Osteoarthritis: OA continues to be one of the most commonly treated diseases in the United States, resulting in significant financial burden to both patients and healthcare systems. OA is a form of degenerative joint pain caused by progressive destruction within the joints. With the progression of OA, the cartilage, which acts to cushion joints, begins to be eroded, resulting in the destructive rubbing of bone-on-bone. The wear and tear leads to inflammation and pain of the joints. Despite years of clinical experience in treating OA, there remains to be a treatment that adequately alleviates pain, other than complete knee replacement. Inflammation and pain: Adenosine is an adenine nucleoside that has been reported to be elevated during exercise and inflammation. Adenosine release at inflamed sites contributes to the erythema and resulting increased temperature at the site of inflammation. Experimentally, it was shown that at low adenosine concentrations, inflammation is exaggerated, leading to dramatic swelling, pain, increased blood flow, etc. Data has clearly shown the adenosine's anti-inflammatory actions results from activation of the extracellular adenosine A2A receptors on the vascular endothelium. These data suggest that adenosine, released at inflamed sites, diminishes the swelling that is so prominent at inflamed sites. Recent evidence has suggested that OA is an inflammatory/metabolic disease. Adenosine has been reported to have a bi-modal effect: at low concentrations adenosine acts via specific extracellular adenosine receptors to alleviate pain by acting as an anti-inflammatory agent, however, at relatively higher concentrations, different adenosine receptors are activated and induce pain by becoming cytotoxic. Several reports have suggested that adenosine and/or adenosine deaminase may be used as an early pre-clinical marker of arthritis. Hypothesis: During the early onset of OA, critical amounts of adenosine are released which act as anti-inflammatory agents. At these low concentrations of adenosine, the anti-inflammatory response is mediated via activation of the extracellular adenosine A2A receptor. Adenosine A1A receptor is also activated, which primarily decreases nerve conduction and metabolism, thereby acting as an anti-nociceptive mediator. Progression of AO leads to downregulation of A1A and A2A and activation of A2B receptors, which progressively increases the pain/inflammation and destruction of joints. Adenosine concentrations or extracellular adenosine receptor activation/deactivation may be early markers for assessing the progressive stage of OA. *Correspondence to: Raymond RM, Department of Physiology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA, Tel: 8148668453; Fax: 8148668411; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Received: September 15, 2018; Accepted: September 25, 2018; Published: September 27, 2018 Introduction In 2013 it was estimated that nearly 11.9% of the U.S. population suffered from symptomatic OA [1-4], requiring various surgical interventions [5,6]. Despite the cost to society [7-11] and the potential morbidity and mortality which can result from such invasive surgical procedures, roughly half of all adults diagnosed with knee OA have undergone a total knee replacement during their lifetime [12]. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery, the standard of care for non-surgical management of progressive OA involve lifestyle changes, which includes weight loss, low impact exercises [13-15], and changes in diet [16]. Patient management also includes oral medical treatments and intra-articular injections of potent anti-inflammatory drugs [10,17] and physical therapy [18]. Although these treatments can be beneficial [10] in treating the symptoms of pain associated with the early stages of OA, the quality of these treatment modalities is largely unpredictable and can develop adverse side effects [19]. These treatments have been shown to be less effective during the late worsening stages of OA [20]. To date, there are no currently known treatments which block the progression of OA, nor the pain associated with this disease [21]. Discussion Conventional wisdom argues that OA is a weight-bearing disease resulting in progressive and cumulative destruction of articular cartilage which leads to pain [17,20,22]. This progressive and destructive process consists of early cartilage fibrillation with developments to fissuring, ulceration, subchondral sclerosis, joint-space narrowing, and eventual full-thickness loss of hyaline cartilage [4,8,23-25]. Clinical and basic science research suggests that OA is an inflammatory disease much like rheumatoid arthritis [26-28]. There is growing evidence that OA may share several signs and symptoms relating to the metabolic syndrome [29,30], i.e., obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia [31]. This potential mechanism is substantiated by the fact that there is a high prevalence Weaver NC (2018) The role of extra-cellular adenosine receptors in modulating pain progression during osteoarthritis (OA): A systematic review of the literature Volume 3(4): 2-5 Rheumatol Orthop Med, 2018 doi: 10.15761/ROM.1000157 of OA in non-weight bearing joints such as the shoulders and hands [26,32-34]. These clinical data indicate that the etiologies associated with non-weight bearing OA may be multifactorial [12,22,27,33,35,36]. Further evidence demonstrated that the incidence of OA in weight bearing joints does not necessarily increase as weight increases [12], although there is evidence to suggest that knee arthritis may correlate with weight [17]. Evidence has suggested that the severity of pain correlates with the progression of OA, despite the fact that the articular hyaline cartilage, which degenerates over time, is devoid of both neural innervation and vascular supply [20,37,38]. Research has provided evidence that adenosine concentrations, during the early stages of inflammation, [20,39,40] can act as both an analgesic, by combining with the extracellular A1 adenosine receptor, [41] and as an anti-inflammatory response with binding to the A2A adenosine receptor [42,43]. Adenosine has four main extracellular receptors: A1A, A2A, A2B and A3, all of which are G-coupled proteins and each with different functions [24,34,39,44]. The actions of adenosine concentration within specialized tissues and cells have been shown to be related to the interactions of these specific adenosine receptors [39,45]. Experiments have shown that at low concentrations, adenosine primarily binds to the high sensitivity A1 and A2A receptors, resulting in analgesia via decreased nociceptor nerve conduction [46] and anti-inflammation by the production of antiinflammatory mediators [39,43]. Studies utilizing A1 receptor deficient mice recently showed that A1 receptors play a critical role in osteoclast development from monocytic precursors and bone resorption [47,48] In contrast to A1 adenosine receptors, A2A receptors inhibit osteoclast differentiation and function [42,49] and A2A receptor stimulation has been shown to inhibit wear particle-induced osteolysis, a form of inflammatory bone destruction resulting from particulates shed from joint prostheses [43]. However, adenosine concentrations have a bimodal effect: at low concentrations adenosine acts as a direct analgesic [41], and anti-inflammatory mediator [39], and at high concentrations, adenosine directly induces pain [20,45,50,51] with pro-inflammatory cytotoxic effects [32,39]. These divergent effects of adenosine have been proposed to be related to the modulation of specific extracellular adenosine receptors [30,39,52-54]. In an unrelated but similar clinical situation, patients suffering from cardiac electrical pathologies, such as supraventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation, can be treated by giving an intra-venous bolus injection of adenosine to convert the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm [12,34]. Once administered, patients feel a crushing angina-like chest pain despite the fact that many of these patients do not have a history of coronary artery disease [11,34,55]. These effects are primarily related to the stimulation of different types of extracellular cytotoxic adenosine receptors (i.e., A2B) [56]. During OA, as well as rheumatoid arthritis, recent reports have shown that both adenosine and adenosine deaminase concentrations were increased in serum and knee synovial fluid [39,44]. Adenosine has been reported to induce analgesia during acute inflammation [20,39,41,57]. However, with chronic inflammation, adenosine may induce hyperalgesia [20,51,57]. Adenosine's metabolic pathway with interactions of specific intracellular and extracellular adenosine receptors may be important for the maintenance of healthy articular cartilage metabolism, as well as being an important analgesic mediator linked to the early phases of OA [24,39,51]. In chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, adenosine and adenosine deaminase were reported to be markedly increased [47]. At increased adenosine concentrations, adenosine was reported to bind to the low sensitivity A2B receptor, resulting in hyperalgesia [20,51]. Binding of adenosine to the low sensitivity A2B receptor inhibits adenosine binding to the A1 and A2A receptors [8,45], thereby removing their analgesic effects. Abo-Salem, et al. [58] also recognized the hyperalgesic effects of A2B receptor activation. They completed experiments that provided evidence that caffeine, a known analgesic, accomplishes its analgesic effects through binding and blocking the A2B receptor. The A2B receptor activation has also been shown to be cytotoxic at increased adenosine concentrations [50,58], and would therefore be a source of an inflammatory process [59]. Adenosine released at inflamed sites diminishes both the swelling (tumor) leukocyte recruitment and adhesion [60]. Adenosine-activated A2A receptors, has long been known to be a potent vasodilat


The world is interconnected by a close-knit network of trade relations and via a globalised financial system. Financial markets in particular have become integrated to such a degree that a small distortion at one end of the world can quickly spread and affect the entire system. In 2008, the failure of a single investment bank in the United States caused a global financial crisis and a worldwide recession.


Judicial culture generally refers to the set of values, cognitive skills, and practical knowledge of members of the judiciary. In this chapter, we present a research project whose main object is to identify, organize, model, and use practical knowledge produced by judges in judicial settings. To do so, we describe the steps followed to develop Iuriservice, a Web-based system intended to provide the Spanish judiciary with a tool to facilitate knowledge management in daily judicial practice. Iuriservice is a Web-based application that retrieves answers to questions raised by incoming judges in the Spanish judicial domain. This system provides these newly recruited judges with access to frequently asked questions (FAQ) through a natural language interface. The impact and limits of the implementation of Iuriservice in the larger context of the court system will also be considered. Finally, we will conclude by situating the Iuriservice example in the context of recent trends in judicial reform.


Abstract We compared images obtained using a three-dimensional iterative image reconstruction (3D-IIR) algorithm for C-arm-based interventional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with that using the customary reconstruction technique to quantify the effect of reconstruction techniques on image quality. We scanned 2 phantoms using an angiography unit with digital flat-panel system—an elliptical cylinder acrylic phantom to evaluate spatial resolution and a Catphan phantom to evaluate CT number linearity, image noise, and low-contrast resolution. Three-dimensional imaging was calculated using Feldkamp algorithms, and additional image sets were reconstructed using 3D-IIR at 5 settings (Sharp, Default, Soft+, Soft++, Soft+++). We evaluated quality of images obtained using the 6 reconstruction techniques and analyzed variance to test values of the 10% value of each MTF, mean CT number, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), with P < .05 considered statistically significant. Modulation transfer function curves and CT number linearity among images obtained using the customary technique and the 5 3D-IIR techniques showed excellent agreement. Noise power spectrum curves demonstrated uniform noise reduction across the spatial frequency in the iterative reconstruction, and CNR obtained using all but the Sharp 3D-IIR technique was significantly better than that using the customary reconstruction technique (Sharp, P = .1957; Default, P = .0042; others, P < .0001). Use of 3D-IIR, especially the Soft++ and Soft+++ settings, improved visualization of low-contrast targets. Use of a 3D-IIR can significantly improve image noise and low-contrast resolution while maintaining spatial resolution in C-arm-based interventional CBCT, yielding higher quality images that may increase safety and efficacy in interventional radiology.


The Internet is a network of networks, which serves as a tool that provides the fastest and latest information on what goes on around the world. In Nigeria, a large number of Institutions are still lagging behind in the area of Internet provision and connectivity. This work focuses on the challenges and prospects of Internet connectivity in developing universities in Nigeria, taking Fountain University, Osogbo as a case study. Data were gathered from records and documents reviewed from the ICT Unit of the university. Assessment through logs, diaries and documentations with Internet network survey was carried out all over the campus. Technical and administrative challenges were found and some prospects were recommended.


Purpose, requirements, and application of morphological descriptors for use in a sugarcane germplasm collection are reviewed. Such descriptors could be used to verify the identity of cultivars, and as a measure of genetic distance. Verification of cultivar identity is essential in routine plant breeding and associated research. Genetic distance estimation would enable a better usage of available genetic resources. Morphological characters are perhaps more reflective of agronomic performance and they provide a broader sampling of the genome than molecular techniques. Statistical evaluation of characters for adoption as descriptors differs from most taxonomic studies because the population is hybrid and open, with accelerated genetic drift. The various discriminant analyses provide the optimal character selection technique. Variance components of individual characters should also be analysed to enable character improvement. Different ways of incorporating descriptor usage into the plant breeding program are discussed.


Stimulation of vagal afferent fibers or activation of neurons in the NTS (the site of vagal afferent terminals) inhibits sympathetic outflow to BAT. TRPV1 which is densely expressed in visceral vagal afferents can be directly activated by endogenous lipids to increase visceral afferent activation of neurons in the NTS. The current study investigated whether activation of TRPV1 receptors in the NTS inhibits BAT SNA and compared the level of endogenous activation of TRPV1 in rats maintained on a control chow diet or a high fat diet. In urethane/chloralose anesthetized rats maintained on a control chow diet, nanoinjection of the highly potent and selective TRPV1 receptor agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) completely inhibited cold‐evoked BAT SNA. In rats on a control chow diet blockade of TRPV‐1 receptors in the NTS by pretreatment with the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) had no effect on basal or cold‐evoked BAT SNA but prevented the RTX evoked inhibition of BAT SNA. In contrast, in rats maintained on a high fat diet for at least 8 weeks BAT SNA failed to increase during cold exposure. Nanoinjection of CPZ in the NTS reversed the HFD‐induced impairment of cooling‐evoked BAT SNA. These data demonstrate that activation of TRPV1 receptors in the NTS inhibits cold‐evoked increases in BAT SNA and suggest that in rats maintained on a high fat diet there is an elevated endogenous activation of the TRPV1 receptors in the NTS that is necessary for the high fat diet‐induced impairment of BAT activation.


W read with a keen interest the article published by Walsh et al.1 These researchers analyzed 63 subjects with ankylosing spondylitis (SpA) and found that patients using TNF-inhibitors were less likely to have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Moreover, a nonstatistically signifi cant trend toward an improvement of OSA severity was found. The authors speculated regarding potential mechanisms responsible for this clinical observation such as more frequent corticosteroid use, cervical spine abnormalities and systemic infl ammation. We are grateful to authors for studying this important problem. Nevertheless, we believe that some aspects merit attention. Loubaki et al. showed that upper airways (UA) of patients with OSA have a greater expression of TNF-α, which may lead to UA infl ammation and greater collapsibility.2 Walsh et al.1 discussed that both OSA and SpA share systemic infl ammation as a pathophysiologic feature. On the other hand, a research group from Taiwan showed that OSA increases the risk for the incidence of autoimmune diseases in a prospective epidemiological studies.3,4 It is interesting to speculate that OSA related increase in TNF-α may initiate the disease in susceptible individuals. Therefore, OSA may be not only the consequence of autoimmune rheumatic disease, but also as a risk factor for their occurrence. Future studies should address whether OSA treatment would have an impact on reduction of rheumatic disease incidence CITATION


Touch-interacting, autonomous mobile robots are of extreme interest in different scenarios, which include: (i) manoeuvring in crowded environments, (ii) slave guidance, and (iii) walking aids in rehabilitation and in helping elderly or impaired people. A mobile robot becomes a walking aid when an impaired person can lean on it safely and purposively. Safety, flexibility, responsiveness, adaptation require a kind of intelligence distributed over the three categories above. All these topics are particularly stressed when the robot is asked to perform as a walking aid. In this paper, in particular, we focus mainly on the P&C architecture, on which safety and real-time mainly depend.


The private casting of coin has many connections with political corruption,in particular the corruption of the relevant government institute and local governments.The political corruption in the late Qing period gave rise to the private casting of coin,which enjoyed protection of corrupt officials who sold copper for personal gains.


This study presents sustainable succinic acid production from the organic fraction of household kitchen wastes, i.e., the organic fraction of household kitchen waste (OFHKW), pretreated with enzymatic hydrolysis (100% cocktail dosage: 62.5% Cellic® CTec2, 31%% β-Glucanase and 6.5% Cellic ® HTec2, cellulase activity of 12.5 FPU/g-glucan). For fermentation, A. succinogenes was used, which consumes CO2 during the process. OFHKW at biomass loading > 20% (dry matter) resulted in a final concentration of fermentable sugars 81–85 g/L and can be treated as a promising feedstock for succinic production. Obtained results state that simultaneous addition of gaseous CO2 and MgCO3 (>20 g/dm3) resulted in the highest sugar conversion (79–81%) and succinic yields (74–75%). Additionally, CH4 content in biogas, used as a CO2 source, increased by 21–22% and reached 91–92% vol. Liquid fraction of source-separated kitchen biowaste and the residue after succinic fermentation were successfully converted into biogas. Results obtained in this study clearly document the possibility of integrated valuable compounds (succinic acid) and energy (biogas) production from the organic fraction of household kitchen wastes (OFHKW).


In answering the question of 'how will you ensure confidentiality?' we are asked to anonymise transcripts (as well as photos, images, artefacts); participants names are to be changed with pseudonyms used throughout; when particular sensitivities arise, we are to age-band people and change place names; where appropriate, family relationships should not be revealed; where necessary, identity characteristics within transcripts should be removed. This is what the ethical researcher is told to adhere to. Building on previous work in social and cultural geography [Mattingly, D. (2001). Place, teenagers and representations: Lessons from a community theatre project. Social & Cultural Geography, 2, 445–459; Ní Laoire, C. (2007). To name or not to name: Reflections on the use of anonymity in an oral archive of migrant life narratives. Social & Cultural Geography, 8, 373–390], and drawing empirically from the verbatim play I commissioned based on my research, I put forward the case for theatre as a 'safe space' for participant narratives negotiated within the political arena of representation. In this article, I use my intergenerational research with 38 men of Irish descent to argue that an/the ethical focus should not remain on participant protection through the removal of 'revealing' information but instead we should be pursuing options and avenues for 'safe spaces' to voice participant stories.


This is no breaking news to acknowledge that offshore oil and gas projects are capital and technology intensive. Their development calls for expensive field surveys and test campaigns. It also requires comprehensive basic engineering studies, so called front end engineering and design (FEED) studies, well ahead of the actual detailed engineering and construction phases, in order to address all the specificities of the project throughout its entire life time and make key decisions in terms of design options and selection of the key systems and equipment of the unit with consideration of its operating environment, performance, reliability, dependability, maintainability, operability, safety, environmental friendliness, etc. Furthermore, offshore projects are all specific for a given environment and field characteristics.


Many refugees, especially children, have experienced trauma related to war or persecution that may affect their mental and physical health long after the events have occurred. These traumatic events may occur while the refugees are in their country of origin, during displacement from their own country, or in the resettlement process in the US. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms associated with childhood trauma and adverse childhood experiences among refugee communities living in Clarkston, Georgia. This is accomplished through measuring multiple indicators of psychosocial stress of parents in conjunction with other factors including cultural habits and access to facilities, income and socioeconomic factors, medical support, and social and governmental support. INDEX WORDS: Trauma, Refugee, Clarkston CHILDHOOD TRAUMA IN REFUGEE CHILDREN: CARETAKERS' PERSPECTIVES


Passwords square measure the foremost widespread and represent the primary line of defence in comput er-based security systems; despite the existence of addition al attackresistant authentication schemes. so as to reinforc e watchword security, it's imperative to strike a balance betwen having enough rules to keep up smart security and not havi ng too several rules that might compel users to require ev asive actions which might, in turn, compromise security. it's noted that the human issue is that the most important part within the security system for a minimum of 3 attainable reasons; it's the weakest link, the sole issue that exercises initiatives, mo reover because the issue that transcends all the opposite parts of the whole system. This illustrates the importance of social engineeri ng in security styles, and therefore the undeniable fact that secu rity is so a operate of each technology and human factors; beari ng in mind the very fact that there may be no technical hackin g in vacuum. This paper examines this divergence among security engineers as regards the principles governing best practices wit hin the use of passwords: ought to they be written down or memoriz ed; modified often or stay permanent? It conjointly tries to elucidate the facts encompassing a number of the myths relate d to pc security. This paper posits that poverty of requisi te balance between the factors of technology and factors of hu manity is chargeable for the purgatory posture of watchword s ecurity connected issues. It's so suggested that, within t he handling of watchword security problems, human factors ought to lean priority over technological factors. The paper proposes the utilization of the (k, n)-Threshold theme, like the Shamir's secretsharing theme, to reinforce the safety of the watch word repository. This presupposes AN inclination towards writing down the password: on balance, Diamond, Platinum, G old and Silver don't seem to be memorised; they're keep.


This study aimed to prepare self-lubricating micro-arc oxidation (MAO)/graphite composite coatings on 6061 aluminium alloy by adding graphite nanoparticles into an alkaline electrolyte during the MAO process. The microstructure, phase composition and element distribution of MAO coatings were studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that graphite nanoparticles can be coated uniformly in the MAO coatings, and the porosity and surface roughness of the MAO coatings were reduced by the addition of graphite nanoparticles. However, when the content of graphite nanoparticles was more than 6 g l−1, graphite aggregation occurred. The wear resistance of the coatings was investigated using the ball-on-disk friction tester. After incorporating the graphite nanoparticles, the MAO coatings showed excellent self-lubricating properties and a reduction in the friction coefficient during the wear process. In addition, the MAO coatings showed the best result with the addition of 4 g l−1 graphite nanoparticles compared with all the other composite coatings under investigation. In conclusion, the incorporation of graphite nanoparticles improved the wear properties of the MAO coatings.


The real-time synchronized compensation based on adaptive deviation evaluation is proposed as a solution to driving phase alternation scenarios, especially in departure and brake to stop period. It provides a protected control logic to ADAS (Advanced Driving Assist System) or an autonomous driving system equipped vehicle with radar sensors and DGPS (Differential Global Position System) device of non-uniform sampling rate and data quality. It is expected to avoid error computation of movement in time series such as turning angle and velocity. The comprehensive test cases of 350 driving phases in proving ground are designed for effectiveness evaluation of the synchronization correction. The result shows the method could detect and overcome the crucial imprecise signal calculation with coverage ratio of 90.2% and 78.4% in start and stopping deviation scenario so as to enhance the automatic driving function performance.


Nanostructured solar cells are a promising area of research for the production of low cost devices that may eventually be capable of complementing or even replacing present technologies in the field of solar power generation. The use of quantum dots (QDs) in solar cells has evolved from being simple absorbers in dye-sensitized solar cells to sustaining the double functions of absorbers and carrier transporters in full solid state devices. In this work, we use both optical and electrical measurements to explore the diffusion limitations of carrier transport in cells made of a heterostructure combining lead sulfide (PbS) QDs as absorbers and hole carrier and zinc oxide nanowires as electron carrier material. The results show efficient charge collection along the PbS-QD/ZnO nanowire (NW) hybrid structure. This is because of the formation of band bending in the ZnO collector, allowing efficient charge separation and spatially well-separated carrier pathways, yielding a hole transportation of over 1 μm. We hav...


ABSTRACT In a recent paper, Marquez-Artavia, Jones and Tobias (referred to as MJT) studied wave propagation on a rotating sphere using the shallow water ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. These equations were linearised about a toroidal magnetic field (the Malkus field) which depends only on the latitude and is proportional to where θ is the co-latitude. These waves may play an important role in the Earth's outer core and the solar tachocline. The purpose of this paper is to extend MJT's solution for magnetic equatorial Kelvin waves to the case of weakly nonlinear waves. To do this, we use a formal asymptotic approximation when two main parameters are separately assumed to be large. The approximation recovers MJT's results in the linear case and extends those results to the weakly nonlinear case. The main result of this paper is that the zonal wave function is obtained from a first-order linear wave equation so that, unlike in the hydrodynamic case, these waves do not break or form shocks. We demonstrate a mechanism by which the presence of a magnetic field regularises the governing equations in the sense that a sufficiently large magnetic field can suppress the nonlinear terms in the Burgers equation of the hydrodynamic problem. We also find weak north–south currents, not present in the linear problem. The nonlinearities do not appear to significantly modify the linear results.


The background of building energy consumption in China is introduced.The huge power load of air-conditioning causes a series of questions in summer.So,the Gas Heat Pump(GHP) technology is expounded with the system working principle,as well as its energy utilization from three aspects of coefficient of performance(COP),primary energy ratio(PER) and system energy flow.The energy using features of GHP and its running advantages relative to the Electric Heat Pump are presented.It proposed that the related policies and measures in foreign countries shall be taken as references to fully utilize the domestic advanced technology and gas supplying,promoting this energy-saving and environmental protection technology.


Information concerning solidification parameters of alloy steel such as fraction solid and dendrite coherency point is important to understanding the solidification phenomenon as well as for accurate modeling of melt flow in thinwalled castings and feeding efficiency during solidification. The literature presents several theoretical approaches for estimation of steel solidification parameters based on equilibrium and Scheil thermodynamic models. A computer-assisted, singlethermocouple method has successfully been used for the study of solidification parameters in aluminum alloys. This paper reports application of the method to steel solidification while overcoming the concomitant hightemperature-related problems. The present work analyzes the limitations of using the computer-assisted singlethermocouple method by applying virtual modeling experiments of steel solidification in which the thermal conductivity changes at the time a solid dendrite network develops. A suitable technique for analysis of steel solidification was suggested. Solidification parameters of high strength HY130 steel containing 5.5% Ni were experimentally determined and compared with those predicted from a thermodynamic model.


This paper describes how transportation planning organizations are constantly struggling with balancing transportation supply with the demands created by land use. In Central Florida, this issue is further complicated by the single sided responsibility of the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) to coordinate transportation without land use regulatory authority. Arguably, land use decisions have dictated the transportation needs. The 2025 Long Range Transportation Plan for the Orlando Urban Area has addressed this issue for the first time by completing a Land Use Alternatives approach in order to develop implementable land use strategies as a policy tool to make transportation investment more sustainable. The MPO formed a partnership with participating agencies to allow local land use planners an opportunity to formulate and test alternative land use strategies against the preferred transportation plan. These strategies will be used to inform local agencies of the most effective strategies and land use prototypes to sustain their communities and maximize the land use/transportation relationship. Results produced from this effort will be used to inform local city councils and county commissions of the benefits derived from enhancements to the land use/transportation system. This paper describes the process followed to develop and test the land use prototypes and details the strategies that produced the most significant and positive results.


ABSTRACT This article focuses on the identifying of 'creative development' as a desirable early years learning outcome by the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority (SCAA, 1997). The article begins with a rationale for the inclusion of 'creativity' in the curriculum of young children in a post‐modern world at the turn of the century. It then goes on to look at the way in which 'creative development' is characterized by SCAA as a desirable learning outcome, and to unpick some of the messages which its inclusion in the curriculum may signify. There are several challenges posed by this part of the early years curriculum, which are then explored. Finally it proposes a framework for interpreting and translating it into practice.


The natural frequencies and mode shapes of a system composed of subsystems on a supporting structure have been derived approximately. The system is modeled as a discrete system, and it is assumed that the masses of subsystems are much smaller than the mass of a supporting structure. It has been found that the fundamental frequency corresponds to the supporting structure, and each higher frequency corresponds to each subsystem. A relation between the vibration amplitudes of the supporting structure and subsystems is also derived for the case when the supporting structure is excited by a harmonic force.


A comprehensive glacio-meteorological experiment was conducted on Storglaciaren in both the second half of the 1970s and in the 1990s. For a 40 day period in July and August 1994, the surface energy balance was calculated from measurements obtained by a meteorological station on the glacier. Melt rates obtained as residuals in the heat balance equation were compared to measurements with ablatographs and ablation stakes in the vicinity of the climate station. On average, the contributions of the net radiation and the turbulent fluxes were roughly two thirds and one third, respectively. Calculated melt energy was considerably underestimated on days characterized by dense fog or precipitation. The energy balance was extremely sensitive to the choice of surface roughness. The roughness length for the logarithmic profile of wind speed was higher than the roughness length for temperature by two orders of magnitude.


There is great interest in using secondary and higher education distance education networks to offer more courses to a more diffuse and demographically diverse population. This paperpresents an historical perspective on public school centralization and an analysis ofthe regionalization and spatial distribution ofpublic school district distance education networks in Central New York Stare. The research in this paper indicates a negative correlation between the users ofdistance education and the studentpopulation ofthe district. It is also evident that the studentpopulation ofa district is more significant in detennining the needfor distance education than the accessibility ofthe district relative to other districts in the network. A break-even analysis further shows that the distance education network studied is subsidized at 53%. School districts in the region will require some fonn ofsubsidy to participate in distance education until telecommunications costs decrease, networks are more fully utilized, and the installation charges are capitalized.


Game Maze is a game with aim to to look for way out which have been
determined by user and at this game there are barrier in the form of wall, so that for
trouble-shooting will look for its solution by computer.
For trouble-shooting, in this game use algorithm of Breath First Search, array
2 dimension and tree data structure. So that in this game can finding the goals with an
optimal although there are have many kinds of problem of seeking at game maze.
End result of the seeking can be concluded by seeking of optimal band to pass
to find goals which have is determined.and will present result of from the conclusion
with Grapichal User Interface.


Researchers explored the perspectives of third-grade students attending a 6-week science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) achievement motivation pilot program at a university's early childhood development center serving a Hispanic population. Researchers obtained data from interviews, observations, and a focus group. Four major themes emerged from this phenomenological qualitative investigation. Findings support the implementation by school counselors of STEM achievement motivation programs with young students, who in this study reported an understanding of concepts presented and their application to math and science projects. The findings have implications for counselors employed in school settings.


The key problems, functions, demands and implementation are dealt with in this paper. The presented design scheme can meet the requirements of different blueprint formats, the reading of blueprints on network, the intelligent relating, training and simulations, and so on. A practical example of the management system of the protective relaying blueprints of substation is demonstrated, which has been put into service efficiently.


Military medicine is an important branch of medicine. Since the establishment of new China, there have been a lot of significant and remarkable achievements in our country. In the 21st century, the military medicine research has been undergone an adaptive change because the international strategic environment has been changing. In this paper, the study on military radiation medicine is introduced and discussed in order to work out a roadmap for military medicine research. The biological effects and mechanisms of the electromagnetic radiation should be clearly elucidated before developing by the strategy of improving the physical ability of military operation, where the neurocognitive effects should be taken into serions consideration. It is further proposed that the "focusing on the brain in general and on cognition in particular, enhancing the immune function and improving the military operation ability" may be considered as the guidelines for studies. Major efforts should be devoted to improving the military operation ability under the electromagnetic radiation,especially the complex electromagnetic radiation. These thinkings can facilitate military medical studies in order to improve national defense power in the new era of modern military logistic reform.


This is a qualitative study on traditional health care of mother and child in Rajbanshi community in Nepal. The aim of the study was to explore traditional maternal and child health care and to uncover harmful practices. Methods in this descriptive study employed in - depth interviews and FGDs with traditional birth attendants, traditional healers, female community health volunteers, health workers and mothers. Tools were semi - structured questionnaire and checklists. The study sample included 60 from Morang, Jhapa , and Sunsari districts. Of them, 30 were from traditional healers, traditional birth attendants (TBA), and female community health volunteers (FCHV) and health workers another 30 were mothers included for three FGDs conducted in 2013. Findings show Rajbanshi culture has native care of mother and child health. Guru Gosai, Gosai, Ojha , and Dhami are traditional healers in the community. Guru Gosaiis also essential to conduct birth, marriage and death rituals. The traditional causes of diseases are deities, witchcrafts, evil spirits, a touch of pithiya/chhatka , and poor sanitation. Traditional healers find the cause through a jokhana . They treat patients by chanting a mantra, jharphuk, jadibuti, buti , and ferani . TBAs and health workers conduct home delivery however trend of hospital delivery increased. The study figured out a mark of a stigma where women pithiya or chhatka are suspected as cause of disease and illness in others. Community people perceive them unholy and unfriendly. Thus, pithiya and chhatka women face unfair treatment. They are vulnerable to maternal and child health. On the other, the traditional practice of cutting the umbilical cord by a barber during a delivery and shaving off newborn's head after a delivery by the barber are harmful practices.


The authors examine the possibility of running simulations in parallel on a vector processor. In such a system each instance of execution runs identical code but with a different input data set. The main problem addressed is the choice of block selection policy, that is, the choice of which indivisible block of code to execute next. The authors investigate four block selection policies by simulating the execution of such a system. A stochastic flow-graph representation was chosen to model the execution of a simulation. A two-level block selection policy was found to have the best potential speedup of the four block selection policies. The speedup levels achieved were not large, and decreased when there are a large number of unique event types (and therefore handlers) in the simulated system.<<ETX>>


7-Substituted 4-hydroxytropones reacted with C60 at 100 °C under 300 MPa to give two products; one was the adduct with a substituent on the bridge and the other the adduct with a substituent at the bridgehead position of the bicyclo[3.2.2]non-3-ene-2,6-dione system.


Commissioner Breathitt also announced that she has reorganized her office for both electric and natural gas matters. Commissioner Breathitt commented, "I am enthusiastic about having three energy advisors. I believe this new structure better reflects the realities of the marketplace and the workload of the Commission. This arrangement will make it easier for me to draw upon Chris's and Mary's extensive expertise in restructuring gas markets as we proceed with an ambitious electric policy agenda; and Jennifer's unique capabilities will be an asset in all of our program areas." The reorganization follows the departure of Michael Alexander, who left Commissioner Breathitt's office last month to join Cinergy Corporation's Washington, D.C., office.


Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. What is new about the new wars?. 2. Warfare, state--building and the Thrity Years War. 3. The statization of war. 4. The economics of force in the new wars. 5. International terrorism. 6. Military interventions and the West's dilemma. Notes. Index


Brazil is the main sugarcane producer in the world, which is intended for various purposes, from food to power generation. Soybean cultivation in areas of sugarcane under renewal has been growing progressively in Brazil. Quantifying energy fluxes at different stages of this process is essential for better management. The work was carried out in Piracicaba city, with the objective of analyzing the behavior of energy fluxes and the closing of the energy balance in a sugarcane renewal area with a fallow period followed by soybean cultivation. The latent and sensitive heat fluxes were obtained with the "Eddy covariance" method. The closing of the energy balance in the fallow period with straw-covered uncovered and soybean-cultivated soil presented a correlation coefficient of 0.88, 0.78 and 0.71, respectively. In the period without cultivation, the sensible heat flux was predominant in relation to the latent heat flux, varying according to the rainfall regime. The presence of straw under the soil in the fallow period affected the latent heat flux. With soybean cultivation, the latent heat flux surpassed the sensible heat flux.


In electromechanical actuators Lorentz force law is used to convert electrical energy into rotational or linear mechanical energy. In these conventional electromechanical actuators, rigid wires conducts the electrical current and as such the types of motion generated by these actuators are limited. Recent advances in liquid metal alloys permit designing electrical wires that are stretchable. These flexible wires have been used to fabricate various flexible connections, sensors and antennas. However, there have been very little efforts to use these stretchable liquid metal wires as actuators. Building upon our previous work in this area, we have made a flexible pump which can be used in bio applications. In this design we placed a flexible polymeric substrate filled by liquid metal Galinstan between two permanent magnets. Since the pump should convey the biological cells suspended along the fluid flow, utilizing check valves may increase the risk of clog in the inlet or outlet. Therefore, our design is based on the nozzle/diffuser concept. This new pump can be considered as a peristaltic and valve-less mechanical pumps which utilizes the Lorentz force law as the actuating mechanism.


Francesca Sperotto, MD, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Maria C. Mondardini, MD, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, S.Orsola Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Marco Daverio, MD, Angela Amigoni, MD, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy; on behalf of the Pediatric Neurological Protection and Drugs (PeNPAD) Study Group of the Italian Society of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care (SARNePI)


Recent empirical studies show that the Chinese currency renminbi is either becoming or has become a dominant reference currency in East Asia. This paper reviews the evidence with daily exchange rate data from seven East Asian economies namely, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan. We consider the likely problems and pitfalls associated with the application of Frankel-Wei regressions to determine the weights of the US dollar and the renminbi in the implicit currency baskets. We show empirically the estimation of currency weights using non-orthogonalised renminbi movements could suffer from imprecision and/or inconsistency. To circumvent the simultaneity bias problem present in most of these regressions, we use country-specific VAR models to take into explicit account the mutual interaction of the exchange rates variables. Impulse response analysis reveals that the US dollar still retains its dominant regional influence but the role of the renminbi in East Asian exchange rate determination has increased after the global financial crisis.


Numerical modelling has become standard industry-practice across the upstream disciplines, in the areas of reservoir geology, geophysical interpretation and reservoir simulation. Consequently, the reservoir modeller has become the prime customer for petrophysical properties. This has not happened overnight but rather the modelling software and hardware have evolved to the point where the multi-cellular models are becoming the basis of reservoir management decisions. This provides an opportunity for a re-evaluation of current petrophysical sampling strategies, which are still largely based on traditional techniques. These traditional techniques rely on samples of a limited volume range (core plugs and, occasionally, whole core studies) at regular (1ft or 30cm) sample spacings. Special core analysis samples tend to be selected on the basis of sample availability, sample preservation, sample homogeneity and other considerations. The model-dominated environment in which we now work requires measurements to be scaled to the block dimensions in the simulation models. In addition, petrophysical data is required for all the rock types, lithofacies, or genetic units present in the field model, along with a consideration of the statistical support and stationarity issues. In particular, a complete suite of petrophysical properties for reservoir simulation (porosity, permeability, permeability anisotropy, relative permeability, capillary pressure), and for time lapse seismic modelling (compressional and shear velocities, attenuation, density, stress sensitivity, saturation dependency and fluid properties) are also often required. These requirements are quite different to those when the key role of core data was to validate (ground-truth) log responses and their interpretation. In this paper, we review the range of measured parameters, the statistical issues, the needs of the end-user, and detailed screening of selected intervals (Genetic Petrophysics) in the context of a published experimental design framework. We analyse the approach by illustrating its application in a North Sea reservoir unit. The paper introduces a systematic approach to sampling reservoir rocks for reservoir modelling.


The prediction of water quality in terms of variables like dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), pH value, total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity etc. is useful for evaluating the use of water for various related purposes. The widely used Streeter and Phelps models for computing biochemical oxygen demand and its impact on dissolved oxygen do not account for the settleable component of BOD and related implications. The model also does not account for the impact of storage zone on the stream's DO. In the present work an attempt is made to develop a model which simultaneously accounts for the settleable component of BOD and the effect of storage zones onriver's DO. An application of the model to real field data suggests that the cumulative impact of settleable BOD and presence of storage zone in the river is to shift the critical deficit closer to the point source and magnify its amount.


In this paper, the displacement and stress strength safeties have been presented for cylindrical hollow rollers of a wire saw machine. Using the finite element method, the hollow roller with Y-shaped shift and vertical columns between three tubes has been developed to analyze the displacement behavior and stress strength safeties. For the same diameter and length of hollow roller models with a different weight, the displacement behavior safety of Y-shaped shift column and vertical column models is heavily depending on the total length of a hollow roller, which is closely related to the bending moment of a hollow roller structure. But, the stress strength of a hollow roller is more influenced by the cross sectional area of a hollow roller for the similar weight. Thus, this paper recommends Y-shaped hollow roller for increasing the roller strength safety and decreasing a total roller weight.


This research explored patterns of interannual temperature variability in Northwest Canada using wavelet, cross-wavelet and spectral analysis. 69 years of annual and seasonal temperature records from six meteorological stations in Northwestern Canada were used. It was found that there are differences in the interannual temperature variability between seasons in the regions, with most of the annual variability occurring in the winter. The majority of the interannual temperature variability was found to occur in the 2 to 5 year, and greater than 15 year bandwidths. It is hypothesized that these are mainly linked to El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) changes. It was determined that a significant 11-year cyclicity in winter temperatures from around 1950 to 1980 is positively correlated with solar cyclicity; this interval coincides with a low PDO stage with fewer and weaker ENSO events.


This paper shares some insights into the notion of having EFL students collectively respond to literature. Understanding and appreciating a piece of literature is determined by how one can convey the concepts and words to new situations. During this process, several types of interaction happen: interaction between experience and the text, interaction between author's culture and reader, and interaction of the reader with other readers. In order to interpret a text in the way the author has intended, readers need to develop knowledge of the author's cultural and historical contexts. This paper describes several innovative, interactive methods that will help students make connections between life experiences and literary texts, between the author's culture and their own, and between their ideas and those of other readers.


FIELD: means of communication. SUBSTANCE: invention refers to mobile communication systems. There provided is the device and method of determining the open long code mask (OLCM) for the mobile terminal in mobile communication network. The invention provides the purpose of the first type of OLCM, when OLCM for the mobile terminal is based on international identification number of the mobile station, which is based on ID number of mobile subscriber (MIN), which is connected with the mobile terminal, and the purpose of the second type of OLCM, when OLCM for the mobile terminal is provided with service provider. EFFECT: improving mobile terminal identifier. 43 cl, 14 dwg


The article presents a comprehensive analysis of metaphors in Hryhor Tiutiunnyk's short story cycle «Steppe Tale». The classification of metaphors is considered according to the partial language affiliation, the way of formation and existence and the structure.
It was established that from the point of view of partial linguistic affiliation, verbal and adverbial metaphors are most often used. Adjective metaphors are used less often, noun metaphors are also not marked by frequency of use. Adverbial metaphors mostly complement verbal metaphors. Such an interaction between two types of metaphors is evidence that metaphor should be considered as a phenomenon of syntactic semantics, which makes it possible to trace the formation of metaphorical meaning within the context due to the successful combination of words.
According to the method of formation and existence, fixed, individually authored and conceptual metaphors function. Metaphors form a content integrity, and the combination of their meanings actualizes the figurative and associative plan.
From the point of view of structure, simple metaphors prevail, but complex ones are not inferior to them quantitatively. A simple metaphor is based on a simple comparison, i.e., the convergence of images is based on one feature. A complex metaphor describes a concept using a combination of images or primary metaphors.
A detailed metaphor deserves special attention, in which the carrier of the metaphorical image is a whole complex of associatively connected words. The text-creative role of the developed metaphor is most noticeable primarily in the linguistic design of the text, in its semantic expansion and in the realization of the pragmatic task of the text.
Peculiarities of the use of metaphors and their pictorial and expressive possibilities were also studied.
To achieve the goal and solve the tasks, the following methods were used: the method of analyzing scientific and theoretical sources, the method of contextual analysis, and the method of continuous sampling.


The utility model discloses a lower limb restraint strap, which belongs to the technical field of medical care and comprises a strap body, wherein two laces are respectively arranged in the middle of the strap body. The utility model has the characteristics of simple structure, convenient use, safety, reliability and the like.


Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most challenging and frequent complications after lowerextremity joint (hip and knee) arthroplasty. However, there is no single accepted set of diagnostic criteria for PJI. Various definitions have been proposed; however, none have been widely adopted. Furthermore, some of these definitions disagree with each other [14]. Therefore, a workgroup convened by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) analyzed the available evidence to propose a new definition for PJI. A summary of recommendations of those in attendance at a premeeting workshop of the 21st Annual Meeting of the MSIS on August 4, 2011, pertaining to the definition of PJI is outlined below. Existing published data on the definition of PJI was discussed by e-mail in the preceding 6 months by the executive members of the MSIS and a group of experts with known interest in this field. The intention of this proposal is to have a ''gold standard'' definition for PJI that can be universally adopted by all physicians, surveillance authorities (including the Centers for Disease Control, medical and surgical journals, the medicolegal community), and all involved in management of PJI. The panel acknowledged, in certain low-grade Each author certifies that he or she, or a member of their immediate family, has no commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have great potential in many applic ations due to their unique structure and properties. However, there are still many uns olved problems hampering their real applications. This thesis focuses on three important i ssues limiting their applications, namely: (1) direct growth of CNTs without additional cataly st, (2) secondary growth of carbon nanotubes on primary CNT bed without using extra cata lyst, (3) and CNT alignment mechanisms during the growth. The CNTs used in this thesis were prepared by hot filament chem i al vapor deposition (CVD) reactor and characterized using scanning electron mi croscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), an d Raman spectroscopy. Field electron emission (FEE) properties of the CNTs were also tes ted. Oxidation-reduction method was adopted in direct growth of CNTs on Inconel 600 plates and proved effective. The effect of oxidation temper ature on the growth of CNTs was studied. It was found that the oxidation temperature had an influence on CNT height uniformity and FEE properties: the higher the treatment tem p rature, the more uniform the resultant CNTs, and the better the FEE properties of the resu ltant CNTs. The contribution of different oxides formed at different temperatures were i nv stigated to explain the effect of oxidation temperature on the CNT height uniformity. Secondary CNTs were grown on primary ones by simply changing the carbon concentration. No additional catalyst was used during the whole de position process. It was found that synthesizing primary CNTs at extremely low carbon conc entration is key factor for the secondary growth without additional catalyst. The CNT s ample grown with secondary nanotubes exhibited improved field emission properties. The effect of bias voltage on growth of vertically aligned ca rbon nanotubes was investigated. The CNTs grown at -500V shows the best alignment. At he early growth stage, simultaneous growth of randomly oriented and aligned carbo n nanotubes was observed. This was consistent with the alignment mechanism involving stress that imposed on cat-


As steel structures of light-weight building with gabled frames have been widely used,there are lots of experiences about construction,and found some mistakes in Technical specification for steel structure of light-weight building with gabled frames which should be revised.The purpose of the thesis is to research the effective length factor of tapered columns of tapered gable portal frames with leaning columns,and to revise the corresponding specifications in Technical specification for steel structure of light-weight Building with gabled frames.


We study the numerical solutions for a boundary feedback mechanism on torsional vibrations of a homogeneous viscoelastic rod. The problem is discretized by the Crank–Nicolson scheme based on the trapezoidal rule: while the time derivative is approximated by the trapezoidal rule in a two-step way, a convolution quadrature formula, constructed again from the trapezoidal rule, is used to approximate the integral term. Error estimates of the numerical scheme are derived in the $ l^{\infty }_{t}(0,~\infty ;~L^{2}(0,~1)) $ norm. Results from some numerical experiment are presented.


This paper proposes a rotating electronic billboard (REB) to save the cost of space required for its installation and a modular linear induction machine (M-LIM) to rotate the proposed REB. REBs are generally installed in public places such as subways and airports to display the advertisements. The proposed REB can be installed around a pillar since it is hollow inside, hence, no additional space is required which limits the cost of the space required for REBs. The proposed M-LIM for rotating the proposed REB has a short straight primary and a ring-shaped secondary. The secondary is installed on top of the light emitting diode (LED) display bars such that when secondary rotates, LED bars rotate along with it. To confirm the suitability of the M-LIM in proposed REB, an M-LIM is designed, and the initial results are examined using three-dimensional finite element analysis (3-D FEA) to consider the 3-D effects in the proposed design. A prototype of the proposed M-LIM along with the proposed REB is manufactured and their collective performance is evaluated experimentally. The results show good agreement with the simulation.


The thermal resource off the Ivory Coast is quite good for OTEC purposes. There are consistently large ..delta..T (surface temperature--temperature at depth) values throughout the year. The mean ..delta..T at 1000 meters is approximately 22/sup 0/C. A mean annual ..delta..T of 20/sup 0/C can be reached at a depth of only 600 meters. The thermal resource for the coldest month of the year is also adequate at 600 meters. Water 1000 meters deep is available within 35 kilometers from the shore. The waters south of the Ivory Coast do not have a particularly good mixed layer depth. Strong winds and tropical storms are a rare occurrence. Similarly, the sea and swell conditions do not present a problem for OTEC development in this area. Currents are generally moderate, although occasional periods of weak currents less than 1/4 knot can be expected. The consistently large thermal resource without major environmental problems recommends this location as a potential OTEC site.


A data-driven fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control method are proposed for the problem of sensor faults in the attitude system during hypersonic vehicle flight. Firstly, a sliding window-based fault detection method is proposed by analyzing the residuals of the real-time data. Then, based on the support vector machine (SVM), a fault identification model is designed to classify the faults using the time domain feature parameters in the fault process. The fault dynamic response process is analyzed and the fault estimation method is proposed. Finally, the controller is designed based on the improved full-form dynamic linearization model-free sliding mode control (FFDL-MFSMC) method. And the effectiveness of the proposed fault tolerance strategy is illustrated by simulation.


The Center for Intelligent Manufacturing, Processing, and Quality Technologies (IMPAQT) at Drexel University was established to integrate education, research, and technology transfer in technical and business fields which are associated with intelligent manufacturing and processing. A report on some of the Center's ongoing robotics activities is presented. Projects described are: (1) interpretation of redundant kinematic parameters in robotic manipulator calibration algorithms, (2) brushless motors for direct-drive robots and numerically controlled machines, (3) a robot control laboratory, (4) computer-based control and intelligent control systems and (5) a robot dynamics laboratory.<<ETX>>


Objective To probe into the dependability of trochlear line (TL) as the reference axis for femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty. Methods Eighty-nine healthy adults had computed tomography (CT) scan for knees to position the surgical transepicondylar axis (STEA),posterior condylar line (PCL) and TL on the transverse sections.In the meantime,the angles including angle between TL and STEA (TSA),angle between TL and PCL (TPA) and angle between PCL and STEA (PCA) were measured and compare the dependability of TSA and PCA. Results The TSA,TPA and PCA were (6.77 ± 3.12) °,(4.22 ± 2.64) ° and (2.95 ± 1.77) °,respectively.Three types of angles showed no statistical differences between males and females or between right knees and left knees (P >0.05).Rank sum test displayed significant differences in the overall distributions of three kinds of angles ( HC =66.837,P <0.01 ).The coefficient of variation of TSA was insignificant,but the standard variation was significant (3.12°). Conclusion TL can be considered only as the subsidiary femoral rotation osteotomy axis in total knee arthroplasty.

Key words:
Knee, replacement; Femoral fractures; Trochlear line


Design of efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols with both high throughput performances is a major focus in distributed contention-based MAC protocol research. In this paper, we propose an efficient contention-based MAC protocol for wireless Local Area Networks, namely, the Developed Collision Resolution (DCR) algorithm. This algorithm is developed based on the following innovative ideas: to speed up the collision resolution, we actively redistribute the backoff timers for all active nodes; to reduce the average number of idle slots, we use smaller contention window sizes for nodes with successful packet transmissions and reduce the backoff timers exponentially fast when a fixed number of consecutive idle slots are detected. We show that the proposed DCR algorithm provides high throughput performance and low latency in wireless LANs.


This pandemic was exaptational for lots of professions; however, the focus was mainly on medical staff front-liners. In this paper, we explore the different role of the social workers in alleviating the human-factor of the COVID-19 patients and their families The methodology of this study considers the multidisciplinary approaches that could enhance the social workers' role; since COVID-19 pandemic was not only a medical issue, but also a social issue. The study recommends a national governing body is set and to enforce standard practices as per the guidance of the social workers. The implication of the study shows the need for social workers in the new normal and the type of training and competency needed. A framework is proposed to prepare social workers pre-, duringand after-pandemics.


The paper deals with the conclusion and implementation of the international treaties in the legal systems of the three neighboring countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Croatia. The normative framework of the analysis is the relevant provisions of the constitutions and laws regulating the conclusion and implementation of the international treaties. The author points to the importance of the international treaties and the importance of regulating their conclusion and implementation. The first part of the paper is devoted to the place that international treaties have in the legal systems of these countries. The main part of the paper analyses the laws governing the procedure for concluding and implementing international treaties in these countries. The aim of the paper is to examine the similarities and differences in the ways of regulating relations with international treaties, as well as the procedure for concluding and implementing the international treaties. It is particularly pointed to the similarities and differences between the two countries that are in the process of EU integration and Croatia, already being a member of the EU. In conclusion, there are several common characteristics, but also certain differences.


Starting with unfamiliar Access in Office Packages, the paper analyzes the various methods of data stream exchange between Access and Office components to implement data share for users.


In an effort to intervene in the relentless food shortages during famine periods in Darfur and elsewhere in the country, the Sudanese Government has vested interest in exploiting indigenous food resources that are often given less development attention. The objective of this study was to gain insights in the value and other perceptions associated with, Khemiss-tweira, together with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as a famine coping food security crop in Darfur, Sudan. The study was conducted in the displacement camps in El-Fasher in North Darfur, with a particular focus on Naivasha markets. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, on a sample size of 140 respondents. The study found that food was mostly scarce during summer times. The majority of respondents (27.9%) used Khemiss-tweira during the famine time. A large proporstion of respondents in El-Fasher (92.1%) were familiar with Khemiss-tweira. The predominate method of preparation Khemiss-tweira was in the sequence of germination-fermentation- baking-drying-adding sugar and salt. The only difference was in the last additions where only peanuts, dates or sesame were the ingredients. The crop could be stored for more than a year without reported deterioration in food value and quality. Khemiss-tweira was commended for high acceptability by majority of the s respondents (91.4%).


The duration that saltstone retains its ability to immobilize some key radionuclides, such as technetium (Tc), plutonium (Pu), and neptunium (Np), depends on its capacity to maintain a low redox status (or low oxidation state). The reduction capacity is a measure of the mass of reductants present in the saltstone; the reductants are the active ingredients that immobilize Tc, Pu, and Np. Once reductants are exhausted, the saltstone loses its ability to immobilize these radionuclides. The reduction capacity values reported here are based on the Ce(IV)/Fe(II) system. The Portland cement (198 {micro}eq/g) and especially the fly ash (299 {micro}eq/g) had a measurable amount of reduction capacity, but the blast furnace slag (820 {micro}eq/g) not surprisingly accounted for most of the reduction capacity. The blast furnace slag contains ferrous iron and sulfides which are strong reducing and precipitating species for a large number of solids. Three saltstone samples containing 45% slag or one sample containing 90% slag had essentially the same reduction capacity as pure slag. There appears to be some critical concentration between 10% and 45% slag in the Saltstone formulation that is needed to create the maximum reduction capacity. Values from this work supported those previously reported, namely thatmore » the reduction capacity of SRS saltstone is about 820 {micro}eq/g; this value is recommended for estimating the longevity that the Saltstone Disposal Facility will retain its ability to immobilize radionuclides.« less


ASHRAE 1707-TRP provides a means by which to predict the annoyance of tones in noise as related to building services equipment. The scope is limited to sound pressure measurements taken in a classroom, office, or other occupied space. However, product manufactures rely on sound power measurements taken in reverberation chambers to quantify noise emissions. This case study will show how sound power data taken in accordance with AHRI 260 performs in predicting tonal annoyance.


We propose an efficient client-based approach for channel management (channel assignment and load balancing) in 802.11-based WLANs that lead to better usage of the wireless spectrum. This approach is based on a "conflict set coloring" formulation that jointly performs load balancing along with channel assignment. Such a formulation has a number of advantages. First, it explicitly captures interference effects at clients. Next, it intrinsically exposes opportunities for better channel re-use. Finally, algorithms based on this formulation do not depend on specific physical RF models and hence can be applied efficiently to a wide-range of in-building as well as outdoor scenarios. We have performed extensive packet-level simulations and measurements on a deployed wireless testbed of 70 APs to validate the performance of our proposed algorithms. We show that in addition to single network scenarios, the conflict set coloring formulation is well suited for channel assignment where multiple wireless networks share and contend for spectrum in the same physical space. Our results over a wide range of both simulated topologies and in-building testbed experiments indicate that our approach improves application level performance at the clients by upto three times (and atleast 50%) in comparison to current best-known techniques.


The speed of liquid planar transmission plays a key role in engineering applications, including baby wipes, wound dressings, and liquid filtration. This article reported a novel branched nonwoven consisting of melt-blown polyethylene glycol/polypropylene micro- and nanofibers. The formation mechanism of branched structures as well as the liquid planar transmission properties of the prepared polyethylene glycol/polypropylene micro-nanofibrous nonwovens was discussed in detail. The results showed that the diameter of melt-blown fibers could be controlled by changing the percentage of polyethylene glycol (0–15 wt%) and die temperature (230°C–250°C). Furthermore, micro- and nanofibers, which had three types of size: >2 μm, 800 nm–2 μm, and <800 nm, formed a three-level branched network, which greatly improved the liquid planar transmission capacity. This work suggested that the branched micro/nanofiber nonwovens could be employed in a wide range of potential engineering applications.


This paper discusses how genetics is influencing ethical frameworks with particular focus on the effectiveness and appropriateness of individual and communal models. It suggests that genetics supports a relational understanding of the person and therefore that genetic ethics requires ethical models which respect both individuals and groups. First, the inadequacy of individualistic frameworks – at conceptual, ethical and practical levels – is outlined. Second, the "communal turn" in genetic ethics in both clinical and population ethics is considered. Third, it is claimed that this communal turn is applicable to genetic ethics in general and to illustrate this two further examples are explored: those of UK Biobank and personalized medicine. The paper concludes that ethical frameworks in genetic ethics must accommodate both group and individual concerns.


A mini dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Environmental Education In the
Mathematics, Science & Technology Education Department
at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2008.


Background and aims: The older adult population has been on the rise lately, especially in developing countries. Along with aging, a common geriatric syndrome occurs often, that is frailty. Healthy dietary patterns can contribute to successful aging through reducing risk of frailty. In this study, we aimed to identify the prevalence of frailty, and to explore the potential association between frailty and apriori patterns. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 112 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥65 from Beirut and Jbeil governorates. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected through interviews. A 61-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect dietary intake data, and adherence to the Lebanese Mediterranean diet (LMD) and Mediterranean diet (MeDi) was calculated. Frailty was defined by the presence of three out of the five criterion developed by Fried et al. (2001): weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, and low activity. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between LMD and MeDi adherence and frailty. Results: In general, older adults in this sample did not meet the recommendations of the Lebanese Cedar food guide, and had low adherence to the LMD. Sixteen (14.3%) individuals were identified as frail. Frail individuals were significantly older (p=0.001), depressed (p<0.001), at risk of cognitive impairment (p=0.006), and reported polypharmacy (p=0.003). No associations were found between LMD adherence and frailty, however, middle adherence to MeDi diet was associated with lower prevalence of frailty (OR=0.034, 95% CI 0.001-0.904, p=0.043). Conclusion: Larger, randomized, longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between LMD and frailty in Lebanese older adults. Nonetheless, interventions should be aimed towards promoting a Mediterranean-type diet among the Lebanese population.


Time-domain via a time-reversal operator decomposition (TD-DORT) method has been extended to impenetrable scatterers in dispersive and conductive random media. Effects of dispersion and losses on the TRO have been considered. It has been observed that although dispersion and/or losses result in decrease on the TRO eigenvalues, localization information can still be extracted from the phase information. Using phase information along with the attenuation compensation results in a focusing performance closer to that achieved in a nondispersive and lossless case. For cases where background medium is both inhomogeneous and dispersive (and/or lossy) and only statistical information available, it is not possible to exactly compensate for the dispersive and/or loss effects. However, a satisfactory approximate compensation can be achieved for low fluctuations (under Born approximation) and losses by using ensemble averages


Inspired by a conference that highlighted a need for greater written information about cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) with children and families, Philip Graham invited professionals from around the world and gave them the same brief. They were required to focus on a particular disorder, describe it, and give a rationale for the use of CBT in its treatment. Case examples were to be used to illustrate the success and limitations of the approach (or, phrased more positively, to demonstrate the problems still to be addressed). CBT within a multimodel approach, its effectiveness, and a discussion of relevant research issues were to conclude each chapter. Despite an absence of Americans, the primarily Antipodean, Canadian, British, and Dutch contributors (psychologists and psychiatrists) have covered the ground of the principal concerns of working with children and adolescents. The result is a highly readable, clearly laid out, and helpful collection of chapters that are easy for the reader to dip into and find relevant information. The issue of what CBT is—especially for work with adolescent children—and how it fits in with and differs both from the more familiar behaviour therapy and also from other psychological therapies is addressed generally and separately for each problem area. Clarification for any of us clinicians who might dare to admit to being fuzzy about the edges is therefore permitted. Problem areas examined are difficulties in preschoolers (Douglas), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Shafran), anxiety disorders (Ronan & Deane), conduct disorders in young children (Bailey), children with learning difficulties (Turk), post-traumatic stress disorder (Smith, Perrin, & Yule), pain (McGrath & Goodman), depression in adolescents (Harrington, Wood, & Verduyn), adolescent conduct disorders (Herbert), interpersonal problems (Spence & Donovan), drug and alcohol abuse (van Bilsen & Wilke), and eating disorders and obesity (Schmidt). The specifically cognitive elements of therapy vary greatly, from only parental understanding of the rationale of therapy (Jo Douglas's chapter on preschool-age children) through to the child helped to relive memories in order to control flashbacks and nightmares (Smith, Perrin, & Yule's chapter). So far, so good. But does CBT work? Philip Graham echoes most of the authors in drawing the inevitable conclusion that it is best employed within a multimodel therapeutic approach. Perhaps this lets all clinicians contemplating CBT off the hook with regard to the efficacy of the CBT element. Certainly many of the chapters do not show overwhelming proof positive (e.g. for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). Perhaps increased attention to developmental, family environmental, and emotional factors is the key. As Martin Herbert succinctly phrases it : ''To be effective, programmes must attend to the sources of resistance.'' This is a welcome book that brings together a wide range of information for all practising clinicians working with children and young people and will be an invaluable learning source for trainees in psychology and psychiatry.


Simple Summary The findings of predictive and diagnostic systems in cancer are an intriguing topic for physicians and the oncologic community. Computer-aided decision (CAD) is vital for breast cancer diagnosis. It aids in higher accuracy and early, reliable diagnosis. To achieve such aims, diverse imaging modalities have been used and decision-making was facilitated by artificial intelligence and machine learning models. High-fidelity automated breast lesion finding, along with their corresponding radiomic feature biomarkers, can be delivered by a trained model. In this study, the potential impact of a machine learning model for detecting breast lesions and various radiomic biomarkers are examined. This study presents a model that automatically segments and extracts radiomics and can enable the clinical practice to find breast lesions while performing diagnosis concurrently. Abstract Automated medical data analysis demonstrated a significant role in modern medicine, and cancer diagnosis/prognosis to achieve highly reliable and generalizable systems. In this study, an automated breast cancer screening method in ultrasound imaging is proposed. A convolutional deep autoencoder model is presented for simultaneous segmentation and radiomic extraction. The model segments the breast lesions while concurrently extracting radiomic features. With our deep model, we perform breast lesion segmentation, which is linked to low-dimensional deep-radiomic extraction (four features). Similarly, we used high dimensional conventional imaging throughputs and applied spectral embedding techniques to reduce its size from 354 to 12 radiomics. A total of 780 ultrasound images—437 benign, 210, malignant, and 133 normal—were used to train and validate the models in this study. To diagnose malignant lesions, we have performed training, hyperparameter tuning, cross-validation, and testing with a random forest model. This resulted in a binary classification accuracy of 78.5% (65.1–84.1%) for the maximal (full multivariate) cross-validated model for a combination of radiomic groups.


This paper is concerned with the design of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathcal {H}_{\infty }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> event-triggered filter for a class of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems. Based on the proposed communication strategy, only the measured outputs of the physical plant that violate a predefined triggering condition will win the right for transmission in the shared communication channel. Considering that the implementation of the filter may not be synchronized with the plant trajectories due to the asynchronous premise variables in network environment, a novel observer-based piecewise fuzzy filter is proposed. By adopting the idea of input delay method, the filtering error dynamics is reformulated as a new event-triggered piecewise fuzzy system. By applying a piecewise Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and some techniques on matrix convexification, a method of event-triggered <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathcal {H}_{\infty }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> piecewise filter design is developed for the filtering error system concerned to be asymptotically stable with a given disturbance attenuation level and reduced transmission rate. Moreover, a co-design algorithm to derive the filter gains and the event triggering parameters is proposed. Illustrative examples are finally given to show the effectiveness of the developed method.


The present invention is space-time trellis performing the space-time encoding of a serial chain space-time coder is configured by inner encoder for performing the outer encoder and the space-time encoding to perform, channel coding relates to a mobile communication system comprising at least one transmit antenna form according to the code encoding method, the one for the first input signal output from the outer encoder of claim encoded by a first recursive convolutional encoder symbols and encoded by a second input signal output from the outer encoder to a second recursive convolutional encoder symbol characterized in that the first comprising the step of transmitting comprising the steps of: transmitting by the transmitting antenna, the first input signal and second input signal to the first transmission antenna and the other second transmission antenna.


After receiving a lot of attention towards text based searching for image retrieval, researchers have focused on content based image retrieval. Visual re-ranking is a method of image retrieval, which has been widely accepted to boost the accuracy of traditional text-based image retrieval. Current trend of this method is to combine the retrieval results from various visual features to boost the overall performance. The challenge in this trend of re-ranking is to exploit the complementary property of different features effectively. Our purpose basically comes under feature based image retrieval on three different modalities, so that retrieval re-ranking will be more accurate and effective. We deal with mainly two terms: information gain and relative ranking consistency among multiple modalities. Our submodular re-ranking framework can be easily used in re-ranking problems for realtime search engines.


The Brownian web can be roughly described as a family of coalescing one-dimensional Brownian motions starting at all times in ℝ and at all points of ℝ. In this paper, we only consider starting times which are nonnegative, that is, all the space-time points in ℝ× [0, ∞]; accordingly, we call it nonnegative Brownian web. Moreover, we introduce a model named neuron-firing network model and show that under diffusive scaling this model converges in distribution to the nonnegative Brownian Web.


Triple-differential cross sections for the ionization of helium by 500-eV electrons at small momentum transfer have been analyzed in terms of the exchange of one single virtual photon between the helium atom and the scattering electron. The helium form factor has been described by quantum-defect parameters. The variation of the asymmetric binary-recoil angular distributions (i) with the momentum transfer in the collision, and (ii) with the energy of the ejected electron have been obtained in good agreement with experiment. Previous theoretical work seems to suffer primarily from precision in the target wave functions.


The production of inactivating enzymes type Beta-lactamases is one of the most important mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance reported worldwide. Infections caused by microorganisms producing extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases are associated with higher mortality. Because of the ability to spread through transposable elements, bla genes are widely reported. However, there are countries with no reports of their circulation, despite their clinical importance.This study provides the first evidence of Gram-negative in-hospital infections associated with Beta-lactamase genes in El Salvador. Objective: Determine the presence of bla genes type TEM, SHV, CTX-M1-2 and AmpC in Escherichia coli clinical isolates patients at Hospital Nacional Zacamil. Methods: Thirty consecutive Escherichia coli isolates from patients were studied from January to May 2015. Species confirmation and resistance determination were performed with PromptTM Inoculation Sistem-D for MicroScan® equipment. ESBL production was determined by double-disc synergistic method. The presence of bla genes was verifed by Chain Reaction of Polymerases. Results: Twenty-four samples were positive for ESBL determined by Double Disc method and 20 by MicroScan® automated method. The double-disc method for the phenotypic determination of ESBL production is more effective. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriazone were the most commonly used antibiotics as treatment. Conclutions: The 36.6% of isolates tested positive for bla genes type TEM. Negative results were obtained for the other genes studied.CREA CIENCIA Vol. 10 No 2 ISSN1818-202X julio-diciembre 2016, p. 6-18


Abstract:The independent performing arts in Berlin, counterpart to the established city and state theatre system, have undergone fundamental change over the last decades. As part of this change, the 100 Grad Festival, a crucial event for the scene for over twelve years, ended in 2015 and was replaced by the Performing Arts Festival (PAF), which addresses the city of Berlin as a whole. This paper will trace the institutional transition from 100 Grad to PAF by highlighting organizational continuity and differences, and by analyzing the discourse accompanying the shift in the field of Berlin's independent performing arts. The point of departure for the paper are questions of curation, which both festivals reject, yet re-employ in different strategies, especially towards emergent artists. However, contextualizing the festivals within broader tendencies in city development – the governmentality of the 'creative city'– shows that opposing strategies may equally fall in line with aesthetic capitalism, leading to a paradoxical outcome.


While it has been more than 15 years since the Korean pop culture phenomenon known as the Korean wave or hallyu emerged, academic analyses have not sufficiently addressed its dimension as a media environment from a global perspective. In this regard, drawing on qualitative interviews with North American fans of the recent Korean wave, this study explores how the hallyu phenomenon is integrated into a social media-driven cultural landscape, which will be referred to as the social mediascape. The social mediascape of hallyu reveals that the technological affordances of social media platforms and fans' sociality interplay with each other, resulting in the rapid spread of hallyu as a set of impure cultural forms.


A new class of quadriphase sequences of length = + 1 2 mod 4( odd prime, = 1 2 . . .) is presented. These almostperfect sequences have a periodic autocorrelation function ( ) which vanishes for all 0mod ( 2).


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