Background Cholecystectomy is currently advised only for patients with symptomatic gallstones. However, about 4% of patients with asymptomatic gallstones develop symptoms including cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis, and gallbladder cancer. Objectives To assess the benefits and harms of surgical removal of the gallbladder for patients with asymptomatic gallstones. Search methods We searched The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded until May 2008. Selection criteria Only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status) comparing cholecystectomy and no cholecystectomy were considered for the review. Data collection and analysis We were unable to identify any randomised clinical trials comparing cholecystectomy versus no cholecystectomy. Main results We were unable to identify any randomised clinical trial comparing cholecystectomy versus no cholecystectomy. Authors' conclusions There are no randomised trials comparing cholecystectomy versus no cholecystectomy in patients with silent gallstones. Further evaluation of observational studies, which measure outcomes such as obstructive jaundice, gallstone-associated pancreatitis, and/or gall-bladder cancer for suCicient duration of follow-up is necessary before randomised trials are designed in order to evaluate whether cholecystectomy or no cholecystectomy is better for asymptomatic gallstones. P L A I N   L A N G U A G E   S U M M A R Y No evidence to assess surgical treatment in asymptomatic gallstones Cholecystectomy for patients with silent gallstones (Review) Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1 Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Cholecystectomy is currently advised only for symptomatic gallstones. However, about 4% of patients with asymptomatic gallstones develop symptoms including cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis, and gallbladder cancer. Literature search was performed for evidence from randomised clinical trials to find whether cholecystectomy was indicated in patients with silent (asymptomatic) gallstones. There is no randomised trial comparing cholecystectomy versus no cholecystectomy in silent gallstones. Further evaluation of observational studies, which measure outcomes such as obstructive jaundice, gallstone-associated pancreatitis, and/or gall-bladder cancer for suCicient duration of follow-up is necessary before randomised trials are designed in order to evaluate whether cholecystectomy or no cholecystectomy is better for asymptomatic gallstones. Cholecystectomy for patients with silent gallstones (Review) Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2 Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews


The aim of the study is to determine the level of effectiveness of vaccination with vaccines MO - PA - RU [measles, mumps, rubella] in children, in the city of Dubrovnik, ie. specifically the number of vaccinated children and the number of reported cases of measles. We present the results on the scope of vaccination in the five-year period, from 2009 to 2013.


Underwater explosions generate gas bubble impulsive pressure.We described the calculating model of the gas bubble impulsive pressure,in which the effects of water surface and the up floating motion of the gas bubble were considered.On the basis of the two dimensional strip theory and the hydro-elastic method,the dynamic response of the ship induced by impulsive pressure was calculated,wherethe ship hull was treated as a free-free Timoshenko beam.In addition,the characteristics of the whipping response of a real ship subjected to the gas bubble impulsive pressure of underwater explosion was analysed.


Only two decades ago, China was a marginal player in the global aerospace industry. Today, the pace of China's space programs is unparalleled and it has joined the sector's leading ranks. China is the only country after the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States to independently send humans into orbit and a rover to touch down on the Moon. A Chinese station will likely soon be only the only long-term human habitat circling the Earth alongside the International Space Station. Within a decade, China could become only the second country in history to land a person on the Moon's surface. China already has the world's largest radio telescope and is building more large instruments. The country's advances in aeronautics are no less striking. A Chinese firm has disrupted the regional jet market and is poised to enter the large civil aircraft market, challenging the Airbus–Boeing duopoly. Chinese firms already produce advanced military aircraft that fly sensitive missions.


Abstract:This article presents an emerging theoretical framework about how children in a transnational community develop a sense of place. Stemming from her own experiences with place, the author used a phenomenological hermeneutic approach to interrogate and interpret place through the lens of Caribbean-identified youth recruited from a local high school. Additional data sources included photographs, films and creative works about and by members of the Caribbean Diaspora. The major themes found were that children's sense of place in a transnational context is influenced by a) things their parents value about place, b) their own sense of identity and connections to places, and c) places in which they live that are meaningful to them and their families.


The article analyzes the transformations in the Russian pension system, as well as identifies the problems inherent in it. As a result, the author proves that transformations are often not related to solving existing problems. The article also suggests some measures that, from the author's point of view, will lead to an increase in functionality and an increase in citizens' confidence in the Russian pension system.


The US DOE at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, prairie restoration is taking place in order to conserve the rich topsoil. This is the largest of many prairie restoration experiments. Big bluestem grass (Andropogon gerardi), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), and buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides) are the main initial grasses grown. After their growth reaches enough biomass to sustain a fire, other prairie plants such as purple prairie clover and dropseed grass appear. The goal of this is to provide a generous refuge for disappearing native plants and animals, a site for scientific research, and a storehouse of genes adapted to a region that produces much of the worlds food. Plans for restoring the marsh and oak savanna, also native to the Fermilab site are also in the works.


This paper focuses on one teacher team and the university facilitators who supported their collaborative action research within a province-wide professional development initiative designed by the provincial elementary teacher union to bring together teachers and university faculty in teacherdirected action research. The paper is collaboratively written by three teachers, their principal, two university facilitators, and the teacher union's director of the project. We identify the principal's and university facilitators' involvement as important contributors to the success of the initiative, but underline the significance of the research as being teacher-led and collaborative with funding for release days as features that follow the democratic principles of teacher autonomy and equality to support teachers' professional learning for change. The success of the initiative, Teachers Learning Together, is exemplified by a report of one team's research methods and findings. This paper, collaboratively written by three teachers and their principal working in a Canadian elementary school, a project manager of the provincial elementary teachers' union, and two teacher educators from a faculty of education, describes a collaborative action research initiative that took place over an eight-month period during the 2007-2008 school year. The purpose of this paper is to highlight features of effective partnerships between multiple stakeholders in supporting teachers' professional development through action research. Our research questions are: 1. What are the features of a successful collaborative action research project conducted by a featured school team? 2. Through analysis of the featured team's research and that of three other teams, what can we learn about the ways in which participation in a collaborative action research team influence teachers' professional development? The province-wide project is described initially followed by greater detail about the action research of one teacher team. The paper concludes with observations about factors contributing to successful collaborative action research drawn from case studies of the teacher team whose research is described in this paper, and case studies of three other teacher teams. The Provincial Scope of the Teachers Learning Together Project Recognizing that action research is a powerful professional learning tool for teachers, the Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario (ETFO) sponsored a large-scale action research project entitled Teachers Learning Together (TLT) during the 2007-2008 school year. This unique program connected teams of elementary teachers (grades K-8), a teacher union, and faculty members from five universities from across the Canadian province of Ontario. In Ontario, teacher unions are charged with enhancing the professionalism of their members, which necessitates ensuring that members of the profession remain current in their professional knowledge. For this project, 50 teams of teachers from 26 of the province's 52 school districts selected a topic of inquiry and applied to participate in a year-long school-based action research project. They carried out collaborative action research, described by Calhoun (2002) as a catalyst for professional growth for classroom teachers. Action research provides "continual formal learning [that] is both expected and


Histomorphological and histochemical study, by light microscopy, was undertaken on the lower respiratory system of the albino rat at two different ages (1st and 4th months). The trachea and lungs were weighted, measured and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's Trichrome stain and PAS stain. The results  revealed there's significant differences in weight of body and lung of  rat pups represented by  gradually increase of weight  and lung respectively, at 1st  and 4th month. On the other hand there were no statistical differences in trachea weights  at 1st and 4th month. The diameter of trachea, bronchioles and alveolar sac significantly changes. In contrast the tracheal lumen showed no significant changes in diameter in 1st and 4th months. Thickness of  mucosa, sub-mucosa and tracheal cartilage significantly changes. The most thicker of mucosa  showed at 1st month while they reduced gradually at 4th. By the other hand the results of thickness measuring of interstitial tissue showed no significant changes.


Poster: "ECR 2010 / C-3181 / The role of multidetector row CT (MDCT) and magnetic resonance (MR) in the study of congenital anomalies of thoracic aorta" by: "F. Zuccarino1, I. Vollmer1, G. Sanchez2, P. Ortuno2, I. Fuertes1, A. Gayete1; 1Barcelona/ES, 2Girona/ES"


Questions related to crime and migration are delicate matters, potentially because of associations with ethnicity, racism and oppressive politics and ideology in both the past and the present. The delicate nature of issues of crime and deviance may result in expressive caution exercised by both researchers and those studied. In this article, we discuss these dynamics in the research process in terms of access, data collection, writing and discussions of findings. We base our discussion on examples from our ethnographic studies dealing with youth, crime and ethnicity. Through our empirical examples, we show that researchers in this field need to deal with subtle markers and signals of sensitivity. However, getting all caught up in sensitivity could lead to avoidance of doing this type of research at all. Instead, we argue, sensitivity can be included as an important, as well as rewarding, part of the research.


were experienced with exception of a few extrasystoles. Our purposes of the cardiac biopsy were as follows : 1. Diagnosis of idiopathic myocardiopathy Recently, attention has been focused to idiopathic myocardiopathy, in which cardiac hypertrophy is observed from unknown cause. Although there are characteristic signs, the decisive diagnosis cannot be made without histological findings of the myocardium. They were hypertrophy and degenerative changes of the myocardial cells, fibrosis of the interstitium, proliferation of the connective and elastic fibers, etc. 2. Determination of indications of cardiac operation The indication of surgical treatment in mitral stenosis is determined by mechanical and myocardial factors. Although the latter has been estimated only from clinical and laboratory findings, its concept is very vague. The authors consider that histological findings of the myocardium obtained by the bioptome might be contributory to clarifying myocardial factor. 3. Study on pathogenesis of cardiac failure Congestive heart failure is originated from impaired contraction of the cardiac muscle. As contraction of the cardiac muscle is induced by liberation, conservation and utilization of free energy in the myocardium, there might have to be some defect in any stage of the processes in cardiac failure. The activity of enzymes related to the energy metabolism such as LDH, SDH, cytochrome oxidase, ATPase etc. in the myocardium was investigated. Although


Received 11 April 2016 Accepted 2 July 2016 Available online 15 July 2016 In this work, for better understanding of drug delivery systems, blood flow over a ceramic nanoparticle is investigated through microvessels. Drug is considered as a nanoparticle coated with the rigid ceramic. Due to the low characteristic size in the microvessel, the fluid flow is not continuum and the no-slip boundary condition cannot be applied. To solve this problem lattice Boltzmann method is used with the slip boundary condition on the particle surface. Furthermore, the effects of Reynolds number, Knudsen number and stiffness (which depends on the kind of material) on drag coefficient are investigated in this paper. The present results show that lattice Boltzmann method can be used accurately to simulate the effects of different parameters on drug delivery. Moreover, the results show that the accuracy of lattice Boltzmann method is the same as second slip boundary condition. Also, the effect of nanoparticle stiffness as the important parameter on the period of time to deliver drugs in system is demonstrated.


The underlying imaging principles of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their application in recent TEM technique development (e.g. TEM tomography) for the nanostructural description of various types of porous carbonaceous materials is discussed. Key points regarding the characterisation by microscopy of carbonaceous materials produced from sustainable precursors (e.g. carbohydrates) in contrast with conventional carbons are also addressed. The importance of selection and optimisation of observation conditions in tandem with those of specimen preparation are emphasised, leading to increasingly precise nanostructure determination (i.e., pore size/symmetry/connectivity, wall thickness/texture, and degree of metal distribution on carbon matrix) of porous carbonaceous materials as well as porous carbon–metal composites are highlighted.


This paper analyzes the reason why the hardtobecut material is difficult to be cut, and the difficulties when dealing with it, it also expounds how to make the most reasonable and proper choice of the cutter material when cut it


Digital IQ imbalance compensation is for a dual-carrier, double conversion receiver. Firstly, the IQ imbalance effect in the OFDM based digital baseband, which shows in the presence of IQ imbalance, each carrier baseband signal from its own branch and the other branch is obtained. Next, using the pilot signal estimate and only the digital baseband IQ imbalance compensation parameters of interest.


Over two decades since the reform and opening-up, the social stratification of farmers in China has been more obvious.There is a comparatively huge gap among farmers with different occupations.Based on Lu Xueyi and Zhang Houyi's criteria for farmers' stratification,the paper further stratifies farmers into upper class,upper middle class,lower middle class and lower class according to their incomes,occupations and reputations of occupations.Generally speaking,the social stratification structure in rural China is like a pyramid.And the polarization of social classes in rural area is still going on.


The Parnassim of the Portuguese Jewish community of Amsterdam had many functions during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen? turies. One of these was to act as the executors of the estates of deceased members. This situa? tion arose if a man died without heirs and left his property to the community, or if he left orphans and no relative to protect their interest. Such a testator might himself be the executor of other such estates, in which event these too would fall to the care of the gentlemen of the Mahamad. Thus in the course of time


Provided is an image capturing device provided with a slit-type polarizing filter having improved polarizing properties. A polarizing unit (10) of an image capturing device (100) is provided with a first polarizing layer (120a) and a second polarizing layer (120b) that sandwich a dielectric layer (14), and a plurality of slits (13) that are arranged periodically in a prescribed direction are formed on each of the first polarizing layer (120a) and the second polarizing layer (120b). The material forming the first polarizing layer (120a) and the second polarizing layer (120b), and the material forming a wiring layer that controls the operation of a light-receiving unit (11) are selected from Al, Si, Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, W, Ti, Sn, In, Ga, and Zn, or a compound or alloy containing at least one of these.


The present study reports the two step synthesis of a novel oxazolone derivative, 4-((4,6-bis(4-((Z)-(5-oxo-2-phenyloxazol-4(5H)-ylidene) methyl)phenoxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) oxy) benzaldehyde (CBOZ (5)), containing two oxazolone ring substituted with central triazine nucleus in their structural framework. The structural and spectroscopic properties of synthesized CBOZ (5) were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and mass spectroscopic analysis. The UV-Vis absorption of CBOZ (5) showed a single absorption band at ~370 nm due to π-π* transition with the estimated energy gap of ~3.02 eV. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed that the synthesized CBOZ (5) obtained the HOMO and LUMO values of -5.87 eV and-2.85 eV, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) studies were carried out to predict the electronic absorption spectra of CBOZ (5) and the obtained values were in excellent agreement with the experimental results.


The author establishes the importance of the Common Metadata Framework adapted to Azerbaijani conditions and the possibility of using this experience by the statistical agencies when creating national  statistical metadata systems. The article formulates proposals for  upgrading the structure of the Common Metadata Framework with  regard to its practical applications. It is the author's opinion that  conclusions and proposals made in this system research can be used to  revise the Common Metadata Framework and to develop state programs  aimed at improving statistical practice and metadata  development strategy within the national statistical systems.


Acute respiratory viral infection is one of the most common infectious diseases. Clinical manifestations vary from time to time and from person to person and, as a rule, include intoxication and catarrhal syndromes. ARVI is more often caused by such causative agents as pneumoviruses, human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses. Among diseases of the ENT organs, ARVI can cause rhinosinusitis and pharyngitis. The inflammation that occurs in the mucosa causes its dystrophy and necrosis, which leads to the dysfunction of mucociliary clearance. As a result, an optimal environment for the development of bacterial flora is created. Bacterial rhinosinusitis needs antibiotic therapy. These drugs can act locally and systemically. It is well known that topical drugs have fewer side effects and result in a greater active substance concentration directly at a site of inflammation. Currently, a nasal framycetin spray is used as a topical antibacterial therapy to treat bacterial rhinosinusitis and in the early postoperative period. Topical drugs have a good evidence base, fewer side effects, and are safe, even for patients with cystic fibrosis. Given the significant antibiotics load in patients with cystic fibrosis, any opportunity to delay re-administration of antibiotics is a positive thing. In this aspect, topical antibiotics that have no systemic adverse events, including negative effects on the normal human microbiome, and can be used to overcome the resistance of microorganisms in a varying degree due to the achievement of high active substance concentration directly in a focus of infection may have a certain therapeutic value. The article addresses issues of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of acute respiratory viral infection, i. e. acute rhinosinusitis. In addition, the article describes the use of topical antibiotic therapy for the treatment of diseases of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses.


Pneumonia caused by unknown etiology occurred in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, confirmed to be caused by a novel coronavirus. The Symptoms of SARS-Cov-2 depend on the patient's age and underlying disease, as well as the state of the immune system. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy inflammatory disease characterized by by flaccid paralysis. GBS cases associated with coronavirus (Cov) family infections have been described as Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Cov and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) COV. Recently, during the pandemic infection of the SARSCOV-2, some cases of immune-mediated neuropathies have been identified. In this Case Series study, we describe four patients who presented with fulminant GBS associated with SARS-COV-2.


AIM
Missing data, particularly missing variables, can create serious analytic challenges in observational comparative effectiveness research studies. Statistical linkage of datasets is a potential method for incorporating missing variables. Prior studies have focused upon the bias introduced by imperfect linkage.

METHODS
This analysis uses a case study of hepatitis C patients to estimate the net effect of statistical linkage on bias, also accounting for the potential reduction in missing variable bias.

RESULTS
The results show that statistical linkage can reduce bias while also enabling parameter estimates to be obtained for the formerly missing variables.

CONCLUSION
The usefulness of statistical linkage will vary depending upon the strength of the correlations of the missing variables with the treatment variable, as well as the outcome variable of interest.


The Acoustical quality of the Teatro Colón of Buenos Aires as a symphonic auditorium is analyzed through the theory proposed by Leo Beranek, who has compared the physical and perceptual parameters in a great number of halls. The Teatro Colón is situated, according to his study, among the best halls of the world. Some discrepancies have been found out between the acoustical quality index and the perceptual judgements. This could lead to the necessity of refining the current tools used to determine the acoustical quality, especially in those cases which don't fit the usual typologies.


The LaBranche Wetlands are located along the southwestern shore of Lake Pontchartraln. During early summer of 1989 and 1990, an electroflshlng survey of 6 stations In Bayou LaBranche and Bayou Trepagnier, a tributary, yielded 10,644 specimens representing 38 species In 19 families. All fishes were typical of brackish to freshwater, low gradient syste~s of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Members of the Leplaoateldae, Clupeldae, Fundulldae, Poeclllldae and Centrarchld!le were numerical dominants. Reaults from rotenone samples at five of the same stations by Loulalana Department of Environmental Quality In 1986, and net samples at one common alta by Thompaon and Vemat (1980) bring the total number of species for the LaBranche Wetlanda to 52. Dlffarencaa In the phyalcochemlcal characters of the two bayou ayatema were reflected In the dlaalmllar faunaa between the two bayous. Results from detrended correspondence analyals (DCA) and community similarity Indices Indicate a high degree of variance at sites within the same bayou system over time. The area designated as the LaBranche Wetlands is located along the south shore of Lake Pontchartraln, Louisiana (Fig. 1). The 14,000 acres of fresh-brackish marsh and wooded swamp are considered to be the most productive wetlands within the Lake Pontchartrain basin (Binet and Ensminger, 1992). The LaBranche Wetlands, as In all parts of the Lake Pontchartrain basin, have been subjected to various human-based disturbances with potential to affect the resident biota (Flowers and lsphording, 1990; Moore, 1992). Numerous studies have addressed the impacts of environmental disturbances on the estuarine biota, especially Invertebrates (e.g., Poirrier and Mulino, 1975, 1977a&b). Fishes, in· vertebrates and plants In Lake Pontchartrain have been surveyed at irregular In· tervals for the past 40 years, providing a database for assessment of the Impacts of human and natural disturbances 107 (Moore, 1992). However, other than a preliminary survey of the Blind River (Watson et al., 1981), and a report on Lake Maurepas (Hastings et al., 1987), there have been few published studies on fishes in any portion of the Lake Pont· chartraln basin since Thompson and Verret (1980). Previous scientific collections of fishes from the LaBranche Wetlands were made by -the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LADEQ), using rotenone at five stations in May 1986 In Bayou LaBranche and Its tributary, Bayou Trepagnier. In addition, Thompson and Verret (1980) sampled near our Station T-8, close to the mouth of Bayou LaBranche, during their nekton survey of the Lake Pontchartrain basin in 1978. We made collections by electroshocking at the LADEQ stations, plus one site farther upsteam in Bayou LaBranche, ·In May, 1989 and June, 1990. Our field sampling 1 Cashner et al.: Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Distribution of Fishes of t Published by The Aquila Digital Community, 1993 108 Cashner, R. C., F. P. Gelwlck, and W. J. Matthews extends the known data base on the Bayou Trepagnler-Bayou LaBranche stations to three different years, and . along with the LADEQ and Thompson and Verret collections In Aprll"une, 1978, provide a relat!vely comprehensive vl~w of a . seasonal fish community In these poorly known systems. Here we summarize the known fauna of the Bayou TrepagnierLaBranche system and d~scrlbe the distribution of fishes with respect to selected environmental variables. We also use community Index measurements and a. multivariate analysis to assess variation In the late spring-early summer fish assemblages across years and localities. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study Site Bayou Trepagnier, near Norco, LA, receives water from the Shell Oil Company Norco Manufacturing Complex, then flows Into Bayou LaBranche, which Is a tributary to Lake Pontchartraln (Fig. 1). Bayou Trepagnier Is smaller than Bayou LaBranche, with an average width of ap· proximately 9-14 m and a depth of 1m or less throughout most of Its length. Most oJ Bayou Trepagnier flows through swamp dominated by cypress-tupelo, red maple, elm and ash which contribute to a dense canopy along most of the bayou's course. Many dead-tree snags due to storm blow-downs occur" In the channel. There Is little submerged or emergent aquatic vegetation, and current speeds are slow, with treated effluent water from the Shell facility providing a portion of the base flow. Bayou LaBranche Is 2-3 times wider (17·27 m) and at least twice as deep (1.5-2.4 m) as Bayou Trepagnier. There Is less riparian forest than on Bayou Trepagnier, thus Bayou LaBranche Is more open, with most of Its surface receiving direct sunlight. Aquatic vegeta· t • N.


In recent years, according to the causes of death ranking, heart disease and pneumonia are on the top of the rank. Heart disease and pneumonia cause the changes of respiratory rate and heart rate respectively. Thus, it is necessary to measure our heart rate and respiratory rate at an early stage. The purpose of this research is the development of the equipment that can measure anyone's heart rate and respiratory rate by using a body conduction sound sensor. The body conduction sound sensor is composed of electret condenser microphone, acrylic case, and filler. This sensor acquires the sound of the heartbeats and respiratory sounds by attaching the sensor on the left side of the body. As the obtained sound from our body has high-frequency noises, an analog filter is used to remove and filter the noise. After filtered, the obtained sound is transferred as an input to the microcomputer. Then, heart rate and respiratory rate is derived by signal processing. To confirm the effectiveness of the device, an experiment is performed by comparing the value of the heart rate and respiratory rate of the device with the value from self-check.


90 activated at the kick in the simulation. As the examples of the multi agent/object simulation, simple synchronized swimming by three swimmers, monofin swimming, and the shooting motion in water polo were presented respectively. In the simulation of shooting motion, the velocity of the shot ball was 13.5m/s. In future studies, various mechanical problems in swimming and aquatic activities will be analyzed by the present extensions. REFERENCES: 1. Nakashima, M., Satou, K., Miura, Y. (2007). Development of swimming human simulation model considering rigid body dynamics and unsteady fluid force for whole body. J Fluid Sci & Tech, 2(1): 56-67.


The liver and gallbladder are among the most important internal organs derived from the endoderm. Several inductive signals regulate liver development, yet the pure nascent hepatic and gallbladder cells are unable to be isolated due to limited cell markers and cell numbers. The transcriptome networks of the hepatic lineage in the endoderm, and how the gallbladder differentiates from the adjacent endoderm population, are not fully understood. Using a transgenic Foxa2eGFP reporter mouse line, we performed deep single-cell RNA sequencing on 1,966 individual cells, including nascent hepatic and gallbladder cells, isolated from the endoderm and hepatic regions from ten embryonic stages, ranging from day E7.5 to E15.5. We identified the embryonic liver developmental trajectory from primitive streak to hepatoblasts and characterized the transcriptome of the hepatic lineage. During pre-hepatogenesis (5-6 somite stage), we have identified two groups of foregut endoderm cells, one derived from visceral endoderm and the second derived from primitive streak via a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). During the liver specification stages, liver primordium was identified to share both foregut and liver features. We also documented dynamic gene expression during the epithelial-hepatic transition (EHT). Six gene groups were found to switch on or off at different stages during liver specification. Importantly, we found that RXR complex signaling and newly identified transcription factors associated with liver specification. Moreover, we revealed the gallbladder primordium cells at E9.5 and found genes that transcriptionally distinguish them from the liver primordium. The present data provides a high-resolution resource and critical insights for understanding the emergence of the endoderm, liver and gallbladder development.


In a counter experiment at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevatron we have searched for the process K+ yields pi /sup +/vv in the kinetic energy interval 60 < T/sub pi / < 105 M1V and hav1 found no examples of this decay mode. Combining our data with these of Klems, Hildebrand, and Stiening for the interval 117 < T/sub pi /, <127 MeV, we obtain the limit GAMMA (K+ yields pi /sup +/ vv) < 5.6 x 10/sup -7/ GAMMA (K/sup +/ yields all), asssu ming a (vector) pion spectrum like that for K+ yields pi /sup o/e/sup +/ nu . Limits are presented f or other assumed spectra. (auth)


BACKGROUND
Proteasome inhibition has been proven to be a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer clinical treatment. Inhibition of proteasome leads to failure of amino acid homeostasis, which causes cell death via activation of various mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
To investigate the role of GADD34 in cell death following proteasome inhibition, we treated WT MEF and GADD34 KO MEF with MG132 and various analyses were performed, including PI staining, western blot, immunofluorescence and ROS production.

RESULTS
Expression of GADD34 dramatically enhanced MG132-induced cell death via protein synthesis. GADD34 decreased phosphorylated eIF2α and increased ROS production and the levels of ubiquinated protein. Importantly, we found that accumulation of autophagy following MG132-treatment facilitated cell death in MEF.

CONCLUSION
GADD34 plays a vital role in promoting cell death following proteasome inhibition via enhancing protein synthesis to activate death-associated mechanisms, including ER stress, ROS production and autophagy formation.


Excerpt Lithium is widely used in psychiatric practice to treat manic-depressive disorders. A variety of adverse renal manifestations secondary to lithium have been reported, including renal failur...


During routine dissection of 60 years old male cadaver in Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, it was found that the left kidney showed multiple cysts with dilated ureter and right kidney showed an extra renal artery entering the kidney from the upper pole. Both these findings are present in an individual since birth and are most leading causes of renal failure, hypertension, hydronephrosis and even jeopardisation of renal transplants


and feel that it is more accurately described as a "tendinosis" or "tendinopathy" [5]. Tendinopathy is defined as an overuse condition manifested by pain in or around tendons secondary to failure of tendon regeneration [6,7]. Tendinosis is defined as degeneration and disorganization of collagen with increased vascularity and cellularity without obvious inflammatory cells [7,8]. Neer described rotator cuff disorders as occurring on a spectrum, progressing from tendinitis to tendinosis with degeneration, partial thickness, or full thickness rotator cuff tears [9]. Throughout this section, rotator cuff tendinitis will be defined as a general term, referring to chronic tendon pain associated with overuse, irritation, strain, degeneration, and poor mechanics [7].


This paper lists the common models for land-value evaluation and analyze some insufficiency points of them. The Kriging spatial analysis method in geostatistics is applied to urban land-value evaluation. This paper also introduces the base theories and methods of Kriging and expatiates the basic idea that applying Kriging to land-value evaluation. It explains carefully how to apply Kriging to land-evaluation and analyzing the feasibility of this model. Last this paper takes the residential land in Wuhan as an example to introduce the base land-value evaluation model based on Kriging and build the graph equivalence of Wuhan.


The utility model aims to provide a swing device for a vibrational road marking scoop, which is simple in operation and low in cost and comprises swing bars, a gate plate, a pin, rollers, pressure blocks and a universal wheel. The front end of each swing rod is hinged to the marking scoop, the gate plate is mounted in the middles of the swing bars through the pin, the rollers are mounted at the rears of the swing bars respectively, each roller is provided with a projection, one end of the universal wheel is connected with the shaft end of one roller, the other end of the universal wheel is connected with a chain transmission output shaft of a vehicle body, and the gate plate is tightly attached to the marking scoop through the pressure blocks.


Geospatial clustering is used in the detection of areas with similar land use patterns in a geospatial database, as well as in the merging of regions with similar land use patterns in a geographic information system. Because of the wide range of applications it provides in a wide range of domains, geospatial clustering has been a very active issue in machine learning research. The purpose of this work is to investigate the use of geospatial data in the clustering method. It makes an attempt to investigate a few clustering approaches using geospatial data. This can be accomplished by using some of the prominent clustering techniques, such as K-means, K-medoids and DBSCAN to the given starbucks location geospatial data set and Canada Weather data set. It also compares to K-means, K-medoids and DBSCAN. This work also opens the door to the possibility of a variety of additional clustering algorithms that may be used to geospatial data in order to gain insights that can be applied in real-world applications.


Abstract A study of teaching methods for the first graduate course in social work research is reported in this paper. Three approaches involving different levels of student responsibility were compared in terms of their ability to increase the critical assessment abilities of students, their attitudes toward research and the course, and their assessments of the instructor. It was found that the differing methods had effects on all the variables except that concerning students' attitudes toward research. Considering the variables here under study, a lecture/student presentation approach was judged most productive of the three methods of instruction


COOL Cloning Insertion of short DNA sequences into plasmids is a widely applied technique, but it can be complicated by lack of precision and the need to screen and separate clones in order to iden...


Abstract There were evaluated responses of the respiratory system to changes in the variables of the external environment under increased pressure. To the model of professional underwater human activity underwater served the conditions of full saturation in compressed air or nitrogen-oxygen gas mixtures. Technical devices were presented by a number of underwater laboratories, mounted at the bottom (Ikhtiander-66, 67 and 68), hyperbaric chambers, submersible drilling rigs (Bur-1 and 2), and an autonomous diving Ikhtiander-2 for a long stay in the water. Studies of respiratory gases mass transport conditions in man showed than within the pressure range of 0.25-1.1 MPa at density of moderate hyperoxic and nitrogen-helio-oxygen environment up to 14 kg/m3 oxygen and carbon dioxide regimes of the organism come to a new functional level which provides the adaptation to the extremal conditions. It is determined that an increase of physiological dead breathing space, a decrease of the rate of the O2 diffusion through the alveole-capillary barrier, intensification of unevenness of ventilator-perfusional relations in lungs and an increase of blood shunting in lungs are the main respiratory mechanisms which regulate mass transfer of O2 and CO2 in man under hyperbaria. The leading hemodynamic mechanism is the retention of volume blood circulation and cardiac output. It is studied how the compression rate, high partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen, microclimate parameters in inhabited hypebaric chambers influence changes of functional breathing system. Absence of hypoxic state is proved in man (full saturation of man with nitrogen) under normoxia in nitrogen-oxygen environment with the density 6.34 kg/m3. These are also the data about accelerated rehabilitation of divers using the method of active adaptation o high altitudes. Basic directions in physiological studies of functional breathing system under increased pressure of gas and water environment are described.


(5) Syringes.-The standardization of syringes would be a great blessing and save a considerable amount of expense. At present it is quite frequent to possess the compone~t parts of a dozen ~yringes without any possible /hope of making up , one that is workable. There ani seventeen or more different sorts and'sizes of ,hypode:t;.mic and serum syringes in use. All syringe's should be made of ' glass and -the nozzles of each made the same size, and the base of the needles to correspond, thus the needles of the various syringes would he interchangeable. (See attached drawing). , /


The distribution of ejecta in young supernova remnants offers a powerful observational probe of their explosions and progenitors. Here we present a 3D reconstruction of the ejecta in SNR 0540-69.3, which is an O-rich remnant with a pulsar wind nebula located in the LMC. We use observations from the Very Large Telescope (VLT)/MUSE to study Hβ, [O iii] λ λ4959, 5007, Hα, [S ii] λ λ6717, 6731, [Ar iii] λ7136, and [S iii] λ9069. This is complemented by 2D spectra from VLT/X-shooter, which also cover [O ii] λ λ3726, 3729, and [Fe ii] λ12567. We identify three main emission components: (i) clumpy rings in the inner nebula (≲1000 km s−1) with similar morphologies in all lines; (ii) faint extended [O iii] emission dominated by an irregular ring-like structure with radius ∼1600 km s−1 and inclination ∼40°, but with maximal velocities reaching ∼3000 km s−1; and (iii) a blob of Hα and Hβ located southeast of the pulsar at velocities ∼1500–3500 km s−1. We analyze the geometry using a clump-finding algorithm and use the clumps in the [O iii] ring to estimate an age of 1146 ± 116 yr. The observations favor an interpretation of the [O iii] ring as ejecta, while the origin of the H-blob is more uncertain. An alternative explanation is that it is the blown-off envelope of a binary companion. From the detection of Balmer lines in the innermost ejecta we confirm that SNR 0540 was a Type II supernova and that hydrogen was mixed down to low velocities in the explosion.


The local structure of In/SiO2, which is a potential catalyst for the non-oxidative coupling of methane, was investigated by using in situ In K-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure analysis. During...


In the work the Dirichlet problem in a bounded domain for a second order B-elliptic operator with constant coefficients having singularities in several variables is considered. A solution to the problem in the form of a Poisson integral is presented.


Professional drivers, in this case truck drivers and taxi drivers, exhibit distinct behavioural characteristics concerning route choice compared to the rest of the driving population. At the same time the number of such drivers in urban areas is considerable and their impact on traffic conditions substantial. This work attempts to identify parameters that affect professional driver response to traffic-related information transmitted via Variable Message Signs (VMS), under incident occurrence. A stated preference questionnaire survey is designed and distributed to about 100 taxi drivers and 100 truck drivers, operating in the city of Athens. Ordered probit models with random effects that highlight the contributory factors of driver response, concerning route choice, are specified and estimated. Message characteristics, in particular information on incident impact (delay) and provision of an alternative route, influence driver response, whereas incident cause does not. Specific trip and driver characteristics are also identified as contributory factors.


One method to improve efficiently polyaniline's electrochemical catalysis and anti corrosion performance is to coelectropolymerize polyaniline and thiokol rubber in the non aqueous solution.Because of having S—S bonds,the composite film with certain concentration of TR could catalyze the reaction with S—S bonds greatly,being used as cement and crossliker,here TR could prohibit the entrance of H + and other ions.Thus the corrosion protection of the PANI film is improved.All measurements have demonstrated that the electrodeposited composite film yields better electrocatalysis and wide application compared to the single PANI film.


Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy is one kind of imaging technique with higher contrast and resolution. The micro structures of four Resin modified Glass ionomer Cements (RMGICs) samples were imaged with Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy in this paper. Simulating oral condition, these samples were put into water (pH=7.0) or lactic acid (pH=3.5) for different periods. Then the micro structures of these samples were imaged and analyzed again. The micro structure properties of sample materials can be studied more deeply by this method.


Information systems (IS) have a record of raising efficiency and effectiveness in business operations. In the modern economy, ongoing efficiency improvements through innovation play a decisive role. A new theory of distributed relations refocuses innovations comptence from core to distributed competence, raising new efficiency opportunities. The paper suggest an economic model of the efficiency opportunities of information processing revealing the efficiency form of distributed relations, a type of efficiency recently supported by IS. Previous research suggests examples of distributed information systems that support this type of efficiency. The distributed relations type of IS leverages an efficiency approach in the context of an organizational economics approach drawing attention to organizational informatics. Introduction In studies of the impact of IT upon organization some contributions stress the equivocal or contradictory results (Robey 1995) while others offer models accounting for IT impacts on a range of business processes creating business value, yet with a homogenous concept of IT (Mooney et al 1995). The economic research tradition with a production function approach to IT investments offers a disaggregated, heterogeneous IT capital analysis showing positive returns to investments in mainframe computers and PCs but mixed results for minicomputers (Gurbaxani et al 1998). An answer to the question of IT impact clearly requires solid distinctions between different types of effects and different types of IT to furnish an answer. In these models, Soh & Markus have traced a common process orientation of "necessary (but not sufficient) conditions in a 'recipe' that explains how the outcome occurs when it does, while acknowledging that it does not always do so" (Soh & Markus 1995:33). A weakness in these models is the lack of a proper theoretical model that accounts for processes to consider. This weakness has been exposed in the wake of the Internet that has caused focus to move towards inter-business processes as found in supply chain systems, customer response systems, and procurement systems (Bakos & Brynjolfsson 1998, El Sawy et al. 1999). The Internet revolution has generated rates of growth in demand for information and communication technologies (ICT) higher than for most other industries in the OECD economies (OECD 1998). A pervasive diffusion has created a uniquely suitable channel for the sales and distribution of information technologies and software in particular (Margherio 1998). Recent contributions rejecting speculative conjectures about a "new economy" suggests a ubiquitous relevance of the economic principle of complementarity for information services (Katz & Schapiro 1994, Shapiro & Varian 1999). Developing from organizational economics (Milgrom & Roberts 1992), this analysis has raised the question of IT impact again in terms of efficiency. The Internet revolution coincides with a new innovation theory. The model of distributed innovation patterns substitutes the traditional focus on the development of a specific product or process (Metcalfe and James 1998). Distributive rather than distinctive core competencies describe modern corporations (Granstrand et al 1997). Interdependencies between corporations creating new products and services reveal the efficiency opportunities of complementarity. The convergence of the organizational economics framework relevant to information systems and the innovation theory relevant to distributed systems like Internet applications, calls for a revisit to the basic ideas of IT impact.


With the rapid development of the Chinese hotel industry, human resource management of the industry is facing new challenges. At present, the turnover rate in Chinese hotels is kept at a rather high level. This will not only influence normal operation of the hotels, but also impede the sustainable development of the hotel industry. Therefore, it is very important to conduct researches on the talent loss problems, so as to find out reasons for the high turnover rate and set up proper strategies to retain employees. Researches of the authors show that talent loss of Chinese hotels resulting from many factors, e.g. social factors, organizational factors, and personal factors. Base on their researches, the authors provide several suggestions to attract and keep talent employees, which may contribute to improve the human resource management of the Chinese hotel industry.


One of the aims of the work of the National Centre for Research Methods (NCRM) is to assess the research methods training needs of the UK Social Science community. An initial consultation exercise was conducted in 2004 focusing on senior researchers/academics. This current report focuses on the findings from an assessment of training needs conducted with PhD students, junior researchers and academic employers of research staff.


Neutron diffraction experiments have been performed to investigate the electronic phase transitions in the Pr-based filled skutterudite PrFe 4 P 12 . This compound undergoes a transition from a characteristic heavy-electron state to a nonmagnetic phase below 6.5 K. Neutron diffraction experiments reveal an antiferromagnetic alignment of the magnetic-field induced dipole moments. The directions of the antiferromagnetic components are considered to be always parallel to the magnetic field applied along either [0 0 1], [1 1 0] or [1 1 1]. This implies that the symmetry of the ordered state can be categorized as Γ 1 . This phenomenon is consistent with the scenario of a scalar-type order parameter for the Pr 4 f electron state.


The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review research concentrating on studies regarding continuance learning intention. 30 empirical research articles published on the learning continuance intention between 2006 and 2019 were re-analyzed in order to answer the questions raised. The main findings of this study are all the articles reviewed reported a significant influence of satisfaction on continuance intention and for the perceived usefulness only one article reported in significant correlation between perceived usefulness and continuance intention. In addition it was equally found that most of the researchers either adapted or adopted Davis's 1989 instrument for measuring perceived usefulness. Therefore, to increase the applicability of continuance intention research future studies could investigate continuance intention on school subject area.


Realization of quantum networks composed of superconducting microwave circuits acting as qubits recently gained tremendous attention as an effective way of scaling quantum computers. Here we present an experimental approach to fabricate mm-wave superconducting resonators that could be combined with transmon qubits and used in future microwave-mm-wave converters that distribute entanglement at a high rate in low-loss quantum networks. We propose a method that facilitates a long-range spread of quantum information via direct coupling of such a device into the W-band (75-110 GHz) waveguide.


In Australia as worldwide, tourism enterprises may produce both negative and positive consequences for sustainable development (Buckley, 2009). The broad categories are reviewed in Chapter 3. The main focus of this chapter is therefore to illustrate these various links through recent research and case studies in an Australian context. The dates when data were collected, and the degree to which coverage can be considered as comprehensive or otherwise, differ from one issue to another.


The current study is focused on migration of Ukrainian citizens to the European Union for the purposes of work. It considers unique characteristics of Ukrainian migrants and the Union's reaction to immigrants. While European migration policies are effective, they are not sufficient in dealing with labor migrants in general and with what this study focuses on – Ukrainian labor migrants. The main problem is the misunderstanding of key features of immigrants, hence instead of state-level policies more attention should be paid to migrants themselves. Once the governments of European countries start to understand key characteristics and motivations of immigrants, they will be able to deal with them in a more effective way. This is where diaspora can become a policy tool. Ukrainian migrants stick to each other and support each other in a foreign country, furthermore, diaspora is the key channel of transfer of reliable information and not the other open sources. By creating a regulated relationship between governments of European countries and Ukrainian diaspora two important results will be achieved: firstly, the government will have better knowledge of what the migrants are doing once they are in the country, and secondly, the migrants can gain access to a larger amount of vital for them information (key aspects of relevant legislation, help available for them, information about labor or housing markets, etc.). With liberalization of the visa regime between the Union and Ukraine, a rethinking of Union's migration policies is necessary.


Abstract : The battle of the Atlantic is perhaps the most pivotal battle of the Second World War. In it, Germany's use of asymmetric warfare, mines and submarines, once again threatened Britain's economic survival. Although Hitler correctly identified Britain's economy as its center of gravity and had success in attacking it through 1943, he failed to demonstrate the strategic vision necessary to achieve a decisive victory in the Atlantic. Hitler failed because he did not grasp the impact that submarine warfare had in WWII, he wanted a quick, decisive victory like Poland, and he underestimated both the will of the British leadership and the industrial capacity of the United States. Allied success in this campaign enabled the successful prosecution of the war on the European continent through the sallyport of England. From an Allied perspective the Atlantic became the proving ground for the advancement of the carrier-based navy and emerging technology, gave Roosevelt a means with which to invigorate an isolationist society, and gave Britain the time she needed to develop and improve measures to fight the asymmetric threat confronting them. This study looks at the battle of the Atlantic in closer detail while examining Hitler's overarching strategic objectives and those in this decisive theater in an attempt to explain why Hitler allowed it to simply run its course.


A characterization of the linear metric space with an equivalent accessible metric is given. It is shown that a linear metric space E has an equivalent accessible metric if and only if E can be embedded isomorphically into L0. Every subspace of the countable product of the L0-embeddable spaces can also be embedded isomorphically into L0.


The prevalence of morbid obesity is on the rise. Surgical intervention for the treatment of morbid obesity has been shown to provide high metabolic efficiency, acquiring a special role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Various surgical procedures are used in treating morbid obesity. These include gastric-bypass surgery and biliopancreatic bypass diversion (BPD), each with various advantages of its own. In recent years, BPD (also referred to as the Scopinaro procedure) has evolved and been modified into the single anastomosis duodeno-ileal (SADI) procedure. Like other types of BPD, the SADI procedure effectively reduces excess body weight and promotes normalisation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, leading to a reduced frequency of insulin therapy and use of antidiabetic drugs. The potential benefits of the procedure include reduced operative time and a reduced incidence of internal hernias. Studies have also shown that the SADI procedure results in fewer early and late post-operative complications. Given the effectiveness of the procedure, it is necessary to increase the number and duration of observations made to enable further insight into the long-term efficacy and use of the SADI procedure.


Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are important building blocks for the chemical industry. These acids can be produced through environmentally friendly processes from a variety of wastes, such as food wa ...


Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves severe physical, social, but also psychological consequences. The risk for major depression, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse and suicide is elevated for people with SCI compared with the general population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and stress variation among spinal cord injured Individuals. 100 subjects in the age group OF 30-60 YEARS, including both males and females. The questionnaire was used by asking questions to the subjects regarding their stress and limitation in their activities of daily living. Some were filled by telephonic conversations and some by person. The present study was to evaluate the perceived stress and quality of life in spinal cord injured patients using "The Perceived Stress Scale and short form - 36 Questionnaire". The questionnaire comprised of Health Screening Questions and questions that related with their life styles and emotional and physical limitations in daily activities after spinal cord injury. In Conclusion, spinal cord injury affects many facets of individuals life. Often spinal cord injured patients are of often younger age group. The physical, personal, financial and social impact of spinal cord injury is such that most patients are lost in follow up to life threatening complication associated with Spinal cord Injury.


Objective To investigate the risk factors of NICU patients may lead to hypostatic pneumonia and nursing countermeasures. Methods 736 cases of ICU patients from Department of Neurosurgery in our hospital were enrolled to understand the risk factors of influence in hypostatic pneumonia,then 120 cases of patients were selected and divided into two groups,study the role of the related nursing measures in incidence of hypostatic pneumonia. Results ① rate of NICU hypostatic pneumonia in different ages of patients: age 70 years and above was 23. 8%,suction not timely was 25. 8%,the mechanical ventilation time more than 24% to 3 days,improper body position was 23. 8%,deep vein catheterization was 22. 7%; the incidence of hypostatic pneumonia in observation group was significantly lower than of the control group,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 05). Conclusion The age of patients,deep vein catheterization,long time of mechanical ventilation( 3 days),not timely sputum suction and no drainage position can be as a risk factor of hypostatic pneumonia. The pertinent nursing measures can reduce the NICU patients' hypostatic pneumonia.


We present a case of unilateral isolated intrinsic optic nerve small B-cell lymphoma confirmed by optic nerve biopsy in a patient with lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma. Brain and orbital MRI with gadolinium revealed fusiform enlargement of the optic nerve from the level of the optic nerve head to the prechiasmatic region, with associated homogeneous enhancement of the nerve itself.


Reinforced concrete buildings are predominant type of construction in developing countries like Turkey. Seismic performance of these buildings, however, is not predictable through techniques based on scientific and technical know-how alone, because the performance of this construction type depends highly on secondary factors such as the soft story, short column, irregularities in plan and elevation, the material quality, workmanship and compliance to the designed detailing and sizes. The devastating scene after many destructive earthquakes in Turkey had re-emphasized the role of the secondary factors in the severity of damage observed. Although many procedures have been proposed in the literature to evaluate the performance of existing RC buildings, the influence of the secondary factors has not been included adequately. This study has been undertaken to develop an assessment procedure that takes into account the influence of structural configuration as well as the secondary factors. In this procedure, a basic capacity index is computed considering the assessed orientation, size and material properties of the components comprising the lateral load resisting structural system. This index is then modified by several coefficients that reflect the quality of workmanship, detailing and architectural factors. The procedure has been developed based on the data compiled from damage surveys conducted after the earthquakes that occurred within the last decade in Turkey. The method uses attributes of each building to rank their vulnerability within a given inventory. As a result, buildings with high vulnerability are classified as unsafe indicating that they would perform unsatisfactorily under a strong earthquake. The procedure is quite attractive for assessing the vulnerability of a large inventory of buildings because of the ability of arriving at decisions rapidly.


In the article were analyzed the modern tendencies and problems of the theory of spiritual-moral processes management in the higher school. There were defined the node tasks of reformation of higher education: ensuring its quality, construction of effective educational system of the higher school institutions with effective economy and management. There was characterized the problem of ensuring axiological direction of spiritual-humanitarian component of educational process in the system of higher education. There were defined priorities of national interests in spiritual-moral education of junior generation in the state educational activity: national self-consciousness, spiritual-cultural unity of nation, patriotism, humanism, tolerance, responsibility. There was analyzed the system of higher education in the aspect of interaction of spiritual and secular components in coordinates of moral sanitation and spiritual enlightenment of nation, elaboration of democratic principles of society and construction of the modern theory of spiritual-moral processes management in higher school. There were defined the new directions of the theory of spiritual-moral processes management in higher school in the aspect of development of innovations and commercialization, attraction of employers to collaboration with scientists in separate work groups for creation of the new educational programs and modernization of existing ones, mentor support and training of students for job placement and development of enterprising skills and also for support of the programs of probation or practical participation of students in the "real social projects". There were characterized prospects of research in the aspect of elaboration of the main functions that must establish the main claims to production tasks in professional activity of holder of the master's degree on speciality "Christian pedagogics in the high education"


In recent years, the objectifying depictions of men in mass media have increased dramatically and this phenomenon has been a topic of examination in cultural studies. A lot of contemporary Hollywood movies are produced containing the issue of male-objectification where men's bodies are being objectified on display. Therefore, this study intends to scrutinize the representation of men and their bodies in a Hollywood movie, Magic Mike (2012). The theory of female gaze  is applied to discover how men's bodies are being represented. This study is conducted using ideological approach and qualitative method—a narrative and non-narrative analysis of film. This study finds that, in Magic Mike movie, men are represented as having such masculine body image (hard, muscular and mesomorphic). The masculine body image of men is treated as an erotic spectacle where men's bodies are fully sexualized and eroticized on screen. The finding indicates that men's masculine bodies are objectified and transformed into a desirable commodity that can satisfy spectators' pleasures of looking.


Objective To investigate the prognostic effect of quantity of lymph node (LN) resected in operations of patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The clinical, patho- logical and follow-up data of 74 patients with stage Ⅰ NSCLC who were treated with surgery from January 1998 to December 2002 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University were reviewed retrospectively. Grouping the patients, according to the quantity of lymph node resected, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model was used for univariate analysis and multivariate analysis of factors with prognostic effect. Results The five year survival rate and disease-free survival(DFS) rate of these 74 patients were 64.9% and 47.3 %. The univariate analysis showed that tumor size (P = 0. 016 ), T-staging (P = 0.008 ) and extent of lymph node dissection( P = 0. 013 ) could influence the survival rate. The 5-year OS and DFS rates of patients with less than 6 LNs resected were less than the other group ( more than 6 LNs) apparently. The multifactorial analysis indicated that other than staging, the quantity of lymph node resected was also an influence factor of prognosis. Conclusions The OS rate of patients has positive correlation with quantity of lymph node resected in operations. Six LNs must be resected leastways in operations of patients with stage Ⅰ NSCLC.

Key words:
Non-small-cell lung cancer;  Lymphadenectomy ;  Prognosis


The objective was to apply a structural health monitoring concept to detect loosening of a bolt without human involvement. This paper proposes a new method of a bolt loosening detection by adopting a smart washer which uses a piezoelectric material with sub-space state space identification algorithm (4SID). The proposed washer is a cantilevered plate type patched piezoelectric material. A self-sensing and actuation function featuring this material is applied to the washer. An explanation that natural frequency decreases with decrease of the bolt tightening axial tension by using the system identification, the concept of the proposed method and experiments verifying its effectiveness are described. The natural frequency of the smart washer was identified with sub-space state space identification method. There was good correlation between the change of the natural frequency of the smart washer system and the decrement of bolt tightening axial tension.


The Beijing-1 microsatellite,launched on October 27th in 2005,is the first applied earth observing microsat- ellite of China.It is also one of the members of the international Disaster Monitoring Constellation(DMC).Its total mass is about 167kg.The designed minimum operational lifetime is 5 years.Beijing-1 microsatellite applies DMC multispectral cameras with a high resolution panchromatic imager based on the standard of SSTL.After its launch,Beijing-1 had been tested and evaluated for several months.From January to March in 2006,the primary purpose of the testing work was to evaluate the performance of the sensors.This paper introduced the tested items,the experiments,the data sets,the meth- ods and the results.Based on the characteristics of Beijing-1 mierosatellite and other earth observing satellites,a compre- hensive specifications of on-orbit testing and evaluating was proposed firstly by this paper.According to these specifica- tions,four in-flight testing and evaluating experiments were carried out in Beijing,Wuxi,Hefei and in Baihu farm which is located in Anhui province.In the four sites,three simultaneous measurement datasets were acquired respectively:the Beijing-1 images,the in situ surface reflectance and the atmosphere measurements,and the geometric measurements of linear objects and other typical objects.Based on the data sets,the geometric performance,radiometric performance, spectral performance and general quality of Beijing-1 sensors and images were tested and evaluated.The results of some key parameters,such as the resolution of panchromatic camera,the modulation transform function(MTF),the signal-to- noise(SNR),the linearity and dynamic range of panchromatic and multispectral cameras were given in the paper.Judged by results of the four in-flight testing and evaluating experiments,Beijing-lmierosatellite exhibited a good geometric and radiometric performance.More experiments will be taken place,and more parameters will be measured to evaluate Beijing-1 microsatellite comprehensively.


Over recent decades, efforts to explain the heritability of developing cancer have focused on identifying high-risk genes and common genetic variants. However, no studies considered genetic factors regulating tumor-specific immune responses. By developing a novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA) score, determined by autologous HLA allele-binding epitopes of tumor-specific antigens, we showed that individuals with HLA allele sets supporting broader tumor-specific T cell responses have lower risk of developing melanoma. The risk ratio between the highest risk and most protected groups was 5.69 comparing the top and bottom 20% of the HLA score distribution (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for other cancers, including non-small cell lung, renal, and bladder cancers, but not colorectal cancer. Our findings suggest that subjects with a low HLA score have an increased genetic risk of developing certain cancers.


The unique dual circulation of the liver confers relative protection against ischemic injury; however, low oxygen tension in the microcirculation (sinusoidal blood of the hepatic acinus) may render hepatocytes in zone 3 relatively vulnerable to ischemic injury and necrosis. Severe congestive heart failure is associated with two distinct forms of liver dysfunction under the umbrella term "cardiac hepatopathy". The two entities include: jaundice related to passive congestion (congestive hepatopathy from backward cardiac failure) and acute hepatocellular necrosis caused by impaired hepatic perfusion (hypoxic hepatitis from forward cardiac failure). This article provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review on the topic and focuses on the epi- demiology, pathology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing and treatment strategies pertaining to liver disease in circulatory failure.


Federated learning (FL) is an emerging paradigm for training machine learning models using possibly private data available at edge devices. The distributed operation of FL gives rise to challenges that are not encountered in centralized machine learning, including the need to preserve the privacy of the local datasets, and the communication load due to the repeated exchange of updated models. These challenges are often tackled individually via techniques that induce some distortion on the updated models, e.g., local differential privacy (LDP) mechanisms and lossy compression. In this work we propose a method coined joint privacy enhancement and quantization (JoPEQ), which jointly implements lossy compression and privacy enhancement in FL settings. In particular, JoPEQ utilizes vector quantization based on random lattice, a universal compression technique whose byproduct distortion is statistically equivalent to additive noise. This distortion is leveraged to enhance privacy by augmenting the model updates with dedicated multivariate privacy preserving noise. We show that JoPEQ simultaneously quantizes data according to a required bit-rate while holding a desired privacy level, without notably affecting the utility of the learned model. This is shown via analytical LDP guarantees, distortion and convergence bounds derivation, and numerical studies. Finally, we empirically assert that JoPEQ demolishes common attacks known to exploit privacy leakage.


Adult returns of progeny of the 1964 year class of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were determined for the Abernathy incubation channel, natural production, and hatchery sources. A total of 4,620,600 fry were released from the channel into Abernathy Creek (state of Washington) as unmarked fry. Natural production in the creek was estimated from spawning ground counts and ryke net sampling of migrants at 16,700 fry, or 0.36% of the total unmarked fish. A total of 557,649 hatchery fish were marked by feeding tetracycline, and 161,579 were both fin-clipped and fed tetracycline. All 2-, 3-, and 4-yr-old adult fish returning to the hatchery holding pond were examined for fin clips and fluorescent bands on the vertebrae. Returns from hatchery sources were 506 fish or 0.070%. Potential egg production was 865,000, or 76% of the original 1,142,604 eggs. Returns from the channel totaled 733 fish or 0.016%. Egg potential was 2,050,000, or 35% of the original 5,888,048 eggs. Returns attributed to Abernathy Creek totaled only three fish and egg potential was 0.2% of the original 2,880,000 eggs. Survival of this year class was considerably below the 9-yr average of 0.118%. Intuitively, costs favor incubation channel production over hatchery production. However, additional studies are needed to determine if contributions to the fisberie"s and survivals are comparable in years of better year class survival. Spawning and incubation channels for salmon produce higher survivals of downstream migrants than do natural spawning grounds. Studies by Gangmark and Broad (1956), Lister and Walker (1966), Thomas and Shelton (1968), and others have shown that channels with flow and sediment control devices can produce many times as many migrant-sized fish as are produced by the parent stream. Little information is available on the percentage of fry produced in channels that return as adults. Such data are needed to determine the value of incubation channels for supporting and maintaining salmon runs. In the present study, I compare the survival to the adult stage of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from three sources: the Abernathy incubation channel (near Longview, Wash.); the Salmon-Cultural Laboratory hatchery adjacent to the channel; and natural spawning in Abernathy Creek. MATERIALS AND METHODS Problems were encountered in selecting the techniques to use to distinguish returning adults 'U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish Farming Experimental Station, Stuttgart, AR 72160. Manuscril't accepted Jul;r1!i74. FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 73, NO.2, 1975. 356 from the various sources. Fin-clipping presented two problems. First, fin-clipping of fry produced in the channel was undesirable mainly because of the small size of the fry (average weight, <0.5 g). The chance of injury or incomplete removal of fins would be high. Fin-clipping of hatchery fish has been shown to reduce adult returns by 43.3% (Weber and Wahle 1969). Second, the daily numbers of fry migrating varied widely (from a few thousand to over 120,000), depending upon water conditions. Fin-clipping at a practical rate would require that many fish be held beyond their normal migration date. Marking channel and creek migrants with tetracycline would not be acceptable. Although marking fish in this manner using techniques developed by Weber and Ridgway (1962) had no detrimental effect on adult survival (Weber and Wahle 1969), the drug is normally administered in the food. The artificial feeding of channel fish might alter their characteristics and invalidate the survival evaluations. Attempts to mark small fish by immersion in solutions of tetracycline and 4% dimethyl sulfoxide have shown some favorable results (Richard C. Johnsen, pers. commun.), but the technique has not been sufficiently developed for reliable, large-scale marking. For these reasons migrant fry from the incubation channel and Abernathy Creek were not THOMAS: EVALUATION OF RETURN OF CHINOOK SALMON marked. Rather, the numbers migrating downstream were determined and the returns were compared with returns from marked hatchery fish stocked in the creek. It is assumed that fish migrating from the channel and Abernathy Creek would have the same rates of survival. Table 1 summarizes the number, size, time of migration, and mark of each of the fish sources involved in the evaluation. TABLE i.-Summary of the number, size, time of migration. and mark of the various fish sources included in the evaluation. Origin of Size Time of migrents Number (glfish) migration Mark Abernathy Creek 16,700 10.5 111164-4165 none Incubation channel 4,620,600 0.5 12164-4165 none Hatchery 61,000 6.2 5165 2-0TC2 445,500 4.B 5165 2-0TC 51,149 16.6 BI65 3-0TC 161,579 16.8 8165 3-0TC + fin clips IApproximate size and time of migration based upon fyke net sampling. 20xytet racyc line. Migrants from the Incubation Channel A total of 4,620,600 unmarked fry were released from the channel during the 1964-65 season. This number represents a 78.5% survival from the 5,888,100 eyed eggs planted. If the mortality of green eggs is also considered, the survival to migrant stage was 75.0%. A description of techniques for planting eggs and counting fry was given by Thomas and Shelton (1968). Migrants from Abernathy Creek Numbers of female chinook salmon which spawned in Abernathy Creek during the 1964 spawning season were estimated at 576 from spawning ground counts. On the basis of an average of 5,000 eggs per female, an estimated 2,880,000 eggs were deposited in the creek. Fry migrating downstream from this area were sampled with a fyke net, a method demonstrated to be reliable by Tait et al (1962). Recaptures from known numbers of marked fish released upstream indicated that the net sampled 13.3% of the migrating fish; the calculated survival of migrants from natural spawning was 16,700, or 0.58%. Flooding and superimposition of eggs during spawning are probably responsible for this low survival. These fish were unmarked and returning adults could not be distinguished from those which originated in the incubation channel. Chinook salmon spawning area in Abernathy Creek extends for about 1 mile below the hatchery weir. Returns from natural spawners would not necessarily enter the hatchery holding pond. Releases of Hatchery Fingerlings All fish released from the Salmon-Cultural Laboratory hatchery were marked in some manner for later identification. Initially, all fish were marked in mid-April 1965 by feeding tetracycline after the technique developed by Weber and Ridgway (1962). All fish in a 100-fish sample examined in late April showed fluorescent bands on their vertebrae. Fish released into Abernathy Creek in May had two bands and those in August, three bands. These second and third marks were poor because the fish fed little, presumably because of the high level of drugs in the diet. Total hatchery fish released with only tetracycline marking totaled 557,649. Two groups of fish used in a nutrition experiment received double fin clips, in addition to the tetracycline marks. These two groups served as controls in that the returning adults would be easily recognizable from the clipped fins, and a check of their vertebrae would indicate the persistence of the fluorescence. The fin-clipped groups, which numbered 161,579, were released in mid-August 1965. Treatment of Adult Fish All adult chinook salmon returning to the holding pond at the Salmon-Cultural Laboratory were examined during 1966-68. All fish returning as 2yr-old jack salmon and as 3and 4-yr-old adults were examined. Past records of age classification indicated that numbers of 5and 6-yr-old adults in the Abernathy Creek spawning run are insignificant. Fish that returned to Abernathy Creek but not to the hatchery holding pond were not included in the evaluations. No attempt was made to sample the sport or commercial fisheries or to search the adjacent streams and hatcheries for strays. The evaluation is based only upon returns to the Salmon-Cultural Laboratory holding pond. No correction was made for strays from other hatcheries or streams that might enter the holding pond and be counted as survivors from the channel since their number would be insignificant (Worlund et al. 1969). All adult fish were measured and the sex was


The performance of (PFI) projects within the UK is influence by several factors. A key factor is the influence of high bidding cost. The nature, effect and influence of this factor and other success criteria such as value for money, and risk transfer have been investigated. The critical challenges to the effective assessment of performance exist around the measurement and calibration of these performance indicators in practice.The performance of PFI schemes and their perceived success, defined from the perspective of stakeholders as arbitrator of project success depends heavily on good management by the public and private sector and the use of balanced performance measurement systems to incentivise the private sector service provider to deliver successful projects.Project managers need to evolve the best approach to achieve this. This is imperative because the most relevant PFI success factors lie within the spectrum of influence of project managers. PFI performance was investigated using quantitative research techniques. 60 questionnaires were administered, 30 were returned and the data was analysed using SPSS version 16.0 software.


Background:In the emergency department (ED), pain is the most common complaint, especially among trauma patients. However, two-thirds of trauma patients are discharged from EDs with moderate to severe pain. Therefore, pain management is an important part of care in ED's trauma patients.Aim:To assess the effectiveness of pain management among trauma patients in the ED.Method:A retrospective cohort study that was conducted on adult trauma patients who attended the ED at King Abdulaziz medical city (KAMC) in Jeddah from the period (June 2016 to July 2018). The pain was measured twice, one before the intervention and one after intervention using a numeric pain scale. Data were collected from health information system (Best care®) and analyzed using SPSS version 24.Results:The Mean difference between pain scores before and after pain management was one on a numeric pain scale with a P-Value 0.001. Initial pain assessment occurred only in 69% of our population, while assessment after intervention happened in 71% of patients. Patients who received appropriate medication were 36.7%. 35% of patients received opioids as an initial drug of pain management; only 8.8% of patients had pain scores more than 7 initially. The median between the time of arrival and the time of Initial Assessment is 19 mins.Conclusion:Pain management in ED needs improvement. Timeliness of pain management should be addressed. Evaluation and re-evaluation of pain before and after the intervention is insufficient. Trauma Patients don't receive effective pain management in the ED.


Because of governmental system that acknowledged six official religions (Islam, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddha, and Confucius), Indonesia as democratic country are judged by international world doing religious discrimination on other religious minority group (outside official religion). The role of MUI as authoritative religious agency, exactly, worsen religious belief conflicts by giving label "deviant" on new religious/stream/belief out of mainstream official religions. Hegemony interests of religious majority groups (organizations) as moral power that has the right to claim about the truth in governmental system has jeopardize pluralism structures in Indonesia. Pluralism by MUI is forbidden with the reason of insulting religious truths. While Islam as major religion follow by Indonesian community has explained that pluralism is a reality that become natural law and could not be denied.


Non-native plants that can cause adverse effects are otherwise known as invasive alien plant species which pose a major threat to plant biodiversity conservation and sustainability. This study is dedicated to determine the plant diversity and to assess the vulnerability of Quezon Protected Landscape, Southern Luzon, the Philippines to invasive alien plant species. Data from 90 10x10 m randomly established plots using the quadrat method showed that there are 318 plant species wherein 208 are native, 100 are non-native, and 10 are invasive. Results from the association of the physicochemical factors and the presence of invasive alien plant species through Spearman rho test revealed that most of the physicochemical factors have significant association except percent slope and hill shade. Soil pH, aspect and number of non-native plants show positive association while soil moisture, leaf litter thickness, elevation, species richness, species evenness, plot species diversity index, and the number of native plants signify negative association. Differences between the plots of with and without invasive alien plant species in physicochemical factors indicate that most of the physicochemical factors have a significant difference between plots of with and without invasive alien plant species except percent slope, hill shade, and aspect. Lastly, the MaxEnt model exemplifies that the most suitable predicted conditions for invasive alien plant species are at the edges of boundary and buffer zones. This study implies that most of the physicochemical factors are linked to the presence of invasive alien plant species and Quezon Protected Landscape has a low vulnerability to invasive alien plant species invasion.


The electrochemical properties of RuO2/LNO and RuO2/SA electrodes made of RuO2 rods and plates of nanometre size on LiNbO3(100) and sapphire(0001) substrates are investigated. Both rods and plates are grown vertically using chemical vapor deposition. The RuO2/LNO electrode has a higher electrolyte/solid surface area compared with the RuO2/SA electrode. When immersed in H2SO4 acid, voltammograms of both electrodes exhibit chemisorption and pseudocapacitive characteristics of the RuO2 single crystal. The chemisorption features decrease after repeated cyclic voltammetry (CV) sweeps, and the voltammograms become more mirror-like. The specific capacitance of the RuO2/LNO electrode measured in CV is 569 F g−1, that of RuO2/SA 357 F g−1. These values are reconfirmed in charging–discharging measurements. The measured capacitance decreases with the sweep rate, and the decreasing trend of RuO2/LNO is higher than that of RuO2/SA. Reduction of accessible charge at high sweep rates results from higher internal resistance of the RuO2/LNO electrode which is distributed because of its porous nature. The impedance spectrum of the RuO2/LNO electrode confirms its higher internal resistance. It also indicates the electrode is a nearly ideal capacitor below a knee frequency 200 Hz. Since the knee frequency is less than 1 Hz for most electrochemical capacitors, both RuO2/LNO and RuO2/SA are electrodes for fast charging–discharging applications.


This article considers the exclusion from patent protection of methods of treatment of the human or animal body from patent protection under the EPC.


Nickel based superalloy, Waspaloy is extensively used in gas turbine, aerospace and automobile industries because of their unique combination of properties like high strength at elevated temperatures, resistance to chemical degradation and excellent wear resistance in many hostile environments. It is considered as one of the difficult to machine superalloy due to excessive tool wear and poor surface finish. The present paper is an attempt for removing cutting fluids from turning process of Waspaloy and to make the processes environmentally safe. For this purpose, the effect of machining parameters such as cutting speed and feed rate on the cutting force, cutting temperature, surface finish and tool wear were investigated barrier. Consequently, the strength and tool wear resistance and tool life increased significantly. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been used for developing and analyzing a mathematical model which describes the relationship between machining parameters and output variables. Subsequently ANOVA was used to check the adequacy of the regression model as well as each machining variables. The optimal cutting parameters were determined based on multi-response optimizations by composite desirability approach in order to minimize cutting force, average surface roughness and maximum flank wear. The results obtained from the experiments shown that machining of Waspaloy using coated carbide tool with special ranges of parameters, cutting fluid could be completely removed from machining process


Chinese active corporate representative system has two main characters,statutory and exclusive.It reveals strongly governmental intervention of law.This results in inconvenience of corporate management and other negative effects.Based on the investigation of two main law systems,it can be found that corporate autonomy is the basic principle in corporate representative system.At the same time there is necessary intervention.Chinese active system has many deficiencies.It should be reformed in many aspects,such as the emphasis of corporate autonomy in corporate representative pattern's choice,definitude corporate representative's responsibility,and other corporate representative in special relatives.


For the membrane fouling problem faced by the MBR (Membrane Bio-Reactor) system, an intelligent model is constructed to predict the membrane fouling. The BP neural network has strong self-learning, self-adaptive and generalization capabilities and is widely used in the prediction of MBR membrane pollution, but membrane fouling is a complex dynamic process, which is difficult to simulate accurately by classical mathematical models. Aiming at this problem, the GA-WOA hybrid algorithm was introduced to optimize the BP neural network, and the MBR membrane fouling prediction model was constructed. The simulation results show that the BP neural network model optimized by GA-WOA hybrid algorithm is more suitable and accurate than that optimized by whale optimization algorithm in predicting MBR membrane fouling.


Since 1988, European Union-funded R&D projects have contributed significantly to the development of data capabilities in GSM/DCS1800 and DECT. In the context of the ACTS Program, launched in 1995 and extending until 1998, projects working rewards the development of the next generations of mobile communication concepts, systems and networks, have been looking into many of the technological and service engineering issues involved in the provision of data services, both outdoors and indoors (UMTS and MBS/W-LAN). To leverage existing investments in infrastructure, while at the same time preserving a maximum of flexibility to offer more opportunities and easier access to new entrants, a common architecture spanning the whole of GSM/UMTS/W-LAN/MBS is proposed and discussed in the context of the IP versus ATM debate.


Factors are reviewed on component damage analysis with information drawn from many reports and articles, including a number just recently published. The note deals with component permanent damage. For discrete semiconductor devices, a discussion of the failure threshold power formula, damage factor, K, and surge resistance (or bulk resistance) is culminated in two damage analysis examples for transistor circuits. Damage models and damage factors for integrated circuits, resistors and capacitors are reviewed, and sources of data for use with the models and some cautions are given. Finally, an annotated list of references is provided for those seeking more detailed information in specific areas. (23 references)


The Mediterranean is characterized with a large number of local winds. One region in the Mediterranean—the Balkan Peninsula or simply the Balkans—is particularly rich with local winds of different types including downslope and upslope winds, gap flows, and thermally induced breezes from land to sea and vice versa. This study presents the first comprehensive review of all currently known local winds in the Balkans, with coastal winds reviewed separately from inland winds. Besides providing the main climatological and dynamics characteristics of these winds, this paper also hints on the existence of various connections between several local winds that have not been reported previously. In total, this article lists 27 different local winds above the Balkans with 17 and 10 being coastal and inland winds, respectively. By far, the most researched local wind in the Balkans has been the Adriatic bora that blows along the Croatian coast. Interestingly, there are more papers investigating bora than the number of studies on all other winds in the Balkans. Local winds over the Adriatic have been explored more than the winds above the Aegean, and these, in turn, were investigated more often than the winds that blow over the Ionian and Black Seas. The most researched inland wind is the koshava wind that blows over the northern and central Serbia. Typical synoptic situations for most local winds are also provided with the note that the synoptic precursors of few local winds have not previously been documented. Lastly, this article discusses the prospects for further research in this field with the emphasis on the investigation of potential relationships between different local winds in this region.


Abstract:  In order to investigate the mechanism of interferon‐α (IFNα) action in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), we examined surface expressions of both type I interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and 2 (IFNAR2) subunits on CD34‐positive cells in bone marrow (BM) in a total of 57 CML patients. Initial cell‐surface IFNAR2 expression at diagnosis assessed by flow cytometry widely distributed but showed overall significantly higher expression in CML patients when compared with normal controls. In 15 fresh patients who subsequently received IFNα therapy, IFNAR2 expression at diagnosis was significantly higher in cytogenetic good responders than in poor responders. Down‐regulation of IFNAR2 expression during IFNα therapy was observed only in good responders but not in poor responders. In addition to protein level, both initial high IFNAR2c mRNA expression level and its down‐regulation during IFNα therapy, in purified CD34‐positive cells, were also observed only in good responders. In contrast to IFNAR2, cell‐surface IFNAR1 expression was generally lower than IFNAR2, and correlation between either the pretreatment level or down‐regulation of IFNAR1 and clinical response was not evident. With in vitro IFNα stimulation, CD34‐positive cells showed down‐regulations of cell‐surface IFNAR2, and IFNAR1 to a lesser extent, in one good‐responder patient, but not in one poor‐responder patient. Serum soluble interferon receptor (sIFNR) was higher in untreated CML patients than in normal controls, without any correlation with clinical response to IFNα. Thus, the pretreatment protein and mRNA expression levels of IFNAR2 and their down‐regulations during IFNα therapy correlate well with IFNα response in CML patients.


Purpose – The purpose is to examine the insights gained from applying Ritzer's thesis of McDonaldization to international qualitative marketing research, in particular the four pillars of McDonaldization: efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control.Design/methodology/approach – The factors influencing choice of qualitative method in practice are examined drawing on the literature, the authors' observations based on experience (a team of practitioners) and a qualitative research study, using a mix of interviews and a workshop with those who co‐ordinate international research or who are subject to the co‐ordination.Findings – The research suggests McDonaldization or "factory farming" may be a reality in some quarters in the qualitative marketing research industry and examples of how the four pillars of McDonaldization bear on the industry are examined.Research limitations/implications – There is a need to determine and monitor the extent of the McDonaldization phenomenon and at the same time expl...


The purpose of this study was to study the effects of leadership knowledge, work environment, work motivation to the performance of principals of Public Elementary Schools in Rokan Hilir Regency of Riau Province. This research uses the quantitative approach with survey method with causal approach and path analysis technique. This study analyzes the influence of one variable on other variables. The variables studied consist of two kinds, namely exogenous variables and endogenous variables. Exogenous variables have an influence on endogenous variables. While endogenous variables can also affect other endogenous variables. The affordable population which is simultaneously the sampling frame is the entire principals who served in Public Elementary Schools at Rokan Hilir Regency as many as 265 schools. The results of this study indicate that: (1) There is a positive direct effect of leadership knowledge on performance, (2) There is a positive direct effect work environment on performance, (3) There is a positive direct effect of work motivation on performance, (4) There is a positive direct effect of leadership knowledge on work motivation, (5) There is a positive direct effect of work environment on work motivation. Thus, the improvement of teachers' performance can be achieved well if there is a strong effect from the leadership knowledge, work environment, and work motivation that are well built.
 Keywords: leadership knowledge, work environment, work motivation, and performance