Can Exposure to Post-outcome Information "Debias" the Hindsight Bias? Ivan K. Ash (email@example.com) Department of Psychology Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529-0267 on almanac trivia questions (Hell et al., 1988). Understanding the cognitive mechanisms that lead to this effect is important for several reasons. The robustness and ubiquity of the hindsight bias phenomenon suggests that it can offer a window into how humans store and retrieve information and use information to make judgments (Hawkins & Hastie, 1990; Hoffrage & Pohl, 2003). Furthermore, the fact that it has been observed in many "real life" situations, such as jurors' decisions and medical diagnoses, has profound practical implications (Christensen- Szalanski & Willham, 1991). Therefore, the goal of providing and testing a theoretical explanation for the hindsight bias phenomenon is important for both scientific and practical reasons. Abstract The present study investigated the effects of post-outcome information on retrospective judgments. Participants completed a within-subjects scenario-based hindsight paradigm. After being exposed to outcome information participants were dismiss, exposed to outcome congruent post-outcome information, or exposed to outcome incongruent post-outcome information. Results revealed the largest hindsight bias in the incongruent post-outcome group. These results are discussed in terms of their fit with competing cognitive reconstruction models of retrospective judgment making and hindsight bias. Keywords: Hindsight Bias; Judgment Formation; Surprise; Expectation; Representational Change. Theoretical Explanations of the Hindsight Bias The Hindsight Bias Effect "Creeping determinism" accounts (Fischhoff, 1975; Carli, 1999; Wasserman, Lempert, & Hastie. 1991) propose that outcome information is automatically integrated in one's memory representation and that this updated representation is used to make the retrospective judgment. This account would expect memory updating anytime one is exposed to post-prediction information that activates memory elements supporting a particular outcome. Therefore, this theory proposes that anytime individuals are exposed to post-prediction information that supports a potential outcome, their retrospective judgments will be more in favor of that outcome. Metacognitive cue based accounts (Ofir & Mazursky, 1990;1997) propose that when making a retrospective judgment people first judge whether or not they found an outcome surprising and then use this metacognitive information to estimate their predictive state of mind. According to this view, expected or unsurprising outcomes give people an "I would have known that!" feeling. This theory proposes that this metacognitive reaction causes people to be overconfident about their predictive accuracy, which leads to inflated retrospective judgments. It is then this over-estimation that causes the hindsight bias effect. Furthermore, this view proposes that unexpected or surprising outcomes give people an "I would have never known that!" feeling. This metacognitive reaction leads people to be under-confident in their predictive accuracy. This serves to deflate retrospective judgments, thereby reducing or perhaps reversing the hindsight bias effect. Finally, the surprise cued sense-making account (Pezzo, 2003) proposes that hindsight bias happens when people successfully "make sense" of outcome information. Successful "sense-making" leaves people with an updated representation of the situation that favors the given outcome. On retrospective judgments, people use this updated Imagine that it is November 7, 2000 around lunchtime. Today is Election Day in the U.S., however none of the polls have closed anywhere in the nation. Someone you are having lunch with asks, "What do you think each presidential candidate's chances of winning are?" What would you have said? Sanna and Schwarz (2003) had undergraduates predict the percentage of votes that each of the presidential candidates would receive. On average, participants predicted that the Gore/Lieberman ticket would win the popular vote by a margin of 4.45%. After a hotly contested election, several recounts, and a Supreme Court decision, the final official popular vote count had Gore/Lieberman ahead of Bush/Cheney by only 0.35% percent. After the media had announced the official results of the election, Sanna and Schwarz asked the same participants to attempt to remember what vote-predictions they had made before they knew the actual outcome of the election. On this retrospective judgment, participants' average margin between the two tickets was reduced to 0.58%. This was significantly lower than the original margin they had predicted in foresight. In other words, participants' post-outcome retrospective answers were closer to the actual election results than their pre-outcome predictive answers thereby overestimating the accuracy of their initial beliefs as if they "knew-it-all along." This hindsight bias or the "knew-it-all along" effect is one of the most frequently cited judgment biases in the literature and has been shown to be robust across a wide variety of domains and task environments such as: medical diagnoses (Arkes, Faust, Guilmette, & Hart, 1988), legal judgments (Kamin & Rachlinski, 1995), jurors' decisions (Casper, Benedict, & Perry, 1989), victim degradation in rape scenarios (Carli, 1999), stock purchases (Louie, 1999), sporting event results (Roese & Maniar, 1997), and answers


Summary form only give. Pulsed corona offers a real promise for degradation of pollutants in gas and water streams. This paper presents a study of NOX removal from diesel exhaust. Special emphasis is placed on the investigation of the dependence of the NO removal rate and efficiency on the pulse repetition rate (PRR). A nanosecond solid state power supply (45 kV, 60 ns, up to 1 kHz) was used for driving the corona multielectrode reactor [Pokryvailo, A., et al., 2004]. Experiments related to the matching between the solid state power supply and corona reactor were carried out before the exhaust treatment. A Mitsubishi 10-kW 3-cylinder diesel-generator engine with a total volume of 1300 cc was used as a source of the exhaust gas. At an NO removal rate of 35% the NO removal efficiency was 53 g/kWh for PRR = 500 Hz and the initial NO concentration was 375 ppm. Experiments show that NO removal rate increases with the increase of the pulse voltage. Similar results were demonstrated by the authors of [Shimomura, N., et al., 2006]. A semi-empirical expression for the corona reactor removal efficiency related both to PRR and to the residence time is presented. The removal efficiency decreases with increasing PRR at a constant flow rate or constant residence time. This expression demonstrates a reasonable agreement between calculation results and experimental data.


This paper aims at discussing and analyzing the approach to speech acts in an EFL textbook series used in Brazilian public schools. In order to do that, the concepts of pragmatics and pragmatic competence, as well as their implications to foreign language (FL) teaching, are discussed. Then, a brief review of the Speech Act Theory is presented. After describing the approach to FL teaching proposed by the PCNs and the selection of textbooks through the PNLD, we analyze one series, selected for the 2014-2016 triennium. The conclusion is that speech acts are not deeply approached, but that is in accordance with the goals of the series.


Based on demographic projections made by United Nations Population Division for the year 2025, WHO issued estimates of adults with diabetes in all countries and reported that there will be more women with diabetes than men and we may anticipate a considerable increase in the burden of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) especially in less prosperous countries.(1) During last two decades there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of diabetes among urban Indian.(2) Similar, though slower trend is also shown amongst peri-urban and rural population due to changes in life style, ageing and low birth weight leading to diabetes during adulthood.(3) This epidemic has been triggered by social and economic development and urbanization associated with general improvement in nutrition, longevity and reduced physical activity. Present study was taken up to study the influence of the socio-economic status of the women and gestational diabetes in a rural area.


A component of an exhaust gas system for an internal combustion engine includes at least one housing with an inlet and an outlet for an exhaust gas and at least one inflow and one outflow for a medium. The component has a heat exchanger around which the exhaust gas can flow. The heat exchanger has a first thermal mass and a catalytic converter body through which the exhaust gas can flow. The catalytic converter body has a second thermal mass. A motor vehicle having a component and a method for operating a component, are also provided.


This paper describes a problem formulation and a design algorithm in which system identification is used to facilitate robust control design of multivariable systems. The method assumes that the uncertainty structure with respect to a nominal model is given a priori. Under mild assumptions, a closedform expression for the smallest norm structured uncertainty that validates the model is given. The problem formulation and algorithm suggested do not depend on a particular choice of nominal or single best model provided that the predicted output error can be related to structured uncertainties. A proven observer-based system identification algorithm in time domain is used to obtain a nominal model while the residual errors in the estimated outputs are used to generate bounds of structured uncertainties for each component in the frequency domain. For the special case when the true plant is strictly linear time invariant with filtered noise, the formulation reduces to the single plant observer-based system identification. The algorithm is demonstrated by directly generating the nominal and uncertainty models from simulated experimental data. Numerical results show reasonable predictions of structured uncertainty bounds. The algorithm presented in this paper has a potential for use in aerospace applica* Research Engineer, Guidance & Control Branch, Flight Dynamics & Control Division, email@example.com t Associate Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, email@example.com * Aerospace Engineer, Guidance & Control Branch, email@example.com Copyright ©by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the United States under Title 17, U.S.Code. The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under the copyright claimed herein for Governmental Purposes. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. tions especially in developing robust control systems for on-orbit spacecraft.


The invention discloses a weight-reducing and beautifying composite and a preparation method. The weight-reducing and beautifying composite is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 0.3%-9% of emulsified or microencapsulated capsicum extractives, 4%-32% of green coffee bean extractives, 6%-34% of grape skin extractives and 26%-53% of available food auxiliary materials. The weight-reducing and beautifying composite disclosed by the invention has very good weight-reducing effect. According to the invention, the capsicum extractives, the green coffee bean extractives and the grape skin extractives which are included in the raw materials are natural extractive substances and have good safety without injuring human bodies; and the capsicum extractives are preprocessed, so that the effect of no stimulation on intestines and stomach is achieved under the condition that the weight-reducing effect is ensured, no phenomena of asthenia and rebound appear after the weight is reduced, and the skin is improved, delicate and lustrous.


We present a silicon photonic dual parallel multielectrode Mach–Zehnder modulator (MEMZM) based transmitter targeting 200 Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) short reach transceivers. The MEMZMs have an average <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_\pi$</tex-math></inline-formula> and electro-optic (EO) bandwidth of 5 V and 38 GHz, respectively. The transmitter is characterized versus receiver equalizer taps, received signal power, driving voltage swing, crosstalk voltage swing, bitrate, and reach. Results reveal that using only a three-tap equalizer at the receiver, 100 Gb/s PAM4 net rate per lane can be achieved at a bit error rate (BER) below the KP4 forward error correction (KP4-FEC) threshold of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.4 \times 10^{-4}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Moreover, up to 128 Gb/s can be received at a BER below the KP4-FEC threshold using only 2 Vpp and 1 Vpp driving the MEMZM segments. Then, both MEMZMs are driven simultaneously to assess the crosstalk impact on the BER performance at parallel operation. Driven by four binary signals, we demonstrate 200 Gb/s PAM4 transmission over up to 10 km of single mode fiber at a BER below the KP4-FEC threshold.


Rhododendron is the biggest genus of Ericaceae.The early and modern taxonomic researches of Rhododendron genus and its cultivation adaptability in Hunan were summarized.Two new recorded species of the genus Rhododendron are reported for the first time from Hunan Province.They are Rhodedendron orbiculare and Rhododendron rupivalleculatum.


Increased railroad traffic volumes, speeds, and axle loads have created a need to better measure track quality. Previous research has indicated that the vertical track deflection provides a meaningful indicator of track integrity. The measured deflection can be related to the bending stresses in the rail as well as characterize the mechanical response of the track. This investigation summarizes the simulation, analysis and development of a measurement system at the University of Nebraska (UNL) to measure vertical track deflection in real-time from a car moving at revenue speeds. The UNL system operates continuously over long distances and in revenue service. Using a camera and two line lasers, the system establishes three points of the rail shape beneath the loaded wheels and over a distance of 10 ft. The resulting rail shape can then be related to the actual bending stress in the rail and estimate the track support through beam theory. Finite element simulations are used to characterize the track response as related to the UNL measurement system. The results of field tests using bondable resistance strain gages illustrate the system's capability of approximating the actual rail bending stresses under load. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Shane Farritor, for his guidance, direction and support throughout the completion of my graduate study. Dr. Richard Arnold has been a valuable mentor and provided sound, practical advice. Dr. Sheng Lu and Haoliang Duan have been exceptional colleagues to work with. Beyond collaborating with me on my graduate project, they have shared their culture for which I will always be grateful. I would like to thank my parents for their ongoing support. They have made my entire education possible and have provided a strong foundation for my life. My siblings also deserve credit for shaping my character and setting the bar high. This work has been performed under a grant from the Federal Railway Administration (FRA). Special thanks are extended to Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway for operational support and track access for testing.


Design automation over the years has taken many forms. Engineering projects of every description have been targeted by computer specialists as systems which might benefit from automation. Today, several major firms are marketing CAD/CAM systems in a big way. Electrical design workstations and mechanical part workstations and data bases have been most successful and these companies are continually refining and improving their systems looking towards the future. Though there are many consulting firms available to assist in the automation of an interested engineering organization, many project managers still resist the automation tide. This paper is an exploration of several areas which will need to be addressed in the years to come if automation is to be successfully applied to even the most complex of engineering undertakings. The exploration is facilitated through the elucidation of important structures which appear in engineering organizations. The hope is that through the understanding of these implicit structures, computational systems can be built which reflect these structures and thereby provide additional project coherence. The primary areas affected are management, verification, inter-module communication and integration. This work is continuing under the leadership of Dr. F.B. Thompson at the California Institute of Technology.


Results of using recently developed material models for the analysis of masonry structures are shown. Both interface modeling, in which masonry components (units and joints) are represented, as continuum modeling, in which masonry is represented as a homogeneous continuum, are addressed. It is shown that the power of the models have reached those of more advanced research fields


In general, transportation from origin to final destination can't be made in a single transportation. In this paper, a multi stage transportation problem (MSTP) is formed where the unit transportation costs are fuzzy random in nature. Using dynamic programming approach, the problem first converted into a single stage problem. Such single stage problem optimized with minimized the expected total cost and expected total variance. The problem is solved for both with and without limitation of the intermediate depots. Here a numerical example is solved to check the validity of the proposed method.


Background and Object: Considering new e-teaching and e-learning systems, and electronic assessment tools, this study was performed assessing the efficiency and the effectiveness of a new generated comprehensive test management software (CTMS), named NAJMA, in medical resident evaluation. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Statistical analysis of the questions was done comparing the two models of examination management performed in 2014 and 2015 to evaluate all medical residents of 21 specialties in Faculty of Medicine. Totally 6300 questions from 42 question books based on the model of exams hold in 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. A survey questionnaire was administered to faculty members to obtain their insight into their perceptions of the two models. Results: The cost of formatting and performing the examinations was considerably lower in CTMS method. From the whole 377 members. 64.8% of faculties preferred the CTMS method in management of resident examinations. Number of residents participated in the examinations was 711 in 2014 and 668 in 2015. There were no differences among traditional and CTMS methods considering statistical analysis and Millman structural criteria. Conclusion: Improving and utilization of CTMS method in all university and state examinations will result in reducing human and material costs. Meanwhile satisfaction of faculty members and security of the examinations will be improved by eliminating intermediate processes from developing to analyzing the examination questions.


After analysing the security conditions in current Enterprise Systems (ES), this paper proposes a systematic framework that is based on the Secure Sockets Layer Virtual Private Network (SSL-VPN) for improving security management. This framework takes account of several key aspects such as channel strategy, network pattern, workstation authentication, identity authentication, security workflow, etc. The proposed framework has the following advantages: low cost, high performance, easy to implement, and strong security control pattern. In addition, this paper proposes a dynamic security strategy that is about authorizing user ID and roles dynamically and conducting real-time mapping via agent or proxy technologies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In this paper, based on the fact that images from different sources tend to have different noise levels, an effective method for detecting image splicing is proposed by detecting the inconsistency of local noise levels. The local noise level is estimated by a novel blind noise estimation method on the basis of the principal component analysis (PCA). We describe three detection schemes to get the local noise map. Then, the observed image is segmented into various regions with homogenous noise levels according to different local noise variances. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively localize the tampered region with higher detection accuracy compared to other methods in literatures.


GABAergic neurons have been identified in the piriform cortex of the opossum at light and electron microscopic levels by immunocytochemical localization of GABA and the GABA‐synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and by autoradiographic visualization of high‐affinity 3H‐GABA uptake. Four major neuron populations have been distinguished on the basis of soma size, shape, and segregation at specific depths and locations: large horizontal cells in layer Ia of the anterior piriform cortex, small globular cells with thin dendrites concentrated in layers Ib and II of the posterior piriform cortex, and multipolar and fusiform cells concentrated in the deep part of layer III in anterior and posterior parts of the piriform cortex and the subjacent endopiriform nucleus. All four populations were well visualized with both antisera, but the large layer Ia horizontal cells displayed only very light 3H‐GABA uptake, thus suggesting a lack of local axon collaterals or lack of high‐affinity GABA uptake sites. The large, ultrastructurally distinctive somata of layer Ia horizontal cells receive a very small number of symmetrical synapses; the thin, axonlike dendrites of small globular cells are exclusively postsynaptic and receive large numbers of both symmetrical and asymmetrical synapses, in contrast to somata which receive a small number of both types; and the deep multipolar and fusiform cells receive a highly variable number of symmetrical and asymmetrical synapses on somata and proximal dendrites.


Resistance exercise (RE) stimulates a muscle protein anabolic response partially through enhanced satellite cell (SC) activity, however, age‐ and gender‐related changes in SC content over a 24‐h time course are not known.


Rice plants (Oryza sativa var. ''Colusa'') were grown to maturity in pots containing a soil (Domino silt loam, pH 7.5, Xerollic calciorthid) amended with 1 percent sewage sludge enriched with variable amounts of CdSO/sub 4/ ranging up to 640 ..mu..g Cd/g. Two sets of soil cultures were used, one for rice under continuous flood and the other under nonflood conditions. Grain production for rice under flood management was relatively unaffected by the Cd treatment: 25 percent yield decrement was associated with a treatment of 320 ..mu..g Cd/g. Under nonflood management, however, a comparable decrement in grain production was observed with a treatment of only 17 ..mu..g Cd/g. The Cd content of mature leaves at early flowering varied from approximately 0.3 ..mu..g Cd/g for the controls to 2.8 ..mu..g Cd/g for plants receiving the highest Cd treatments. Leaf Cd values were slightly higher under the nonflood culture. The Cd content of the grain under nonflood management was approximately 55 percent greater than that of grain under flood management. The Cd content of mature leaves correlated with grain production (r = 0.872) for rice produced under either flood or nonflood culture. Chemical analysis of saturation extracts revealed greatly reduced Cd concentrations inmore » soil solutions under flood management which may account for the greater tolerance of the cultivar to soil Cd under flood culture. This reduced availability of Cd in flooded soils is attributed to precipitation of CdS.« less


The luaplot package is developed using Lua to plot graphs of real-valued functions of a real variable in LaTeX. It is developed with the MetaPost system [4] and luamplib [3] and luacode [2] packages. It provides an easy way for plotting graphs of standard mathematical functions and their finite combinations. There is no particular environment in the package for plotting graphs. It also works inside floating environments of LaTeX like tables and figures. The compilation time to plot several graphs in LaTeX using the luaplot package is significantly less with LuaLaTeX engine.


Though visible light communication (VLC) systems are contained to a given room, improving their security is an important criterion in any practical deployment. In this paper, the design of artificial noise (AN) to enhance physical layer security in VLC systems is studied in the context of input signals with no explicit amplitude constraint (e.g., multicarrier systems). In such systems, clipping is needed to constrain the input signals within the limited linear ranges of the LEDs. However, this clipping process gives rise to non-linear clipping distortion, which must be incorporated into the AN design. To facilitate the solution of this problem, a sub-optimal design approach is presented using the Charnes-Cooper transformation and the convex-concave procedure (CCP). Then, a novel AN transmission scheme is proposed to reduce the impact of clipping distortion, thus improving the secrecy performance. The proposed scheme exploits the common structure of LED luminaries that they are often composed of several light-emitting chips. Capitalizing on this property, LED chips in each luminaire are divided into two groups driven by separate driver circuits. One group is used to transmit the information-bearing signal, while the other group transmits the AN. Numerical results show that the clipping distortion significantly reduces the secrecy level, and using AN is advantageous over the no-AN scheme in improving the secrecy performance. Moreover, the proposed AN transmission scheme is shown to achieve considerable secrecy improvements compared with the traditional transmission approaches (e.g., about 1 bit/s/Hz improvement in the achievable secrecy rate when the standard deviation of the LEDs' modulating current is 0.25 A and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of the eavesdropper's received signal is limited to $0$ dB).


ZnO-based light emitting diodes were fabricated on c-plane sapphire using ZnO:P∕Zn0.9Mg0.1O∕ZnO∕Zn0.9Mg0.1O∕ZnO:Ga p-i-n heterostructures. The p-i-n heterojunction diodes are rectifying and show light emission under forward bias. The electroluminescence spectra shows deep level emission at low bias, but near band edge ultraviolet emission at high voltage bias. A decrease in leakage currents in as-fabricated structures was achieved via low temperature oxygen annealing.


Background: COVID-19 is a newly emerging-disease. Anesthesiology personnel are at substantial risk of infection due to the nature of aerosol generating procedure. The Royal College of Anesthesiologists of Thailand (RCAT) has published a clinical practice guideline (CPG) named "current practice guidelines for anesthesia management in COVID-19 case (April 24, 2020)" to prevent disease transmission, which might not be practical in some settings due to resource limitation.

Objective: To explore knowledge and opinions of anesthesiology personnel toward current practice guidelines. Real world practice and factors that may affect it were also surveyed.

Material and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Anesthesiology personnel from institutions in Thailand were asked to fill an online self-administered questionnaire via Google Form between July 11 and August 15, 2021. The questionnaire consisted of four main parts, demographic data, hospital settings, knowledge about RCAT COVID-19 CPG, and other opinions regarding real-world practice. SPSS version 22.0 was used for statistical analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze participants' comments.

Results: Two hundred fifty-one anesthesiology specialists, residents, and anesthetist nurses from 44 provinces participated in the present study. Although 55.4% of participants were trained to perform general anesthesia in COVID-19 patients, 80.5% knew about RCAT CPG and had sufficient basic knowledge. The lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) was the main reason participants could not follow RCAT CPG.

Conclusion: The participants had sufficient knowledge of RCAT CPG and were able to use PPE correctly according to WHO standard. However, based on participants' opinion, inadequate resources, human errors, conflicts in the workplace, and staffing shortage may be the reasons that prevent practice according to RCAT CPG. As a part of effective infection control, three factors that play large roles were previous training, knowledge of COVID-19 transmission, and adequate supply of PPE.

Keywords: Anesthesiology; COVID-19; Opinion; Practice; Guidelines; Personal protective equipment


The first author extends his appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work through the Research Group Project under Grant no. RGP.2/17/42. +is work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 71601072), Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province of China (no.
20B110006), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province.


Aim: To estimate the level of serum insulin in polycystic ovarian disease (PCOS). To compare the status of insulin resistance in obese and non-obese PCOS. Material And Method: This study was conducted in the department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Jamshedpur. A total of 102 cases were studied. The study subjects were selected from patients visiting the out patient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Age of the patients were between 14 and 45 years. Serum insulin and fasting plasma glucose were measured in these patients. Result: The data and result obtained were statistically analyzed and arranged. 25.49% of the study population had impaired plasma glucose, while 74.50% of the patients had fasting blood glucose level <100 mg/dl. Increased insulin level ≥13μIU/dl was present in 73.52% of the population. Higher value of HOMA (Homeostatic model assessment) insulin resistance was found in 68.62% of study subjects. Fasting serum insulin in obese and non-obese patients was compared, which was statistically not significant P value – 0.5750. Status of insulin resistance in obese and non-obese patients was compared which was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: In this study a quantitative study of serum insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was estimated in 102 patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hormonal milieu in normal weight and obese women differs. Insulin resistance is common in PCOS women which is independent of obesity. Keyords: Serum insulin, polycystic ovarian disease, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia.


Recently, several efforts to characterize the preserved lipid hydrocarbons in Neoproterozoic sediments have resulted in the observation of a systematic change in biomarker distribution between sedimentary rocks from the early and late Neoproterozoic (1.0–0.54 Ga). Steranes preserved in Tonian (1.0–0.72 Ga) organic matter nearly exclusively comprise cholestane, whereas stigmastane is the prominent steroid remnant in most Ediacaran sedimentary rocks (Brocks et al., 2017; Hoshino et al., 2017). This observation suggests a distinct restructuring of the community composition around the two Snowball Earth events (i.e. Sturtian and Marinoan), which covered most of the Cryogenian period (717–635 Ma). Combined with an increased nutrient influx in the melting stages (Reinhard et al., 2017), it has been hypothesized that these glaciations provided the ecological trigger for increased predatory pressure (van Maldegem et al., 2019) and the rise of stigmasteroid-producing green algae (Brocks et al., 2017), establishing a more intricate food network which eventually allowed large animals to emerge during the late Ediacaran (Bobrovskiy et al., 2018). The timing of the proliferation of algae and emergence of eumetazoan animals indicate that the Snowball Earth events were pivotal for the evolution of complex life on Earth. Yet, due to the poor preservation of post-Snowball organic matter, information about the post-Snowball Earth ecosystem is limited. Thus far only lipid hydrocarbons in post-Marinoan deposits (~635 Ma) have been systematically investigated to understand how life recovered in the direct aftermath (Elie et al., 2007; van Maldegem et al., 2019).


Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. Recent studies have suggested that inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of AF. On the o...


Objective: To report the benefit of inspiratory muscle training in a patient affected by Guillain-Barre syndrome with difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation in the ICU of a hospital in the a public hospital of Salvador, Bahia. Case report: Patient previously healthy and independent, admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome. During hospitalization presented Ventilator-associated pneumonia and underwent early tracheostomy. Initially, the inspiratory muscle strength was -70cmH 2 O, however, presented progressive worsening with deterioration of the strength of these muscles, whose value fell to -30cmH 2 O within a week. The individual has undergone a respiratory muscle training protocol resistance for tracheostomy patients based on the disconnection of mechanical ventilation for a predetermined time and a time evaluation was performed to analyze the maximum time resisted by the patient without the same presenting signs of fatigue or muscle failure. The training started on 06 June and completed on June 15, with the patient presenting some respiratory distress or hemodynamic changes, and later reconnected to the MV and establishing continuation of the Protocol respecting the pre-set time. The final inspiratory muscle strength was of -60 cmH 2 O. For staying more than 72 hours outside the MV, was released from the protocol. Conclusion: We identified improved strength and inspiratory muscle strength with the application of inspiratory muscle training, favoring the process of weaning, minimizing complications associated with MV and reducing the length of stay in ICU.


Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) have become an inherent ingredient of the drug combination schemes that are currently used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infections. Starting from the 1‐[(2‐hydroxyethoxy)methyl]‐6‐(phenylsulfanyl)thymine (HEPT) and 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroimidazo[4,5,1‐jk][1,4]benzodiazepin‐2(1H)‐one and ‐thione (TIBO) derivatives, numerous classes of compounds have been described as NNRTIs. Only three compounds have so far been approved for clinical use: nevirapine, delavirdine, and efavirenz. NNRTIs are notorious for rapidly leading to virus‐drug resistance development, primarily based on the emergence of the K103N and Y181C mutations in the HIV‐1 RT. Newer NNRTIs, such as capravirine, dapivirine (TMC 125), and DPC 083, are resilient to these 'NNRTI' mutations, and, therefore, offer considerable promise as future anti‐HIV‐1 drugs. NNRTIs are targeted at a specific 'pocket' binding site within the HIV‐1 RT, that is distinct from, but both spatially and functionally related to, the catalytic site, where the nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) and nucleotide RT inhibitors (NtRTIs) interact. NNRTIs have acquired a definitive position, as part of a combination regimen with NRTIs and NtRTIs, in the first‐line treatment of HIV‐1 infections.


The projected growth in GDP is 1.8 per cent for the year. This would be a marked improvement over 1995 with an expected growth of -4.8 per cent. Growth in the nonmining and petroleum sectors is expected to make a positive contribution. Inflation is assumed at 6 per cent, with wage increases restricted to below 4 per cent. A budgeted deficit of 1 per cent of GDP introduced in the 1995 Budget has been retained. Net external financing has been set at 146.7 million kina, including a new drawdown of 72 million kina from the World Bank, while domestic financing has been reduced from 83.4 million kina to 35.7 million kina.


【U shape multitube heat exchanger was equipped in the flue to recover the exhaust heat from the boiler system. The fluids of the exhaust heat recovery equipment were the flue gas as the hot fluid, and the water as the cold fluid. The flow geometry of the fluids was cross flow - two pass, the hot fluid being mixed and the cold fluid unmixed. The results of the theoretical and the experimental analysis and the economic evaluation are summarized as follows. 1) The heat exchanger effectiveness and the temperature efficiency of the hot fluid were about 35% when the fuel consumption rate was 140 - 150 L/15min. The temperature efficiency for the cold fluid ranged from 3.0% to 4.5%. The insulation efficiency ranged from 85% to 98%, which was better than the KS air preheater insulation efficiency of 90%. 2) The relationship between the fuel consumption rate, F, and the outlet temperature, $T_{h2}$ , of the flue gas from the heat exchanger was $T_{h2}$ = 0.927F 0.927F + 110. In order to prevent the low temperature corrosion from the coagulation of $SO_3$ , it is necessary to maintain the fuel consumption rate above 82 L/15min. 3) The ratio of the exhaust heat from the boiler system to the total energy consumption was about 14.5%. With the installation of the exhaust heat recovery equipment, the energy recovery ratio to the exhaust heat was about 25%. Accordingly, about 3.6% of the total fuel consumption was estimated to be saved. 4) Economic analysis indicated that the installation of the exhaust heat recovery equipment was feasible to save the energy, because the capital reocvery period was only 10 months when the fuel consumption rate was 80 L/15min. 4 months when it was 160 L/15min. 5) Based on the theoretical and the experimental analysis, it was estimated to save the energy of about 18 million Won per year, if four heat exchangers are installed in a factory. 6) A further study is recommended to identify the relationship among the flow rate of the exhaust gas, the size of the heat exchanger and the capacity of the air preheater. For a maximum heat recovery from the exhaust gas an automatic control system is required to control the flow rate of the cold fluid depending on the boiler load.】


In view of reducing the complexity of signal detection in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receivers, the use of non-coherent detection is favored over usual coherent techniques that require complex channel estimation. In this paper, a deep-learning approach to implement non-coherent multiple-symbol detection for differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) multi-user massive MIMO systems is proposed. The proposed deep-learning implementation reduces the high computational complexity required in conventional DPSK detection techniques. Two deep-learning-based multiple-symbol differential detection receiver designs are proposed and compared with decision-feedback differential detection (DFDD), and conventional multiple-symbol differential detection (MSDD) for the same system parameters. Multiple-symbol differential sphere detection (MSDSD) is used to implement conventional MSDD. The results show that the proposed deep-learning-based multiple-symbol differential detection implementation outperforms decision-feedback differential detection and achieves an optimal performance compared to conventional multiple-symbol differential detection implemented by multiple-symbol differential sphere detection for single-user and multi-user scenarios.


A series of new benzofuran/oxadiazole hybrids (8a–n) was synthesized from 2H‐chromene‐3‐carbonitriles (3a–c) through the multistep synthetic methodology, and these hybrids are known to exhibit anticancer activities. All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against the HCT116 and MIA PaCa2 cell lines. Compounds 6a (IC50: 9.71 ± 1.9 μM), 6b (IC50: 7.48 ± 0.6 μM), and 6c (IC50: 3.27 ± 1.1 μM) displayed a significant cytotoxic activity, whereas compounds 8d and 8e exhibited good activity against both cell lines. The depletion of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) induces apoptosis through the inhibition of basal NF‐κB activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells and MIA PaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells. Molecular docking of compounds 6a, 6b, 6c, 8d, and 8e with GSK3β demonstrated the best binding affinity, correlating with the biological activity assay. Furthermore, the structure–activity relationship of these novel compounds reveals promising features for their use in anticancer therapy.


The invention discloses a nano functional ecological environmental-friendly coating, which belongs to the technical field of high-tech nano functional ecological environmental-friendly coating preparation and production. The coating consists of tourmaline air purification zinc oxide crystal whisker for composite sterilization, natural plant medicine powder for restoring consciousness, calming the nerves and purifying the air, chitin for naturally sterilizing, preventing pest and producing fragrance for a long time, borax for producing fragrance invisibly, preventing fire and purifying the air, kieselguhr for nano ecological and environmental-friendliness, bentonite for nano ecological and environmental-friendliness, dissolved medical stone elements for promoting healthy nano functional ecological environmental-friendly coating. The coating is high in glossiness, bright in color, acid-base resisting, pollution resisting, good in hydrophobicity, scrubbing resisting, capable of automatically releasing microelements which are beneficial for human body health constantly and generating active molecules such as anion far-infrared ray for preventing electromagnet wave pollution and the like, can sterilize, remove pests, deodorize and purify the air, can adsorb toxic and harmful heavy metals and dust in the air, can prevent flame and fire and keep the temperature, is safe and non-toxic and is an ecological and environmental-friendly coating.


Standing and Dodwell (1972) reported that a contoured target stimulus which is only poorly identified when exposed briefly against a steady background field can be identified accurately if the field is terminated shortly after target offset. This observation was confirmed and, in addition, it was shown that target identification is enhanced when the field is initiated shortly before target onset. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a continuous background field is not essential for either effect. It was argued that these "retroactive" and "proactive" enhancements of target identification were due to a complex interaction among forward, backward, and simultaneous masking.


According to the crack-width formula in FRP strengthened concrete structure design codes, the relationship between flexural crack-width formula's calculation guarantee rate and load combination was studied. A new concept named as "equivalent guarantee rate" was created to evaluate the safety level of flexural crack-width calculation under frequent combination and quasi-permanent combination. With this new concept the safety level of flexural crack-width formula in GB 50608-2010 were evaluated. In the end two revised suggestion about present flexural crack-width formula in GB 50608-2010 were presented: the flexural crack-width formula's calculation guarantee rate should be lowered from 95% to 85% under characteristic combination, correspondingly the value of characteristic coefficient in flexural crack-width formula should be lowered from 2.1 to 1.8; Alternatively, the flexural crack-width should be calculated under frequent combination in place of characteristic combination.


Vorticity generation in accretion disks around Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes is investigated in the context of magnetofluid dynamics derived for both General Relativity (GR), and modified gravity formulations. In both cases, the Kerr geometry leads to a "stronger" generation of vorticity than its Schwarzschild counterpart. Of the two principal sources, the relativistic drive peaks near the innermost stable circular orbit (isco), whereas the baroclinic drive dominates at larger distances. Consequences of this new relativistic vorticity source are discussed in several astrophysical settings.


American community banks provide a high percentage of financial services for small and medium-sized enterprises,agriculture and individuals.Community banks have played a very important role in pulling up the economic development of the less-developed regions and underdeveloped sectors.It is worth drawing on their successful experiences.Now China is implementing the harmoniousness-oriented unbalanced collaborative development strategy.In order to deal with the duality of the economic and financial structure,community banks should become the financial support of the county's economic development,by that way,the collaborative development of the local economy and community banks can be reached.


The invention belongs to a resource comprehensive using method, and especially relates to a method for comprehensively using aluminum-containing resource. The method comprises the following steps: 1)heating ammonium sulfate and decomposing to generate ammonium bisulfate and ammonia gas; 2)mixing the aluminium-containing resource and ammonium bisulfate in the step 1), adding water or a washing lotion; 3)cooling a reaction product and performing solid-liquid separation, washing to obtain a solution of aluminium ions and iron ions and an excessive ammonium bisulfate solution and high silicon slag; 4)adding ammoniacal liquor or ammonia gas in the solution of the step 3) to obtain aluminium hydroxide and iron hydroxide sediment and an ammonium sulfate solution, then performing solid-liquid separation, and washing; 5)performing evaporative crystallization on ammonium sulfate solution obtained in the step 4), and separating to obtain an ammonium sulfate solid; and 6)processing the aluminium hydroxide and iron hydroxide solid obtained in the step 4) to obtain metallurgy grade alumina and high iron slag. The method has the advantages of low energy consumption, high leaching rate of alumina and iron, high enrichment degree of active ingredients and low production cost.


In an elegant and comprehensive study of the van der Waals fluid, (S. Le Vent, IJMEE 29(3) 257–277, the author refers to the prediction of negative pressures by the van der Waals' equation as improper. I think it is worth adding the gloss that this occurs for liquid rather than gaseous phases of fluids and in this liquid phase it can be taken very properly to represent capillarity effects that usually involve tension (i.e. negative pressure). Such a phenomenon is commonly 'explained' as the effect of van der Waals forces attracting rather than repelling the molecules. Since the article lacked the conventional p–v diagram, it might be worth including it with this letter to clarify where the negative pressure = tension occurs. In the reduced form measured relative to critical point values (the easy check when critical values are unity is noted)


This paper evaluates the most relevant scenarios in which establishing QoS parameters on RF/Li-Fi hybrid networks is necessary. The objective is to determine the improvement possibilities provided by this technology and realistically value its development potential, specifically for services in real time. We reviewed the alternatives in Internet of Things (IoT), applications, load balancing, scenarios of 5 th generation, wireless sensors, and security, in addition to simulations and architectures of technology interoperability.


According to the monitoring results in 2003, the water quality in most areas of the Baiyangdian Lake was inferior to category V national water quality standard and the major pollutions are TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and NH3-N (ammonia nitrogen). Non-point pollution was the major cause of the pollution in the Lake through investigation on the spot. Besides control of major industrial pollution sources, improving the purification ability of non- point pollutants in the regional environment should be the main approach. After the analysis and simulative experiments, the control of sources and runoff techniques and measures pollution involving ecological fertilization, conservation of soil and water, sewage and solid waste treatment and establishment of ecological buffer zones and wetland ecological systems were put forward to control the pollution in the Lake.


Background: There are various overhead injuries which mainly affect the shoulder complex in swimmers and one among them is sick scapula syndrome which results in muscular imbalance in such athletes. The abbreviation SICK stands for Scapular malposition, Inferior medial border prominence, Coracoid pain and malposition, Dyskinesia. Method: In this study 26 subjects with sick scapula syndrome were taken into the study by evaluating through the lateral scapular slide test (LSST), the subjects affected were given muscle energy technique to increase the strength of the scapular muscles the technique was given for 45-60 seconds thrice in a week for three weeks and all the subjects were immediately assessed using MMT. Results: The t and p value of Pre and Post ROM scale of Extension was 11.523 and 0.001. The t and p value of Pre and Post ROM scale of Internal rotation was 10.490 and 0.001. The t and p value of Pre and Post ROM scale of external rotation was 12.569 and 0.001 which is statistically significant. The t and p value of Pre and Post MMT scale of serratus anterior was 1.995 and 0.050. The t and p value of Pre and Post MMT scale of Pectoralis Minor was 5.000 and 0.001. The t and p value of Pre and Post MMT scale of Latissimus dorsi was 2.440 and 0.022. The t and p value of Pre and Post MMT scale of Trapezius was 6.325 and 0.001 which is statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study results demonstrate that of Muscle energy techniques effective in increasing the range of motion and strength in young swimmers within the age group of 8 to 15 years with sick scapular syndrome.


Objective:Retrospectively reviewed the treatment result of different surgical procedures and design a proper surgical classification system for sacral tumors.Method:Between July 1997 and July 2006,251 patients with sacral tumors were treated surgically in our institute.There were 124 males and 127 females with an average age of 45 years old ranging from 8 to 83.The classification system was defined as follows.The sacrum was divided into up(Ⅰ) and bottom(Ⅱ) areas which use the disc between S2 and S3 as the boundary.The lumber vertebrae adjacent to sacrum was classified as Ⅲ area.In up sacrum(Ⅰ) area,around central spinal cannel,we named vertebral body as "a" area,posterior elements as "c" area,two iliosacral joint as "b" area.According to different site,the tumor location was classified into 15 regions:12 patients with tumor located at region Ⅰa,22 at region Ⅰab,4 at region Ⅰc,28 at region Ⅰabc,9 at region Ⅰabbc,7 at region ⅠaⅡ,10 at region ⅠabⅡ,51 at region ⅠabcⅡ,53 at region ⅠabbcⅡ,5 at region ⅠabcⅢ,3 at region ⅠabbcⅢ,7 at region ⅠabcⅡⅢ,10 at region ⅠabbcⅡⅢ,30 only at region Ⅱ.Wide or marginal resection of the tumor was chosen in patient with tumor only involving region Ⅱ.Curettage was done in patient with benign tumor involving region Ⅰ.Wide or marginal resection of distal part of the tumor,curettage proximal part of the tumor was chosen in patient with tumor involving both region Ⅰ and region Ⅱ.Result:Three patients died of perioperative complications.One of them died of post-operative serious infection;one of them died of hemorrhagic shock;the other one was attributeable to multiple organs fail syndrome.Forty seven patients had wound healing problems,29 of whom received debridements、drainages and skin flaps transfer.25 patients had leakage of cerebrospinal fluid,cured with driving up the bed end and anti-infection therapy.Three patients had rectal fistulas.Forty two cases of metastatic tumor were refered to medical oncologist after surgery. In 209 cases of primary sacral tumor,after follow-up of 9 months to 8 years,31 cases lost follow-up,34 died of disease,51 had local recurrence,and 93 had no disease survive.Conclusion:Although it might induce sacral nerve deficit,widely marginal excision is the best surgical procedure because of its minimal recurrence rate.Even sometimes for the higher level(S1-S2) location of the tumor,the posterior-approach could be chosen for success excision of the tumor with lower postoperative complications.


of security studies, has been in turmoil since the end of the Cold War. During the Cold War, security studies was dominated for the most part by two Realist paradigms, initially by the Classical Realism of such scholars as Hans Morgenthau, and more recently by the Neorealism of Kenneth Waltz and others. Both paradigms were based on universal assumptions about the basis of state behavior, but their assumptions differed fundamentally in their points of departure. The differences were intellectually grounded in the contemporary events during which the theories were articulated, a phenomenon that historians are more likely to recognize than many social scientists— especially those who continue their search for theories that transcend time and space. Classical Realism assumed a pessimistic view of human nature—an animus dominandi, in Morgenthau's phrase—that led states to seek power wherever and whenever they could. Since state behavior was merely an organized form of human behavior, human nature was the ultimate cause of state behavior. Culture, historical memory, ideology, and any other idiosyncratic or particularistic


First, the issue of data handling –large datasets and low number of samples compared to variableswas solved by the definition of a workflow of data preprocessing and processing. It included the creation of a study template, the rigorous selection of good chromatographic quality features, the multiplication of statistical techniques submitted to re-sampling and test validation, and performance models designed to assess the ability of the candidate biomarkers to discriminate. In practice, 94 injections were made over 4 weeks, consisting of 70 study samples along with 16 QC samples and 8 reinjections due to QC system rejection. The allchromatograms template included 524 verified features that were then reduced to less than two hundreds after selection of the ones having an analytical variation under 30%, based on the QC samples. This resulted in the finding of 36 robust biomarkers that positively discriminated between the different phenotypes of inflammation, including high and low inflammation, remission, and healthy statutes.


Purpose: To obtain a synergy between the swelling indexes of swellable polymers with a combination of several swelling functionalities in the unit, the investigation of different types of swellable polymers and addition of an ionic complex of polyelectrolytes with regard to the swelling behavior was conducted in this study. Methods: Physical characterizations of the tablets, including a swelling index based on weight variation and visual swelling observations, were carried out. Results: Of the four different grades of HEC 250 examined (H, HX, HHX and M), HEC 250HHX exhibited the greatest swelling index. Lower molecular weight PEO, varying from Mw �00K to Mw 900K, exhibited a low swelling index and dissolved almost completely after immersion for 2 to 4 h in the medium. However, the swelling ability of PEO (Mw 8,000K) was found to be sustainable to an extent greater than that for HEC 250HHX. Combination of a lower molecular weight PEO (Mw 900K) with HEC 250HHX resulted in a lower swelling index than that for HEC 250HHX alone, whereas a high molecular weight PEO (Mw 8,000K) incorporated with HEC 250HHX resulted in a higher swelling rate. However, the addition of an ionic complex of polyelectrolytes produced only a slight improvement in swelling index. Conclusion: HEC exhibited a suitable swelling index apart from the higher molecular weight PEO (Mw 8,000K). The addition of 50% Carbopol in HEC would be preferable to increase the swelling of the tablet. The swelling index obtained from the formulation with �0% to 50% of chitosan showed a good swelling index in the pH �.2 media, but the degree of swelling size was not high enough as required.


Security of information such as text, digital and analog data is considered important in defense applications. In the Research and Development activities, the defense applications have to undergo excessive trials of defense store. As the defense applications are required to be highly confidential, the system design of defense applications for the R&D activities should be made confidential from public and unauthorized user. In this paper, a system is designed for acquiring analog information along with maintaining privacy and security of information for defense store. The system implemented is made secure by use of cryptographic algorithm. The blowfish algorithm is used for encryption of information and also the mechanism for extracting the information is designed. The system is designed on Spartan FPGA platform providing high reliability of designed system. Keywords-FPGA, security, cryptography


Recent research suggests that high facial symmetry plays a large role in whether or not a person is deemed beautiful. To test this hypothesis, a beauty classifier was built utilizing various machine learning algorithms in hopes of modeling society's general idea of beauty. Data collection included survey responses and online facial images. Facial recognition and facial feature extraction was performed with Haar Cascades. Beauty classifiers consisted of algorithms such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Logistic Regression. Facial features were detected with 0.02 error, and beauty was correctly classified using the Random Forest model with 0.21 error.


According to one embodiment, when the data read from the first storage unit as a backup source of the first function indicates not the same, the read data is written to the second storage unit as the backup destination. When data is read from the first storage unit and the data indicating the first function is the same, the read data is not written to the second storage unit, and transmits to the second deletion notification The storage unit.


Urban grasslands are turfgrass dominated landscapes of varying functions and uses that are ubiquitous in areas associated with human population growth and urbanization. While these landscapes are perceived to serve a primarily aesthetic function, they provide a multitude of beneficial ecosystem functions that impervious surfaces do not provide. Urban grassland soils have been shown to accumulate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for decades, matching native grasslands and eastern hardwood forest soils in terms of C and N densities. The establishment and maintenance of urban grasslands alters many microbially-mediated biogeochemical processes in soils, including soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Despite strong evidence of alterations to soil C and N cycling, the impacts of maintaining urban grasslands on soil microbiomes and their functions remain understudied compared to other ecosystems. Typical management practices can directly and indirectly affect edaphic factors in urban grasslands, which in turn, could impact soil processes mediated by microorganisms. We reviewed the existing literature on urban grassland management, focusing on how mowing, fertilization, irrigation, grass species composition, and soil cultivation could impact the composition and function of soil microorganisms. Although sparse, the literature indicates that the techniques used to maintain urban grassland habitats broadly select for copiotrophic microorganisms adapted to higher resource availability. Additionally, the studies indicate that greater soil fertility and plant productivity found in urban grasslands facilitate the accumulation of soil C and N, as well as SOM as compared to other land-use types. However, effects on soil biology and biogeochemistry depend on specific management practices, which are quite variable. Future research on soil C and N dynamics in urban grasslands should focus on the dominant component of this ecosystem—residential lawns—however, much of the existing scientific literature featuring turfgrass systems focus heavily on golf courses, athletic fields, and major tourist parks.


A multiple-timescale analysis is employed to analyse Taylor-dispersion-like convective-diffusive processes in converging and diverging flows. A long-time asymptotic equation governing the cross-sectionally averaged solute probability density is derived. The form of this equation is shown to be dependent upon the number of spatial dimensions characterizing the duct or 'cone'. The two-dimensional case (non-parallel plates) is shown to be fundamentally different from that for three dimensions (circular cone) in that, in two dimensions, a Taylor dispersion description of the process is possible only for small Peclet numbers or angles of divergence. In contrast, in three dimensions, a Taylor dispersion description is always possible provided sufficient time has passed since the initial introduction of solute into the system. The convective Taylor dispersion coefficients $\overline{D}_c$ for the respective cases of low-Reynolds-number flow between non-parallel plates and in a circular cone are computed and their limiting values, $\overline{D}_c^0$, for zero apex angle are shown to be consistent with the known results for Taylor dispersion between parallel plates and in a circular cylinder. When plotted in the non-dimensional form of $\overline{D}_c/\overline{D}^0_c$ versus the half-vertex angle θ0, the respective dispersivity results for the two cases hardly differ from one another, increasing monotonically from 1.0 for θ0 = 0 to approximately 2.6 for a fully flared duct, θ0 = θ/2. Lastly, the techniques developed above for the case of rectilinear channel and duct boundaries are extended to the case of curvilinear boundaries, and an illustrative calculation performed for the case of axisymmetric flow in a flared Venturi tube.


Calculations of the oceanic heat budget for the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific, in conjunction with satellite measurements of net radiation at the top of the atmosphere, permit a partitioning of heat export performed by the oceanic water body v. the atmospheric column. For individual Marsden squares, the divergence of heat transport within the oceanic water body ranges from +82% (export) to −120% (import) of the net radiative input to the system at the top of the atmosphere. Oceanic heat export is particularly conspicuous in the realm of the cold currents off the west coasts and in the cold water tongue immediately to the south of the equator.


Establishing quantitative bounds on the execution cost of programs is essential in many areas of computer science such as complexity analysis, compiler optimizations, security and privacy. Techniqu...


A Tm,Ho:YAP laser at cryogenic temperature is demonstrated for the first time with simultaneous emission at 2000 nm and 2119 nm. The feasibility of switching wavelength and achieving balanced output powers at two widely separated wavelengths has been confirmed by investigating the temperature dependence of the laser spectra. The optimal temperature for balanced output evidently diminishes as the pump power density increases, thereby manifesting a rate of change quantified at 1.19 K/W. At the optimal temperature of 43.1 K, the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of the Tm,Ho:YAP simultaneous dual-wavelength laser (SDWL) with a pump power of 11.8 W is 12.7%, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 15.8%.


Air-water gas-exchange is studied in direct numerical simulations (DNS) of free-surface flows driven by natural convection and weak winds. The wind is modeled as a constant surface-shear-stress and the gas-transfer is modeled via a passive scalar. The simulations are characterized via a Richardson number Ri=Bν/u*4 where B, ν, and u* are the buoyancy flux, kinematic viscosity, and friction velocity respectively. The simulations comprise 0 Ric or kg=Ashearu*Sc-n, Ri<Ric. Here ABuoy=0.4 and AShear=0.1 are constants, and n is an exponent that depends on the water surface-characteristics.


This book presents a microhistory of the society and economy of Tebtunis in the mid-  rst century A . D ., mostly using the papyrus archive of Kronion, the head of the village ' s scribal and notarial of  ce ( grapheion ). The archive ' s c. 200 documents include over 100 contracts in varying states of completeness and, crucially, three registers of the documents drafted at the grapheion in four months of 42 and a sixteen-month span during 45 – 46. These registers give basic descriptions (and sometimes detailed abstracts) for over 1,100 documents, thus providing a snapshot of the sectors of the village economy in which transactions involved written instruments, and of the parties to such transactions. Most of the archive was published in the 1930s and ' 40s; ever since, papyrologists have exploited this trove of quanti  able data to answer speci  c questions. Langellotti ' s is the  rst published study to exploit the Kronion archive systematically, and the result is a wonderfully rich and multifaceted picture of the village. Also valuable is the book ' s sober analysis of the archive ' s evidentiary limitations. ' examines operations The demographic


Objective: Globally, there is a rise in the frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes is severe co-morbidity in COVID-19 patients. We conducted a review and evaluated the already documents reports for the relationship among diabetes and COVID-19.
Methods: Full text was retrieved using PubMed database and Google Scholar using the key phrases 'COVID-19', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'diabetes'.
Results: The review outcome shows that the COVID-19 severity seems to be greater among patients with diabetes as comorbidity. So, strict glycemic control is imperative in patients infected with COVID-19.
Conclusions: Thus, world-wide diabetes burden and COVID-19 pandemic must be deliberated as diabetes increases the COVID-19 severity. Established on this, it is precise significant to follow specific treatment protocols and clinical management in COVID-19 patients affected with diabetes to prevent morbidity and mortality.


We propose a general path-integral definition of two-dimensional quantum field theories deformed by an integrable, irrelevant vector operator constructed from the components of the stress tensor and those of a U(1) current. The deformed theory is obtained by coupling the original QFT to a flat dynamical gauge field and "half" a flat dynamical vielbein. The resulting partition function is shown to satisfy a geometric flow equation, which perfectly reproduces the flow equations for the deformed energy levels that were previously derived in the literature. The S-matrix of the deformed QFT differs from the original S-matrix only by an overall phase factor that depends on the charges and momenta of the external particles, thus supporting the conjecture that such QFTs are UV complete, although intrinsically non-local. For the special case of an integrable QFT, we check that this phase factor precisely reproduces the change in the finite-size spectrum via the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz equations. Copyright T. Anous and M. Guica. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Published by the SciPost Foundation. Received 28-01-2021 Accepted 19-04-2021 Published 30-04-2021 Check for updates doi:10.21468/SciPostPhys.10.4.096


RECENT investigations by Dale, Feldb erg and their collaborators have shown that impulses reaching motor nerve endings in voluntary muscle fibres cause a liberation of acetylcholine, and suggest that this substance may act as a transmitter of excitation from nerve to muscle. According to previous investigations [Chang & Gaddum, 1933; Plattner & Hintner, 1930], the amount of acetylcholine found in various tissues and the quantity of cholinesterase present can be brought into relation with the existence of the so-called cholinergic transmitter mechanism: the highest concentration of substrate and enzyme was-with a few unexplained exceptions-found in tissues whose main activity is controlled by nerves which are acting, or may be supposed to act, by liberating acetylcholine. As Brown et al. [1936] suggest, the acetylcholine liberated is more or less rapidly hydrolysed in order to enable the tissues to return to their previous condition, and therefore the distribution of the enzyme may vary with the kind of tissue. It was therefore of interest to obtain quantitative data of the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis by voluntary muscle tissue. METHODS


Background: Little is known about Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) burden across the globe. We aimed to describe zTB surveillance programs in WHO signatory countries, evaluating its intersection with income levels and Mycobacterium bovis risk of transmission.

Methods: For this systematic review, we searched the main articles databases and also gray literature for guides documents published between 1980 and 2019. For inclusion, the articles and guides documents had to be in English, French, Portuguese, Spanish or Italian. Only original articles, narrative and systematic reviews have been accepted and the guides documents should be available at official websites. We excluded articles not focusing on epidemiology, control and surveillance. We used bovine TB cases in livestock and wildlife populations as a proxy for the country's risk of zTB using data from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), from 2015 to 2018. Countries were classified according to the level of income (World Bank's classification) and strength of zTB surveillance. The study is registered with PROSPERO number CRD42018090603.

Findings: We selected 13 articles and 208 guides documents including data from 119/194 countries (61·3%). We found that there is a lack of surveillance data of zTB in over half of the 194 WHO signatory countries, and where it exists, is concentrated in countries where the risk of zTB is lower. Majority of surveillance systems perform passive surveillance and are not integrated into the One Health perspective, which was evidenced in 4/119 (3·4%) countries, all high-income.

Interpretation: Our findings highlights weaknesses in ZTB surveillance worldwide which reflects lack of information that could support an adequate understanding of its burden, especially in countries with major risk for Mycobacterium bovis transmission. To face this challenge, efforts will be needed to promote intersectoral policies, implementing the One Health strategy.

Funding Statement: This study was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and Sara Borrell grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CD19/00110).

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.


This article considers the first theatrical productions of Jane Eyre  in 1848 and  Mary Barton  in 1851, both of which were written by John Courtney for the Old Vic Theatre. By examining the particular composition of the Old Vic Theater audience as well as the social and cultural events surrounding the productions, I argue that Courtney's adaptations revive and manipulate the class structure of paternalism that had begun to fade in the face of industrialization. These plays look nostalgically back at a period of what appeared to be simpler class relations while also incorporating new ways of seeing the working class. Thus, I argue they reject not only the revolutionary tactics of groups such as the Chartists but also the industrialized system that alienated worker from employer. When considered within the context of both the industrial changes of the late 40s and early 50s and the decline of Chartism, the adaptations transform an old form of class relations and remake it in such a way that it empowers the laborers while still working within a historical class structure (though one in decline). In effect, I assert that Courtney negotiates between various ideologies, merging pieces of middle-class domesticity with paternalism. But he does so in such a way that valorizes the working class.


An image de-noising model by integrating anisotropic diffusion with USFFT Curvelet transform was proposed, which combined the strongpoint of Curvelet transform with anisotropic diffusion (P-M diffusion). By choosing appropriate gradient threshold K through p-norms and carrying out the P-M diffusion process depend on the different scale matrixes of Curvelet coefficient of the image from Curvelet transform iterations, as a result, the improved model made it possible to carry out the new P-M diffusion de-noising process based on multi-scale analysis of the image. The experiment results have demonstrated that the model can avert the stair-casing effect in the traditional P-M diffusion effectively and keep the textures and details of images better.


Objective: To observe the curative effect of therapy of integrated Chinese and western medicine on bronchial asthma in acute episode.Method: 30 cases in treatment group were treated with Asthma-Reliving Decoction on the found of western medicine,and the ones in control group were done with western medicine only.Result: In treatment group 8 cases were recovered,9 ones excellent,10 ones effective,and 3 ones ineffective.The total effective rate was 90.0%.In control group 6 cases were recovered,8 ones excellent,9 ones effective,and 7 ones ineffective.The total effective rate was 76.7%.There was significant difference between the two groups on improving clinical symptoms and lung function tests(P0.05).Conclusion: Therapy of integrated Chinese and western medicine has good and reliable effect on bronchial asthma in acute episode.


Although such prohibitions are becoming more common, generalizations can't be made about their impact because they still are too new and too few. Scrutiny of the ban in Maryville, Mo., shows that the issues remain hazy.


This paper enumerates Professor Huang Huang' s two cases in syndrome differentiation and treatment on body constitution,and introduces his diagnostic and therapeutic pattern of"formula-syndrome triangular".


Abstract A 10-year-old female with heterotaxy-asplenia and complex CHD developed pulmonary arteriovenous malformations with associated cyanosis after Fontan completion. She underwent orthotopic heart transplantation, but her pulmonary arteriovenous malformations persisted with progressive worsening cyanosis. Elective transcatheter left pulmonary artery embolisation was performed 2 years post-transplant, which successfully normalised her oxygen saturation without a significant increase in pulmonary artery pressure.


Background: There is a no consensus over the most sensitive and practical approach to diagnose Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). The standard 75 grams glucose tolerance test (GTT) is widely practiced to diagnose GDM. However, non-fasting 75-gram Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) with the 2-hour cutoff value of ≥ 140mg/dL is also recommended by some professional bodies. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity and specifiity of GCT when compared to GTT for diagnosing GDM. Methods: Pregnant women in period of gestation between 24- 28 weeks were recruited by simple random sampling method. Non fasting 75g GCTs were performed in all followed by fasting 75g GTTs within a week time. International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria of GTT were used as t he reference test to diagnose GDM and 2-hour value of GCT was compared. Findings: According to IADPSG criteria, 21.5% (59/274) of pregnant women had GDM, in compared to 13.1% (36/274) detected by GCT. Sensitivity and specifiity of GCT were 40.6% and 94.4% respectively. The area under the ROC curve for the ability of 2-hour value of GCT to predict GDM detected by GTT was 0.758 (SE 0.039). According to GTT values, FBS ≥ 92 mg/dL alone recognized 11.7% (32/274) of study sample as having GDM. Additional 9.1% (25/274) and 0.7% (2/274) of GDM cases were detected with 1-hour value≥180 mg/dL and 2-hour hour value ≥ 153 respectively. Conclusion: GCT with 2-hour cutoff value ≥ 140mg/dL is not sensitive enough to diagnose GDM recognized by GTT.


In this paper, we consider fuzzy differential equations with the second type of Hukuhara derivative. With the help of Lyapunov-like functions, we establish stability, uniform stability, and uniformly asymptotical stability theorems, respectively, for a class of fuzzy differential equations with the second type of Hukuhara derivative. Besides, a very useful comparison principle is derived, which connects the stability relationships between fuzzy differential equations with the second type of Hukuhara derivative and scalar differential equations. In addition, some examples are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the results.


EDITORIAL COMMENT: This paper shows that the blood glucose values recorded in the glucose tolerance test which resulted in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes do not reliably predict which women will require insulin when dietary measures fail. It is not surprising that, in this study, the 2‐hour glucose value correlated best with the need for insulin therapy since gestational diabetes was diagnosed solely on the basis of a high 2‐hour glucose value (≥ 7.8 mmol/L). The data from the 596 women with gestational diabetes shown in the tables and figures should especially interest readers who manage women with gestational diabetes. In many centres women with gestational diabetes are managed without admission to hospital. Attendance at a day centre after initial diagnosis is helpful to arrange instruction from a diabetes educator and dietitian, including instruction regarding home monitoring of blood glucose levels in those where this seems necessary. In the clinics which the editorial subcommittee attend, insulin is commenced in women with gestational diabetes when the 2‐hour postprandial plasma glucose level exceeds 6.5 mmol/L on 2 or more occasions, in spite of dietary measures. In this clinic women with gestational diabetes seldom require hospitalization for stabilization of blood glucose levels. Figures 1–3 clearly show that although insulin therapy is more likely to be indicated when fasting, 1‐hour or 2‐hour plasma values are high, there are many women with high values at these points on the glucose tolerance test resulting in diagnosis of gestational diabetes, who did not require insulin. Patient compliance with dietary advice is the one explanation of this finding which the clinician is most likely to be able to influence.


English Abstract: Sugar consumption has become an extremely serious problem, especially since its incorporation into every type of food not only those considered to be sweet culturally. This is not exclusively a health problem but also a gastronomic one, since this "invisible sugar" is perceptible by the stomach but not by the senses. Sugar's ubiquity has led to its demonization. The consumption of candy has been one of the victims of this process. A social image of "empty calories", or food without nutrients, has been built up around it. In this article I want to emphasize what this "medicalized" image of candy leaves out: the social, imaginary, nutritional and gastronomic potentialities of this form of alimentation. It is true that since sugar became invisible we have no understanding of its power. But by focusing solely on negative aspects we overlook the potentiality of candy as, amongst other things, vehicles for nutritional socialization and education in taste. Redeeming candy thus involves changing the social imaginaries associated with it. This new imaginary is largely emerging in the field of internet and the new technologies.French Abstract: La consommation de sucre est devenue un probleme extremement grave, surtout depuis son incorporation dans tous les types de nourriture et non seulement ceux consideres comme culturellement sucres. Ce n'est pas exclusivement un probleme de sante mais aussi gastronomique, puisque ce "sucre invisible" est perceptible par l'estomac, mais pas par les sens. L'omnipresence du sucre a conduit a sa diabolisation. La consommation des bonbons et d'autres friandises a ete l'une des victimes de ce processus. Une image sociale des "calories vides", ou de la nourriture sans nutriments a ete construite autour d'elle. Dans cet article, je tiens a souligner ce que cette image "medicalisee" des bonbons laisse de cote les potentialites sociales, imaginaires, nutritionnelles et gastronomiques de cette forme d'alimentation. Il est vrai qu'une fois le sucre devenu invisible nous n'avons aucune comprehension de sa puissance. Mais en nous concentrant uniquement sur les aspects negatifs, nous negligeons la potentialite des friandises qui sont, entre autres, des vehicules pour la socialisation et l'education nutritionnelle au gout. La redemption des sucreries implique donc de changer les imaginaires sociaux qui leur sont associes. Ce nouvel imaginaire est largement emergent dans le domaine d'Internet et des nouvelles technologies.


Introduction The Cycledes The Saronic Gulf Islands The Sporades The Ionian Islands The Dodecanese The Islands of the North-East Aegean Crete Practical travel information


There are two families of algorithms for parallel discrete event simulation—optimistic and conservative—and several hybrid techniques. Optimistic algorithms execute events as quickly as possible, correcting errors if they occur. Conservative algorithms process events only when they are known to be safe. Although optimistic algorithms are presently more popular, we present evidence that architectural advances will more significantly impact their performance. The performance of conservative algorithms is strongly dependent on lookahead, the ability of an object to predict when it will interact with other objects. Objects with good lookahead can be processed independently. Not only is it important that good lookahead exist in the model; the modeler must also make that lookahead available to the conservative algorithm.
Many models contain lookahead that can not easily be specified. This work presents a system for specifying lookahead in some classes of models for which traditional lookahead specification falls short. The system works by identifying the paths along which data flows through a system. Lookahead can be significantly different along different paths through the same object, and making use of that structural information can lead to significant improvements in performance. A model of path based lookahead that encompasses all previous models of lookahead is presented. An implementation based on the model is presented, proven correct, and used in a performance study. Additional experiments show the impact of lookahead on scheduling and efficiency on modern multi-processors.


Light and heavy mineral combination characteristic,directions of palaeo-flow,sandstone petrography,space distribution of sand bodies of subaquatic distributary channels and sedimentary structure feature were used to analyze source rock,source direction and depositional system of Chang 8-6 oil-beds of Yanchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in Longdong area of Ordos Basin.The palaeo-flow parameters show that the sediments are carried from department by the basin to the center in the depositional period of Yanchang Formation.Three main source directions can be divided according to the light and heavy mineral combination characteristics,as west,southwest and northeastern directions.In addition,there is the secondary source in the south according to ancient flow direction.The quartzite,neutral-basic and neutral-acid volcanic rock,metamorphic rock of Precambrian and shallow metamorphic rock,carbonate rock,gravel rock of Palaeozoic group from basin outer edge are the source rocks.The depositional system of Chang86 oil-beds of Yanchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in Longdong area can be divided into four systems.One of them is Wuqi-Huachi delta depositional system from northeast;others are Huanxian fan delta depositional system from west,Zhenyuan-Jingchuan braided delta depositional system from southwest and Heshui-Guchengchuan turbidite fan depositional system from south.On the basis of the depositional systems,petrographic characteristics,sand body pattern,sedimentary structure of different depositional systems and the evolution process of the depositional systems are elaborated in detail.


Abstract In this article, we introduce the notion of bifunction with the property of negative transitivity and, using the Berge-Klee intersection theorem, we establish existence theorems of the solutions for the equilibrium problems, when the involved bifunction has this property. Then, using standard scalarization techniques, we obtain existence criteria of the solutions for vector equilibrium problems. The last section of the article is devoted to the scalar and vector quasi-equilibrium problems.


Cancer survival rates and longevity of patients after therapy have significantly improved during the last decades. Thus durable protection against infections should be provided. The aim of the study was to compare the levels of vaccine‐derived antibodies in children with cancer compared to those of healthy children and to investigate how therapy influences the levels of specific antibodies.


Recently,the reform of deregulation in our natural monopoly industry has further developed gradually,while the industy regulation system adapting to it has not been constructed completely by now.And lots of new problems have occurred in practice.Therefore,the reform of our natural monopoly industry is a synchronous process of deregulation and reregulation,and also a process of constructing a new regulation system.A new regulation system in our natural monopoly industry should be constructed in the following aspects:perfecting law system,constructing independent regulation institution,deploying regulation power,perfecting regulation mechanism,(constructing)(industry) self-discipline organization,social regulation system and so on.


VII CHAPTER 1. IN1RODUCTION 1.1 References 1 5 2.1 References 7 9 2. EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURES 3. COMPUTERSIMULATIONOF DAMAGEANDDOPANTPROFILES 10 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 TRIM Simulation for B+ Implant in Silicon TRIM Simulation for Ge+ Implant in Silicon Suprem ill Simulation of Concentration Profiles Junction Depth from Suprem In 10 11 12 16 28 37 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Results and Discussion


To The Editor:

We are interested in the case described in the paper entitled "Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Unusual Cause of Cervical Myelopathy. A Case Report" (2001;83:744-7), by Underwood et al. We believe that the imaging features described in this case resemble those of the destructive spondyloarthropathy that is found in patients with chronic renal failure who are often, but not always, receiving hemodialysis. The pathogenesis of destructive spondyloarthropathy is still controversial; some believe that secondary hyperparathyroidism is the main cause of the lesion, while others believe …


This paper is concerned with an approach to the automated design of lters for background removal of bankchecks. The approach is derived from a simpli ed version of the morphological subtraction and its interpretation, using the 2DHistogram. From an empty bankcheck, a mask is computed, which can be added to every lled-in bankcheck of the same kind, ltering the user entered information parts within the bankcheck image. This approach works well for many types of bankchecks, but it fails for EC bankchecks. By considering the 2DHistogram of empty and lled-in EC bankcheck images, a means is given for improving the result for EC checks, using the so-called 2D-Lookup algorithm. Moreover, this algorithm allows for the use of the lled-in image only, if there is a way to specify two lter operations, which process the lled-in image in order to get a separable 2D-Histogram. An evolutionary algorithm, the genetic programming (GP), is used for performing this adaptation task. The evolutionary generated lters shows very good performance for EC bankcheck background removal. A detailed study gives the importance of a family of image processing operations, the OWA operations, for this removal.


Background: Energy storage and return (ESR) prosthetic feet are designed to store strain energy during stance and release that energy during push-off and, hence, promote a more energy efficient gait. However, despite ESR feet being prescribed for approximately thirty years, most previous studies have not provided statistically significant evidence that they reduce the metabolic cost of amputee walking.

Aim: We report a meta-analysis of previously published data with the aim of providing a definitive answer to whether ESR feet result in more energy efficient amputee walking than conventional solid ankle cushioned heel (SACH) feet.

Method: We normalised data from previously published studies so that these data could be combined to provide a larger sample and, hence, achieve statistically significant results. Since the majority of amputee metabolic cost studies don't include a non-amputee control group, we normalised the data by dividing the cost of amputee walking with ESR feet by the cost with SACH feet, using data from the same study. This removed protocol bias and thus allowed statistical tests using the combined data from the previous studies. Additionally the normalised data was tested for a relationship with speed; since we hypothesised that ESR feet might perform better at higher speeds.

Results: The raw data from previous studies for any given foot type is difficult to interpret due to variations in protocol causing considerable variability amongst the results from different studies (figure A). This highlights the importance of normalising the cost of walking when combining results from different studies (figure B). After doing this, we found a statistically significant difference between ESR and SACH feet. However the magnitude of this difference was relatively minor, with the cost of walking with ESR feet (figure B: dashed line) being 96.8% (p < 0.001) of that with SACH feet (figure B: solid line). No relationship between normalised cost of walking and speed was found.

Discussion & Conclusion: These results suggest that, in general, ESR feet are not effective at improving the metabolic cost of amputee walking to a clinically relevant degree. The failure of passive ESR feet to improve the cost of walking is likely related to their inability to plantarflex beyond their neutral ankle angle; so that they are unable to provide significant push-off at the end of stance. Future designs of prosthetic feet should focus on providing push-off in a manner similar to a healthy intact ankle and foot.


In view of the problem that the existing radar signal detection method in the detection threshold is difficult to determine,this paper puts forward a method of adaptive detection and parameter estimation of LFMCW signal based on the periodic fractional Fourier transform( PFRFT). First,with the introduction of PFRFT,the matching characteristics and processing gain of PFRFT was analyzed; Then,the probability statistical properties of LFMCW signal in PFRFT domain was derived in the background of the Gaussian white noise,the detection threshold was determined adaptively by Neyman-Pearson criterion,and it implements the rapid detection and parameter estimation of LFMCW signal in low SNR. The analytical theory and simulation results show its effectivity.


We explore the latent semantic relations between blog pages with links by a method similar to LSI to detect web communities.The result of our experiment confirms our original ideas that web links contain some latent semantic information.Notice that semantic web has no difference with current HTML web on links except for some semantic tags,we believe this method can also be applied to community detection and information retrieval on semantic web,which is the initial goal of our work.Another contribution of this paper is that we do some optimizations on GMC clustering method by power iteration,which makes it much faster when dealing with huge data source.


Recently,theory-of-mind investigations have been extended to children's understandings of mental processes,such as children's understandings of the controllability of mental processes.The first purpose of the present study was to reveal the development of children's understandings of the controllability of dreams in preschools and elementary schools.The second purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the emotional valence of dreams affects children's understandings of the controllability of dreams.The participants were 36 five-years-olds,36 seven-years-olds and 36 nine-years-olds,with approximately equal numbers of boys and girls in each age group.They were from one preschool and two elementary schools in Hangzhou,China.All the children were interviewed individually.Each child was asked to hear four stories about characters who would like to dream something or not to,and to judge whether the characters were able to dream what he would like to,and to explain why.Two of the stories were about characters whose dreams are of either positive or negative emotional valence;the other two with neutral emotions.The data was analyzed by Chi-square test,Kruskal-Wallis test,Jonckheere-Terpstra test and Sign test.The results showed:(1)The nine-year-olds were better at realizing that dreaming was an uncontrollable process than the five-year-olds and the seven-year-olds.(2)The five-year-olds claimed dreams with negative emotions were more easily controlled than those with neutral emotions.The results indicated that children did not realize that dreaming was an uncontrollable process in preschool years,and their beliefs that dreams were uncontrollable had significant development during the elementary school years,and the emotional valence of dreams affected children's understandings of the controllability of dreams in preschool years.


Many-body quantum systems typically display fast dynamics and ballistic spreading of information. Here we address the open problem of how slow the dynamics can be after a generic breaking of integrability by local interactions. We develop a method based on degenerate perturbation theory that reveals slow dynamical regimes and delocalization processes in general translation invariant models, along with accurate estimates of their delocalization time scales. Our results shed light on the fundamental questions of the robustness of quantum integrable systems and the possibility of many-body localization without disorder. As an example, we construct a
large class of one-dimensional lattice models where, despite the absence of asymptotic localization, the transient dynamics is exceptionally slow, i.e., the dynamics is indistinguishable from that of many-body localized systems
for the system sizes and time scales accessible in experiments and numerical simulations.


This paper proposes a new coupled pitch and velocity control of a doubly-fed linear motor, which is applied for a novel mechatronic railway system based on the operation of shuttles. Compared with conventional trains, a single axle under-carriage is developed for the shuttle. The primary of the linear motor is installed between the rails and the secondary is fixed on the axle only via the middle. In order to prevent the secondary from pitching and maintain a constant air gap between the primary and the secondary, the secondary windings are divided into two parts to be supplied separately. A decoupled pitch and velocity control is introduced in reference one in detail. Because the currents for pitch control don't contribute to velocity control. They cause higher power losses of the system. Therefore, a coupled pitch and velocity control is developed and presented in this paper.


Advance care planning (ACP) has gained momentum as a vital component of quality healthcare decision making for all individuals, and for optimizing palliative and end-of-life care for those with advanced illness. However, the ultimate and potential impact of ACP services will be dependent on the answers to several key questions. How will ACP services be appropriately embedded into the routines of care delivery models over the lifetime of an individual? Can there be consensus on the outcomes that should be achieved when building ACP services? Will the role of the ACP facilitator be embraced as an integral component of an ACP team that delivers competent and reliable planning assistance? How will these individuals be trained and reimbursed for their services? What commitment will be required of organizational and community leaders in developing an ACP system that is sustainable and enduring? Will improved strategies be developed that provide flexibility in documenting individual preferences for treatment decisions and effective strategies for storage and retrieval be created? This session will explore these questions and provide the presenter's reflection on her 14-year history assisting organizations throughout the world in implementing improved ACP programs and practices.