This volume is a wonderful contribution to the history of Japanese anthropology, which is still little known to the anthropological community outside Japan. It is based on papers presented at a workshop held at the National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka in December 1999. The editors, the Japanese anthropologist Akitoshi Shimizu and the late Dutch anthropologist Jan van Bremen, had previously published Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania (van Bremen and Shimizu 1999). This, their second book on the colonial period, focuses in particular on the activities of Japanese anthropologists during wartime in Asia and the Pacific. The contributors to this volume are international. Six are from Japan (Akitoshi Shimizu, Teruo Sekimoto, Atsushi Nobayashi, Shirō Sasaki, Kōji Miyazaki, and Katsumi Nakao), while the others come from the Netherlands (Jan van Bremen), the United States (Kevin M. Doak), Korea (Ch'oe Kilsūng), China (Nie Lili), Brunei (B. A. Hussainmiya), and Singapore (Tsu Yun Hui). The fact that Japanese wartime anthropology is being examined not only by Japanese scholars but also by scholars from the West and Japan's former colonies makes this volume particularly significant. For Japanese anthropologists, too, this is a rare opportunity to review this period, because, as Teruo Sekimoto puts it, "Japanese anthropologists have not discussed publicly what this involvement by ethnologists in the war effort meant to their own discipline. Rather, the problem was treated as off-the-record stories and personal episodes. This attitude was, and still is, detrimental to the development of Japanese anthropology" (p. 135). I do not have space to discuss in detail the whole of this massive volume, but it is possible to consider the status of this wartime body of Japanese work in the context of the development of anthropology both in Japan and internationally since that time.


The current AI-for-cybersecurity paradigm focuses on detection using automated tools, but it has largely neglected holistic autonomous cyber defense systems — ones that can act without human tasking. That is poised to change as tools are proliferating for training reinforcement learning-based AI agents to provide broader autonomous cybersecurity capabilities. The resulting agents are still rudimentary and publications are few, but the current barriers are surmountable and effective agents would be a substantial boon to society.


Chapter 4 illustrates how the immigrant experience is a key dimension of American life. Heather Koball uses national data to understand how policies shape the lives of immigrants. She describes two studies that analyze the impacts of policies on the health well-being of low-income immigrant families. In her look at Mexican-origin families in Phoenix, Airín D. Martínez examines the effects of racism and antagonistic immigration enforcement policies on health and stress. Kate Vickery illustrates the importance of collaborative strategies to promote a vibrant immigrant community. The chapter ends with Francesca Menes's perspectives on Black immigrants, a diverse and understudied population. Menes illustrates how exclusionary public policies and institutional racism criminalize Black immigrants, drawing from her work in Miami to suggest an agenda for action and research.


The issues for ensuring the financial policy of the RA communities are discussed. The directions of fiscal policy and the implementation of community budget expenditures are analyzed. Opportunities for improving expenditure policies and financial decentralization in the Republic of Armenia are assessed.


The largest asteroids are survivors from the earliest days of the formation of the solar system and by and large have escaped the heavy bombardment period largely unscathed. Moreover, these largest bodies should have remained closest to their points of origin. Thus a strategy of visiting the largest bodies in the main belt could tell us much about the original compositional gradient in the solar system and hence the temperature
and pressure gradient that produced it. The Dawn mission explores the two
most massive main belt asteroids 4 Vesta and 1 Ceres at 2.34 and 2.77 AU respectively. These bodies are very different. Vesta has an equatorial diameter of about 520 km and is covered with basaltic flows whereas Ceres is close to 1000 km in diameter and has a shape and density consistent with a rocky core covered by a thick ice (˜100 km) shell. The third most massive main belt asteroid, 2 Pallas, lies at the same distance as Ceres with the same size of Vesta but a much lower density. However, since it orbits at a high inclination it is quite inaccessible. The fourth most massive asteroid is 10 Hygiea at 3.12 AU. Much less is known about Hygiea than the other three asteroids but it is sufficiently further out that we might expect as much a difference between Hygiea and Ceres as we see between Ceres and Vesta, perhaps indicating how organic molecules were radially distributed. Another significant body in this region is 16 Psyche that appears to be the iron core of a much larger original body. This too would make an attractive target for an asteroid mission. In fact it is possible using the latest advances in ion engines to design a mission like Dawn that could visit both these bodies.


Ga2O3 layers with thickness from 10 to 86 µm were grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on GaN(0001)/sapphire templates in a hot wall reactor at 570°C, with the growth rate of about 3‑4 μm/h. The grown layers consisted of pure (001)-oriented κ-Ga2O3 polymorph with no admixture of β-Ga2O3 or α-Ga2O3 phases. The narrowest (004) x-ray rocking curves were observed for 13-20 µm thick κ-Ga2O3 layers. A further increase in thickness results in deterioration of the crystal quality which is indicated by the broadening of rocking curves. Electrical measurements of the thick layers revealed that they were n-type, with the concentration of shallow donors gradually decreasing from ~1016 cm-3 to ~1015 cm‑3. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements revealed the presence of deep traps with levels near Ec-0.3 eV, Ec-0.6 eV, Ec-0.7 eV, Ec-0.8 eV, Ec-1 eV, with the Ec-0.8 eV being predominant.


Handling the lack of coordination while designing efficient algorithms in distributed systems has been a major topic of study in the past decade. Coordination mechanisms have been proposed as a tool to deal with the issue as well as lack of access to global information in settings such as distributed systems. In the context of resource allocation, a coordination mechanism is a set of local policies that assigns a cost to each strategy based on the available local information. For example, in machine scheduling, this cost only depends on the processing times of jobs assigned to the same machine. Although a great tool to study distributed algorithms in the presence of self-interested agents, coordination mechanisms have few deficiencies as an analysis tool for distributed game theoretic environments. For example, in many real-world settings, we do not know the exact processing time of a job before it finishes. Furthermore, in many settings, jobs arrive online, and have different release times. Motivated by these requirements, we propose dynamic coordination mechanisms, in which each job selects a machine by looking at the set of jobs currently on each machine and it can change its decision over time. In other words, jobs can dynamically choose the (best machine dynamically. We study scheduling and resource allocation problems in this framework. Here, we are given a set of M machines and a set N of jobs or players. Each job j ∈ N has pj units of processing requirement. The mechanism designer, however, is not aware of the processing lengths of jobs. This is commonly referred to as non-clairvoyant setting in the machine scheduling literature. We consider two machine models: In the related machine model, each machine has a speed νi, and a job can choose any machine i ∈ M. In the restricted assignment model, every machine has same speed; however, a job j can only go to a subset of machines Mj . The goal of system designer is to design policies that determine how each machine distributes the total speed νi among the set of jobs which choose the machine i. We demand that these policies be local. The jobs leave the system once they ∗Department of Computer Science, Duke University , 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708. email@example.com. Supported by NSF Awards CCF-0745761, CCF-1008065, and CCF-1348696. †Google Research, New York. Copyright is held by author/owner(s). complete. Therefore, a strategy for a job at each time instant consists of choosing a single machine i ∈ M that gives it the highest speed so that its processing requirement is met as quickly as possible, and thereby minimizing its completion time. We assume that each machine i ∈ M declares a policy, or a coordination mechanism, that determines how the speed νi is shared among the competing jobs. Given this policy, each job selects a single machine at every time t. Let θ(t) = (θ1(t), θ2(t), . . . , θn(t)) denote the current configuration of jobs, where θj(t) denotes the machine a job j chooses at time t. Further, let ν(j, t) denote the speed assigned to a job j at time t. In the next time instant t + 1, the jobs do a sequential best response in some order as follows (We assume that order the agents move is also determined by the mechanism designer): A job j which is currently choosing the machine θj(t) switches to the machine d ∈ M, d 6= θj(t), if and only if the speed it would receive on machine d is greater than the speed the job j is receiving. This changes the speeds the jobs get on the machine θj(t) (since j moved out) and the machine d. Therefore, at every time instant t, this defines a game on the jobs, and starting with the configuration at the previous step, the jobs do a sequential best response dynamics, where they sequentially change machines, till the system reaches a Nash equilibrium. This leads to a new configuration θ(t+1), where each job is in a NE with respect to ν(j, t). We note that θ(t) need not not change at each time instant; In fact, the configuration of jobs θ(t) changes only at time steps when either a job leaves the system or a new job arrives. The cost of a job j is the completion time Cj , which is defined as the earliest time instant at which the processing requirement of the job is met: ∫ Cj t=0 ν(j, t)dt = pj . The social cost is equal to the sum of players' costs: ∑ j Cj . Our objective is to design a coordination mechanism that minimizes the inefficiency resulting from the selfish behavior of jobs. The benchmark we use to measure the inefficiency is the optimum offline solution to the underlying optimization problem, without involving any selfish behavior. For the problem of minimizing the average completion time when all jobs arrive at the same time, we show that proportional sharing policy achieves a constant-factor approximation in equilibria, for the related machines and restricted assignment models. Furthermore, for the problem of minimizing the total flow-time (or delay) when the jobs arrive online, we provide a constant-competitive algorithm for the related machines model with a constant speed augmentation. All the results are obtained by applying a dual-fitting technique.


The authors have studied the oxidation of sulfur dioxide by dissolved oxygen in highly dilute solutions with a new differential optical absorption technique. The authors measured the rate of oxidation catalyzed by iron(III) over a wide range of pH, ionic strength, and in the presence of various organic materials. The studies indicate that noncomplexing organic molecules are highly inhibiting at high pH values of 5 and above and are not inhibiting at low pH values of 3 and below. Furthermore, the order of the reaction with respect to iron is different in the two pH regimes. This suggests that the mechanism of this reaction differs in the two pH regimes and is probably a free radical chain at high pH and a nonradical mechanism at low pH. Some of the mechanisms proposed in the literature are discussed in the light of these new data. None of the proposed mechanisms give completely satisfactory agreement with the data. The authors propose a modified free radical chain mechanism for the high pH regime, which correctly predicts the organic inhibitions. For the low pH regime, mechanisms proposed by Conklin and Hoffmann (1988) and by Hoffmann and Jacob (1984) give fair agreement with the pHmore » data and correctly predict the self-inhibition, the sulfate inhibition, and the ionic strength inhibition. In view of the new data, the authors believe that the iron(III) catalyzed reaction in tropospheric clouds can be a major contributor to the rate of sulfate formation, but there will be significant inhibition of this process by formic acid in some situations.« less


We create two distinct nonlinear regression models relating net loan loss (as an outcome) to several other financial and sociological quantities. We consider these data for the time interval between April 1st 2011 and April 1st 2020. We also include temporal quantities (month and year) in our model to improve accuracy. One model follows the frequentist paradigm for nonlinear regression, while the other follows the Bayesian paradigm. By using the two methods, we obtain a rounded understanding of the relationship between net loan losses and our given financial, sociological, and temporal variables, improving our ability to make financial predictions regarding the profitability of loan allocation.


Objective To examine how patient characteristics combined with ART eligibility expansions affect the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among eligible patients attending a referral center in Senegal from 1998 to 2015. Methods This is a retrospective observational study carried out at the outpatient treatment Centre (Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire) in Dakar, Senegal, based on computerized medical records, gathered from 1998 to 2015, of ART-naïve patients over 15 years of age. ART eligibility was defined as (CD4 count below 200) or as (WHO stage 4) or as (WHO stage 3 with (CD4 count below 350 or with unavailable CD4 count)) in 1998–2010; as (CD4 count below 350) or as (WHO stage 3 or 4) in 2011–2013; as (CD4 count below 500) or as (WHO stage 3 or 4) in 2014–2015. Four periods were defined according to ART eligibility expansions and Senegal's HIV care history: 1998–2003 (P 1), 2004–2010 (P 2), 2011–2013 (P3), and 2014–2015 (P4). Patients were expected to participate financially in their treatment during the first period (P1). Results A total of 3651 patient records were included. The median patient age was 40 years (IQR: 32–48). Women represented 56% of the population. The median CD4 count was 183 cells/mm3. Overall, 53% of patients had CD4 < 200 cells/mm3 at entry. This proportion reached 45% in 2014–2015. 2535 patients (69%) were eligible for therapy, including 1503 (41%) who started ART. The proportion of treated patients among those who were eligible at entry or later increased steadily from 25%, 47%, 75% to 82% in the four periods, respectively. The median time to treatment decreased from 5.6 months (IQR: 3–11) in P1 to 0.8 months (IQR: 0–2) in P4. Eligible patients with more advanced disease (CD4<200 cells/mm3 and/or clinical stage 3 or 4) were more likely to be ART initiated than those with CD4≥200 cells/mm3 and/or clinical stage 1 or 2 at each stage of ART eligibility expansion. Conclusion ART eligibility expansions were marked by a sharp increase in the proportion of eligible patients initiating treatment. These results show that in terms of management, the target of "Test and Treat" can be easily reached but that HIV testing will remain a key element to improve treatment success, as illustrated by the high proportion of people with advanced stage of infection at the time of ART initiation.


The aim of the article is to examine the concept of young adult literature, provide its historical timeframe, identify its key components, and, finally, discuss young adult literature in translation by presenting the state of research on the topic. After analysing the concept of a young adult, the article moves on to provide a brief summary of adolescent fiction's history, concluding that J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye and S. E. Hinton's The Outsiders largely contributed to the recognition of the genre. The paper mentions characteristic style choices employed by the authors of young adult fiction, the most prominent being the blend of registers or 'code-switching' between teen and adult speech, as acknowledged by Penelope Eckert and Chuck Wendig. Code-switching constitutes one of the main translation problems and is discussed at large in two compelling papers on the topic of young adult literature translation, namely Translating Young Adult Literature. The High Circulation Rate of Youth Language and Other Related Translation Problems in "The Catcher in the Rye" and "The Outsiders" by Saskia Tempert and Translating Young Adult Literature: Problems and Strategies. John Green`s "An Abundance of Katherines" by Loana Griguta. Both dissertations analyse the language of adolescent novels (in the twentieth and the twenty first century) and devise a list of strategies dedicated to adequately rendering English 180 Beyond Philology 16/4 source versions into Dutch and Romanian, respectively. These writings indicate a growing interest in the field of young adult literature translation. The article expresses the hope that more scholars will elaborate on the topic.


Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have gained a significant attention in research and carry the promise to be helpful in numerous aspects of life. For many applications, the location information of the nodes needs to be known. As this information is not necessarily available, there is a huge interest in algorithms estimating the positions of individual nodes. The precision and computational complexity of such "localization" algorithms is still a big issue. However, there are cases where the nodes are placed in one of a few possible predetermined positions. In those cases, computing the relative positions of nodes in relation to each other might be sufficient to determine their real positions. In this study, we introduce a methodology for discovering the sequence of nodes in a unidimensional configuration using the measured Received Signal Strength(RSS) values and allowance of frequency diversity of high frequency radio (CC2420) that is frequently used in wireless sensor networks. In the reported experimental tests, we were able to determine the node sequence correctly for the nodes that are as close as 50cm to each other, using the developed methodology.


Generalized additive models were tested using three types of smoothing functions as an alternative for modelling the height curve. The models were produced for 23 forest stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in the territory of the Training Forest Enterprise Masaryk Forest Křtiny. The results show that the best evaluated and recommended for practical use at the level of forest stand was the LOESS function (locally weighted scatterplot smooting) when using a greater width of the bandwidth. Due to the frequent overfitting and the associated unrealistic behaviour of the function, smoothing by spline functions cannot be recommended for modelling the height curve at the level of forest stand. It was validated that the resulting model must be assessed not only according to the calculated quality criteria, but also depending on the graphic pattern of the model which must ensure that the height curve pattern is realistic. The quality of the resulting models (with LOESS function) was assessed to be high, mainly due to the very precise determination of model heights.


The invention discloses a blue tooth wireless heart function parameter monitoring system comprising a embed blue tooth wireless patient monitor, a blue tooth switch-in terminal, and a platform of medical monitoring system, wherein, the embedded blue tooth wireless monitor is connected to the platform of medical monitoring system via the blue tooth switch-in terminal. The invention also discloses the application of said blue wire heart function parameter monitoring system for the patient side monitoring, the short-range central monitoring and the remote medical monitoring. In addition, the invention can reflects the physical status of human body in reality with lower cost and higher reliability; and the invention can collect variable physiological parameters as electro-cardio-signal, heart rate, cardiophonogram, the blood oxygen saturation and the body temperature to be wireless transmitted by the blue tooth technique. So it can help the medical staff monitor the state of patient and prevent the exacerbation of the condition.


— The objective of this study was to evaluate relationship between California Mastitis Test scores (CMT) and Somatic Cell Counts in different crossbred dairy cattle genotypes. A total of 152 milk samples were screened for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) kit. Somatic Cell Count (SCC) in milk samples were analysed directly using microscopic method. Based on the analysis of CMT score, the study found out that 55.92 % of udder quarters were negative while 43.99 % were positive for subclinical mastitis. The Least Square Difference (LSD) for pairwise comparison between CMT scores and lactation stage were significantly different between First and second lactation at 0.25±0.11; second and third at 0.27±0.0118 at P ≤ 0.05 . The means of SCC among the breeds were significantly different at P ≤ 0.05; Ayshires and Friesians (68,055±18.82 cells/ml); Ayshire and Guernsey (71,976±23.844 cells/ml); Friesians and Jerseys (64.863±21.429 cells/ml); and Guernsey and Jersey (68.78±25.952 cells/ml). In conclusion, this study provides baseline information in the area of selection for mastitis resistant breeds of dairy cattle. This study also strongly recommends the use of this technique in screening for somatic cell counts in udder quarters of crossbred dairy cattle.


The United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris in late 2015 is regarded as a milestone in the progress of global climate governance. Adopting the approach of "Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) plus Periodic Review", the Paris Climate Agreement reached at the conference has rejuvenated the multilateral negotiation process and established a hybrid governance structure as the basic framework of the post-2020 climate regime. The Agreement also sends a clear and strong signal regarding the sustainable transformation of the world economy. Through low-carbon economic transformation and international climate diplomacy, China played a leadership role in achieving the Paris Agreement, which ushered in a new era for the international community to combat climate change. The future of global climate governance will depend on the follow-up measures of all contracting parties, and China should continue to show climate leadership in the post-Paris era.


Analysis on resources of current 2063ha ecological forest in Haiyan, Zhejiang province, showed insufficient area, irrational forest type and tree species, low stand quality and low economic benefit. Countermeasures were proposed for protection and further development of ecological forest.


Learning response generation models constitute the main component of building open-domain dialogue systems. However, training open-domain response generation models requires large amounts of labeled data and pre-trained language generation models that are often nonexistent for low-resource languages. In this article, we propose a framework for training open-domain response generation models in low-resource settings. We consider Dialectal Arabic (DA) as a working example. The framework starts by warm-starting a transformer-based encoder-decoder with pre-trained language model parameters. Next, the resultant encoder-decoder model is adapted to DA by employing self-supervised pre-training on large-scale unlabeled data in the desired dialect. Finally, the model is fine-tuned on a very small labeled dataset for open-domain response generation. The results show significant performance improvements on three spoken Arabic dialects after adopting the framework's three stages, highlighted by higher BLEU and lower Perplexity scores compared with multiple baseline models. Specifically, our models are capable of generating fluent responses in multiple dialects with an average human-evaluated fluency score above 4. Our data is made publicly available.


The paper reports the results of a survey on the benefits from ISO and the impact of motivation and implementation process on the benefits from ISO in Taiwan. The empirical result indicates that adopting ISO brings registered Taiwanese enterprises significantly help in quality improvement, international competitiveness, cost reduction, and sales increase. A regression model is used to test whether motivations and implementation processes determine performances. The effect of motivations and processes on benefits from ISO are also statistically significant. With more positive attitudes, more use of computerized information system, and more involvement of all employees, implementing ISO could give companies more help in enhancing product quality. With more positive and internationalizing attitudes, and more degree of implementing documentation through auditing, implementing ISO could give companies more help in enhancing international competitiveness. With more positive attitudes and more experiences in qua...


The rapid development of higher education had come to make substantial changes in the increasingly scale of university,more and more levels of organization,and more requirements of material conditions,which embodied in the great amount and massive value of the fixed assets.The new requirements of University's fixed assets and finance are claimed by theThe accounting system of High Education.In order to prevent the loss of national assets,to use them for all they are worth,to achieve an intended effect,it's worth deeply considering how to manage the fixed assets of university.


Gene fusions are widespread in tumor cells and can play important roles in tumor initiation and progression. Using full length single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), gene fusions can now be detected at single cell level. However, scRNA-seq data has a high noise level and contains various technical artefacts that can lead to spurous fusion discoveries. Here we present a computational tool, scFusion, for gene fusion detection based on scRNA-seq. scFusion can efficiently and sensitively detect fusions with a low false discovery rate. In a T cell data, scFusion detected the invariant TCR gene recombinations in Mucosal-associated invariant T cells that many methods developed for bulk-data failed to detect. In a multiple myeloma data, scFusion detected the known recurrent fusion IgH-WHSC1, which was associated with overexpression of the WHSC1 oncogene.


Significance: Reported is the synthesis and some subsequent derivatization of 1,2-borazaronaphthalenes (1,2-dihydro-2-aza-1-boranaphthalenes) 2 from imines 1. The reaction sequence involves deprotonation of 1, and quenching of the resulting aza-allyl anion with a boron electrophile. Addition of one equivalent of trimethylamine and heating led to the formation of the borazaronaphthalenes in good yields. The B–X bond of 2 was further utilized in reactions with nucleophiles such as aryl and alkynyl lithiums, as well as with benzylamine to afford the products 3 in moderate yields. The starting imines were readily synthesized from corresponding acid chlorides and aryl amines, followed by sequential reaction with phosphorus oxychloride and Grignard reagents. Comment: Replacement of a C=C bond in polyaromatic hydrocarbons with a B=N bond leads to interesting boraza heterocycles. Despite the isoelectronic nature with their corresponding aromatic compounds, optical and electronic properties, as well as reactions, are dramatically different. Thus, the synthesis of previously unreported borazaronaphthalenes 2 (the corresponding 1aza-2-boranaphthalenes are known) is of obvious interest, despite the lengthy route to starting materials and lack of substrate scope studies. R1


The water situations in the boundary areas between different provinces in the Pearl River Basin are complicated.The water conflicts are common being although remain mild.Some of the conflicts triggered a threat to the local economic development and social stability.Various water conflicts were analyzed to sort out the features and existing problems and the experiences of solving the conflicts were summarized in order that the various countermeasures for different kinds of water conflicts were figured out.


Abstract Fatigue is one of the main failure modes in marine structures, and it is caused by the strong cyclic characteristics of the loads they support. This failure mode is amplified in areas of high stress concentration, such as at the intersection of primary and secondary elements. In this paper, a two-phase study is proposed that compares numerical and experimental results using a digital image correlation technique. The described procedure establishes selection, design, and scantling criteria and provides recommendations for the design of the transverse structure using specimens with different geometries. These geometries correspond to different designs for the transverse primary structure that use a longitudinal secondary stiffener with variable thickness and longitudinal spacing to transverse in a dynamic and quasi-static regime. The stress state for this regime is calculated based on the biaxiality indication concept, which uses the fatigue phenomenon (safety factor and sensitivity curves) and fracture mechanics (parameters of the Paris crack propagation law, correlation value, and law of variation of the stress intensity factor).


Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to validate a previously calculated equation (E1) that estimates infant fat-free mass (FFM) at discharge using data from a population of preterm infants receiving an optimized feeding regimen. Methods: Preterm infants born before 33 weeks of gestation between April 2014 and November 2015 in the tertiary care unit of Croix-Rousse Hospital in Lyon, France, were included in the study. At discharge, FFM was assessed by air displacement plethysmography (PEA POD) and was compared with FFM estimated by E1. FFM was estimated using a multiple linear regression model. Results: Data on 155 preterm infants were collected. There was a strong correlation between the FFM estimated by E1 and FFM assessed by the PEA POD (r = 0.939). E1, however, underestimated the FFM (average difference: −197 g), and this underestimation increased as FFM increased. A new, more predictive equation is proposed (r = 0.950, average difference: −12 g). Conclusions: Although previous estimation methods were useful for estimating FFM at discharge, an equation adapted to present populations of preterm infants with "modern" neonatal care and nutritional practices is required for accuracy.


The "zebra stripes" are peaks and valleys commonly present in the spectrograms of energetic particles trapped in the Earth's inner belt. Several theories have been proposed over the years to explai...


The application of stem cells to regenerative medicine is one of the most crucial field of research, the encouraging developments of which have been already employed in the clinics, although some lacunas in the understanding of stem cell functioning remain still unexplained. In particular, the basic requirement for the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine is the steady maintenance of their properties during proliferation in prolonged cultures. Specific markers of the undifferentiated state are fundamental for checking cell phenotypes stability in the course of time and comparing cell lines among different laboratories. In fact, human stem cell lines, cultured for extended periods of time, show changes in karyotype stability, expression of cell surface markers, transcription factors and telomerase activity [1–3]. These modifications are an obstacle to scientists' capability to study and employ adult stem cells ex vivo. In the last years, several parameters were characterized to be directly correlated to the functions of stem cells and mitochondrial activity has been considered as particularly important for sustaining cell viability. Mitochondria, in fact, not only supply cells with the bulk of their ATP, but also refill cellular GTP, as well as control amino acid turnover and accomplish fatty


Elderly patients often have multiple comorbid conditions. We describe here anesthetic management of an elderly patient having rheumatic heart disease with severe aortic stenosis, severe mitral stenosis, severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic kidney disease planned for hemireplacement arthroplasty. We used continuous spinal anesthesia, an underutilized technique, which provided stable hemodynamic conditions without any complications in perioperative period.


Abstract The frequency of PCR positive detection of exogenous DNA was determined in bovine embryos over a 21 day period of culture after microinjection. After in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization, embryos were microinjected with one of two genomic DNA constructs. Approximately 5% of the injected embryos were prepared for PCR analysis immediately after injection (d 0). After culture for 7 d on Buffalo Rat liver (BRL) cells, embryos were assessed for stage of development. Embryos developing to the morula or blastocyst stage were randomly assigned to two groups; PCR analysis (d 7) or extended culture. Extended culture embryos were cultured for an additional 7 d. Embryos maintaining a blastocoel at d 14 were considered alive, and were assigned randomly to either further culture or PCR analysis. Of zygotes examined after d 7 of culture, 26% (189/733) of control and 12% (294/2482) of injected embryos had developed to the morula or blastocyst stage (control vs. injected; P<0.01). After 14 d of culture,...


For the future engineers, it is important during their studies to connect the acquired knowledge learned with the real life. It is also important to understand the problems and have the ability to apply their fresh knowledge know-how in solving different tasks. This paper concentrates on providing students with the possibility to apply their software-oriented programming skills to hardware implementations during the first year of their studies. Two different platforms are described - based on embedded microcontroller and FPGA solutions, providing various hands-on exercises for both individual assignments and teamwork. Both proposed task groups are accompanied with thorough documentation and web-based study material. Through solving the provided tasks, the students are able to get more clear comprehension of applying their skills to real-life problem solving.


The U.S. faces a nursing shortage and contributing to that shortage are high attrition rates for nursing students and RNs. One solution to decrease attrition is to increase student engagement with the learning process. One way to increase engagement is changing pedological methods. This study looks at the impact of a novel pedological method, flipped learning on student engagement. This study compares the flipped method to the tradition lecture method. Student engagement was measured with a valid and reliable tool, the SCEQ. The study design was quantitative, experimental and contained repeated measures. BSN students (N=131) were either instructed with the flipped method or traditional method. The SCEQ was reliable and showed that there was an increase in student engagement in the flipped group (p<.05) and no change in the tradition lecture group (p=.315). Nurse educators should consider implementation of flipped learning as part of an effort to decrease nursing student attrition.


This article addresses one of the growing items of the agenda for post-colonial mission - gender justice and the empowerment of women. The Council for World Mission (CWM) has endeavoured to engage the issues of gender justice in mission through its Community of Women and Men in Mission programme. This article critically examines this programme and argues that the question of partnership in mission is an issue of social justice. It asserts that while the sharing of power has been problematic for partners in the North and South, this sharing of power is even more difficult within the South, when it comes to the sharing of power between men and women. The article is grounded in the field of African women's theology to analyse the work of the CWM. In conclusion, it is argued that although the issue of gender justice has been the most difficult for the CWM to address, through the use of different strategies, efforts are being made to promote gender justice in all CWM churches.


In order to realize and understand the function of chromosome on heredity and variance , systemic evolvement, sex determination , individual improvement and balance control of physiologic process of alpacas, the paper summarized the research progress on the field of alpaca chromosome to supply the theory basis for breeding of alpacas.


A novel fluorometric sensing strategy based on the anion-induced rotation-displaced H-aggregates of styrylindolium dyes was employed to enhance the selectivity of fluorescent chemosensors for HSO4(-) detection. The marvelous anion-induced H-aggregate strategy opens new routes to simple synthesis of receptors for tetrahedral anionic species.


The genus Spodoptera is represented in Egypt by four species, which are: S. cilium, S. exigua, S. frugiperda, and S. littoralis.A taxonomic account on these species is presented to assist in their identification. Diagnostic characters of the genus and description of the species together with an illustrated key based on male and female genitalia of the species are given.


Introduction Food is vital to life, but can also cause illness or even death. Food can namely be a carrier of dangerous micro-organisms, which then will result in foodborne disease. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) a foodborne disease is defined as: 'Any disease of an infectious or toxic nature caused by, or thought to be caused by, the consumption of food or water'. This definition also includes diseases caused by non-microbial substances, like harmful pesticides or processing chemicals. Most common are however the illnesses caused by micro-organisms and their toxins (Adams & Moss 2008) and these will be the focus of this report. A foodborne outbreak is defined as: 'An incident in which two or more persons experience a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food' (CDC 2000). Often enough, the outbreaks are larger than two illnesses. In this report foodborne outbreaks in the USA are investigated for the dependence of average outbreak size on location of preparation of the food vehicle, the micro-organism that caused the disease and the state it occurred in.


Consumer beliefs act as barrier towards purchasing luxurious and prominent brands among consumers. In recent decades, China has experienced significant growth in the consumption of luxury goods and services attributable to consumer beliefs. Our research focuses on consumer beliefs enhancing the consumption of valuable brands. Nevertheless, a literature gap exists on examining consumer beliefs acting as a barrier towards consumption of luxury brands inclusion of Louis Vuitton and Gucci. The research poses questionnaires that were administered on August 2021 to 30 random online consumers who were selected randomly through WeChat Application. We posit that the consumer's belief based on the integrity and benevolence of the luxurious product seller determines the dissatisfaction of consumers rather than satisfaction. Based on quantitative findings and literature analysis, the paper's main objective is to assess how consumer beliefs act as a barrier towards consumption of major luxurious brands based on perceived value, perceived risk, and perceived quality. Indeed, the consumer's beliefs strongly influence the purchasing behavior and patterns of global brands. We confirm that that: 1) The price of luxury goods and services limit the perceived value of the consumers. 2) Weakening brand value limits wealthy consumers and upper-class individuals from purchasing goods and services that everyone possesses. 3) There is an excellent shift from conspicuous consumption to inconspicuous consumption among the rich. 4) Religion beliefs and commitment limit the types of goods and services individuals can or may consume. 5) Consumer animosity limits the type of market, country, or group where individuals can purchase their goods and services. 6) The origin of a country where the good is produced or where the consumer lives limit the type of goods and services the consumer can buy. 7) Lastly, brand feedback also shapes the beliefs of the consumer towards product dissatisfaction. The findings contribute to existing literature.


The electronic packaging industry is now being driven towards smaller, lighter, and thinner electronic products but with higher performance and more functions. Thus, smaller solder ball sizes are needed for fine solder joint interconnections to fulfill these requirements. This study investigates the interfacial reactions during reflow soldering and isothermal aging between Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) and electroless nickel (boron)/ immersion palladium/immersion gold (EN(B)EPIG). Reliability of solder joint has also been investigated by performing solid state isothermal aging at 125 °C for up to 2000 hours. The results revealed that after reflow soldering, (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 IMC is formed between solder and substrate while after aging treatment another IMC was found between (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 and substrate known as (Ni, Cu)3Sn4. Aging time of solder joints resulted in an increase in IMC thickness and a change in morphology into more spherical, dense and with larger grain size. By using optical microscope, the average thickness of the intermetallics was measured and it found that the larger solder balls produced thicker IMC than the smaller solder balls during reflow soldering. However, after aging the smaller solders produced thicker IMC than the larger solders.


On February 9th in Beijing,and February 15th in Shanghai,the CNPC Economics Technology Research Institute released its "2011 Report on Domestic and International Oil and Gas Industry Developments".The report concludes that in 2011 international politics remained turbulent,as turmoil broke out and world economic recovery encountered obstacles in a difficult intractable crisis.Growth dropped in both world oil supply and world oil demand,overall fundamentals were tight,and major international benchmark oil prices moved up sharply together and hovered at those levels.With steady,rather rapid growth in world natural gas demand,global LNG trade was robust and prices rose sharply.China's oil consumption growth fell sharply,but dependence on foreign oil and crude oil rose through the 55% level;apparent consumption of natural gas is estimated to have grown more than 20%;the distribution of oil refining capacity was further optimized and oil product quality continued to improve;and China's overseas oil and gas cooperation made significant progress,energy companies' degree of internationalization steadily improved,and private companies continued to test the water in overseas oil and gas cooperation.The outlook for 2012 is for world oil supply and demand to be more relaxed and oil prices to be generally below the 2011 level,but for the Iranian problem to be the biggest uncertainty factor affecting the oil market;and,with natural gas supply and demand basically balanced,for prices to see only slight upward movement.China's refined oil demand will grow steadily and natural gas consumption is expected to be more than 150 billion cubic meters,or more than 5% of primary energy.Experts participating in the conferences recommended intensifying energy strategy research and industry planning,speeding up market-oriented reform of refined oil product pricing,making appropriate adjustments to natural gas utilization policy,and timely introduction of a regulatory mechanism for the gas pipeline network.


Oregon student achievement continues to linger in the bottom of state rankings for assessment scores and graduation rates. Recent literature suggests that formative assessment and feedback are the most effective practices for improving student outcomes. Oregon has adopted the educative teacher performance assessment, or the edTPA which measures, among other abilities, teacher use of assessment practices. This mixed methods study explores the impact of the edTPA on the development of assessment practices of novice teachers by collecting data in two phases: an online survey and a one-on-one interview. The sample included 41 graduates of Oregon educator preparation programs from 2016, 2017, and 2018, and seven of the survey participants also participated in a follow-up interview. Through the data analysis four themes emerged: 1) novice teachers perceive that completing the edTPA had little to no impact on their current assessment practices, 2) novice teachers perceive that the edTPA was a waste of time or hindered the learning process for preservice teachers, 3) novice teachers did learn assessment practices, but from other sources, and 4) novice teachers interviewed for this study self-report the use best practices in assessment. The findings of this study indicate implications for pre-service teachers, educator preparation programs, and policymakers in Oregon and the need to further explore how to support the development of pre-service teachers' assessment practices and effective implementation of the edTPA.


We examined monthly mean values of meteorological variables from six upper air stations in the tropics, each with at least 33 years of monthly observations. With the pronounced annual cycle and El Nino bands in the frequency domain, we show 11-year period oscillations in the time series wavelet analysis of the 150-hPa wind, height, and temperature from the six stations and also from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis. Our 11-year cycle shares many features with similar 11-year period oscillations found by previous authors, which could be related to solar cycles. Besides the 11-year period oscillations in heights and temperatures, the 11-year oscillations in winds show a coherent structure when regressed with the time series of sun spot numbers, except for minor variation in strength according to the wind component and station. The integrated winds from the regression analysis indicate that the upward branch of the Hadley cell intensifies or weakens through the expansion or contraction of its width in an altitude and latitude cross section. The 11-year signal in zonal winds is most pronounced at 150 hPa over the tropics. During the high phase of solar cycles, coincident with a larger number of sun spots and increased solar influx, tropical winds at 150 hPa are more westerly and northerly, geopotential height is increased, and the temperature is warmer. The power of the 11-year cycle is, on average, 10% of the total power of the unfiltered time series after accounting for the annual cycle.


The widespread distribution of zircon in the continental crust, its tendency to concentrate trace elements, particularly lanthanides and actinides, its use in age-dating, and its resistance to chemical and physical degradation have made zircon the most important accessory mineral in geologic studies. Because zircon is highly refractory, it also has important industrial applications, including its use as a lining material in high-temperature furnaces. However, during the past decade, zircon has also been proposed for advanced technology applications, such as a durable material for the immobilization of plutonium or, when modified by ion-beam irradiation, as an optic waveguide material. In all of these applications, the change in properties as a function of increasing radiation dose is of critical importance. In this chapter, we summarize the state-of-knowledge on the radiation damage accumulation process in zircon.


Objective To observe the efficacy of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-AHSCT) in treatment of malignant hemopathy. Methods A retrospective study was accomplished on the auto-AHSCT in the treatment of 28 patients with malignant hemopathy from Oct 1994 to May 2009. The median age of the patients was 30 (16-45) years. Among the 28 patients,19 cases were acute myelocytic leukemia (AML),4 cases were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 5 cases were malignant lymphoma (ML). Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cell was recieved by giving granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 5-10 μg/kg. The patients were pretreated with melphalan (140-160 mg/m2),cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) and arabinosylcytosin (2 g/m2). Results Transplant-related side effects was less and the hematologic recovery of most patients(26 cases) was quite rapid. The days to stable neutrophil count of 0.5×109/L and platelet count of 20×109/L were 12(8-38) d and 14(9-128) d,respectively. The median followup duration was 36(7-68) months. 19 cases (68 %) achieved disease-free survival(DFS) and 9 cases (32 %)died in three years. Of the 9 death patients,7 cases (25 %) died of recurrence and 2 cases (7 %) died of posttransplant complications. Conclusion AHSCT is a safe and effective therapy method for malignant hemopathy.

Key words:
Hematologic neoplasms;  Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation;  Transplantation,autologous


This paper introduces the classification of anxiety briefly.It presents the process of the studies of foreign language anxiety at home and home and summarizes present situation.


With the deterioration of environmental pollution, resource security and climate crisis, transforming the mode of economic development and developing a green economy have turned into an international consensus. However, environmental regulations (ERs) can help facilitate technological innovation. As an important financial support for the green innovation transformation of China's manufacturing industry, it is crucial to exploit the policy synergy between green credit (GC) and ERs at the regional level to stimulate technological innovation effects. GC, as a financial instrument, can play a unique role in ERs; therefore, the relationship between ERs and the level of green technology innovation (GTI) based on the GC perspective deserves an in-depth study. Using a spatial Durbin model (SDM) for the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2016, this paper explores the spatial effects of ERs and GC on GTI in manufacturing and the moderating effects of GC policies on ERs affecting GTI. The research finds that ERs exert a negative impact on local manufacturing GTIs and undermine the innovation effect in neighboring locations through spatial spillover effects. The development of GC helps stimulate the transformation of GTI in local manufacturing industries with further attention on the effects of policy instruments and their combinations. The moderating effect of GC suggests that its development can weaken the inhibiting effect of ERs on GTI in local and neighboring areas and is particularly significant in coastal areas. Our study provides a theoretical basis and policy insights for coordinating government external intervention and market operation laws at the regional level to bring into play the incentive effect of technological innovation.


Healthcare and wellness industries have become more promising as the interests on healthy living increase. Not only the medical care oriented services for the patients done by medical centers but also the psychological and emotional healthgiving services for the people who are normal have been being stressed. The psychological and emotional healthgiving services should be executed in an agile and timely manner to maximize its effects. This paper aims to propose an emotion healing service spaces which are able to provide the normal people with psychological care services. To achieve the goals, we invented the tripot approach : the ubiquitous computing technology for context-aware and intelligent estimation of psychological index, LED technology to implement emotional atmosphere and wellness healthcare technology. The proposed architecture has been implemented in an actual site.


The utility model provides a multipurpose medical traction device for the medical equipment field, which is characterized by being a floating type traction device combining the lever principle and a ratchet wheel type euphroe. The multipurpose medical traction device comprises a support casing, and the ratchet wheel type euphroe and a floating type lever device are arranged inside the support casing. The euphroe includes a hand wheel, a ratchet wheel, a bearing up pulley and a check pawl. The floating type lever device includes combined moment arms, a fixed prying point hinge pin, a pivot point movable pulley slider, a readjustment hand wheel, a chain wheel combination, a fine adjustment hand wheel, weights, a connection steel wire rope and the like. The multipurpose medical traction device can be easily connected onto chairs, beds, supports and other equipment to operate traction. Therefore, the multipurpose medical traction device is portable, labor-saving, capable of operating regulation and controlling by self, safe and practical, and has intuitive and constant stable traction force.


Solving dynamic multi-objective optimization problem (DMOP) requires optimizing multiple conflicting objectives simultaneously. When a dynamic is detected in the changing environment, most of existing prediction-based strategies predict the trajectory of changing Pareto-optimal solutions (POS), based on the historical solutions obtained in the solution space. In this paper, we present a new prediction method to track the moving optima for solving DMOP. In contrast to existing approaches, we propose to build the prediction model in the objective space. As the evaluation for solving a DMOP is based on the Pareto-optimal front (POF), to predict directly in the objective space could provide more useful information than the prediction in the solution space. In particular, to efficiently capture the complex relationships among POFs found along the evolutionary search, here we build a prediction model in Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space, which holds a closed-form solution. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, empirical studies have been conducted by comparing against three state-of-the-art prediction-based strategies on fourteen commonly used DMOP benchmarks. The results obtained by using different optimization solvers confirmed the superiority of the proposed method for solving DMOP in terms of both solution quality and time efficiency.


This paper describes a simple, microscale method for generating and evaluating libraries of derivatives of poly(acrylic acid) (pAA) that present mixtures of side chains that influence their biological activity. The method is based on the one-step conversion of poly(acrylic anhydride) (pAAn) to linear polymers presenting multiple units of R on side chains, pAA(R):  the polymers are obtained by ultrasonication of a suspension of pAAn and aqueous RNH2 contained in a 250-μL well of a microtiter plate. Using this method, derivatives of pAA having N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc-L-NH2) as a side chain, pAA(NeuAc-L), were generated and assayed for ability to inhibit hemagglutination (HAI) of chicken erythrocytes by influenza virus A (X-31); the constant ( ) describing this inhibition is calculated on the basis of the concentration of NeuAc groups in solution, rather than the concentration of polymer molecules. Co-polymeric pAA(NeuAc-Ln; Ln = different linking groups) with a range of mole fractions of NeuAc-L-NH2 ...


Interferometric phase microscopy of biological cell dynamics has the potential to provide a label‐free quantitative tool for cell biology, as well as for medical diagnosis and monitoring. The current state of the art of this field, the open questions, and specific solutions developed in our laboratory will be presented.


The most cost effective approach for mitigating the drainage problem is incorporating on-farm management practices that reduce percolation and seepage losses to the shallow groundwater table and to recycle subsurface drainage waters. Measures to reduce percolation losses that are technically feasible and cost effective include improving irrigation scheduling and irrigation management practices. Irrigation management practices include improved control and measurement of applied irrigation water using weirs and flumes for open delivery systems. Other potential on-farm management practices include recycling subsurface drainage waters that are either blended with better quality surface water supplies or applied directly during crop growth stages least sensitive to salt damage. Although technically feasible management practices have been widely demonstrated, their implementation will depend on a wide range of economic, institutional, environmental, and social constraints.


In consideration of energy savings, the ideal refractory furnace lining should possess the following features: • Lowest thermal conductivity possible in order to avoid heat loss. • Single component lining in order to allow freeze plane changes caused by wear, infiltration and temperature changes of the furnace. • Resistance against mechanical wear from cleaning tools and stirring in order to allow maximum output without equipment downtime due to maintenance. • Resistance against thermo-chemical attack from aluminum and alloying elements. Refractory materials with a low thermal conductivity typically possess a higher porosity, leading to lower strengths and resistance against chemical attack and wear. As a compromise, multi layer linings are required in order to meet energy saving requirements. In this paper we present the features of chemically phosphate-bonded dense and light weight refractories and how such refractories can contribute to energy savings.


We compare five regression testing algorithms that include: slicing, incremental, firewall, genetic and simulated annealing algorithms. The comparison is based on the following ten quantitative and qualitative criteria: execution time, number of selected retests, precision, inclusiveness, user parameters, handling of global variables, type of maintenance, type of testing, level of testing, and type of approach. The experimental results show that the five algorithms are suitable for different requirements of regression testing. Nevertheless, the incremental algorithm shows more favorable properties than the others.


In this paper,the methods including the reduction ball-milling,the optical induction,the chemical reduction,the liquid phase reduction,the liquid-solid phase reduction,the spray pyrolysis,the evaporation and condensation,and the atomization et al.which have been used for preparation of nanometer silver flakes and nanometer spherical silver powders in China since the 1990s were summarized under categories,the features of each method were compared,the development of preparation technology was looked forward to,in the meantime,the present application and potential application of nanometer silver powders were expounded.


This research aims to determine the development of web-based media in the Research Methodology course in the Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Faculty of Engineering, Medan State University. The type of research was research and development (R&D) refers to Borg and Gall, and combines with learning development model of Dick and Carey. The subjects in this study were 47 students of the Department of Electrical Engineering Education class of 2017. The instrument used was in the form of a questionnaire and consisted of 4 instruments, namely validation instruments for media experts, validation instruments for design experts, validation instruments for material experts, and product trial instruments for students. The validation instrument for media experts contains 27 indicators that are classified into 5 aspects of assessment namely Guidelines and Information, Web Operations, Media Systematics, Media Aesthetics, and Principles of Web Form Variety. The validation instrument for design experts contains 18 indicators that are classified into 5 aspects of assessment, namely Appropriateness of Design, Attractiveness of Physical Appearance, Format Suitability, Presentation with Target Characteristics, and Clarity of Material Exposure. The validation instrument for material experts contains 20 indicators that are classified into 2 aspects namely Content Feasibility and Presentation Feasibility. The product trial instrument for students contains 33 indicators that are classified into 5 aspects, namely Guidelines and Information, Media Materials, Evaluations, Design and Facilities of Media and Pedagogical Effects. Research data obtained from questionnaires that have been filled out by media experts, design experts, material experts and students are formulated into scores, which are then interpreted into assessment criteria consisting of Bad, Poor, Doubtful, Good, and Very Good.


Episodic tectonic subsidence can be seen from all backstripped wells from the Michigan Basin. These episodes are observed as periods of relatively rapid subsidence, contrasting with the relatively linear subsidence. Steady tectonic subsidence curves have been explained as being due to a decaying thermal anomaly in the underlying uplifted asthenosphere. Rapid episodes of subsidence require another explanation and prompt us to examine the tectonic history of surrounding areas for correlative events.The Taconic orogeny has been inferred to have influenced the development of the Michigian Basin. To analyse the extent of coupling between the Appalachian foredeep and the Michigan Basin we have used Ordovician formation tops correlated among 172 wells distributed over the whole of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. The spatial variation of tectonic
subsidence over this interval supports this suggestion. Contour maps of decompacted sediment thickness and subsidence rate show substantial changes in form and magnitude during the development of the Tippecanoe I sequence. Early
basin-centred subsidence, during deposition of the Shakopee, St. Peter and Glenwood formations, was followed by tilting toward the Appalachian orogen concurrent with the early stages of the Taconic orogeny. This tilting continued, declining gradually, during deposition of the Black River, Trenton and Utica formations. Deposition during Tippecanoe I in the Michigan Basin may indicate modulation of continuing thermally driven subsidence by flexure of the lithosphere due to Taconic thrust loading, but the distinctive spatial distribution of subsidence over each interval may indicate that the important mechanisms making space available in the basin operated independently, not concurrently, invalidating the flexural model for the coupling and suggesting other regional, tectonic possibilities for models of basin initiation, evolution and filling.


Many scholars have talked about Su Shi's broadminded and the reason.The paper is key to researching Su Shi's broadminded but no seclusion,broadminded and ability,broadminded and wisdom.Also choose a new direction is the cultural of "he" to reseach why does the broadmind become.And then explore the broadminded's revelations for building a harmonious society and Intellectual cultivation of personality.


caesium-137, c = 1.3 x lo-* man Sv/Bq. These values provide an optimised intervention level for beef of about 8000 Bq/kg. (B7) Without a knowledge of the average concentration in the withdrawn food and of the standing cost of intervention, it is not possible to judge whether the optimum value of the net benefit is positive, or whether the option of no intervention would give a higher benefit. Thus the justification of the intervention can be judged only on a site specific basis. The generically justified intervention level for intervention in the food chain is 10 mSv in a year (see paragraph 102). The relationship between the optimised intervention level of activity concentration and the effective dose depends on the details of the distribution and consumption of food, but the value of 8000 Bq/kg for caesium-137 in beef would correspond to an annual dose in the region of a few millisieverts to a moderate consumer of beef.


A simple postcolumn photoconductivity detector (PCD) was constructed and shown to be applicable to several classes of pesticides, especially a broad range of herbicides. In some cases, solvent mixture and/or photolysis coil material affected detector response. Measurement of ionic photoproducts by ion chromatography demonstrated the source of the detector response. This detector was easily constructed, and estimated detection limits for several pecticides were similar to those of a commercial PCD (...)


The characteristics of aircraft engine noise are discussed. Data are provided to show the noise produced by the following aircraft components: (1) fan noise, (2) noise suppressing structures, (3) sonic inlets, (4) jet mixing noise due to nozzle flow, and (5) thrust reversers. Charts are developed to show the sound pressure level and the frequencies for each type of noise source. The use of laminates and composite materials to dissipate acoustic power is examined.


Energy storage has the advantages of fast response and accurate power tracking when participates in frequency modulation. By dividing the Area Control Error (ACE) and battery's State of Charge (SOC) into different regions, combining them with four different emergency frequency modulation states, this paper proposes a partition coordinated control strategy for energy storage to participate in frequency modulation. According to the regional interconnected system, the model of energy storage participating in power grid frequency modulation is built in MATLAB/Simulink. Based on the conventional control and the partition coordinated control, the frequency waveform analyzed. The results show that the energy storage participating in frequency modulation can effectively shorten the regulation time and reduce the frequency fluctuation. The fuzzy control used to optimize the partition coordinated control strategy to make the whole link have better frequency modulation ability.


"To be a scholar is to be the top of society" and "Knowledge is power" are well-known proverbs for Chinese people.However,an undisputed fact is that the new theory of "Reading is useless" is spreading in our country's vast rural areas and rural residents' supporting psychology for higher education is shaking.From the three aspects of consumption status of rural students on higher education,the costs of higher education and the imbalance of profits and the weakened social stratification functions,the paper attempts to analyze the causes of the trust crisis of rural students on higher education and finally discusses the corresponding countermeasures.


ABSTRACT An important form of economic sustainability for tourism businesses is customer loyalty. Using a sample of 387 active sport tourists, factors that influence destination and event tourism loyalty are reported on in this paper. Thirty-six per cent of destination loyalty's variance was explained – operationalized as intentions of active sport tourists to revisit and recommend Banff National Park (NP). Thirty-one per cent of event loyalty's variance was explained – operationalized as participation in future offerings of an annual small-scale running race, Melissa's Road Race, located in the park. Destination loyalty was directly and positively predicted by park attachment and indirectly influenced by event attachment, followed by nature-related travel motives, frequency of visits to the park and history of engagement in the race. Event loyalty was directly and positively predicted by event attachment and racers' views regarding the appropriateness of Banff NP as a race context and indirectly by history of race participation. Running travel motives, perceived value of park entry and event fees failed to predict loyalty intentions. Two models were used to explore the 'correct' conceptualization of relationships between event attachment and park attachment. The model that depicted event attachment as an antecedent to park attachment demonstrated better fit with the data, and thus suggests support for the proposition that attachments which develop for special events may in turn support the development of destination attachment.


This study sought to carry out an empirical analysis of the impact of foreign aid on capital generation in Nigeria ranging from 1980-2013. Linear regression was adopted in the method with the application of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique. The results derived showed that foreign aid contributed negatively to capital generation in Nigeria and the accompanying variable which was external debt also has a negative contribution to capital generation. The coefficient of determination [R2], which yielded 46% entails that the contributions of foreign aid and external debt to changes in capital generation are not significant. This paper therefore recommends that Nigeria should grossly avoid accepting aid from developed nations as it depreciates the economy and expose the country's economy to external control, manipulation and imposition of unpalatable economic policies that cannot augur well with internal revenue generation and economic sustainability.


(57) [summary] A discloses a novel chimeric protein. The protein includes at least two parts. The first portion is coupled to the first cell, it reduces the ability of a cell of sending trans signal to a second cell. Second part sends a trans signal of its own to the second cell. These proteins are pharmaceutical preparations containing novel chimeric proteins and genes, methods of making these proteins, as well as cancer, viral infections, also discloses methods of using these proteins in the treatment of diseases such as autoimmune and alloimmune to. Protein itself, or one of the genetic sequence encoding the protein is administered. In addition, the two molecules component reduces the first transformer signal from the first cell is also disclosed a method of sending a second trans signal to a second cell.


Blastocystis sp. is protozoan parasites that can cause gastrointestinal disorder in human and animal. The study on Blastocystis sp. is rising due to lack of standardized diagnosis and possibility of harmful strains of the organisms (Barua et al., 2015). In Malaysia, the study on cattle was limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine morphological and growth profiles of Blastocystis sp. isolated from 10 positive samples obtained from stool of cattles cultured in Jone's medium supplemented with inactivated horse serum for 10 days. Upon microscopy examination of Blastocystis sp. viable cells, cyst and vacuolar forms were commonly observed followed by granular and amoeboid. The different forms has appeared in consecutively manner and growth profiles indicated a high peak of parasite counts from day 4 till 7. The highest numbers of cyst (26.16 x 104 cells ± 5.44) were observed on day 2, whereas vacuolar (17.8 x 104 cells ± 1.72), granular (0.88 x 104 cells ± 0.70) and amoeboid forms (1.92 x 104 cells ±0.76) on day 6. The results were useful for detection of different forms of Blastocystis sp. in short period of culture and shall be uttilized for futher investigation in understanding the zoonotic potential and its pathogenicity.


The mine gas emission rate raises with the deepening of the mining level and the increase of mining intensity in Jiaoping Coal Mining Area,in this case,the gas drainage effect in fully mechanized caving face by high- level boreholes became very important to gas control and the gas drainage effect depended on the determination of the caving zone height of the overburden strata. For this purpose,study was made on the caving zone height and gas drainage effect in 4- 2seam fully mechanized caving face in Xiashijie Mine. By taking the mining of No. 15 fully mechanized caving face of the mine as the engineering background and using the combined method of the field measurement,theoretical analysis and on- site gas drainage comparative test,the prediction formula for the caving zone height of 4- 2seam was derived and the caving zone height of No. 15 fully mechanized caving face was determined as 60. 9m,all of those provided reliable technical data for the parameter design of the high- level boreholes.


Constitutional rights charters are often narrow or incomplete compared to international human rights law or comparative constitutional models. Some rights charters, however, are especially narrow in both democratic and comparative terms. Incomplete or "partial" bills of rights (PBOR) of this kind often raise distinct interpretive challenges for courts. If persuasive historical explanations for the scope of such PBORs are unavailable, a court will have three broad ways to explain the absence, as well as presence, of various rights under a PBOR: it can identify an account for why protected rights are in some way special from the perspective of other constitutional norms of structures (allocation), or contract or expand the scope of relevant rights so as to minimize unprincipled gaps in judicial rights protection (contraction or expansion). In the case of interpretive contraction or expansion of this kind, there will often be a significant change in the scope of judicial rights protection compared to the aims or expectations of key constitutional drafters. This also has direct relevance for assessing the desirability of a PBOR as a potential model for deliberate constitutional borrowing or as a potentially principled compromise between models of pure legislative and judicial supremacy. The Article makes these arguments drawing on case studies from Australia, Canada, Israel, India, New Zealand, and the United States, but suggests that the patterns thereby identified may apply more broadly. It thus explores the implications of these insights for debates over weak- versus strong-form judicial review, but also for processes of democratic constitutional design more generally.


Synopsis A Banach algebra A is said to be topologically nilpotent if sup {‖x1x2…xn‖1/n: xi ∈ A, ‖xi‖ ≦ 1 (1 ≦ i ≦ n)} tends to zero as n → ∞. A Banach algebra A is uniformly topologically nil if sup {‖xn‖ 1/n: x ∈ A, ‖x‖ ≦ 1} tends to zero as n → ∞. These notions are equivalent for commutative algebras and a topological version of the Nagata-Higman Theorem gives a partial result for the non-commutative case. Topologically nilpotent algebras have a strong non-factorisation property and this yields theorems of the type "factorisation implies the existence of arbitrarily slowly decreasing powers". Extensions of topologically nilpotent algebras by topologically nilpotent algebras are topologically nilpotent.


In order to obtain the near net shaped SiC/SiC composite pins without the processing cost, four kinds of SiC fiber pin preforms including the knitting yarn and core yarn with two dimension braided structure were designed. The SiC/SiC composite pins were fabricated by precursor infiltration pyrolysis (PIP) process used a liquid SiC ceramic precursor. The results showed that, the near net shaped SiC/SiC composite pins could be obtained by using the designed SiC fiber preform and the graphite mould with curved groove. The macrostructure and microstructure of the SiC/SiC composite pins were observed by scanning electron microscope. Both the single shear stress-displacement curves and the double shear stress-displacement curves of the different kinds of SiC/SiC composite pins showed the saddle-shaped, which indicated the fracture model of the SiC/SiC composites pins was non-catastrophic, and the SiC/SiC composite pins in this paper possessed the secondary bearing capacity. This paper may provide some new ideas for fiber reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites components designers.


The article published Integration of Uzbekistan into the world economic community within the framework of audit standardization based on international financial reporting standards. It also analyzes the problems of the legal framework in order to provide the necessary information environment for foreign investors and expand access to international financial markets by accelerating the transition to international financial reporting and auditing standards, as well as improving the training system for specialists in accounting and auditing in accordance with international standards.


Method for precise measurement of ultrasound velocity is described. Measurement of the object thickness and ultrasound time delay is realized by determination of cumulative phase shift of oscillations. Influence of additional phase shifts in consequence of ultrasound reflexion from bottom of object is corrected.


This work aimed to investigate the potential selective effects of nano-pulse stimulation (NPS) on adherent cancer and normal cells using impedance spectroscopy. A constant phase element was used to separate the impedance of electrode polarization from the overall measured impedance. Its amplitude was further related to cell-to-substrate distance, D cs, which describes the gap between cells and substrate. Dielectric properties of subcellular components were extracted based on a single-shell dielectric model for individual cells and were consequently used to calculate the induced transmembrane potentials (TMPs). Afterward, a Cole–Cole model was utilized to represent the impedance of cell monolayers. The model parameter, R 0, representing resistance at low frequency, was related to the paracellular distance, D cc. Results showed that cancer cells could suffer a higher degree of electroporation than normal cells when exposed to the same NPS. This selective NPS effect was reflected by a greater decrease of the Cole model parameter, α, and larger induced TMPs for cancer cells. D cc was pulse number-dependent for both types of cells after exposure (four and eight pulses, 100 ns, 660 V). D cs showed lingering effects even 24 h after exposure to 8 ns pulses for both cancer and normal cells, suggesting that intense NPS can induce long-term changes of the cell-to-substrate interface.


Aim To observe the changes of matrix metallproteinases(MMPs) activities in mice with LPS induced acute lung injury and the intervention of soybean trypsin protease inhibitor.Methods 90 male rats were randomly divided into sham group(n=30),LPS group(n=30) and SBTI group(n=30).LPS group and SBTI group rats were injected with a single intratracheal dose of 0.3 ml LPS(6 mg·kg-1)saline,sham group rats were injected with the same dose of sham saline.SBTI group rats were given a single dose of SBTI(100 mg·kg-1·d-1) by intraperitoneal injection,the sham group and the LPS group were given the same dose of saline in the same way.10 rats were randomly killed on day 1,3and 7 following LPS or saline instillation.The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids(BALF) and lung homogenate was studied by zymography;the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in lung tissues was studied by immunohistochemistry.LPI was measured by mean of Bradford and pathological changes of lung tissue were observed.Results Compared with LPS group,the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in BALF and lung homogenate of SBTI group decreased significantly,especially MMP-9 in day 7.The result of immunohistochemistry showed that acute lung injury caused by LPS was accompanied with increased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in lung tissues.The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 decreased significantly in SBTI gruoup.Accordingly,lung penetrate index(LPI) was reduced and the histological changes in the lung tissues were alleviated significantly.Conclusions SBTI might take effect by means of inhibiting the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases in lung tissues and BALF,and sequentially,it attenuated basement membrane degradation and lung edema to protect lung from LPS induced acute lung injury.


The article discusses the patterns of development and the main features of myofascial syndrome. Emphasis is placed on the myofascial syndrome involving head and face muscles with characterization of masks of the syndrome: irradiation zones of trigger point pain in the skeletal muscles of the cervical region are described (important role of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is emphasized), in the facial muscles and masticatory muscles. Trigger point properties are covered in detail, including painful and non-painful manifestations, such as tinnitus and congestion in the ear, dizziness, vertigo and hearing loss; as well as local vegetative symptoms. When diagnosing myofascial syndrome, it is necessary to specify in detail the anamnestic data (the time and conditions for the onset of the first manifestations), as well as to specify as many characteristics of pain as possible (the circumstances of its provocation and relief, the duration of the attack, the pain modality). The most important role belongs to palpation of the muscles with the definition of trigger points and muscle cords. The basic principles of therapy for myofascial syndrome are given: anesthesia, relaxation and stretching. Further, specific methods of drug, physiotherapeutic and manual procedures on the affected muscles are analyzed in detail. Two clinical cases from our own practice are presented, demonstrating the features of the myofascial syndrome clinical picture formation in the face area and the possibility of interrupting the pain phenomenon and non-painful manifestations by inactivating muscle triggers. The importance of joint supervision of a patient with myofascial syndrome by a multidisciplinary medical team, including, if necessary, not only neurologist and osteopath, but also an ENT doctor and a dentist, is emphasized. In conclusion, it was concluded that it is necessary to develop recommendations at the federal level for the diagnosis and treatment of myofascial syndrome.


Various features of the spectra of underground nuclear explosions, as recorded at a distant seismic station, may be explained by comparison with theoretical spectral amplitude curves constructed using known source, travel-path and receiver parameters.


This study focuses on exploring the relationship between the concept of learner autonomy and foreign language writing feedback. A sample of 4 writing conferences were transcribed in order to carry out spoken discourse analysis based on the Burton (1981) model, which is directly derived from the Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) model. The aim was to linguistically ascertain the instructor's attempt to stimulate learner autonomy through scaffolding based on the three principles of Little (2000). It was important to also take into cognizance the concomitant discourse that accompanies such an attempt in an effort to compare the findings with those observed in the initial study done on conferences, which involved more holistic feedback on the whole essay. The design also made use of short retrospective self-reports where L2 writers recorded their thoughts and comments directly following the feedback they received in each conference. This study builds on a previous study which demonstrated how writing instructors often mistakenly presuppose that learners have reached their perspective on a writing revision. This happens at a point much earlier than expected when in fact, learners appear to be cognitively engaged at a point much later than when they claim understanding of the revision being made. The present study expands on the original by comparing the quality of discourse observed in the previous study, which involved more holistic feedback on writing, especially when feedback is more focused and limited to one section of writing. Findings suggest that minimizing feedback results in instructor discourse that is more superior as a scaffolding instrument, while learner discourse shows more evidence of metacognitive activity and reflection. Paradoxically, curtailing feedback which facilitates learning and task acquisition during the assessment of writing actually renders it more scaffolded in nature, thus resulting in more positive outcomes for both the instructor and L2 learner. The theoretical and pedagogical implications of this are discussed extensively.


Hyperspectral (HS) images provide a dense sampling of target spectral signatures. Thus, they can be used in a multitemporal framework to detect and discriminate between different kinds of fine spectral change effectively. However, due to the complexity of the problem and the limited amount of multitemporal images and reference data, only a few works in the literature addressed change detection (CD) in HS images. In this paper, we present a novel method for unsupervised multiple CD in multitemporal HS images based on a discrete representation of the change information. Differently from the state-of-the-art methods, which address the high dimensionality of the data using band reduction or selection techniques, in this paper, we focus our attention on the representation and exploitation of the change information present in each band. After a band-by-band pixel-based subtraction of the multitemporal images, we define the hyperspectral change vectors (HCVs). The change information in the HCVs is then simplified. To this end, the radiometric information of each band is separately analyzed to generate a quantized discrete representation of the HCVs. This discrete representation is explored by considering the hierarchical nature of the changes in HS images. A tree representation is defined and used to discriminate between different kinds of change. The proposed method has been tested on a simulated data set and two real multitemporal data sets acquired by the Hyperion sensor over agricultural areas. Experimental results confirm that the discrete representation of the change information is effective when used for unsupervised CD in multitemporal HS data.


The structural characteristics of SrRuO3 thin films deposited on a (001) SrTiO3 substrate by pulsed laser were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM. TEM studies of cross-sectional specimens revealed the epitaxial growth of the films with the SrRuO3-(110) plane parallel to the SrTiO3-(001) plane. Two types of 90° rotational domain structures were observed in both cross-sectional and plan-viewing specimens. The in-plane orientations of these domains with respect to the substrate are either of SrRuO3-[ 1 10] // SrTiO3[100] and SrRuO3-[001] // SrTiO3-[010], or of SrRuO3-[1 1 0] // SrTiO3-[010] and SrRuO3-[001] // SrTiO3-[100].


Two of the most important features of the solar atmosphere are its hot, smooth coronal loops and the concentrations of magnetic shear, known as filament channels, that reside above photospheric polarity inversion lines (PILs). The shear observed in filament channels represents magnetic helicity, while the smoothness of the coronal loops indicates an apparent lack of magnetic helicity in the rest of the corona. At the same time, models that attempt to explain the high temperatures observed in these coronal loops require magnetic energy, in the form of twist, to be injected at the photosphere. In addition to magnetic energy, this twist also represents magnetic helicity. Unlike magnetic energy, magnetic helicity is conserved under reconnection, and is consequently expected to accumulate and be observed in the corona. However, filament channels, rather than the coronal loops, are the locations in the corona where magnetic helicity is observed, and it manifests itself in the form of shear, rather than twist. This naturally raises the question: if magnetic helicity needs to be injected to heat coronal loops, why is it only observed in filament channels, while coronal loops are observed to be laminar and smooth? This thesis addresses this question using a series of numerical simulations that demonstrate that magnetic helicity is transported throughout the solar corona by magnetic reconnection in such a way that it accumulates above PILs, forming filament channels, and leaving the rest of the corona generally smooth. In the process, it converts magnetic energy into heat, accounting for the large observed temperatures. This thesis presents a model for the formation of filament channels in the solar corona and the presence of smooth, hot coronal loops, and shows how the transport of magnetic helicity throughout the solar corona by magnetic reconnection is responsible for both of these phenomena.


Organic near infrared (NIR) persistent‐luminescence systems with bright and long‐lived emission are highly valuable for applications in communication, imaging, and sensors. However, realizing these materials (especially lifetime over 0.1 s) is a challenge, mainly because of non‐radiative quenching of their long‐lived excitons. Herein, a universal strategy of stepwise Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) for a bright NIR system with remarkable persistent luminescence (up to 0.2 s at 810 nm) is presented, based on a new triphenylene‐dye‐doped polymer (triphenylene‐2‐ylboronic acid@poly(vinyl alcohol) (TP@PVA)) with a persistent blue phosphorescence of 3.29 s. This persistent NIR luminescence is demonstrated for application not only in NIR anti‐counterfeiting but also NIR bioimaging with penetrating a piece of skin as thick as 2.0 mm. By co‐doping a red dye (such as Nile red) and an NIR dye Cyanine 7 (Cy7) into this doped PVA film, the shortage of spectral overlap between TP emission and Cy7 absorbance is successfully solved, through a stepwise FRET process involving triplet to singlet (TS)‐FRET from TP to the intermediate red dye and then singlet to singlet (SS)‐FRET to Cy7. It is noted that the efficiency of the upper TS‐FRET is enhanced significantly by the lower SS‐FRET, leading to high efficiencies for the continuous FRETs.


The pension fund business involves both setting and implementing investment policy. In designing appropriate information systems, separating the return impact of one from the other is important. Also important is to capture the full cost of running the business.This presentation comes from the Quality Management and Institutional Investing conference held in Toronto, Ontario, on October 12-13, 1993.


This paper is aimed at presenting our research results on remedying function of corn for naphthalene contaminated sediments in the urban sewage rivers. As is known,most of the urban sewage rivers have been polluted by various kinds of organic matter,especially,by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),which are of great harm both to human health and the living surroundings. In hoping to increase the removing efficiency of PAHs in such sewage rivers,we have chosen corn as the testing agent in our work,planting it in the soil mixed sewage river sediment and nutritive soil with the mass ratio of 1∶ 1,1∶ 2,and 1∶ 3. Through our pot experiments lasting about 90 days for studying the phytoremediation of the corn to naphthalene contaminated sediment,we have promoted the interaction of the plants and microorganisms in removing naphthalene in the soil,by using GC-MS for measuring PAHs in the sediment.The results of our study show that the naphthalene concentration in the soil tends to decrease remarkably after the said planting of the corn crop. For example,in the above said ratio of 1∶ 1,1∶ 2,and1∶ 3,naphthalene has been found degraded by 89. 7%,90. 3% and86. 7% after the 90 days' experiments,which are significantly higher than the blank control. However,no obvious difference can be found in the total amount of microorganisms in the soil after each time of processing. The optimistic mass ratio of sewage river sediment and nutritive soil in our program is that of 1∶ 2 in our 90 days' experiment. In addition,the plant absorbing process has also been found very obvious in removing naphthalene. To be sure,naphthalene in the corn plants has been found almost totally degraded 90 days later. Our measurement results of the activity of urease in the rhizosphere soils have also indicated that,the lower the concentration naphthalene,the more active the urease,which can reflect the pollution situation of naphthalene to some extent. Therefore,it can be concluded that the corn planting can help to strengthen the remediation effect of naphthalene contaminated sediment. And,in turn,our research finding can be taken as an effective approach to the treatment of PAHs contaminated municipal sewage river sediment.


The parthenogenesis frequency of Xinjiang precocious walnut,which were induced by artificial isolation,reached 8.17%~69.44% and emergence rate of parthenogenesis walnut after planting reached 5.26%~80%. Two normal parthenogenesis seedlings were obtained by artificial bagging isolation. Parthenogenesis cultivars were identified and amplified using RAPD technology and 55 primers. The result showed that there was no significant difference among 450 fragments of DNA in four materials. The use of parthenogenesis to carry out genetic purification of fine varieties of walnut may be shortened to maximize the purification cycle,for the trees to open up a genetic purification of fast,efficient and useful new way.


This research aims to explain the influence of whatsApp's use of social media as a learning medium on german learning outcomes. This study has two variables, namely the use of WhatsApp social media as a learning medium (X) as a free variable and german learning outcomes as bound variables (Y). The method used in this study is Ex Post Facto. This research data is obtained through interviews, questionnaires and results of learning German odd semesters (Midterms and End Semester Exams) through documentation studies. WhatsApp social media as a learning medium is used through interviews with teachers and questionnaires given to German learners. The data of the questionnaire results is processed with a likert scale then analyzed using percentage descriptive analysis techniques, then the results of German learning are processed with the T-Test technique. The results of the German language learning process showed that the use of Whatsapp social media as a learning medium had a positive effect on german learning outcomes


The authors investigated the present situation of land use in Hubei Province by advanced technology of remote sense and GIS, according to Landsat TM in 1999. Basing on the present situation of land use, we selected primary evaluation factors, such as soil, landform and gradient. Evaluating on land resources, we assorted land resources with nine types,from the first to ninth class.The different types stand for different suitable use.The results indicated that there are favorable conditions in water and quanitity of heat in the region,and the land is saitable for agricultural woodland and stockbreeding.There are many areas suitable for woodland and potential for developing woodland and stockbreeding.But there are many lowproductive fields,and in alluvial plain land is high yield and developed highly.There are shortages for reserved plowlands.The way of land use is unsuitable for resource condition and land productivity is not developed enough.


Circulating cooling water system (CCWS) is widely used in industry. Usually the relative optimisation problems are solved under determined values of input parameters. Once some parameters become uncertain, the system may not be optimal or stable. In a CCWS, the existence of these uncertainties will make the original optimal cooling network unreasonable, the design of pump is not suitable, and thus the entire system may no longer be safe. However, there is limited research on the synthesis of CCWS involving uncertainty, although they have been considered for some other process systems. This work presents a mathematical optimisation model for the design of CCWS under uncertainties. Uncertain parameters are described in the form of probability distribution functions. The models are formulated by chance constrained (CCP) methods, and they are solved by GAMS software. The objective is to determine the optimal network configuration that achieves the minimum total annualized cost. Meanwhile, the total circulating water flowrate and the heat transfer efficiency are optimised. To a certain extent, the system has operational stability and reliability. A modified industrial case study is solved to illustrate the proposed approach.


Experience in industry has shown that whey that has been left too long in a tank can result in liquors that are hard to crystallise lactose from. The fermentation that occurs in these tanks has been identified as the most likely reason for this. The products of fermentation of lactose are galactose, glucose and Galacto- Oligosaccharides (GOS). (Ihli.J. and Paterson, Unpublished data) investigated the inhibiting effect of Galacto- Oligosaccharide (GOS) and confirmed that these substances do inhibit both the nucleation and growth of lactose crystals. This current work was undertaken to find out if galactose has an inhibiting effect on the nucleation and crystallization of lactose. Percentages of 0 to 3 wt% galactose were used because this is the range of percentages that are found in lactose-plant solutions. The nucleation experiments were performed by dissolving lactose and galactose into distilled water, letting the solution cool while stirring to create a supersaturated solution and periodically taking samples to measure the crystal-number and size distribution. The crystallization experiments were similar to the nucleation experiment, but at lower supersaturations and with a measured amount of seed-crystals added. Samples were taken at the end of four hours. To ensure a focus on the growth of the crystals, one sample was used to measure the crystallization, while the other was centrifuged and dried to determine the mass growth rate. There was no significant difference between the nucleation rates and the mass growth rates when comparing the different levels of galactose in the solutions. However the crystal-size distribution showed larger crystals were formed without galactose than when galactose was present.


The article deals with natural-geographic conditions that framed the active population of the Central Black-Earth Region (CBER) in 16-17th centuries. Much better conditions than in the Central Russia helped to populate the CBER in short time and to create a broad and dense net of rural and urban settlements.