This research aims to discuss the historical origins of the consumer relation, emphasizing the most important milestones and the movements that fortified the consumer legislation, presenting succinctly the development of this branch of the law in the legislative and also executive scope, highlighting the administrative Consumer protection through the performance of protection agencies and entities. The method applied was the legal deductive, based on the interpretation of the specific legislation, jurisprudence and doctrine. It is concluded that the evolution of Consumer Law in Brazil has not yet reached stability, which is positive for both parts of the relationship, since on the one hand there is a growing market and its innovations, and on the other, the search for such products, Counting on the amplitude of the defense, noting, however, a significant progress due to the awareness of sustainable consumption as a current reality.


Parallel manipulators have become part of the new generation of robotic systems, since they have imponderables advantages over their serials counterparts such as high stiffness, high operation speed and dynamic stability. For industrial and commercial success, these structures must ensure a high accuracy. Without an error analysis and an appropriate calibration strategy, this significant advantage can only be potential. For this reason, considerations on positioning error and calibration are analized for these structures. Firstly, some of the main investigations on calibration methods of parallel mechanisms are discussed. The identification of errors in these structures applied to machine tools is presented, later the kinematics and the concept of calibration is introduced. In addition, the main characteristics of a cable-based parallel manipulator are analized. Operation models and formulations are proposed both for kinematics and statics. In particular, a procedure is proposed for error estimation to know error effects on the end-effector pose. Results of experimental tests and simulations are also compared to show the feasibility and practical efficiency of the system. For a high accuracy parallel robot, a method for estimating its accuracy is proposed. The method takes into consideration measure deviations for each actuator, and the results are compared with a simplified global error method. With this method, the accuracy can be estimated by taking into account the individual errors for each component. In this work, the mechatronic design of parallel manipulator is introduced taking into count strategies for optimization. In order to evaluate a proposed modeling that is needed to the mechatronic design approach, operation performance of CaPaMan 2bis has been investigated through lab experimental tests and numerical simulations. Milli-CaTraSys has been implemented to determine displacements and orientation variations of CaPaMan 2bis end-effector during experimental tests. Several prescribed motions have been simulated and tested under different conditions in order to characterize the system behavior. In particular, kinematic characteristics are obtained both from experimental tests and numerical simulations. Finally, experiment results and simulation computations have been compared for the purpose of evaluation and design characterization of the modeling and prototype, respectively.


Large mode area (LMA), single-mode photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) have the potential to provide significant instrumental advantages in fibre stellar interferometry, due to their broad-band attenuation spectrum, endlessly single-moded performance and very large core size. We investigate the theoretical performance of coupling the telescope point spread function directly into LMA PCFs. We find that a single LMA fibre can replace as many as three step-index fibres for atmospheric seeing characterized by D T /r o ≥ 2 with approximately the same coupling performance and a slower feed from the telescope. This could lead to considerable simplification of broad-band fibre interferometers.


In order to investigate into the perception of environmental sounds, a psychoacoustic experiment was carried out. The experiment was performed with the SD (semantic differential) method using 66 environmental sounds for 39 pairs of the descriptive adjectives in Japanese. These pairs of descriptive adjectives are roughly divided into three groups. One of them was adjectives describing sound quality that had been used in similar studies reported so far. The other groups were adjectives describing emotional states of evaluators due to the sounds and information carried by sounds in addition to them. The new adjectives were selected for explaining a more general state of perception of the environmental sounds. As the result of a factor analysis, five factors were obtained. Three of them were factors describing ''aesthetic state,'' ''volume,'' and ''brightness'' of sounds. These factors correspond to the three well‐known factors describing sound quality. Other than these, two new factors were derived: a factor...


Standard compression algorithms are not able to compress DNA sequences. Recently, new algorithms have been introduced specifically for this purpose, often using detection of long approximate repeats. In this paper, we present another algorithm, DNAPack, based on dynamic programming. In comparison with former existing programs, it compresses DNA slighly better, while the cost of dynamic programming is almost neglectible.


Chatter is one of the most critical errors in grinding since it can both degrade the surface quality and reduce productivity. In this paper a model for regenerative chatter during the contour grinding of optical surfaces is developed. In this model, a nonlinear formula for projected contact area is used to derive the process cutting stiffness that predicts the occurrence of chatter. Experimental results show how chatter can be minimized by properly selecting the process parameters.


In many regression applications, the predictors fall naturally into a number of groups or domains, and it is often desirable to establish a domain-specific relation between the predictors and the response. In this article, we consider dimension reduction that incorporates such domain knowledge. The proposed method is based on the derivative of the conditional mean, where the differential operator is constrained to the form of a direct sum. This formulation also accommodates the situations where dimension reduction is focused only on part of the predictors; as such it extends Partial Dimension Reduction to cases where the blocked predictors are continuous. Through simulation and real data analyses, we show that the proposed method achieves greater accuracy and interpretability than the dimension reduction methods that ignore group information. Furthermore, the new method does not require the stringent conditions on the predictor distribution that are required by existing methods.


Introduces the harm and detection technology of rabies virus, studies the amplification technology of rabies virus RAA, shows that it can be used to detect samples with low rabies virus RNA content. The developed kit can carry out isothermal amplification detection at 30 °C ~ 42 °C and complete the detection in 5min ~ 20min. The advantages of simple operation, small instrument, convenient carrying, fast, sensitive, accurate and good repeatability of the kit are analyzed. It is proposed that it is suitable for grass-roots and field detection and has a good application prospect.


ABSTRACT The main goal of this work is to identify polyurethane (PU) building blocks by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) are widely used polymer building blocks. Py–GC/MS and MALDI-TOF MS were proved to be powerful methods to distinguish TDI-PU and MDI-PU according to the characteristic pyrolysis products and the different repeated units, respectively. In Py–GC/MS, the specific pyrolyzates are TDI for TDI-PU and MDI for MDI-PU. In MALDI-TOF MS, the weights of repeated units are 264 g/mol for TDI-PU and 340 g/mol for MDI-PU.


In the second half of Todd Haynes' film Safe (1995), a travel-weary Carol White is greeted upon her arrival at the Wrenwood facility by Claire, who in sympathy exclaims that "There's nothing more debilitating than travel." Reading this statement ironically, it becomes one of the most pointed highlightings of Carol's privilege—and that of the other Wrenwood occupants—in the film. It implicitly invokes Carol's very ability to travel due to her class and racial status. In this sense, it suggests that Carol's debility, her mysterious illness, is fundamentally tied to her privilege. While Safe has attracted much interesting and important analysis, there has been no sustained investigation of the ways in which the film implicates Carol's illness with the privileges that come to certain subjects, specifically within US empire. Claire's expression of sympathy about the ostensible debilitation caused by travel indirectly references the two geographical regions between which Carol is traveling: the urban environs of the Los Angeles area and the New Mexico desert locale of Wrenwood. These two regions are overdetermined figures of a nexus of imperial meanings, invoking both the history and contemporary practices of US empire. Los Angeles often figures as both a global city that leaves the US border open to all manner of threat from the East and the South and as a symbol of the perceived threat of the inner-city, attesting to a generalized anxiety over the US's long reliance on slavery and economic exploitation to attain the status of global super-power. The New Mexican desert figures simultaneously as frontier and as heartland: a space where genocide has depopulated the land and reinscripted within it a naturalness posed as already-existing, as well as a space protected from the contaminating threat posed by the west coast. Given all of the rhetoric in the film about the "environment" making Carol ill, as well as the aesthetic attention to positioning Carol in very specific ways within these two geographical locations, it seems crucial to ask the question of what connection there


The invention relates to antimicrobial polymers which can be obtained by the copolymerisation of a monomer of the formula (I) with additional aliphatic unsaturated monomers. In said formula, R1 = -H, a branched or unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon group comprising between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, R2 = -H, a branched or unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon group comprising between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, R3 = -H, -CH3, R4, R5, R6 = a substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group comprising between 1 and 50 carbon atoms, whereby R4, R5 and R6 can be identical or different X = CH3SO4 , NO3 , F , Cl , Br , I , CH3CO2 , NO2 , NO , CN , SCN , CNO , ClO , ClO2 , ClO3 , ClO4 . The invention also relates to a method for the production of said polymers. The polymers can be produced by the graft copolymerisation of a substrate, whereby a covalently bound coating on the surface of the substrate is obtained. The antimicrobial polymers can be used as a microbicidal coating on, among things, articles of hygiene or in the medical field, as well as in lacquers or protective coatings.


In this study, visual images were analyzed with the representative seven kinds of selected skirts, by the differences of shape and length which are affecting to the images of skirts. In addition, the purpose of the study is to present the basic data for the skirt design and patterns those are appropriate to the preferred images of 20-30s. The results of this study are as follows. First, analyzed by the visual evaluation about the composing factors are as follows. Factor 1 is a Cute image factor, factor 2 is a charming image factor, factor 3 is a transversal factor, Factor 4 is active image factor, Factor 5 was classified as a longitudinal factors. Second, analyzed by the visual evaluation according to the shape and length of the skirt, 20-30s women"s most preferred form of the skirt is pleated skirt which was highly evaluated looks good, beautiful, favorite, attractive factors. Non-prefered skirts are gored skirt which was highly evaluated not corny, not pretty, heavy, unattractive factors and gored skirt which was negatively evaluated with classic and dislike factors. In the length of skirt, the knee length short skirt is attractive, active and positively evaluated by the 20-30s women than long skirt. Therefore, the results of this study, there are almost no differences according to the age groups of 20-30s women. They are more affected from the length of the skirt rather than the shape.


There has been a significant shift from the view that personality disorder is untreatable; we do have treatments that have at least some efficacy and one of these is psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Evidence from randomized trials has shown that it is effective in treating borderline personality disorder, and follow-up studies confirm that the gains are robust.


In this article the author argues that complete presentation of Stress is neither Possible nor desirable as stress is an important stimulus of human growth and creativity as well an inevitable part of life.


The epigenetic landscape was a visual metaphor introduced in the mid-twentieth century to illustrate the genetic control of embryonic differentiation. Although the popular understanding of epigenetics has since expanded to include gene and chromosomal mechanisms in all contexts, the landscape metaphor provides a unifying concept centered around processes that establish and maintain cellular memory. However, over the decades the term epigenetics has been also used to describe some non-genetic processes that bear little or no resemblance to the traditional concept of an epigenetic landscape. By establishing Frontiers in Epigenetics and Epigenomics, we aim to provide authors and readers a forum and an outlet for research that is centered around the original concept of an epigenetic landscape. Thanks in large part to exciting advances in epigenomic technologies, we expect that a deeper understanding of cellular memory will translate into new strategies for medicine, agriculture, and environmental health.


Yulius Bakkula, 2019. Contribution of Housewife to Family Economic Income in weaving sarong Business in Samarinda Seberang District. ( under the guidance of Mr. Dr.H. Adi Wijaya, M.Si. and Mr. Andriawan Kustiawan, SE.,M.Si This study aims to determine what contributions are made by housewives who work as weaving sarung craftsmen in the domestic and domestic sektors in increasing the family's economic income in the weaving village of Samarinda sub-district, Samarinda. This research was carried out in the district of Samarind opposite, precisely in the village of weaving. With many sampels of 10% out of a total people, there were 10 sampels that were studied. This research method uses qualitative research. Researchers took data by interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that the contribution of housewives in increasing household income can be seen from the income received by housewives.  With the operation of the wife, the role automatically becomes double, that is to become a housewife who takes care of the house and a housewife who works.


. Two polyimide structures were prepared from an alicyclic dianhydride and aromatic diamines, containing or lacking fluorine, and were tested as potential membrane oxygenators. First, the solution rheological properties were investigated to evaluate their effect on film processing by tape casting. Velocity and shear rates profiles were simulated to determine the shearing conditions during tape casting and transfer them in the flow curves. Proper films were obtained at a viscosity corresponding to a concentration in entangled regime, where pseudoplastic behavior is still noticed at shear rates beneath the blade. Theoretical predictions of gas permeability indicated a good oxygen (O 2 ) exchange and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) removal through the studied polymers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) scans revealed a morphology characterized by an intrinsic porosity. The pore size, uniformity and size distribution was affected by the structure of the diamine moiety. The interactions of blood with polyimide films indicated no prevalent adhesion of cells or plasma proteins. The results showed that the examined samples have adequate properties for potential membrane oxygenator applications.


Inter-and intramolecular quenching of zinc phthalocyanine fluorescence by anthraquinone has been studied.The diminutions of fluorescence quantum yield and life-time are due primarily to electron transfer.Apparent electron transfer rate constants were calculated depending on the chain length and solvent polarity.


Mistaken or wasted medicine has been a problem to Taiwan government, not only the caused worsen condition of patients' health by mistaken medicine but also, the wasted or thrown away medicine may led Taiwan government medicine expense costly and environment pollutions as well. According to Taiwan government records that, there is more than 130 tons (t) medicine had been abandoned in year 2011. The most obviously reasons for people abandoned medicine are, self-adjusting or self-stopping medicine by themselves; sharing medicine with friends; forgetting or mistiming of taken medicine. In the experiment, we intended to provide a web-based portal to assist patients for searching the medicine side effects information via our dataset of medicine definition or compounds, usage notice, side effects and so on. The dataset contained and integrated from medicine manufactures prescriptions and pictures and two medical centers, which based on Taiwan government provided medicine database, and in addition, the result information from web surfing in the text mapping search engine will also be considered as well. The dataset itself needs to be leveraged and structured as the promise of meaningful use. We consider linking the chronic disease management such as kidney disease and asthma for medicine suggestions between patients and health providers.


The function of item management program and the management process in 3-dimension transformer design system is introduced. The parameters to manage and input basic product structure and the VB/VBA developing environment based on Autodesk are presented.


Article history: Received 10 January 2011 Received in revised form 26 August 2011 Accepted 7 September 2011 Available online 21 September 2011


The damaging potential and effects of tropical cyclone Vance on Exmouth is analysed based on the likely performance of buildings in cyclone Region and Australian Standard wind loading code. Although cyclone Vance was a disastrous event, majority of houses had minimal structural damage due of the higher design wind speeds specified in the wind loading code and the advances in cyclone resistant construction that were introduced throughout Australia since cyclone Tracy hit Darwin in 1974.


We present an algorithm for the decomposition of periodic financial return data into orthogonal factors of expected return and "systemic", "productive", and "nonproductive" risk. Generally, when the number of funds does not exceed the number of periods, the expected return of a portfolio is an affine function of its productive risk.


The physical activities of pre-school children, which are achieved from educations or daily lives, have very important meanings during infant development as a sort of media containing everything & expressional means of problems, conflicts or feelings as well as sports capability of whole life time. Nowadays, the concept of E.Q.(Emotional Quotient). which enable someone to conduct high social life through proper control or management of others emotions, has been emphasized in the recent children educational trend of entire personality development with respect to inteligence, morality and health. In this situation, physical education for pre-school children should be conducted with well-balanced program which is able to improve sports technical understand and intelligent/emotional aspects together, considering that physical education develops self confidence, positive mind & creative talent, and helps in view of socialization & capability of intelligence. As a result of analysis for this and ealier studies, the education of physical activities for pre-school children appears to give positive influence on the improvement of motor fitness as well as emotional development. The physical activities of children help them to take fully advantage of their endowed emotions and to get more creative senses. self confidences & positive minds. After all. those positive influences shall contribute to develop entire humanity such as socialization, capability of intelligence. Therefore, the educational program, which is able to improve sports capability of pre-school children, is required to be studied gradually and to be provided to the educational fields.


The relationship between project selection and requirements analysis is important, yet has not received much attention. The decisions made during project selection directly affect and frame a project's requirements analysis. In current practice, it is expected that requirements analysis begins after project selection has occurred. Yet, we know little empirically about the procedural relationship between project selection and requirements analysis. We performed a field study to examine in detail how project selection is performed and what procedural relationship, if any, exists between project selection and requirements analysis. We found, contrary to the common view of requirements engineering practice, that requirements analysis occurred in multiple parallel streams. We observed that requirements analysis helped define the initial project choices. In addition, as the project selection process progressed, each candidate project's requirements were further refined. We call this process multiple parallel competitive requirements analysis (MPCRA). We argue that MPCRA should be considered as a viable alternative to current requirements engineering practices, especially for determining and designing large-scale complex projects.


This studyaims to examine and analyze the effect of local taxes, regionallevies and general allocation funds on the economicgrowth of local governments in Bali Province. This researchwasconducted in eight districts and one city in the province of Bali. The data analysis technique usedis multiple linearregressionanalysis. The results of thisstudy are (1) local taxes have no effect on economicgrowth (2) regionallevies have a positive effect on economicgrowth (3) general allocation funds do not affect economicgrowth.


Abstract Primary Inner Ear Schwannomas (PIES) are rare benign tumors. Due to their slow growth, they are often missed during initial screening evaluation, and thus diagnosis is often delayed. Careful analysis of history with scrutiny of MRI should help to differentiate them from other pathologies resembling in symptoms. Here, we presented 4 cases diagnosed with PIES and clinical characteristics of them were analyzed. Furthermore, we elaborated a new surgical approach for the treatment of 4 PIES cases, resulting in complete tumor removal with no evidence of recurrence or residual growth on postoperative MRI follow up. No major short- or long-term complications were noted. Our case series emphasizes on treatment of PIES through a Minimal Invasive Endoscopic approach avoiding incisions and mastoid drilling thereby reducing operative time and surgical morbidity.


Hypothalamic neurosecretion in the dog was observed in the early period of post-natal development with the following results.The earliest sign of production of secretory material was observed as a kind of nuclear secretion, and the widely known cytoplasmic secretory activity was found to follow the initial activity of the nucleus.Nuclear secretion was learned to be characteristic to juvenile cells with enlarged nuclei.Occurrence of nuclear secretion, initiation and development of cytoplasmic neurosecretion showed marked disagreement in the cellular activity between the supraoptic and the paraventricular nuclei in the course of post-natal growth of the dog, which suggests possible functional discrepancy of the nuclei from each other.


For children learning their first language, reading is one of the most effective ways to acquire new vocabulary. Studies link students who read more with larger and more complex vocabularies. For second language learners, there is a substantial barrier to reading. Even the books written for early first language readers assume a base vocabulary of nearly 7000 word families and a nuanced understanding of grammar. This project will look at ways that technology can help second language learners overcome this high barrier to entry, and the effectiveness of learning through reading for adults acquiring a foreign language. Through the implementation of Dokusha, an automatic graded reader generator for Japanese, this project will explore how advancements in natural language processing can be used to automatically simplify text for extensive reading in Japanese as a foreign language. AUTO TEXT SCALING FOR READING COMPREHENSION 5 Introduction Reading is a complex cognitive process that improves with practice and exposure to the correct difficulty level of text, and results in a myriad of benefits to language skills. Because reading is such a natural and integral component of language acquisition, most native speakers of a language advance their lexicon through reading in their native language as soon as they are capable of it. While just as beneficial for foreign language study, reading in a second language is a much more daunting task. To become proficient readers, secondlanguage learners have to work around their linguistic disadvantages. The correct level of text for a native speaker, who has years of acquiring language orally as a solid linguistic foundation for literacy, is not an ideal entry point for the second language learner, who generally studies the written and oral aspects of their target language simultaneously. Still, there is good evidence in the literature that learning to read in a second language can create higher motivation for learning the language (Hitosugi & Day, 2004; Mason & Krashen, 1997; Swaffer & Woodruff, 1978), help learners build a more diverse and rich vocabulary (Horst, 2005; Nation, 2013; Pitts, White & Krashen, 1989), and can be a largely autonomous way to improve language skills (Benson, 2011). In addition to its lexical benefits, reading has been shown to have a positive effect on learner motivation. When the University of Texas changed the focus of their German program in 1975 to deemphasize grammar and in-class language production in favor of learning through input, both verbal and written, they found the percent of students who elected to continue their German studies after the first term jumped from an average of 55% per year to 72% (Swaffer & Woodruff, 1978). The students in these classes were encouraged but not required to speak German during class. From the fifth week of the first term through AUTO TEXT SCALING FOR READING COMPREHENSION 6 the remainder of the program, the focus of the course was primarily on reading comprehension. The students started by reading dialogues and progressed to newspapers by the end of the second semester class. In addition to the lower attrition rates, the students responded positively to the new curriculum in feedback forms, and scored higher than average on a national test conducted by the Modern Language Association. Other researchers have also found that a curriculum structured around reading contributes significantly toward increasing learner motivation (Hitosugi & Day, 2004; Mason & Krashen, 1997). Second language (L2) vocabulary can be acquired through the reading of large amounts of comprehensible text as demonstrated by Saragi, Nation, and Meister (1987). In this study, which examined how vocabulary is acquired from comprehensible context, students were asked to read A Clockwork Orange in their native English. The students were subsequently tested on their understanding of 90 of the Russian slang words that appeared in the book. The average score on the vocabulary test was 76%, with higher scores on a word being correlated with the number of times it appeared in the book. This suggested that given enough exposure to a word in context, the word will be acquired by the reader. This study inspired a number of other studies on L2 vocabulary acquisition through extensive reading of both authentic texts (Horst, Cobb, & Meara, 1998; Pellicer-Sánchez & Schmitt, 2010; Pitts et al., 1989) and graded readers -books written specifically for beginning second language learners (Horst, 2005; Waring & Takaki, 2003). Reading also has a powerful role to play in non-classroom study. One of the appealing points of studying a language through reading is that reading can be a largely autonomous and private way of improving language skills in general. Pickard (1995) AUTO TEXT SCALING FOR READING COMPREHENSION 7 released a case-study following three proficient German students studying English at the University of Humberside. Through interviews and questionnaires, Pickard found that these successful students used a wide array of strategies to advance their language skills outside of the classroom. The students in the study reported that they believed reading newspapers and novels was an extremely important contributing factor to their success at learning English. This study highlights one of the most compelling reasons for language learners to learn to read: it is a largely self-directed activity. While teachers can certainly scaffold and help teach literacy, reading is not dependent on having access to a speaker of the language in the way that conversation and communication based approaches are. This may be why reading is a method that autonomous learners commonly employ when learning a second language (Eskey, 2002; Hyland, 2004; Leung, 2002, Senoo & Yonemoto, 2014). Learning to read in a foreign language strengthens language skills and is enjoyable enough to help learners stay interested and motivated over time. Linguistic benefits aside, reading is also a very accessible activity. It is available as a way to build students' language comprehension both in and out of the classroom, as well as that of independent learners regardless of their access to native speakers. Texts are available in almost any language online and so, unlike conversation, which requires a speaker to converse with, access to text is easy for most people. Perhaps due to the comparative difficulty of studying independent language learners, there is a dearth of studies on independent learners in general, and most of the studies on the benefits of reading have been conducted on students in classroom settings. Despite this, reading can be used to great effect outside of traditional studies as long as the appropriate text is available (Senoo & Yonemoto, 2014). AUTO TEXT SCALING FOR READING COMPREHENSION 8 Yet finding level-appropriate texts for less popular second languages, such as Japanese, can be incredibly difficult for classroom and independent students alike. Because of this lack of leveled reading resources, students may not have access to enough sufficiently motivating, appropriately-leveled text for reading to be an effective learning tool for them (Hitosugi & Day, 2004). Given the crucial role reading plays in the L2 acquisition process, lack of adequate reading material to meet a student's needs at their unique level could present a significant obstacle to learning (Day & Bamford, 1998; Elley & Mangubhai, 1983; Krashen, 1985). Here, recent developments in the field of computer science known as natural language processing (NLP) could play a role in solving the problem of creating appropriately-leveled language learner text. If a computer program could be constructed to reduce the level of a piece of text automatically, then it would eliminate the problem of finding a large enough variety of appropriately leveled text for a Japanese extensive reading program. Additionally, independent learners would be able to self-convert text found online to the ideal level for them to read fluently for meaning. It would even be possible for the same text to be scaled to multiple levels, enabling learners to work their way into more complicated language with a solid understanding of the content of the text obtained through initial readings at lower difficulty levels, or for students at different reading levels in a group class to work through the same text at the level most appropriate to their current L2 learning needs. To demonstrate this, the design, implementation, and analysis of the automatic graded text generator Dokusha will be examined. AUTO TEXT SCALING FOR READING COMPREHENSION 9 Children's Literature in the L2 Classroom Making the appropriate level of text available to students is not always an easy task. Extensive reading programs in English classrooms typically give students access to a library of graded readers, texts written at a specific level of language for foreign language learners. This allows students to select books that interest them at their current level. However, graded readers in non-English languages are not as common, and the smaller selection prevents learners from accessing texts that they are motivated to read at the correct difficulty level for them. As a result of this lack of appropriate language learner literature, extensive reading programs in other languages may resort to using children's literature (Hitosugi & Day, 2004). Children's literature is not an ideal substitute for graded readers. While written for children without the full lexicon of an adult native speaker, children's literature still assumes a much more complete understanding of vocabulary and an implicit understanding of the complex grammar of the language. Although Day and Bamford (1998) claim that "If a language lacks language learner literature, teachers can turn to a sure source of easy reading material that exists in almost every language: books designed to teach children their first language"


Machine learning has a lot of potential when applied to time series sensor data, yet a lot of this potential is currently not utilized, due to privacy concerns of parties in charge of this data. In this work I want to apply privacy-preserving techniques to machine learning for time series data, in order to unleash the dormant potential of this type of data.


Technical barriers to trade(TBT) are the biggest obstacle to aquatic products export of China. This article firstly introduced the trade condition of Chinese aquatic products and the total status of technical barriers which aquatic products encountered, then adopted empirical methods to analyze the direction and degree of technical barriers to our aquatic products export. At last, this article analyzed the reasons that our products encountered the technical barriers, and some advices to tackle the TBT were provided from the aspects of government, trade associations and enterprise.


A new LDPC decoding design aimed for a reduced finite word-length hardware implementation is proposed for WiMAX LDPC codes. In this design, normalized BP-based decoding method and layered decoding scheme are employed. The correction factor of the decoding method is chosen to simplify the multiplication. By analyzing the statistical distribution of variable node message, the word-length of bit node messages is reduced by 1 bit. Simulation result shows that though with small word-length, the proposed design has a similar decoding performance compared to a conventional 8 bits word-length decoder.


After analyzing the basic factors leading to the adoption of executive means in economic control, this article explores the executive means used in the current macroeconomic control from the perspective of their functions, characteristics and problems. Thus the incorrect understandings of most scholars in economic field have been made clear and what's more the author has suggested some countermeasures.


: Ceramic coatings can effectively prevent the corrosion of steel bars in marine environments. In this paper, we prepared phosphate ceramic coatings on the surface of carbon steel. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence were used to analyze the phase structure and composition of the ceramic and the results show that the main crystal composition of ceramic is P 2 O 5 and SiO 2 . Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of the surface and the section and results showed that the surface was cracked, and the thickness of ceramic was 349μm. Mean-while, a number of high-resolution images of internal structure of solids were obtained by non-destructive X-ray computed tomography (X-CT). Matlab and Mimics software were used to conduct the three-dimensional reconstruction of the CT images. Matrix and holes are distinguished by threshold segmentation in grayscale images, and the porosity of the ceramic coatings was calculated to be 14.0%. In addition, mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to verify the calculation results. Therefore, X-CT can be a useful and reliable tool for the visualization of the internal structure of ceramic coatings.


In this paper, we prove the Kobayashi hyperbolicity of the coarse moduli spaces of canonically polarized or polarized Calabi-Yau manifolds in the sense of complex $V$-spaces (a generalization of complex $V$-manifolds in the sense of Satake). As an application, we prove the following hyperbolic version of Campana's isotriviality conjecture: for the smooth family of canonically polarized or polarized Calabi-Yau manifolds, when the Kobayashi pseudo-distance of the base vanishes identically, the family must be isotrivial, that is, any two fibers are isomorphic. We also prove that for the smooth projective family of polarized Calabi-Yau manifolds, its variation of the family is less than or equal to the essential dimension of the base.


"participation of churches in the moral republic was unwelcome" (241). Masaryk wanted the state to take the place of the church, which was an outdated concept, and take on the provision of social welfare assistance. Thus "religion would be secularized, while the nation-state would be made sacred" (242). The final chapter, entitled "The War of the Absolute," takes the story into the 1930s when Masaryk is in his eighties. Alice is called upon to shore up his political vision as his health fails and longtime critics continue to attack not only his religiosity but also his presidential record. Throughout the book, architecture plays a role in reflecting the dialogs between the main protagonists. Prague Castle, a dilapidated complex that required significant upgrading to its infrastructure before it could be the seat of government, is where the three lives of Berglund's protagonists come together in multiple chapters. Plečník was given significant personal autonomy in his design work and was often difficult to work with, so Alice Masaryková was an intermediary and kept the project on track. While Plečník was at work on the castle as the space of the new moral republic, he also built one of Prague's most famous churches, the Catholic Church of the Sacred Heart in Vinohrády. Berglund uses the debates about the church to contrast Masaryk's conception of religion and worship with those of Plečník who remained a devout Catholic throughout his life. This book is a pleasure to read and a rare opportunity to grasp an intellectual moment in history so intimately. Berglund uses his wealth of sources to nuance his interpretations in ways that make the book and its arguments of interest to all scholars of interwar central European culture and politics. If there is a weakness in the project, it would be its insularity to Prague and the Czech intellectual world. As much research shown, Prague was a multilingual and multiethnic city between the wars, and this book never reaches into those other domains. This does not diminish from the quality of the project as it is, it only opens the possibility of further exploration.


Advanced high strength steels have excellent strength-to-weight ratio and are widely used for automotive and structural applications. Grinding is commonly used as a final machining process for these materials to achieve the required dimensional tolerance and surface quality. In this work, the grindability of as-received microstructure of ferrite-pearlite and in-house developed ferrite-bainite-martensite steels using polycrystalline white fused alumina and microcrystalline sol-gel alumina grinding wheels under flood and minimum quantity lubrication conditions is studied. Grindability of these steels was evaluated based on the wheel wear, grinding forces, force ratio, specific cutting energy, surface roughness (Ra), and surface morphology. The sol-gel alumina wheel was observed with higher wear flat area and forces under all the grinding conditions as compared with white fused alumina wheel. The white fused alumina wheel exhibited higher force ratio values for all the grinding conditions than the sol-gel alumina wheel. The energy required per unit volume of material removal is lower for the white fused alumina wheel in both the steels under flood and minimum quantity lubrication conditions. This is due to the retention of sharpness of abrasive grains by self-sharpening for white fused alumina wheel than the sol-gel alumina. The presence of fractured, melted, and hollow chips on the ferrite-pearlite and ferrite-bainite-martensite steels under both the grinding condition confirms the change in material removal mechanism with the presence of higher wear flat area of the sol-gel alumina wheel. Based on the obtained results, the white fused alumina wheel was found to be a suitable grinding wheel for grinding of both the steels under all grinding conditions compared to the sol-gel alumina wheel.


A WAVE OF ADVERSE publicity involving methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin), a drug that has been used for more than 30 years to treat children and adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, has created concern that public opinion may eventually affect medical practice. There appears to be growing belief on the part of some of the public that the drug has dangerous side effects, that schools want to have it prescribed, and that psychiatrists are eager to label children as having a condition that may not even exist. Among the recent developments: A suit was filed in Georgia against a public school district and against the American Psychiatric Association. At least eight medical malpractice suits have been filed, five of them recently in Massachusetts. The defense attorney for a 15-year-old youth convicted of killing a classmate with a baseball bat argued that his client's behavior may have been affected by taking methylphenidate. All


An alarm sound control unit is provided with a racing alarm sound generation determination unit (1) and a racing alarm sound signal generation unit (2). The racing alarm sound generation determination unit (1) acquires an accelerator position signal (30) and shift position signal (31) among vehicle information signals (3). The racing alarm sound signal generation unit (2) outputs a racing alarm sound signal when the shift position signal (31) is a parking or neutral state signal and when the value of the accelerator position signal (30) is not zero.


To understand and protect their privacy in a world of pervasive data collection, users must understand not only disclosure, but also the transmission and third-party use of their data both in the present and future. Researchers label this phenomenon the contextual integrity of information. While many security and privacy researchers seek to design automated tools to enforce contextual integrity through formally specified policies, this paper explores users' understanding of contextual integrity and their ability to influence it as they learn. We explore whether, by educating participants, participants are more likely to understand and control for the long-term implications of information disclosure. We find that participants do develop an understanding of contextual integrity, but continue to struggle with effective methods to protect the contextual integrity of their data. Together, these results provide guidelines for the design of privacypreserving technologies with learning and comprehension as guiding principles.


The purpose of this study was to analyse whether athletes of different skill level present different relative joint moment contributions to the power generated in a martial arts kick.
This investigation was carried out using the induced power analysis, a method based on the dynamic coupling inherent to ultiarticulated systems. The comparison was done among three male karatekas, considered to be experienced, intermediate and novice. The results show that the hip extension moment was the major contributor in the production of mechanical energy in the kicking foot at impact. Similarly the hip internal rotation and ankle dorsiflexion moments worked to build up the foot's energy for most of movement. The experienced athlete seems to benefit more from these by potentiating the moments produced in these joints.


The Canary Islands, known for their extraordinarily high cetacean species diversity, have witnessed a rapid expansion in fast and high speed ferry traffic during the past few years. At the same time, ship strikes have been increasingly reported. 556 cetacean carcasses, found ashore, or reported, in the Canary Islands between 1991 and 2007, were examined. 59 strandings (10.6%) were found to involve vessel-whale collisions, the great majority of strandings (58%) occurred on Tenerife. Species most affected were sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, n = 24, 41%), pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps, n = 10, 17%), Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris, n = 7, 12%), short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus, n = 6, 10%) and at least three baleen whale species (n = 9, 15%). Twenty six animals (44%, n = 42) were either calves or juveniles, and one was a newborn. The temporal distribution of strandings indicates that lethal strikes have increased in recent years. Most ship strikes, assumingly by large and fast moving vessels, probably resulted in the death of the animals, as indicated by severe injuries such as huge slashes, cuts, broken vertebrae or animals separated into halves. Given these numbers and the widely accepted fact that only a portion of ship strikes will be recorded due to under-reporting and carcasses drifting away or sinking, ship strikes appear to be a major threat to cetaceans in the Canary Islands, especially to sperm whales. Moreover, the issue is a matter of human safety, as crew and passengers are at risk of being harmed, too. In this situation, a number of measures to mitigate the risk of ship strikes are recommended as a matter of high priority. These include the placement of dedicated look-outs on fast moving vessels, the shift of ferry transects where feasible, a speed limitation for local high-risk areas where cetacean abundance is notably high, the introduction of an obligatory reporting system of vessel-whale collisions and the conduction of detailed studies dealing with this pressing issue.


Purpose. The purpose of the studies and calculation analyses carried out by the authors was to provide designers with data and recommendations for justification of the use of gas holders when converter gas is disposed "without carbon monoxide post-combustion". This is especially important when developing the so-called "pre-project documentation" – main technical solutions, design proposals and feasibility studies, when there is no signed contract with the converter equipment supplier, but the client wants to evaluate the technical feasibility of construction and determine its preliminary cost, including gas holder unit.Methods. Initial data and recommendations for designers have been obtained by analyzing existing analogues, design studies and calculation analyses based on many years of experience in engineering converter shops, documentation of manufacturers of the main types of gas holders, as well as a patent of Ukraine by one of the authors for an improved gas holder. The recommendations have been developed with due consideration of the State standards related to the engineering, building codes, as well as the climatic conditions of Ukraine.Results. The authors developed the following data and recommendations for the real engineering of converter gas holders, being specific explosive and fire hazardous objects of steelmaking: an improved methodology for approximate determination of the gas holder capacity for recoverable converter gas as fuel for heating furnaces or steam boilers of a captive power plant; designs and specific features of the main types of low-pressure large-volume gas holders (up to 4000 Pa), including an improved gas holder according to the patent of Ukraine by one of the authors; schemes for connecting gas holders to the gas network of an enterprise; siting of gas holders in general layout of the enterprise, taking into account possibility of placement of the same on clarifying ponds as  proposed by the authors; category of explosion and fire hazard of a gas holder; comparison of explosion force of the converter gas and trinitrotoluene; main technical and economic indicators of the gas holder installation; possible saving of natural gas due to recovery of converter gas for a specific example.Originality. For the first time an improved methodology has been developed for the approximate determination of the volume of a converter gas holder; the explosion force of the converter gas stored in the gas holder has been determined; an improved gas holder with corrugated shell.Practical implications. Use of the defined data, recommendations and developments during real engineering, especially for "pre-project documentation". The information may also be useful for students of metallurgical higher educational institutions.


A steady‐state model for the reactive sputtering process in a symmetrical planar magnetron configuration is presented which takes the specific system geometry into consideration. Further to the simulation of the well known hysteresis effect and its consequences in the composition of the deposited film, the model allows for the calculation of the radial film thickness and compositional distributions of the growing film as a function of the distance between the target and the condensation surface. The proposed model introduces for the first time two realistic assumptions: a reactive gas profile across the reaction zone and a current density distribution. The case of introducing reactive gas through the center of the magnetron surface is also examined and the effects on the stoichiometry of the film as well as on the stability of the system are presented. Experimental results for film thickness profile for several values of the target diameter‐to‐substrate separation ratio show excellent agreement with simul...


N-Alkyl- or N-aryl-2-(p-nitrophenoxy)ethylamines (II) have been synthesized by desulphonative Smiles′ rearrangement of N-alkyl- or N-aryl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-p-nitrobenzenesulphonamides (I) which is promoted by reaction with 18-crown-6-complexed potassium hydroxide in methylene chloride; the subsequent Smiles′ rearrangement of (II) to the corresponding N-alkyl- or N-aryl-2-(p-nitroanilino)ethanols (III) is thus effectively prevented.


The paper surveys operations planning methods for power generation used by Electricite de France. Decomposition of the generation system into sub-units and the coordination of the sub-units is planned by means of Lagrangian dual methods. The paper describes these methods and current research into developing their accuracy and efficiency.


Multi-modality medical imaging is crucial in clinical treatment as it can provide complementary information for medical image segmentation. However, collecting multi-modal data in clinical is difficult due to the limitation of the scan time and other clinical situations. As such, it is clinically meaningful to develop an image segmentation paradigm to handle this missing modality problem. In this paper, we propose a prototype knowledge distillation (ProtoKD) method to tackle the challenging problem, especially for the toughest scenario when only single modal data can be accessed. Specifically, our ProtoKD can not only distillate the pixel-wise knowledge of multi-modality data to single-modality data but also transfer intra-class and inter-class feature variations, such that the student model could learn more robust feature representation from the teacher model and inference with only one single modality data. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on BraTS benchmark.


reaches a maximum when cells engage in highfrequency gamma oscillations. How do changes in the temporal patterning of responses influence hemodynamic responses? There is evidence that synchronization in the gamma frequency range is associated with oscillatory, tightly synchronized discharges of inhibitory interneurons (23) leading to periodic inhibition of pyramidal cells. These inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, in turn, synchronize pyramidal cells by confining their discharges to the depolarizing peaks of the membrane potential oscillations (24). Thus, when cortical networks engage in gamma oscillations, inhibitory interneurons are highly active, and as their discharges are phase-locked to the oscillations (23), their activity increases with oscillation frequency. Therefore, we propose that the hemodynamic responses associated with gamma oscillations are mainly initiated by the firing of inhibitory interneurons. Although inhibitory interneurons constitute only about 20% of the cortical neurons, it is likely that they substantially contribute to local energy consumption. They fire at very high frequencies and distribute their numerous synapses exclusively within adjacent cortical volumes. The hypothesis that interneuron activity is a major cause of the hemodynamic response (25) is well compatible with the fact that interneurons contain enzymes for the synthesis of vasoactive compounds such as NO and vasoactive peptides (26, 27). In this cascade, the elevated calcium concentration is suggested to play a major role (25). This interpretation resolves some of the discrepancies between BOLD studies and unit recordings. Deficits in visual processing in amblyopia are well reflected by evoked potentials and hemodynamic responses, although they are undetectable in discharge rates (7). Attentional shifts in the absence of sensory stimulation (28) and mental imagery (29) are associated with BOLD responses, and these cognitive processes are associated with increased oscillatory activity in the gamma frequency band (14, 30). Other cognitive and executive functions such as figure-ground segmentation, expectancy, sensory-motor coordination, shortterm memory, and movement preparation are associated with enhanced oscillatory activity in the beta and gamma frequency range (31, 32). Hemodynamic responses may thus be ideally suited to visualize neural processes associated with higher cognitive and executive functions.


Generating diverse populations of high-quality solutions has gained interest as a promising extension to the traditional optimization tasks. This work contributes to this line of research with an investigation on evolutionary diversity optimization for three of the most well-studied permutation problems: the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP), both symmetric and asymmetric variants, and the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP). It includes an analysis of the worst-case performance of a simple mutation-only evolutionary algorithm with different mutation operators, using an established diversity measure. Theoretical results show that many mutation operators for these problems guarantee convergence to maximally diverse populations of sufficiently small size within cubic to quartic expected runtime. On the other hand, the results regarding QAP suggest that strong mutations give poor worst-case performance, as mutation strength contributes exponentially to the expected runtime. Additionally, experiments are carried out on QAPLIB and synthetic instances in unconstrained and constrained settings, and reveal much more optimistic practical performances while corroborating the theoretical findings regarding mutation strength. These results should serve as a baseline for future studies.


Continuing professional development (CPD) is accepted as an integral part of teacher education because only continuing learning and training assures a high level of expertise and enables the teachers to keep their professional skills and knowledge up-to-date. CPD therefore should not be regarded only as an obligatory activity just to meet the required training hours set by supervisors, operators and educational settings. This paper primarily aims to present the preliminary findings of early childhood teachers' and operators' needs and concerns for continuing professional development for Early Childhood Care and Education teachers in selected states of Malaysia. The knowledge, skills, and practices of early childhood care providers and teachers are critical factors in their delivery of high quality developmental and educational experiences to young children. Although research continues to explore important details of how professional skills and competencies interact with other environmental and child characteristics, a growing body of evidence shows that early childhood professionals benefit greatly from professional development opportunities beyond minimal training and that these benefits are passed on to the children in their care and classrooms.


This paper examines one of the most important concepts of intestate succession – inheritance by right of representation. The following analysis is based on civil law in Russia and France. The paper provides an overview of the meaning and the role of the right of representation, determines those who can inherit by right of representation under the Russian and French civil codes as well as the grounds for succession; examines the limitations on inheritance by right of representation under civil law in both states; identifies the legal nature of the rights of the representing heirs. Specific attention is paid to the issue of representation of the parent who is the commorient of the decedent. As a result of the comparative study, the author makes proposals on the improvement of the concept of inheritance by right of representation in Russia and France


As one of the glycol component in the production method of a polyester containing 1,4-cyclohexane di-methanol (CHDM), to prepare an aqueous or methanol St. slurry comprising CHDM and a dicarboxylic acid. Maintain the slurry at a temperature lower than the melting point of CHDM. Then, feeding the slurry to the reactor. At a temperature and pressure sufficient to perform the esterification, optionally in the slurry is esterified in the presence of a suitable catalyst. To form a prepolymer. Then, by polycondensation of the prepolymer in the presence of a suitable catalyst at a temperature and pressure sufficient to perform the polycondensation to form a polyester.


Various modernity problems essentially root in the social disharmony. The western society didn't come up with a satisfactory theory dealing with modernity predicament. The building of socialist harmonious society, put forward by the CPC, is the fundamental guideline and overall strategy in solving modernity predicament. Compared with western's coping theory, it owns unique Chinese characteristics.


Abstract The new evil demon problem is often considered to be a serious obstacle for externalist theories of epistemic justification. In this paper, I aim to show that the new evil demon problem ('NEDP') also afflicts the two most prominent forms of internalism: moderate internalism and historical internalism. Since virtually all internalists accept at least one of these two forms, it follows that virtually all internalists face the NEDP. My secondary thesis is that many epistemologists – including both internalists and externalists – face a dilemma. The only form of internalism that is immune to the NEDP, strong internalism, is a very radical and revisionary view – a large number of epistemologists would have to significantly revise their views about justification in order to accept it. Hence, either epistemologists must accept a theory that is susceptible to the NEDP or accept a very radical and revisionary view.


Taking the Volterra foodstuff bait-prey-predator model as an example, the article will introduce the application of the mathematical software in the mathematical modeling, analyze and hypothesize the actual issues brought forward, and validate these issues theoretically from the aspect of methodology, which is the advocating method in the mathematical modeling process.


Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is one of the important short duration pulse crops of India and an excellent source of good quality protein but the productivity is comparatively low i.e. 499 kg/ha (Directorate of Economics and statistics, 2016). This is due to various biotic and abiotic stresses and lack of suitable genotypes/varieties. Among the biotic constraints, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused by the mungbean yellow mosaic virus is the major threat for huge economic losses in the Indian subcontinent (Nene, 1973). The disease is caused by white fly (Bemicia tabaci) transmitted begomo gemini viruses with bipartite genomes (Varma and Malathi, 2003). Begomoviruses are a group of plant viruses containing single-stranded circular DNA encapsidated in geminate particles (Khattak et al., 2000; Karthikeyan et al., 2004). Greengram plants infected with YMD generally show yellowing or chlorosis of leaves followed by necrosis, shortening of internodes, and severe stunting of plants with no yield or few flowers and deformed pods produced with small, immature and shrivelled seeds (Akhtar et al., 2009). This disease International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 02 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Actal element constitution and composition of grevy iron castings of Die cast machine were determined through analysis on the properties of products.The mechanical properties on the materials can be prechicted by numerical calculation.The real pouring techniques can be performed by the combination use of proportional solidification technology and feeding system.The results show that the designed composition can meet the demards of mechanical properties,especially the Yong's moduhes,and water resistemce pressure dersity.


With the approaching of knowledge economy, knowl - edge administration plays a more and more important role in enterprises. From the angle of the mordem enterprise adminis- tration, the article expounds the necessity of the innovation.


This research project explored the relationship between mental models and core strategic decisions about sustainability, by focusing on leaders of Ontario Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) who were already recognized by third parties as leading in the transition towards sustainability. A design probe was used to collect a qualitative data and visual information from the participants' own perspective. Twelve SME leaders completed the design probe, sharing the ir thoughts, values, past experiences and future plans through a series of generative prompts. The results led to five key insights about the participants' mental models and decision making about sustainability, as well as implications for SME Strategy and the design of strategic tools for SME leaders. A model was proposed to help other SMEs envision ways to catalyze larger scale impacts beyond their own internal operational decisions. Overall, the five insights revealed the importance of thinking that is longterm, creative, global, and systems oriented, as well as the challenge of sharing mental models with internal and external stakeholders.


Fictional heroes have been considered as moral exemplars and as entertaining and soothing characters. Their creators, however, do not work in a vacuum. Therefore, the emergence of heroic narratives is closely connected to a specific space and time context. In this article, I propose a heroic cycle which consist of three different heroic types creators use to cope with events in reality. This cycle consists of the classic hero, the flawed hero, and the contemporary (post 9/11) type of hero which will be defined and described as a hybrid hero. This hybrid hero became very popular in recent years and just as its counterpart, the franchised hero tries with a specific set of characteristics and moral frameworks, to provide a jouissance for audiences (Barthes, 1975). By doing so, these heroes try to sooth, entertain, or challenge their audiences. Both the hybrid and the franchised hero focus on the reception by audiences although their means and behavior differ on many levels. Although the research and development of the hybrid hero is still at its initial stage, this article elaborates on its construction and conceptualizations as fictional character and as moral challenger in today's fiction. The hybrid hero challenges both audience and creators on empathic, moral, and narrative levels and is a contemporary symbiosis of heroic and villainous features. The text consists of two parts: first, background and contextualization and second, a description of a case study (The Borgia Trilogy, a theatre performance which Van Tourhout created) to clarify the empathic and narrative features of hybrid heroes.


The utility model relates to an electronic level instrument, which is used for measuring the included angle of the reference surface and the level surface of an instrument. The utility model is composed of two identical sensors and is arranged on a basal plate, wherein, the shaft line of a long shaft of a sensor 1 is perpendicular to the bottom edge of the basal plate, the shaft line of a long shaft of a sensor 2 is parallel to the bottom edge, and the angle size and the lying quadrant can be worked out by using a microprocessor. The utility model has the advantages of good stability and long service life. Strict requirements for work conditions do not exist, and the utility model is suitable for wide use.


Fernando de Mello Moser dedicated one chapter of his book Tomás More e os Caminhos da Perfeição Humana [Thomas More and the Ways Towards Human Perfection] (1982) to the issue concerning the ways English Renaissance writers envisaged for humankind as whole, or for the English people only, to achieve perfection. He called it "The Island and the Vision" in an obvious anticipation of his approach to More's Utopia, and to other works which shared More's visionary gift for putting forward fairer and happier societies in order to pave the way towards future and less imperfect generations. The new literary genre named after More's picture of an imaginary reflection of England framed by a wise set of laws and a humanistic education for all its inhabitants became an inspirational "brave new world" where men and women could pursue their ethical, intellectual, political, and spiritual path aiming for a higher level of individual and collective existence. This path towards perfection presented by More in his Utopia was set up on his firm belief in humankind's dignity, a belief he shared with other contemporaneous humanists, as is the case in Sir Thomas Elyot's The Book Named the Governor (1531), or in Thomas Hoby's translation


Plausible cause and effect of the big bang model are presented without violating conventional laws of physics. The initial cosmological singularity is resolved by introducing the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. We postulate that, preceding the big bang at the end of the gravitational collapse, the total observed mass including all forms of energy of the universe condensed into the primordial black hole (PBH) in a state of isotropic and minimal chaos (i.e., nearest to the absolute zero temperature). The frozen energy of the collapsed state is quantized such that each quantum of frozen energy (the cosmic particle) is characterized by the fundamental constants of the general theory of relativity and of quantum theory. The minimum size and minimum lifetime of the cosmic particle are estimated within the framework of the uncertainty principle. It is considered that these cosmic particles are bosons with intrinsic spin zero. The minimum size and thermodynamic properties of the PBH are estimated within the framework of the Bose-Einstein statistics by taking into account the total observed mass of the universe. The mechanism of the big bang is given and the currently accepted Planck temperature at the beginning of the big bang is predicted. The critical mass density, the mean mass density, and the missing mass are calculated as a function of the Hubble time of expansion. Our calculations show that the universe is closed but expanding. However, the universe remains inside the event horizon of the primordial black hole.
Subj-class: cosmology: theory - pre-big bang physics; post-big bang effect.


Virtually every crucial economic and social function depends on the secure, reliable operation of energy, telecommunications, transportation, financial, and other infrastructures. The nature of electricity demand is undergoing a profound shift in industrialized nations across the globe. From a strategic R & D viewpoint, agility and robustness/survivability of large-scale dynamic networks that face new and unanticipated operating conditions are presented. A major challenge is posed by the lack of a unified mathematical framework with robust tools for modeling, simulation, control and optimization of time-critical operations in complex multicomponent and multiscaled networks. New tools and techniques are being developed to enable large national infrastructures to function in ways that are self-stabilizing, self-optimizing, and self-healing. This presentation focuses on a strategic vision extending to a decade, or longer, that would enable more secure and robust systems operation, security monitoring and efficient energy markets


The Constitutional Court is a judicial institution that has the authority to resolve disputes over general election results. If the election law is not revised, then in 2024 there will be simultaneous elections and simultaneous regional elections. This study is to find out how the challenges of the Constitutional Court are in producing democratic constitutional decisions on 2024 Simultaneous election disputes and to find out how the role of the Constitutional Court in producing democratic constitutional decisions on 2024 Simultaneous election disputes. This type of research is legal research, in the development of legal research methods normative legal research and legal research empirical legal research must be combined or used both because combining the two studies will provide comprehensive research results. The institution as a judicial institution that adjudicates PHPU will face several challenges: 1) The readiness of the Constitutional Court in providing optimal services, 2) The political pressure of the presidential election is so hot, 3) the time and quality of the decision is short. The Constitutional Court's decision must truly reflect a fair decision within the framework of implementing constitutional democracy. A fair decision can only be given by a statesman judge, not merely a judge who is an adherent of the principle of legality who goes too far and becomes the mouthpiece of the law (bouche de la loi), which should be the mouthpiece of substantive justice


The aim of this research work is to give a overview of recent researches and development in the field of wireless power transmission. The methods applied for wireless power transmission like Induction, Electromagnetic transmission, Evanescent wave coupling, Electrodynamics induction, Radio and microwave and Electrostatic Induction, are discussed. The coupling consists of an inductor along with a capacitor with its own resonating frequency. In any ators there often exists a so-called "strongly coupled" regime of operation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in a given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient. Another technique includes transfer of power through microwaves using recentness. This is particularly suitable for long range distances ranging kilometres. With this we can avoid the confusion and danger of having long, hazardous and tangled wiring. This paper as a whole gives an effective, high performance techniques which can efficiently transmit the power to the required area vary in given distances for the power transmission through induction. This study also focuses on the latest technologies, merits and demerits in this field. The economic aspects are briefly discussed. Keyword - wireless transmission, witricity, power, solarpower, induction, power, receiver, short distance, transmitter, transmission, Wireless, wires.


Objectives: Candida albicans is being isolated with increasing frequency during intraabdominal infection in patients who are operated for mechanical intestinal obstruction (MIO). The value of fluconazole prophylaxis and documented altered patterns of nitric oxide (NO) and (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) TBARS production in response to Candida albicans is a subject of discussion. Material and Methods: Between June 2003 and December 2004, 52 patients with MIO requiring a surgical treatment were included in this study. In this prospective, randomized (placebo-controlled), and double-blind clinical trial, we investigated the frequency and clinical significance of fungal translocation and the effect of a single dose of fluconazole (400 mg) prophylaxis administered with routine antibacterial therapy. NO and TBARS levels were determined in blood samples spectrophotometrically preoperatively; on postoperative 2nd, 6th and 24th hours in order to investigate their roles in fungal translocation. Results: NO levels were significantly high in patients with MIO due to malignant causes who received a single dose of fluconazole, two hours after the operation (pl0.003). In patients with positive gram negative bacteria cultures in the tissue and blood samples obtained preoperatively, NO levels were significantly increased 24 hours after the operation (pl0.05). On the other hand, in patients with positive gram negative bacteria cultures postoperatively, NO levels in samples obtained six hours after the operation were lower than the levels obtained after two hours (pl0,05). Conclusions: Fluconazole with protective effect against candidial translocation had influence on metabolism of NO in patients with MIO due to malign causes and more comprehensive studies should be designed and attention should be paid to the cases with positive gram negative bacteria cultures. Key words: Mechanical intestinal obstruction, Fluconazole, Nitric oxide, TBARS


The question why it is necessary to build the mechanics of the structured particles, which are the systems of potentially interacting of the material points, basing on the laws of Newtonian mechanics is discussed. We will show how to do it without the restrictive hypotheses and assumptions used in the classical mechanics for construction of the Hamiltonian formalism of the systems. We will show also how concept of entropy appears in the mechanics. Some of important problems in physics, the solution of which can help the mechanics of structured particles, are submitted.


Starting from a realistic extended Hubbard model for a $p_{x,y}$-orbital tight-binding model on the Honeycomb lattice, we perform a thorough investigation on the possible electron instabilities in the magic-angle-twisted bilayer-graphene near the van Hove (VH) dopings. Here we focus on the interplay between the SU(2)$\times$SU(2) and the $D_3$ symmetries. While the former leads to the degeneracy between the inter-valley SDW and CDW and that between the inter-valley singlet and triplet SCs, the latter leads to the degeneracy and competition among the three symmetry-related wave vectors of the DW orders, originating from the FS-nesting. The interplay between the two degeneracies leads to intriguing quantum states relevant to recent experiments, as revealed by our systematic RPA based calculations followed by a succeeding mean-field energy minimization for the ground state. At the SU(2)$\times$SU(2) symmetric point, the degenerate inter-valley SDW and CDW are mixed into a new state of matter dubbed as the chiral SO(4) spin-charge DW. This state simultaneously hosts three mutually perpendicular 4-component vectorial spin-charge DW orders with each adopting one wave vector. In the presence of a tiny inter-valley exchange interaction with coefficient $J_H\to 0^{-}$, a pure chiral SDW state is obtained. In the case of $J_H\to 0^{+}$, a nematic CDW order is accompanied by two SDW orders with equal amplitudes. This nematic CDW+SDW state possesses a stripy distribution of the charge density, consistent with the recent STM observations. On the aspect of SC, while the triplet $p+ip$ and singlet $d+id$ topological SCs are degenerate at $J_H=0$ near the VH dopings, the former (latter) is favored for $J_H\to 0^{-}$ ($J_H\to 0^{+}$). In addition, the two asymmetric doping-dependent behaviors of the superconducting Tc obtained are well consistent with experiments.


Y2O3:Er3+ hollow nanofibers were prepared by calcination of the monoaxial electrospinning-derived PVP/[Y(NO3)3+Er(NO3)3] composite nanofibers, and then Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers were synthesized by sulfurization of the as-obtained Y2O3:Er3+ hollow nanofibers via a double-crucible method using sulfur powders as sulfur source. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers are pure hexagonal phase with the space group of P3¯m1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicates that the Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers are obvious hollow-centered with the outer diameter of 176 ± 25 nm. Upconversion emission spectrum analysis manifests that Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers emit strong green and weak red upconversion emissions centering at 526, 546, and 667 nm, respectively. The green emissions and the red emission are, respectively, originated from 2H11/2/4S3/2→4I15/2 and 4F9/2→4Il5/2 energy levels transitions of the Er3+ ions. The emitting colors of Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers are located in the green region in CIE chromaticity coordinates diagram. The formation mechanism of the Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers is also advanced. This preparation technique can be applied to prepare other rare-earth oxysulfides hollow nanofibers.


With the implementation of the EEES the teachinglearning process has evolved from focusing on teaching faculty to student centred learning. Therefore, the credits need to obtain a degree are no longer measured in presencial hours performed by the teacher, but in hours of work to be carried out by the students. This change has led to the evolution of both, teachinglearning and evaluation processes. In this new environment the focus shifts to the students so that it is important to provide them with the motivation and necessary tools to be able to take some responsibility for their own learning. The learning contracts are one of the teaching-learning methods that can be used in order to enhance students' independent learning and do assume that responsibility. Moreover, peer evaluation may be the ideal complement to the student's responsibility to continue until the end of the teaching-learning process. This paper presents the use of these methods in a software engineering subject, to analyse the design and results of the teaching experience.


Information collected from traditional healers and breeders revealed that 66 herbaI remedies and 55 medicinal plants are used for the treatment of intestinal helminthiasis in the Ferkessedougou region, in the Northern part of the Cote d'Ivoire. The plants species are divided into 33 families and 53 genera. Leaves, roots and stem barks were most frequently used in the form of decoction, pounded plants and ground remedies. Administration was essentially oral. Based on these results and the literature, 30 plant species belonging to 29 families were selected for in vitro anthelmintic screening, using Haemonchus contortus as the test species. Of 34 crude ethanol extracts tested, 7 were active on the different stage larvae of H. contortus. These are Napoleonaea vogelii followed by Parinari excelsa, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Xylopia aethiopica, Waltheria indica, Ceiba pentandra, Harungana madagascariensis. These results supported the traditional use of these plants in the control of helminthiasis in small ruminants and probably in human.


ABSTRACT Successful development and adoption of transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties in Africa depend on in vitro regeneration of landraces because of their agronomic value and amenability to genetic modification. The study investigated somatic embryogenesis from axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explant and regeneration via shoot organogenesis in five cassava landraces. Landraces exhibited significant (P < 0.05) differences in frequencies of primary somatic embryo production, number of embryos per explant, and frequency of secondary embryos. The frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis ranged from 7.8 to 14.5%, whereas the number of embryos per explant varied from 5.3 to 10.6. However, only frequency of primary somatic embryos and number of embryos per explant showed significant (P < 0.05) differences when immature leaf lobe was used as explant. The frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis ranged from 42.7 to 49.2%, whereas number of embryos per immature leaf-lobe explant varied from 9.5 to 15.2 per explant. Secondary embryogenesis was cultivar-independent in the case of immature leaf-lobe explant. Cyclic and green (mature) embryogenesis showed no significant (P < 0.05) landrace differences in both axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explants. Shoot regeneration from cotyledon of somatic embryos had significant (P < 0.05) landrace differences. The mean shoot-bud formation frequency of axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explants was 51.4% and 37.2%, respectively. Root formation was efficient, with greater than 70% of shoots forming root in all landraces. Similarly, landrace differences were detected for the survival of acclimatized regenerated plants, with a mean of 94.7% for both explants. In conclusion, somatic embryos were produced from immature leaf and axillary bud explants of the landraces and the embryos were converted to plantlets via shoot organogenesis.


Objective: To assess longitudinal expression of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its correlation with B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) expression, serum anti-dsDNA titres, and clinical disease activity. Methods: Sixty eight patients with SLE were longitudinally followed up for a median of 369 days. At each visit the physician assessed disease activity by SLEDAI, and blood was collected for determination of serum APRIL and BLyS levels and of blood APRIL and BLyS mRNA levels. Fifteen normal control subjects underwent similar laboratory evaluation. Results: Dysregulation of APRIL was not as great as that of BLyS. Changes in serum levels of APRIL and BLyS over time were usually discordant, whereas blood levels of APRIL and BLyS mRNA strongly paralleled each other. Serum APRIL levels modestly, but significantly, inversely correlated with serum anti-dsDNA titres in anti-dsDNA positive patients analysed in aggregate. Moreover, serum APRIL levels modestly, but significantly, inversely correlated with clinical disease activity in all patients analysed in aggregate. Conclusion: Serum levels of APRIL and BLyS are differentially regulated. APRIL may serve as a down modulator of serological and/or clinical autoimmunity in patients with SLE. This may have important ramifications for BLyS targeted treatment, and it remains to be determined whether agents which neutralise only BLyS will be preferable to agents which neutralise both BLyS and APRIL.


The spaceborne gravitational wave detector LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) utilizes free floating proof masses as inertial references for its 5 million km long interferometer arms. In the current baseline design their position and tilt with respect to the appropriate optical bench is measured by an optical readout which needs picometer sensitivity in translation measurement and nanoradian sensitivity in tilt measurement. For this purpose EADS-Astrium GmbH - in cooperation with HTWG Konstanz and the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin - developed a highly symmetric heterodyne interferometer [1] with differential wavefront sensing for the tilt measurement [2].


Between July 1988 and October 1989 two groups of six three year old Australian cashmere bucks were housed individually in pens at Wollongbar (29OS). One .group of bucks was fed pelleted lucerne (L), the other coarsely hammermilled Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) hay (P). Feed was offered ad libitum and refusals were removed weekly for calculation of weekly dry matter intake (DMI). The L and P diets each came in 4 batches, with mean (2 8.e.m.) crude protein contents of 17.6 + 0.7% and 6.5 + 0.4% respectively. Mean apparent organic matter digestibilities of 59.6 + 0.6% and 56.1 + 0.6% respectively were obtained in a single digestibility trial in November. Weekly LW arid DM1 data was meaned within months for each animal and analysed using analysis of variance with repeated measures.


At the 52nd WPP(World Press Photo) in 2009,Chinese press photographers won seven medals to accomplish a record achievement.This paper reviews of China's entry into WPP and analyzes the characteristics and causes shown in Chinese prize-winning works.


This is a social legal study of how violence against women has emerged from the private to the public domain of international human rights law and how the Chinese government has responded to this change. Drawing upon in- depth interviews and participant observation, it examines the manner with which Chinese women and Chinese society define domestic violence and how the state and relevant institutions address the problem in the policy and the support provided to abused women against the background of economic reform. This study also explores the concept of the rights of women perceived by women themselves and evaluates the work of social support mechanisms.
It intends to show that domestic violence should be understood within the framework of patriarchy and the development policy of the Chinese government. My research demonstrates that the problem has to be tackled at its structural level by removing the social, economic and cultural conditions associated with the phenomenon. In order to tackle the problem appropriately, attention should be concentrated on making detailed enforceable laws and guidelines for the relevant institutions as well as improving the implementation of the existing law.
The thesis concludes with the suggestion that international human rights law should be modified to reflect women's real life experience as well as adopt strategies and enforceable conventions to address the issue. At the national level, the Chinese government is duty bound to convert international human rights law to national laws, and more importantly implement them efficiently by improving the work of relevant organisations. Another important aspect of the implementation process is to foster attitude change in relevant institutions, and through them change the attitude of abused women to the violence they experience so as to protect their rights.


This study aims to investigate whether home prices in cities with different levels of financial literacy respond differently to the changes in the Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) Index. To this aim, we apply panel unit root and cointegration tests for 19 US cities, tracked by S&P/Case Shiller Composite Home Price Index, over the period of 1990M1-2016M12. The first empirical finding is that increases in the EPU index decrease the Case Shiller index (home prices) in all sample cities. Additionally, the empirical findings indicate that the responsivenesses of home buyers in more financially literate cities to increases in the EPU index are pronouncedly lower than the home buyers in less financially literate cities. This may be interpreted that more financially literate home buyers mostly apply their financial knowledge rather than consider the EPU index, constructed by the newspaper articles, whereas less financially literate home buyers mostly consider the same index.


This study aims to investigate the English existential construction for Chinese students. It is always difficult for the students to obtain the existential construction in English learning. Some studies have discussed this issue however few solutions have been proposed to deal with this problem. This study has carried on empirical analysis on the production of existential construction for EFL learners in China. This study chooses three groups of students as subjects. It suggests that students like to turn to there-be simple structures to simplify some complicated expressions. They also tend to use there-be simple structures as clauses. As to those complex subtypes, students are inclined to employ there + present participle and there + attributive clause. Students seldom choose to use there absolute structures. The errors students make are categorized as: Pseudo-relative clause, inappropriate V + ing, disagreement, comma splice.


Chairman's Comments: Control of hemorrhage is a problem familiar to all otolaryngologists, whether the bleeding occurs post-tonsillectomy, from spontaneous epistaxis, or from major head and neck surgery. Operating room aids in obtaining hemostasis include pressure, hot packs (to accelerate the coagulation process), ligatures, hot cautery, electrocoagulation, and a variety of pharmaceutical products. This latter group is reviewed by Leland P. Johnson, MD, from the Division of Otolaryngology at the University of Utah, particularly microfibrillar collagen hemostat (Avitene). Dr Johnson brings the uses and abuses of this expensive but often invaluable material into sharp focus. This information is prepared under the sponsorship of the Committee on Drugs—Otolaryngology of the American Academy of Otolaryngology. George A. Gates, MD


The tuning behaviour of widely tunable laser diodes for high modulation frequencies and the resulting systematic error for short-distance measurements with a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) lidar (light detection and ranging) utilizing a reference interferometer is calculated. The results show that the nonlinear tuning characteristic has to be corrected for high-speed applications. Le comportement du reglage des diodes laser reglables pour les hautes frequences modulees et l'erreur systematique y resultant dans les mesures des courtes distances au FMCW-lidar a modulation frequencielle d'ondes continues utilisant un interferometre a reference sont calcules. Les resultats montrent que les caracteristiques du reglage nonlineaire doivent etre corrigees pour les applications tres rapides.


Two processes at work in contemporary society are the secularization of religion and the sacralization of the secular. Consumer behavior shapes and reflects these processes. For many, consumption has become a vehicle for experiencing the sacred. This article explores the ritual substratum of consumption and describes properties and manifestations of the sacred inherent in consumer behavior. Similarly, the processes by which consumers sacralize and desacralize dimensions of their experience are described. The naturalistic inquiry approach driving the insights in this article is advanced as a corrective to a premature narrowing of focus in consumer research. Copyright 1989 by the University of Chicago.


"There is little sense of the complex project of cultural production from multiple lineages," writes Vijay Prashad in The Karma of Brown Folk (2000). His concern about the dearth of representations of cultural synthesis is directed toward South-Asian Americans of the second generation and beyond; for how are these desis to construct an identity that honors the multiplicity of their cultural inheritances and practices when "America" and "India" are so often positioned as strict binaries? Prashad continues: "The failure to offer a better account of the cultural capacity of desis in the United States leads either to [a] form of acultural individualism or else to a turn to a fetishized U.S. or desi culture" (125). Bharati Mukherjee identified a similarly problematic fetishism in the preoccupation with "ancestral villages" found in the writings of the second-generation South Asian Americans in her creative writing classrooms in the 1980s. Mukherjee exhorted the second generation, instead, to explore the multiplicity of their identity, with the focus primarily upon American cultural forms, rather than the "dead and charming" culture of their immigrant parents (29). The concerns voiced by Prashad and Mukherjee lead to a common denominator: that the cultural negotiations of the second generation in particular are unique from other generations and should be celebrated as such; and, as Prashad so persuasively contends, "[we] must ... tend to our current contradictions rather than those histories of 'culture' that force us to slither into inappropriate molds" (132). Indeed, it is the second generation of an immigrant family that occupies a particularly vexed position in regard to identity. The second


Manufacturing is the foundation of real economy. With the acceleration of the construction process of digital power, relying on digital economy to promote the digital transformation and intelligent upgrading of China's manufacturing industry has increasingly become a problem worthy of attention. In view of this, this paper establishes a panel threshold model to study the effect of digital economy development on manufacturing upgrading. The results show that before the development level of digital economy reaches the 'inflection point', the development of digital economy will significantly promote manufacturing upgrading and its impact on manufacturing upgrading has heterogeneity such as regional and digital dimensions. Combined with the research conclusions, this paper puts forward targeted policy recommendations such as changing the development model of digital economy, taking into account regional heterogeneity factors and focusing on the depth of use of digital economy.


This article suggests that it is important to look at the early decades of elections in New Zealand's political history, a time when many believe that politics was undemocratic and political participation was low. In order to evaluate this issue statistics on the numbers voting and electorates contested have been generated by extensive newspaper research for the general elections in the period 1853 to 1876, on which the Re is little information. In these early elections the issues lay more in the failure to register on the electoral rolls and considerable numbers of uncontested electorates than in exclusion due to the property franchise or failure to vote by those registered. The article concludes that politics was more democratic and participation higher than usually thought. In the latter part of the nineteenth century increases in registration and in voter turnout are examined as a precursor for political parties and high levels of political participation that became characteristic of modern-day electoral politics in New Zealand.


Abstract This paper presents two models: one for predicting the electrical resistivity of concrete and the other for the corrosion potential of reinforcing steel. The prediction models were developed based on experimental results, considering various influencing factors. The experiment approach included the concrete mix proportion, chloride content, concrete cover thickness and time of exposure as the parameters. The results revealed that fly ash concrete showed significantly high electrical resistivity even in the presence of chloride ions. The effects of fly ash became more significant when the water to binder ratio was lower. Chloride ions also decreased the corrosion potential of steel in both the OPC and fly ash concrete. The corrosion potential was found less negative for fly ash concrete due to higher electrical resistivity. The prediction results show good agreement with the experimental results of this study and some other researchers.


Study into aesthetical value of life is a new topic attracting attention. It is closely related with moral value of life on one hand and it is also different from the latter on the other hand. Only by means of aesthetical consciousness and investigation of negative state of life can one gain access to and conduct appraisal on aesthetical value of life.


Liver disease is a threat to the early childhood and increases the incidence of mortality among children. The present study aimed to understand the knowledge and practice of mothers about liver disease and its frequency in children and find association of knowledge score with selected demographic variables, correlate the knowledge and practice of the participants. Descriptive survey approach was used in this study. Mothers who brought their children with hepatobiliary diseases were the samples. Structured knowledge questionnaires and practice questionnaires were used for collecting the data from 60 samples that were selected by purposive sampling technique. On assessment it was found that 60 percent of the subjects had poor knowledge about the liver diseases and 66.7 percent had moderately adequate practice about the topic. As per chi-square values researcher concluded that there is no significant association of selected demographic characteristics with existing knowledge. Majority of the mothers did not possess knowledge regarding the hepatobiliary diseases. It is very important to provide adequate knowledge about liver diseases to the mothers of under-five children.