets DB1 and DB2 proves better in terms of accuracy, recognition rate, and retrieval rate.


Aim To evaluate the protective effect of irbesartan on renal function in elderly patients with microalbuminuria.Methods 113 old patients with microalbuminuria,who were suffered from hypertension or diabetes,were involved in the study.Patients were divided into two groups,irbesartan group or control group,all received strictly antihypertensive therapy with irbesartan or without any angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker(ARB).Results The average levels of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in two groups decreased significantly compared with baseline levels(P0.05).But,the levels of blood pressure had little difference between the two groups(P0.05).Urinary α1-microglobulin and urine microalbumin in irbesartan group after treated for 12 months were significantly decreased from 18.4±6.5 mg/L to 13.5±4.2 mg/L and from 78.3±12.7 mg/L to 58.4±9.3 mg/L,respectively(P0.05).Meanwhile,there was no such a change in control group.The serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate changed slightly after treatment for 12 months in two groups.Conclusion Irbesartan is beneficial to reduce urinary albumin and to protect renal function in elderly patients,who suffered from hypertension or diabetes mellitus.


The microaccelerometer is an important crucial component of micro inertial measurement unit(MIMU).With the development of MEMS technology,technique of the single-axis microaccelerometers is already mature,study on the multi-axis microaccelerometers is becoming the hot issue in MEMS field.Through the introduction of some multi-axis microaccelerometers,new progress and the future trend in this field are discussed.


The utility model relates to a stow of materials, in particular to a hacking machine with a mechanical arm protection device which comprises an elevating base, a mechanical arm fixing base and a mechanical arm clamp; wherein mechanical clamps are distributed on the mechanical arm fixing base; the mechanical arm fixing base is arranged on the elevating base; the stow also comprises a mechanical arm position protection device; the mechanical arm position protection device comprises a tactile rod, a fixing base and a position detecting device; the tactile rod is vertically and slidely sleeved on the fixing base; the position detecting device is arranged on the fixing base; the fixing base is fixed on the mechanical arm fixing base. The mechanical arm protection device can prevent a mechanical arm of the hacking machine from bumping the equipment under the hacking machine and prevent the mechanical arm from falling off in the sudden failure; when piling adobes in different models and sizes, the user can adjust a tactile rod of the mechanical arm protection device to the fine regulating requirement when piling the heights of the adobes in different models or one model.


Fertilization/ Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injections-Embryo Transfer (IVF/ICSI-ET) cycles or good-quality embryo transfers. [4] Probable underlying etiologies for RIF are aneuploidy of embryos, uterine cavity abnormalities, diminished endometrial response, and insufficiencies in transfer techniques. These factors result in decreased pregnancy rates even at successful IVF centers, and RIF remains a problem, of both economical and psychological aspects for couples. [5] ABSTRACT Introduction: The majority of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles lead to the transfer of embryos to the uterus, but most do not implant. Thus, the main cause of failure in IVF is implantation failure . Repeated failure in vitro-fertilization treatment is frustrating to patient and doctors, patient with good quality embryo pose a special therapeutic challenge (consecutive embryo transfer). Objectives: To examine whether consecutive transfer of embryos on day 3 and on day 5 improves ICSI success rates in patients with multiple consecutive implantation failures. Study design: This is a randomized controlled clinical trial include 100 patients randomly distributed into two groups: Group A (The study Group) consists of 50 patient subjected to Consecutive (double) embryo transfer at day 3 and at day 5. Group B (The control group): consists of 50 patient subjected to embryo transfer at day 5. Results: There was statistical non-significant difference of age, cause of infertility, number of previous trials, oocyte retrieved, and embryos available, multiple pregnancy. There was statistical significant difference of pregnancy rate and clinical pregnancy rate in two groups 54% to 34%. Conclusion: For patients with repeated ICSI-embryo transfer failures, sequential transfer on day 3 and day 5 may improve the clinical pregnancy rate in cases of repeated implantation failure as long as good-quality embryos are available. failure-embryos transfer-ICSI.


Land-use and land-cover (LULC) change analyses are useful in understanding the changes in our living environments and their driving factors. Modeling changes of LULC in the future, together with the driving factors derived through analyzing the trends of past LULC changes, bring the opportunity to assess and orientate the current and future land-use policies. As the entryway of Quang Ninh province, Vietnam, Dong Trieu locale has experienced significant LULC changes during the past two decades. In this study, the spatial distribution of six Level I LULC classes, forest, cropland, orchards, waterbody, built-up, and barren land, in Dong Trieu district at 2000, 2010, and 2019 were obtained from Landsat imageries by maximum likelihood technique. The most significant changes observed over the past twenty years are a decrease of barren land (9.1%) and increases of built-up (8.1%) and orchards (6.8%). Driving factor analysis indicated that the changes of cropland and built-up were dependent on distance from road (DFR), distance from main road (DFMR), distance from urban (DFU), distance from water (DFW), elevation, slope, and population density. The changes of forest were dependent on all the driving forces listed above, except DFMR. The orchards mainly appeared near the high-population-density area. The transformation of the waterbody was affected by geography (elevation and slope) and population density. The higher the population density, the less barren the land would appear.


Abstract:  Cirripede remains (Thoracica, Verrucomorpha), found associated with the mosasaur Prognathodon waiparaensis Welles and Gregg, 1971 in glauconitic sands of the Late Cretaceous Conway Formation exposed along the Waipara River bank (mid‐Canterbury, New Zealand), are identified as a new species, Verruca sauria sp. nov. On the basis of taphonomy, it is deduced that these verrucids grew on a postmortem accumulation of mosasaur bones under very quiescent conditions. The current amphitropical distribution of the earliest known verrucids, i.e. V. sauria sp. nov., V. prisca Bosquet, 1854 , V. pusilla Bosquet, 1857 and V. tasmanica Buckeridge, 1983 , is rationalized in the light of Tethyan palaeogeography.


Art Forum presented by Jeanette Hoorn.
Summary: Jeanette Hoorn discusses the book "Strange women: essays on art and gender" which offers a re-examination of Strange women. She explores the male narrative in modernist art, the verandah as a feminist site, the representation of the family and women as contented mothers


In this paper, I will discuss how to enhance Japanese teacher education. After sketching teacher education from the mid-1940s to the 1960s, I sum up the main topics people discussed through each decade of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s. Illustrating some of the current topics of teacher education in the first decade of the new century, I discuss what they would create by way of introducing a new type of Graduate School into the teacher education institutions, which raises the question whether Graduate Schools heighten teachers' professionalism or not. In conclusion, I propose an ideal network for promoting teaching expertise.


Atomicity and Anonymity are necessary for reliable and security electronic commerce transaction and the guarantee of participants' interests. However, there is trade-off between them. The model of anonymous atomic e-Cash transaction protocol with off-line TTP (Trust Third Party) under unreliable communication is presented. In the model, we purposely abstract away as much purely mathematical detail as possible. The model not only overcomes the weakness of anonymous atomic transaction protocol with on-line TTP, but also meets high efficient and practicability.


In this paper an analysis of audio-visual recordings of the Lombard effect is shown. First, audio signal is analyzed indicating the presence of this phenomenon in the recorded sessions. The principal aim, however, was to discuss problems related to extracting differences caused by the Lombard effect, present in the video, i.e. visible as tension and work of facial muscles aligned to an increase in the intensity of the articulated speech signal. Also the database of recordings, available on the internet, depicting emotional states was analyzed in order to compare and find a visual similarity between the Lombard effect and sentiment contained in speech. The results presented are discussed and further plans are depicted.


This paper proposes a method to extract proper names and their associated information from Web pages for Internet/Intranet users automatically. It extracts information from World Wide Web documents, including proper nouns, E-mail addresses and home page URLs, and finds the relationship among these data. Natural language processing techniques are employed to identify and classify proper nouns, which are usually unknown words. Different kinds of clues such as spelling method, adjacency principle and HTML tags are used to relate proper nouns to their corresponding E-mail and/or URL. With the mapping schemes, the extracted information is more accurate than the results from the traditional searching engines. The results can be used as the database of the services for finding people and organizations in Internet. Such searching services are very useful for human communication and dissemination of information.


Endothelial cells (ECs) comprise the innermost layer of blood vessels and serve numerous critical roles in the vasculature, including nutrient delivery, gas exchange, leukocyte trafficking, and immunological surveillance. Additionally, ECs of blood vessels are constantly exposed to fluid shear stress (FSS) in the form of blood flow, and maintain vessel tone by sensing and responding to FSS through a process called mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction in ECs is a complex biological process that involves several key adherens junction proteins, such as PECAM‐1, VE‐cadherin, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, VEGFR2. There also exist many other proteins that act as co‐factors to regulate mechanotransduction, such as integrins and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). ECs typically respond to the mechanical forces of laminar (normal) FSS by aligning in the direction of flow, elongating, and maintaining communication at adherens junctions between cells. These responses constitute endogenous atheroprotective mechanisms that ECs use to prevent abnormal vascular physiology. Additionally, regions of the vasculature exposed to laminar blood flow have higher levels of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO), an important vascular signaling molecule that is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Improper mechanosensing, combined with chronic inflammation or disturbed FSS, can lead to EC dysfunction, which accumulates over time and results in the progression of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Our laboratory recently identified Transmembrane Protein 184A (TMEM184A) as a heparin receptor in vascular cells. Moreover, we have since found that TMEM184A is a modulator of vascular regeneration in vivo. Here, we present evidence that TMEM184A is also involved in EC responses to FSS that prevent dysfunction. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation data collectively suggest that TMEM184A colocalizes and interacts with the classical mechanosensors, several of the HSPGs, and eNOS on the surface of static ECs. Under laminar FSS, TMEM184A colocalization with VE‐cadherin and VEGFR2 is even more apparent. Degradation of endogenous heparan sulfates with heparinase drastically changes typical EC responses to laminar FSS by altering the normal pattern of TMEM184A accumulation in response to shear and impairing EC elongation and alignment. Both of these responses are partially recovered by the addition of heparin. ECs that overexpress TMEM184A have enhanced VE‐cadherin expression at adherens junctions after acclimation to laminar FSS. Treatment of ECs with VEGF to stimulate VEGFR2 produces substantial changes in TMEM184A dynamics and internalization under FSS conditions. Together, these data support a role for TMEM184A in mediating EC responses to laminar flow. Further research is necessary to confirm this role for the heparin receptor in order to assess potential applications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.


This study aims to examine the effect of standardized social responsibility disclosure on earnings management and the role of management credibility in this relationship. The research sample is a company going public in the non-financial sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange that has disclosed GRI-based social responsibility for the 2013-2019 period. The analysis technique used in this study is moderated regression analysis (MRA). The results of the study found that disclosure of social responsibility has a negative effect on earnings management and management credibility strengthens this relationship. The results of the study indicate that companies that put more effort into disclosing their social responsibility through standardized disclosures will reduce earnings management practices and this is reinforced by the existence of a credible management team. The novelty of this study lies in the use of a comprehensive index in measuring social responsibility disclosure which is a combination of aspects of accountability and performance, as well as the formulation of management credibility measurements.
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Earnings Management; Management Credibility


Authors are writing about three cases of patients death from neurosyphilis. Pathohistological changes in nervous and cardiovascular systems have been described. Th e reasons of the death from neurosyphilis are discussed.


Relationships between liveweight and body measurements were examined for East Anatolian Red calves. Live weights and body measurements were recorded at birth, weaning and 6 months of age. The analyses revealed strong relationships between weight and the body measurements at each age and across all ages. Prediction at each age was most accurate using a combination of measurements, but chest girth alone accounted for a large amount of variation. It is concluded that chest girth can be used as a predictor of body weight in East Anatolian Red cattle calves.


The frequent occurrence of partial and sometimes even complete spontaneous regression of primary melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas in the skin has puzzled me ever since I started training as a dermatologist. It is generally believed that incipient cancer cells are destroyed by cells of the immune system because dense lymphocytic infiltrations can frequently be found histopathologically in these tumors. These observations fit well with the cancer immunosurveillance theory originally proposed by Burnet and Thomas in the 1950s and recently refined by Schreiber and coworkers. According to this concept, the immune system protects the host against malignant tumors by specifically detecting and eliminating incipient cancer cells. The importance of this process has been convincingly demonstrated for virally induced cancer both in mouse models and in man. Over the last 20 years, we have learned that antigen-specific lymphocytes with the ability to destroy tumor cells are not only directed against viral oncogenes but can also recognize tumor-specific or lineage-specific germline-encoded antigens. Whether the immune system can actually control tumors of non-viral origin is a controversial issue. Indeed, in the case of melanoma, it has been reported by a number of investigators that regressive changes at the primary tumor site are associated with tumor neoangiogenesis and subsequent metastatic spread. These observations seem to contradict the immunosurveillance hypothesis and touch upon fundamental questions in the field: When and how are immune cells alerted to neoplastic transformation of melanocytes? Is there a (positive or negative) correlation between regression of primary melanomas and the development of metastatic disease? To understand the pathogenetic role of the immune system in cancer, it is helpful to remember what has recently been learned regarding the regulation of immune responses in the context of infection. Invading microorganisms are first detected by an array of germlineencoded receptors that recognize common 'non-self' microbial structures, which are foreign to the host (Takeuchi and Akira, 2010). The discovery of tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4) as the first of these pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharides as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) by Medzhitov and Janeway in 1997 represents a milestone in immunological research. PRRs of the membrane-bound TLR family are complemented by the cytosolic RIG-Ilike receptors (RLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR), which recognize intracellular replication of viruses and bacteria, respectively. Triggering of PRRs stimulates evolutionarily highly conserved signaling pathways resulting in broad activation of IRFand NF-jB-driven transcriptional responses. This leads to the following: (i) the production of proinflammatory chemokines, interferons and other cytokines, which upregulate endothelial adhesion molecules and recruit immune cells to attack pathogens; (ii) the activation of dendritic cells, which carry microbial antigens to draining lymph nodes where they initiate an adaptive immune response; (iii) the clearance of infection and the removal of cellular debris; and (iv) the induction of a regenerative response that restores tissue integrity. Tissue destruction, remodeling and fibrosis may ensue if pathogens and inflammatory responses persist. How does the immune system recognize incipient cancer cells that derive from normal host cells? If transformation occurs because of infection with an oncogenic virus, cytosolic PRRs of the innate immune system are able to detect foreign viral nucleic acid structures and initiate the recruitment and activation of dendritic cells. They take up viral antigen, migrate to lymph nodes and stimulate antigen-specific T cells, which can specifically destroy virally infected cells. If transformation occurs because of alterations in the genome, the picture is much less clear. In this case, PRRs could be stimulated by inappropriate 'immunogenic' cell death or by inadequate invasive growth, which are associated with the production or release of endogenous molecules representing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). The DNA-binding nuclear protein HMGB1 as well as fragments of extracellular matrix proteins such as hyaluronan, fibronectin and versican are examples of DAMPs, which have been reported to activate TLRs. As an alternative to this tumor cell-extrinsic triggering of PRRs, it has been described that genetic changes that drive oncogenic transformation can also activate innate immune signalling pathways in a tumor cell-intrinsic manner. Oncogene-induced DNA damage can lead to the production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, which reinforce the senescence response. The early activation of IFNdriven inflammatory responses can favor cytotoxic immune effector mechanisms (similar to those observed in viral infections) that are capable of inducing tumor cell death. In progressively growing tumors, NF-kB-driven inflammatory responses ensure tumor cell survival, proliferation and invasive growth associated with loss of immune cell control (similar to those observed in tissue repair, chronic infection or fibrosis). Thus, tumor-associated inflammatory responses turn from swords that initially promote immune cell-mediated tumor regression into ploughshares, which support regenerative proliferation, tumor growth and immune escape (Grivennikov et al., 2010). Coverage on: Mittal, D., Saccheri, F., Venereau, E., Pusterla, T., Bianchi, M.E., and Rescigno, M. (2010). TLR4mediated skin carcinogenesis is dependent on immune and radioresistant cells. EMBO J. 29, 2242–2252. Yang, J., Splittgerber, R., Yull, F.E., Kantrow, S., Ayers, G.D., Karin, M., and Richmond, A. (2010). Conditional ablation of Ikkb inhibits melanoma tumor development in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 120, 2563–2574. Soudja, S.M., Wehbe, M., Mas, A., Chasson, L., de Tenbossche, C.P., Huijbers, I., Van den, E.B., and Schmitt-Verhulst, A.M. (2010). Tumor-initiated inflammation overrides protective adaptive immunity in an induced melanoma model in mice. Cancer Res. 70, 3515–3525.