We present the results of measurements of the thermal conductivity of the quasi-one-dimensional $S=1/2$ spin-chain compound ${\mathrm{SrCuO}}_{2}$ in the temperature range between 0.4 and 300 K along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the chains. An anomalously enhanced thermal conductivity is observed along the chains above about 40 K. The analysis of the present data and a comparison with analogous recent results for ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{3}$ and other similar materials demonstrates that this behavior is generic for cuprates with copper-oxygen chains and strong intrachain interactions. The observed anomalies are attributed to the one-dimensional energy transport by spin excitations (spinons), limited by the interaction between spin and lattice excitations. The energy transport along the spin chains has a nondiffusive character, in agreement with theoretical predictions for integrable models.


Green materials can be considered as a valid alternative to traditional synthetic materials. The cork is a green material, in fact it is a sustainable material. Cork can be used to improve the acoustics inside buildings. The systems used consist of cork sheets mounted at a distance onto a rigid wall, with the thickness of the sheet being 1.5 mm. The distances from the rigid wall considered are equal to 5 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm. The absorption coefficient of the sample was measured in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 2000 Hz with an impedance tube.


To the Editor: In response to the editorial by Akulian and Yarmus1 published in January 2019, we would like to address this issue as we have found transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) to be safe and efficient. TBCB has been adopted as a leading method of tissue diagnosis for diverse interstitial lung pathologies (ILP).2–4 Since its introduction in 2009,5 different techniques have been introduced in performing this novel procedure.5–7 The need for standardization has led to an expert statement regarding protocol in performing TBCB.8 The main insights to this protocol were using an advanced airway during TBCB, reduction of freezing time to 3 to 4 seconds and lower the number of samples. From our experience with over 1400 procedures (670 transplants, 500 ILP, and 230 lung infiltrates) performed in the last 5 years we have found TBCB to be more efficient than forceps biopsy, with similar complication rate and alleviating the need of surgical lung biopsy.9,10 As we had started using TBCB for ILP diagnosis as well as lung allografts biopsies, we have been following a basic protocol. In this protocol, the bronchoscope (Olympus Exera) introduced nasally or orally into the selected bronchus without intubation or bronchial blocker. For all our procedures we have been using a flexible 90 cm long and 2.4mm in diameter cryoprobe (ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH, Tübingen, Germany). Once brought into position under fluoroscopy 1 to 1.5 cm from the pleura, the probe is cooled with nitrous oxide for 3 seconds only, and then, the entire bronchoscope is retracted with the frozen lung tissue attached to the probe's tip. The frozen specimen is then thawed in saline and then fixed in formalin. Reintroduction of the bronchoscope is made after each biopsy. When using TBCB, we take in ILP only 2 to 4 specimens and 2 specimens in transplant from 1 to 2 lobes. As concluded and recommended in the 2018 expert statement, a recent prospective study from Germany11 has provided another proof that modifying the protocol with less freezing time preserves diagnostic yield and lessens the complication rate. In our experience with over 250 procedures in different ILP, the complication rate of pneumothorax and bleeding occurred in 4.5% to 4.95% and 2.5% to 5.2% in TBCB, respectively, not in difference from forceps biopsy complications of the same ILP. We have shown the diagnostic yield of TBCB to be 90%; moreover, during microscopy analysis, none in the TBCB group had any crash or bleeding artifact precluding the diagnosis. Thus, we suggest using our gentle protocol will provide a good diagnostic rate with minimal complications.


This study invesc~gaLed the efficacy of currenL medication treatment procedures for chronic schizophreniss on neuropsychological measures . A total of cwenty parc:cipants from the Coles County Men~a: Health Center, who me~ DSM-:V criteria for chronic schizop~renia , volunteered to be admi nistered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)-64 card version as a means of assessing neuropsychological executive functioning . A total of cwenty participants free of any diagnosable psychological disorder also volunteered to be administered the WSCT 64 , which served as a control group . The staff psychiatrist at tne Coles County Mental Healch CenLer compleced the ?osicive and Negative Syndrome Scale ( PANSS ) in order co deLermine the predomi~ant symptom presentacion of each ~arLicipant who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia . Particip2nt ' s current dosage levels of Lypical and atypical medication were recorded and analyzed following che completion of tesLi~g . ~esulcs indicaced that cnly one index of the WCST-64 could be predicced by medicacion type a~d the combi~ed relacionship of symptom presentation and medicacion on tne wcs~ 64 ccu~a noc be compu~ea due co small sample size. A neuroFsychological perspective 3 Chapter


The crisis management literature offers a host of theoretical treatises that are relevant to crisis threat assessment in public administrations; however, these insights remain non-cumulative, non-consolidated, and unstructured in a field of individual contributions. Using existing literature regarding crisis definitions, crisis classifications, and crisis threat assessment tools, this exploratory paper identifies crucial analytical approaches to crisis threat assessment with relevance to public administrations. A critical evaluation of the specific research reveals gaps in the theoretical knowledge base and identifies three conceptual requirements for promoting a profound theorization of the field: the provision of relevant crisis threat variables, the specification of these variables, and the consolidation of the existing crisis threat assessment literature.


Eggs of rice leaf folder were laid in singly and clusters of 2 to 4 and maximum (48.2%) were laid on lower surface of leaf. Full grown larvae was measured 15.55 mm in length and 1.23 mm in breadth. Male pupae was longer than female pupae. The adult moths male and female measures about 8.65 mm and 7.31 mm in length and width is 2.01 mm and 1.78 mm, respectively. The larval survival was 56.6/with 89.5% moth emergence. The pre-oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition were 1.8, 4.4 and 2.5 days, respectively average fecundity of 100.6/female. The adult moth had slender body golden yellow with black wing margins in the apical region. Males are brighter than females, wing span measured about 15 to 16 mm and 15 to 17 mm, respectively.


Several experimental investigations have been carried out to study the stability of methane hydrates under various conditions. 1–7 Methanol has been used as an inhibitor of gas hydrate formation for a long time. It is well known that the equilibrium temperature of gas hydrates is reduced by the addition of methanol. 1 The addition of some cyclic ethers, such as THF, also changes the equilibrium condition of gas hydrates 1 and they are added mainly to promote gas hydrate formation. Recently, studies were carried out to clarify the effect of methanol on hydrate formation on a molecular level. 6,7 From a microscopic viewpoint, these compounds are expected to change the clustering structure of liquid phase from that of pure water, leading to the change of the crystallization properties of gas hydrates. Therefore, it is important to determine the correlation between the crystallization properties and the microscopic liquid structure of an aqueous solution in order to gain further understanding of the gas hydrate formation mechanism. We previously reported that the stable clusters that were formed from methanol–water and THF–water mixtures have rather different structures. 8 However, this measurement was carried out only for comparatively low concentration solutions.


drug three ABSTRACT: A novel approach for producing pharmaceuticals from digital designs, in a layer-by-layer fashion is 3D printing. It has been acclaimed as a disruptive technology having the potential to make a paradigm shift in the conventional manufacturing of pharmaceuticals products which involves various unit operations like milling, mixing, granulation, drying and compression. It results in final products of different qualities. The quality of the product is influenced by loading of the drug, release of the drug, stability of the drug and stability of pharmaceutical dosage form. FDA approved 3D printed drug is creating a novel era in pharmaceutical manufacturing. To overcome some of the challenges associated with conventional pharmaceutical unit operations, 3D printing is gaining more attention in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals in the future. 3D printing is capable of overcoming the difficulties relating to the drug delivery of peptides, potent drugs, water-soluble drugs, and the release of multi-drugs. On the other hand we can prepare patient specific or patient tailored medications on patient demand thus making safe administration of drug without any side effects or adverse drug effects. Nevertheless,certain limitations are there in terms of regulatory aspects hindering the launch of 3DP products into the market. © 2020 iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation.


This research is motivated by the importance of the use of Indonesian in the field of law, especially the notary deed. Notarial deed is a legal document that states must use Indonesian. The purpose of this study is to describe the deviation spelling, word choice, and sentence deed Sintang City. This study uses descriptive qualitative research forms. Researchers limit research only on three different notary who issued the deed of sale in City Sintang. Based on the data analysis it can be concluded that in this study there were 148 use of spelling mistakes (writing capital letters and italics, spelling, and punctuation USAge), 42 the use of diction errors (diction accuracy and appropriateness of diction), sentence USAge and 23 errors (unity ideas, cohesion or coherence compact, and alignment or parallelism).


Introduction: imagining "woman" - imagining sex the script of femininity - sex, romance and beauty the masculine gaze - framing "woman" in art and film pornography - denegration of "woman" or exploration of fantasy and trangression? sexual science and the law - regulating sex - reifying the power of the heterosexual man violating the sexual body - rape, child sexual abuse and sexual murder reframing femininity - reframing the boundaries of sex.


We propose and experimentally investigate a highly reliable WDM-PON system. The proposed system adopts the colorless solution. It can detect the failure of the feeder fiber by the polling and restoring mechanism of the system management module, and then trigger the OSW switching to the preplanned path for restoring the disrupted traffic, and produce a broken fiber alarm if needed. The system management module can send polling frames to ONUs periodically and judge whether it is necessary to send trigger signals to the OSW according to the number of ONUs registered in line cards. The preplanned path is the feeder fiber of the neighboring line card. This system can automatically protect against the feeder fiber failures without duplicating the feeder fiber link. The OTDR or optical power meter can be saved which is used for on-line monitoring. Its restoration time is less than 16ms in experiments.


A BSTRACT . Let Γ be a higher rank lattice acting on a nondegenerate dendrite X with no infinite order points. We show that there exists a nondegenerate subdendrite Y which is Γ -invariant and satisfies the following items:


- The purpose of this study was to find out the perception of parents towards their roles in character development of their children in Enugu Metropolis. These children who are expected to be tomorrow's leaders especially now that Nigeria has achieved or attained more than 50 years of age. The researchers used two hypotheses to guide the comparism development of the child by means of a T-test. There was no significant difference found between parents in their perception of their roles in the character development of the child on the basis of religion. There was significant difference in perception of parents towards their roles in the character development of their children on the basis of family structure. Based on this, the researcher recommended that counsellors should organize martial counseling for intending couples and parents. Religious and moral principles should be transmitted from generation to generation.


! Consonant-Tone Interaction involves tonal autosegments interacting with segments. ! This is an interaction across tiers. ! Tonal tier was proposed because tones were thought not to interact with segments (much). ! Phonologists have tried to account for this interaction synchronically (in Thai: Lee 2008, Ruangjaroon 2006). ! Perception Experiment for Thai suggests C-Tone interaction is grammaticalized.


Objective To investigate the effects of rosuvastatin on regulating high-sensitivity c-reactive protein(hs-CRP) and blood lipid in patients with hypertension and hyperlipoidemia. Methods One hundred patients with hypertension and hyperlipoidemia were randomly divided into the control group and the statin group(each n=50).The control group was treated by routine treatment,while the statin group was treated by routine treatment and rosuvastatin(10 mg qN).Blood pressure and the changes of hsCRP,total cholesterol(TC),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),triglyceride(TG),serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),serum creatinine(Cr) and creatine kinase(CK) in all the patients were measured before and after four weeks treatment. Results The changes of blood pressure were similar in the two groups(P0.05).After four weeks of treatment,no significant difference was found in the changes of hsCRP,TC,LDL-C,HDL-C and TG in the control group(P0.05).The levels of hsCRP,TC,LDL-C and TG were significantly decreased but the level of HDL-C was significantly increased in the statin group after the treatment(P0.05).There was no linear correlation between hsCRP and blood lipid in the statin group(P0.05).The levels of ALT,Cr and CK were similar in both groups before and after the treatment(P0.05). Conclusions The treatment of rosuvastatin can decrease the level of hsCRP,relieve the inflammatory reaction of blood vessel and improve the function of endothelium.The anti-inflammatory effect of rosuvastatin is beyond its effect of lipid lowering.


This letter is submitted to address an error in an article previously published in this journal that has led to confusion concerning the thermal conditions that cause skin burns. The thermal comfort of vehicle occupants has been an issue of concern from the earliest days of automobile design. Many embodiments of vehicular climate control systems have evolved over the years, including the introduction of integral car seat heaters as early as the 1930s. Given their long history and broad application, it is beyond question that heated seats are considered to provide a positive feature benefiting the comfort of automotive passengers. Nonetheless, since the operation of seat heaters must inherently raise the temperature of the surface on which occupants are seated, there is a chance that seat heaters might cause a thermal injury if the temperature exceeds the safe range. Various manufacturers have used a spectrum of surface temperatures for an occupied seat, with the heater on its highest setting. In general, these temperatures have a typical upper limit of 43°C (109.4°F), with an anticipated deviation of 2°C (3.8°F). In modern seat heater technology, there are multiple mechanisms by which the surface temperature of a seat is raised. An integral power source is built into the structure of the seat with a control system to regulate the temperature that is produced on the surface when an occupant is sitting on the seat. The most common heater mechanism is via conduction from an electric resistance heater installed beneath the seat cover material. Alternately, warm air may be circulated through channels beneath the cover. It is anticipated that vehicle occupants will be wearing clothing over their skin that is exposed to the heated surface, thereby providing thermal insulation that will result in a temperature drop of 2 or 3°C or greater between the seat and the skin. However, the most conservative evaluation of the potential for causing a thermal injury should assume that the skin is in direct contact with the seat surface. It has been known for many decades that thermal burns may result from exposure of the skin surface to an elevated temperature for an extended period of time. The seminal data that describe firstand second-degree thermal injury in humans were published in 1947 in an extended series of articles by Moritz and Henriques. Their data are widely considered to be the gold standard for definition of the thermal insult conditions that cause burn injury. These data are derived from experiments in which skin was exposed to flowing water at a constant temperature for a controlled period of time. The conditions were identified for the minimum exposure times at a specified temperature that resulted in "Reversible Epidermal Injury" and "Complete Transepidermal Necrosis." These conditions correspond to causation of threshold firstand second-degree burn wounds. Over the subsequent decades, these causation conditions for threshold thermal injuries have been verified in other experimental models in human and animal subjects. For example, the data of Lawrence and Bull for causation of a threshold second-degree burn in humans match very closely with the data of Moritz and Henriques. The data have been interpreted to explain the causation of thermal injury for many different types of high-temperature environments, sometimes with a questionable heat transfer justification, and the data are widely cited, frequently in the popular press, in defining safety standards for avoiding burn injury. Unfortunately, the Moritz and Henriques data have also been frequently cited in error, including by burn professionals. As a consequence, burn safety standards are promulgated that are not based accurately on foundational experimental data. A common error is to misstate that the minimum exposure time and temperature causative of complete epidermal necrosis represent a third-degree injury, a full-thickness Address correspondence to Kenneth R. Diller, ScD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, BME 4.202A, 107 W. Dean Keeton Ave., The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1084. Copyright © 2011 by the American Burn Association. 1559-047X/2011


This paper gives a brief review of the theory of unsteady lifting surfaces as applied to ships' propellers. The possibilities and limitations of this theory are discussed, together with some results recently obtained by different authors. Mathematical methods of solution and their implications will be avoided wherever possible. The accurate measurement of unsteady forces acting on a propeller is rather difficult. Some investigations have been performed and the results of these are compared with results obtained with the lifting surface theory. Further systematic investigations are necessary and some suggestions for these are given.


Globalization has spun "community" off its axis. What once defined community is no longer the current state of community. Increased economic transactions have led to the instability of communities that once depended on one another at the local level. These communities are now dependent on systems that do not know nor understand their actors. This lack of relationship between development and subject is witnessed and highly scrutinized in developing countries all over the world and has been intensely researched in academic literature. This thesis intends to better understand why in modernized global cities these same processes of development and subject take place without community input. This thesis will analyze two major global cities, San Francisco, California and Amsterdam, Netherlands. The analysis will review the accessible green space in both cities which will determine the access to non-transactional activities. The results should show that increased access to non-transactional activities through access to green space increases a city's level of sustainability through increasing community access to natural environments or more broadly to non-transactional spaces with natural environments being the most prevalent type. Having access to green space and non-transactional activities has the ability to increase awareness and community development surrounding sustainable living.


Introduction: Migraine is a primary headache disorder and can be divided into two major subtypes: migraine with aura (MwA) and migraine without aura (MwoA), the latter being the most common form of migraine [1]. There have been described several studies in which P MRS was performed in migraine patients, however most of these studies were conducted in MwA patients, patients with migraine with prolonged aura, including familial hemiplegic migraine [2,3]. In most of these studies there was a decreased energy metabolism interictally (= between migraine attacks). Our aim was to re-evaluate the interictal phosphorus energy metabolism, and its possible basal deficiencies, in a homogeneous MwoA patient group. Materials and Methods: Subjects: Twenty-two MwoA patients were compared with twenty-five agebut not gender-matched controls. The average age was 33.3 and 27.6 years for MwoA patients and controls, respectively. Patients experienced 2-8 attacks per month, were not using any prophylactic medication and were attack-free for at least 48 hours (verified by e-mail). Experimental: P MRS measurements were performed on a 3 T whole body MRI scanner (Magnetom Trio Tim, Siemens AG Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) equipped with a double-tuned P/H volume coil (Rapid Biomedical, Wurzinger, Germany). Manual shimming of the B0 magnetic field and manual optimization of the transmitter pulse power were used. Spectra were acquired in the visual cortex using a CSIFID sequence with TR/TE = 4000/2.3 ms, FOV = 240x240 mm, slice thickness = 30 mm (voxels of 30 ml), NEX = 4, 1024 data points. Data analysis: Signal amplitudes of phosphorus metabolites were determined using NUMARIS-software. Absolute quantification was performed using an external reference [4]. As a reference a 500ml spherical phantom containing a 10 mM phosphocreatine (Sigma Aldrich) solution was used. Corrections for coil loading and temperature were applied. A student's t-test was used for comparison. The significance level was defined as p < 0.05. Results: Table 1 shows the results. There is no significant difference in pHi. PCr and ATP are significantly decreased in patients while Pi is not significantly increased. The phoshorylation potential (PP), an index of the readily available free energy from the cell and derived from the creatine kinase reaction, is also calculated and shows a significant decrease in MwoA patients. ADP and Mg do not show a significant difference between MwoA patients and controls. Finally, the parameter v/vmax is derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation and gives an estimation of the velocity of oxidative metabolism. However, it doesn't show a significant difference. Discussion: The lack of difference in pHi confirms results of earlier studies, indicating an absence of acidosis in MwoA patients [3]. The PCrdecrease in not as large as in other studies, however, these mostly evaluated MwA patients [3]. In contrast to our results, ATP has always been assumed constant in the literature [2]. Pi plays an important role in the creatine-kinase reaction and its increase takes place concomitantly with the PCr-decrease. ADP and v/vmax do not show an increase in MwoA patients in contrast to earlier studies [2,3], whereas the increase in PP is in good agreement with the literature [2,3]. All these findings point to a basal disturbance of brain energy metabolism. In future work, absolute quantification of phosphorus metabolites will be performed comparing MwoA patients and controls following visual stimulation. References: [1] Headache Classification Subcommittee of The International Headache Society, The International Classification of Headache Disorders (2nd edition), Cephalalgia vol. 24 Suppl 1 (2004), pp. 9–160. [2] Barbiroli et al. Neurology 42:1209-1214, 1992. [3] Montagna et al. Cephalalgia 14:184-193, 1994. [4] Duc et al. Magn. Reson. Med. 39:491-496, 1998.


This paper presents a set of parametric studies of heat dissipation performed on automotive radiators. The work's first step consists of designing five radiators with different fin pitch wave distance (P = 2.5, 2.4, 2.3, 2.2, 2.1 mm). Then, we proceed to the fabrication of our five samples. The purpose of this work is to determine through our experiment's results which one have the best cooling performance. This numerical tool has been previously verified and validated using a wide experimental data bank. The analysis focuses on the cooling performance for automobile radiator by changing several dimensions of the radiator fin phase as well as the importance of coolant flow lay-out on the radiator global performance. This experience has been performed at Hubei Radiatech Auto Cooling System Co., Ltd. For the cooling performance experience, we use JB2293-1978 Wind Tunnel Test Method for Automobile and Tractor Radiators. The test bench system is a continuous air suction type wind tunnel; collection and control of operating condition parameters can be done automatically by the computer via the preset program, and also can be done by the user manually. The results show that the more we increase the fin phase, the better the cooling performance will be and we also save material so the product cost will be cheaper.


The microgrid concept is widely adopted due to its facilities to mixt the renewable and conventional energy sources with loads and storage elements, in an intelligent energy management system. Though, before it can be fully implemented in a real system, the microgrid solutions must be studied and tested in various conditions. This paper presents a DC configurable microgrid laboratory which offers the possibility of implementing the behavior and the control of such systems, working grid-connected, or disconnected from the grid. The laboratory consists of three types of "hardware-in-the-loop" emulators which can simulate PV panels, wind and hydro energy generating systems. The conversion and storage elements are implemented with DC-DC and AC-DC-AC converters, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. The monitoring and control is ensured by digital programmable equipment, both for the components and the entire microgrid.


Background: Recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was used as a model antigen to evaluate persistence of cellular and humoral immune responses when formulated with three different Adjuvant Systems containing 3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and QS-21, in an oil-in-water emulsion (AS02B and AS02V), or with liposomes (AS01B). Methods: This is an open, 4-year follow-up of a previous randomised, double-blind study. Healthy subjects aged 18–40 years received three vaccine doses on a month 0, 1, 10 schedule and were initially followed for 18 months. A total of 93 subjects (AS02B: n = 30; AS02V: n = 28; AS01B: n = 35) were enrolled in this follow-up and had an additional blood sample taken at Year 4 (NCT02153320). The primary endpoint was the frequency of HBsAg-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing cytokines upon short-term in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HBsAg-derived peptides. Secondary endpoints were anti-HBs antibody titres and frequency of HBsAg-specific memory B-cells. Results: A strong and persistent specific CD4+ T-cell response was observed at Year 4 in all groups. HBsAgspecific CD4+ T-cells expressed mainly CD40L and IL-2, and to a lesser extent TNFand IFN. HBsAgspecific CD8+ T-cells were not detected in any group. A high, persistent HBsAg-specific humoral immune response was observed in all groups, with all subjects seroprotected (antibody titre ≥10 mIU/mL) at Year 4. The geometric mean antibody titre at Year 4 was above 100,000 mIU/mL in all groups. A strong memory B-cell response was observed post-dose 2, which tended to increase post-dose 3 and persisted at Year 4 in all groups. Conclusion: The MPL/QS-21/HBsAg vaccine formulations induced persistent immune responses up to 4 years after first vaccination. These Adjuvant Systems offer potential for combination with recombinant, synthetic or highly purified subunit vaccines, particularly for vaccination against challenging diseases, or in specific populations, although additional studies are needed. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND Abbreviations: AS, adjuvant system; DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity; ELISPOT, e epatitis B surface antigen; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ICS, intracellular cyt onophosphoryl lipid A; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; QS-21, Quillaja sapo ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +32 9 332 21 23; fax: +32 9 332 63 11. E-mail address: email@example.com (G. Leroux-Roels). 1 Present address: Neovacs S.A., 3–5, Impasse Reille, 75014 Paris, France. ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.078 264-410X/© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article un license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). nzyme-linked immunosorbent spot; GMT, geometric mean antibody titre; HBsAg, okine staining; IFN , interferon gamma; IL2, interleukin 2; MPL, 3-O-desacyl-4′naria Molina fraction 21; TNF , tumour necrosis factor alpha. der the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).


: A 63 years old female was consulted to Dysphagia Clinic in Medical Rehabilitation Department six months after 20 times radiation with total dose 40Gy due to Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL). She complained about difficulty in swallowing, dry saliva, and inadequate coughing. First Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) indicated that she had oropharyngeal neurogenic dysphagia with risk of post swallowing aspiration and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) was 1 with tube dependent without oral intake. She got 12 times Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) in suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle for 60 minutes and biofeedback 2times/week, breathing and oromotor exercises, Mendelsohn maneuver, Masako and Shaker Exercise. After 2 months of intensive rehabilitation, the second FEES showed a progression that patient might swallow semi-solid food with repeated swallowing, FOIS was 2 with tube dependent with minimal oral intake and after 5 months continued with oromotor and swallowing exercises FOIS was 3 with tube supplements with consistent oral intake. QoL was assessed with M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Questionnaire, result was improving from 53,68 to 70. Comprehensive rehabilitation management for dysphagia due to HNC after radiation can improve swallowing function, safety oral intake, and enhance QoL


In relation to intrinsic gettering, the dependence of denuded zone width and thermally induced microdefect density on thermal conditions are investigated in a three‐step annealing procedure consisting of high temperature annealing, low temperature, and dry O2 oxidation at 1000 °C. Additionally, depth profiles of interstitial oxygen concentrations are studied using thermal conversion. The obtained results show that at least an initial interstitial oxygen concentration above 8×1017 cm−3 is required to achieve efficient intrinsic gettering. The depth profile obtained after the third annealing is not the simple out‐diffusion profile approximated by an error function, but one with a peak in the denuded zone. The dependence of depth profiles on a third annealing condition indicates that the formation of the peak in the depth profile can be ascribed to a reduction of interstitial oxygen resulting from precipitation in the bulk region. In order to explain the obtained profiles, we propose a simple diffusion model...


This paper addresses the question whether recent immigration to Canada from non-European and mostly non-Christian parts of the world is leading to increasing religious pluralism in Canada, rather than only enhanced ethno-cultural pluralism. Testing Reginald Bibby's hypothesis that, in spite of this immigration, Christianity will continue as the overwhelmingly dominant religious identification in Canada, this article analyzes data from the 1971-2001 decennial censuses. It finds that religious pluralism as measured by number and percent of adherents to major non-Christian religions is increasing and will likely continue to increase because of the composition of continuing immigration. There are, however, also countervailing trends that support continued Christian dominance as well as an increase in no religious identification. These trends include patterns in religious identification over time and the enigmatic effect of rising multiple ethnicity.


Background: The COVID19 pandemic presented an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for prevention and treatment. Objective: To characterize acute renal injury (AKI) in patients with COVID19 and their relation with clinical outcomes within the framework of the SENTAD COVID clinical trial at the Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center. Methods: Abu Dhabi Stem Cell Center (ADSCC) proposed a prospective clinical trial nebulization treatment with autologous stem cells (Non-Hematopoietic Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (NHPBSC)), at Abu Dhabi hospitals. Participants: 20 treated patients were compared with 23 not treated patients. Both groups received COVID 19 standard treatment. Outcomes: After the results were collected, this study was created to determine the impact of the disease on the renal function and the efficacy of the therapy on patients outcomes. Results: One third of the critical patients studied suffered kidney failure. Patients in the treated group showed a favorable tendency to improve in contrast to those in the control group. Less patients from group A suffered from sepsis in comparison with the group B (25% vs 65%), HR=0.38, (95% Confidence Interval: 0.16 0.86), *p=0.0212. These results suggested a NNT=2.5. An improvement in lymphocyte count, CRP, and shorter hospital stay after treatment was evidenced, which led to less superinfection and sepsis in the treated group. Conclusions: The proposed anti-inflammatory effect of the stem cells, offers a great promise for managing the illness, emerging as a crucial adjuvant tool in promoting healing and early recovery in severe COVID-19 infections and other supportive treatments.


We propose a robust nonlinear microphone array postfilter for noise reduction. This postfilter is formulated as a function of noise power ratio before and after beamforming and a local speech-to-observation power ratio. The two ratios are readily obtained during beamforming, and can be approximated by local speech posterior probability or time-frequency masks of neural network. This avoids the difficulty in estimating local speech and noise variances of a beamformed signal. On the CHiME-3 test set, we have evaluated our proposed postfilter in comparison with two other postfiltering methods, and our proposed postfilter has produced the best objective scores on the simulated noisy speech as well as higher listening preference scores on real noisy speech.


Syndiospecific polymerization of styrene was catalyzed by monocyclopentadienyltributoxy titanium/methylaluminoxane [CpTi (OBu)3/MAO]. The atactic and syndiotactic polystyrenes were separated by extracting the former with refluxing 2-butanone. The activity and syndiospecificity of the catalyst were affected by changes in catalyst concentration and composition, polymerization temperature, and monomer concentration. Extremely high activity of 5 × 107 g PS (mol Ti mol S h)−1 with 99% yield of the syndiotactic product were achieved. The concentration of active species, [C*], has been determined by radiolabeling. The amount of the syndiospecific and nonspecific catalytic species, [C] and [C] respectively, correspond to 79 and 13% of the CpTi(OBu)3. The rate constants of propagation for C and C at 45°C are 10.8 and 2.0 (M s)−1, respectively, the corresponding rate constants for chain transfer to MAO are 6.2 × 10−4 and 4.3 × 10−4s−1. There was no deactivation of the catalytic species during a batch polymerization. The rate constant of chain transfer with monomer is 6.7 × 10−2 (M s)−1; the spontaneous β-hydride transfer rate constant is 4.7 × 10−2 s−1. The polymerization activity and stereospecificity of the catalyst are highest at 45°C, both decreasing with either higher or lower temperature. The stereoregular polymer have broad MW distributions, Mw/Mn = 2.8–5.7, and up to three crystalline modifications. The Tm of the s-PS polymerized at 0–90°C decreased from 261.8 to 241°C indicating thermally activated monomer insertion errors. The styrene polymerization behaviors were essentially insensitive to the dielectric constant of the medium.


Electronic mirrors (E-mirrors) are camera-based mirrorless systems that have been considered as an alternative to conventional automotive rear-view mirrors. E-mirror location and size need to be carefully determined to provide safe and preferred driving conditions. This study examined the effects of E-mirror location, E-mirror size, and lane-change direction on lane change time, eye-off-road (EOR) time, mental workload, and preference. In a fixed-base driving simulator, a total of 20 individuals (mean (SD) age = 24.7 (2.2) years) performed lane-change maneuvers under 12 different E-mirror configurations, comprising 4 E-mirror locations $\times $ 3 screen heights (6, 8, and 9.7 cm; width-to-height aspect ratios = 16:9). E-mirror location significantly affected EOR time, mental workload, and preference, whereas E-mirror size significantly affected preference only. Lane-change direction significantly affected lane change time, EOR time, and mental workload, with right lane change maneuvers demanding more time and mental workload. Considering the EOR time, mental workload, and preference, E-mirrors 8 cm high or higher should be positioned near the sides of the steering wheel or the bottom of the front inner pillars. The relevance of these findings to ergonomic design guidelines is discussed.


Dear readers, colleagues and friends, below we present the proceedings of the International Online Conference "Environmental Transformation and Sustainable Development in the Asian Region" held by the Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS. An online conference is not quite usual, but the current 2020, modern information technologies and new challenges expand the possibilities for holding scientific events, allowing us to meet even being separated from each other. The collection of abstracts reflects all the main fields of scientific work of the conference, including analysis of transboundary factor's role in sustainable use of resources, environmental management and green economy promotion, sustainable future of internal and transboundary territories of the Asian region in response to global changes, study of transformation and dynamics of natural and natural-anthropogenic complexes and their components, as well as implementation of new methods and technologies for processing geographic information using remote sensing data, GIS and mathematical modeling to solve various geographic problems. Special session is devoted to issues of geographic education and educational function of the environment in the comprehensive concepts of sustainable development. A reader can find discussion, opinions and key research insights in the short but informative messages of this collection.


This editorial relates to the recent Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) publication, offered by Chung et al, regarding cost-related medication nonadherence among older adults. The authors provide comprehensive analysis of data, gathered via the 2017 National Health Interview Survey. Data were analyzed with specific reference to self-reported, cost-related medication nonadherence and actions taken accordingly, with 6.8% of respondents reporting cost-related medication nonadherence. While intuitive that the cost of medicines can precipitate nonadherence, the robust data provide novel and valuable insights into the magnitude of this phenomenon in older US-based adults and the actions that patients go on to take, to mitigate costs as a barrier to medicine adherence. Chung and colleagues specifically focused on doses missed or medicines not taken at all as their measure for nonadherence; however, this only represents one aspect of nonadherence, and cost-related barriers only consider one adherence determinant. We need to embrace the concept of medicine nonadherence as a complex health behavior with multifaceted determinants. By definition, any patient deviation in medicine use, away from that agreed with the prescriber, constitutes nonadherence. In its landmark report, the World Health Organization defines medication adherence as: "The extent to which a person's behaviour-taking medication, following a diet and/or executing lifestyle changes, corresponds with agreed recommendations from a healthcare provider." The pertinent aspect here is the concept of agreed recommendations. Nonadherence most commonly manifests as missed doses or not taking the medicine at all, but to make progress in remedying nonadherence, we need to consider the breadth of ways in which it can manifest. Patients who take their statin in the morning and their diuretic at bedtime are nonadherent if they are taking their medicine in a way that deviates from their prescriber's agreed recommendations. Similarly, a patient who takes a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) on an empty stomach, takes a tetracycline antibiotic with a glass of milk, or drinks alcohol while prescribed metronidazole is, by definition, nonadherent. A patient who applies his/her emollient for eczema sparingly yet liberally applies his/her corticosteroid cream is nonadherent, as is the patient who lays down for an extra nap immediately after taking his/her bisphosphonate. Patients who persist with their medication despite advice to stop if adverse effects occur (eg, in chemotherapy) are also nonadherent. Despite years of adherence research, we are yet to define a gold standard adherence measure; and more often than not, we only consider the most simple of adherence deviations (eg, missed doses). Few adherence assessment tools capture deviations concerning errors of administration technique, timings, food restrictions, and so forth. This challenge is augmented when considering the limitations of self-reported adherence, which assumes both honesty but also an awareness of the deviation. If simply asked, "do you take your medicines as prescribed," a patient may answer yes, genuinely believing that he/she does, without realizing that in, for example, taking his/her NSAID on an empty stomach he/she is, in fact, not taking his/her medicine as prescribed. A further and well-documented concern regarding current approaches to adherence assessment concerns the dichotomization of an inherently continuous variable. Data concerning percentages of doses taken are frequently dichotomized into "adherers" (eg, ≥80%doses taken "correctly") and nonadherers (<80% doses taken correctly). Dichotomization is an attractive option for convenience and simplicity, but details of adherence patterns and a depth of data are lost through this approach. Instances of overadherence, where patients take more than 100%of doses, may not be adequately captured.Hughes comments that adherence is not a dichotomous variable and that for the patient, rather than it being a "black andwhite", adherent or nonadherent matter, there are actually many "shades of grey" due to the complexity of factors that influence his/hermedication use on any given day. Beyond the complexity of defining and measuring medication nonadherence and fully appreciating the breadth of its manifestations, we have been urged to also consider the complexity of its behavioral determinants. In recent years, there has been much interest in the application of new psychological theory to explore adherence determinants. In the case of the reviewed JAGS article offered by Chung et al, it is without doubt that the cost of medication is an important precipitator of nonadherence; this is widely known. However, recommendations to resolve this adherence barrier that are purely centered on provision of adequate healthcare insurance are of DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16143


The aim of this study is to determine current prescribing patterns for anti-diabetic drugs adopted by physicians in Erode. The prospective, non interventional, uncontrolled, open-chart, pharmacoepidemiological study was conducted from January -2007 to April -2007 at a diabetic care centre having 350 diabetic patients. The pattern of prescribing anti-diabetic drugs was recorded along with glycosylated haemoglobin levels, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients and the values were observed. The prescribing pattern of the oral anti-diabetic drugs shows that out of the various oral anti-diabetic drugs' available, drugs from only two groups were prescribed. Sulphonylureas, biguanides and combination therapy accounts for 31.43%, 20.28% and 33.71% of prescriptions, respectively, while insulin alone and with OAD's accounts for 6.28% and 8.29% prescriptions, respectively. Overall, prescribing trend is away from monotherapy with insulin and sulphonylureas and towards combination therapies. Key words: Diabetes mellitus, oral anti-diabetic drugs, demographic profile, pharmacoepidemiologic


I am responding to Dr. Horst D. Weinberg's thoughtful and well-elucidated letter to Contemporary Pediatrics ("Pediatrics, then and now"; Contemp Pediatr. 31[2[:10-12).


LFG production estimation models were reviewed and classified in detail.The default model,chemical model and dynamic model can be contained.The generalization molecular model,COD model and biodegradable model are included in the chemical model;the dynamic model composed of whole dynamic model and staged dynamic model,and the former includes zero order,first order and second order model,of which first order model includes ordinary first order,modified first order and multi phase first order model.The latter includes ordinary model and multi phase model.In staged dynamic models,the multi phase model is thought of most accurate at present,it is suggested to use to estimate gas production when having conditions or designing landfill or garbage generation.The default model is more convenient if there is no information,or contribution of LFG to greenhouse is evaluated,or when carbon emission is accounted.The staged multiphase model should be the future direction of gas production estimation.


In the international cyberspace the main thing to be maintained by the experts is security. The physical security is provided by security companies and men. But the software and digital data protection is only provides by software's like antivirus. These codes are written by many malicious hackers all around the world.. The present technological antivirus are in static nature. This method of malware identification is out dated as the malware are coming in a modifying manner and many more malware's are being identified. This creates a problem of uselessness of a antivirus when it has no signature of a malware which is attacking the system. The machine learning algorithms can be very useful in building a dynamic malware analyzer. The prediction mechanism can be helpful in finding the malware's which are modified from its original form to another form to hide itself from antivirus (family). Then another method is to dynamically updating the signature database in the antivirus software. This can be done using getting the signature from all over the world and dynamically updating the software's signature database. When these two methods are integrated then it would be a good software with dynamic properties.


A theoretical approach to the poetry of David Rosenmann-Taubbegins with a formalist analysis that provides the reader with a basic understanding of the poem. It then incorporates Paul Ricoeur'shermeneutical strategies, such as the search for traces of unobservable phenomena that lie outside the text, the use of the imagination,exemplification through metaphorical representation and the reader'sintegration of the text with his or her lived experience, to extendand expand that understanding. This two-pronged approach is appliedto the study of one of Rosenmann-Taub's poems, with the goalof accessing the profound personal and multidimensional meanings inscribed in his opus.


This papor is mainly concerned with numerical methods for inital-boundary value problems of quasi-linear hyperbolic systems in two independent variables. A few difference schemes applicable to any initial-boundary value problem have been given. Again, under quite weak conditions, it is proved that several type(?) of schemes with variable coefficients including those above-mentioned are stable with respect to initial values and boundary values. The unconditional stable second-order scheme of initial-boundary value probtlems presented here has been applied to calculate accurately some complicated physical process, such as interactions of discontinuities (shocks, contact discontinuities), automatically formed shocks. Finally, three numerical examples are provided. For some more computation results, and the generalization of the method to the case in three independent variables, [1] would be referred to.


MVC is a classical software pattern and has been widely used in UI programming and B/S systems. However, MVC is not efficient and extensible enough for the distributed, real-time and interactive applications. This paper analyzes the MVC pattern from its structure characteristics, and proposes a new distributed MVC software architecture SEV (Service Engine View) based on CORBA. SEV separates dynamic data from the model part, and uses the distributed object mechanisms in CORBA to improve the scalability of systems. SEV provides an extensible and high-performance reference model for distributed, real-time and interactive systems.


The behaviour, body temperatures and respiratory rates of captive bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps ) were recorded during periods with handling and non-handling intervals. Respiratory rates increased at approximately equal rates with increasing body temperatures irrespective of whether the animals were handled or not. Respiratory rates increased significantly after handling but there were no significant differences in behaviour before and after handling. The implications have been discussed in respect to animal usage in captive husbandry and education programmes.


A lack of power and extensibility in their query languages has seriously limited the generality of DBMSs and hampered their ability to support new application domains. Considerable efforts by database researchers and commercial DBMS vendors have led to major extensions; yet there remain important applications—particularly data mining—that are not supported well in SQL-3. Thus, there is a pressing need for more general mechanisms for extending SQL and dealing with new application areas, particularly database-centric data mining. To satisfy this need, we allow database users to add new table functions and stream-oriented aggregate functions by defining them in SQL—rather than in external procedural languages as O-R DBMSs currently do. This simple extension turns SQL into a powerful database language, which can express a wide range of applications, including recursive queries, ROLAP aggregates, time-series queries, stream-oriented processing, and data mining functions. In addition to adding great power and flexibility to SQL, these extensions are conducive to performance and data independence. The paper also discusses the system we have developed to support these SQL extensions, and the architecture and techniques used in its realization.


We describe a previously unreported clinical scenario of remitting diabetes in two young brothers who do not fit existing diagnostic classifications. They may represent a new genetic subgroup of diabetes.

Case 1 presented at 3.6 years with poor linear growth, polyuria, and polydipsia. Diabetes was diagnosed based on a blood glucose value of 11.5 mmol/l and an elevated HbA1c of 7.0% (normal 3.8–6.0). During 3 months' observation, hyperglycemia and an elevated HbA1c persisted. Working diagnosis was very early type 1 diabetes, and insulin was commenced (0.2 units · kg−1 · day−1). HbA1c improved from 7.0 to 5.3%. However, linear growth did not improve.

The family also tested asymptomatic siblings and identified hyperglycemia in the …


Urumqi metropolitan is an oasis Urban Agglomerations in arid region. It plays an important role in Xinjiang. Recently, the government pays more attention to Urumqi metropolitan and the economic co-development is undergoing. Therefore, it is necessary to study on the issues on space of the region today. Based on remote information, this paper analyzes the developmental process of oasis Urban Agglomerations, Urumqi metropolitan, and discusses the spatial developmental modes in future. Firstly, we get main land cover information from remote image of TM (1989) and ETM+(2002) which have spatial resolution of 28.5 meter. According to the characteristic of the study area, 8 types of land use are classified in this paper. They are urban and town land, country residential land, road land, agriculture land, natural vegetation, water, desert and other bare land. Then, the area changes of these lands are analyzed by the data from remote information. In the process of the oasis development, the agricultural land has Tncreased obviously. With the growth of economy and population, the urban land and country residential land are also increasing clearly. Contrastively, the bare land is decreasing because of the conversion to other kinds of land. Meanwhile, the natural vegetation, water, desert have little variety. The landscape index of main land is changing during the period. Thirdly, some problems appearing from the spatial development process of urban and town group are discussed. One is that administrative boundary restricts the urban process and the central urban, Urmqi, can not exert its radiate function in so limitative space. One is that the urban and town group developed disorderly in space. The other is the fractal of oasis landscape increased, especially the agricultural land and the country residential land. Finally, we put forward some modes of this area in spatial development to help oasis urban development sustainable. Co-development is the foundation for Urmqi Metropolitan to orderly development. Each urban and town in Urmqi Metropolitan should break the administrative restriction and take itself into the region to get all of them development harmoniously. Centralization and Separation in space is a better spacial pattern for Urmqi Metropolitan. Centralization means make the central urban become much stronger to guide the other towns around it. Separation means that each urban and town should be optimized to form reasonable special pattern. Re-adjust the function space in the area of Urmqi Metropolitan is a reasonable way to alleviate the burthen of central urban. In region scale, the industry, commerce and finance, agriculture function space can be adjusted according to the characteristic and potential of every urban and town. This can help us make our activity reasonable.


The stock status of Northern Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF), Thunnus orientalis, was recently evaluated by the PBF Working Group (WG) of the International Scientific Committee (ISC) for Tuna and Tuna like Species. The stock status remains uncertain and the WG is investigating the possibility that there may be a model mis-specification. This paper focuses on natural mortality. It reviews the scientific process leading to the PBF natural mortality (M) schedule assumed for the 2008 PBF assessment. It also provides a critical evaluation of the assumptions and proposes an alternative natural mortality schedule for PBF. In the absence of direct estimates of M for PBF beyond age-0 (1+ years), the WG adopted a vector based on assumptions made for southern bluefin tuna (SBT). This choice should be re-visited and revised considering the differences that exist between the life-history of PBF and SBT. The adoption for PBF of the SBT estimate of M=0.12 yr for the 4+ year old adult fish seems the most problematic. The later is based on the long life-span of SBT (maximum age of 42) which does not seem to be the case for PBF (maximum observed age of 21 years). In addition, while the mean age at maturity for SBT varies from age 8-12 years, PBF begins to mature at age 3 and are fully mature at age 5. It seems reasonable to assume that such an early investment on reproduction would result in higher natural mortality levels for mature PBF. An alternative M estimate for the adult fish (3+ year) could be taken as the median value (M=0.27) obtained across a large suite of life-history based methods. Estimates of natural mortality for ages 1 and 2 also


Animal cell shape is largely determined by the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Spread shapes result from a balance between protrusive actin networks and contractile stress fibers, while rounded shapes are supported by a contractile actomyosin cortex. The assembly and regulation of distinct types of actin networks have been extensively studied, yet, what determines which networks dominate in a given cell remains unclear. In this Brief Report, we explore the molecular regulation of overall actin organization and resulting cell shape. We use our recently published comparison of the F-actin interactome in spread interphase and rounded mitotic cells to establish a list of candidate regulators of actin networks in spread cells. Utilizing micropatterning and automated image analysis we quantitatively analyze how these candidates affect actin organization. Out of our initial 16 candidates, we identify subsets of proteins promoting stress fibers or regulating their arrangement. Interestingly, no single regulator depletion caused significant cell shape change. However, perturbing two hits simultaneously, supervillin and myosin II, led to stress fiber disassembly and cell rounding. Overall, our systematic investigation shows that actin networks are robust to perturbations, and identifies regulatory modules controlling overall actin organization and resulting cell shape.


Based on a nationwide database, this study analyzed the influence of methotrexate (MTX), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, and a combination of the 2 medications on uveitis occurrence in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients.


Although wetland treatment systems have been shown to be effective for treating both coal and metal mine drainage, the longevity of the treatment has always been a question. Data collected from a wetland in northeastern Minnesota suggests it may be possible to build a wetland that will provide long term treatment. A 7000 square meter overland flow wetland was built in 1992 to treat a mine drainage with an av798798erage pH of 7.2 and an average nickel concentration of 5.1 mg/L. Nickel removal exceeded 90% for the first three years of operation. In 1995, the stockpile which contributed the major input to the wetland was capped, and both flow and concentrations in the drainage were reduced. An intensive study was conducted on one section of the wetland where a large percentage of the overall removal was occurring. Nickel concentrations in the substrate reached 1.5% by weight and the calculated nickel mass in the substrate was about the same as the overall mass removal calculated from the water quality and flow data. Based on a model of substrate accumulation in wetlands, the wetland generates 7 kg of nickel removal capacity each year. Since the annual input of nickel has been reduced to around 10 kg, the projected lifetime of the wetland is about 300 years.


The hierarchical structure of load-lifting cranes of bridge type is considered as a complex dynamic system, on the basis of which the entire object is represented by six levels of ranks of elements. Based on the proposed hierarchical structure, the design process is represented by phases of closed design work. As a result, the main stages of modeling the process of designing a load-lifting cranes crane of bridge type, on the basis of which the algorithm of design automation is built, are identified. Thus, the use of modern modeling tools will allow to abandon field experiments, take into account the maximum number of measured parameters, that ultimately significantly reduces production expenses, reduce time and labor costs, achieve optimal characteristics.


The state and transition models is applied to discuss the threshold in vegetation composition from steppe to thicketization-steppe,Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia.From the increase of soil patchiness scale in the thicketization of steppe,it is suggested that the transition from steppe to thicketization-steppe dominated by Caragana microphylla patches could be irreversible once this threshold is passed.The thicketization of steppe is an important stage of grazing succession,which may be considered as a self-rehabilitation of a degraded ecosystem.The model on the steppe grazing succession is developed, and it is the important framework for the research into the thicketization of steppe in Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia.


The products of forest culture are not only the creation of nature,but also the inevitable outcome and wisdom crystallization of forest resources recognition and utilization.They can be divided into forest theory,forest literature,forest technology,forest museum,forest tourism and nature reserve according to the abstract degree of these products.Compared with other cultural products,the products of forest culture have their own characteristics,and they construct the advanced culture of socialism together with other cultural products,and supply people with green,rational and healthy cultural service.


By using χ2-test,Pearson's correlation coefficient,and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient,a quantitative study was made on the interspecific association among the 561 species pairs of 34 dominant plant species of wetland vegetation in the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River.The χ2-test showed that among the 561 species pairs,178 pairs were positively while 256 pairs were negatively correlated,and the correlation ratio was 0.70.Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that 157 pairs were positively while 402 pairs were negatively correlated,and the correlation ratio was 0.39.Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test showed that 216 pairs were positively while 343 pairs were negatively correlated,and the correlation ratio was 0.63.As compared with χ2-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient,Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was more sensitive.Most of the total 561 species pairs did not show significant association.The results indicated that the wetland vegetation in the middle and lower reaches of Fenhe River was at the early stage of succession.According to the adaptation to the environment and the leading ecological factors,the 34 dominant species were divided into four ecological species groups.


Nigeria is a heterogeneous country which is known for her ethnic and cultural diversity. The need to involve citizens in the business of governance is one of the reasons that inform the modern democratic thinking. Unfortunately, Nigeria has recorded military intervention since the country gained independence in 1960 not until 1999 till date that the country has been experiencing stable democracy without military intervention. After the country returned to civil rule in 1999 during the fourth republic, the country has recorded uninterrupted democratic governance for over two decades. Though, not without some hindrances and one of these challenges is voter apathy which has been on an increase in every election. In 2003, the number of voter turnout was 69.1% of registered voters and unfortunately, the last election that was held in 2019 saw a total decline in voter turnout to 34.75% as reported by the election umpire. The decline in voter turnout has been consistent since 2003 and this continuous drop in the voter turnout informed this research study to examine the factors responsible for low voter turnout in Nigeria for the period of 2003-2019. The theoretical framework adopted for the study was Rational Choice Theory (RCT). To achieve the aim of this study, the study adopted cross sectional survey research design and relied on primary source of data through the help of structured questionnaire. The result obtained from administered questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. The results revealed among other things that one of the major factors responsible for low voter turnout in Nigeria is lack of fulfillment of campaign promises by the political office holders. The study recommended among other things that there should be proper sensitization of electorates by necessary stakeholders and other relevant authorities by encouraging electorates to use their power judiciously by voting out candidates who fail to fulfill campaign promises as this will serve as deterrent for other political aspirants.


Fundamental spatial and temporal characteristics of the turbulent eddies are correlated with the transport level, and such characteristics can be obtained from various correlation functions. The decorrelation time and the correlation lengths are, thus, key parameters to investigate the turbulence properties. KSTAR has two diagnostics, BES (Beam Emission Spectroscopy) and MIR (Microwave Imaging Reflectometry) measuring density fluctuations at two different toroidal locations, and H1NF heliac has Langmuir probes at the difference toroidal locations, providing a possibility to measure the parallel correlation length along the background magnetic fields. Consequently, we must confirm the reliability of the two-point correlation length measurement. For this purpose, we introduce a mathematical model of spatially and temporally coherent density fluctuations [1-3] from which we generate homogeneous and stationary synthetic data [4] and estimate the uncertainty of the two-point correlation length measurement. Analytic calculation of the uncertainty from the model agrees with the synthetic data results. We also verify the results with the KSTAR experimental BES data. The measurement of parallel correlation length at H-1NF heliac is attempted.


The main aim of the present work is to develop and evaluate pulsatile press coated tablets which release total amount of drug at early morning. Here core tablet (180 mg) containing Tramadol hydrochloride 50 mg with excipients crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose sodium was prepared by direct compression. The core tablet was then coated by coating material composed of combination of polymers hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC-K100M) and ethyl cellulose (EC) by press coating technique. Prepared Press Coated tablet was evaluated for all physical tests. In-vitro dissolution test was carried out in 0.1 N HCl for first two hrs and 6.8 pH phosphate buffer for remaining period. From that formulations PCF3 containing polymer ratio of (3:1) i.e. HPMC:EC was selected as optimized formulation as it retarded drug release in stomach and shows a drug release with significant lag time. Initially compatibility study was carried out by FTIR showing that all the excipients and polymers were compatible with drug.


We compared the effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine on membrane lipids in an attempt to determine the anaesthetic mechanism of ropivacaine with structure‐dependent potency. The membrane effects were determined by measuring anaesthetic‐induced changes in the phase transition temperature and the fluorescence polarization of liposomal membranes prepared with cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine. Bupivacaine, ropivacaine and mepivacaine depressed the membrane lipid phase transition and decreased the polarization of liposomal membranes at 0.0625–1.0 mg/mL, indicating that these anaesthetics fluidize membranes at concentrations lower than those in clinical use. Ropivacaine and bupivacaine were effective in fluidizing the membrane core rather than the membrane surface, whereas mepivacaine was a membrane fluidizer acting equally on both regions. In the comparison of membrane fluidization at an equimolar concentration (3.0 mmol/L), ropivacaine was found to be less potent than bupivacaine and more potent than mepivacaine. This membrane‐fluidizing potency was also consistent with the hydrophobic properties of these substances evaluated by reversed‐phase chromatography. Structure‐dependent membrane fluidization associating with hydrophobicity appears to underlie the local anaesthetic effect of ropivacaine as well as those of bupivacaine and mepivacaine.


Small-scale heterogeneities in the mantle can give important insight into the dynamics and composition of the Earth's interior. Here, we analyse seismic energy found as precursors to PP, which is scattered offsmall-scale heterogeneities related to subduction zones in the upper and mid-mantle. We use data from shallow earthquakes (less than 100 km depth) in the epicentral distance range of 90°-110° and use array methods to study a 100 s window prior to the PP arrival. Our analysis focuses on energy arriving offthe great circle path between source and receiver. We select coherent arrivals automatically, based on a semblance weighted beampower spectrum, maximizing the selection of weak amplitude arrivals. Assuming single P-to-P scattering and using the directivity information from array processing, we locate the scattering origin by ray tracing through a 1-D velocity model. Using data from the small-aperture Eielson Array (ILAR) in Alaska, we are able to image structure related to heterogeneities in western Pacific subduction zones. We find evidence for ~300 small-scale heterogeneities in the region around the present-day Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana and West Philippine subduction zones. Most of the detected heterogeneities are located in the crust and upper mantle, but 6 per cent of scatterers are located deeper than 600 km. Scatterers in the transition zone correlate well with edges of fast features in tomographic images and subducted slab contours derived from slab seismicity. We locate deeper scatterers beneath the Izu-Bonin/Mariana subduction zones, which outline a steeply dipping pseudo-planar feature to 1480 km depth, and beneath the ancient (84-144 Ma) Indonesian subduction trench down to 1880 km depth. We image the remnants of subducted crustal material, likely the underside reflection of the subducted Moho. The presence of deep scatterers related to past and present subduction provides evidence that the subducted crust does descend into the lower mantle at least for these steeply dipping subduction zones. Applying the same technique to other source-receiver paths will increase our knowledge of the small-scale structure of the mantle and will provide further constraints on geodynamic models. .


The article describes the modern methods of steel ingot solidification process. Based on the analysis of these methods was developed a new complex method of steel ingot solidification research, which allows to analyze the evolution of both horizontal and vertical solidification fronts, as well as the length of the two-phase zone. Application of this method made it possible to develop steel ingot solidification constant as well as regularities of solidification


Asexual embryos of Theobroma cacao L. cultured in vitro grew to a size and fresh weight equal to mature zygotic embryos in vivo when cultured in liquid medium on a rollodrum apparatus. Changes in the fatty acid composition in the asexual embryos, similar to those which occur in the zygotic embryo during normal maturation, were stimulated as the sucrose concentration in the medium was increased to an optimum at 27% sucrose (w/v). As the sucrose concentration increased, there was a shift in the fatty acid composition from predominantly polyunsaturated to saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids characterized by an increase in the mole percents of stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids and a decrease in the mole percents of linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acids (18:3).


Part 1 Knowledge, higher education and society: the learning society? a certain way of knowing we are all clerks now. Part 2 The new vocubulary: "skills" and "vocationalism" "competence" and "outcomes" "capability" and "enterprise". Part 3 The lost vocabulary: understanding critique interdisciplinarity wisdom. Part 4 Competence reconsidered: two rival versions of competence beyond competence retrospect and coda.


A new towing taxi-out departure mode has become the preferred choice to replace the traditional departure mode of civil aircraft due to its obvious advantages of low energy consumption, low emissions, and high efficiency. However, the inertia may lead to potential lateral instability and even "Jack-knifing", as the mass of the system is concentrated in the rear. In this paper, the lateral instability mechanism and influencing factors of the civil aircraft towing taxi-out system were studied using computer virtual simulation technology and taking Boeing 737–400 and AM210 tractors as research objects. The results show that the "Jack-knifing" phenomenon was caused by the lateral instability of the system when the sliding speed of the system was more than 15 km/h, and the system was accompanied by the lateral slip condition. Furthermore, the safety zone, side-show zone and jack-knifing zone of the system were defined in terms of towing speed and steering angle. Additionally, a towing safety zone was created under different airport track conditions by analyzing the lateral stability of the system. The conclusion of this study may provide a theoretical basis and reference for the safe application of the new taxi-out departure mode.


Mouse cells ubiquitously express CRRY, which is a functional orthologue of human decay‐accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) and membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46), and thus protects cells from homologous complement. NIH3T3 cells expressed minute levels of mouse CD46 (mCD46) mRNA but barely produced mCD46 protein. mCD46 message and protein levels were markedly increased during mouse cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection. Consistently, mCD46‐expressing cells became resistant to mouse complement; primary‐cultured fibroblasts from mCD46 gene‐disrupted mice showed no increase in protection, resulting in complement‐dependent cytolysis. Thus, the marked up‐regulation of mCD46 in mouse fibroblast cells/cell lines by mCMV infection participates in host cell protection from complement. By mCD46 promoter deletion assay, the region necessary for induction of the promoter activity by mCMV infection was shown to be restricted to a sequence of 19 bp, which was homologous to the correspondingportion in human CD46, and the promoter regions of early‐inducible human CMV UL36 and human herpesvirus 6 UL29. The results were confirmed by mutation analysis of this 19‐bp region. We designated this sequence as the CMV‐responsive element (CMVRE). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated the existence of a CMVRE‐binding factor, expression of which was significantly increased after mCMV infection. Thus, mCMV up‐regulates the gene expression of mCD46 via CMVRE and CMVRE‐binding factor, resulting in mCD46 protein expression on mCMV‐infected cells. Since both the membrane and soluble mCD46retained complement regulatory activity, mCD46 induced by mCMV infection may act as a regulator of systemic complement activation. This represents a unique strategy of mCMV survival in host cells with sufficient replication by circumventing host complement attack.


Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in
hospitalized patients and is strongly correlated with increased morbidity,
mortality, and prolonged hospitalization. However, signals that determine
whether injured tissues following AKI will repair or fibrose and lead to
chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not well defined. Numerous cytokines are
activated at various times after injury and recruit inflammatory cells.
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is upregulated following activation of Gα12 by H2O2, a
reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, we study this occurrence in vitro and in
vivo. IL-8 was measured by ELISA in Gα12-silenced (si-Gα12) and inducible QLα12
(constitutively active Gα12) Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (QLα12-MDCK) cell lines
after H2O2/catalase cell injury. QLα12- and si-Gα12 MDCK cells showed time-,
agonist- and Gα12-dependent increases in IL-8 mRNA and protein. Gα12-silenced
MDCK cells demonstrated lower IL-8 expression and blunted IL-8 increases. In
transgenic mice (QLα12γGTCre+, proximal tubule Qα12 expression) ischemia
reperfusion injury led to significant upregulation of CXCL-1 (IL-8 homologue)
at 48 hours that was not observed in Gα12 knockout mice. Macrophages in renal
cells from these mice were imaged by immunofluorescent microscopy and
QLα12γGTCre+ showed increased macrophage infiltration. We demonstrate that IL-8
is a critical link between H2O2 stimulated Gα12 and renal injury. Gα12
activation led to increased IL-8 expression, a potent mediator of inflammation
after injury. Future studies targeting Gα12 for inhibition after injury may
blunt the IL-8 response and allow for organ recovery.


Product perishability is an important aspect of inventory control. To minimise the effect of deterioration, retailers in supermarkets, departmental store managers, etc. always want higher inventory depletion rate. In this article, we propose a dynamic pre- and post-deterioration cumulative discount policy to enhance inventory depletion rate resulting low volume of deterioration cost, holding cost and hence higher profit. It is assumed that demand is a price and time dependent ramp-type function and the product starts to deteriorate after certain amount of time. Unlike the conventional inventory models with pricing strategies, which are restricted to a fixed number of price changes and to a fixed cycle length, we allow the number of price changes before as well as after the start of deterioration and the replenishment cycle length to be the decision variables. Before start of deterioration, discounts on unit selling price are provided cumulatively in successive pricing cycles. After the start of deterioration, discounts on reduced unit selling price are also provided in a cumulative way. A mathematical model is developed and the existence of the optimal solution is verified. A numerical example is presented, which indicates that under the cumulative effect of price discounting, dynamic pricing policy outperforms static pricing strategy. Sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out.


We measur ea pparent velocitie s( vapp )o ft he Hα an dH βBalmer lin ec ores for 16 helium-dominated white dwarfs (WDs )u sing optical spectra take nf or th eE uropean Southern Observator yS NI ap rogenitorsurve y( SPY) .F ollowing th eg ravitationa lr edshif tm ethod employed by Falcon et al .( 1) ,w efi nd am ean apparent velocityofvapp� = 39.58 ±4.41km s −1 an du se it to derive am ean mass ofM� =0.701 +0.042 −0.046 M� .T hough th es ampl ei ss mall, th em ean mass appears to be larger than th em ean mass of DA sd erived usin gt he same method (0.647 +0.013 −0.014 M� ,1 ).


Question: Does exercise training improve cardiopulmonary function and quality of life in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors? Design: Randomised controlled trial. Setting: Specialised cancer institute Patients: Postmenopausal women who met the following inclusion criteria: histology confirmed early stage breast cancer with no evidence of recurrent or progressive disease; completed surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy with or without current hormone therapy use; and non-smoking status. Exclusion criteria were: cardiac disease, uncontrolled hypertension, thyroid disease, diabetes, mental illness, infection, immune or endocrine abnormality, or contraindications for exercise. Patients were randomly allocated to an exercise (n = 25) or control group (n = 28) Interventions: The exercise group received exercise training on bicycle ergometers with a training intensity that corresponded to approximately 70% to 75% of maximal oxygen consumption. There were three sessions a week for a period of 15 weeks and the exercise intensity increased systematically from 15 minutes in the first three weeks to 35 minutes in the last three weeks. The control group did not exercise. Outcomes: These consisted of cardiopulmonary fitness outcomes as measured with a bicycle test, quality of life as assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Scale, and body composition (body weight, body mass index and subcutaneous sum of skinfolds, all assessed at baseline and post-intervention, ie after 15 weeks follow-up). Main results: The exercise group completed 98.4% of the exercise sessions. The mean difference in peak oxygen consumption was 0.29 L/min in favour of the exercise group (95% CI = 0.18 to 0.40; p < 0.01). The mean difference in improvement in quality of life was 8.8 points, which was in favour of the exercise group (95% CI = 3.6 to 14.0; p < 0.01). No statistically significant inter-group differences were found for measures of body composition. Conclusion: Exercise training had beneficial effects on cardiopulmonary function and quality of life in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Commentary


On the basis of the mechanism study of injecting clay grouts into overlying strata, the clay grouts are researched in greater detail from three aspects. The flowing state of clay grouts in the strata the pattern of different direction flowing around a point source is advanced and the flowing equation is put forward which is correspond with experiment result, and the corresponding mechanical model is set up which has its formulistic study, and the function of clay grouts is also discussed after the water in it has been lost, at the same time the concept of similar rock in effective supporting zone is given. It would draw great positive inspiration from what studied in this paper for studying on drawing down the surface subsidence by injecting.


This paper presents a virtual cellular manufacturing system building model based on axiomatic design theory. By now most discussions of virtual manufacturing cellular focus on how to format a virtual cell and how to optimize a virtual cell in the execution layer. The attention to "system cost" and "efficiency" mostly were given only after the system-generated. In this paper we build a complete virtual cellular manufacturing system, and pay attention to "system cost" and "efficiency" in the conceptual design phase to make sure the techniques and resource which we choose is low-cost and non-redundant. Meanwhile in Process Domain of the model, we blend the logistics balance idea of TOC theory, waste elimination philosophy of lean manufacturing and the existing conclusions of the virtual cell literature to make sure the tools which we choose are more effective. The model will clearly set out the concept, principle and technology hierarchy of virtual cellular manufacturing system, and can be an effective map for manufacturing enterprises with low-volume and high-variety to apply the virtual cellular production.


The research study is aimed at the characterization of the hydrodynamics of a novel membrane-aerated reactor. Hydrodynamics was determined by means of impulse tracer trials in clean reactor and calculating residence time distribution (RTD) curves at different recirculation flow rates and hydraulic retention time. Thus the typical RTD curves were analyzed to calculate the average residence time, the dimensionless variance, the number of stirred tank reactors in series, and the dispersion number.The results showed that the hydraulic characteristics in the membrane-aerated reactor was essentially correlated with circulation rate. With the circulation velocity increasing, the number of stirred tank reactors in series decreased gradually, approaching to 1, while the dispersion number increased up to 0.2. It was concluded that the flow patterns within the membrane-aerated reactor are perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested. A simple correlation between the Reynolds number and the mixing was developed which can be used for design and scale-up purposes.


Friar-architects carried out important projects in the Valencia area. These monks, who combined architectural with spiritual labors, accomplished works in which they knew how to combine tradition with new architectural tendencies. The church of St. Michael Archangel of Burjassot by Friar Francisco de Santa Barbara, provides the chance to study this constructive phenomenon in relation to its doorway and twin altarpieces at the crossing. Without doubt, these structures demonstrate the direct influence of the Jesuit Andrea Pozzo's treatise Perspectiva Pictorum et Architectorum (1693-1700), which had a broad repercussion in the Valencia region.


The aim of this volume is to integrate the most recent research in the cognitive processing of Chinese and related Asian languages (i.e. Japanese and Korean) into a single academic reference. Because so much more was learned about the topic over the past several years, the proposed volume is intended to provide something like a state-of-art review and to capture what is currently going on in a new and rapidly expanding field.


Ever since independence, India has always been an economy dependent on the agricultural sector. The agricultural sector in turn has been dependent heavily on monsoons and its nature. The more accurately we decipher the predictability of rainfall, the better the agricultural produce and a better performing economy. Time series prediction finds various applications in medicine, stock market, meteorology, geology, astronomy, chemistry, biometrics and robotics also. There are various prediction models which enhance the ability to reduce the after effects of the hazards created by such uncertainty. This paper gives a neuro fuzzy approach to the modeling on weather applications particularly rainfall over a region in presence of chaos if any. In other words a prediction model for the analysis of rainfall is done. In local modeling approaches, the independent models which work on different nonlinear systems and processes are very successful in modeling, identification, and prediction applications. Chaotic time series are therefore used in our analysis. The results thus produced give a meager prediction error which is desirable to get an efficient analogy to create a much better prediction model for chaotic neuro fuzzy or adaptive neural network systems.


Wireless networks became an integral component of nowadays communication infrastructure and, due to their mobility and limited battery life, energy efficiency needs an important design consideration. Such networks are usually modeled by so called mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) models, further represented as simple graphs where the vertices have precise geometric locations and edges are straight lines.Topology control is concerned with the assignment of different transmission power to wireless devices antenna such that the obtained ad-hoc networks satisfy some specific properties (connectivity, planarity, minimum energy, bounded degree, etc.). In this paper, we study the energy-balanced topology control problem, which is defined as follows: given a set of hosts in an ad hoc network, adjust the transmission power of each host so that the resultant network topology is connected and the maximum energy consumption among all the hosts is minimized. This problem has been solved by Ramanathan et. all [12] for static ad-hoc networks in a 2D environment.We extend the algorithm from [12] for a dynamic environment in both 2D and 3D environment. We describe a communication protocol on top of this algorithm in order to ensure the connectivity and the energy balanced properties.During the movement of nodes, the topology has to be changed. Since, in our protocol, each reconfiguration implies that all the nodes will transmit at maximum power, we study the influence of increasing the transmission radius of each node, by a fixed percent, over the number of reconfiguration needed, in order to maintain the network connectivity. Using an original network simulator, we show that the decreasing in the number of reconfigurations is exponential in terms of percentage of transmission radius increasing, which leads to a trade-off between the energy consumptions due to reconfigurations and due to the increased transmission radius. We also study the implication of other factors over the number of reconfigurations, such as node density, maximum transmission range, and different movement parameters (speed, changing of direction time).


Success in software development depends on the availability of complete, consistent, and unambiguous functional software requirements. Inconsistencies in software requirements can propagate problems throughout the development cycle. We introduce the concept of a quantitative measure for detecting inconsistencies, namely, Potential Structural Inconsistency (PSI). This measure is derived from a structural model for a given set of requirements. We show how this measure can be determined using a case study with known inconsistencies.


Do bats use their ultrasonic echolocation calls to recognise their own species? A new study in the Journal of Biogeography by Danilo Russo and colleagues suggests that this is certainly the case for horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae). These bats find their way in the dark and detect insect prey by emitting long ultrasound calls mainly made of a constant frequency. Different rhinolophid species show different frequency values. It has been proposed that such differences are large enough to allow recognition of conspecifics.


Objective To study acute toxicity of Qi dan capsules in mice.Methods Through one time gastric infusion of the maximum concentration,to observe body weight,behavior and death and so on in mice.Results Drug-treated mice had no significant due to drug-induced toxic reactions and death in mice in the two weeks observation period,it is equivalent to the clinical adult daily constants 108 times for the largest dose 26.0g/kg in mice.Conclusion Qi dan capsules had no obviously the acute toxicity in mice.


I conducted three experiments in which I investigated how people use the definite article with entities that have never been explicitly introduced. I claim that using the definite article to determine a particular entity presupposes that that entity has a preestablished discourse referent. If an explicit discourse referent has not been supplied by previous context, additional presuppositions must be accommodated to infer one instead. In experiment 1, participants were given a self-paced reading task to determine if less felicitous accommodations took longer to process than more felicitous accommodations. I compared both supported and un-supported inferences of a target discourse-new entity to contexts in which the entity had already been explicitly mentioned. I found that prior mention of the target entity made subsequent processing times of the same entity significantly faster, and well-supported accommodations were marginally faster to process than poorly-supported accommodations. In experiment 2, I investigated the requirements of the definite article by asking participants to rate the felicity of two-sentence pairs in which one entity was singled out with the definite article, from a set of equally plausible entities. In one condition, context made one entity clearly more salient than others of its type. In the second condition, all entities were equally salient. I found that when the target entity was singled out over others of its type, items were rated significantly higher than when there was no reason to single out one entity. This indicates that in order to use the definite article, context must supply the designated entity with a single, unambiguous discourse referent with which it can link. This means that the entity must be both relevant and more salient than all others of its type. I call this view the Small World hypothesis. It resolves the traditional distinction between uniqueness and identifiability with the concept of discourse referents, because in order for the entity to have a single unambiguous discourse referent candidate, the target entity must both be identifiable and locally unique. In experiment 3, I conducted a forced-production study. I had participants supply either the definite or indefinite article to contexts that met the requirements of the Small World hypothesis by varying degrees. I found that in contexts that met the requirements of the Small World, participants consistently chose the definite article. In contexts where the requirements were only partially met, participants chose either the definite or the indefinite. In contexts where the requirements were not met, participants consistently preferred the indefinite article. I combined the findings of experiments 1, 2 and 3 to motivate the Spectrum of Accommodation, in which I claim that when using the definite article, the presuppositions necessary to treat discourse-new entities as discourse-old ones are accommodated with relative ease or difficulty, depending upon how well context manages to make a particular entity relevant and more salient than all others of its type, by linking it up to an unambiguous discourse referent.


Transition-metal-catalyzed cyanation reaction is one of the most attractive modern methods for the synthesis of organic cyanides. Recent development of the transition-metal-catalyzed C — CN bonds coupling reactions is reviewed, which includes the cyanation reactions of aryl, vinyl halides and pseudohalides, arylboronic acids and alkene, alkyne, aromatic hy-drocarbon. Their mechanisms are discussed.


What is the relationship between ballot structure (the manner in which citizens cast their votes) and corruption related to the financing of politics? The author develops a principal agent—model which considers how differences in ballot structure may facilitate or impede attempts by parties to utilize the public administration as a source of electoral resources. Electoral systems which concentrate political career control in the hands of party leaders, such as closed-list proportional representation (CLPR) facilitate the use of the bureaucracy in this manner, whereas electoral systems that undermine party leader control, such as preferential-list proportional representation (PLPR), make it more difficult. The difference in the two systems rests with the degree of leverage enjoyed by party leaders vis-à-vis politically oriented bureaucrats. The capacity for favoritism under CLPR permits party leaders to reward militants who have engaged in risky behavior for the party; PLPR undercuts similar attempts to reward risky behavior.


Objective
To investigate the current status of nurses' recognition regarding the protection of patient's privacy, and to provide reference for future nursing works and strengthening related law.

Methods
This was a questionnaire investigation study. It adopted the combined sampling strategies including a convenient sampling with a stratified sampling method. Two third grade and class A hospitals in Chengdu were selected, and the departments in hospital were selected according to the risks of privacy disclosure, within which the nurses (600) were selected as the object. The survey questionnaires included the general information questionnaires and the questionnaire regarding nurses' recognition towards the items of patient's privacy (self-developed) .

Results
A total of 672 questionnaires were issued, but 631 were recovered and 616 of which were valid questionnaires. The top five items about nurses' recognition regarding protection of patient's privacy were the physical privacy location (609, 98.86%) , the space that exposed patient's personal information when visite physicians (586/95.13%) , patient's personal secrets (583, 94.64%) , personal physical defects (572, 92.86%) and personal income (570, 92.53%) . And the bottom five items were gender (351/56.98%) , name (399, 64.77%) , age (442/71.75%) , patient's mental activities (467, 75.81%) and the menstrual history of women (501, 81.33%) .

Conclusions
The nurses' recognition regarding the protection of patient's privacy had many differences in some items, and there are also obvious differences between the nurse and patient. Therefore, we need to clarify the real needs of patients with privacy protection, and keep strengthening the study of privacy related knowledge, improving the hospital management system, and strengthening the relevant research and legislation, in order to effectively protect the privacy of patients and improve the patient's satisfaction.

Key words:
Nurse; Patient; Privacy protection; Cognitive