This study aims to examine the relationship between demographic and Islamic Human Resource Management practices among Muslim staff Felda Holdings Bhd in Alor Setar. Demographic factors that are been used in this study are gender, age and education level. For Islamic human resource management practices there are five
dimensions are been used which are recruitment, selection, performance appraisal, training and development and compensation by Junaidah Hashim (2009). Research methodology consisted of a review of questionnaire that have information about demographic information and Islamic Human Resource Management practices, which has been circulated to the 73 Muslim staff in Felda Holdings Bhd in Alor Setar. The findings showed from six of hypotheses that were tested, three hypotheses have been supported and anothers three hypothesis is not supported. Age showed no
significant relationship to Islamic Human Resource Management practices among Muslim staff Felda Holdings Bhd in Alor Setar. For gender and level of education, it shows Muslim staff Felda Holdings Bhd in Alor Setar have a significant relationship to Islamic Human Resource Management practices. Limitations, suggestions and directions for future research are being discussed


. We show that the K 0 groups of Connes' Θ-deformed m -planes and their smooth versions are all Z .


Based on the relations of the QoS parameters in wireless Ad hoc networks, we proposed a new route found mechanism. The new mechanism calculate the length of the routing, the throughput require of the data transmit as bandwidth, and by the most of the bandwidth require to Resource Reservation to meet the QoS. Simulation result shows that it can meet the QoS require if the network allow.


This paper presents our ongoing work on LibreMote, an Open Hardware Framework composed by an Arduino-based device, a set of software libraries and digital fabrication models. The framework is designed to support researchers, artists and hobbyists in the rapid prototyping of wireless controllers. Our goal is to study whether LibreMote might support innovation in HCI controllers by empowering non technical users to apply DIY and Personal Fabrication approaches to prototype ad-hoc designed unconventional controllers.


—An increasingly popular method of predicting trends and forecasting voting outcomes is to create a prediction model based on alignment of publicly available social media content produced by voters with voting behaviours. This paper aims to analyse whether Twitter data extracted from local Dublin City Council members' Twitter accounts in comparison with corresponding Councillor and Motion data from the Council- Tracker.ie website can be interpreted and used to create a model to predict the voting outcome of local Dublin City Council votes to pass motions. The aim was to explore whether through utilising machine learning techniques along with natural language processing techniques, reliable and data driven predictions can be generated for policy-making proposals brought forward. The acquired experimental results suggest that the approach used was marginally adequate in supporting the proposed hypothesis, although some interesting results were derived. Of the models analysed the Decision Tree model produced the most accurate results with an accuracy score of 0.71 (baseline: 0.63). Analysis of the models and an ablation study showed that the features derived from tweet texts and motion texts along with overall properties of a Councillor's twitter account were the most powerful indicators. The behaviour of a tweet, such as its acquired number of favorites or retweets, were not indicative of the results in both the random forest model and decision tree model.


Aiming at the problem of locating fruit by using binocular system under natural condition, an implicit 3D measurement model of binocular system based on neural network was proposed to locate fruit. The model used two Ward network to associated work and simulate geometric localization model of binocular system based on parallax computation. The method needn't take account into some localization procedures including image correction and error modification. The results showed that maximum absolute error in horizontal, vertical and depth direction of trained model is less than 10mm in effect viewing field of 223 mm to 1183 mm. Positioning reliability can reach 88.584 percent when resultant error in horizontal, vertical and depth direction is limited within α5mm. Real tests of locating tomato showed that the precision of localization is acceptable.


Until now, existing models for retrieving river ice thickness are mostly based on environmental data. They require many inputs and indicate a global value of ice thickness for a large heterogeneous area. Studies have been performed intending to retrieve river ice thickness throughout remote sensing using monopolarized C-band radar data. But no reliable ice maps of ice thickness have been produced. In this paper, the information gain from polarimetric SAR data is demonstrated and a river ice thickness model is proposed. This model is applied and validated on Radarsat-2 images acquired at C-band in winter 2009 over the Saint-François River (Southern Quebec), the Kosoak River (Northern Quebec) and the Mackenzie River (Northwest Territories), in Canada. Field campaigns were carried out to obtain more than 70 samples of various river ice thickness. The optimal polarimetric parameter is chosen to retrieve both easily and rapidly river ice thickness. This approach offers reliable spatially distributed ice maps.


The mechanisms by which female rats fare better then male rats post‐TBI remain unclear. Changes in vascular density and other measures of new blood vessel growth, angiogenesis, play a role in recovery post‐TBI. Vascular function has been hypothesized to be involved in sex differences in recovery post‐TBI. It is unknown if there are sex differences in injury induced changes in vessel density post‐TBI. The hypothesis was tested that females would have greater vessel density 48 hours post‐TBI than males, and that they would outperform males on motor coordination tasks one week after injury.


The paper reviews the kinds of representation of syntagmatic grammatical relations typically empl~'ed in grammar models used in computational linguistics. Exemplars of dependencyonly, constituency-only and hybrid constituencydependency approaches will be considered. In a move away fi'om the much discussed question 'Constituency or dependency?', the purpose of the paper is to ask more radically: 'Are constituency and dependency sufficient at all to represent the kinds of syntagmatic patterning we find in language?' Discussing three problem cases for representation with constituency/dependency coordinate structure, information structure and agreement, I argue for a more diversified view of syntagmatic structure. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n : t h e g o a l s o f t h i s


The objective of the present study was scale construction and validation for evaluation of professor's performance. This is a combined study based on the Delphi technique. The population included all professors of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. The population was also related to the questionnaire implementation for standardization of all students in the Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. A total of 30 faculty members in Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences were selected as elites of the project. For standardization, 200 students were selected with the random sampling method. In the first step, the 30 experts who were members of focal groups were asked to design suitable questions or statements. After classification and removal of similar items, the number of statements reached 393. In the third step, the statements were given to the executive team for analysis in order to select the best and most complete items. Thus, the number of items was reduced to 150. In this dimension, each expert selected the best five statements in each index from his/her viewpoint. The statements that were most frequent in the index were selected. Finally, the total number of statements reached 26 statements in eight subscales. Based on the results, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.85 for the total scale, 0.69 for the use of a variety of teaching methods, 0.72 for exercise preparation, 0.76 for establishing a positive classroom atmosphere, 0.65 for expression of problem solving strategies, 0.78 for classroom management techniques, 0.71 for focusing on the course, 0.72 for maintaining appropriate classroom behaviors suitable for faculty members, and 0.64 for questioning skills. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was obtained 0.08 which indicates almost perfect fit of the model.


203-22 in D. Mechanic, Public Expectations and Health Care. New York: Wiley. Mendelson, M. A. 1974 Tender Loving Greed. New York: Vintage. Myles, John F. 1977 Institutionalizing the Elderly: An Empirical Assessment of the Sociology of Total Institutions. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Neugarten, B. L., R. J. Havighurst, and S. S. Tobin 1961 "The measurement of life satisfaction." Journal of Gerontology 16:134-43. Palmore, E. and C. Luikart 1972 "Health and social factors related to life satisfaction." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 13:68-80. Parsons, Talcott 1958 "Definitions of health and illness in light of American values and social structure." Pp. 165-87 in E. Jaco (ed.), Patients, Physicians and Illness. Glencoe: Free Press. Perrow, C. 1967 "A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations." American Sociological Review 35:503-15. Province of Manitoba 1973 Aging in Manitoba, Vol. 1. Winnipeg: Manitoba Department of Health and Social Development. Riley, M. W. and A. Foner 1968 Aging and Society, Vol. 1. New York: Russell Sage. Shanas, E., P. Townsend, D. Wedburn, H. Friis, P. Milhoj, and J. Stehouwer 1968 Old People in Three Industrial Societies. New York: Atherton. Smith, K. 1974 "Forming composite scales and estimating their validity through factor analysis." Social Forces 53:168-80. Spreitzer, E. and E. E. Snyder 1974 "Correlates of life satisfaction among the aged." Journal of Gerontology 29:454-8. Streib, G. 1956 "Morale of the retired." Social Problems 3:270-6. U.S. Senate Committee on Aging 1974 Nursing Home Care in the United States: Failures in Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.


Drought has had a significant impact on civilization throughout history. Every continent has semi-arid areas which are especially vulnerable to drought. In North America and Europe today, drought impacts are largely economic. But in most of the rest of the world, drought-induced crop failure and famine can create severe hardship. In a globally-warmed world, drought-affected areas will likely increase in extent and the vulnerability of semi-arid regions to drought will also likely increase. The IPCC (2007) specifically noted that annual average river runoff and water availability are projected to decrease by 10-30% over some dry regions at mid-latitudes and in semi-arid low latitudes, and increases in the frequency of droughts and floods are projected to affect local crop production negatively, especially in subsistence sectors at low latitudes, as well as reduce water availability for hydropower potential and summer tourism.


The consequences of social and economic disruption in the city of Thessaloniki following the large earthquake in 1978 are investigated. Specifically, the phenomenon of organized life in camps for Thessaloniki residents over a long period of time is studied. With the use of a questionnaire, all data regarding each person in the camps were assembled and processed with the correspondence analysis method.


The creep-tensile fatigue relationship is investigated using MD simulations for amorphous polyethylene, by stepwise increasing the R-ratio from 0.3 for fatigue to an R-ratio = 1 for creep. The simulations can produce similar behavior as observed in experiments, for instances strain-softening behavior and hysteresis loops in the stress-strain curves. The simulations predict the molecular mechanisms of creep and fatigue are the same. Fatigue and creep cause significant changes of the van der Waals and dihedral potential energies. These changes are caused by movements of the polymer chains, creating more un-twisted dihedral angles and the unfolding of polymer chains along the loading direction.


We report on the observation of a zero thermal expansion of the crystalline lattice of Fe1.16Te0.6Se0.4 in the normal state, using neutron and x-ray diffraction, ac magnetic susceptibility, magnetization and resistivity measurements. Superconductivity develops below 15 K. Magnetic hysteresis loops are revealed at all temperatures studied, with the loop opening at 5 K being noticeably larger than that at 300 K. An extremely large thermal expansion of the lattice is observed in the superconducting state. Thermal expansion coefficients of the lattice are quenched upon loss of superconductivity. Zero thermal expansion is retained over a very broad temperature range from 20 to 200 K. These behaviors are understood as being due to the electronic charge redistribution, in which the excess Fe ions on the interstitial sites act as electronic charge suppliers that strengthen the electronic connections between the Te/Se and Fe ions on the lattice sites once the temperature is raised.


In this study, six square reinforced concrete flat plates with dimensions of (1500×1500×100) mm were tested under a concentrated load applied on a column located at the center of the slabs. One of these slabs was the control specimen, whereas, in the others, steel angles (steel collars) were used, fixed at the connection region between the slab and the column to investigate the effect of the presence of these collars on punching shear strength. Five thicknesses were used (4, 5, 6, 8, 10mm) with constant legs of angles (75×75) mm of the steel collars to investigate the effects on the punching shear resistance with respect to the control slab. The results of the experimental study show that the punching shear resistance increased by 41 to 77% when steel collars were used. The experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical analysis acquired with the ABAQUS software.


Abstract Only a few late nineteenth and early twentieth century academic physicists sought to develop, produce and market technical inventions. This paper examines a few pre-World War I scientists from the German speaking world who committed to 'full blown entrepreneurship' and compares them to others who invented and patented but did not pursue a business enterprise. It shows that the turn to entrepreneurship required a combination of intellectual, technical, social and individual factors. Connections between their scientific research and teaching and new technological fields related to science opened possibilities and allowed scientists to exploit their laboratory and theoretical expertise to develop devices and methods. The marketability of these inventions was a central factor in moving them to an industrial career. This turn resulted from pushes within the academia and pulls towards industry: low professional prospects and financial difficulties in the university and/or attractive offers by industrialists.


Bicyclo[6.3.1]dodec-1(11)-en-10-one undergoes photocyclization to give mainly tricyclote[188.8.131.52.]dodecan-10-one. The crystal and molecular structure of 9,11-dibromotricyclo[22.214.171.124]dodecan-l0-one (6) was determined by direct methods from diffractometer data and refined by least-squares techniques to R 0.067 for 3 204 independent reflections.


Presence of the cathodic depolarisation at corrosion of the steel caused hydrogenation of metal has been shown. The contribution of this process to the common corrosion losses and influence on it of tiourea and urea in concentration 0,5 10 mm is experimentally appreciated.


Urban problems and diseases accompanied by the pace of urbanization have drawn attention to the importance of understanding urban dynamics, while a deep and comprehensive understanding is challengi...


We study the propagation of two-dimensional finite-amplitude shear waves in a nonlinear pre-strained incompressible solid, and derive several asymptotic amplitude equations in a simple, consistent and rigorous manner. The scalar Zabolotskaya (Z) equation is shown to be the asymptotic limit of the equations of motion for all elastic generalized neo-Hookean solids (with strain energy depending only on the first principal invariant of Cauchy–Green strain). However, we show that the Z equation cannot be a scalar equation for the propagation of two-dimensional shear waves in general elastic materials (with strain energy depending on the first and second principal invariants of strain). Then, we introduce dispersive and dissipative terms to deduce the scalar Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP), Zabolotskaya–Khokhlov (ZK) and Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov (KZK) equations of incompressible solid mechanics.


Most of the future wireless communication system applications are purely multimedia applications with the different Quality of Services (QoS) and these systems are required to support a variety of data rate for communication services to its end users, such as video streaming and cloud based services.. Therefore for efficiently providing a proper communication among all these wireless communication systems an attractive multiple access scheme is required, which are possible by using OFDMA scheme (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). The main objective behind the use of OFDMA is it builds OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) links, which are very immune to inter-symbol interference and very sensitive to frequency selective fading. In this paper, we discusses about the problems of OFDMA system regarding with resource allocation like power allocation, data rate, allocation of active communication links (antenna allocation), and provides a novel solution for all these problems. In this paper considered problem consists of power consumption of all circuit element (circuit power consumption), CSIT (Imperfect channel state information at the transmitter), and different quality of services like data rate and a maximum tolerable channel outage probability etc. KeywordsMIMO System; OFDMA, Energy Efficiency; Resource Allocation; Quality of Service; Resource allocation.


Rapid urban development is inseparable from technological advances, and the application of artificial intelligence in community life is becoming widespread, affecting residents' lifestyles and psychological well-being. This study investigated a variety of factors that affect the well-being of urban community residents. Environmental and emotional perceptions and overall well-being were assessed based on the responses of 179 respondents from six small communities in Shenzhen, China. Property management was strongly correlated with satisfaction with the physical environment and least correlated with neighborhood form. Pleasure, comfort, and the sense of belonging were correlated. In addition, interviews and questionnaires revealed a strong influence of AI facilities on people's well-being. Factor analysis revealed two-component matrices that explained more than 60% of the factors, which were described as "external" and "internal" factors. Finally, the study analyzes the relationship between intelligent devices and impact factors and their effects on residential well-being.


A superhydrophobic surface was successfully prepared on glass substrate by mimicking the microstructure of the lotus and was fabricated of ZnO rianorod array followed by surface fiuorination.The contact angle meter showed the surface had a water contact angle of 156°.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) demonstrated that all of the nanorods had a uniform diameter of about 100 nm and the structures at the micro and nanometer scale bestowed the prerequisite roughness on the surfaces.The Cassie model was applied to an analysis of the theoretical superhydrophobicity.


In modern flip-chip packages, bumps are often placed irregularly due to different design needs. It costs a great amount of time and manual effort to generate substrate routing from bumps through vias to package balls. Moreover, any single model in prior works could not be simultaneously applied between bumps, vias and balls. In this work, we propose a unified flow network model to formulate the 2-layer substrate routing problem on irregular package structure. We present a renovated bump model that can handle irregular bump plans, filling the gap/insufficiency in existing models. With our methodology, signal assignment on vias and balls, and substrate routing on two layers can be obtained at the same time. We also present an iterative optimization technique to further improve wire congestion. Our results show that the proposed method completes via and ball assignment efficiently, and obtain 100% routability while improving 16.45% in wirelength, compared with manual design in real industrial cases.


A display device according to the invention includes: a first substrate that includes a flexible substrate, is segmented into a display area and a non-display area outside the display area, and includes a thin film transistor and an electroluminescent light-emitting element formed on the display area of the flexible substrate; and an IC chip that is bonded on the non-display area of the first substrate via an anisotropic conductive film, wherein the first substrate includes, between the flexible substrate and the anisotropic conductive film, at least one or more support layers whose plan view shape is larger than that of the IC chip and whose hardness is higher than that of the flexible substrate, and the IC chip is located inside the at least one or more support layers in a plan view.


*Critics ofthedangerousness standard forcivil commitmentcontend thatthere Isnoprofessional standard forthe evaluation ofdangerousness. We usedThreeRatings of Involuntary Admissibility, areliable Indexofbehavioral Indicators ofdanger toself, danger toothers, andgravedisability, andfoundthatwhencombined Intoweighted patterns these Indicators predicted disposition decisions of70clinicians In fivepsychiatric emergency roomsover251cases. A concurrentmeasure ofperceived dangerousness, Clinician's Global Ratings ofpatients onthesecriteria, yielded similar results. We conclude thatclinicians InCalifornia psychiatric emergencyroomsapply ashared concept ofdangerousness that canbedescribed Inbehavioral terms. (Arch GenPsychiatry 1988;45:748-752)


For a class of feedback linearizable systems a state feedback adaptive control based on orthogonal approximation functions is designed, under the assumption of matching conditions for the uncertainties and of known bounds on a given compact set for the unknown non‐linear function. By virtue of Bessel inequality, the bound on the unknown non‐linear function gives a bound on the norm of the optimal weight vector for any choice of the number of approximating functions, which allows us to design a robust state feedback adaptive scheme with parameter projections. The resulting control algorithm has several advantages over available schemes: it does not require a priori bounds on the approximation error and on the optimal weight vector; it is repeatable, since the set of initial conditions for the state and the parameter estimates from which a class of reference signals is tracked is explicitly given; it characterizes the L∞ and L2 performance of the tracking error in terms of both the approximation and the parameter estimation error; it gives full flexibility in the choice of the number of approximating orthogonal functions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


According to related literature and statistic data,marine disasters in the Yangtze River Estuary are described,based on which some countermeasures are brought forward.The rise of sea level,the increasing occurrence of storm tide,the aggravation of saline intrusion and serious environmental pollution along the river are four major types of marine disasters.It is further pointed out that global warming,which would directly lead to the ascending of sea level,is mainly responsible for the high frequency of these marine disasters in the study area.It should be stressed that disaster prevention and damage mitigation be treated as a giant,systematic social engineering,which needs very close cooperation of multiple governmental sections and far-ranging industries.


This paper uses Knight's (2013) regionalization of higher education framework - The Functional, Organizational and Political Approaches (FOPA) Model - to better understand the climate for regional engagement between higher education institutions (HEIs) in the Northern Triangle (NT) of Central America: El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. The NT region is mired in a variety of economic, social and political challenges that have contributed to mass migration north to Mexico and the United States. We contend that higher education can contribute to the future development of the region. One approach to explore the potentional of higher education engagement is to examine the level of collaboration between institutions within the region, between the NT and the greater Central America region and with external partners such as the United States and the European Union. While we argue that regional partnerships rely heavily on North-South collaborations, we also contend that the conditions exist in Central America for further development of a more integrated higher education community.


Low‐frequency electron spin resonance studies were performed for 2 mM concentration of deuterated permeable and impermeable nitroxyl spin probes, 3‐methoxycarbonyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐pyrrolidine‐1‐oxyl and 3‐carboxy‐2,2,5,5,‐tetramethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyloxy in pure water and various concentrations of corn oil solution. The electron spin resonance parameters such as the line width, hyperfine coupling constant, g factor, rotational correlation time, permeability, and partition parameter were estimated. The broadening of line width was observed for nitroxyl radicals in corn oil mixture. The rotational correlation time increases with increasing concentration of corn oil, which indicates the less mobile nature of spin probe in corn oil mixture. The membrane permeability and partition parameter values were estimated as a function of corn oil concentration, which reveals that the nitroxyl radicals permeate equally into the aqueous phase and oil phase at the corn oil concentration of 50%. The electron spin resonance spectra demonstrate the permeable and impermeable nature of nitroxyl spin probes. From these results, the corn oil concentration was optimized as 50% for phantom studies. In this work, the corn oil and pure water mixture phantom models with various viscosities correspond to plasma membrane, and whole blood membrane with different hematocrit levels was studied for monitoring the biological characteristics and their interactions with permeable nitroxyl spin probe. These results will be useful for the development of electron spin resonance and Overhauser‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging modalities in biomedical applications.


1-Octen-3-ol is an eight-carbon atom alcohol playing the major role in conferring the typical and unmistakable aroma to edible mushrooms. The presence of 1-octen-3-ol in plants was highlighted in the 1940s in various kinds of mint and lavender essential oils. Since then, many Lamiaceae were found to contain this molecule, but, to our knowledge, the plant essential oil that contains the highest percentage of this molecule is that of Melittis melissophyllum. In the present review, we reported all studies based on gas chromatography performed on this plant in order to characterize its mushroom-like flavor. This plant revealed to be a source providing economically interesting natural flavor to be exploited in the near future.


Russia's business elite are reaping huge profits from the high prices for natural resources and many are looking westwards to Germany for investment opportunities – however, the close ties between business and politics in Russia has prompted fears that Moscow could be intent on buying up the West one company at a time


The privatization of infrastructure should lead to the development of new infrastructure, improvements in the operation of existing infrastructure, and a reduction in budgetary subsidies. Whether countries reap the full benefits of privatization, however, depends on how risks are allocated. If, as is often the case in developing countries, governments assume risks that should be borne by investors, they may reduce incentives for efficiency and incur significant liabilities. To solve these problems, governments need to improve their policies and restrict their risk bearing to certain political and regulatory risks over which they have direct control. When a government provides guarantees, it should attempt to measure their cost and improve the way they are handled in the accounts and budgets. Measurement and budgeting are critical to improving decisions about the provision of guarantees, to improving project selection and contract design, and to protecting governments from unknowingly entering into commitments that might jeopardize future budgets.


Vietnamese is a tonal and isolated language. Its highly ambiguity makes the designing of methods for sentiment analysis being difficult. For getting the most effectiveness, the designed method has to analyze sentiment of sentences based on combining the grammar and syllable structures of Vietnamese. In this paper, a method to build a Vietnamese dataset of product reviews with many sentiment levels, including very negative, negative, neutral, positive and very positive, is proposed. This method can be scaled to a large dataset using for analyzing sentiment of product reviews. Moreover, a solution to add more grammar rules of Vietnamese into the pre-processing of sentiment analysis is also constructed. Those rules simulate the sentiment recognition of humans and help to increase the accuracy of sentiment determination. The combination of grammar rules and some methods for sentiment analysis are experimented on the Vietnamese dataset of product reviews to classify them into sentiment-levels. The testing results show that their accuracy and F-measure are improved and suitable to apply in the practical business analyzing of customer behaviors.


An online request migration scheme and a dynamic content update strategy for distributed video-on-demand (VoD) systems are proposed in this work to reduce the service failure rate and the server-side network bandwidth consumption. By improving the random early migration (REM) scheme that was designed for a centralized VoD server system, we propose a cost-aware REM (CAREM) scheme to reduce the network bandwidth consumption of the migration in a distributed environment. A dynamic content update strategy is also proposed based on the server-video affinity metric to reconfigure video copies assigned to media servers. Extensive simulations show that CAREM together with the dynamic content update strategy can reduce both the failure rate and the server bandwidth consumption.


The Centre for Advanced Instrumentation (CfAI) of Durham University (UK) has developed a conceptual design for the Integral Field Unit (IFU) for EAGLE based on diamond-machined monolithic multi-faceted metal-mirror arrays as an alternative to the glass IFU which is currently baselined. The CfAI has built up substantial expertise with the design, manufacture, integration, alignment and acceptance testing of such systems, through the successful development of IFUs for the Gemini Near-InfraRed Spectrograph (GNIRS) and JWST NIRSpec and 24 IFUs for ESO's K-band Multi-Object Spectrometer (KMOS). The unprecedented performance of the KMOS IFUs (Strehl < 0.8 across the field, throughput rising from 86% at a wavelength of 1 micron to 93% at 2.5 micron) demonstrates that the current state-of-the-art technology is sufficiently mature to meet the demanding requirements for EAGLE. In addition, the use of monolithic multi-faceted metal mirror arrays will greatly simplify the manufacture, integration and alignment of such systems thus potentially reducing technical and programmatic risks and cost. Through the timely completion of the KMOS IFUs, which required the fabrication of an unprecedented 1152 optical surfaces, the CfAI have demonstrated that they have the capacity to produce the required volume within reasonable schedule constraints. All the facilities (design, fabrication e.g. diamond machining, metrology, integration and test) required for the successful realisation of such systems are available in-house, thus minimising programmatic risks. This paper presents the opto-mechanical design and predicted performance (based on the actual measured performance of the KMOS IFUs) of the proposed metal IFU.


Few scientists or engineers are aware of the importance of electrochemistry to either their own fields or modern technology. In fact, electrochemistry provides tools that probe problems and enhance understanding of subjects as diverse as medical diagnostics, biology, chemistry, the environment, materials and engineering. It is also the enabling technology behind a range of industries, spanning applications as diverse as chemicals manufacture, effluent treatment and medical monitoring (see Table 1). Although based on the same fundamental principles, the technology associated with these applications can be totally different. For example, the currents passing may vary between 10–9 and 106 amps and involve electrode areas between 10–12 and 104m2.


The present research evaluated a goal-oriented training approach in comparison to a more standard training approach (i.e., verbal persuasion). The goal-oriented approach combined participatory goal setting with performance feedback to enhance training with older adults. One hundred and six computer novices, ranging in age from 50-89 years, were randomly assigned to one of the two training conditions and individually participated in two consecutive days of computer spreadsheet training. As hypothesized, Goal-oriented trainees generally achieved significantly greater mean changes in both computer attitudinal/efficacy and computer task proficiency measures (e.g., task completion time). Verbal Persuasion trainees also exhibited significant changes in both types of training outcomes but to a lesser extent than Goal-oriented trainees. Controlling for scores on intellectual ability (crystallized, fluid) and the ''big five'' personality dimensions through analysis of covariance did not significantly change study ...


Owing to geometrical non-uniformity, geometrically graded shape memory alloy (SMA) structures by design have the ability to exhibit different and novel thermal and mechanical behaviors compared to ...


This study aimed to discover how the media feasibility and response of a limited trial of Trainer Kit Kapasitor (TRAKTOR)/ Capacitor trainer kit based on Science Process Skills (SPS) as a physics learning media. The method used was research and development (R&D) with the 4-D model. As a physics learning media, TRAKTOR was designed to facilitate some experiment activities, including a experiment in capacitance parallel plate capacitor, circuits of capacitors (series, parallel, series-parallel) charging-emptying capacitor. The results showed that the media is feasible to use, namely, 93.74%, which was categorized as very feasible, and the media obtained students' responses with an excellent category of 85.2%. Based on the result, TRAKTOR can facilitate students' SPS and media suitable for use as a physics learning media.


This report is primarily concerned with failures, accidents, damage during construction, and major repairs relating to dams in the USA. The purpose of this report is to present available data, analyze data from the questionnaire with respect to type of incident, frequency, and trend, and to develop conclusions and recommendations about dam incidents. It presents a series of tables, figures, and professional commentary in order to correct dam failures.


A general expression of spectral-domain dyadic Green's function (DGF) is presented for defining the electromagnetic radiation fields in spherically arbitrary multilayered and chiral media. Without any loss of the generality, each of the radial multilayers could be the chiral layer with different permittivity, permeability, and chirality admittance, while both distribution and location of current sources are assumed to be arbitrary. The DGF is composed of the unbounded DGF and the scattering DGF, based on the method of scattering superposition. The scattering DGF in each layer is constructed in terms of the modified and normalized spherical vector wave functions. The coefficients of the scattering DGFs are derived and expressed in terms of the equivalent reflection and transmission coefficients, by applying boundary conditions satisfied by the coefficient matrices. >


A methodology is presented for the numerical solution of nonlinear elliptic systems in unbounded domains, consisting of three elements. First, the problem is posed on a finite domain by means of a proper nonlinear change of variables. The compressed domain is then discretised, regardless of its final shape, via the radial basis function partition of unity method. Finally, the system of nonlinear algebraic collocation equations is solved with the trust-region algorithm, taking advantage of analytically derived Jacobians. We validate the methodology on a benchmark of computational fluid mechanics: the steady viscous flow past a circular cylinder. The resulting flow characteristics compare very well with the literature. Then, we stress-test the methodology on less smooth obstacles - rounded and sharp square cylinders. As expected, in the latter scenario the solution is polluted by spurious oscillations, owing to the presence of boundary singularities.


A new method is proposed for calculating the steady-state creep rate of a composite, when the inclusion geometry and the matrix creep law are known. The method is demonstrated in a simple two-dimensional problem. During steady-state creep, an increment in plastic strain in the matrix causes a jump in displacement on the interface between the matrix and an individual elastic inclusion. The jump is counterbalanced by that due to diffusion and sliding on the interface. The rate of diffusion is determined by a normal force distributed on the interface and that of sliding by a tangential force. From these forces, the average stress in the inclusions is calculated; it is proportional to the steadystate creep rate. From the condition that an external stress is a volumetric average of the stress in the inclusions and that in the matrix, the constitutive equation of stationary creep of the composite is formulated.


Controversy over the adequacy of the regularity or covering law theory of explanation when applied to historical actions continues to rage. A detailed analysis is here made of Professor A. Donagan's recent attack on this theory, as representative of many others. His alternative model of deductive non-law explanation, based on Popper's notion of the "logic of the situation," is then shown to be invalid and generally defective. Finally, four sources of the difficulty are elicited which, when resolved, provide support for the regularity theory in its probabilistic version. We suggest that this theory, despite recent criticism, can be fruitfully extended to historical explanation by uncovering and codifying a major difference between history and science, the rational actions of historical agents, without distorting it.


In contrast to mean–level comparisons, age group differences in personality trait variance have received only passing research interest. This may seem surprising because individual differences in personality characteristics are exactly what most of personality psychology is about. Because different proposed mechanisms of personality development may entail either increases or decreases in variance over time, the current study is exploratory in nature. Age differences in variance were tested by comparing the standard deviations of the five–factor model domain and facet scales across two age groups (20 to 30 years old versus 50 to 60 years old). Samples from three cultures (Estonia, the Czech Republic and Russia) were employed, and two methods (self–reports and informant–reports) were used. The results showed modest convergence across samples and methods. Age group differences were significant for 11 of 150 facet–level comparisons but never consistently for the same facets. No significant age group differences were observed for the five–factor model domain variance. Therefore, there is little evidence for individual differences in personality characteristics being systematically smaller or larger in older as opposed to younger people. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding personality development. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology


This study examined the perceptions of emotional labor among the National General Hospital and Private General Hospital in Chungcheong area. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions difference of public and private general hospitals. In addition, we tried to analyze the effect of emotional labor on organizational commitment by distinguishing between workers in National and Private General Hospitals. The purpose of this study is to provide the theoretical base data for mitigating emotional labor of hospital workers in the future. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, In the case of employees working at the National General Hospital, the influence of the emotional labor of the hospital workers on the organizational commitment of the hospital workers increased as the frequency of emotional expression increased. However, it was found that as attentiveness of emotional expression and emotive dissonance deepened, the degree of organizational commitment of hospital workers decreased. On the other hand, the influence of emotional labor of the hospital workers on the organizational commitment of the hospital workers in the Private General Hospital was found to be better in the organizational commitment as they pay more attention to emotional expression. However, in the case of emotive dissonance, The more deeply emotive dissonance, the less the organizational commitment of Private General Hospital workers. Second, the frequency of emotional expression in the hospital workers' perception difference of emotional labor was higher than that of the National General Hospitals. However, in the variety of emotional expression, it was confirmed that the employees of the Private General Hospitals had more varied expressions of emotions than those of the National General hospitals. In addition, it was found that the difference of recognition of the organizational commitment of the hospital workers according to the type of hospital work was higher in the organizational commitment of the employees of the National General Hospital than those of the Private General Hospitals ■ keyword :∣Hospitals∣Workers∣Emotional Labor∣Organizational Commitment∣Perception Difference∣ 접수일자 : 2018년 09월 11일 수정일자 : 2018년 09월 27일 심사완료일 : 2018년 09월 27일 교신저자 : 김유호, e-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com 병원 근로자의 감정노동과 조직몰입간의 관계 분석: 국·공립과 민간종합병원의 비교를 중심으로 569


Pulverized fly ash (PFA) is produced about 500 billions tons every year in the world in a result of coals combustion. Most of the fly ash collected in power plants is disposed by deposition in landfills, situated as a rule near big cities with well developed infrastructure and high cost of land. Moreover, the pollution of environmental by fine solid wastes is inevitable and takes place in area of residing of a basic part of the population. The only solution is a complex processing of fine wastes with a production of value added materials. New conception of complex processing of PFA is proposed on the base of facilities of Electro-mass-classifier (EMC) and other techniques. The characterization of separated fractions was carried out by SEM and optic microscopy, XRD, laser diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy and other methods. A fine fraction of glass microspheres presents the main interest as filler in various materials.


This chapter discusses the Afro-Protestant mainline in the era when jazz emerged as a distinct profession. In the 1920s and 1930s, religious race professionals provided editorial commentary on African American entertainment and social gatherings through their denominational newspapers and the black press. Jazz competed with middle-class African American religious leaders for the minds, time, and even finances of African American youth. At the same time, these churches and clergy were already facing the criticisms of African American intellectuals who questioned the aims of their ministries as well as the moral and intellectual fitness of their ministers. As they faced various challenges to their authority as race representatives, religious race professionals articulated and constructed their Protestant ministries as credible professions for a modern era. Middle-class black Protestants operated as religious race professionals: cultural critics whose pursuit of modern religious identities resulted in their debates to determine the appropriateness of recreation, entertainment, and theatricality in both the daily lives and religious aesthetics of black Protestants. Though middle-class black ministers and intellectuals offered strong criticisms of jazz, the music ultimately emerged as an alternative arena for the practice of interracial community, beyond the interracial ecumenism and fellowships that middle-class black ministers were working to forge.


From the nineteenth century onwards, municipal authorities vested increasing amounts of power in experts, those who could provide specialist knowledge on areas outside the remit of local councillors. This, though, was attached with risk, as municipal resources could be wasted. This article takes the example of the Ure Valley waterworks project, a scheme developed by Leeds Corporation at the start of the twentieth century. What was deemed a necessary and straightforward project to alleviate future water shortages became embroiled in engineering difficulties and financial issues which resulted in only one of the five planned reservoirs being built. This case-study shines a light on the inner workings of local government, as well as the confluence between politics, economics and the urban–rural hinterland environment.


M uch of the British debate about leaving the European Union has centred on the process whereby the country makes up its mind about what kind of outcome it wants, or what the impacts will be on various parts of the domestic political system. Important as these are, they often miss the somewhat more consequential issue of agreeing this with the EU itself. Put differently, many in the UK see the Brexit process like ordering food in a restaurant: you chose from the menu, pay and consume, before walking out the door. Actually, it is more like being a teenager, bargaining with your parents about your evening's plans: there's give-and-take, and you will have to deal with them the next day on something else. In short, the other lot get a say too. © Press Association


Abstract: Thermal energy is a crucial important part of the economic growth of a country. The source of energy is constant, but consumption is growing exponentially over the last few years. In the traditional way of living, thermal energy is vitally used for air heating, water heating, cooking, etc. All these daily chores contribute to the huge amount of thermal energy consumption. A Solar still is designed to improve the performance and efficiency with the help of thermosyphon effect for fulfilling these daily needs. Brief experimentation was carried out to enhance the performance of Solar still compared to conventional solar still. Where conventional solar still have efficiency of mere 20% or less, the new proposed design provides higher efficiency and better utility .The purpose of this project is to design a water distillation system that can purify water from nearly any source, a system that is relatively cheap, portable, and depends only on renewable solar energy


How can new political actors may emerge from the aggregation of smaller political actors? This paper presents a simulation model that provides one answer. In its broadest perspective, the work can be seen as part of the study of emergent organization through "bottom-up" processes. In such "bottom-up" process, small units interact according to locally defined rules, and the result is emergent properties of the system such as the formation of new levels of organization. Thus the work is typical of the "Santa Fe" approach to complex adaptive systems (Stein, 1989; Fontana, 1991; Holland, 1992). The concern with increased levels of organization is also reminiscent with how biological systems managed to make the transition from single-celled organisms to multiple celled organisms (Buss, 1987), and how brains manage to function by organizing individual neurons into meaningful structures (Hebb, 1949; Minsky, 1985).


The congestion at the frequency band below 6 GHz and the enormous amount of available raw bandwidth above 6 GHz, directed researchers to utilize millimeter-wave spectrum as an option to increase mobile broadband capacity. Thus the needs to investigate the ultra-wide band frequency for different scenarios are become a critical issue nowadays. In this paper, an investigation of the car reflection case study for a different number of the parking lot rows at 26 GHz frequency band is proposed. The measurement campaigns were conducted at the University Technology Malaysia (UTM), Kuala Lumper, Malaysia and used the directional horn and omni antennas for transmitter and receiver side, respectively. The close in free space (CI) and floating intercept (FI) path loss models are investigated at 26 GHz frequency band. Then the new path gain factor is proposed to display the power degrading with respect to the number of car rows. The results show that CI model is more suitable compared to FI model at the particular scenario.


We propose a new approach to appearance based place recognition from metric 3D maps, exploiting the NDT surface representation. Locations are described with feature histograms based on surface orientation and smoothness, and loop closure can be detected by matching feature histograms. We also present a quantitative performance evaluation using two real-world data sets, one of which is highly self-similar, showing that the proposed method works well in different environments.


Rice is one of food crops and commercial importance. In the Canton Babahoyo, large areas are cultivated in summer and winter (dry land), the presence of this grass in Rivers back for the years 1774 when the Spanish colonists introduced it in our country, and began to be cultivated in what today is currently Babahoyo, Baba and Yaguachi; during the time of large exports of cocoa, rice was the item that little host had by farmers of that time, as time went on rice cultivation was gaining commercial role in the welfare of families of Canton it grew.

The need to know to what extent the welfare of farmers affected because of the diseases the implementation of research describing through surveys the results of it and in turn allows us to explain to what extent it was necessary they are affected in their income. The stained grain, is one of the most protagonists diseases of large losses, directly or indirectly involved in the performance of crop management.

In recent years, rice production in the canton have decreased by the presence of many diseases, especially stained grain, which represents economic importance in production and is the one that mostly affects farmers' incomes and food security.

The importance of describing the effect caused by physiological disorders in rice cultivation and its performance, led to perform this research study, important microeconomic and macroeconomic in the market in quantities and price variables for sale. The way the effects stimulates the production chain are positive make economic agents, such agents as producers, sellers of goods and services, industry, transport, marketing represent within our Ecuadorian territory about 1,000 accelerate its million as a contribution to important category Gross National Income. But this exchange process are affected by low yields and therefore in income, discouraging the value chain. This effect is reflected in the economic and social development of rice farmers and the welfare of his family. The results allowed us to relate in a quantitative manner and describe findings as to choose the most important needs, against all those that are seen as central to their welfare. On the one hand clothing and recreation they felt that could do without while education, food, housing and health indicated that are important for the support of their families.


T h is paper examines the time course of the use of implicit verb causality and gender agreement information in determining the antecedent of a pronominal anaphor. A crossmodal probe paradigm measured the activation of candidate antecedents at four time points during comprehension. Sentences contained two participants, an implicit causality verb, and a subsequent "because"-clause (e.g., Gary amazed Ellen time after time because he was so talented .). In Experiment 1, a general advantage for the first mentioned participant was nullifed immediately upon encountering the pronoun if the implicit causality of the verb favored the second participant. Experiment 2 showed that this effect was due to anaphor resolution processes, and not priming from the verb. Experiment 3, which deleted the causal conjunction "because" and placed the pronoun in a separate sentence, continued to find an effect of implicit causality. In addition, the first mentioned advantage was nullified at the pronoun for sentences without a gender contrast. The overall results are consistent with a model of anaphor resolution in which resolution processes are initiated immediately upon encountering the pronoun, but cannot be completed until information becomes available from other processes. Sentence structure may influence the timing of the availability of different types of information.


A novel β-coronavirus (2019 novel coronavirus) affected severe as well to uniform fetal pneumonia, travelled through a seafood bazaar of Wuhan town, Hubei region, China, also quickly extent toward excess boonies of China and more nations. The 2019-nCoV existed dissimilar after SARS-CoV, then cooperative the similar crowd receptor the social ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme2). The regular crowd of 2019 novel coronavirus could conventional continue bat Rhinolophusaffin is a 2019 novel coronavirus presented 96.2% of entire-genome character toward BatCoV RaTG13. The person-to-person spread methods of 2019-nCoV involved tool, identical cough, sneeze droplet inhalation transmission, and obtain in-tuned with transmission, just like the interaction by way of oral, nasal, as well as eye mucous films. 2019-nCoV container too exist spread over the saliva, alsothus the fetal–oral ways similarly can remain a possible person-to-person spread mode. The observers now optometry run through representation just before the incredible danger of 2019-nCoV contagion because of the face-to-face announcement too thus the expose en route for tears, plasma, plus additional body liquids, besides therefore the diagnostic and treatment of apparatuses. Eye care professional perform inordinate heroes in stopping the spread of 2019-nCoV. At this time we indorse the contagion control actions all through optometry exercise just before block the person-to-person spread ways in eye care health center as well as hospitals.


This document is designed to inform users of the accuracy of the data products as determined by the GERB team and summarises the important validation results. The document also provides cautions on the appropriate use of the data and provides references to further, more detailed information.


1. Would you, considering the state of insolvency law in your country, say that the law (both substantive and procedural) facilitates or impedes the resolution of financial distress of a business debtor? Please consider it both for:


Abstract Polyaniline/polypyrrole composite coatings on low carbon steel were deposited by a potentiostatic method, using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. The applied potential and feed ratio of monomers (aniline and pyrrole) were varied, and the reactions were performed under aqueous conditions. It was found that a passive layer of iron (II) oxalate is formed before coating formation begins. Coatings were characterised using infrared spectroscopy, and the formation of composites was confirmed by the presence of polyaniline and polypyrrole peaks. Formation of composites was further corroborated by comparison of voltammograms from composites and homopolymers and by scanning electron microscopy.


This article addresses the difficult question of how to respond to modern times by changing education so that it may improve the attitudes of tomorrow's citizens towards science. The paper is divided into three sections: content, motivation, and pedagogic strategies. It argues that the first of these, what content to include, cannot be resolved by lists of subject matter, however these are constructed. This is a time of unmatched acceleration in both theory and practice, which makes unequivocal verdicts on what is likely to last impossible to substantiate. About the second point, motivation, the author draws on experiences at the Open University (UK) and on studies of creativity and curiosity. The third section, pedagogic methodology, does not rely on buzz words like "constructivism" or "active learning", however useful they may have been in the past. Instead, it argues from citizen concern about risk from the changing new technologies, that we should primarily aim to encourage students to search independently for information and then evaluate it. Such a program also has more chance of appealing to adolescents, whose immediate project is more often the exploration of self-identity than of the sciences. Searching the net can go some way to fulfilling both their aims and ours.


Most global climate models simulate a weakening of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (THC) in response to enhanced greenhouse warming. Both surface warming and freshening in high latitudes, the so-called sinking region, contribute to the weakening of the THC. Some models simulate even a complete breakdown of the THC at sufficiently strong forcing. Here results from a state-of-the-art global climate model are presented that does not simulate a weakening of the THC in response to greenhouse warming. Large-scale air-sea interactions in the tropics, similar to those operating during present-day El Ninos, lead to anomalously high salinities in the tropical Atlantic. These are advected into the sinking region, thereby increasing the surface density and compensating the effects of the local warming and freshening. The results of the model study are corroborated by the analysis of observations.


Sketch-based interfaces can provide a natural way for users to interact with applications. Since the core of a sketch-based interface is the gesture recognizer, there is a need to correctly evaluate various recognizers before choosing one. In this paper we present an evaluation of three gesture recognizers: Rubine's recognizer, CALI and the $1 Recognizer. The evaluation was done using real gesture samples drawn by 32 subjects, with a gesture set arranged for use in a future work. We also discuss some improvements to the recognizers' implementation that helped achieving higher recognition rates. In the end, CALI had the best recognition rate with 94% accuracy, followed by $1 Recognizer with 87% and finally by Rubine's recognizer with 79%.


The paper in hand compares retail banking and the electric energy sector to investigate how digitalisation influences (de)centralisation. Structural similarities of both industries like the direct competition of large international companies (Deutsche Bank and RWE) with locale providers such as savings banks and municipal utilities (Stadtwerke) motivate this comparison. Our findings suggest that digitalisation affects (de)centralisation differently. Despite scale economies inherent to processes of digitalisation, small entities must not be on the losing side. Cooperation tends to play a key role for regional companies to profit from digitalisation. Interestingly, digitalisation of the first and second transformation affects (de)centralisation of both industries diametrically (though, it is too early for final conclusions about the second digital transformation). The geographical properties of the businesses in question (i.e. the distance dependence of soft information respectively the physical properties of electricity transmission) and (regulatory) context factors tend to influence the relationship between digitalisation and (de)centralisation. More research is needed to enhance our understanding of digitalisation on (de)centralisation of the economy. As this discussion paper indicates, sector comparisons tend to be useful to contribute to such an understanding.


Iron isotopes offer an excellent opportunity for detailed tracing of natural processes because of the range of stable isotopes (54, 56, 57, 58) and the importance of iron redox transitions in biochemical and inorganic processes. In this paper, we describe a significantly improved mass spectrometric technique for iron isotopic analysis that utilizes ion pulse counting detection and is calibrated with an absolute iron isotope abundance standard. All four stable iron isotopes are quantified in a single analysis to approximately 0.1% precision and accuracy using a low-temperature (1200[degrees]C) silica gel/boric acid technique on an improved source filament assembly composed of platinum and ceramic. Filament loads of 100-1000 ng can be utilized through implementation of an ultraclean work environment, improved chemistry, and a source designed specifically to minimize isobaric interference in the mass 50-60 region. 30 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.


An efficient mutual coupling reduction method is introduced in this paper for an extremely closely-spaced dual-element microstrip antennas positioned on a finite sized ground plane for MIMO application at 5.8 GHz. High isolation can be achieved through a simple transmission connection line (TNL) between the microstrip antennas. The position, length, and line width of the transmission connection line need optimize designing to maximize the isolation. It is found that isolations of more than 48 dB can be achieved between two parallel microstrip antennas sharing a common ground plane, with inter-antenna spacing of 0.038λ 0 and ground plane size 0.85λ 0 × 0.735λ 0. All along this paper, several prototypes are fabricated and their performances measured to validate the obtained IE3D moment method-based simulation results.


This paper contributes to the sustainability debate by analyzing the inclusion dimension in the responsible research and innovation (RRI) process. RRI is claimed to be an important tool for addressing global challenges and achieving sustainable development goals. While stakeholder involvement is considered to be imperative for the RRI process, there is little empirical evidence on (1) who the stakeholders participating in the RRI process are; (2) when stakeholders participate; (3) how stakeholders' inclusion contributes to the sustainable innovation process; and (4) who the agents are who orchestrate stakeholders' inclusion. This paper addresses the issue of stakeholder involvement through the lens of innovation management literature by attempting to link the innovation process to the responsibility concept. We employed a meta-synthesis of empirical studies of RRI to develop a deep understanding of stakeholder inclusion. After screening 139 articles, we identified seven empirical papers highlighting RRI process, mainly from projects nested in academic contexts. The findings indicate that multiple stakeholders are included at a late stage of the innovation process—during the market launch. To some extent, this allows for the adaptation of the solution, but such adaptations are limited in nature. This study also identifies the agents who stimulate stakeholder inclusion as being mainly academic researchers and researchers linked to multi-institutional projects. Our findings indicate that innovation management thinking is rarely applied in the governance of research and innovation projects 'born' in academia. We suggest enhancing RRI theoretical development by incorporating elements of innovation management such as early inclusion of users in the innovation process. For practitioners, this means an extension of the design space to allow early stakeholder inclusion in the innovation process to ensure responsible outcomes. We also identified avenues for future research. There is a need to systematically investigate which tools and frameworks for deliberate stakeholder inclusion are relevant at the various stages of the innovation and development process.


The conventional wisdom about mass-media effects has long been that media might set the agenda or frame issues in a particular way, but that they typically have little direct persuasive effect on attitudes, tending primarily to reinforce existing beliefs. But the return of partisan media outlets, particularly on cable television and the Internet, has led scholars to question whether that conventional wisdom needs to be updated. In particular, some have argued that partisan outlets contribute to political polarization in the mass public. Kevin Arceneaux and Martin Johnson, however, argue that such fears are largely unfounded. Looking primarily at cable news (Fox News and MSNBC), they show that partisan media viewers come to these shows already polarized, and the programs do little to drive them farther to the extremes. Indeed, looking across a variety of different outcome variables, they argue that partisan media outlets have only a very limited effect on their audience. The larger and potentially more pernicious effect, they claim, is that viewers in the contemporary high-choice media environment can simply choose to opt out of news altogether, echoing Markus Prior's (2007) claim in Post-Broadcast Democracy. Arceneaux and Johnson develop a novel theory to identify the individuals who actually tune in to partisan media programs, which they label the active audience theory. They argue that there are two relevant motivational factors that influence the decision to watch partisan media programs: a partisan motivation and a news (vs. entertainment) motivation (see especially Figure 3.2 on page 52). Only those who prefer news and have strong partisan motivations seek out partisan news content. Because these individuals are already more partisan and ideologically extreme before tuning into these programs (indeed, their partisan and ideological proclivities are what drives them to tune in in the first place), there is a limit to the influence that partisan news outlets can have. While the authors do not put it in these terms, their argument parallels the "pretreatment" logic spelled out by James Druckman and Thomas Leeper ("Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects," 2012): These individuals have already encountered the extreme rhetoric on these programs in other places, and so the shows themselves have a limited effect. The authors use an extremely novel set of experiments to test this general theoretical claim. In their design, only some subjects are forced to watch partisan media programs (as in a standard design), while others are allowed to choose their preferred program by using a TV remote to choose among partisan news and several entertainment options. This choice condition, then, allows them to estimate the effects of motivation: What happens when some subjects can opt out of partisan media programs, as they can in the real world? They find that in this choice condition, many of the previously found effects of partisan media disappear. They further show that what effects do persist are primarily concentrated among those who prefer entertainment to news, precisely those least likely to tune into these programs. This suggests a rather limited political effect of partisan outlets. Such carefully constructed and innovative experiments make the book required reading for anyone working in political communication, and it will undoubtedly receive a great deal of well-deserved praise. That said, however, I want to raise two related issues where I am less persuaded by their results. I raise these issues not to be cantankerous but, rather, to suggest areas for future scholarship. First, there is the question of what these experiments actually estimate. With a broad brush, their effects capture something akin to the population average treatment effect (What is the overall effect of partisan media exposure throughout the population?). By allowing for self-selection, they correctly illustrate that across the population as a whole, the effects of partisan media are quite modest, precisely because so few viewers choose to tune in to these shows. But it is unclear that this is the key quantity of interest. While the effect throughout the population is small, a small but active audience can have large political effects. As their own results show, these people are more partisan, ideological, and politically involved. Such individuals are more likely to make their voices heard, and they would also be more likely to be the opinion leaders who influence others through two-step communication flows (going back to the finding in Bernard Berelson, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee's 1954 classic, Voting). In particular, this sets up the possibility of the indirect influence of these shows (to be fair, the authors acknowledge this latter point about indirect influence later in the conclusion). Further, such programs may well have important effects on elites or the broader political agenda. In sum, a small audience need not imply small effects. To me, this suggests that a conclusion of minimal effects is perhaps a bit premature. Second, and more importantly, I worry that the issues used as experimental stimuli partially drive these null effects. Many of the experiments in the book use highly salient and well-known issues in American politics. In particular, in Chapters 4 and 5, the studies focus primarily on Barack Obama's handling of the economy, the fate of health-care reform, and debates over tax increases, especially on the rich. These are arguably three of the major debates


Background/Aims: Limb load asymmetry (LLA) is common in clinical conditions related to the lower limbs such as degenerative joint disease, soft tissue injuries, joint replacements, amputations and stroke. However, the measurement of LLA is limited in clinical practice as the equipment used is expensive and not readily available in most health care settings. The digital weighing scale is proposed as an inexpensive alternative method of measuring LLA and the objective of this study was to investigate the reliability and accuracy of a digital weighing scale relative to the Nintendo Wii in measuring limb load asymmetry during static standing. Methods: Twenty-four participants (12 participants with knee osteoarthritis (OA) and 12 healthy participants) were recruited through convenient sampling from a public university teaching hospital. The participants were required to perform a quiet standing task during the measurement of LLA. The measurements were taken over three trials during both eyes-open (EO) and eyes...


An atom-economic route to ring-fused 1,2,4-hexahydrotriazines relying upon a new synthetic application of vinylaziridines in a rhodium-catalyzed intermolecular [3+3] cycloaddition of C,N-cyclic azomethine imines has been reported. Highly efficient chirality transfer in the present transformation was also observed, providing a new method for the synthesis of sp3-carbon-rich 1,2,4-hexahydrotriazines in an enantioselective manner.


Scale space theory has been introduced into the field of big data, but its research is still not deep enough and perfect because of the lack of universal theory and method. With deepening of big data processing applications, the research becomes more and more urgent. In view of the above question, this paper studies pervasive multi-scale data analysis theory and method. On one hand, we give the definition and partition of data scale as well as the relationship of multi-scale data set between the upper scale and lower scale based on concept hierarchy theory. On the other hand, we clarify the definition of multi-scale data analysis, study essence and classification method. Previous studies show that the proposed method has high coverage rate, high accuracy rate, lower error rate of support estimation degree and greater improvement the efficiency than the traditional algorithm.


Abstract Objectives  Type A aortic dissection with true lumen collapse and malperfusion downstream is associated with a devastating prognosis. This study compares the clinical outcomes of two operative strategies for this disease: hybrid approach of ascending aorta (and hemiarch replacement) supplemented with retrograde stenting of the descending aorta (thoracic endovascular aortic repair [TEVAR]) and standard ascending aorta (and hemiarch) replacement without stent placement. Methods  From January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019, 81 patients with type A aortic dissection were studied. The hybrid technique was applied in 30 patients (group 1), while 51 patients received standard surgical repair (group 2). Patient demographics, clinical and operative findings, postoperative outcome, follow-up interventions, and mid-term survival were analyzed. Results  Baseline characteristics were similar among the groups, except that more preoperative malperfusion was evident in group 1. The postoperative incidence of visceral malperfusion (0 vs. 15.7%, p  = 0.02) and low cardiac output syndrome requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (3.3 vs. 19.6%, p  = 0.04) was significantly less in group 1. In-hospital mortality was also significantly lower in group 1 as in group 2 (13.3 vs. 33.3%, p  = 0.04). At follow-up, the need for secondary endovascular stenting (3.3 vs. 7.8%, p  = 0.65) and surgical aortic reintervention (6.7 vs. 2.0%, p  = 0.55) was comparable. One-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates were 83.3, 83.3, and 62.5% in group 1, and 58.7, 58.7, and 52.6% in group 2 ( p  = 0.05), respectively. Conclusion  The combination of open surgical replacement of the ascending aorta (and hemiarch) with TEVAR of the descending aorta for true lumen compromise is a feasible treatment option for patients with type A aortic dissection and is associated with a better perioperative outcome and improved mid-term survival rate.


This paper introduces the developing process of ABS as well as its structure,traits,functions and control modes.Points for attention in overhauling are especially indicated.


Background Large outbreaks of influenza are known to occur at correctional institutions such as prisons. Prisoners are particularly vulnerable due to a combination of environmental and socio-behavioural risk factors. Such outbreaks are also challenging to control because of the unique environmental constraints in these institutions. However, no local guidance is available for the prevention and control of influenza outbreaks in correctional institutions. This paper aims to review and synthesise relevant evidence on the topic so that practical recommendations can be offered to the local public health and correctional services. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar and Google to locate all relevant articles in English that examined the control of influenza outbreaks at correctional institutions up to May 2012. Findings Eleven studies describing 16 outbreaks of influenza or influenza-like illness at correctional institutions were included in the review. The studies included ten case reports and one case-control study from four countries. The majority of outbreaks took place at prisons. The number of cases in each outbreak ranged from three to over 500. Attack rates were highly variable between outbreaks, while case-fatality ratios were generally low. Control strategies used included social distancing measures, transmission-based precautions, active surveillance and testing, treatment, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. Nine studies discussed the risk factors for spread and the challenges encountered in the control of the outbreaks. These included agent, host, socio-behavioural, environmental, staff and infrastructural factors. The limited expertise and capacity of correctional institutions in responding to influenza outbreaks should be acknowledged. Close communication and collaboration with public health agencies is called for. To better prepare these institutions to respond to pandemic influenza, a detailed, multidisciplinary response plan should be set up by the various government agencies involved. Conclusions Correctional institutions require the appropriate guidance and support from public health for the successful control of influenza outbreaks. These institutions should be recognised as serving a vital role in the community, and prisoners deserve the same standards of health care that are available to other members of society.


The objective of this paper is to propose a method for estimating the trust level of annotations of professional media. We develop a model based on subjective logic and semantic web technology, and subsequently test this on a sample set of annotations from a natural-history museum.


Thanks to the Maastricht Treaty and similar arrangements, central banks nowadays enjoy considerable independence. This is generally believed to be the result of relatively recent debates, which led to the conclusion that sheltering monetary authorities from the pressures of fiscal policymakers is a prerequisite for monetary stability. However, in history this point has in fact been a recurrent tenet. We start with David Ricardo's arguments in favour of central bank independence and against monetisation of public deficits. After WWI, the latter issue was at the heart of the 1920 International Financial Conference of the League of Nations, which fostered and guided the establishment of many new central banks, and shaped various policymaking arrangements of today's monetary authorities.


A specimen holder which permits annealing experiments to be carried out after deuteron bombardment at liquid He temperature is described. Utilizing the heat capacity of He gas results in lower He consumption and improved temperature regulation. For any temperature between 15 and 300°K, the temperature regulation is ±0.01°K or better. Details of the mounting of specimens are included in this report.


Teenagers' current contact with the several means of communication (TV, radio, printed media, internet, and others) leads to consequences in their lives and ends up by shaping their opinions regarding what is presented by the media discourse. Thus, this research aims at investigating how high school students of a public school in Aracaju, Sergipe – Brazil, understand and associate the relationship between body, health and media based on the Brazilian soup opera "Malhação" presented by the Brazilian TV Channel Globo. A questionnaire was used in order to collect the data, and, based on the basic school students' answers, together with the investigated literature, themes that are recurrent in the soup opera, such as, teenagers' worries about health, the body image diffused by media vehicles, beauty pattern and tendencies were reflected and discussed. As a conclusion, it could be observed that students recognize the existence of certain body and aesthetic patterns conveyed by the soup opera, and that, in a certain way, they follow these models in their daily lives, which, at least in the investigated group, allows the confirmation of a small influence of the TV products on teenagers' habits as, for example, clothing and musical styles.


INTRODUCTIONIntergroup theory views social groups as units embedded in a larger social context. These units are connected to its surroundings through its members and through its activities with other groups (Alderfer and Smith, 1982; and Berg and Smith, 1990). When this social context is the organization itself, Intergroup perspective offers due importance to identity groups as well as organization groups. Identity group members are those who share a common identity in terms of either or all these three: (a) biological characteristic (such as sex or race); (b) participation in equivalent historical experience(s); and (c) certain social forces, and a result share similar world views (Alderfer, 1986). Most commonly recognized identity groups are those based on gender, family, ethnicity, and age (Alderfer and Smith, 1982). On the other hand, organization groups are those where members share common organization positions based on the principles of division of labor and hierarchy of authority. In these groups, members have common work experiences and hence, have similar organizational views. Thus, the identity of people in an organization is a function of both their identity group membership and their organization group membership. Alderfer and Smith (1982) use the term "embedded intergroup relations" for intergroup relations involving the interaction between identity groups, organizational groups and the suprasystem in which they are embedded. For example, because the upper management positions in the western countries are usually occupied by White older males, this identity group can be seen as embedded with the organization group of upper management positions in those countries (Clegg et al., 2006, p. 525)Alderfer and Smith (1982, p. 39), taking inputs from variety of intergroup perspectives explain five characteristics of intergroup relations. The first characteristic is 'group boundary' that defines group membership and has certain degree of permeability to facilitate and regulate intergroup transactions. The second is intergroup 'power difference' in terms of access to resources. The dimensions of power differences and discrepancy among groups also affect the boundary permeability between groups. Third, 'affective patterns' determine the "degree to which group members associate mainly positive feelings with their own group and mainly negative feelings with other groups". And finally, cognitive formations, including 'distortions' - a function of these three characteristics are the common languages (elements, social categories) which identity groups develop amongst themselves, and 'condition their members' perceptions of objective and subjective phenomena, and transmit sets of propositions-including theories and ideologies-to explain the nature of experiences encountered by members and to influence relations with other groups'. The fifth characteristic 'behaviors' of leaders and representatives of groups reflect these four characteristics and serve as both cause and effect of the total pattern of intergroup relations.This study views identity groups from the diversity perspective. Hence, these could be various cultural identity groups based on race, ethnicity, gender, social class, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, etc. (Ely and Thomas, 2001). From the intergroup perspective, this study explores the role of cultural competence as behaviors of leaders and representatives of organizations towards other identity groups within the large microcosm group(s) in the context of managing cross-cultural situations in organizations.INTERGROUP THEORY AND CULTURALLY COMPETENT BEHAVIORSThe identity group members share their workspace with various other identity groups as well as organization groups. Members of several identity and organization groups form 'organizationally based groups' called microcosm groups 'in which representatives of the salient groups are present'. Identity group members in such groups are often characterized by 'individual differences' based on variables such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, family, etc. …


Design of a PIC18F448 based Transducer Interface Module (TIM) for a DC motor actuator, compliant with the IEEE 1451.2 standard.


First, the use of UG (Unigraphics) software to create three-dimensional model of the clutch cover. Then, using NX nastran finite element analysis software on the clutch cover for a dangerous condition of the calculation of static stress and modal analysis, to be in the dangerous condition of the maximum static stress, strain and natural frequency. Finally, the clutch cover for durability analysis to identify the risk of fatigue points. The results for the traditional design or upgrade the clutch cover and provide a theoretical basis.


A fundamental characteristic of all vertebrates is the metameric organization of their body plan, best exemplified by the vertebral column. This organization originates during embryonic development and the emergence of the vertebrae precursor, the somites, which form from the paraxial presomitic mesoderm (PSM). The discovery of oscillatory transcriptional activity of the Notch-signaling pathway within the PSM supports the existence of an embryological clock, the segmentation clock, which is responsible in controlling the periodic formation of somites. Here, I present the discovery of oscillatory mRNA expression of Axin2, a target of the Wnt-signaling pathway, in the PSM. This establishes a novel link between Wnt signaling and the segmentation clock. I then describe the generation of a two-photon, real-time imaging technology that allows visualizing segmentation clock activity in realtime in living mouse embryos. This enables us to directly measure oscillation parameters in the PSM. Finally, I describe the discovery of a -catenin protein gradient in the PSM. Using conditional gene targeting experiments, we establish that this gradient controls PSM maturation and differentiation. Moreover, this gradient represents a permissive signal that allows segmentation clock activity to occur. Based on the results presented, I propose a novel model for somite formation.


According to the characteristics and requirements of radiation-proof building, this paper studied the concrete mix proportion for a large volume concrete structure which will be a special underground structure and subjected to high radiation. After providing a complete mix proportion programme, the appropriate construction quality control for large volume concrete with corresponding requirements and recommendations were presented.


In this paper, we propose a Neural Architecture Search strategy based on self supervision and semi-supervised learning for the task of semantic segmentation. Our approach builds an optimized neural network (NN) model for this task by jointly solving a jigsaw pretext task discovered with self-supervised learning over unlabeled training data, and, exploiting the structure of the unlabeled data with semi-supervised learning. The search of the architecture of the NN model is performed by dynamic routing using a gradient descent algorithm. Experiments on the Cityscapes and PASCAL VOC 2012 datasets demonstrate that the discovered neural network is more efficient than a state-of-the-art hand-crafted NN model with four times less floating operations.


In this paper, Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is applied to design photonic crystal fibers structure with desired properties over the C communication band. In order to determine the effective index of propagation of mode and then, the other properties of structure, Finite Difference Frequency Domain (FDFD) solver is used. The results revealed that the proposed method is a powerful tool for solving this optimization problem. The optimized PCF exhibits a very low dispersion with a nearly zero dispersion slope over the C communication band.


This text analyses in depth the concept and characteristic of enterprise key competitiveness, has clarified some misunderstanding to enterprise key competitiveness, pointed out that cultural strength forms enterprise key competitiveness. The so-called cultural strength means that enterprises combine stock resources and ability of increasing resources, make it have the greatest efficiency, fully meeting goal market demands. The foundation of forming cultural strength is the spiritual strength and system strength must study strength and adaptability to changes and throngh innorative strength, strdy strength and adaptability to changes to realine them. So, enterpris key competitiveness is based on the combined of the spiritual strength and system strength, innovative strength, study strength and adaptability to changes.


ABSTRACT Thirty isolates of Pseudallescheria boydii were tested to compare the in vitro activity of posaconazole with those of fluconazole and itraconazole, using NCCLS methods. Posaconazole was evaluated in an immunosuppressed mouse model of disseminated pseudallescheriasis. Posaconazole was more effective than itraconazole and as effective as fluconazole in preventing death and significantly reducing the CFU of P. boydii from tissues.


A system, Mentor, is proposed for the prediction of energy and amino nitrogen yield to the ruminant animal from robust measurements of feed composition available to farmers and compounders. The model distinguishes the processes of fermentation and N degradation in the rumen from post rumen digestion and absorption. It is based on functional definitions of nutrient supply which incorporate physiological variables such as rumen outflow rate and microbial yield. These concepts are relatively simple but they too are robust since they can incorporate newer and better particulars of ruminant nutrition as they emerge.


At the same time, in the event of a possible Taleban ascendency in Afghanistan, pragmatism and realpolitik might prevail in Uzbek and Turkmen foreign policies. They might establish bilateral relations in order to protect and achieve their strategic interests in the region such as energy and trade. In such a scenario, the main precondition would be that Taleban forces prioritised national aspirations – building an Islamic state inside Afghan borders – rather than global ones linked to the creation of a transnational caliphate.


1. This retrospective of modern Inuit art reveals the social, political and cultural transformation of an ancient culture influenced by Euro-Canadian contact. 2. This book features 190 full-colour photographs, beautifully displayed with simple, crisp design. 3. The book's essays situate modern Inuit art within a larger framework that reinterprets the Canadian Arctic, with essays by leading Canadian scholars in the field examining the social, political and cultural transformation through the dynamic lens of colonial influence and agency.


The article presents the results of research on the state and development of export-oriented small andmedium-sized enterprises and the reasons of the incomplete implementation of the export capacity of enterprises.Among the priority constraints on the development of export-oriented small and medium-sized enterprises havebeen allocated financial and administrative constraints. The most effective mechanisms to support SMEs aresubsidizing the cost of promoting products to the world market and the compensation of interest rates on exportcontracts. Found that most of the export-oriented SMEs are interested in increasing the share of exports and seekto expand the geography of deliveries, but for the realization of their interests is necessary to improveinfrastructure support. Each regional education puts its emphasis in the export development strategy for smalland medium enterprises. Based on a comparative analysis of the existing Coordination centers of export-orientedSMEs of Russian Federation subjects support, determined the possibility of approximating the existingmechanisms for support of small and medium-sized export-oriented entrepreneurship Voronezh region. Theprocess of ensuring the establishment of effective mechanisms to support export-oriented small andmedium-sized enterprises Voronezh region includes two time periods transient (lasting less than a year) andoperational for over a year.


FIGURES 5 – 10. Schizopelex huettingeri Malicky 1974, final inStar larva. 5, Head, thoraX and abdominal Segment I, dorSal (p = pronotum, mS = meSonotum, mt = metanotum). 6, Right anterolateral Section of meSonotum (arroWS = Suture betWeen central and lateral meSonotal Sclerite; cS = central Sclerite; lS = lateral Sclerite). 7, Left foreleg, poSterior face. 8, Left midleg, poSterior face. 9, Left hind leg, poSterior face. 10, Abdominal Sternum I (arroWS = Single sa 1 Setae; lp = lateral protuberance Seta). Scale barS: 0.5 mm.


We report the synthesis and characterization of two iridium polypyridyl complexes, [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) and [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3, where deeb = diethyl-2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylate and dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine. From 1H NMR spectral data, the two deeb ligands are attached to Ir cis to each other. Mass spectra contain fragmentation patterns of the (M-PF6)+ and (M-3PF6)3+ molecular ions for [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) and [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3, respectively. The electronic absorption spectrum of [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) shows maxima at 308 nm and 402 nm, which are assigned as 1π → π* and metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions, respectively. [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3 exhibits peaks due to 1π → π* transitions at 322 nm and 334 nm. [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) has emission peaks at 538 nm in acetonitrile and 567 nm in the solid state, with lifetimes of 1.71 µs and 0.35 µs, respectively. [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) has an unusually higher quantum yield than analogous compounds. [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3 has emission peaks at 540 nm in acetonitrile and 599 nm in the solid state with lifetimes of 1.23 µs and 0.14 µs, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry of [Ir(deeb)2Cl2](PF6) yields two reversible couples at −0.72 and −0.87 V versus Ag/AgCl, both corresponding to deeb ligand reductions, and a quasi-reversible couple at −1.48 V corresponding to Ir3+/+ reduction. Electrochemical reduction of [Ir(deeb)2(dpp)](PF6)3 yields couples at −0.38, −0.54, −0.71, and −1.33 V, assigned as deeb0/−, deeb0/−, dpp0/−, and Ir3+/+ reductions, respectively.


Nobody has failed to hear about the announcement of the end of bananas in the next ten years. This outrageous prospect upset all the stakeholders in the export dessert banana production sectors and in local consumption sectors as well. In this set of articles, CIRAD-FLHOR wishes to calm the debate and clearly set out the position with regard to a number of notions such as genetic diversity, the genetic improvement of banana, pest and disease control, etc. Reflection on an overall approach to banana growing with the aim of sustainable production is also proposed. Solutions do exist. Bananas will not disappear. But there is no doubt that research on this crop deserves more attention and funding in the light of the food and trade issues that it represents. (Resume d'auteur)


Kinetics of oxidation of D-glucuronic acid and D-galacturonic acid (S) by sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulphonamide or chloramine-T (CAT) in the presence of alkali at 35 degrees has been investigated and the rate = k [CAT][S][HO-]. The product, p-toluenesulphonamide has no influence. Increase in ionic strength increases the rate and the rate decreases when the dielectric constant of the medium is decreased: The rate increases in D2O medium. Activation parameters have been determined from the Arrhenius plots. The mechanism involves the formation of an enediol anion followed by its oxidation by the positive halogen in a rate limiting step.


A program was developed for the improvement of social competence in general among professionals with the improvement of the accuracy of decoding emotions from facial expressions as the specific focus. It was integrated as a laboratory experience into traditional lectures at two German universities where studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the program, evaluate the program through participant responses, test the relative effectiveness of individual work and cooperative learning conditions, and study gender effects. Subjects were 49 education students at a university where the lecture was a requirement and 31 students at a university where the program lecture was elective. The lecture included theoretical background knowledge about nonverbal aspects of communication, training based on training modules for expressions of affects and blends of expressions, practice decoding emotions from facial expressions in photographs, and discussion after the posttest. The posttests, administered 1 week after training, were based on 54 portraits of women and men. Results show considerable and statistically significant improvements in the accuracy of both intuitive and analytic judgments in decoding affects from facial expressions as a result of the training. Analytic ability appeared to be enhanced by cooperative learning conditions, and no significant gender effects were observed. (Contains 78 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. O IMPROVING ACCURACY OF DECODING EMOTIONS FROM FACIAL EXPRESSIONS BY COOPERATIVE LEARNING TECHNIQUES. 1 TWO EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Hans Gerhard Klinzing (University of Tuebingen &University of Stuttgart, FRG) PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY