AADR Epi-Forum has been conducted since 1980s to encourage transfer of knowledge and scholarly discussion in the field of dental public heath. This report summarizes the historic perspective, aims, structure and contents of this meeting, focussing on the latest meeting held on March 19th, 2013.


Abstract: Antiserum against a neurite outgrowth factor (NOF) of gizzard extract that promotes neurite outgrowth from dissociated ciliary ganglionic neurons (CG neurons) of 8‐day‐old chick embryo was prepared to determine whether or not the antiserum inhibits neurite outgrowth from cultured neurons or explants of chick and murine tissues. When CG neurons were cultured on a polyornithine‐coated well exposed to NOF (NOF‐bound POR well), marked neurite outgrowth was observed. When NOF‐bound POR wells were exposed to antiserum, neurite outgrowth from CG neurons was gradually inhibited with increasing amounts of antiserum, while exposure to preimmune serum did not prevent neurite outgrowth. Antiserum had no effect on neuronal survival during a 48‐h incubation. The diluted antiserum, which produced nearly 100% inhibition of the NOF activity, was almost equally active in suppressing the activity of NOFs in conditioned media (CM) of various chick embryo tissues, but showed much less inhibitory effects on NOFs in CM of murine tissues. The appearance of neurites from explants of spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, or retina of chick embryo was also inhibited by the antiserum. These results indicate that antiserum against NOF from gizzard extract suppressed the activity of NOFs from various sources, and that there are species differences in NOFs, at least between chick and murine.


When there is no selection procedure, the introduction of other cultures as a result of globalization has the potential to diminish the culture of local populations. When a country has a good character basis, the selection process should be carried out. As a reference for education in Indonesia, the 2013 curriculum emphasizes eighteen characteristics derived from native wisdom that must be incorporated into the teaching - learning activities. The present research aims to examine primary school teachers' perspectives on incorporating a Balinese local value known as Tri Hita Karana into character education instruction. It's a survey research that included 94 primary school teachers. The findings indicate that elementary school teachers in Buleleng, Bali are conscious of the importance of incorporating Tri Hita Karana values into learning process; they trust that Tri Hita Karana idea is really in line with character education values, and that incorporating Tri Hita Karana values into the teaching - learning activities will enhance students' personality and national pride.


SrCo2V2O8 (I) and SrCo2(As04)2 (II) were prepared by crystallization from melts and investigated by X-ray single crystal technique. (I) is isotypic to the SrNi2V2O8-type and crystallizes with tetragonal symmetry, space group C124v-I41cd, a = 12.267: c = 8.424 Å: Z = 8. (II) is isotypic to the lately found SrNi2(PO4)2, space group C1i-P1̅, a = 5.713; b = 6.903; c = 9.417 Å: a = 110.48; β = 101.43; γ = 99.13°, Z = 2.


Abstract Iron losses strongly influence ferroresonance behavior of power transformers. While a jump-up is the characteristic of the non-linear magnetizing branch, the jump-down phenomenon can only be described when losses or loads are considered. In this article, the impact of core losses (constant resistance or non-linear resistancce) on the turning points of the bifurcation diagram of a ferroresonance circuit is investigated by a developed 2-D bifurcation diagram. The sensitivity of solutions with respect to the circuit parameters are analyzed and discussed. It is shown that the left-side turning point is more affected by the non-linear core loss model than the right side is. Based on the developed method, an operational guideline for the range of values of the load that avoids the jump between steady-state solutions and ferroresonance overvoltages with different source voltage amplitudes is provided. The results obtained by analytical approach are compared with time domain simulations.


Herpes simplex virus 2 is a neurotropic virus that causes a persistent, life-long infection that increases risk for other sexually transmitted infections. The vaginal epithelium is the first line of defense against HSV-2 and secretes immune mediators, including the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-36γ, to coordinate the immune response. Previously, we showed that IL-36γ treatment promoted polymorphonuclear cell infiltration to the vaginal cavity and protected against lethal HSV-2 challenge. Herein, we extended these findings using flow cytometry to profile the cellular infiltrate. IL-36γ significantly (p < 0.0001) induced transient neutrophil infiltration, but did not impact monocyte or macrophage recruitment. Using IL-36γ−/− mice in a lethal HSV-2 challenge model, we show that neutrophils were significantly (p < 0.0001) depleted at 1- and 2-days post infection, and that mature neutrophil recruitment was impaired. In addition, IL-36γ−/− mice develop genital disease more rapidly (p < 0.0001), have significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced survival time, and display an increased incidence (p < 0.0001) of neurologic disease compared to wild type mice. IL-36γ−/− mice exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) delay in clearance of the virus from the vaginal epithelium, and analysis of virus spread to the spinal cord, bladder, and colon demonstrated that HSV-2 spread significantly (p < 0.05) more quickly in IL-36γ−/− mice. Further, we detected productive HSV-2 infection in the brainstem of IL-36γ−/− mice significantly (p < 0.0001) more frequently than in wild type mice. Ultimately, we demonstrate that IL-36γ is a key regulator of neutrophil recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment and may function to limit HSV-2 neuroinvasion.


Sufficient tools for students with learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder have not yet been established. We believe that the current tools these students can use call for a drastic change in traditional learning paradigms by either the instructor or the pupil. To fill this gap, we propose our tool, taking notes together (TNT), as a collaborative note taking tool that will help in equalizing the classroom for students with disabilities. This tool allows students to collaboratively tag classroom lecture/discussion in real time through synchronized transcription and audio recording. TNT provides a visualization that highlights the important classroom points and we argue facilitates better recall and a deeper understanding of the classroom material. Through our evaluation we were able to prove that all students can benefit from this tool. We also present a case study of one student with ADD and how they benefited. The tool makes the learning experience, particularly for students with special needs like LD and ADD, less stressful while still being active in the note-taking.


On February 1st I happened to spend a few hours in St. John, N. B., and through the kindness of Mr. Herbert E. Goold, of Sussex, N. B., and Mr. A. Morissey, of St. John, I was enabled to visit the very interesting museum of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. In looking over the cases of insects I noticed two fine specimens of Argynnis idalirr, which Mr. Goold told me were taken by himself or his father at St. John. I could not remember at the time any record of A. idalia having been taken in New Brunswick, so asked Mr. Goold to enquire from his father if he remembered anything of the capture. He has since written to me: "In re Argynnis idalia—On my return home from St. John I asked my father about the specimens.


Random amplification o f polymorphic is a type of PCR reaction, but the segments of DNA that are amplified are random. The scientist (Bardakci and Skibinski,1994;Liu et a l, 1999; Lai et a l, 2004 and Salini etal 2004) performing RAPD creates several arbitrary, short primers, then proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic DNA, hoping that fragments will amplify. By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can be gleaned from a RAPD reaction. No knowledge of the DNA sequence for the targeted gene is required, as the primers will bind somewhere in the sequence, but it is not certain exactly where. This makes the method popular for comparing the DNA of biological systems that have not had the attention o f the scientific community, or in a system in which relatively few DNA sequences are compared (it is not suitable for forming a DNA databank). Due to the fact that it relies on a large, intact DNA template sequence, it has some limitations in the use o f degraded DNA samples. Its resolving power is much lower than targeted, species specific DNA comparison methods, such as short tandem repeats. RAPD technique has been applied to the study o f phylogenetic relationships in tilapiine and cichlid species (Bardakci and Skibinski, 1994). The technique was found to be useful in reconstructing cichlid fish phytogeny (Sultmann etal., 1995). RAPD has been used in the identification o f largemouth bass subspecies and its intergrades (Williams et al., 1990; Welsh and McClelland, 1990), and for the study of Atlantic coast striped bass (Bielawski et a l , 1995). The RAPD technique demonstrated low levels o f polymorphism among strains of channel catfish, Ictalurus pimetatus and Blue catfish Ictalurus


5 The expressiveness of dependent type theory can be extended by identifying types modulo some 6 additional computation rules. But, for preserving the decidability of type-checking or the logical 7 consistency of the system, one must make sure that those user-defined rewriting rules preserve typing. 8 In this paper, we give a new method to check that property using Knuth-Bendix completion. 9 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Type theory; Theory of computation 10 → Equational logic and rewriting; Theory of computation → Logic and verification 11


Analysis of isozyme variation revealed the common occurrence of inbreeding in the homosporous fern genus Sceptridium. To examine the genetic consequences of frequent intraga- metophytic selfing, the population genetic structure of S. ternatum was analyzed with special ref- erence to multilocus organization within and among populations. The presence of multiple clones in populations was suggested by high levels of gametic phase linkage disequilibrium within pop- ulations. Each population contained 13-14 multilocus gamete genotypes, and 30 genotypes were counted in three populations examined. The universal genotype was rare and 73% of the genotypes were restricted to a single population. This pattern of genotype variation is concordant with the general pattern in agamospermous or vegetatively reproducing plants. This study also indicated that the local endemic S. triangularifolium has no genetic variation and suggested that this species is a monoclonal lineage derived from hybridization between S. nipponicum and S. ternatum. Large-scale surveys of isozyme variation in higher plants have provided evidence of the important role of the mating system in influ- encing the amounts and organization of genetic diversity within and among populations (Ham- rick and Godt 1990; Loveless and Hamrick 1984). Among the great diversity of mating systems in higher plants, the inbreeding of homospo- rous pteridophytes has a unique position, and may give important insights into the genetic consequences of inbreeding. Homosporous pte- ridophytes produce free-living, bisexual ga- metophytes capable of producing completely homozygous sporophytes through intragame-


on current enthusiasm for 'communicative competence' as the goal of second (or first) language learning and teaching. The key sentence is, 'There is no case for regarding communicative competence as the central organizational and constitutive principle of class work'. In the course of this attack Professor George re-states several points that have, I gather, been concerns of his for some time. His call for attention to 'effort and reward', and the examples offered are useful reminders of some often forgotten realities of second language learning. He argues that the choice of specific expressions to be taught within


Efficient early identification of primary immunodeficiency is important for the patient prognosis and treatment. The first investigations need to be performed in case of severe, recurrent and/or unusual infections. Simple investigations like blood cell count, serum immunoglobulins level and postvaccination or post-infection serologies allow to direct the diagnosis. The medical history, the clinical examination and these laboratory investigations permit to realize more specific investigations according to the type of primary immunodeficiency suspected.


Research interest in Chinese businesses in Africa has surged in recent years. While state-owned firms have attracted considerable attention regarding the motives of their investment, relatively few studies have examined the strategy of the state-owned Chinese firms and human resource management (HRM) implications. Similarly, the causes underlying the expansion of Chinese mining firms internationally and the effects of management are yet to be adequately addressed in the international management literature. This study fills these research gaps through the investigation of the international expansion motives of four state-owned mining firms, the strategy adopted to facilitate this expansion and the HRM implications. Drawing on institutional theory and data from 39 interviews with government officials, managers and Chinese expatriates, factors such as why and how different institutional actors interact with each other at the strategic and operational levels to shape the Chinese mining firms' business opportunities and constraints are examined. The study shows the Chinese mining firms' flexible and pragmatic approaches to building connections with various institutional actors in the host country. They also develop organizational capacity through joint ventures and acquiring human resources from the international market. The study contributes to the knowledge in the international management area, a field that has been dominated by the study of private firms, by revealing the strategies and management practices of the Chinese state-owned multinational firms in the mining sector.


The increasing growth of illegal online activities in the so-called dark web—that is, the hidden collective of internet sites only accessible by a specialized web browsers—has challenged law enforcement agencies in recent years with sparse research efforts to help. For example, research has been devoted to supporting law enforcement by employing Natural Language Processing (NLP) to detect illegal activities on the dark web and build models for their classification. However, current approaches strongly rely upon the linguistic characteristics used to train the models, e.g., language semantics, which threatens their generalizability. To overcome this limitation, we tackle the problem of predicting illegal and criminal activities—a process defined as threat intelligence—on the dark web from a complementary perspective—that of dark web code maintenance and evolution— and propose a novel approach that uses software quality metrics and dark website appearance parameters instead of linguistic characteristics. We performed a preliminary empirical study on 10.367 web pages and collected more than 40 code metrics and website parameters using sonarqube. Results show an accuracy of up to 82% for predicting the three types of illegal activities (i.e., suspicious, normal, and unknown) and 66% for detecting 26 specific illegal activities, such as drugs or weapons trafficking. We deem our results can influence the current trends in detecting illegal activities on the dark web and put forward a completely novel research avenue toward dealing with this problem from a software maintenance and evolution perspective.


The aim of the paper is to understand the challenges sharing the product frame between industrial designers with the engineering designers. The study is based on six case studies. The analysis showed correspondence between industrial designers and engineering designers in their understanding of the key elements of the context and concept. However the analysis also showed a lack of correspondence between the industrial designers and engineering designers in regards to the product framing and thereby how the different elements of the product frame is connected and interrelated.


Coenzymes are organic protein molecules enhance the action of enzyme. Being a Coenzyme now a day Co Q10 is used in different purposes like stress, Congestive heart failure, hypertension, parkinsonism etc. Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol are the effective Constituents of Co Q10. Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol are very useful as antioxidant Compound. Free radicals may be formed through natural human physiological processes as well as from the environment. They may be the result of diet, stress, smoking, alCohol, exercise, inflammation, drugs or exposure to sunlight and air pollutants Co Q10 has the remarkable effectiveness as vital intermediate on electron transport chain at Mitochondria. Coenzyme Q10 is Synthesized in intercellular region in the human body using tyrosine as fundamental building blocks. Q10 is a 1,4benzoquinone, where Q refers to the quinone chemical group, and 10 refers to the number of isoprenyl chemical subunits in its tail. General dose of Co Q10 is 150 mg/day. Gastrointestinal disturbances have been reported as major adverse effect of this molecule till date. Current development in the production of Co Q10 is going on Continuously from plant, reCombinant Escherichia Coli and metabolically engineered Escherichia Coli sources. Lots of research work is already going on this matter. In future if some research is needed on this Co- enzyme Q10 then this survey will stand as an informative document to researcher.


SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONSThe International Space Station (ISS) uses Orbital Replacement Units (ORU's) to repair failures on orbit. Since the ORUs' are large and each one can repair only a single failure, it seems attractive to repair failures at a lower system or component level to reduce logistics mass. However, the lowest level subsystems can be very complex, with many parts and interconnections. Such complexity increases the difficulty of fault diagnosis and repair. A System Complexity Metric (SCM) is defined as equal to the sum of the number of parts in a system plus the sum of the one-way interconnections between them. SCM = N + I. The SCM shows that system complexity can be reduced by using a hierarchical system design with multiple layers, which pushes complexity down to the lowest system layer.The time and difficulty of troubleshooting increase with system complexity. System failures are not usually due to subsystem or component failures and then cannot be solved by successive substitutions. Many failures cannot be located on the system schematic but are due to unexpected influences, such as ground loops, radio frequency interference, and thermal or vibration effects. Effective trouble shooting may require setting aside assumptions to look for unexpected interactions. Because of the complexity of the lowest level components, attempts to repair them can easily fail.


In continuation of the work reported in a previous note 1 the following results were obtained: The precipitable substances extracted by dilute alcohol from various bacilli are of different sorts. While the substance derived from B. typhosus loses its activity by digestion with trypsin, the extracts of B. paratyphosus B and B. proteus X19 resist tryptic digestion like that of V. cholera. The substance extracted from B. paratyphosus B and B. proteus yielded reducing sugar after hydrolysis. The N content of the substance obtained from B. typhosus approximates that of proteins. After treating B. typhosus several times with hot 75 per cent alcohol, an extract was prepared by heating with saline solution. This substance differed serologically from the above mentioned substance of typhoid bacilli, in that it was precipitated strongly by immune sera prepared with typhoid bacilli extracted with dilute alcohol, and gave weak reactions with immune sera prepared with dilute alcohol extracts. It is likewise digested by trypsin, and therefore both products apparently differ from that described by Douglas and Fleming. 2 After digesting with trypsiti, the yrecipitable substance extracted with dilute alcohol from B. paratyphosus B still reacted with B. paratyphosus B immune sera, but not with immune sera prepared with the dilute alcohol extract of B. typhosus or B. enteridis. This crude preparation of B. paratyphosus B produced strongly agglutinating and precipitating sera when injected into rabbits. A second extract was obtained also from B. proteus HX19 with saline solution from the bacilli previously treated with dilute alcohol. In contrast to the dilute alcohol extract this preparation had a high N content and was digested by trypsin. Both the dilute alcohol and the saline extracts reacted with common HX19 and OX19 immune sera but gave practically no precipitations with typhoid and paratyphoid antisera.


The Finnish national school curriculum, effective from 2004, does not include any topics related to Computer Science (CS). To alleviate the problem that school students are not able to study CS-related topics, the Department of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki prepared a completely online course that is open to pupils and students in all schools in Finland. The course is a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), as the attendance scales without an upper bound. Schools in Finland have offered the MOOC as an elective CS course for their students and granted formal school credits for completing (parts of) it. Since our MOOC is exactly the same programming course as our university-level CS1 course, we are able to use the MOOC also as a long-lasting entrance exam to the CS BSc and MSc degrees. After two spring semesters of operation, we have observed that there are school students dispersed around Finland who are ready and willing to take on a challenging programming course online, and bridging the MOOC to a full study right makes a strong incentive to keep working on the programming assignments, even without traditional teaching.


This fact sheet provides the details of the operation of wet thermal oxidation, which can handle waste destined for landfills in a continuous, enclosed process with much lower pollution and higher efficiency than conventional ''mass burn'' incinerators. As the fact sheet explains, the process has the potential to both reduce the $30 billion per year cost of landfilling MSW, and save a million barrels of oil per day in the bargain.


Abstract : A system has been designed for the military departments and the defense agencies to account for and report all full- and part-time DoD manpower engaged in security assistance (Foreign Military Sales and Military Assistance Program). The system is called the Security Assistance Manpower Accounting System (SAMAS). The report deals primarily with considerations and issues involved in the development of SAMAS. A draft of the Department of Defense Instruction which implements SAMAS is included. The report also contains recommendations for changing the DoD program element structure and for developing a methodology to improve forecasts of FMS manpower.


[55881-03-3] C12H36B2F8N6OP2 (MW 516.10)

InChI = 1S/C12H36N6OP2.2BF4/c1-13(2)20(14(3)4,15(5)6)19-21(16(7)8,17(9)10)18(11)12;2*2-1(3,4)5/h1-12H3;;/q+2;2*-1

InChIKey = MSSSPRSPUHPRKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

(a mild dehydrating agent, useful in peptide synthesis,2 dehydration of aldoximes to nitriles3 and Beckmann or Lossen-type rearangements3)

Alternate Name: Bates' reagent.

Physical Data: mp 194–204 °C.

Solubility: insol ether, EtOAc, THF, CH2Cl2, CHCl3; sol MeCN, DMF, HMPA.

Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid; limited commercial availability.

Preparative Methods: by treatment of Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide with p-toluenesulfonic anhydride at 55 °C for 3 h, isolation of the bis(p-toluenesulfonate), then treatment with NaBF4 in MeCN.2

Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be used with care without special precautions; however, it reacts with water to produce HMPA (carcinogenic) and HBF4 (corrosive).


The article focuses on recent researches of geometry and applied force analysis in curved fiber in the concrete. The constitutive equations were derived for flexible fiber reinforced concrete. The research of dynamic energy loss was made on the base of the constitutive relations.


Hare-Clark System - Cultural Artefact - Companion to Tasmanian History - NAME is a biographical, bibliographical and archival database of SUBJECT with links to related articles and images. ADD MORE DESCRIPTION AS REQUIRED


The paper presents a real-time audio processing procedure based on variable digital delay lines controlled by frequency modulation synthesis parameters, a particular case of phase modulation. First, the fundamentals and concerns about its application in real-time are discussed. The remainder of the text describes the application of this technique to different musical compositions with live-electronics, showing the strategies developed for each case.


This paper presents an approach to uncertainty-optimal path planning for a mobile manipulator based on localizability and guarantee manipulability simultaneously. Information matrix is used to indicate the localizability or localization uncertainty in a known map and the cubic Bezier spline is used to represent the path for platform to check. Given a path of end-effector, this algorithm guarantees the manipulability greater than a given value, chooses the uncertainty of end-effector as the optimization index, uses particle swarm optimization algorithm to find an optimal path for platform to track. Simulations and experiments are presented that show the algorithm has the capability to reduce the uncertainty of platform and end-effector.


Mixed-precision quantization can compress the size of the Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) without reducing the accuracy of the network. A fixed bit width CNN accelerator needs to match the largest bit width in mixed- precision CNNs, which cause a huge waste of resource. In order to match the multiple quantization bit width of mixed- precision CNNs, we propose a reconfigurable microprocessing element (RmPE) that supports multi-precision parallel multiplication and addition operations. After testing, when the CNN accelerator with RmPE infers mixed-precision VGG-16 and ResNet-50 on the Ultra96-V2 platform, the computing performance of the accelerator reaches 216.6 GOPS and 214 GOPS, and the computing efficiency of the accelerator reaches 0.63 GOPS/DSP and 0.64 GOPS/DSP. Compared with the fixed-bit width CNN accelerator, our accelerator has higher computational efficiency.


Pre-election polls have been conducted using different modes of data collection with varying degrees of accuracy. As media's appetite for horserace polling increased, the demand for all types of data collection increased, raising the price of achieving a representative sample. Mixing modes of data collection have been popular due to the increased cost of polling using traditional methods such as face-to-face interviews, mail-in surveys, or live operator phone surveys. Due to technological advances in self-administered surveys, other forms of data collection provide more cost-effective solutions. Florida Atlantic University's Business and Economics Polling Initiative conducted political polls throughout the fall of 2020 in anticipation of the general election for President of the United States. This unique dataset from polls conducted in September and October of 2020 showed interactive voice response (IVR) landline polling to be the most accurate statewide and across most regions of Florida. The survey data collected via opt-in online panels and via mobile phone text messaging exhibited results outside of the margin of error for certain regions. However, given the trend of declining landline phones and greater instances of exclusive mobile phone usage, polling by way of online and mobile phone surveys is becoming increasingly important.


The current paper expands on previous work done on the influence of learners' language and preexisting knowledge on understanding physics terminology by exploring the concept of ACCELERATION in Arabic and English. The study attempts to answer two questions: (1) what are the similarities and differences between the polysemy of Arabic عرُاَسَت (tasāruʿ) (acceleration) and the polysemy of English acceleration, and (2) to what extent do prototypes and factors motivating the conceptualization of عرُاَسَت (tasāruʿ) and the conceptualization of acceleration converge or diverge? To this end, Arabic and English dictionaries and corpora, the ArabiCorpus (Arabic Corpus Search Tool) and the British National Corpus (BNC), were employed. The dictionaries were surveyed to explore the various meanings of عرُاَسَت (tasāruʿ) and acceleration, while the ArabiCorpus and the BNC were employed to investigate the senses and to identify the most frequent collocates and so the prototypes of these terms. The meaning extension of the terms is examined on the basis of the cognitive mechanisms which appear in the corpora. Theoretically, the paper is informed by the prototype theory (Rosch, 1973; 1975), image schemas (Johnson, 1987), and conceptual metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980/2003). The results show that عرُاَسَت (tasāruʿ) (acceleration) and acceleration generally overlap in terms of polysemy, prototype, and images schemas as well as conceptual metaphor that organize the conceptualization of these terms. It was also found that both Arab and English speakers mix ACCELERATION up with SPEED and so misunderstand them in a scientific setting. The present findings have several implications for science curriculum design, education, and research on universal and culture-specific properties of language.


We present estimates of the present and future deposition of atmospheric nitrogen into the Baltic Sea made using the Eulerian chemical transport model MATCH, and compare these with earlier model es ...


Experiment teaching is an important part in the whole teaching process,physical chemistry experiment is general and considered as the bridge between the fundamental course and applied course,scientific research.In the process of experiment teaching,the advantages of all the facilities should be taken to stimulate the interest of the students and then to improve their ability,in a word,the physical chemistry experimental course is focused on the improvement of the basic ability for students.


Abstract The experiences of COVID‐19 differ at both micro and macro levels. This emphasizes the need for differentiated responses that account for the varying vulnerabilities of diverse groups regarding the pandemic. In Ghana, much of the attention on COVID‐19 has been on urban centres, particularly the country's two largest metropolises in southern Ghana. This has created a gap between national level policy and the experiences of COVID‐19 among rural dwellers in Ghana. This is despite evidence that the world's poorest populations will bear the brunt of COVID‐19 effects, and that globally, four out of five people living below the poverty line reside in rural areas. Using the Upper West Region as a case study, we discuss the differentiated vulnerabilities that agrarian communities in Ghana face regarding the pandemic. We situate our discussions within the theories of vulnerability and feminist political economy to highlight how interlocking vulnerabilities regarding historical, environmental, geopolitical, socio‐economic, health, and gendered inequalities affect the disposition of agrarian communities to cope with and recover from the COVID‐19 pandemic. We call for more nuanced COVID‐19 responses that account for the needs and experiences of agrarian communities in Ghana.


This study focused on electrocoagulation treatment of leachate in solid waste landfills to remove Cr(VI) on nickel nitride (Ni 3 N) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) anodes. NiO NPs and Ni 3 N anodes were synthesized by electrodeposition and hydrothermal methods, respectively. The structural characterization using SEM and XRD showed the smooth surface Ni 3 N was grown in hexagonal crystal structure and morphology NiO NPs contained the high porous and well-distributed nanoparticle in face-centered cubic phase. The Zeta potential studies illustrated the higher zeta potential of NiO NPs than Ni 3 N. Electrocoagulation studies indicated that complete removal of 1000 mg/l of potassium dichromate pH 5.1 as model solution at a current density of 0.2 A was obtained after 85 and 50 minutes treatment on Ni 3 N and NiO NPs anodes, respectively. The 70% treatments were achieved at first 25 and first 15 minutes of the process for Ni 3 N and NiO NPs anodes, respectively. In the same electrocoagulation condition, the complete removal of 982 mg/l of Cr(VI) in prepared leachate as real sample was obtained after 110 and 65 minutes on Ni 3 N and NiO NPs anodes, respectively. The comparison of the obtained results in this study with other reported removal Cr(VI) by electrocoagulation technique showed that the high removal rate was obtained on NiO NPs anode due to stronger electrostatic interaction with Cr(VI) due to higher porosity and higher effective surface area, as a result, it supplies more active sites of Ni 3+ on surface.


ABSTRACT Presented is book five in a series of six books in the University of Illinois Astronomy Program which introduces astronomy to upper elementary and junior high school students. This guidebcok discusses the interior of stars, their source of energy, and their evolution. Topics presented include: the physical properties of the sun: model of the solar interior; using known physical laws as guides; the source of solar energy; properties of stars their luminosities: temperatures; masses; stellar models; the evolution of stars: mid birth and death of stars. (Author/DS)


Eight weeks feeding trial was conducted to investigate the chemical
composition, growth response, apparent nutrient digestibility, gut
characteristics and morphology of broiler chickens fed four diets
containing ethanol-treated castor oil seed meal (ECAM). Two hundred
day-old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were then allotted to the four
experimental diets containing ECAM at 0, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg,
respectively. Each treatment was replicated five times with 10 birds
per replicate. The final live weight, weight gain and feed intake
reduced (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary inclusion of ECAM.
Control fed broilers and those fed diets containing 100 g/kg and 150
g/kg ECAM had similar feed to gain ratio. Broilers fed diets containing
200 g/kg ECAM recorded the least (Linear and quadratic contrast, P <
0.05) crude protein and crude fibre digestibility, and the poorest
(Linear contrast, P < 0.05) feed to gain ratio. Similar improved
feed to gain ratio, apparent crude fibre, fat and ash digestibility
were noticed with birds fed the control diet, diets containing 100 g/kg
and 150 g/kg ECAM, respectively. Relative gizzard weight increased (P
< 0.05) with increasing dietary inclusion levels of ECAM. Broilers
fed with 200 g/kg ECAM recorded the heaviest (P < 0.05) relative
gizzard, pancreas, duodenum weight and the longest (P < 0.05)
relative jejunum and ileum length. Villi length and crypt depth of the
duodenum reduced (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary inclusion of
ECAM. In conclusion, ethanol-treated castor seed oil meal can be
included up to 150 g/kg diet in broiler ration without impairing growth
and nutrient digestibility.


Unprecedented, transition-metal-free NaOH-catalyzed homo- and cross-dimerizations of monofunctionalized hydrofullerenes are reported. Various single-bonded fullerene dimers were synthesized under mild reaction conditions with remarkably high yields. The use of a NaOH catalyst combined with tetrahydrofuran as a cosolvent under an air atmosphere is critical in achieving highly efficient catalytic dimerization.


In the present work, Platinum (Pt)/Copper (II) oxide (CuO) thin film based ethanol sensors were fabricated by sputtering of Pt in varying concentrations over pre-sputtered nanostructured CuO films. The responses of these sensors as a function of Pt concentrations were studied using operating temperature modulation (200-450 °C) and ethanol concentration modulation (100-2500 ppm). During these modulations, it was found that the sensing response was maximum at operating temperature near 400 °C for all the samples irrespective of the Pt concentration dispersed over them. Moreover, the sensing behavior improves for lower Pt concentration (Pt/CuO-60s) and deteriorates for higher Pt concentration (Pt/CuO-120s). In comparison with bare CuO sample, the sensitivity of Pt/CuO-60s increased up to 22% in the linear range and 33% for maximum ethanol concentration. Hence, the well dispersed optimum Pt additive concentration improves the overall sensing behavior including sensitivity, linear working range and response as well as recovery time.


In her "Cuba Journal," a series of letters written home about her daily life on a Cuban coffee plantation, where she traveled for a rest cure in 1833, Sophia Peabody describes Cuba as a realm of romance imbued by moonlight. Recounting an evening when she joined King Salvador, one of the plantation's slaves and a former African king, in conversation about his "former kingdom & subjects," she writes: I think the splendor of that evening surpassed anything I have yet seen in Cuba. The air was soft as the down of a dove's breast and delicately perfumed with the jessamine fragrance of the coffee blossom & the moon was so dazzling that to look straight at it gave me a shooting pain through the head--like that caused by the sun's direct rays.... It does indeed seem palpable & like an intelligent presence--Every object looked as if the heavens had snowed pearls & diamonds.... Even the ordinary share in the royal profusion & magnificence of beauty which showers down, & are for the lime [en]folded and robed in loveliness as in a mantle. The "disembodied spirit" of the moonlight, coupled with the fragrance of coffee blossoms, transforms the actual into the imaginary--simple objects into things of wealth, magnificence, and beauty, slaves into kings. Cautioned by her sister Elizabeth Peabody in an earlier letter to "drive slavery from [her] thoughts," Sophia mystifies the slave economy: she masks the power dynamic between master and slave behind polite conversation and detaches the labor of slavery, as figured by coffee, from its political and economic meanings by transforming it into a picturesque backdrop. Sophia's moonlit evening depends upon, even as it obscures, the economy of slavery. (1) The "magic moonshine" that produces Hawthorne's realm of romance in "The Custom-House" has much in common with Sophia's moonlit evening. (2) It also "spiritualize[s]" (CE 1:35) the everyday objects of domestic life, converting them into "things of intellect" (CE 1:35) and "snow-images" (CE 1:26). By translating the actual into the imaginary, Hawthorne's moonlight aestheticizes everyday life and transports it to the literary realm of romance. Like Sophia's description of Cuba, Hawthorne's formulation of romance converts a material economy into a symbolic one. Despite his efforts to obscure the relationship between these two economies, in order to establish his romance as separate from the commercial marketplace, Hawthorne recognizes their intimate relationship: he insists upon the "coal-fire" as an "essential influence in producing" the moonlight's effect (CE 1:36) and he repeatedly describes the scarlet letter as a "rag" (CE 1:31), thereby emphasizing its relation to the raw materials of the writer's trade in the 1850s--paper made of reconstituted cotton fibers (CE 1:25). (3) The traces of "gold embroidery" in the letter's "fine red cloth" figure Hawthorne's art in both aesthetic and economic terms: the golden needlework is meant to earn him cultural as well as commercial capital, a literary reputation as well as a livelihood (CE 1:31). Similarly, Hawthorne seeks to mystify the economics of his authorship in order to claim cultural prestige in an increasingly commodified and professionalized literary marketplace. Through the fiction of his early obscurity and the persona of the withdrawn writer, Hawthorne attempts, as Meredith McGill argues, to situate his authorship as free of the marketplace. Yet, as McGill shows, this withdrawal from the market is itself a market strategy, the way he "'renegotiates a relation to the reading public" and redeems his minor fiction "by the success of his later work." (4) Hawthorne finds his place in the literary marketplace by standing apart from it. He manipulates the literary marketplace even as he veils his commercial affiliations to it. While a number of critics have begun to disentangle the fictions of Hawthorne's authorial self-construction from the economic realities of his authorship, I want to pay particular attention to how the slave economy operates in Hawthorne's understanding of--and place within--the literary marketplace. …


Through the study of several earthquake cases,it can be held that the same decreases of groundwater levels in different wells,though not many,were recorded before several strong earthquakes.These decreases indicate that the groundwater anomaly before earthquakes has the character of recurrence especially in the period from short-term to imminent earthquake occurrence.The time of earthquake occurrence,usually about 20 days or shorter after these anomaly become break,is relatively steady,so it can be regarded as the important time index for prediction of earthquake occurrence.Therefore,it appears extremely important to study the basic characteristics and the usage of the anomaly in earthquake analysis and prediction.


Research development in meshing theory of toroidal worm drive,involving the Hindley worm drive,the plane double-enveloping toroidal worm drive(the TP worm drive),the conical and double-cone double-enveloping toroidal worm drive,and so on,are discussed in this paper.The formation principle of the helicoid of toroidal worm,the meshing theory,the modification approach and the mismatch theory are all sketched.Some compendious comments are made on the significant achievements and progresses in meshing theory development of the toroidal worm drives.


FIELD: chemistry.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a process for the preparation of (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid of the formula I from its hydrochloride. Process is carried out according to the following scheme by dissolving the hydrochloride II in isopropanol, followed by treating the resulting solution with an equivalent amount of the organic base and separating the (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid precipitate (I) by filtration. Process is characterized in that diethylamine is used as an organic base..EFFECT: proposed process makes it possible to obtain (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid in quantitative yield and at the same time is effective and environmentally safe.1 cl, 3 ex


Often changes in the frequencies extracted from the vibration response are used for the detection of damage. However, these structural characteristics are also affected by the outside thermal environment; this effect could be large enough to mask the changes caused by the damage. So it is important to understand and predict the effect of the environmental variations on these characteristics to separate them from those caused by the damage. This paper examines the trends in the frequencies variations of a reinforced concrete box girder bridge structure subjected to a nine-year long record of measured temperature, radiation, and wind speed. It is observed that the major trends in the frequency variations are parallel to the major trends in thermal environment. The paper then presents and validates an identification approach to estimate the system frequencies directly from a few measured temperature values without a detailed finite element analysis.


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As I write this article, we are 1 month into spring. This season is traditionally known as a time of regrowth and renewal, when the flowers start to bloom and the birds being to chirp—and baby animals enter the world, perhaps with some hesitation, yet also with optimism. This spring in the United States, many of us are feeling a parallel with the season, as to a certain degree, we are emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic with both hesitation and optimism. However, we are not returning to the pre-2020 world; rather, we are learning to adapt as we create our new normal.


Abstract Numerical schemes based on small fixed-size grouping strategies have been successfully researched over the last few decades in solving various types of partial differential equations where they have been proven to possess the ability to increase the convergence rates of the iteration processes involved. The formulation of these strategies on fractional differential equations, however, is still at its infancy. Appropriate discretization formula will need to be derived and applied to the time and spatial fractional derivatives in order to reduce the computational complexity of the schemes. In this paper, the design of new group iterative schemes applied to the solution of the 2D time fractional advection-diffusion equation are presented and discussed in detail. The Caputo fractional derivative is used in the discretization of the fractional group schemes in combination with the Crank–Nicolson difference approximations on the standard grid. Numerical experiments are conducted to determine the effectiveness of the proposed group methods with regard to execution times, number of iterations, and computational complexity. The stability and convergence properties are also presented using a matrix method with mathematical induction.The numerical results will be proven to agree with the theoretical claims.


A new superposed epoch technique involving an eigen-analysis of the covariance matrix of a set of time series has been used to study the magnetic responses in the polar cap, auroral zone and subauroral zone to the occurrences of solar flares, central meridian passages of coronal holes and disappearing filaments on the Sun. This new technique is superior to the conventional technique of simple averaging in that the dominant common structure in the time series is more clearly identified and that secondary structures can also be extracted. About 6 years of data from 1984 to 1989, extending from solar minimum to solar maximum, have been used in this study. The study showed that the time-delay between the occurrence of solar flares and geomagnetic disturbances is 2-3 days, the delay between the central meridian passage of coronal holes and disturbances is 2-5 days and the delay between the disappearance of filaments and disturbances is 2-6 days. These time-delays, which are based on statistical analysis using the new technique, can serve as guidelines for geomagnetic forecasting.


CALL HOR PAPERS for the Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, which is scheduled to begin publication in the spring of 1986. The journal is designed to be part of an international effort to bring together scholarly treatments of all aspects of pidginization and creolization. Associated with the journal is a monograph series, the Creole Language Library. The editors would like to encourage writers of monograph-length manuscripts to consider the CLL as a potential outlet. The editorial set-up for the JPCL and CLL is: Glenn Gilbert (Editor, JPCL), Department of Linguistics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA; Mervyn Alleyne (Book Review Editor, JPCL), Department of Linguistics and Use of English, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica; Heidi Langner (Assistant Editor, JPCL), Department of Linguistics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA; Pieler Muysken (Editor, CLL), Department of General Linguistics, University of Amsterdam, Spuistraat 210, PO Box 19188, 1010 VT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The editorial board: Roger Andersen (Los Angeles), Lionel Bender (Carbondale), Derek Bickerton (Honolulu), Norbert Boretzky (Bochum), Lawrence Carrington (St. Augustine, Trinidad), Hazel Carter (Madison), Frederic Cassidy (Madison), Robert Chaudenson (Aix-en-Provence), Chris Corne (Auckland), Hans den Besten (Amsterdam), Marta Dijkhoff (Willemstad, Curacao), Luiz Ivens Ferraz (Johannesburg), Morris Goodman (Evanston), Ian Hancock (Austin), John Holm (New York), George Huttar (Dallas), Hilda Koopman (Los Angeles), Claire Lefebvre (Montreal), Robert Le Page (York), Peter Miihlhausler (Oxford), John Rickford (Stanford), Suzanne Romaine (Oxford), Pieter Seuren (Nijmegen), Dan Slobin (Berkeley), Norval Smith (Amsterdam), Albert Valdman (Bloomington), and Herman Wekker (Nijmegen).


The utilization of medicinal plants is the local wisdom of the people of Waesano Village, Sanonggoang, West Manggarai Regency. Local wisdom is a form of culture that can be defined as the whole system of ideas, action, and results of human's work in social life that is possessed through learning. This qualitative research that was carried out in Waesano Village, Sanonggang, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, uses communication ethnographic method to explain the connection between categories in the research. Ethnography of communication seeks to portray human ways of life. This study aim to reveal ritual communication in  Waesano Village which play a role the enculturation of local wisdom in the use of medicinal plants. Research result prove that local wisdom in form of the utilization of medicinal plants consists of identifying the variant of a medicinal plant, how to pick, how to process, and consumption dose. Inheritance or enculturation of a local wisdom in form of medicinal plant utilization is through ritual communication such as between father and child, parents-in-law and children-in-law. Another form of communication which plays a role in the enculturation process are students that receive medicinal plant lesson from teacher who teaches Local Content subject of Environmental Education and Conservation. Having the variety of communication processes, the local wisdoms are expected to be able to survive in Waesano.


Two controlled cabinet experiments compared the germination of 6 Lotus genotypes over a range of temperature (0-40¦C) and moisture potentials (0 to -1.2 MPa). A field experiment compared the emergence of 5 Lotus genotypes over 18 sowing dates. Lotus cornzculatus cv. Grasslands Goldie. L. uliginosus, Grasslands Maku, G4703, G4704. and cv. Sharnae were included in both the controlled cabinet and field experiments. Lotus suaveolens CPI 35903 was included in the controlled cabinet experiments only and Trifolium repens cv. Haifa was included as a control in the field study. Of the commercially available Lotus cultivars, Grasslands Goldie provides the greatest flexibility in terms of sowing date in coastal New South Wales and could be successfully sown even in late autumn and winter as it had the lowest base temperature for germination and field emergence. G4703, Sharnae, and G4704 had a lower base moisture potential for germination than the other 3 Lotus genotypes but this was not translated to better field emergence. Lotus suaveolens had an extremely low base temperature for germination (l¦C) compared with L. uliginosus cv. Grasslands Maku (6.4¦C). Hybridisation of this species with both L. corniculatus and L. uliginosus could result in germplasm capable of germinating better at low temperature but still able to maintain the perenniality, rhizomatous habit, and presence of condensed tannin of L. uliginosus.


This is a question that deserves careful thought. I suspect that most readers of Quadrant long ago decided in favour of other objectives, certainly other primary objectives. Power, influence, scholarly reputation, friendships, a happy family, an interesting and balanced set of activities, are all ways to achieve a satisfying life. Many people would claim to have scored well on more than one of these objectives, yet economics, that dismal science, reminds us that many of life's dilemmas consist of deciding between conflicting objectives, of allocating scarce resources (including time, the scarcest of all) to our goals.


Context‐specific control mechanisms of hypoxia‐inducible transcription factors HIF‐1alpha and HIF‐2alpha in tumors exposed to oxygen shortage remain incompletely understood. In this issue, Zhang et al (2022) identify a deubiquitinase that differentially stabilizes HIF‐2alpha in stem‐like glioblastoma cells, suggesting potential implications for regulation of the hypoxic response in a wide array of tissues and cancers.


Subjects of two cognitive levels (60 subjects at concrete operational and 60 at formal operational levels) were given Piaget's three-mountains task under three conditions. The first group was encouraged to use images, the second group spatial locations, the third was a control group. As hypothesized, spatial decentering is a task which can be solved by different cognitive strategies. The choice of a strategy depends upon the subject's cognitive level, e.g., use of image strategy increases performance of subjects at the concrete operational stage and decreases performance of subjects at the formal operational stage.


In this study, a 65 cm long sediment core was obtained for pollen analysis from Lake Marmara situated in the west of Türkiye. The bottom sediment was dated by one AMS radiocarbon date on bulk organic carbon. Thus, the core provides information about the vegetation history of the lake for the last 700 years. Palynological evidence indicates that the vegetation around the lake basin was dominated by Quercus (evergreen oaks) and Pinus. The presence of Olea, Juglans, and Poaceae pollen grains reveals that this forest vegetation was interrupted from time to time by human impact. The existence of the non-arboreal Taraxacum and Plantago in the uppermost zones of the pollen diagram also indicates grazing or deterioration of the vegetation cover in this region from 1568 AD to the present.


In this research work a 10 bit SAR(Successive Approximation Register) type ADC(Analog to Digital Converter) IP(Intellectual Property) has been approached with some specifications along with the circuit diagram of each elementary design block. Here 180 nm technology has been used. Various types of performance parameters like area, resolution, i/p current, i/p impedance, conversion time etc. have been discussed. Also the pre-layout as well as post layout simulation results have been given in this paper.


The present study was made to find out about reasons for non‐participation in mass screening. The material of the study consisted of the women invited to mass screening in Helsinki in 1966. These women were of ages 40 and 50 and their total number was 6,569, of whom 1,566 did not accept the invitation. An inter‐ view and questionnares sent by mail brought in a total of 986 replies from women who had participated in the screening and 753 replies from women who had not.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the acceptance intention of education for effective convergence of education trainees using technical acceptance model(TAM) and Structural Equation Modeling Approach(SEM). The order of study was set research model and studies were conducted a study to verify that research model fit. Through previous research, Innovativeness of the respondents, subjective norms of the respondents, the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and the convergence of education also accommodate five factors were derived and it was set according to the TAM seven hypotheses. This study was conducted a survey of the Cyber University Students. The survey was composed of five factors and twenty detail factors. A total of 244 parts of the survey results were derived through. The results of this study is as follows; Education subjective norm, level of Acceptance-intention, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness are identified as affecting. As a result, the Architecture and Urban area convergence education it is important to show the orientation to be useful in a commercial environment. The result is indicating that the need to focus on any part of the Architecture and Urban area convergence educational opportunities.


This paper reports the Sentry autonomous underwater vehicle and its deployment on two cruises in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The first cruise, in June 2010, coupled Sentry with the TETHYS mass spectrometer to track and localize a subsea hydrocarbon plume at a depth of approximately 1100m going at least 30km from the oil spill site. In December 2010, Sentry mapped and photographed deep-sea biological communities for follow-up observations and sampling with the Alvin manned submersible. These cruises demonstrate how robots and novel sensing technologies contributed to the oil spill assessment and the broader impact of technologies developed for basic research.


Early IgM and IgG antibodies of CBA and C3H mice (Igh allotype j) against furyloxazolone (furyl Ox) were found to be heteroclitic, they had a 4–6 times higher affinity for styryloxazolone (styryl Ox) than for furyloxazolone. Anti‐furyl Ox antibodies of six other strains (Igh allotypes a, b, c, e, f or g) had approximately 100 times higher affinity for furyl Ox than for styryl Ox. The heteroclitic fine‐specificity was inherited as an Igh allotype‐linked trait.


Objective To evaluate the angiographic findings and the therapeutic effect of thrombolysis in AMI (acute myocardial infarction) patients. Method A retrospective study were carried out in consecutive eighty-four inpatients with AMI treated with intravenous thrombolysis and coronary angiography was taken within a week after illness onset from January 2000 to August 2007. The patients were divided into successful recanalization group and non-recanalization group. Single factor χ2 test and multi-factor logistic regression analysis were applied to observe the relationship among the angiographic features of IRA (infarct-related artery including the number of stnosis, the location of stenosis, the severity of stenosis and the morphological changes) and treatment effect of intravenous urokinase thrombolysis. Results (1) Single factor χ2 test showed that location and the extent of lesion of IRA were eligible to enter the logistic regression formula (P < 0.05),whereas the number of lesions and the severity of IRA's stenosis were not eligible to enter the logistic regression formula (P > 0. 05). (2) Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that the extent of lesion of IRA was the only factor that had a negative impact on the therapeutic effect of intravenous thrombolysis.Conclusions The study shows that the extent of lesion of IRA is the only factor that has a negative impact on the therapeutic effect of intravenous thrombolysis; The number, the location of lesion and the severity of stenosis of IRA have no impact on the therapeutic effect of intravenous thrombolysis in AMI.

Key words:
Acute Myocardial Infarction; Intravenous Thrombolysis; Reperfusion urokinase; Coronary angiography


New developments in methods and mechanisms of electrolytic coloring of anodized aluminium and its alloy are introduced in this paper. The technology and characteristics of electrolytic coloring are introduced simply, expounding the mechanisms of microcosmic reaction of electrolytic coloring and the achievements of sediments in anodic films in particular. In addition, color of anodic films is on account of interference action of light.


LY12CZ alloy samples with different exfoliation corrosion grades were prepared by dipping in EXCO solution. EIS characteristic of samples in 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution was studied. The results show that the samples with different exfoliation corrosion grades in 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution are of different EIS characteristic which can be used to distinguish the exfoliation corrosion state. The results provide a necessary foundation for field-monitor of aluminum alloy exfoliation corrosion.


Palm oil is an important cash crop for Malaysia and determining the factors affecting the diffusion of this cash crop is considered a viable strategy for attracting farmers to take up palm oil farming. Hence, a study to determine acceptance of oil palm innovation is very important as it will provide insights into the factors that influence acceptance, thereby informing the authorities concern of steps to take to improve acceptance. This study measured the influence of palm oil innovation characteristics, the level of knowledge, social system and communication channels towards acceptance of agricultural innovation among smallhoder palm oil farmers. Diffusion of Innovation Theory is adopted in formulating the theoretical framework to measure how the palm oil innovation is diffused among the smallholder farming community. This study employed a quantitative approach to obtain data from smallholder farmers in an area in Sarawak, East Malaysia. A survey using questionnaire was used to collect data from ninety nine (99) sampled respondents representing the smallhoder palm oil farmers. The questionnaire variables and items were mainly measured using 5-point likert scale. Both inferential and descriptive analysis were used to analyse the data. From the findings, only the characteristics of innovation and communication channels significantly influenced the acceptance of oil palm innovation among the farmers in the East Coast of Malaysia. However, the influence of communication channels was negative. This implies, in diffusing an innovation among traditional farmers, characteristics of the innovation should be the main focus. Meanwhile, the use of communication channels to diffuse innovation, especially radio and new media for development should be geared up as an aspect of development communication. Future research could replicate the study to include other parts of Malaysia in other to compare best practices for oil palm innovation acceptance.


The concentration of hormones in the bloodstream shows oscillations, reflecting the fact that endocrine physiology is structured over time. In many cases, these oscillations have an ultradian configuration that can be superimposed on a circadian rhythm. Secretion of hormones can be linked to the phases of sleep, as is the case with growth hormone (GH); can depend strongly on the circadian pacemaker, as in the case of cortisol; or be under the influence of both, as seen for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Thus, the temporal pattern of secretion of several hormones, and the resulting plasma concentration (also influenced by hormone tissue distribution and clearance), depends on impulses from biological clocks and is influenced by endogenous and exogenous masking factors. The extent of interindividual differences in the phenotypes of temporal patterns of hormone secretion is not well known. In this study, a series of eight hormones were measured over one night, and these measurements were repeated over another night. The study had two goals. The first was to explore the extent of inter individual differences in nocturnal and ultradian rhythms of these hormones. The second was to see how stable the individual patterns of nocturnal hormone secretion could be. Our results indicate that the temporal organization of hormone secretion into the blood is highly individual, and that these intraindividual patterns are conserved over time. This is relevant in view of the changes in secretion of several hormones that have been described in biological psychiatry research.


A properly designed transformer contributes a lot to the whole electromagnetic compatibility of a switch mode power supply which contains transformer(transformers) in its topology.The traditional EMC design method of transformer,including the source and transmission path of the common mode noise in flyback converter,is introduced.A new transformer EMC design method based on the idea of active noise nodes balance is proposed.Experimental results show that the new method provides a superior noise suppressing capability and lower cost and technology complexity of the transformer than the traditional one.This method is also applicable to other type's topology which contains transformer(transformers).


Abstract This study explored the effects of fraternity and sorority membership on first-year college students' development of socially responsible leadership at 24 colleges and universities. The institutions varied in terms of public versus private, size, region, and student residential patterns. Results showed that fraternity members demonstrated significantly higher scores on two components of leadership than unaffiliated men. Sorority members also demonstrated significantly higher scores on two dimensions of leadership compared to unaffiliated women. Implications for practice are discussed.


The paper models the behavior of the Central Bank of Bolivia, through the estimation of reaction functions. According to the monetary program, the central bank implements its policy through the use of monetary aggregates. However, given the crawling peg exchange rate regime, the nominal exchange rate became a very important variable for economic policy management. Additionally, the reduction in levels of dollarization have caused an improvement in the transmission mechanism from interest rates to prices. Thus, we estimate three reaction functions: one for the nominal exchange rate, other for the interest rate and other for the net loans. The results indicate that this variable adequately explains the stance of the monetary authority.


A pulse density modulated (PDM) series-resonant inverter for corona discharge process is studied. The PDM inverter produces either a square-wave voltage state or a zero voltage state at its AC output terminals to control the average output voltage in one power adjusting cycle. So the output power can be controlled in wide range, even if the corona discharge load has a strong nonlinear characteristic. The results of simulation and experiment have proved the theory analysis.


Objective:To investigate the quality of local low-molecular-weight heparins(LMWH) and compare with similar imported products,so as to provide the basis for the national specification.Method:Relative molecular mass and relative molecular mass distribution of LMWH was determined by high performance gel permeation chro- matography(HPGPC)on TSK-GEL G3000SW(7.5mm×30cm,10μm) column at 35℃ with 2.84%(pH 5.0) sodium sulfate as mobile phase,with RI and UV detector at 234 nm,The flow rate of mobile phase was 0.5 mL· min~(-1).Results:Relative molecular mass and relative molecular mass distribution of 124 LMWH samples of 15 do- mestic and overseas factories were analyzed.Conclusion:Almost all local products comply with the general rules of BP 2003,except two factories.In general,the relative molecular mass distribution of local products is wider than that of imported products.


Metasurfaces are becoming a flourishing field of research, with diverse applications, such as planar optical components and structural colors. While metallic metasurfaces are typically few tens of nanometers in their thickness, their dielectric counterparts typically span few hundreds of nanometers in thickness variations. This makes the stacking of multilayers a bit challenging. To mitigate this challenge, we have developed a new approach for the realization of dielectric metasurfaces. Our approach is based on the nanoscale local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS), allowing to achieve planar metasurface structures. We have utilized this approach for the design, fabrication and characterization of amorphous silicon based all-dielectric Huygens metasurfaces. These metasurfaces show clear electric and magnetic resonances, which can be structurally tuned. The obtained results are in good agreement with numerical simulations taking into account the unique shape of the nanoantennas. Relying on a robust approach for ...


This paper expands the empirical analysis of hysteresis in trade in two directions. First, it uses disaggregate data for exports from Germany to the U.S. to minimise aggregation problems. Second, it introduces a new non-linear model to test for the non-linear parameter. The model is flexible in the functional form of hysteresis and it allows for testing weak vs. strong hysteresis and perfect hysteresis vs. strong persistence. The result shows that previous tests made too restrictive assumptions and by correcting them, hysteresis can be found in most of the sectors. Finally, it compares the results with proxies for possible explanations of hysteresis.


We propose an energy efficient data aggregation tree algorithm for wireless sensor networks under a real-time scenario where the data aggregation must be performed within a specified latency constraint.The algorithm innovatively introduces the group-aware idea into the real-time data aggregation application,and it can choose path satisfying the latency constraint dynamically with lower energy consumption than other existing algorithm through a special mechanism.Moreover,this paper designs a synchronous mechanism for data aggregation timing control to supply special service for real-time data of proposed approach,performance of the proposed algorithm has been improved farther.Finally,extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithm is very efficient in energy-saving under the latency constraint and has better performance than other existing algorithms.


To discovery important event in a deterministic dynamic environment for decision-making in time,chance discovery,a new realm in intelligent information processing is focused by some researchers since 2000.According to targets of chance discovery,concept about chance/sign discovery is presented in this paper.Because there are much natural relation between data mining (knowledge discovery) and chance discovery,distinguish between data mining (knowledge discovery) and chance discovery are discussed and summarization for text chance/sign discovery is shown in this paper too.


The large-scale transformer protection is one of the most important devices in the protection system of substation and the requiring operating time is limited to 20ms or even less, i. e. A short data window orthogonal filter design method was presented through solving linear matrix equation after analyzing the physical concepts of sampling value phasor in fault signal. It could filter integer or fractional harmonic and guarantee cosine and sine filter possess the same amplitude versus frequency response characteristics. Then the design principle was put forward after analyzing the relationship between frequency property and data window transient responding performance. As an example, the design method was used as the adaptive digital filters for the transformer differential digital transformer differential protection device. The simulation of the algorithm was put forward in the MATLAB software platform. The dynamic test result of the algorithm shows the design method has the good ability for the transformer differential protection especial in transient performance. If it has appropriate settings, it won't be mal-operation on the condition of TA saturation or energizing inrush. The digital transformer differential protection will be improved greatly if this digital filter is used.


The simulation skills of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) pattern for the CMIP6 models are evaluated in this study. Both the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) and historical experiments are utilized to understand the effect of SST forcing and air–sea interaction. The spatial correlation coefficient, standard deviation, and root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) are used as the objective metrics. The results suggest that the multimodel mean (MME) for both AMIP and historical data could capture the basic spatial patterns of the SAM for all seasons, featuring the opposite sign between the middle and high latitudes with a zonal three‐wave structure in the middle latitudes (positive phase). However, the overall skill of the AMIP simulation is higher than that of the historical simulation, which could be attributed to realistic SST forcing being applied. The simulation skill varies for different seasons: the skill for boreal spring (March–May [MAM]) is the lowest, while it is highest in boreal winter (December–February [DJF]). Further analysis shows that the simulations of the SAM asymmetric part are the key component for the simulation of the spatial pattern of the SAM, especially sensitive in MAM. The wave–current interaction simulation at mid–high latitudes is suggested to be improved for the advancement of SAM simulations in future model development.


Eight vi ru ses are reported from cowpeas in Africa . Cowpea viruses are described from lowland, humid and sub·humid West Africa, as well as from mid· a ltitude ecological zones mainly found in eastern and southern Africa. Wherever facilities are limited and detailed characterization is not possible, a simple procedure using a combination of serology (agar·gel diffusion test), inoculation to test plants, and vector transmission studies, is proposed for the identification of the cowpea viruses reported so far from Africa. The possibilities of controlling these viruses are brieny dis· cussed .


We have prepared Nb 3 Ge, Nb 3 Ge 1-x Ga x and Nb 3 Ge 1-x Sn x on heated alumina substrates using CVD. Midresistive transitions were up to 21K and transition widths were as low as 0.3K. Critical currents were measured to 22 Tesla at temperatures from 4.2K to 19K. Effective upper critical fields B* c2 were measured by extrapolating J\min{c}\max{V2} vs B data. Preliminary data show that for small Ga additions, B* c2 increased above the value at x=0. Flux pinning forces vs reduced field b=B/B* c2 do not obey scaling laws, which we explain as being due to inhomogeneous material having a distribution of T c and B c2 values.


In our times, the presence of technology, and in particular in the form of smart devices, in every aspect of human activity is now considered indisputably a fact. The man, as the most adaptive being of our planet, and more specifically students of all ages, in order to be able to cope with these needs of the time, they should be able to be trained with all the necessary skills in this direction. This need for the modernization of education has been highlighted several years now, through many studies and conferences, there has been progress in its 'programming teaching'. The room for improvement is, however, analogous to the development of technology, leading to the urgent need to further expand the approaches by IT instructors so that programming curricula can be integrated into all levels of education and training, to cover the wide range of learner needs as this arises from their diversity according to their age, subject and level. Having therefore not only the teaching of programming itself, but also the overall training of the individual with the ability to resolve, plan, and cope with any form of problem [Seymour Papert and Alan Kay] Large-scale educational institutions (MIT) and large-scale companies in the field (Google) have developed many tools so that programming teaching becomes more attractive, easier but most effective. An example of the latter is App Inventor, a free and open visual programming environment, with which users of all capabilities can create their own applications. In this way, programming teaching tends to become more attractive, and motivated for all, since everyone can create applications for smart devices that can be used by themselves but also not only. In our case study, we aim, using App Inventor, to cover the first part of the problem of its syllabus, and to simplify the basic concepts of programming.


In current electronics production, the quality of the final product is still assured by expensive 100% tests of the finished sub-assemblies. Due to the increasing costs for assembly and test of electronic products and the trends towards miniaturization and higher functionality, this kind of quality control must be replaced by integrated test strategies already in the assembly process and by quality assurance of components and materials. This problem is becoming more important due to the assembly of new and more highly integrated components such as bare dice or chip size packages. The processing of these components is in fact a combination of capable processes and intelligent in-line tools to assure the manufacturing quality. Furthermore, the assembled components themselves must fulfil a higher level of quality. Both misunderstanding and ignorance of these correlations can easily lead to complex failure mechanisms (i.e. solder beading, voiding, popcorning), that are very costly and difficult to handle. At the FAPS, a method has been pursued to shift quality assurance from the test panel into production and to prepare a basis for fast process controls. The target is to decrease testing costs and to lower the scrap rate by installing an in-process quality assurance system. In this paper, the principles of such an accompanying quality system are presented. The two basic assumptions, capable processes and intelligent tools for in-process inspection, are introduced and their realization in the Institute's laboratory is presented.


The diversion or turning back flight is an effect method to ensure the flight safety,but it would be costly,so we can analyze the diversion or turning back flights and determine the frequently happening time period,and enhance the control.Thus,we can reduce the cost caused by the diversion or turning back flights on the basis of flight safety.The determination of the frequently happening period of the diversion or turning back can be described as the search problem on the multi attributes space,and its problem exists in many application areas,suchas,the customer credit rating for the commercial bank and the performance assessment.In the multi attributes space,there are many normal point and abnormal points,and we can determine the attributes range where the abnormal points frequently happen by mathematics model and programming and make sure the proportion of the abnormal points is much higher and the number of the abnormal points can get a certain level.The model has been applied to one Airline Company and more than 30 diversion or turning back flights have been avoided in one year since the application.


Synopsis The Hopf algebra structure of H*(ΩG, F2) and the action of the dual Steenrod algebra are completely and explicitly determined when G isone of the connected, simply connected, exceptional, simple Lie groups. The approach is homological, using connected coverings and spectral sequences.


Clinical value of a symptomatic arterial hypertension is determined by its wide prevalence and an expressed negative influence on the life forecast. However the problem of causes identification is paid not enough attention though correctly assembled anamnesis and the carried investigation with the assistance of interested doctors, radiotherapists, cardiologists, endocrinologists, surgeons allows to suspect presence of the adrenal or nephritic form of hypertension.A complex approach to this problem allows to reveal more than twofold patients. Surgical elimination of the reasons of hypertension allows to normalize arterial pressure.


Based on the results of the statistical analysis of a large amount of measured dada in slope engineering, a theoretical model for natural slope failure for underground mining of phosphorus ore-deposit in mountainous areas is established by using the artificial neural networks theory and applied to predict the stability factor of natural slope in Dingjiahe phosphorus mine. The agreement of the theoretical results with the actual situation of natural slope shows that the proposed model is satisfactory; and the theoretical models obtained are valid; and thus can be effectively used for predicting the slope failure due to underground mining of phosphorus ore-deposit in mountainous areas.


A new link in Korea from the city of Busan to Geoje Island is in the beginning stages of construction and expected to be completed in 2010. This Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project will hopefully raise tourism development, and reduce traffic jams on travel to the Island. This is a public/private partnership build-transfer-operate project, with 72% of the funding coming from the private sector, and 28% from the government. This structure will consist of Korea's first immersed tube tunnel and two major cable-stayed bridges. By using precast structures and a fast track system with concurrent design, construction and approval, the design team and consultants expect to reduce the length of the time spent in offshore construction operations. As the area experiences high waves and typhoons, wind tunnel tests were performed and aerodynamic edge fairings were added to the two-pylon cable-stayed bridge to increase the stability of the deck.


A device for bending an intraocular lens (IOL) and then hold it in folded condition, optionally in combination with a box to hold the device, comprising a member (1) FOLDING into two sections (10,12) which can be DIMENSIONS substantially equal, each of said sections HAS A shell portion (24) formed in a groove (20) between each section and dimensioned to receive an edge of the lens of an IOL UNFOLDED (18) AND TO CONTAIN IOL IN PLANE member when the member is in its unfolded state.


Analyzing customer reviews is important for the sellers as well as for the customers who buys product online or even offline. Companies these days put efforts and are quite conscious about the reviews and the sentiments of the consumers about the company products and its policies. Online reviews are being monitored and responded by the companies in accordance with their relevance to the product and their services. Opinion Mining is an option and an algorithm to study and understand the mass opinion about the products and the services of an individual or the company.


A television viewing experiment—preceded and followed by interviews about attitudes, usual television viewing patterns and demographics—was conducted with 111 legally blind adults who were convened in groups. The research examined the impact of watching television science programs with and without audio description. The experiment showed that respondents gained and retained more information from watching programs with description. Respondents reported that description makes programs more enjoyable, interesting, and informative; and that they are more comfortable talking with sighted people about programs that had been described. The positive impact of added description was greater for the program with less narration in its original format.


Abstract : The 14-day subchronic oral toxicity of nitroguanidine was evaluated in male and female rats. Nitroguanidine was administered in the diet at dose levels of 0, 100, 316, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 14 days. The addition of nitroguanidine to the diet did not have an effect on food consumption, but there was a significant dose-response increase in water consumption. Clinical signs attributable to the test compound were not observed during the study. At necropsy, blood samples were taken for hematological and serum clinical analyses. Serum potassium and calcium values were decreased in the treated dose groups. Microscopic examination of tissues from the control and 1000-mg/kg/day/ dose group animals revealed no lesions attributable to the administration of nitroguanidine. These findings indicate that nitroguanidine is nontoxic in rats when administered at doses as high as 1000 mg/kg/day for 14 days. The findings of serum electrolyte decreases coupled with increased water consumption suggest that nitroguanidine, which is excreted unchanged in the rat's urine, may be acting as an osmotic diuretic. Keywords: Subchronic oral toxicity; Nitroguanidine; Toxicology; Rat; Response(Biology); Physiological effects; Toxic tolerances; Triple base propellants; Ammunition; Hazardous wastes.


This paper investigates the maximum principle for a nonlinear size structured model that describes the optimal management of the fish resources taking into account harvesting the fish and putting the fry. First, we show the existence of a unique non-negative solution of the system, and give a comparison principle. Next, we prove the existence of optimal policies by using maximizing sequence and Mazur's theorem in convex analysis. Then, we obtain necessary optimality conditions by using tangent-normal cones and adjoint system techniques. Finally, some examples and numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results in our paper.


e13063Background: Colon cancer is among the leading causes of cancer and cancer mortality. Colon cancer patients undergo frequent hospitalizations pertaining to imaging, colonoscopy, colorectal surgery, and/or chemoradiation depending upon the stage and type of colon cancer. Much focus has been turned recently on reducing 30-day readmission rates to curb health care costs. This study was done to determine demographic parameters and risk factors associated with 30-day readmission rate after index colon cancer admission stay. Methods: Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data was used to extract data of patients discharged after diagnosis of colon cancer during index admission for years 2009-2013. Patients were identified by Clinical Classification Software (CCS) code 14, corresponding to ICD 9 codes of 1530-39, 1590, 20910-16, 2303, V1005. NIS represents 20% of all hospital data in the US. Patients readmitted within 30 days were identified and demographic parameters and risk factors associated with high readm...


The invention discloses a wireless network based magnetic stress nondestructive detection system, and is suitable for load or residual stress detection of magnetic materials of large mechanical equipment, mobile equipment and large bridge. The system comprises a plurality of magnetic stress detectors and a remote controller connected with the magnetic stress detectors through wireless communication. A single magnetic stress detector comprises an alternating current magnetizing unit, a detection coil unit, an amplifying rectification unit, a processing unit, an analog-to-digital conversion unit and a wireless data transmission module. The wireless network based magnetic stress nondestructive detection system not only improves the detection accuracy, shortens a testing cycle and realizes low cost, but also combines the wireless communication technology with the magnetic stress detection technology, so as to complete remote control measurement and monitoring on stress and distribution of stress of a measured objective, effectively monitor a running state of a ferromagnetic material containing load or residual stress, and prevent the occurrence of the harmful accident.


The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which adult higher education in Canada and the US was responding to the impact of globalization through the internationalization of research, curricular, and practice. Adult educators must be more deliberate in planning for a global civil society. Both Canadian and American universities are becoming increasingly ethnoculturally diverse and globalization is a major force shaping the demographic transformation of these two countries. According to Smith (2007), globalization is fueled by two contradictory phenomena—production and consumption. Smith describes globalization as the restructuring of capital, the integration of financial markets, and the movement of jobs to foreign countries. Internationalization, on the other hand, is influenced by immigration and globalization and represents "deliberate, systematic, and integrated attempts by national governments, supranational agencies, and higher education institutions themselves to engage in a range of international activities" (Enders & Fulton, 2002, p. 1). Knight (1993) specifically describes the internationalization of higher education as the "process of integrating an international/intercultural dimension into the teaching, research, and service functions of higher education" (p. 21). The rapidly increasing foreign-born population calls for adult higher education to redefine its curricula and practice. Purpose of the Study Qiang (2003) argues that internationalization will become increasingly important in the higher education sector because academic and professional requirements for graduates increasingly reflect the demands of the globalization of societies, economy, and labor markets, and as a result, higher education must provide adequate preparation to meet these requirements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which adult higher education faculty and programs in Canada and the US were moving towards the internationalization of research, curricular, and practice in order to better respond to the needs of their increasingly diverse populations. Noting that academic transformation begins with the creation and dissemination of knowledge, two primary questions guided our investigation: (a) What is the level of faculty engagement in cross national research, and (b) In what ways do adult education programs reflect an international perspective in curricula? Conceptual Framework Qiang (2003) identifies four primary approaches in the investigation of the internationalization of higher education: the activity approach, the competency approach, the ethos approach, and the process approach. The activity approach focuses on higher education activities that promote an intercultural dimension. These include the presence of international students, curriculum, and student/faculty exchange. The competency approach emphasizes the development of skills, knowledge, attitudes, and values that are important for one to compete in the global marketplace. The ethos approach, on the other hand, emphasizes creating a culture or climate that values and supports intercultural/international perspectives and initiatives. Finally, the process approach stresses the integration of an international and intercultural dimension into teaching, research, and service through a combination of activities, policies, and procedures. The process approach was appropriately used for this study as it encompasses the activity, competency, and ethos approaches, all of which we found relevant to this exploration. Methodology This was a qualitative research that utilized content analysis (Patton, 2002) to address the research questions. Thus, we conducted the following activities in generating the data: (a) a review and analysis of the 1995-2005 conference papers from AERC and CASAE for evidence of faculty engagement in transnational/intercultural research, and (2) a review of the curricula and program offerings of selected institutions found on program web sites for evidence of an international perspective. In conducting an analysis of the proceedings, we reviewed each paper title and abstract for such key words as international education, globalization, cross cultural studies, comparative education, cross national study, among others. We also included studies with names of specific countries and cultures in the title or abstract. The second set of data analyzed were program offerings and course descriptions of the top 10 institutions in the United States and the top 10 universities in Canada which offer adult education programs. We used Internet sites for this procedure. For Canada, we searched one prime university in each of the ten provinces. The top 10 US rankings came from a benchmark survey conducted by the adult education faculty of Texas A&M University in 2003 (Clark, 2005). The faculty surveyed adult educators from well-known adult education programs and asked them to provide a list of the programs they considered to be the top in the nation. We visited the web sites of these universities and reviewed their program information and course descriptions. Findings The results show a lack of mass critical engagement in research related to global issues. For Canada, we searched a total of 659 CASAE conference presentations, and only 47 papers (6.72%) were found relating to the broad themes of internationalization and globalization. For AERC, we reviewed a total of 838 papers and found 76 presentations (8.11 %) with an international focus (See Table 1). It is clear that not much attention has been devoted to this topic among adult education scholars. This finding reflects similar observation from other mapping projects about the under-representation of globalization in current research (Butterwick, Fenwick, & Mojab, 2003). Among the research, we found a rich diversity of topics and that scholars took both an individual and a collaborative approach to international research. Research Reflects Rich Diversity of Topics The limited number of presentations with an international dimension reflects a rich diversity of topics, including literacy, informal learning, citizenship education, health and nutrition education, transformative learning, community development, nongovernmental organizations, social movement learning, popular education, literacy in international contexts, globalization and its impact, challenging western views of learning, among others. They addressed many important questions, such as: What is globalization? What is the driving force of globalization? What is the impact of economic globalization on university adult education? How should adult education respond to the globalization agenda? Does labor education accommodate the corporate structuring caused by globalization or does it provide resistance? Whose interest does literacy serve? What prevents adults from participating in literacy education? Why should adult educators be involved in community development and social movement? What are some of the institutional barriers to population education and social movement learning? How do immigrant students navigate the foreign academic culture? How does post-colonialism affect adult education in developing countries?


This paper presents structure design and testing of a new high-torque Bidirectional Curl Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (BCPAM) consisting of two identical inflatable semi-elliptic cylindrical chambers in parallel and symmetric arrangement. Each chamber is enclosed by a hyperelastic silicone bladder encircled by an anisotropic elastic fabric sheath in circumference and fastened by conical fittings at two ends. The sheath is composed of Rubber-blended Polyester-knitted Fabric (RPF) with high uniaxial elasticity to allow longitudinal stretch and restrict radial expansion of the bladder, and is partially reinforced by Polyvinylchloride-coated Polyester-woven Fabric (PPF) with high in-plane strength working as a neutral limit layer for bending deformation of the BCPAM. Blocked and free bending tests show the proposed BCPAM endures high inflating pressure (400 kPa) and produces high torque output (34.1 N m) and considerable range of motion. The proposed BCPAM has potential applications in bionic and rehabilitation robots.