Introduction: Assessing the conformity rate of educational programs with professional needs can lead to identify the weaknesses of such programs and provide the opportunity for their improvement. This study aimed to investigate the viewpoint of environmental health engineering graduates about conformity rate of the curriculum with their professional needs in Charharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 100 environmental health engineering graduates in 2013. The data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of two sections: demographic (7 questions) and questions related to all specialized courses (42 questions) with a three-point rating scale (low, medium and high). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The results showed that the most suitable courses were inspection and control of food (both theoretical and practical), solid waste, disinfection and water treatment with 72.5%, 67.2%, 56.2%, 55%, and 53.8% conformity rates, respectively and showed that these courses had the most conformity with professional needs. Other courses such as mapping, fluid mechanics, hydraulics, pump and engine, and industrial wastewater with 66.2%, 58.8%, 57.5%, 56.3% and 51.2% respectively, had the least conformity with professional needs. Conclusion : Professional needs of environmental health engineering graduates were not fully covered by their curriculum. It seems necessary to change the educational programs and provide necessary means and facilities in order to achieve the professional objectives and train skilled and productive human resources.


This paper treats the analytical solution of the truncated interarrival hyperexponential queue. Hk/M/c/N with balking and reneging for general values of k,c and N. The discipline considered here is FIFO. Some previously published results are shown to be special cases of the present results


As the first representative of the cities,Shanghai enter gradually the ranks of the international metropolis.How to acclimatize themselves to this new trend has become a big problem faced with all power supply companies.In order to support urbanization of the electricity needs,urbanization electricity load characteristics,the paper concludes the mature experience of Shanghai in the area of power supply.A study is done to investigate the existing regional electricity demand and supply approach of central city of the typical characteristics.These regions include Jinjiang commercial region,south Taipingqiao residential region,north Taipingqiao commercial and entertainment region,etc.The typical urban centers city power index system and the typical forms of power supply are proposed,as a reference for high quality power supply for future cities.


Skin produces 16‐carbon monounsaturated fatty acids with potent antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive pathogens. Previous research suggested that fatty acids function as detergents to disrupt cell membranes; however, this hypothesis did not explain the structure‐ and species‐specific efficacy of fatty acids. Palmitoleic acid (16:1) caused the cessation of cell metabolic activity in Staphylococcus aureus, but oleic acid (18:1) was completely non‐toxic. 16:1 triggered rapid membrane permeabilization followed by the leakage of metabolites and small proteins into the medium. Metabolic labeling experiments showed that 18:1 was incorporated into phospholipids. 16:1 was not incorporated in phospholipids, illustrating that it is a poor substrate for the acyltransferases. Treating S. aureus with CCCP led to the leakage of small proteins when they were subsequently exposed to 18:1 indicating that blocking 18:1 metabolism increases its toxicity. The structure‐specific toxicity correlates the ability of S. aureus to incorporate a fatty acid into membrane phospholipids suggesting a metabolic basis for the structure‐ and species‐specific effects of fatty acids. Supported by GM034496 & ALSAC.


Nitrate pollution of water is a major environmental problem all over the world. Consequently, numerous techniques have been developed to remove or reduction of nitrate in water. A review of removal techniques of nitrate from water has been carried out in this paper. Recent literatures related to various techniques including reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electrodialysis, biological denitrification, chemical denitrification, adsorption methods using different adsorbents like carbon base, agricultural waste, natural materials are systematically review to assess their performance. The paper reveals that adsorption could be the most promising technique of removal of nitrate from water in near future.


We present a new optical configuration using the Scheimpflug principle for Fourier ptychography microscopy. This configuration minimizes the aberrations present in the off-axis lenses of a multi-aperture Fourier ptychography setup. A 3D printed setup was used to demonstrate the experimental implementation.


The poultry house model is governed through the nonlinear behavior of psychrometric mechanisms. In order to discern the dynamics of broiler house and to construct a convenient controller, we examine in this work, the problem of stabilizing temperature and humidity in poultry house model during the winter climate. The specific aim of this research is to analyze the application of the state feedback-Integrator controller to a multivariable system (MIMO). For this purpose, the designed control strategy is executed to adjust the required conditions of an optimal growth of the broilers. The proposed controller was implemented to maintain the relative humidity and temperature inside a poultry house under the cold conditions related to the Moroccan climate. The simulation results shows a good performance in terms of the state error and settling time.


Abstract Purely feedforward pseudo-noise generators with memory can be used to build stream ciphers which are immune to correlation attacks. Nevertheless, an unwise choice of the security amplifier's function may allow a known-plaintext attack that produces an approximate solution; this attack is much faster than the search over most of the key space which is otherwise necessary. In the following we put forward a design criterium which makes the attack unfeasible.


An instructional approach that combines learning through representations and learning from errors to foster conceptual knowledge of energy is proposed. It involves inserting an error in a biological energy flow diagram that addresses misconceptions. An intervention study tests the approach's effect on students' conceptual knowledge of energy.


A methool of the indirect determination of the recovery of Silica in the pro-duitive process of meta-sodium silicate. The methool is rapid and accuracy and avoid the damage of the fluoride.


A compact, highly specific, inexpensive and user friendly optical fibre laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) sensor based on fluorescence quenching by nanoparticles has been developed to detect single-strand (ss-) DNA hybridization at femtomolar level. The fluorescence of fluorophore-tagged ss-DNA increases by a factor of 80 when it binds to a complimentary DNA, while the addition of single-base mismatch DNA had no effect on the fluorescence efficiency. We present theoretical and experimental results on dye fluorescence quenching induced by gold nanoparticles having different particle sizes. Fluorescence spectra clearly show that the quenching efficiency decreases with increasing size of the gold nanoparticles and increasing the distance between dye and nanoparticles. The mechanism of size- and distant-dependent fluorescence quenching has been discussed. Effects of various influential experimental parameters and configurations were investigated in order to optimize and miniaturize the sensor performance.


D. Procissi, T. S. Ng, X. Zhang, Y. Wu, C. Catana, H. Sohi, S. R. Cherry, A. A. Raubitschek, and R. E. Jacobs California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, City of Hope National Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States


To study the validity of the Vancouver Chest Pain Rule (JW Emerg Med Mar 14 2006), researchers prospectively evaluated its performance in a convenience


The sea ice core (1.6 m) and lake ice core (1.5 m) were taken respectively from sea sampling site and Ace Lake near Davis Station, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica in November and October. 1988. The concentrations of amino acids in each 1 0cm of ice cores were determined by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the concentrations of amino acids revealed seasonal variation during the year. The highest concentration of amino acids, which was 30.92 μ mol/ml. were found in the bottom of sea ice core, and it was approximately 45 μ mol/ml in the lake ice core. The lowest concentration was approximately 8.0 μ mol/ml which is presented in surface of the sea ice core, but it was 14.0 μ mol/ml which was found in 60 cm section of lake ice core. The seasonal variation process of concentration of amino acids were much similar to that of phytoplankton cells number in sea ice core, and the distribution and seasonal variation rate of individual amino acids were also much similar in each ice core sections. We suggest that the uniform spectrum of amino acids is probably derived from a peptide cell source and those amino acids were not utilized by organism.


A commercially available rhodium(II) complex catalyzes the direct arylation of 5-diazobarbituric acids with arenes, allowing straightforward access to 5-aryl barbituric acids. Free N—H groups are tolerated on the barbituric acid, with no complications arising from N—H insertion processes. This method was applied to the concise synthesis of a potent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor.


Increasing evidence indicates that limited transpiration rate (TR) response to high (>3 kPa) vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is a valuable trait in identifying water-saving, drought-tolerant genotypes. However, the relevance of this trait under a warming climate is much less investigated. In particular, the effect of different night temperature (NT) regimes on wheat TR sensitivity to increasing VPD and whole-plant evaporative area remains unknown. A controlled-environment study was undertaken on 11 diverse bread and durum wheat lines in order to identify the extent of variability in terms of (i) sensitivity of TR response to increasing VPD in the 0.8 to 4.3kPa range (SlopeTRvsVPD) and (ii) leaf area (LA) following 22d-long exposures to 2 NT warming scenarios (20 and 30􀂃C). The effect of these two NT conditions was investigated in combination with 3 different daytime (temperature and VPD) warming regimes (25􀂃C & 2kPa, 30􀂃C & 2.7kPa and 36􀂃C & 4kPa).


Two experiments using online speech processing measures with 18- to 36‐month-olds extended research by Gerken & McIntosh (1993) showing that young children's comprehension is disrupted when the grammatical determiner in a noun phrase is replaced with a nonce determiner (the car vs. po car). In Expt. 1, 18-month-olds were slower and less accurate to identify familiar nouns on nonce-article than grammatical-article trials, although older children who produced determiners in their own speech showed no disruption. However, when tested on novel words in Expt. 2, even linguistically advanced 34-month-olds had greater difficulty identifying familiar as well as newly learned object names preceded by a nonce article. Children's success in "listening through" an uninformative functor-like nonce syllable before a familiar noun was related to their level of grammatical competence, but their attention to the nonce article also varied with lexical familiarity and the overall redundancy of the processing context.


One of the central paradoxes of new communications technologies is that they can help to transcend immense distance barriers whilst at the same time tending to support tight clustering and localization amongst the Ž rms that innovate in and produce them. This book provides a timely and detailed overview of exactly how such clustering and localization is in uencing contemporary urban and regional development dynamics in a wide variety of contexts, focusing in particular on the range of convergent industries known as 'multimedia'. Encompassing the increasing integration of sets of digital hardware and software that allow the processing, manipulation and transmission of text, sounds, graphics and video within integrated digital platforms, multimedia is a short hand for leading-edges of processes the computerization and digitization that are currently underpinning radical economic and urban-regional restructuring in virtually all sectors and nations. Entire supply chains are being digitized bringing new speeds and efŽ ciencies to a vast range of distribution systems (many of which become computer networks). Traditional media are gradually migrating into digital and multimedia systems. Hardware, software and support services are presenting fast-expanding economic opportunities. Processes of globalisation are rapidly reshaping sectors that produce multimedia infrastructure and products and services. And new economic geographies are emerging based on the mediation of transactions, communications and information  ows by Internet and internet technologies, and their supportive telecommunications systems. As part of the wider shift to highly volatile, internationalized and re exive 'knowledge economies', the exacting skill, knowledge, capital, service and infrastructure demands necessary to sustain competitive innovation in multimedia seems to further entrench the advantages of those privileged urban and regional spaces that can support it. As with 'high-tech' research and development in the 1980s, however, this does not stop virtually every urban, regional and national development agency from establishing policy strategies aimed directly at supporting the emergence of their respective spaces as innovative multimedia milieux. Following a useful introduction of the academic and policy debates surrounding the rapid rise of multimedia as an urban and regional development issue, this book's main contribution is a collection of 16 chapters exploring multimedia development dynamics in 10 nations and 15 cites and regions. These offer, in effect, a very useful whistle-stop tour of the main emerging hot beds of the multimedia information economy. The chapters cover multimedia clusters in the US (Egan and Saxenian on the Bay Area, Scott on Southern California and two chapters by Heydebrand and Pavlik on 'Silicon Alley' in New York); Canada (Brail and Gertler on Toronto); northern and north-west Europe (Hilbert and colleagues on North-Rhine Westphalia, Strater on Munich, Naylor on the Netherlands, Sandberg on Stockholm, Cooke and Hughes on Cardiff, Kinder and Molina on Scotland, Fuchs and Wolf on Stuttgart, and


Here, we introduce a multistage seed growth method that can grow the size of single-crystalline Ag cubes from hundreds of nanometers up to 5.0 μm. In this method, seed synthesis and further growth ...


Combined sewer systems are well known for their overflows (CSOs) of untreated wastewater during rainfall events. Unlike sanitary discharges, no one set of treatment or discharge standards is applicable. The design of CSO facilities must be based on overflow impacts on the receiving water. Combined sewers contribute approximately 1.5% of the wet weather wastewater volume to San Francisco Bay.1 The City of San Francisco's system overflows at 39 locations when rainfall intensity exceeds 0.05 cm/hr. Approximately 80 overflows occur in an average rainfall year. The city's wastewater problems and earlier master plan feasibility studies are described in detail by Norris, et al.2 Several of the larger overflow structures are located on the bay side of the city between the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge and Brisbane Lagoon (Figure 1). These overflow struc tures receive wastewater from mixed residential and industrial sources and storm runoff from a 3306-ha area. To prevent or reduce the number of overflows, wastewater from this area of the city would have to be transported for discharge into the Pacific Ocean. Based on the severity of impacts, the number of allowable overflows would be mandated, thereby determining the size and cost of transport, storage, and treatment facilities.


This study investigated the association and predictive value of biomarkers in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Coronavirus disease (COVID) infection has been linked to a significant hyperinflammatory immune response described as a "cytokine storm," which results in organ deterioration and damage. Several studies have shown that cytokine levels, notably interleukin 6, can be used as indicators of COVID-19 disease severity. This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in DMIMS Medical College, Sawangi-Meghe, Wardha, from March 2020 to April 2020. The study population was confirmed adult cases of COVID-19 admitted to the hospital during the study period. A positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen test from a nasopharyngeal swab or other respiratory sample was defined as a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 case. A purposive sampling technique was used and a total of 100 study subjects were enrolled for the study. Our study discovered a link between hematological, coagulation, and inflammatory indicators and infection severity. However, whether these indicators have a mechanistic or causative role in illness progression has to be investigated further.


In this paper, we analyze the place of gender and sexuality issues in the Pedagogical Course Projects (PPC) of ten teacher education courses at UFS, located at the Center for Human Sciences and Education (CECH), and in the specific National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN in portuguese) that are based on. We argue that the specific DCN in the humanities area, crossed by discourses of modern science and education, promoted investments in scenarios, neutral and normalizing regarding gender and sexuality in these curriculums. Not discussing gender sexuality relations, nor how to consider, directs the curriculums to materialize the norms prescribed for each biological sex, defining the appropriate and inconsiderable bodies in curricular concerns. The moment of production of the curriculum documents seems to be of light winds, of an apparent cultural calm, while different temporal pressures have already announced the arrival of the storms that moved from the margins.


In order to realize the batch auto-application of added mass for nodes in FEM analysis of dynamic interaction between water and structure,the four Nodes 3-D added mass element(M3D4)is developed in ABAQUS based on the user element interface UEL.The results show that the M3D4 element gives a simple method to the FEM analysis of dynamic interaction between water and structure,which takes use of the added mass method.


With a 200% increase in the rate of opioidinvolved deaths since 2000, many US states and the federal government have declared states of public health emergency. Government responses to the epidemic include focused research on and treatment of opioid dependence and system-level interventions and policies to reduce overdose. As part of this work, various local and state health departments are developing opioid data dashboards containing visualizations, descriptive information, and downloadable data or reports. Opioid data dashboards can potentially improve our understanding of the opioid epidemic, facilitate community planning, promote evidence-based decision making, and support monitoring and evaluation. Yet, will these data dashboards meet these goals? Past experience from working with local and state health departments has shown that government resources are primarily devoted to collecting and using data for analysis, rather than for communication or orienting communities toward action. As health agencies develop opioid data dashboards, we offer 10 recommendations for improving data-driven communication about the opioid epidemic. These are based on our experience studying and promoting open data platforms, working on data dashboard platforms, and consulting with government agencies and others in their data orbit (eg, foundations, nonprofits, university research centers) about data communication strategies.


Nowadays, fields that employ advanced techniques require a new type of education system that can reproduce a haptic sensation repeatedly. The environment-copying system has been developed for such an education system. The system is based on the bilateral control and can store and reproduce haptic data so that an operator can feel haptic sensation at any time and anywhere. Conventional environment-copying systems only treat the environment that has elastic characteristic. To solve this problem, two systems are proposed in this paper. One is the environment-identification system, wherein the saved force is divided into the force affected by the stiffness and the momentum of damper, using the Fourier transform to represent the environment with the identified mechanical impedance. The other is the state-to-state transition system, wherein the condition of the environment is considered from the view point of system connection. By using this system, dynamic environments such as these with nonlinear behavior can be expressed. The validity of the proposal is confirmed through experiments, and the experimental results show that the proposed system can satisfactorily store and reproduce the environment.


Electric-double-layer effect is observed in mesoporous SiO2 films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition at room temperature. Room-temperature processed transparent InGaZnO4 thin film transistors (TFTs) gated with such mesoporous SiO2 dielectric show an ultralow operating voltage of 1.0 V due to the large electric-double-layer capacitance. The InGaZnO4 TFTs exhibit a good performance with a high field-effect mobility of 28.5 cm2/V s, a low subthreshold swing of 110 mV/decade, and a large on-off ratio of 1.1×106, respectively. Such ultralow-voltage devices are very promising for low-power transparent macroelectronics on temperature-sensitive substrates.


Nowadays, informational broadcasting is critical for establishing a link between a source and a destination node. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have created efficient connectivity because they are a constantly self-configuring, infra-structure-less mobile ecosystem. Due to smaller infrastructures and minimal networks, each customer communicates directly with a base station to obtain valuable information. In WSN, the information transmission is one of the important operations that transmits identical packet to the entire node in the network. During the information broadcasting process, all the neighbouring nodes are capable of forwarding the packets in the community. Based on this transmission the useful information's are forwarding in the network to establish the efficient communication system. Thus, the information broadcasting plays an important vital part in different applications like military, training establishments, crisis administrations, business applications, home and endeavour. Even though the network has several features, the network needs to face various difficulties such as energy consumption, quality of the services; network coverage that reduces the efficiency of the communication process. Therefore, the information transaction is managed by different clustering based routing protocol that reduces the intermediate attacks also maintains the quality of information. We examined the operation of many cluster-based routing protocols and suggested a novel swarm-inspired algorithm for cluster-based wireless sensor networks in this research paper.


John Updike is a versatile and prolific writer who never restricted himself to any one particular genre. He started his career as a short story writer but he set out to explore the realm of novel, poetry, drama, essay and criticism. He thought that "an absolute freedom exist on the blank page" and he felt an urge to "use it". Hence he is an experimental and innovative writer who manifested exceptional skill and careful craftsmanship in his works. He had, in the words of Robert Detweiler, "aesthetic singularity" and excelled in short story writing. Updike himself in his interview with Charles Reilly has stated: "the short story may be what I do best" as he felt "quite comfortable" with it. The demands and challenges of the form suited his genius. The short story has evolved with the significant innovations and patterns set in vogue by the author. Hence four selected short story collections of John Updike are chosen for a close study. The short story collection The Same Door, The Pigeon Feathers and other stories, The Music School, and Museums and Women and other stories are significant as most of the short stories written from 1953-73, the formative and transitional period of his career, are included in them. In the introductory chapter the definition, nature and characteristic feature of short story and its history is dealt, besides high lighting the special niche carved by Updike in the literary tradition of America. The chapter also presents a survey of Updike's work and introduces the recurring themes in the selected collection. Updike has remarked in "The Dogwood Tree – A Boy Hood" that "sex, religion and art are the three great secret things". These three secrets and nostalgia combined with a sense of loss – personal, social and spiritual are the major recurring themes of the short stories. Chapter II and III deal with these above said themes. Chapter IV deals with the techniques of the author. Updike is a realist who also revealed romantic impulses. His originality and craftsmanship is acknowledged by all. But a few critics have derided him with a charge that he has "nothing to say". Countering this charge Updike has stated in his memoir that all his books, no matter how many, would be mere installments, at the "hymming of this great, roughly rectangular country severed from Christ by the breadth of the Sea". Updike's statement is corroborated by many critics. Based on the analysis of the critical opinion of his short stories, the study suggests that John Updike is a serious realist with a profound spiritual depth. His spirituality has colored his stories, it has echoed in the tone, it has illuminated his metaphors, it has motivated the meditations of his characters, in short, it has molded all the elements of his short stories. The concluding chapter summarizes the thesis and highlights Updike's achievements as a short story writer.


Background: Respiratory failure and crisis is one of major complications of thymectomy in myasthenia gravis patients. There are different medication regimes for preparing these patients for surgery and reducing post-operative side effects. The goal of this study is to compare respiratory complications of oral vs. Parenteral preoperative administration of anticholinesterase agents for thymectomy in myasthenia gravis patients.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 101 patients in class IIA or IIB of myasthenia gravis according to the Osserman classification system. The control group fasted for eight hours before surgery and oral anticholines-terase agents were replaced with parenteral ones. The case group also fasted for 8 hours before surgery, but pyridostigmine was continued at its usual dose until the time of operation and the last dose was given to patients with a small amount of water in the operating room on the operating bed.
Results: There was no statistically meaningful difference between the two groups in terms of age, sex and pathologic findings. In comparison, the mean hospital stay for the case group was 3.98 days and 6.34 for the control group (p value = 0.003). There were eight cases of respiratory crisis or failure (16%) in the control group but only 1 case (2%) was observed in case group (p value = 0.014). Only one patient in the case group required re-intubation after the surgery; however, six patients in control group were re-intubated (p value = 0.053). Plasmapheresis was required for five patients in the control group and one patient in the case group (p value = 0.098). Tracheostomy was performed on two patients in the control group to accommodate prolonged intubation, but none of the case group required this procedure.
Conclusion: This study shows that continuing oral anticholinesterase agents up to the time of operation, with the last dose at the operative theater, lowers the incidence of post-operative myasthenia crisis and respiratory failure, need for plasmapheresis and shortens the hospital stay. This method may also decrease the need for re-intubation, mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy, thus decreasing the chance of death resulting from complications of the thymectomy.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a general term used for a group of people who suffer from complex disorders of neural development. Individual with autism face the problem of development disability where it significantly affects their communication, social interaction as well as behaviour. Besides that, autism also associated with learning ability where it depends on their severity. In response to a growing number of children with autism, the action should be taken to address the needs and problems of these individuals. Therefore, it is essential to provide a conducive environment to enhance their performance especially in terms of learning. This paper unveils the theoretical framework of the study which incorporates existing policies and initiatives regarding to building facilities in Malaysia as well as variables in order to enhance learning environment of children with autism within the context of educational facilities. A qualitative research method has been applied to achieve the objectives of this research. Preliminary findings were gathered through semi-structured interviews with teachers that deal with children with autism. The result indicates that building construction and environmental services have a great influence on children with autism especially in learning.


Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an effective and noninvasive modality for retinal imaging. 3-D data that acquired from 3-D Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT) have shown their importance in the evaluation of retinal diseases. In addition, this set of data provides an opportunity to study depth of retina. In this paper, we focus on forming X-Y axis images from each layer of retina. In this manner, we first choose diffusion map based segmentation for localization of 12 different boundaries in 3D retinal data. Then we take an average on layers which located between each pairs of detected boundaries. Therefore, we make the X-Y axis image from each layer. With wavelet based image fusion, we combine together the layers with appropriate information to make images with additional information in retinal depth.


Compressional velocities to 300/sup 0/C and 8 kbar are presented for dry Franciscan sandstone, metasand-stone, shale, and melange matrix. Mineralogical data, density, and porosity are also given for each rock. Velocity hysteresis was found to vary systematically with experimental temperature and pressure conditions. This result is tentatively explained on the basis of crack behavior in the rocks. Velocity was found to depend strongly on bulk density and weakly on mineralogy. Samples of shale and melange matrix have velocities similar to sandstone of comparable density. Results suggest that structural and lithologic complexities in clastic rocks of uniform metamorphic grade will not lead to complex velocity structure. Velocities in rocks of common density are consistent with velocity profiles measured in the upper crust in central California. On the basis of these data the total thickness of Franciscan rocks east of the San Andreas fault in central California is 12 km.


A general perturbation series is developed for a random walk with a repulsive interaction w delta ij between the ith and jth steps using the generating function for returns to the origin. The interaction w is equal to -1+exp(- beta J), so that for a lattice model, beta to infinity (w to -1) corresponds to a self avoiding wall. Expansions are obtained in powers of w for cN(w) the total number of walks of N steps, uN(w) the number of walks of N steps terminating at the origin and (RN2(w)) the mean square length of a walk of N steps. The analytic behaviour of the corresponding generating functions is examined, and it is suggested that they are analogous to Ising model expansions about a singular point which is associated with a change of exponent. Hence it is conjectured using the 'smoothness postulate' of Griffiths (1970), that a change of exponent occurs at w=0 but for no other value of w. A distinction is drawn between ladder and non-ladder contributions, following Chikahisa (1970). Using a method of Brout (1961), it is found that all ladder diagrams can be summed, and the result conforms to the conjectured pattern of behaviour. However non-ladder contributions give rise to logarithmic terms as envisaged by Chikahisa. It is also concluded that the two-parameter theory which assumes that (RN2(w))/N is a function of wN1/2 is an approximation of limited validity.


Energy spectra of pions produced by the ( p,..pi../sup +/) reaction on /sup 10/B, /sup 11/B, /sup 12/C, and /sup 13/C leading to discrete final states have been measured with 170--210 keV resolution. Except for /sup 12/C, final states that can be reached by the simple transfer of a neutron tend to be favored compared to final states of more complicated structure, which is suggestive of a one-step reaction mechanism. These ( p,..pi../sup +/) spectra are surprisingly similar to (d,p) spectra at much lower momentum transfer. For /sup 12/C, single-particle and 2p-1h final states are populated about equally and there is little similarity between the ( p,..pi../sup +/) and (d,p) spectra.


In non-deterministic and dynamic environments, such as the RoboCup simulation league, it is necessary to simplify the search space to manage action selection in real time. In this work, we present Chimps, a team for RoboCup simulation league that uses an accuracy-based evolutionary reinforcement learning mechanism, called XCS to achieve this simplification. XCS is a Genetic Classifier System, with generalization capacities; we use them for the evolution of individual behavior's rules. We modified an existing team, 11Monkeys, that used static rules for individual action selection, adding an XCS to learn in real time over the outcome of individual actions. We found that our extension enhanced the team's performance.


Phosphatidylcholine(PC) is deacylated to produce glycerophosphocholine(GPC) and fatty acid.Yeast is the usual model to study the metabolism of lipid.Phospholipase B1(PLB1) and neuropathy target esterase 1(NTE1) have been identified to deacylate PC in yeast.PC is deacylated by PLB1 to produce external GPC.Glycerophosphoinositol transporter protein 1(GIP1) imports extracellular GPC across the plasma membrane, where its hydrolytic products can provide crucial nutrients such as phosphate and choline to the cell.Intracellular GPC produced by NTE1 is hydrolyzed by glycerophosphodiesterase 1(GDE1) to produce choline, which is used to synthesize new PC.


Fractional flow reserve derived from CT-coronary angiography (FFRCT) accurately identifies ischaemic vessels which may be associated with clinical outcomes. Its predictive value in grey zone FFRCT values between 0.7–0.8 is not defined. The technique permits estimation of burden of ischaemic myocardium subtended by FFRCT significant vessels.

 To evaluate the prognostic value and incremental benefit of FFRCT defined ischaemic myocardial burden when compared to FFRCT alone.

 This is a subanalysis of NXT (Analysis of Coronary Blood-Flow Using CTA:Next-Steps), a prospective study of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients referred for invasive angiography (ICA) undergoing invasive FFR, CTA and FFRCT in whom treating physicians had been blinded to FFRCT results. Primary endpoint, defined as a composite of non-fatal myocardial infarction and any revascularisation, was determined in 206 patients (age 64±9.5 years, 64% male) and 618 vessels. Burden of ischaemic myocardium was defined as percentage of myocardium subtended beyond the point at which a vessel's FFRCT becomes ≤0.8 as estimated by APPROACH score (FFRCT-APPROACH). In significant FFRCT vessels, the predictive value and incremental benefit of FFRCT-APPROACH was compared with significant FFRCT (≤0.8) for primary endpoint as measured by area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). Significant ischaemic myocardial burden was defined as >10%. The incidence and relationship between the primary endpoint with each 10% increase in FFRCT-APPROACH and 0.05-unit decrease in FFRCT values ≤0.8 was determined.

 Significant FFRCT was identified in 52.9% of patients (109/206) and 29.3% of vessels (181/618). At 4.7 years median follow-up the incidence of the primary endpoint in vessels with significant FFRCT-APPROACH was 58.9% (96/163) which was comparable with vessels with significant FFRCT (55.2%,100/181; P=0.50). The predictive value of FFRCT-APPROACH for the primary endpoint was comparable with FFRCT (AUC 0.72 [95% CI 0.65–0.79] vs 0.71 [0.63–0.78], P=0.79). When combined, there was significant predictive improvement compared with FFRCT alone (AUC 0.77 [0.70–0.84]; P=0.01). The largest incremental benefit upon FFRCT was observed in vessels with FFRCT values in the grey zone between 0.70–0.80 (AUC 0.76 [0.65–0.86] vs 0.62 [0.48–0.74]; P<0.01). Each 10% increase in FFRCT-APPROACH (Adjusted-HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.16–1.60; P<0.001) and each 0.05-unit FFRCT decrease (Adjusted-HR 1.42; 1.19–1.70; P<0.001) were independently associated with significant increase in the incidence of the primary-endpoint.

 In patients with stable CAD referred for ICA, the burden of ischaemic myocardium subtended by FFRCT significant vessels predicted non-fatal myocardial infarction and future revascularisation. This provided significant incremental benefit when used in combination with FFRCT particularly at FFRCT values in the grey zone between 0.7 to 0.8.


We review how experimental data collected at the HERA lepton-hadron collider have improved our theoretical and phenomenological understanding of the standard model, and specifically of its QCD sector.


ABSTRACT: Expression of CD4‐like molecule on vitelline membrane of murine eggs was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test and immunoprecipitation corresponding to the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule on murine sperm detected by immunoblotting. This molecule showed slightly larger size than that of the authentic CD4 molecule from T‐cells on SDS‐PAGE. This molecule was suggested to bind to MHC class II structure on sperm during fertilization because anti‐CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) blocked in vitro fertilization (IVF). In addtion, src‐related tyrosine protein kinase (p56lck) was demonstrated in the inner vitelline membrane of eggs by means of IIF with anti‐p56lck mAb and immune‐complex kinase assay. This molecule was suggested to be associated with CD4‐like molecule.


The following concepts shall be required in the sequel: Definition 1.1 [5, 27]. A uniform space (X,Φ) is a nonempty set X equipped with a nonempty family Φ of subsets of X ×X satisfying the following properties: (i) if U is in Φ, then U contains the diagonal {(x, x) |x ∈ X}; (ii) if U is in Φ and V is a subset of X ×X which contains U, then V is in Φ; (iii) if U and V are in Φ, then U ∩ V is in Φ; (iv) if U is in Φ, then there exists V in Φ, such that, whenever (x, y) and (y, z) are in V, then (x, z) is in U ; (v) if U is in Φ, then {(y, x) |(x, y) ∈ U} is also in Φ. Φ is called the uniform structure of X and its elements are called entourages or neighbourhoods or surroundings. The space (X,Φ) is called quasiuniform if property (v) is omitted. The notions of an A-distance and an E-distance were introduced by Aamri and El Moutawakil [1] to prove some common fixed point theorems for some new contractive or expansive maps in uniform space. In [1], the following contractive definition was employed: Let f, g : X → X be selfmappings of X. Then, we have


This paper formulates a time-varying social-welfare maximization problem for distribution grids with distributed energy resources (DERs) and develops online distributed algorithms to identify (and track) its solutions. In the considered setting, network operator and DER-owners pursue given operational and economic objectives, while concurrently ensuring that voltages are within prescribed limits. The proposed algorithm affords an online  implementation to enable tracking of the solutions in the presence of time-varying operational conditions and changing optimization objectives. It involves a strategy where the network operator collects voltage measurements throughout the feeder to build incentive signals for the DER-owners in real time; DERs then adjust the generated/consumed powers in order to avoid the violation of the voltage constraints while maximizing given objectives. The stability of the proposed schemes is analytically established and numerically corroborated.


*† This paper proposes a new algorithm for actuator allocation problems, e.g., reaction wheel torque distribution and jet selection logic. The algorithm is based on an interior-point linear programming (LP) algorithm. Compared to the simplex LP algorithm, the interiorpoint LP algorithm exhibits several advantages at the cost of reasonably increased computation. They encompasses greater robustness to uncertainty in actuator models, smoother actuation command over time, and greater flexibility in incorporating nonlinear operations such as quantization. These advantages stem from the fact that the interior algorithm searches for a suboptimal solution among the interior points of a feasible set and not among the extreme points or corner points of the feasible set as in the simplex algorithm. The proposed approach has been applied to the problem of reaction wheel torque distribution for the attitude control of an autonomous rendezvous and docking (ARD) robotic spacecraft and demonstrated to yield more effective solutions for the actuator allocation problem than a simplex LP approach.


.............................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5 The existing standards for the accountability of business enterprises for human rights abuses .................................................................................................................................. 7 International human rights treaties.................................................................................. 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7 Case-law under the European Convention on Human Rights .................................... 8 European Social Charter ............................................................................................... 19 Bioethics ....................................................................................................................... 20 Data Protection.............................................................................................................. 20 Criminal responsibility of business enterprises ............................................................ 21 Civil suits against business enterprises ......................................................................... 23 United States of America .......................................................................................... 23 Europe ....................................................................................................................... 29 Conclusions on existing standards ................................................................................ 31 Action by international organisations and institutions...................................................... 33 United Nations .............................................................................................................. 33 UN Global Compact ................................................................................................. 34 Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (Guiding Principles) ............... 35 International Labour Organisation (ILO) .................................................................. 37 Children's Rights and Business Principles ............................................................... 38 1 Professor at the Europainstitut of the University of Saarbrücken and Head of the Human Rights Policy and Development Department, Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law, Council of Europe. This report was written in a strictly personal capacity and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the Council of Europe.


AT THE END OF THE INTERESTING NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF OLAUDAH Equiano (1789), Olaudah Equiano comments that Africans occupy not only the coasts but "the bowels of Africa." (1) In the eighteenth century, "bowels" was already a common geographical and topographical term for deep interior spaces. In Johnson's Dictionary, the second definition of the word is "The inner part of any thing," and Johnson cites as an example Shakespeare's "bowels of ungrateful Rome" in Coriolanus. (2) Johnson's first definition, though, deals directly with the viscera, particularly the lower alimentary canal (the botulus or sausage of the word's Latin origins): "Intestines; the vessels and organs within the body." In practice, eighteenth-century writers sometimes combined the two definitions, figuring physical spaces in terms of a human anatomy that included circulatory "vessels and organs": veins, arteries, hearts and the like. Such is the case in Joseph Addison's Remarks on Several Parts of Italy. When a religious hermit found water emerging from mountain rock, Addison writes, "by following the veins, he ... made himself two or three fountains in the bowels of the mountain." (3) As this essay shows, throughout the Interesting Narrative Equiano also conflates the human body and physical space, and the connection is more than incidental linguistic play. In observing that Africans are in "the bowels of Africa," Equiano indicates that a space defined by the physical and cultural boundaries of such geographical entities as Africa can consume and digest the bodies and subjectivities of a people. (4) He indicates as well that other physical and cultural spaces--the nations of Europe, for instance-also might consume and digest Africa. These other spaces, Equiano suggests, can benefit by bringing Africa and Africans "into circulation" within their own bodily systems (234). Such a cannibalistic process--a process of ingestion and ultimately of incorporation and circulation--is central to the production of geographical and cultural identity, according to the Interesting Narrative. More generally this essay argues that Equiano's model of corporeal consumption is consistent with the logic of an emerging consumer society. As Colin Campbell and others have shown, European nations at the end of the eighteenth century experienced a "radical transformation" in modes of consumption: a consumer revolution. (5) Late eighteenth-century literature often addresses this transformation and its implications, revealing what Timothy Morton recently has called "the birth of self-reflective consumer subjectivity." (6) Equiano demonstrates that his own "self-reflective consumer subjectivity" is one that has resulted from cultural cannibalism. By exposing how the incorporated nation has a corpus composed of the consumed bodies and subjectivities of its population, Equiano's Narrative participates radically in the consumer revolution and in the struggle to understand geographical identity. (7) Critical accounts of The Interesting Narrative often debate whether Equiano has a West African, a British-American, or a hybrid identity. (8) Recent research by Vincent Carretta suggesting that Equiano "may have been a native of South Carolina rather than Africa" (as he claims in the Narrative) further complicates the debate, though while this research requires a full rethinking of previous positions in the identity debates, I hope to show that it presents serious problems mostly for interpretations that essentialize geographical identity in a way that the Narrative actively resists. (9) The model of consumption that I propose originates in, but departs from, arguments for hybridity. Following Helen Thomas' suggestion that "the moment preceding cultural contact can never be recovered," I wish to show that Equiano as the Narrative figures him--that is, as a man writing about African origins long after he has had "cultural contact" with Europe--is already part of the circulatory system of European consumerism (inasmuch as he is speaking from within the European culture even when he speaks of a time before he had knowledge of that culture); and yet I also wish to show that his irrecoverable origin or heritage in Africa nonetheless actively constitutes his identity. …


In the article the results of paleographic analysis of two daggers from the Chernoozerye II site (Sargatsky district, Omsk region) and the Pegan burial (Makushinsky district, Kurgan region) are presented. The Pegan design as it concerns to the shape and morphology, which is based on the "rhombus chains", is an invariant of the Chernoozerye prototype. The revealed complexity of the analogy, which includes the symbolic syntax of the ornamental text, the shape and morphology of the key symbol, the order of its graphic construction, cannot be accidental, but, obviously, indicates the "kinship" of the two existing ornamental traditions in the final Paleolithic and Mesolithic in the territory between the Middle Irtysh and the Trans-Urals. The evidence of the cultural contacts between these areas can be supported not only by similarity of stone industries, but by the stylistics of ornamental compositions on bone items. The above arguments make it possible to put forward a hypothesis on the possibility of localizing the zone of the ornamentally stable motif. The territorial proximity of the analyzed items inspires confidence in the prospects for solving the problem, but the chronological gap in their dating requires explanations concerning principles of translation of ornamental traditions and reasons of their "conservation". The conclusions made in the study are preliminary. To support them, further researches based on new data obtained as a result of archaeological excavations and analyses of museum collections are needed.


Objective: To explore the establishment of the experimental scheme of the classical electrophysiological monitoring combined with the current outlying small animals living imaging technology to evaluate its application on the study of mechanism of EA effect.Methods: To observe the effects of heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),left ventricular systolic pressure(LVSP) by stimulating Ximen point of bradycardia rat models by EA with different strength(2mA,4mA,6mA) using electrophysiological technique;to label propranolol using fluorescent dye Cy7,taking fluorescence imaging detection of naked mice after they have been injected,taking real-time images of their drug distribution.Results: There are differences in the effects of using different strength of EA in adjusting bradycardia of rats,the effects of heart rate,left ventricular systolic pressure are 6mA 4mA 2mA.naked mice in vivo imaging,each organ can present better concentration metabolic regularity.With increasing of EA intensity,it reflecting the accelerating trend of drug excretion.Conclusion: The electrophysiological results and the results of fluorescence imaging detection are consistent;this experimental scheme is feasible,with a sense of exploration and innovation,having an important application value for in-depth study the effects of acupuncture mechanisms from different points of view.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a variable capacity type oil pump in which only hydraulic pressure from an internal combustion engine is appropriately applied for a control of discharged amount without being influenced by variation in environment.SOLUTION: Between a first control oil chamber 31 applied for an occurrence of biasing force in a concentric direction where a capacity varying amount of a plurality of pump chambers PR is decreased in respect to a cam ring 15 on the basis of a control pressure acting as a main gallery pressure fed from an internal combustion engine and a second control oil chamber 32 applied for an occurrence of biasing force in an eccentric direction where a capacity varying amount of the plurality of pump chambers PR is increased in respect to the cam ring 15 on the basis of the control pressure, are arranged a first discharging chamber 36 and a second discharging chamber 37 which are partitioned in respect to the first and the second control oil chambers 31, 32, respectively, and oppositely arranged to each other. The first discharging chamber is applied for occurrence of biasing force in a concentric direction on the basis of a pump discharging pressure fed from a discharging port 22a, and the second discharging chamber is provided opposite the first discharging chamber 36 and applied for occurrence of biasing force in an eccentric direction.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2


A novel approach for satellite-based comprehensive national tree cover change assessment was developed and applied in Bangladesh, a country where trees outside of forests play an important role in the national economy and carbon sequestration. Tree cover change area was quantified using the integration of wall-to-wall Landsat-based mapping with a higher spatial resolution sample-based assessment. The total national tree canopy cover area was estimated as 3165 500 ± 186 600 ha in the year 2000, with trees outside forests making up 54% of total canopy cover. Total tree canopy cover increased by 135 700 (± 116 600) ha (4.3%) during the 2000–2014 time interval. Bangladesh exhibits a national tree cover dynamic where net change is rather small, but gross dynamics significant and variable by forest type. Despite the overall gain in tree cover, results revealed the ongoing clearing of natural forests, especially within the Chittagong hill tracts. While forests decreased their tree cover area by 83 600 ha, the trees outside forests (including tree plantations, village woodlots, and agroforestry) increased their canopy area by 219 300 ha. Our results demonstrated method capability to quantify tree canopy cover dynamics within a fine-scale agricultural landscape. Our approach for comprehensive monitoring of tree canopy cover may be recommended for operational implementation in Bangladesh and other countries with significant tree cover outside of forests.


The Himalayas is one of the world's most tectonically active zones and its component rocks have faced multiple stages of the deformations like folding, faulting and fracturing due to the continent-continent collision and is still continuing. There are many challenges to study the anisotropic rocks like block sampling for coring of rocks, core sampling, core loss, inconsistent failure patterns and difficulties during the comparative analysis and assessment of geotechnical properties. From fieldwork to lab work and comparison analysis issues and problems are described in this paper. Two index tests i.e. uniaxial compressive strength test and point load index test were conducted. This study is an effort to give a factual presentation of the challenges while studying the anisotropic rocks in the Himalayan region although the rock samples are from the Nepal Himalaya only. However, the samples are chosen to cover all metamorphic regions of the Himalayas i.e. the Lesser and the Higher Himalayan region.


New and rare flies for the Dutch fauna (Diptera) In this paper an overview is given of captures of rare and interesting Diptera, belonging to different families, mainly from the years 19941996. In total 46 species are presented, of which 13 are new to the Dutch fauna (marked with an *), viz.: Spania nigra Meigen, Philipomyia aprica (Meigen), Acrocera trigramma Loew, Paracrocera manevali Seguy, Empis nigritarsis Meigen, Empis praevia Collin, Chrysogaster rondanii Maibach & Goeldlin de Tiefenau, Pipizella zeneggenensis (Goeldlin de Tiefenau), Leopoldius brevirostris (Germar), Leopoldius coronatus (Rondani), Myopa morio Meigen, Tephritis conura (Loew), Stomorhina lunata (Fabricius).


In the article, the authors deal with how addiction can be related to autonomy. First, they provide a defi nition of substance addiction and the way various theories have interpreted this phenomenon. Further, they give a general description of the concept of autonomy and relate this to the phenomenon of addiction. Subsequently, the authors deal with the way some explanatory models of addiction (the disease model, disorder of choice model, and existential disorder model) see the relationship of autonomy and addiction and focus on the following questions: How does addiction relate to autonomy? Does addiction make volitional choice impossible, i.e. are addicts out of control? Is addictive behavior a rational activity?


This paper presents an overview of a wearable interactive system developed by CSIRO that uses electronic textiles to enable interactive biomechanical measurement and feedback. Textile strain sensors are used to measure limb motion with real-time data streaming and analysis that enables interactive feedback to assist with skill acquisition. The system can be used in diverse training and competition environments, as illustrated via examples in kicking, throwing and paddling.


Ionization showers are created in the Earth's atmosphere by cosmic particles or by run-away electrons from pulsed discharges or by the decay of radioactive elements like radon and krypton. These showers provide pre-ionization that can play a role for discharge inception or evolution; radioactive admixtures in plasma technology use the same effect. While the CORSIKA program provides cross sections and models for cosmic particle showers down to the MeV level, we here analyze the shower structure below 1 MeV by using a three-dimensional relativistic Monte Carlo discharge code for the electron dynamics. We provide a few analytical results to speed up the numerical implementation of the scattering processes. We derive and analyze the spatio-temporal structure of ionization and electron energies in the shower for incident electrons with energies of 1 keV to 1 MeV, at air pressures of 10, 100 and 1000 mbar at room temperature in great detail. We calculate the final density of and O− ions and the average input energy per ion. We show that the average input energy per ion increases from 20 eV for initial energies of 1 KeV to 33 eV for 250 MeV. We also derive the electric fields generated by the electrons and residual ions of the particle showers. Finally, we study how the shower evolution and the electron energy at 1 bar is influenced by ambient electric fields of 5 or 8 kV cm−1 and see that for 1 keV the electron number decreases, more slowly than without field, whereas the electron number continuously grows for 1 MeV.


We present one theoretical analysis about the two resonators system. The model shows good agreement with other theoretical approaches. The properties of the system have been studied using the model. We also provide the analysis about the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the two resonators system,which shows, properly designed, the system exhibits a narrow high-quality-factor(Q) EIT-like resonant mode.


An Overview of the Pharmaceutical Sector in India.- The sources of Heterogenity in the Efficiency of Indian Pharmaceutical Firms.- Comparing Efficiency Across Various Groups of Firms: A Meta-Frontier Approach.- Examining the Efficiency, Technical, and Productivity Changes of the Indian Pharmaceutical Firms: A Malmquist-Meta Frontier Approach.- Profitability of the Indian Pharmaceutical Firms.- The Problem of Availability of Patented Drugs due to Product Patent and Parallel Trade: A Theoretical Approach.- Conclusions and Policy Implications.


This article is a resource for educators looking to offer personal instruction and literacy opportunities to secondary students. It provides a thoughtful and in-depth look at the workshop model in a high school setting. It offers methods and suggestions for setting up the workshop model to methods and strategies for diverse learners. The information will provide teachers with approaches to authentic and differentiated learning opportunities for all students in any secondary classroom. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Valerie Brunow is a high school English teacher at Millbrook High School in Millbrook, New York. She is a graduate of Manhattanville College and holds certifications and degrees in Secondary English Education and Secondary Literacy. She currently teaches ninth grade and electives for grades nine through twelve. In her career she has taught students in grades six through twelve, including; Regents, Honors, electives and small Literacy instruction groups. She has worked as a professional developer in Literacy and Curriculum. Valerie has a strong appreciation and respect for the need to increase awareness of Literacy instruction in the secondary setting. Valerie is an educator who is passionate about empowering students and giving them authentic learning opportunities. Valerie can be reached at email@example.com Literacy in the Secondary English Classroom For nine years I have been working as an English teacher. I have served in a number of capacities teaching grades eight through twelve, honors courses, remedial courses, reading support groups, and electives. I am humbled everyday by my students' lives, insights, and my experiences in teaching them. Every teaching year is unique. The students constantly challenge me to bring new opportunities and material to the classroom. With the great onset and use of technology, this has become a necessity to reach young learners. As a teacher, I am constantly fine-tuning my craft, often looking for the next exciting resource to bring literacy to the fingertips of eager students. Approximately five years ago, I began to see the significant shift in learners and a genuine need to transition my own thinking and methodologies. Year after year of handing students books that I loved to read and teach, like To Kill a Mockingbird, I began to notice students were not as excited as I was hoping. I could not imagine a student who was not enchanted by Boo Radley or could not be captivated by Atticus' stoic demeanor. This left me wondering – how do I get them involved in this book? Authentic Literacy Experiences in the Secondary Classroom 61 VOLUME 26 THE LANGUAGE AND LITERACY SPECTRUM I tried a variety of tactics and techniques to get students engaged in the text. Some of these activities included creating original art, connecting songs to text and acting out scenes, but nothing was working. The disheartening realization came when a student finally helped me to grasp what I had been missing all along: "Mrs. B, this book is old and I don't like the way they talk." I was taken back and a little saddened by my students' inability to connect with this classic. I have grown to love these texts and believed I would teach them for the remainder of my career. As I stewed over the comment, it became obvious what the problem was – the personal pronoun "I." I loved these classics. I wanted them to see what I was guided to see so many years ago. I wanted them to read and fall in love with the characters as I finally did. "I" is not what my students needed – they needed their own experience. The next question became – how do we, student and teacher, work together to give students an authentic learning experience? After struggling to find an answer and further prodding my administration, I arrived at Reading Workshop. The elementary and middle school teachers in my district were in the preliminary stages of a program from Columbia University, Teachers College Reading and Writing Project. I asked if I could join, hoping that maybe I could find an idea that could help. After some in school training sessions and a trip to Columbia for a week during the summer, I was overwhelmed by the new information I had been given. I was excited and ready to begin, except all of the materials, advice, and information were geared towards elementary and middle schools. I was still at a loss for what to do. The origins of the workshop are more formatted for the elementary school setting. More flexible access and time with kids is a highlight of allowing students to progress in materials at their level. Progress monitoring and student selected materials are the most binding agents of this model. Working in the high school setting and only having forty minutes per day in an average class of twenty five -I felt the odds were not in my favor. However, I knew I needed my students' investment in a program that had their interests and abilities in mind and so I set forth on my journey of research. I began searching for a book or website that could offer guidance on how to run workshop-based instruction at the high school level. I found some incredible authors who give overviews or directions about how to manage various aspects of the process. The author, Chris Tovani (2003), of I Read It, But I Don't Get It: Comprehension Strategies for Adolescent Readers, coined the term "Fake Reading." Fake reading is what we see many students doing with books: flipping the pages, talking, changing books or saying they don't like it. Tovani not only acknowledges the idea of "fake readers," but offers ways to address it. She clarifies how often poor readers learn to avoid reading and lose the meaning of the text. This happens because many readers believe reading is purely the decoding of words (Tovani, 2003). Often students read for answers and to regurgitate information. Authentic reading practices push students to read as writers. In this expectation students not only evaluate the text for information, but for author style, choice and exploration of ideas. Sometimes texts that we put in students hands are beyond their reading ability level. If this is the case, students are simply decoding and not building comprehension or deeper reading skills. Students do not need to engage in "fake reading" when texts are on their reading level. The reading experience is more personal, meaningful and rewarding. Another author who looks critically at the way literature and reading is being taught, specifically in high schools, is Kelly Gallagher (2009), author of Readicide: How Schools Are Killing Reading and What You Can Do About It. Gallagher has discussed, at length, the importance of putting literature into students' hands and teaching them how to read it, instead of Authentic Literacy Experiences in the Secondary Classroom 62 VOLUME 26 THE LANGUAGE AND LITERACY SPECTRUM reading it to them. He states "...Shouldn't schools be the place where students interact with interesting books? Shouldn't the faculty have an ongoing laser-like commitment to put good books in our students' hands? Shouldn't this be a front-burner issue at all times?" (Gallagher, 2009, p.30). Fostering meaningful literacy practices is essential for student engagement and interest. Offering students an opportunity to choose texts and teaching how to approach texts helps to support reading investment. The workshop model blends personal interest with approaches to reading and writing that are differentiated to meet the needs of a variety of learners. I found these qualities and opportunities to be essential next steps for me and my students. Culling my newfound information and about twenty texts in my Amazon shopping cart, I began my journey into what my students may need and away from what "I" was used to teaching. In my first attempt at the Reader's Workshop in my own classroom I was excited by the possibility of choice. However, this initial excitement also gave way to the overwhelming feeling of loss of control. I began to question how I would manage one hundred different students with, quite possibly, one hundred different books at one time. While many successes happened, there were still many kinks to be worked out. Some students became instant success stories, finishing books before I could schedule a conference to discuss the reading. Other students abandoned book after book or continued on their road of fake reading. It was important to me that every student have a positive experience with this process. The "over-readers" were the most exciting and rewarding part of the workshop. These readers were finishing books so quickly I had a hard time keeping up with their pace. These readers are what most teachers yearn for, however, they were resistant to slow down their reading to implement practices, lessons and strategies. Helping students to find a good book was not the challenge here, but helping them invest in the learning that complements the reading could be a challenge. Modeling these strategies as a teacher leader and teacher reader helps to strengthen this relationship with students who are avid and excited readers. By showing students how you apply your practices supports students understanding and investment. The next reader I encountered was the regular reader. This is the reader who feels comfortable choosing books and often will complete tasks suggested or lesson application. They tend to grow the most within the workshop model as readers and thinkers. They will help to model lessons and share their ideas. Regular readers thrive with opportunities to reflect on their ideas and often enjoy conferring and book talks. Engaging students who read regularly in one type of genre often benefit from series book recommendations or supporting them with new and interesting genres. The most challenging readers, and often in the end the most rewarding are the book abandoners or continuing "fake readers." These students often have a hard time committing to reading for a number o


The effect of age of acquisition and amount of experience on the production of English stressed vowels in multisyllabic words was investigated. Twenty Korean-speaking children varying in age of second-language (L2) exposure and the amount of experience (6 months vs. 6 years) were compared to ten age-matched native English speaking children. English multisyllabic words containing stressed syllables were elicited. The results for Korean children who were exposed to the L2 before the age of three returned a native-like production of stressed vowels. The native Korean-speaking children with shorter L2 exposure were unable to produce distinctive phonemic categories, indicating a strong L1 interference on L2. The early learners of English, however, were comparable to the native English-speaking children in producing stressed vowels. Furthermore, the early bilingual children's native-like perceptual distance between stressed and unstressed vowels was interpreted as their early mastery of English vowel spectral qualities that are prosodically conditioned at the lexical level.


In a time of transitions, post-Rawlsian political philosophy is itself in transition, engaged in a methodological dispute regarding the relationship between political theory and changing social practices. This thesis enters this dispute through engaging with John Rawls's philosophical project and the two leading but contrasting critiques of Rawls's constructivist methodology. I first seek to rescue constructivism from G.A. Cohen's critique of its fact-dependence, but secondly argue with Jurgen Habermas for a shift from constructivism to reconstructivism. Part I establishes a theoretical framework. I analyse competing paradigms of the relationship between normative principles and social practices and situate them in relation to the problem of self-grounding. This is the methodological problem of how, in accordance with a conception of freedom as autonomy, philosophy can find normative foundations within existing social practices. While Cohen rejects this problem in arguing for a choice between realism and utopianism, Rawls's realistic utopianism and Habermas's utopian realism are both driven by the problem of self-grounding. Part II defends Rawls's constructivism against Cohen's criticism of its restricted focus on the basic structure of society and fact-dependence. Part III analyses and critiques the development of Rawls's project. It analyses Rawls's concern with the problem of stability and critiques from a Habermasian perspective the approach to the problem of self-grounding this represents. Part IV argues that post-Rawlsian deliberative democrats who have sought to combine ideas from Rawls and Habermas also fail to adequately address this methodological problem. Part V engages with Habermas on his own terms. I first analyse Habermas's reconstruction of the tension between facticity and validity in morality and politics. On this basis, I conclude that Habermas's procedural reconstructivism allows him to more successfully address the problem of self-grounding than Rawls's substantive constructivism, and assess the implications of this conclusion in theory and practice.


In this paper we establish some sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of the equation ∆(rn∆(xn + pnxn−k))+qn max [n−`,n] xα s = 0,n ∈ N0 which improve and extend the known results. Examples are provided to illustrate the main results.


[While world attention focuses on the failure to reach agreement in the Six-Party talks in Beijing focusing on North Korea nuclear weapons, we present a report that reflects on the activities over several decades on the part of both states and citizens to frame a Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone for Northeast Asia as an alternative to the expansion of nuclear weapons states and the general breakdown of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.]


C oncept maps are tools for organizing and representing knowledge. They include concepts, usually enclosed in circles or boxes of some type, and relationships between concepts or propositions, indicated by a connecting line between two concepts. Words on the line specify the relationship between the two concepts. We define concept as a perceived regularity in events or objects, or records of events or objects, designated by a label. The label for most concepts is a word, although sometimes we use symbols such as + or %. Propositions are statements about some object or event in the universe, either naturally occurring or constructed. Propositions contain two or more concepts connected with other words to form a meaningful statement. Sometimes these are called semantic units,or units of meaning. Figure 1 shows an example of a concept map that describes the structure of concept maps and illustrates the above characteristics.


The author, of AG Weser, describes some preliminary design work for the development of an LPG/NH3 methane tanker with a cargo capacity of about 40,000 cu m. The work, which was carried out with the help of West German Government funds, was particularly concerned with the suitability of the ship's large cargo tanks, whose type (Type C) and form (horizontal figure-8) were chosen on the basis of an associated investigation. The tanks would be of fine-grain steel construction, with flanges of 5%-nickel steel. The ship would comply with the IMCO code for liquefied-gas tankers, and with the Germanischer Lloyd classification maltese cross 100 A4 MC "R" Liquid-Gas Tanker Type "II G", and its tentative dimensions are: length b.p. 185 m, breadth 28.4 m, depth 18 m, and draught about 10.3 m; trials speed would be about 17.5 knots. There would be four tanks, with the figure-8 shape of No. 1 modified to suit the hull form. Nos. 2 and 4, and Nos. 1 and 3, would constitute two groups to enable two different cargoes to be carried at the same time. Propulsion would be by a lowspeed Diesel. Some further information is given on the ship's design and equipment, and on some relevant requirements, and in particular on the extensive calculations for the tanks (which are much larger than tanks of the same type for which information is readily available) and, taking hull elasticity into account, for their seatings (the Stardyne FEM program was used for these latter calculations). A preliminary general-arrangement drawing is included. Order from BSRA as No. 49,897.


The cure kinetic model of typical BMI resin was studied, and the typical BMI resin has been obtained by copolymerization of bis (4-maleimido-phenyl)methat and o,o-diallylbisphenol-A. At present, a majority of the modified BMI resin is prepared based on the typical BMI resin. The kinetics of the cure reaction for a system of typical BMI was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and carried out by constant heating and isothermal methods. The cure kinetic model and kinetic parameters based on the autocatalytic and nth reaction equation were established and were applied to the processing of data by least-squares and Kissinger methods. The estimated cure of the model was in good agreement with that of the experiments. The results indicated that the curing reaction processing can be divided into two stages following different mechanics, with the autocatalytic reaction model transformation into the nth reaction model. The model is important for processing simulation and quality control of processing for high performance composites.


Geological characteristics of the Gouap banded iron formations, Ntem Complex, southern Cameroon L. SOH TAMEHE, C.T.WEI, S. GANNO, J.P. NZENTI, C. GATSE EBOTEHOUNA, J.D. TAKODJOU WAMBO School of Resource and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China (email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon (email@example.com) 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China


The countermeasure geared to actual circumstances of Ningxia's sericulture was put forward by the investigation of Ningxia's sericulture developing condition and the analysis of problem existed in it.


The teaching theory on electronic design automation in electronic circuit teaching is expatiated with teaching practice of circuit simulation done. The computer simulation technology brings in an important impact on teaching method reform as well as the teaching model in electric courses of universities and colleges.


Introduction: Hyperphosphatemia is one of the complication in patients with chronic kidney disease on haemodialysis which will add on to the morbidity and mortality of the patient. This study was conducted in an attempt to compare the efficacy of phosphate binders prescribed to the patients of end stage kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis. It was a retrospective study in which medical records of patients with ESKD who received phosphate binders over past 2 years (2013 and 2014) were included in the study and divided into groups receiving sevelemer, calcium carbonate and calcium acetate and the levels after 8weeks of treatment and found that at the end of 8th week the difference in control of phosphate levels in sevelemer group compared with control group was highly significant phosphate levels in the calcium carbonate group compared with control group also had a significant result with p value 0.039. There were no significant differences in calcium acetate and control group difference at the end of 8th week. There were no statistically significant differences between individual groups. Conclusion: Our study confirms that phosphate binders significantly control the serum phosphate levels o eight weeks treatment in ESKD patients on haemodialysis. However sevelemer was found to be more effective in controlling the serum phosphate levels but its high costs limits its use for the poor socioeconomic population


Malaria is the cause of significant global morbidity and mortality with 300-500 million cases annually. Despite its disease burden relatively little is known about the molecular biology of the pathogen that causes malaria. For example, the completion of the genome sequence of Plasmodium falciparum, the species responsible for the most severe form of human malaria revealed that only 35% of the genes code for proteins with an identifiable function. In addition, little is known about how transcription and translation are regulated. The absence of routine genetic tools for studying Plasmodium parasites suggests that these numbers are unlikely to change quickly if conventional, serial, biological methods are used to study the parasite. We are using high-density oligonucleotide arrays and informatic methods to study the genome of the malaria parasite with the goals of understanding how expression is regulated, functionally cataloging the genome, discovering allelic variation and identifying new therapeutic targets. We have shown that genes with highly correlated levels and temporal patterns of expression are often involved in similar functions or cellular processes suggesting that expression profiling can be used to rapidly predict function. In addition we find that there is good correlation between protein levels and transcript levels, suggesting that regulation of expression occurs transcriptionally. Analysis of whole-genome transcription patterns reveals that the chromosome is organized into regions that are transcriptionally active and transcriptionally silent in the intraerythrocytic stage of the parasite's lifecycle. Thus, both the timing and the relative level of transcription in the parasite is organized into position-dependent domains suggesting that transcription may be regulated at least partially at the level of chromatin structure.


Supporting electrolyte is an electrolyte solution, whose constituents are not electro active in the range of applied potentials being studied, and whose ionic strength is usually much larger than the concentration of an electroactive substance to be dissolved in it and also it is an inert or inactive electrolyte. It is used to increase the conductivity of the solution, to eliminate the transport of electro active species by ion migration in the electric field and to maintain the constant ionic strength and constant pH [1]. The supporting electrolyte composition is known to be strongly affecting the electrochemical properties of electrodes. The effect is usually attributed to geometrical dimensions of the metal ion taking part in the electrode process as the counter-ion [2].


The relationship of spatial and mathematical skills has been the subject of both speculation and empirical investigation. A meta-analysis of correlations of spatial and mathematical skills has found that these are not high, and that correlations of verbal and mathematical skills are higher. Many researchers have suggested that the space-math relationship may be gender-specific. The further meta-analytic results reported here show that in selected samples, math-space correlations are higher in females than in males, with the difference becoming more pronounced with greater selectivity. Because these samples are of gifted or college-bound youth, explanations which emphasize career-directed attitudes in the interplay of spatial and mathematical skills are suggested.


Any air vehicle (considered as main system) contains the following: the propulsion system, the guidance system, the fuselage and the wings and the recovery system. The recovery system has as its components, alongside the recovery system by means of the parachute, interclassing, impact mitigation, flotation, locating, stabilizing and coupling equipment (for space vehicles) [1]. A recovery system by means of the parachute specific to supersonic aircraft and spacecraft has the following components: the airplane hold, and, apart from this compartment, the extractor parachute trigger system, the airplane link cord, the hangers, the main parachute and the case. For the ejection seat parachute ensemble, for example, the components are these: the harnesses, the binding cord, the hangers, the canopy, the main parachute case, the braking parachute, the extraction cord and the ejection seat (there may be variants of this: the main independent parachute, the altitude stabilizer braking parachute, the reactions control system RCS, the sensors for the seat stabilization) [1]. By definition, a parachute is a device designed to increase the drag of a body moving in a fluid. Since this fluid is the air, we can consider that a parachute is a particular case of "air brake" [1]. In most applications, the force that propels the body is its own weight so that the weight of the device that provides resistance has to be very low. From this viewpoint, the parachute can provide a high drag, with a very low added weight (8–12%) [1]. The military parachute is an ensemble consisting of elements which, functioning together, ensure for a given mass conditions of controlled descent, braking and stabilization as well as: the automatic opening, the parachute deployment, the loads support and the drag. The first account of a parachute dates back to 2258–2208 BC when, a Chinese manuscript reports about the escape of Sun, the emperor of China – and the first parachutist in history – from a high tower with the help of two parachutes with which "he gets to the ground easily, without getting hurt" [2]. Leonardo da Vinci made the first sketch of a parachute during 1480–1483 (figure 1). The first successful test of a parachute was performed in 1617 in Venice by Dalmat Faust Vrančić. The first military uses of the parachute were made by the artillery observation balloons operators during the First World War. These balloons were tied to the ground, being safe targets for the enemy airplanes, despite the strong anti-air defense [3]. The first jump with commanded opening was executed in 1919 by the Frenchman Lallemand, and the American Leslie Irving, performed the first jump with delayed opening, Structure with controllable permeability for vertical aerodynamic stabilizers-decelerators


This paper describes a program of research that aims to develop and test healthcare robots for elder care. We describe the aims of the project, the robots developed, and studies we have performed in HRI in elder care. We highlight research design issues that have become apparent in the retirement home setting when testing robots. These issues are relevant to robotics researchers wishing to evaluate the effects of robotic care on older people's quality of life. Description of healthcare robot project The aims of this project are to develop robotic technologies to help older people either in assisted living facilities or in their own homes. The robotic devices should help with everyday living, with the aim to improve health outcomes and quality of life. The technology should be safe and not cause any harm. We are motivated by the need to provide care for some older people, the growing number of older people around the world, expected difficulties in finding enough care staff, and recent advances in mobile robot technology that have the potential to help. Our project is jointly funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Science and Innovation and by the Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy, via the Electronics and Communications Research Institute (ETRI), with Yujin Robot. It has been running since July 2008 and current funding continues in to 2012, with other funding applications under review. The joint project is based at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The academic research team is multidisciplinary and includes engineers, computer scientists, psychologists and psychiatrists, gerontologists, general practitioners, physiotherapists, and healthcare informatics researchers. The project includes New Zealand and Korean Copyright © 2011, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. technology companies with the aim of commercializing the robotic platform and software in a low-cost form. We formed a collaboration with a non–profit retirement village (Selwyn Village in Point Chevalier, Auckland, New Zealand). The village is enthusiastic about using technologies to provide the best care to residents. The village has 165 low-level dependency beds, 150 high-level dependency beds, 16 dementia beds and 300 apartments/units for independent living. Staff and residents at the village have taken part in studies on this project, as described in the next sections.


WikiNetTK is a Java-based open-source toolkit for facilitating the interaction with and the embedding of world knowledge in NLP applications. For user interaction we provide a visualization component, consisting of graphical and textual browsing tools. This allows the user to inspect the knowledge base to which WikiNetTK is applied. The application-oriented part of the toolkit provides various functionalities: access to various types of information in the knowledge base as well as methods for computing association paths and relatedness measures. The system is applied to a large-scale multilingual concept network obtained by extracting and combining various sources of information from Wikipedia.


Precision electroweak data allow one to test the standard model, constrain its parameters, and search for the effects of some kinds of new physics. The results of the most recent data from LEP, SLC, and elsewhere are described, as are their predictions for $m_t$, $M_H$, and $\alpha_s$. The implications for the two major classes of extensions of the standard model, supersymmetry/unification and compositeness, are described.


The response to COVID-19 created a need to evaluate options and develop innovative solutions to assure students progressed towards graduation. Creating both a Community Pharmacy APPE Test-Out Option and a Virtual Community Pharmacy APPE was a positive experience which provided a vital resource for students who were unable to complete the traditional Community Pharmacy APPE due to the pandemic. This solution provided a unique opportunity to utilize the combined expertise of faculty to tailor the Community Pharmacy APPE based on the individual student's previous experience and educational needs and meet both ACPE and graduation requirements. Further development of this option could prove useful as we move forward in these unprecedented times.


Agarwal-Cooley Algorithm is firstly simply introduced in this paper.Secondly,the basic of that algorithm is emphasized,such as: China Remainder Theory,Kronecker Product and Winograd FFT.Finally,the detail of this algorithm is given.


The structure of konjac,konjac-graft-acrylic acid(AA),and regenerant of graft were studied with scanning electron microscope(SEM).The effect of grafting,regenerating and urea loading on konjac structure were discussed.The results showed that the konjac's piece structure were transformed into grafter's dense network structure by grafting,the grafter's dense network structure was transformed into regenerant's tussocky structure by regeneration,and the grafter's structure was transformed into thick network by urea loading and the urea was filled in the hole.The urea absorbility of grafter was not influenced by the concentration of urea solution.The urea content of the swollen gel showed a linear relationship with the concentration of urea solution(R2=0.9998).


The beginning of cinnabar synthesizing (Taoist technique of making elixir of life,to practice alchemy) in the ancient China has attracted the attention of scholars of history of science it is concerned with the fact that "human beings manufactured for the first time product that was not essentially different from natural things".However,the issue of its beginning for so long has not been resolved due lack of solid evidence.Factually,the view that Taoist masters started cinnabar synthesizing approximately from the Sui Dynasty is doubtful.By enumerating the instances in the literature and the data of archaeology,it can be concluded that this practice started before the Sui Dynasty,and further examination shows it can even dated back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties,or the Jin Dynasty,or even as early as the Han Dynasty.


In this study on the attenuation and alleviation of detrimental frost heaving with the aid of salts, attention is focused on the positive role of salts in the modification of frost effects. A quantitative investigation was made of the time variation of salt, water and thermal profiles, and the mechanisms by which salts alter the frost heaving behavior was studied. In a discussion of the development of profiles in unfrozen soil, the observation is made that the shape of the salt profile will change with time in response to a set of dispersive effects. Modification of the profile will occur due to interaction of the solute with the porous medium. The development of profiles in freezing and frozen soil is reviewed. Investigations indicate that surface treatment with sodium chloride is effective in reducing the magnitude of frost heave in the railway subgrade. There are currently no satisfactory theoretical models for the prediction of field water, salt and temperature profiles in unfrozen and frozen soil based on initial conditions, water and salt fluxes through the surface and surface temperature. The mechanisms of frost heaving are separated into two components-volumetric expansion and ice seggregation. A model for the volumetric expansion component was analyzed with respect to initial salt concentrations in the pore fluid and it was found that higher salt concentrations lead to lower temperatures but a higher unfrozen water content when equal amounts of heat have been removed from a unit mass of soil. Utilization of this model in an analysis of the dynamics of frost penetration and total resulting heave is in progress.


Based on the industrial economic theories,and combined with the particularities of our coal industry and the new situation of being adaptable to WTO,this article presents an analysis on the necessity and implementing procedures for strategic grouping in the coal industry.It also gives a discussion on the concerning issues.Both the analysis and the discussion provides a theoretical exploration for the sustainable development in coal industry.


Background: Chk1 kinase is activated by phosphorylation at serine‐345 by Rad3 checkpoint kinase and is required for DNA damage checkpoint in late S and G2 phase of S. pombe cell cycle. We studied the ability of two chk1 mutants, chk1‐1 and chk1‐2, to undergo phosphorylation and to delay cell cycle progression in response to different types of DNA lesions.


Vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanowires/microbeams have attracted great interest recently because of their pronounced single-domain metal–insulator phase transition (MIT) behavior, which is promising for various device applications and deeper mechanism investigation. It is known that monoclinic VO2 nanostructures can be effectively prepared by a simple thermal evaporation method, while the growth of dense and ordered VO2 micro/nanowires with controlled cross sections is still a challenge. In the current study, we have selected different crystal facets as the growth template and achieved controllable growth of well-aligned VO2 micro/nanowire arrays. Combined with the crystal growth simulations, it is clarified that the epitaxial growth of VO2 micro/nanowires on TiO2 substrates is mainly dominated by both the initial crystallization mechanism and confinement of the crystal facets. The current studies not only show the potentials of fabricating VO2 micro/nanowire array-based devices but also demonstrate a facile st...


1. Contemporary Pastoralism: Old Problems, New Challenges. Anatoly M. Khazanov 2. Cattle Breeding, Complexity and Mobility in a Structurally Unpredictable Environment: the WoDaaBe Herders of Niger. Saverio Kratli 3. Disentangling 'Forced Displacement' from Pastoral Mobility: Recovery and Reconstruction in the Sahel and in South Sudan. Salem Mezhoud and Clare Oxby 4. Pastoralists at Crossroads: Community Resource Governance in the Context of a Transitioning Rangelands Tenure System. Stephen S. Moiko 5. Booking and Grabbing Land: Strategies of Appropriation in Loita Maasailand, Kenya. Angela Kronenburg Garcia 6. Adapting to Biodiversity Conservation: The Mobile Pastoral Harasiis Tribe of Oman. Dawn Chatty 7. Tradition and Transition in the Mongolian Pastoral Environment. Troy Sternberg 8. Theorising Ecological Migration. Emily T. Yeh. 9. Can Ecological Migration Policy in the Tibetan Plateau Region Achieve both Conservation Goals and Human Development Goals? A Review of the Canadian Experience of Relocation and SettlemenT. J. Marc Foggin and Gongbu Zhaxi


Karyological studies were carried out on ten populations comprising six species of Soroseris in the tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae), all endemic to the alpine Sino-Himalayan region and poorly known cytogenetically. The single species of Stebbinsia (one population) and two species of Syncalathium (three populations) were also examined for the first time. The basic chromosome number for the three genera is x = 8. Stebbinsia and most species of Soroseris are diploids with 2n = 2x = 16 = 14m + 2sm and have a karyotype asymmetry type 1A. Three species of Soroseris are tetraploid (2n = 4x = 32 = 28m + 4sm). A karyotype of 2n = 2x = 16 = 14m(2SAT) + 2sm with type 1A asymmetry was found in Syncalathium kawaguchii, and of 2n = 2x = 16 = 6m + 10sm with type 2A asymmetry for two populations of Syncalathium souliei. The relationships between Soroseris and the other two genera are discussed. Our cytological results suggest that polyploidy plays a minor role in the chromosome evolution of plants from the Himalayan mountains and adjacent regions. (C) 2007 The Linnean Society of London.