Purpose: The purpose of this study is the analysis of the failure mechanisms effect of circuit design characteristics of the ballast for LED Lamp. Methods: Recently, electronic circuit of ballasts for LED lamp are being occurred on various failure mechanisms (whiskers, ion migration, heat dissipation problem, switching element damage) because electronic ballast circuit design characteristics are becoming more and more diverse. Results: we analysis failure mechanisms that occurs in accordance with the circuit design characteristics The ballast for LED lamp were divided into three different types (Type A, Type B, Type C) considering circuit design characteristics (thermal design, PCB patten spacing, element material) and it was experimented in the acceleration test conditions (85℃, 85% R.H). Conclusion: We confirmed that failure mechanism of the ballast for LED Lamp had occurred differently in accordance with the circuit design characteristics.


The relationship between the motion of drops and mass transfer in a pulsed column was investigated by taking high speed photographs. The rising motion of drops in the column was found to be divided into jetting, forced rising and free rising periods, whereas the falling motion was divided into forced falling and free falling periods. With use of the observed results, it was confirmed that the drop velocity and the distance of moving drop predicted from the equation of drop motion were satisfactorily compared with the corresponding observed values. On the basis of the results, the overall mass transfer coefficient in the pulsed column was derived, which was found to be valid in the course of calculation of the amount of mass transfer in the pulsed column.


When I was just starting to try cases in New York in the 1960s, I had a meeting with a judge in his chambers. There, I met his new law secretary--like me, a young lawyer, with whom I would thereafter visit whenever I came to see the judge. His name? George Bundy Smith. We became friendly with each other, as we discovered a number of common threads in our lives. Both of us had come from rather modest backgrounds. He had gone on to a northeastern prep school and then to Yale College and Yale Law School. I had gone to a Brooklyn public high school and then to Harvard College and Harvard Law School. Both of us were motivated by a love of learning and a belief in the central role of law to civilization and human progress. The work of lawyers and others in the civil rights movement had a profound effect on each of us. We were very aware of the groundbreaking, difficult and slow work that attorneys of color and others were doing. We also were aware of our own limited career opportunities despite our educational accomplishments, but were determined to persevere and to seek to increase equal opportunity for ourselves and all others, each in his own way. Judge Smith's involvement in these efforts was different from mine. He was an early Freedom Rider on a bus to Montgomery, Alabama, there meeting Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights notables. Judge Smith made this journey after learning of the fire bombings of homes and vicious beatings by police and others in mobs that beset other Freedom Riders who preceded him. He and fellow bus riders were arrested at a bus station lunch counter and jailed for several days on charges of breach of the peace and unlawful assembly. Fortunately, Judge Smith survived his activities to serve us all as an Associate Judge of our Court of Appeals. A native of New Orleans, Judge Smith commented years later, "Many of us who grew up in the South during the time of segregation grew up with the idea that life as we then knew it was not consistent with American ideals or principles and we vowed to change that way of life." Looking back, he also wrote that he was pleased to have been a Freedom Rider, joining a journey and a movement of nonviolence that helped spur litigation and ensure court decisions against segregation, and which ultimately led to all the civil rights legislation at the federal and state levels that has made the lives of all Americans better and, in fact, the lives of many outside the United States through the example our laws have set for their own countries. From my elementary school days on, I had followed the civil rights movement closely. I often visited my sister at her office at the NAACP and had the opportunity to meet and speak with many of her colleagues whose names we still honor today and to appreciate the work they were doing through the courts, legislative halls and elsewhere, along with the courageous efforts of members of the community--such as the families in the Brown v. Board of Education cases, the Freedom Riders, and others. These differing first-hand encounters Judge Smith and I had obviously enriched both our experiences and taught each of us invaluable lessons that we continue to actively pursue today: An appreciation for the miles that we and our society as a whole have come but a concern that progress has not been swifter in the enjoyment of equal rights. Said Judge Smith, "I am, however, disappointed with the lack of real progress in so many areas." A belief that education is vitally important to America's young people, as is demonstrated by his and my life experiences and the recognition that we all have an obligation to help those who follow in our footsteps. …


An increasing trend of universities is to provide students with opportunities to engage in global learning experiences (GLE) as part of their program of study. While there are numerous papers on the benefits of international and study abroad programs, there is little research on factors that impact GLE. This study evaluated the student perspective through qualitative and quantitative responses to surveys and questions posed during a period of three years. The results suggested that students' motivation and expectations of the experiences were varied. Moreover, planning is critical for GLE experiences to have a positive impact on students.


The paper investigates the possibility for reducing the radial power peaking factor kr inside the core of a water-cooled water-moderated thermionic converter reactor (TCR). Due to a highly nonuniform power density, the TCR generates less electric power and the temperature increases in components of the thermionic fuel elements, leading so to a shorter reactor life.
 A TCR with an intermediate neutron spectrum has its thermionic fuel elements (TFE) arranged inside the core in concentric circles, this providing for a nonuniform TFE spacing and reduces kr. The water-cooled water-moderated TCR under consideration has a much larger number of TFEs arranged in a hexagonal lattice with a uniform pitch. Power density flattening in a core with a uniform-pitch lattice can be achieved, e.g., through using different fuel enrichment in core or using additional in-core structures. The former requires different TFE types to be taken into account and developed while the latter may cause degradation of the reactor neutronic parameters; all this will affect the design's economic efficiency.
 It is proposed that the core should be split into sections with each section having its own uniform lattice pitch which increases in the direction from the center to the periphery leading so to the radial power density factor decreasing to 1.06. The number of the sections the core is split into depends on the lattice pitch, the TFE type and size, the reflector thickness, and the reactor design constraints. The best lattice spacing options for each section can be selected using the procedure based on a genetic algorithm technology which allows finding solutions that satisfy to a number of conditions.
 This approach does not require the reactor dimensions to be increased, different TFE types to be taken into account and developed, or extra structures to be installed at the core center.


The spatial analysis of the solar energy potential allows us to identify the best locations to develop and build solar power stations. In this study we have analyzed the specificity of the territorial distribution of the solar energy potential for Lviv region - Ukraine. The approach to the spatial analysis of the solar energy potential was developed based on the usage of opportunities of the modern cloud technologies along with the corresponding mathematical model. The database for holding the input data for the spatial analysis of the potential of solar energy in the territory of the Lviv region is formed and appropriate calculation experiments are carried out.


A novel microstrip tunable filter design approach is suggested. Coupling factor of a ferroelectric capacitor connected with the microstrip resonators of the filter is considered to make possible the design of the filter keeping constant the pass band width while tuning. Results of the filter characteristic simulation and measurement are presented.


One of the lessons learnt from the global financial crisis experienced in the first two decades of the new century is that themacro-financial system is a complex systemwhose dynamics are characterized by nonlinearities, tipping points, adaptation and feedback loops. These phenomena are difficult to explain without taking into account the interconnectedness and interdependences of its parts and the interactions of its heterogeneous players. This recognition has generated a deep disenchantment with economic theory and the related models, also adopted in finance, which are based on the conjecture that representative agents are driven by market fundamentals and their actions are fully rational. A more pluralistic approach, benefiting from the contamination of different scientific experiences, has been advocated as a more promising pathway to research that is policy-relevant and disruptive rather than incremental (Andre and Falk 2021). In particular, the repeated economic and financial crises, and the Covid-19 pandemic, have brought forcibly to the attention of practitioners and policymakers the need for new approaches to understand risks (old and new ones) and innovative methods to measure them. Risk has matured into an even more important factor in decision-making, in its many components, including portfolio optimization and asset pricing. The very concept of risk-free rate has changed while new risk factors have manifested themselves in ways that are sometimes immediate and with unforeseen impacts. We have observed negative rates for years when we had strived to rule out this scenario from asset pricing models. Serious mispricing phenomena have been recorded and continue to characterize some markets for sophisticated financial products, such as credit derivatives (Arping 2004), which are still far from being fully understood and resolved. Since 1996, the Workshops on Economics with Heterogeneous Interactive Agents (WEHIA) has provided a venue for scholars of different disciplines – economics, psychology, sociology, computer science, engineering, physics – to examine how aggregate properties of economic and financial systems arise from the actions and interactions of heterogeneous agents within the framework of complexity theory (Gallegati and Kirman 2019). In June 2019, the 24th Workshop on Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents (WEHIA) was held at City, University of London, UK. This special issue, focused on 'Novel approaches to understand, forecast and mitigate financial risks' includes the main contributions presented at the workshop which were focused specifically on novel approaches to understand the dynamics and governance of financial crises, the refinement of pricing models and the construction of financial portfolios. To complementmore traditionalmethods, Agent-BasedModel (ABM) simulations, network analysis and laboratory experiments feature prominently in the selected papers as novel approaches to understand and quantify risks. ABMs are computational model which can simulate the actions and interactions of individuals and organizations, in complex and realistic ways. Agents can range from passive automatons with no cognitive function to active data-gathering decision-makers with sophisticated learning capabilities, adapting and reacting to the


Peritoneo-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia is the rarest of all forms of herniation of abdominal organs through the diaphragm. Only 10 cases have been previously reported. With the exception of three, all were diagnosed after death. Of the three cases diagnosed during life two were diagnosed during operation but the other was diagnosed pre-operatively. The present case to be reported, which constitutes the eleventh in the literature, was diagnosed during operation, and failure to make a pre-operative diagnosis was largely due to unawareness of this rare anomaly (Taillens, 1934). The initial radiological diagnosis was a hydroor pyo-pneumopericardium.


Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) bio-sensor with bimetallic selectively filled metal layers is proposed. Single mode PCF excites the plasmons on the inner surface of the selectively filled metalized nanolayers of gold and silver. Finite Element Method (FEM) with perfectly matched layer (PML) is applied to evaluate the complex propagation constant. The sensor consists of selectively filled metalized air holes analyte channel with silver and gold which provide the two sensitive plasmonic peaks corresponds to each metal layer so the proposed sensor can be used as a multimolecule sensing for the single analyte


Recent advancements of artificial intelligence have been inspiring applications in various fields. In this paper, an advanced electromagnetic modeling method of shielded differential annular through-silicon via (SD-ATSV) based on well-known deep learning framework "Tensorflow" is introduced. Physical data including SD-ATSV structures and S parameters are used as training data in multi-layer neural network. Optimized weighting and bias parameters for each layer of the multi-layer neural network are generated, thereby leading to fast electromagnetic modeling engine. The example of a SD-ATSV is demonstrated to validate the accuracy of this method.


Sharing expenses by the residents of localities where public flood control works are to be undertaken is indispensable for the materialization of flood control works of medium and small-sized rivers in modern times. Flood prevention cooperatives organized by inhabitants in frequently-inundated areas have played an important role in bearing the expenses allotted to localities. But some of the cooperatives could not bear their share of the expenses and flood control work failed consequently.The author analyzed the causes of failure of a flood prevention cooperative in sharing expenses and clarified the problems of local share in expenses taking the case of the Kokufu River Flood Prevention Cooperative on Sado Island.The results are as follows: The most decisive reason that the Kokufu River Flood Prevention Cooperative could not bear its allotment is the impossibility of payment by the inhabitants of the upper basin, because extremely high rates of allotment in the upper basin were decided without adjusting the conflict between upper basin residents and lower basin residents. Hence prefectural river improvement work of the Kokufu River was halfed.Futhermore the following situation contributed to default in payment. In the Kokufu River basin advanced mining techniques were applied to flood control works in the Edo Period, and these works were carried out several times in connection with the prosperity and decline of the Sado Gold Mine. Some rational features in the works, imposition and repayment system, and so on can be seen. But after the Meiji Restoration small landownership in the island society prescribed repayment of much of the expenses of river improvement, and work was stopped.Therefore consideration must be given to relative flood damage between the upper basin and lower basin so as not to produce outstanding inequality between the two districts when making allotment rates.Generally, in frequently-inundated areas, we can see conflict between the uper basin and lower basin. But in that case flood control work cannot be realized without adjustment of advantages and disadvantages between the two districts. Also realization of flood control work requires the intervention of the prefectural goverment with large funds.


Methods: Murine mammary adenocarcinoma (MTGB) tumors were grown in C3H mice. Six groups were utilized, including two control groups: IONP alone and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) injection alone. Tumors treated with radiation (5 X 3 Gy) were compared to those receiving the same radiation dose with intratumoral injections of IONP (7.5 mg Fe/g tumor). Additional treatment groups included IONP induced hyperthermia (2 X 43°C for 30 minutes) with and without radiation. Treatment outcome was measured by tumor regrowth. Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of IONP in combination with fractionated ionizing radiation, with and without magnetically induced mild localized hyperthermia, to enhance conventional fractionated radiation. It has been shown that ionizing radiation combined with hyperthermia can result in a greater therapeutic ratio than radiation or hyperthermia alone.1 Recent work has also shown that iron oxide nanoparticles may have potential as radiation sensitizers.2 IONP are additionally interesting because when IONP are exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), a localized hyperthermia can be induced. In 1977 Adams et al. published a study which showed enhanced radiation-induced lymphocyte toxicity caused by the iodine (contrast agent) in angiocardiography patients.3 Since then, the body of materials shown to modify the toxicity of radiation has grown, including not only high-Z materials, but also nanoparticles, which also may act as carriers for pharmacologic agents. These materials may the reverse radiation resistance, enhance sensitivity, or provide radioprotection of normal tissue.2 Though largely unexplored, a proposed mechanism for radiation sensitization by IONP includes the increase in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when ionizing radiation interacts with IONP.4 While IONP are just beginning to be investigated as ionizing radiation sensitizers, significant research has been conducted to develop IONP-AMF mediated hyperthermia as a primary or adjuvant cancer therapy.5,6 Physiologically meaningful changes due to the combination of mild heat and radiation have been demonstrated in numerous cancer studies using a wide variety of heating techniques (microwave, ultrasound, perfusion and regional/whole body).7,8 Previous studies, have shown that raising the temperature of tumors with IONP-mediated hyperthermia can potentiate the efficacy of ionizing radiation.9,10 However, these studies have not considered the interaction of the IONP themselves with the ionizing radiation or as part of a fractionated treatment plan.


The paper presents evidence based on a large international sample that in international technology adoption later launching nations have faster growth rates of technology adoption than earlier launching nations. Further, the later technological generation exhibits faster growth rate on average than the earlier one at the national level.


We consider a spin Hall magnetoresistance in a bilayer system composed of a normal metal and a ferromagnetic insulator and derive extended nonequilibrium relations on nonlinear coefficient in spin transport from the fluctuation theorem. This relation indicates that the unidirectional spin Hall magnetoresistance is related to a first-order coefficient of a spin-current noise with respect to an applied current. We also discuss general relations on higher-order cumulants.


ABSTRACT The inconsistency between theological education and parish life is a sign of the breakdown of a theological paradigm for doing and communicating theology in Africa today. The role of Scripture within the framework of an Anglican tradition is now a matter of examination. There are biblical foundations for ministerial formation but they need to relate to the current situation of ministry. The only theological seminary in Ghana is St Nicholas, where the staff are indigenous but the programme offered is Western and imported. The result is that ministerial formation has failed to meet the needs of the people of Ghana. The way forward demands a thorough revision of the present course content and a focus on the needs of the particular time and place that is modern Ghana.


Growing interest in the design of functional materials with increasingly complex crystal structures calls for a more detailed understanding of structure-property relationships in inorganic solids. Whereby functional material properties are often linked to irregular bond distances, deciphering the causal mechanisms underlying bond-length variation, and the extent to which bond lengths vary in solids, has important implications in the design of new materials and the optimization of their functional properties.


The Officer Friendly program, sponsored by the SearsRoebuck Foundation, is designed to humanize children's perceptions of pdlice officers and their work, iaptve rapport. 411111It between 'ldren and Once, increase Awareness at safety and -civic respolisi ry, and redude crime involving children. The program . involves visits by police officers to -school classrooms and followup activities conducted by teachers. ThiS bulletin describes the .initiation,.organization,-' and imPlementati0 of community Officer Friendly programs. (Author)


Introduction: Airway clearance is considered a key component of the management of patients with bronchiectasis. Evidence is limited and there is no standardised regimen or approach. We used the European Bronchiectasis Registry to explore the most frequently used treatments. Methods: Multicentre prospective registry across 23 European Countries. Results: 5750 patients were enrolled. Median (IQR) age was 68 years (58-75), 58% were female and 18.5% of patients were colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 50.5% of patients reported that they regularly performed chest physiotherapy (as opposed to it being recommended but not performed or only performed during exacerbations). The most popular technique was the active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT), followed by autogenic drainage and postural drainage. Also, chest physiotherapy devices were used by 43% of patients. Figure 1 shows the most popular regimes used. In a logistic regression model, independent predictors of chest physiotherapy were frequency of exacerbations OR 1.08 95% CI 1.04-1.12, p Conclusion: Chest physiotherapy is underutilised in European practice, particularly in Eastern Europe and patients with co-existing COPD.


The purpose of this review was to show the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on forensic sciences, as reflected in the publications, which appeared in 2020. The review covered following topics: Response of legal medical experts on the increased daily workload in forensic practice and enhanced risk issues arising in forensic practice, particularly regarding autopsy, drugs used in Covid-19 therapy and their toxicological significance, and influence of Covid-19 pandemic on the profile and extent of substance abuse.


Rabbit, dog, and human corneal epithelium was studied in tissue culture for the effect of epinephrine at 0.001% concentration. Degenerative changes in the epithelial cells appeared within 24 to 48 hours. Loosened cells and increased optical density of cell nuclei were followed by increased granularity and vacuolation. Melanin or melanin-like material was deposited after 216 to 240 hours, and there was formation of giant vacuoles. The pigment was not only extracellular but present in the cytoplasm and nuclei.


Overall uniform mechanical, have physical properties, it is less thick 1 m, and provides a process for preparing the biodegradable foam characterized by having a surface suitable for packaging applications finish It is. Parameters for the manufacture of such foams, the mold wall thickness, type of material, use of the susceptor, type and composition of the susceptor is selected from a variety of parameters including the number of magnetrons arranged, and type of the shape that. Also described are foams having a complex shape produced by this process.


We experienced a case in which simultaneous weaning from sedation and mechanical ventilation were difficult because of instability of tracheal tube fixation that was caused by size mismatch between the trachea and the tube and by severe tracheal deviation. Irritative stimuli caused by the oral tracheal tube prevented conversion from deep sedation to light or no sedation. In this case, very early tracheostomy, which provided better tube fixation and successfully reduced the irritative stimuli to the trachea, was effective to help achieve discontinuation of sedation and facilitated successful weaning from mechanical ventilation. Eventually, the tracheostomy tube was successfully removed immediately after discontinuation of mechanical ventilation.


A novel design of broadband patch antenna is presented in this paper. The broadband property of the proposed antenna is achieved by choosing a proper selection of dimensions and positions of slot and notch on the radiating patch. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is found to be 30.5% with operating frequency band from 1.56 GHz to 2.12 GHz. Antenna characteristics are observed for different inclination angles "α" and its effect on bandwidths is also reported. The maximum gain of the antenna is found to be 9.86 dBi and it achieves broadside radiation pattern in the direction of maximum radiation over the operating band. The proposed antenna structure is simulated, fabricated, and tested for obtaining the desired performance. The simulated results are verified with experimental results which are in good agreement.


The present invention provides a method of producing a bond between the first and second substrates (2,4), phase and, (b) thereof for preparing a surface (6,8) to be assembled (a) a method of assembling by direct molecular bonding two surfaces (6,8), characterized in that it and a heat treatment step comprising maintaining the temperature in the range of 100 ° C. from 50 ° C. for at least 1 hour (c) a method for.


The article deals with an analysis of legislative foundations of reasons for institution of criminal proceedings. Without pretending to a thorough interpretation of the existing in the criminal procedural law approaches to determining the reason for instituting criminal proceedings and its nature, the author draws attention to the diversity of legal means specified in the law, as well as the absence of interrelationship and interdependence between them, because of which the totality of these legal means cannot be considered as a system. Noteworthy is the author''s evaluation of occasions, pointing to private and public origin of the above reasons in criminal proceedings. On the basis of concrete examples, the existing tendencies to use the messages based on the control-supervisory materials, collected by the executive authorities as a pretext for initiating criminal proceedings, are considered.


Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction resulting in pulmonary vascular remodeling, increased pulmonary arterial pressure, with subsequent right heart failure. The two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-STE) is one of the newer tools used for early assessment of ventricular function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radial myocardial deformation (St and StR) of LV in experimental pigs with induced PAH and treated with Ang- (1-7), checking the possibilities of this new drug in clinical and hemodynamic response, since it has anti-inflammatory effects and antiproliferative actions on the cardiovascular system. In this study we observed that animals treated with Ang (1-7) had radial St and StR higher than the placebo group at 60 days of the experiment demonstrating an improvement in systolic function of the myocardium by increased myocardial deformation (16.06±7.50 - placebo; 25.14±14.91 - Ang (1-7)) and StR (1.28±0.51 - placebo; 1.51±0.58 - Ang (1-7)). This improvement in systolic function can be attributed to drug effects while also reducing the development of pulmonary hypertension. Based on the results it is believed that Ang (1-7) may be a promising drug for the treatment of PAH.


Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by hyperphagia with impaired satiety. PWS patients have very high acylated ghrelin (AG) with normal unacylated ghrelin (UAG) levels, resulting in an elevated AG/UAG ratio, suggesting an intrinsic defect in the ghrelin regulation. Normally, food intake induces satiety and a drop in AG and UAG levels, but it is unknown if these levels also decline in PWS.


Diffuse and focal epicardial coronary disease and coronary microvascular abnormalities may exist side-by-side. Identifying the contributions of each of these three players in the coronary circulation is a difficult task. Yet identifying CMD as an additional player in patients with coronary artery disease may provide explanations of why symptoms may persist frequently following and why global coronary flow reserve may be more prognostically important than fractional flow reserve measured in a single vessel before PCI. This review focuses on the challenges of identifying the presence of coronary microvascular dysfunction in the context of diffuse non-obstructive coronary artery disease and obstructive coronary artery disease. Furthermore, it is going to discuss the pathophysiology in this complex situation, examine the clinical context in which the interaction of the 3 components of disease takes place and finally look at non-invasive diagnostic methods relevant for addressing this question.


The guest editors introduce the special issue on high-performance interconnects and discuss the four articles chosen for the issue from the 2015 IEEE Symposium on High Performance Interconnects.


Background
The case of a male patient, 25, who presented with pleural effusion. Further imaging examinations demonstrated mediastinal and cervical lymphadenopathy.


Objective: To study the protective effects of Ghrelin on the intestinal transit function in acute pancreatitis(AP) rats.Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham operation group,AP model group and Ghrelin treatment group(n = 10).Rats were sacrificed six hours after corresponding operations.The levels of TNF-α and serum amylase in blood taken from the heart were detected.Small intestine samples were evaluated by water content examination and pathological score.Results: The levels of TNF-α and amylase were lower and transit index was higher in Ghrelin treatment group than those in AP model group(P 0.05).There was no significant difference in water content of small intestine and pathology between the two groups.Conclusion: Ghrelin can promote the intestinal movement of AP rats,and this may be one of the protective effects of Ghrelin on acute pancreatitis in rat.


This paper uses a case study of scientific English from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries to test the traditional demarcation betwe n r strictive and non-restrictive adnominal relatives and to reconsider appropriate methods for analyzing such historical data. After an initial classification of some 1160 clause s from the ARCHER corpus using the traditional dichotomy, alternative proposals fo r analyzing relative clauses are reviewed in the light of problematic examples. The concept of " aspective" relatives (Wood 1952; Sigley 1997) is adopted: those having most of the formal a nd pragmatic hallmarks of restrictive relatives while not strictly restrictive in the set -theoretic sense. We identify these with the clauses in present-day English that are not restric tive but which Huddleston, Pullum, and Peterson (2002) include under the heading "integrat d." We add a fourth, minor type, "continuative." Nevertheless our data present probl ems even for a four-way classification. We demonstrate how some analytic difficulties are due to changes in text-type-specific style and conventions over time, plus general diachronic chan ge, but also that some examples genuinely resist hard-and-fast classification. We t herefore treat our classes as overlapping bands on a one-dimensional gradient, testing the re vised classification in detail on our seventeenth-century data. The overlaps are less num ero s than any of the three main types (restrictive, aspective, and non-restrictive), but they help to reduce the number of unclear cases from over a quarter of the total in our initi al classification to a mere one percent. We 6 Mar 2013 Final authors' revision before copyediting (to include renumbering of notes from 13 onwards). To be published in Journal of English Linguistics 41.2


(57) ABSTRACT The present invention relates to doped or undoped aluminas having after calcination at 1200° C. for 5-24 hours a pore volume 20.5 ml/g and a BET surface area greater then 35 m?g. The invention also relates to a method for preparing these aluminas comprising the steps of a. preparing an aque ous solution of an aluminum salt with optional co-dopants, b. treating the aqueous solution with hydrogen peroxide, c. pre cipitating the alumina using a base, and d. filtering, drying and calcining the alumina.


Background and objectives : Anemia prevalence, especially iron deficiency anemia, among Indonesian toddlers is high. Iron deficiency may interfere nerve development and also cause immune problems. Protein malnutrition may also cause anemia. The prevalence is higher in 6-23 months age group due to the increase need. However, the correlations between iron and protein intake with hemoglobin levels are still showing different results and researches don't compare the correlation between age groups.


This study tries to examine the relationship between AUDIT scores and mental problem counseling among Korean adults 20 years old or over. The source of this research is the raw data contained in the Korea Health Statistics 2012: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, KNHANES v-3 published by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). From the raw data, the respondents who were below 20 years old, and did not answer any of the ten AUDIT questions were excluded, and, finally, 4681 respondents were used for analysis. The data was analyzed with the SPSS Version 12.0 WIN program. The analysis found that those who belong to the problematic drinking group seek mental problem counseling 2.4 times as often as those who belong to the normal drinking group (p<.01), and that those who belong to the alcoholic abuse and dependence group did it 2.8 times as often as those who belong to the normal drinking group (p<.05). The analysis found that the problematic drinking group and the alcohol abuse and dependence group were related with mental problem counseling. To solve the problem, it seems necessary to establish an institution designed to build sound drinking culture and reduce mental problems.


A narrow-beam laser altimeter was used to measure the reflected signal from the ocean surface as represented by the waters beneath the Golden Gate Bridge. This site allowed precise measurements as a function of angle from the vertical not possible from flying platforms. For short-wavelength water waves superimposed on swell, the signal amplitude probability distribution for the reflected signals showed periods of zero reflection, even for vertical incidence, apparently due to tipping of the water surface. The nonzero signals showed a distribution that could be fitted with an antilog-normal distribution. This is skewed toward higher signals than a normal (Gaussian) distribution. With incidence angle displaced from the vertical, the distribution shape was retained but with more frequent zero reflections. The decrease with angle of the average signal, including the zeroes, is well fitted with a Gram- Charlier distribution, as seen by earlier observers using photographic techniques which masked these details of the structure. For the simpler wave pattern due to a long sustained wind direction, the probability distribution is log-normal with no zero signal periods. At large angles from the vertical the log-normal distribution shifts toward exponential. For surface states intermediate between the above two extremes the distribution is often normal. The larger return signals resulting from the skew toward larger amplitudes from lognormal are more favorable for disposable laser altimeters than previously believed. Also, for an altimeter which may be swinging from a parachute or balloon, the return remains high at angles other than vertical. The presence of occasional zero return signal does somewhat degrade the accuracy of altitude measurement for a descending altimeter, but the signal available assures performance at larger altitudes than previously expected.


for 'Southeast Asian studies' and 'cultural studies' audiences; but it is a question that I think has to be answered in a review for this particular journal. On the one hand, the introduction chapter does a very good job of summarising existing urban studies scholarship on KL and of sketching the contextual as well as theoretical terrain that is necessary to enable non-Malaysianist readers to appreciate the undoubted value of the more empirically specific contributions that follow. On the other hand, the urban studies audience for this volume will be chiefly a subset of scholars who have some existing knowledge of urban Southeast Asia, if not of KL itself. As someone who has conducted research in KL in the past, I certainly gained many insights from the rich, human-centred analyses in this volume that built upon or extended my prior knowledge of the city. However, the chapters also contain several cross-cutting themes – notably concerning the social dimensions of law and the external/relational constitution of urbanisms – which, if drawn out further, may have extended the potential of the volume to reach beyond area studies audiences. Even as an urban studies scholar who has prior research experience in KL, I would have appreciated a map to locate some of the sites and places that feature in the volume. Perhaps I am conforming to disciplinary stereotypes here having been trained as a geographer, and I note that Yeoh makes explicit his resistance to any notion of KL as 'an entity geographically and hermetically sealed by administrative boundaries' (p. 1). But it seems to me that cartographic representation could have been deployed precisely to locate a range of other KLs across a territory that includes, but is not limited to, the formal boundary of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. Moreover, as is carefully documented in the chapter by Nagarajan and Willford, that boundary can itself be very important in terms of the political authorities with whom 'subaltern' and other residents of greater KL have to negotiate on matters of land/place rights, eviction compensation, etc. To suggest that such aspects of The Other Kuala Lumpur would have been enhanced by the inclusion of a map (or two) is certainly not to deny that there are spatialities and timespaces in the volume that preclude conventional forms of mapping. The Other Kuala Lumpur is a welcome addition to transdisciplinary social science research on urban Malaysia. I also very much welcome the contribution that the essays in the volume make to diversifying imaginaries of this (Southeast) Asian city. But just as Yeoh Seng Guan recognises that there are further other Kuala Lumpurs associated with recent new migrant flows (he mentions those originating from Eastern Europe and Africa), more conceptual and perhaps comparative work is needed in order to make diverse Kuala Lumpurs speak in transformative ways to international urban studies debates.


This report documents the first phase of a 3-phase Transit Manager study designed to survey management personnel in the transit agencies in 1983 requesting information on agency institutional type, operating characteristics, service area population, employment, management pool, finances and recruitment. The purpose of the survey was to solicit institutional information regarding organizational structures and changes during 1979-83 and to serve as background information for a later study of agency managers. Demographically, respondents typified small to medium sized agencies. No strong association was found between institutional types and service characteristics. Agencies appeared to be hierarchical in structure. Vertical, departmental and administrative differentiation were related to institutional setting. Only 20 percent of the sample indicated severe manager recruiting difficulties. No particular size or institutional type of agency appeared to have more difficulty in recruiting. The study results describe a managerial context that is extremely diverse across agency characteristics, change in attributes, and organizational patterns. Size, location, population served and revenue did not seem to dictate functional requirements for management structure. Overall, the study established that transit is primarily comprised of small to medium sized agencies--subunits of city or county governments.


Take the oxidized wax and paraffin as raw materials, take the mixture of emulsifiers which accession to the amount was 3.0% (mass fraction), the amount of thickener by adding 3.0% (mass fraction), the size of the prepared O/W type emulsified wax with 1 μm can be obtained under the technology when the emulsion temperature was 85 ℃, emulsifying time was 30 min, stirring speed 1 000 r/min. The emulsified wax have the advantages of low cost of production, the preparation craft is simple, easy to use, non-environmental pollution, low bubble, good stability, etc., may obtain the widespread application.


Annual otolith incremnet deposition has not been validated for spotted seatrout populations north of Florida. To validate the marks on sectioned otoliths of Chesapeake Bay spotted seatrout, a size-stratified subsample (n = 683) was randomly selected from a total of 2763 fish collected from June 1996 to March 1999. Monthly marginal increment frequency plots and monthly frequency of 0 marginal increment plots showed that presumed annual marks —interpreted as the distal edge of the translucent margin— formed once a year, during March and April, thus validating the sectioned otolith method in spotted seatrout of ages 1–5 for the Chesapeake Bay region. Many methods have been used to age fishes, but most studies have relied on the presumed annual marks on calcified structures to indicate age. Length-frequency analysis has been an useful alternative to calcified structures for aging many fishes, but this method has not been effective for spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, because sizes-at-age overlap so much that no age groups (except the first) have been clearly evident (Pearson, 1929; Tabb, 1961; Wakeman and Ramsey, 1985). Of the various calcified structures, only scales and otoliths have been used to age spotted seatrout. Most studies have used scales (Pearson, 1929; Klima and Tabb, 1959; Wakeman and Ramsey, 1985). In a comparison of aging structures, however, Ihde (2000) found sectioned otoliths far superior to scales, dorsal fin spines, pectoral fin rays and whole otoliths, because the presumed annual marks on sectioned otoliths were clearest, reader confidence was highest, and agreement was 100% both within and between readers. Similarly, Cottrell (1990) found otolith aging to be more reliable than scales. Yet only three published studies have used sectioned otoliths (Sundararaj and Suttkus, 1962; Maceina et al., 1987; Murphy and Taylor, 1994), and all of these took place near the southern end of the US range of spotted seatrout. To be useful, an aging method must accurately reflect age of the animal. Few attempts have been made, however, to validate either the scale or sectioned otolith aging methods for spotted seatrout. Moffett (1961) and Rutherford (1982) validated the scale method in Florida for spotted seatrout with 2–4 annuli, and Maceina et al. (1987) and Murphy and Taylor (1994) validated the sectioned otolith method for fish with 1–4 annuli in Texas and 1–3 annuli in Florida, respectively. Brown (1981) used an unvalidated scale method in her study of Chesapeake Bay spotted seatrout, and reported the oldest spotted seatrout ever recorded (15 yrs). It seems unlikely that this scale age was accurate, however, since a fish the length and weight of Brown's (1981) 15 yr-old corresponded to only an 8.7 yr-old fish in Ihde's (2000) otolithbased study. Cottrell's (1990) results also suggest that scales overestimate age, 85% of his age disagreements were caused by scale-aged overestimates. Beamish and McFarlane (1983) showed that using unvalidated ages can lead to dangerous and costly mistakes in fisheries management. Moreover, aging methods should be validated for each age and each population since the appearance of annuli can vary among ages and populations 78 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 72, NO. 1, 2003 (Williams and Bedford, 1974; Chilton and Beamish, 1982; Beamish and McFarlane, 1983). This may be particularly pertinent to spotted seatrout, because many studies have shown that this species exists as separate subpopulations in individual estuaries, as indicated by tagging studies (Moffett, 1961; Iversen and Tabb, 1962; Baker et al., 1986), electrophoretic comparisons (Weinstein and Yerger, 1976), and mitochondrial DNA diversity (Gold et al., 1999). This study uses marginal increment analysis (MIA) to validate the use of sectioned otoliths for aging spotted seatrout in the Chesapeake Bay region, a location near the northern edge of the range. Until now, no published study has validated any structure for aging spotted seatrout north of Florida, an area that includes nearly half the range of spotted seatrout in U.S. waters.


Two hundred and eighteen Escherichia coli isolates were collected and identified from edible fish in this study.Susceptibilities of 218 isolates to 17 antimicrobials were performed by agar dilution method.Prevalence of ESBLs and PMQR encoding genes was detected by PCR.Broth mating was applied to explore the transfer of ESBLs and/or PMQR determinants from 10 ESBLs and/or PMQR positive isolates to E.coli C600.Susceptibility results showed that resistance occurance of 218 E.coli to 17 antimicrobials ranged from 0.5% to 72.5%.Two ESBLs encoding genes were detected in 112 ampicillin-resistant isolates,including blaCTX-M-79 and blaCTX-M-14.Beta-lactamase genes,blaLEN-4 and blaLEN-17 were also detected in 2 isolates.Fifty-nine of 80 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates harboured PMQR determinants,of which 33 were qnrB,5 qnrD,21 qnrS,and 6 aac(6′)-Ib-cr.No isolates were detected to carry qnrA,qnrC and qepA.The results of conjugation experiments showed that ESBLs and/or PMQR determinants may be transferred on a same plasmid to E.coli C600.


Introduction: Published data on procalcitonin (PCT) levels after microsurgical interventions are very scarce, although infection within these patients is not only associated with severe morbidity but also significantly higher mortality rates. Material and Methods: Retrospective study on 20 patients, who were operated on by a single experienced plastic and reconstructive surgeon within one year (June 2017–June 2018). The authors included all patients, who received microvascular transplants for reconstruction of soft tissue defects. Furthermore, age above 18 years and appropriate documentation allowing sufficient data collection were defined as inclusion criteria. The authors excluded all patients with perioperative systemic inflammation and transplant loss, as our aim was to solely determine and evaluate potential alterations of serological PCT levels after microsurgical interventions. Results: The PCT cutoff level to differentiate physiological and pathological levels was defined as 0.1 &mgr;g/L. There was no detectable increase in procalcitonin in all of our 20 patients, for whom the authors performed microvascular transplantation to reconstruct soft tissue defects. Conclusion: Serological PCT levels remain stable after the considered surgical interventions and therefore PCT levels might be utilized to identify systemic inflammation, thus helping to reduce severe complications by early individualized antiinfective treatment strategies.


Critical theory is used in trying to understand the concept of research-intensive universities and the moral collapse of teacher training institutions in higher education. What makes critical scholarship different from interpretive scholarship is that it interprets the acts and the symbols of society in order to understand the ways in which various social groups are oppressed. This article is driven by the researchers' own experiences at institutions of higher learning in South Africa, as well as literature review. Moral reasoning is important within the professions because of the social status of professions. Claims by various groups about fairness of college access are central to the public discourse about equal treatment. The pressure to publish is keenly felt by all education academics, so considerable tension could arise over who is involved in initial teacher training. There is a danger that training quality teachers may be compromised as research-intensive universities will pay more attention to research at the expense of teaching and learning DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p35


The influence of high‐pressure freezing (HPF) on the lipid arrangement in phospholipid model membranes has been investigated. Liposomes consisting of pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and of DPPC mixed with a branched‐chain phosphocholine (1,2‐di(4‐dodecyl‐palmitoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) have been analysed by freeze‐fracture electron microscopy. The liposomes were frozen either by plunging into liquid propane or by HPF. The characteristic macroripple‐phase of the two‐component liposome system is drastically changed in its morphology when frozen under high‐pressure conditions. The influence of ethanol which acts as pressure transfer medium was ruled out by control experiments. In contrast, no high‐pressure alterations of the pure DPPC bilayer membrane have been observed. We assume that the modification of the binary system is due to a pressure‐induced relaxation of a stressed and unstable lipid molecule packing configuration. HPF was performed with a newly designed sample holder for using sandwiched copper platelets with the high‐pressure freezing machine Balzers HPM010. The sandwich construction turned out to be superior to the original holder system with regard to freeze‐fracturing of fluid samples. By inserting a spacer between the supports samples with a thickness of 20–100 μm can be high‐pressure frozen. The sandwich holder is provided with a thermocouple to monitor cooling rates and allows exact sample temperature control. Despite a two‐fold mass reduction compared to the original holder no HPF cooling rate improvement has been achieved (4000 °C s−1). We conclude that the cooling process in high‐pressure freezing is determined mainly by cryogen velocity.


In this qualitative study we seek to map the zones of the conceptual profile of heat that emerge in speak teacher in thermochemical video lessons. We selected seven videos that make up the thermochemical thematic unity in action in Chemistry channel on Youtube. Such video lessons were assisted and the words on which emerged heat concepts were described and categorized into realistic, animist, substantialist, empirical and rationalist, with the help of WebQDA, also used for cross between contents and zones profile emerging conceptual. We realize the higher incidence of animist zone, only to emerge in all video lessons, justified by heat approach involved in chemical reactions in most of thematic unity. All zones are observed in the formation enthalpy approach. Still, we can see the emergence of two areas of the conceptual profile of heat in the same speak, featuring a hybridity between shapes different of thinking concept of heat.


Discrete choice models have proven to be good methods for predicting market shares for new products based on consumers' expressed preferences between choice alternatives. However, the standard aggregate model fails to take into account the fact that preferences (utilities) differ from one respondent to another (or at least from one segment to another). This failure often yields poor share predictions. The most popular remedy for this problem has been to use a mixture model. In this paper, we provide insights into this problem and illustrate the solution posed by latent class (LC) finite mixture models. We also describe several recent advances in the development of LC models for choice which have been implemented in a new computer program (Vermunt and Magidson, 2003a).


Yu Dafu was deeply impacted by Marxist theory when he studied in Japan,so his literary theory,especially his main concept of creativity contains the tendency of Marxist aesthetics.He emphasizes creative personality in the form of "genius","autobiography " and "emotional history" and at the same time reflects a particular time and social misfortunes in the image of "extra person" and a sentimental mood.


The problem of human nature is an eternal topic of physical education . All concept, thoughts and ideals of physical education cover the anticipate of human nature. Many philosophers. From Democritus、Epikouros to Plato, From Ludwig Feuerbach to Arthur Schopenhauer、Friedrich Wil-helm Neitzche, mention that the hypothesis of human nature got its vivid education theory and elements of physical education . the article is to emphasize the function of physical education in order to promote it.


Iron oxide modified filter media was prepared and the content of the iron oxide on the surface, alkaline and antacid of iron oxide, the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied. Results showed the surface content of iron oxide calculated as Fe is 5.604 mg/g and the surface of iron oxide is stable. The adsorption of As (III) using iron oxide modified filter media fitted the second-order reaction model, and the adsorption process can be well described with the Langmuir isotherm equation. It means that this adsorption is single-molecule layer adsorption.


New ultraviolet and optical observations of Herbig-Haro Object No. 43 are reported. Continuum and emission line fluxes in the range 1250 A equal to or less than lambda equal to less than 7350A have been measured. The continuum fluxes are best matched by an enhanced H two photon component added to H free bound emission, assuming theta Ori extinction curve with E(B-V) = 0.2, R = 5. The strucutre and dynamics of three components within the object are discussed. The object has a radiative output of equal to or greater than 0.23 infrared luminosity in ultraviolet and optical radiation combined. The energy requirements are discussed in terms of the production of shock waves by a collimated, supersonic mass outflow from a nearby infrared source.


A biologically active glycoprotein (protoplast‐release‐inducing protein; PR‐IP), which induces the release of gametic protoplasts from mating type minus (mt‐) cells of the Closterium peracerosum‐strigosum‐littorale complex, was prepared from a medium in which mt‐ and mt+ cells had been previously incubated together. The process of PR‐IP‐inducing protoplast release was analyzed. Induction of protoplast release was dependent upon the duration of both PR‐IP treatment and preincubation in nitrogen‐deficient mating medium before PR‐IP treatment. Low cell density in the preculture stage had a significant stimulative effect upon the induction of protoplast release. Light was necessary for protoplast release, especially just before PR‐IP treatment. Chloramphenicol and 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (CMU) exerted inhibitory effects on protoplast release, especially when they were applied to the preculture stage but not when they were applied to the protoplast‐releasing stage after the PR‐IP treatment. We suggest that preculture at a low cell density under continuous light conditions that may cause metabolic changes in the chloroplast is a very important stage for gametic protoplast release in this Closterium.


Various studies have shown the advantages of using Machine Learning (ML) techniques for analog and digital IC design automation and optimization. Data scarcity is still an issue for electronic designs, while training highly accurate ML models. This work proposes generating and evaluating artificial data using generative adversarial networks (GANs) for circuit data to aid and improve the accuracy of ML models trained with a small training data set. The training data is obtained by various simulations in the Cadence Virtuoso, HSPICE, and Microcap design environment with TSMC 180nm and 22nm CMOS technology nodes. The artificial data is generated and tested for an appropriate set of analog and digital circuits. The experimental results show that the proposed artificial data generation significantly improves ML models and reduces the percentage error by more than 50\% of the original percentage error, which were previously trained with insufficient data. Furthermore, this research aims to contribute to the extensive application of AI/ML in the field of VLSI design and technology by relieving the training data availability-related challenges.


PPOVT is a relatively uncommon complication of pregnancy. This condition was first documented in 1898, when Freund described surgical management for ovarian vein thrombosis.l An extensive review of the literature by Dunnihoo and coworkers in 1991 revealed 158 well~documented cases (including their own series) and a total of 569 reported cases in the world literature.2 PPOVT is estimated to occur in 1:2000 to 1:600 (0.05% to 0.18'n pregnancies.Z.3 As symptoms are often vague or nonspecific, including fever, pain, and leukocytosis, clinical misdiagnosis is common. Because the thrombosis and the patient's pain are usually right-sided (90% of the time), the most common misdiagnosis is acute appendicitis.


The Palm Print shirt is part of the Top 100 project, which began in 2002 and intends to explore fashion/textile recycling to create 100 exhibition and production pieces. The ideas that have been explored within this project formed the basis for the current AHRC Ever and Again project.

The recycled shirt collections address ideas about:

·Emotionally Durable Design - (Jonathon Chapman)
·Consumer Involvement (Ezio Manzini)
·Upcycling (Michael Braungart)
·New Technologies beneficial when upcycling polyester (Kate Goldsworthy)
·Low Launder - (Earley / Fletcher)

Refashioned: From Waste to Wear was a catwalk presentation by 5 fashion designers who recycle, and was also a series of workshops, and a debate chaired by Lucy Siegle. The event aimed to question how designers could turn reused materials into modern, cutting-edge clothes and accessories.

The Palm Print shirt was short-listed for a Peugeot Design Award in 2002, (London, UK tour). This shirt and the project has been widely featured and cited in the press and key publications, most recently in Seamless, by Bradley Quinn (Laurence King, 2008).


The management of information flow for production improvement has always been a target in the research. In this paper, the focus is on the analysis model of the characteristics of information flow in shop floor operations based on the influence that dimension (support or medium), direction and the quality information flow have on the value of information flow using machine learning classification algorithms. The obtained results of classification algorithms used to analyze the value of information flow are Decision Trees (DT) and Random Forest (RF) with a score of 0.99% and the mean absolute error of 0.005. The results also show that the management of information flow using DT or RF shows that, the dimension of information such as digital information has the greatest value of information flow in shop floor operations when the shop floor is totally digitalized. Direction of information flow does not have any great influence on shop floor operations processes when the operations processes are digitalized or done by operators as machines.


The goal of this paper is to split the finite projective line into disjoint sublines by method of subgeometries where the order of line is not a prime number. The correspondence between the points on a line and the points on a conic has been described. The stabilizer group of some lines has been constructed using the fundamental theory of projective lines. All calculations are done using the GAP program. Also primitive polynomials over Galois filed are classified. Some examples with groups which are the fixed points of lines and study the properties of these groups are introduced. The nonsingular matrices which generate the points of conic and belong to groups of projectivities have been constructed.


This article, the official news site of Linyi five services in Shanghai, Yiwu GanZhou Shenzhen national logistics hub of news as the data source, through Word2Vec and construction LSTM emotion classification model, with positive or negative emotion in general categories, calculating to analyze its emotional value, from the emotional category and time series analysis and word frequency vector to Linyi public opinion analysis of logistics hub


Dry pressing of ceramic materials requires homogeneously soft granules with good flowability to allow rapid die filling and to avoid packing defects. Spray-drying granulation appears to be the best method for obtaining granules with high flowability in industrial scale. But, strength reducing internal microstructural defects caused by spray-dried granules with hollow and hard shells are often observed using nano and/or multi-component starting powders.
Using the example of a ZTA composite, the potential of slurry optimization, ultrasound atomization and infrared drying for better granule properties and compaction behavior were investigated. Starting granules produced in a conventional spray dryer (Niro, Denmark) with a two fluid nozzle showed typical defects like large central pores and dimples.
The early step of slurry preparation already possesses an essential optimization possibility in the form of stability adjustments. Granule compaction was clearly improved upon a specific reduction in slurry stability. The second optimization opportunity to improve the granule quality was the atomization step. Implementation of an ultrasound atomizing unit into the conventional spray dryer positively affected granule size distribution and therefor flowability and as well granule yield. But, a combination of both process optimizations delivered the best sinter bodies with highest density and strength due to further reduction in maximum size and fraction of pores.
As last step of a spray drying process, the drying is the focus of further investigations. A current setup implying a spray dryer prototype utilizes stacked infrared heater in a countercurrent setup delivering a further increase in granule yield and enduring spraying process stability.


Final Author Comments to reviewers of amt-2019-195, To anonymous Referee #4 We thank the referee #4 for constructive comments on the manuscript amt-2019-195, "Comparison of Optimal Estimation HDO/H2O Retrievals from AIRS with ORACLES measurements." We have addressed all comments from the referee. Below are (1) comments from the referee, (2) our author's response and (3) author's changes in the manuscript. Specific comments Comment 1:


Ti50Ni501xFex shape memory alloys (SMAs) have higher inherent and intrinsic internal friction peaks during R 1⁄4 B19A transformation ((IFPT + IFI)R1⁄419A) than during B21⁄4 R transformation ((IFPT + IFI)B21⁄4R). The reasons are that the former has the larger transformation strain and the abundant movable twin boundaries appearing in both R-phase and transformed B19A martensite. Ti50Ni501xFex SMAs also exhibit higher (IFPT + IFI)R1⁄419A peaks than annealed Ti50Ni50 SMA after cold-rolling because the latter needs dislocations to be introduced to form R-phase, but the former does not. For Ti50Ni48Fe2 SMA, the tan ¤ values of the (IFPT + IFI)B21⁄4R and (IFPT + IFI)R1⁄4B19A peaks and that of IFI in the Rphase regime decrease after the dehydrogenation treatment at 600°C for 6 h in a vacuum furnace, due to pinning of the twin boundaries by hydrogen atoms. However, the hydrogen pinning effect is small for IFI in B2 phase and B19A martensite. Ti50Ni501xFex SMAs with x = 2 and 3 at% have quite good (IFPT + IFI)R1⁄419A tan ¤ values (> 0.035), but their low transformation temperatures may restrict their use in practical highdamping applications. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2015425]


As part of the ongoing revision of Rhynchosia Lour. lectotype of Rhynchosia suaveolens and its basionym viz. Glycine suaveolens is designated. Another two heterotypic synonym Hedysarum venosum and Cajanus suaveolens are also lectotypified.


Since the revolution (1978-1979), Iran has been facing a sever rate of inflation. Many studies show inflation in Iran is a monetary phenomenon. This study is an attempt to prove the cost-push inflation increases inflation as well. A combination between Phillips curve and Oken's Law and Markup pricing demonstrations the positive relationship between inflation and real GDP. While in Iran's economy, the results illustrate the relationship between real GDP and inflation is negative in 1979 to 2011. Hence a 1% increase in real GDP decreases inflation 0.67%. It means that a decrease in real GDP augments inflation in Iran (stagflation). This implies that Iran's inflation follows cost-push inflation.


The authors have determined anomalies in the formation of male gametophyte in pear-apple and currant-gooseberry hybrids, leading to uneven distribution of the genetic material among the poles of meiocytes' division and disruption of chromosome balance in the cells of pollen. However, the formation of part of morphologically made pollen grains occurs, allowing the use of studied hybrids in further breeding work as pollinators.


The analysis and design of an open cycle Faraday MHD generator suitable for use in an electric air-turborocket cycle, the MHD-fanjet, is presented. The working fluid for the generators is unseeded high temperature hydrogen, generated by a standing, laser-supported combustion wave. This study also examines the performance of an advanced combined-cycle engine, powered by beamed energy, proposed for use in future SSTO aerospacecraft. This innovative engine incorporates the MHD-fanjet for the acceleration role within the hypersonic flight regime, from about Mach 11 to above Mach 25. Performance results indicate that specific impulses could fall in the range of 10,000 to 16,000 seconds. This would enable propellant mass fractions as low as 6 percent to 9 percent for such advanced shuttlecraft flying SSTO missions to low earth orbit.


The development of public transportation in urban areas to the rail system and the construction project of subway through the center of Bangkok have created an adverse impact to Chinatown, the old commercial areas of Bangkok. Weangnakonkasem Community is one of the examples of the areas receiving the impact. The construction of MRT-blue line through Wang Burapha areas caused the landlord to have an idea to sell the land in Weangnakonkasem since the area is within 500 m from the MRT station, and so receive an encouragement for intense economic development. This idea caused the conflict between landlord and leaseholders living in Weangnakonkasem since this area is an old commercial area where Chinese people have settled down and inhabited for at least four generations. To conserve the place where their ancestors have started and pass on their culture to the next generation, the inhabitants in Weangnakonkasem have aggregated the money and requested to buy the land from the landlord, and discussed within the community to find the way to develop the land. This research is an action research having an objective to study the design procedure for land development that can retain the cultural value of Weangnakonkasem Community using participatory process. The researcher used culture, study visit and knowledge exchange as the tools to work with the community. The project started by brainstorming the ideas from community, aggregating information, analyzing the problems, finding the solution which finally leading to the procedure for land development design. However, while researcher was working together with Weangnakonkasem Community, the land has been sold to the new landlord. Consequently, the land development plan of Weangnakonkasem Community needed to be stopped without a chance to achieve the objective. The researcher had a chance to present the initial development design to the community, listen to their opinions and obtain a conclusion. The important issues toward the development and conservation of Weangnakonkasem Community that have been found are: (1) the identity and the importance of old town community toward the spirit of the city; (2) the important factors for the success of the project, and (3) the important process and project procedure that can lead to the success of the project.


Inclusive, non-elitist art spaces are mounted by remarkably talented, creative individuals. Alfred Stieglitz and Donald Judd were two such individuals. Stieglitz's space was an intimate urban art gallery in Manhattan while Judd's space in Marfa, Texas was expansive, isolated, and rural. Aside from sharing the usual characteristics of the very creative, both were charismatic, physically attractive, intelligent men who held forceful visions about art. Unlike most of their peers, they had the capacity to write well and speak convincingly. Their resolute confidence and aesthetic competencies enabled them to attract and hold astute colleagues. Last they had the necessary expertise and connections to obtain resources required to maintain their vision.


Although several studies show that phonological awareness predicts reading performance, longitudinal results in different socioeconomic levels are not clear enough. This study aimed to examine to what extent the phonological awareness skills of Turkish-speaking children coming from different socioeconomic levels are predictive of later reading performance. Children's phonological awareness was assessed in three time points including in the fall and spring semesters of kindergarten and in the beginning of first grade while reading performance was assessed at the end fall semester in first grade. A total of 451 children participated in all assessments. Three regression models were tested for the analyses. The results showed that phonological awareness skills assessed during kindergarten and in the beginning of first grade predicted reading performance in first grade in children from all socioeconomic levels, and predictive power of phonological awareness skills were higher in the spring of kindergarten compared to other assessment points.


consequences of these interactions during inflammation, improve Abstract Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte population in the human circulatory 71 system and are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation. Neutrophils play a 72 multifaceted role in intestinal inflammation, as they contribute to the elimination of 73 invading pathogens. Recently, their role in epithelial restitution has been widely 74 recognized; however, they are also associated with bystander tissue damage. The 75 intestinal epithelium provides a physical barrier to prevent direct contact of luminal 76 contents with subepithelial tissues, which is extremely important for the maintenance 77 of intestinal homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that transepithelial 78 migration of neutrophils is closely related to disease symptoms and disruption of crypt 79 architecture in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and experimental colitis. There has 80 been growing interest in how neutrophils interact with the epithelium under 81 inflammatory conditions. Most studies focus on the effects of neutrophils on intestinal 82 epithelial cells (IECs); however, the effects of IECs on neutrophils during intestinal 83 inflammation need to be well established. Based on these data, we have summarized recent articles on the role of neutrophil–epithelial interactions in intestinal inflammation, particularly highlighting the epithelium-derived molecular regulators that mediate neutrophil recruitment, transepithelial migration, and detachment from the epithelium, as well as the functional consequences of their crosstalk. A better understanding of these molecular events may help develop novel therapeutic targets for mitigating the deleterious effects of neutrophils in IBD.


The Earth is the only planet where liquid water and organisms are present. However, our knowledge of the early Earth as well as origin and early evolution of life is still poor because of little preservation of Eoarchean supracrustal rock. The Isua supracrustal belt is one of the best places for studying the environment and life in the Eoarchean because the supracrustal rocks underwent relatively low-grade metamorphisms compared with other Eoarchean supracrustal belts such as the Nulliak supracrustal rocks in northeastern Labrador and Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt in northern Quebec, Canada. In addition, the best preservation of outcrops in the Isua supracrustal belt enables us to elucidate the tectonics, surface environment and life in the early Earth. Therefore, many geological groups made geological maps of the Isua supracrustal belt (Appel et al., 1998; Komiya et al., 1999; Myers, 2001; Nutman & Friend, 2009) in addition to some classical studies (Allaart 1975; Nutman et al., 1984). But, the geological maps are different among each other. The classical geological maps suggested that the belt comprises two subunits with different lithostratigraphy, but they comprise conformably piled, volcano-sedimentary successions. However, Komiya et al. (1999) showed the northeastern part of the belt comprises fourteen subunits bounded by layer-parallel faults, which have similar lithostratigraphy from basaltic rock through chert to mafic clastic sedimentary rock in ascending order to each other. Since then, the geological structure of the Isua supracrustal belt has been considered as a tectonically piled complex with some subunits. However, the numbers of the subunits are highly different between two geological maps (Komiya et al., 1999; Nutman and Friend, 2009). Nutman and Friend (2009) considered that the Isua supracrustal belt basically comprises three units with different tectonothermal histories, which were formed in different places and collided later. On the other hand, Komiya et al. (1999) considered that the belt originated from an ancient accretionary complex, which was formed through successive accretion of many pieces of oceanic crust with similar lithostratigraphy at a single subduction zone. Recently, Nutman et al. (2016) found stromatolite there, and interpreted that carbonate rock and chert were shallow water sediment. On the other hand, Komiya et al. (1999) considered that they were derived from pelagic, deep-water sediment.


The modern system of mass media is not limited to the message subject. Journalist activity is determined by the characteristic communicative forms of media representation. The submission forms and methods are summarized in stable representations, i.e. media genres. The article explores the use of media in relation to its productive, mediating and medial functions. Presentation of events and new communicative forms (fast and slow media, social media, user-generated content etc.) are analyzed in connection with the expansion of genres, as well as an introduction to the concept of media format.


We derive some consistency conditions for fivebrane in M theory on R5/Z2 orbifold from the quantization law for the antisymmetric tensor field. We construct consistent fivebrane configurations in R{sup 5}/Z{sub 2} type orbifold that exhibit the correct low energy dynamics of N=2 SQCD in four dimensions with symplectic and orthogonal gauge groups. This leads us to propose the M theory realization of orientifold four-planes of various types, and we study their properties by applying the consistency conditions.


The curren t work presents a full scale shaking table tes t conducted on a two- storeyed timber log house, designed according to the state of the art on timber engineering. The test was performed within the framework of the SERIES Project "Multi-storey timber build- ings" at LNEC, Lisbon, Portugal. Several tests and studies have been carried out by the Univer- sity of Minho to characterize the behavior of the different components (logs, walls, slabs, con- nections, etc.) of log houses in the past few years for the European Technical Approval (ETA) of this construction system. The main results of the shaking table test are presented along with the preliminary analysis of the overall behavior of the log house. The analysis was carried out based on the shaking table tests and on a numerical model developed to estimate the main seis- mic parameters using the data obtained from the different individual studies on each component of the construction system performed within the framework of the ETA.


An analysis of the current landscape of therapeutics and delivery methods was conducted, aiming the field of drug delivery systems. Drug delivery biodistribution characteristics should be systematically understood, in order to maximize the function of these delivery systems. As a result, this review covers a history of the drug delivery systems, as well as the basic terminology associated with them, with a focus on the usage of polymers in the drug administration systems (particularly in form of coatings) and their application.
New trends in nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems, primarily for cancer treatment, were presented, involving a technology designed to maximize therapeutic efficacy of drugs by controlling their biodistribution profile.
There is a justified need to investigate drug delivery systems in form of thin films because, in comparation to bulk drug delivery system, which have a long and comprehensive history, there is still insufficient and fragmented understanding about the delivery of thin polymeric films, with research limited in general to very specific cases. Our efforts have been concentrated on these specifically polymeric drug delivery systems in the form of coatings. Understanding the dynamic changes that occur in a biodegradable polymeric thin film can aid in the prediction of the future performance of synthesized films designed to be used as implantable medical devices.
Extensive research is required to continuously develop new therapeutic systems in order to achieve an optimal concentration of a specific drug at its site of action for an appropriate duration.


Ishihara, N., Shiojima, S., and Suzuki, T. (1974).British Journal of Industrial Medicine,31, 245-249. Selective enhancement of urinary organic mercury excretion by D-penicillamine. This report deals with the study of a patient who was suspected of having mercury vapour poisoning and was treated with D-penicillamine. D-penicillamine by mouth enhanced the urinary excretion of organic but not inorganic mercury. It was considered that D-penicillamine was ineffective because at a relatively low dose level of inorganic mercury exposure most inorganic mercury was tightly bound to sites of great affinity for mercury in tissues and resistant to replacement with D-penicillamine. On the contrary, organic mercury was considered to be easily replaced with D-penicillamine. The need to study further the different nature of tissue binding between inorganic and organic mercury is discussed.


13 I am grateful to Edith Porada and to Holly Pittman for information on the dating of seals and seal impressions in the "Piedmont Jemdet Nasr" or "Glazed Steatite" style. 14 U. Finkbeiner and W. Rllig eds., 6amdat Nasr: Period or Regional Style? (Tiubingen Atlas des Vorderen Orients Beiheft B62, Wiesbaden 1986); E. Porada, D.P. Hansen, and S. Dunham, "Relative Chronology of Mesopotamia (ca. 7000-1600 B.C.)," in R.W. Ehrich ed., Chronologies in Old World Archaeology (forthcoming). 1' Roaf and Killick (supra n. 1) 226-27. For different schemes of absolute chronology, cf. Porada et al. (supra n. 14) with P.P. V&rtesalji and S. Kolbus, "Review of Protodynastic Development in Babylonia," Mesopotamia 20 (1985) f g. H, between 96 and 97.


The present invention is used as a polymer layer and a pin layer yes graphene laminate, and relates to a manufacturing method, the produced graphene laminate of various types of sheet resistance is lower element comprising a substrate containing, electron-withdrawing.


An Octopus of ice. Deceptively reserved and flat, it lies "in grandeur and in mass" beneath a sea of shifting snow-dunes; dots of cyclamen-red and maroon on its clearly defined pseudo-podia made of glass that will bend--a much needed invention-- comprising twenty-eight ice-fields from fifty to five hundred feet thick, of unimagined delicacy. --Marianne Moore (Complete Poems 71) So begins Marianne Moore's complex evocation of, or ode to, Mount Rainier--a mountain also known, in the local Native American tradition, in Moore's poem, and in contemporaneous travel literature, as Mount Tacoma, Mount Tahoma, Big Snow Mountain, Nourishing Breast, and the Mountain That Was God. Like the evasive nomenclature of the peak, Moore's poem is nothing if not "shifting." As with much of Moore's early work, it is difficult to know how to start making sense of this "deceptively reserved" yet strangely radical nature poem. The poem is littered with language and images that alternate between certainty and uncertainty, admiration and fear, potential and kinetic energy. Chronicling a variety of perspectives in relation to the mountain and juxtaposing quotations rather than speaking with a single narrative voice, "An Octopus" is a poem that defies categorization. Its persistent contradictions, variable perspectives, patchwork of texts, and refusal to resolve into a single meaning reflect Moore's understanding that nature, poetry, and finally language are never "clearly defined" but always under construction. The idiosyncratic beauty of this quirky collage poem is its ability to remain flirtatiously aloof from any stable meaning; (1) as Moore writes in "Marriage," "psychology which explains everything, / explains nothing, / and we are still in doubt" (Complete Poems 62). "An Octopus" is in many ways an illustration of that statement. However, just as there are politics underlying the naming of Big Snow Mountain, (2) there is method in Moore's madness. Moore composed the poem after two visits with her mother and brother, in 1922 and 1923, to the recently designated Mount Rainier National Park. During the first of these visits she ascended to the Nisqually glacier, the "octopus" that is her poem's ostensible subject. She inscribed her initial working notes on the pages of the National Park Service (NPS) Rules and Regulations brochure--a 52-page pamphlet with information on safety, accommodations, and activities in the park (including guided tours up the mountain of the sort that Moore herself took), which park visitors received free at the entrance. The fact that Moore drafted "An Octopus" on the inside of this brochure indicates the extent to which the poem's "meaning" relies on its relation to the texts it engages. The poem's very origins are intertextual--quite literally dependent on other texts--and "An Octopus" is certainly aware of, even as it embodies, such intertextuality. Her encounters with the mountain were physical, textual, and intellectual: she experienced the direct and strenuous contact of the climber, the linguistically mediated and physically distanced perspective of the tourist, and the more cerebral positions of poet and naturalist, all of which enhance her narrative approach. Moore's poem engages the tension between these perspectives, implying that none is entirely truthful or authentic. Rather, as Stacy Carson Hubbard explains, "scrawling her nascent poem between the lines of the park ranger's prose, Moore treats the naturalist's account much as the poem treats the mountain--as a remakable or a rewritable thing" (21). In depicting various ways of seeing and experiencing the mountain--the birds' eye view of the glacier, the tourist eyeing the peak from the meadows of "Paradise," and the climber's slow ascent--she suggests all are mediated and imperfect. Perhaps due to these shifting perspectives, what "An Octopus" is primarily "about" remains elusive, despite a wealth of writing about it. …


A new approach to generate high-quality broadband frequency swept millimeter-wave (mm-wave) waveforms based on photonics-assisted frequency up conversion of a low-frequency chirped drive signal has been proposed. This is made possible by using an unbalanced temporal pulse shaping system involving two cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulators both biased at the minimum transmission points. The proposed approach is verified by simulations. A frequency swept mm-wave pulse with its instantaneous frequency spanning from 40 to 100 GHz and a chirp rate of 66.7 GHz/ns is generated thanks to 40 times frequency up conversion. Two-fold improvement on the time-bandwidth product of the generated waveform is also achieved thanks to the cascaded modulation scheme.


CS5530 is a SPI total line 24 A/D chip which the American semiconductor company promotes, the built-in programmable amplifier, the integration rate is high, the performance-to-price ratio is superior, has in other electronic scale and instruments and meters professions has the widespread application prospect, has the substitution original electronic scale and in the instruments and meters profession the amplifier +A/D chip electric circuit's tendency, introduced the CS5530 chip from the electronic scale application the hardware circuit and internal structure and software programming.


The paper looked at Workplace Diversity Management and Employee Performance in the Brewing Firms in Southern Nigeria and two objectives were raised; to determine the influence of workplace diversity management on the polarization aspect of employee morale of the brewing companies and to ascertain the effect of workplace management on the autonomy aspect of employee morale of the brewing companies in the area studied. Two research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The research design was a survey. A Census using a ratio of 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 for the four breweries used gave a sample size of 750. The hypotheses was tested using the Z-test for the Likert Scale Responses. The data presentation tool used tables. The data analysis tools were percentages, related frequencies, Z-test and Z-test of population proportion.  Findings showed that the workplace diversity management has a positive influence on the polarization aspect of employee morale in the brewing companies. Also that workplace management has a positive effect on the autonomy aspect of employee morale in the brewing companies in the area studied. Consequently, it was recommended that workplace diversity management to have a congenial work group that would lead to an increase in organizational productivity; continue to use workplace management to get a work group that would determine its direction to improve organizational performance


Adopting Agile development life cycle to develop critical systems was investigated in previous research, however the effectiveness of software development process was not systematically measured in the development of critical systems. In this paper, a measurement framework is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Agile software development process and culture when adopted to develop a critical system. The research also discusses how to apply the proposed framework on different case studies.


In view of the characteristics of GPRS/EDGE data network,the procedures of GPRS/EDGE data network eval-uation and optimization and focus points are given in combination with project practice,to optimize data network accu-rately and improve data network quality.


Corresponding author Young Woong Choi Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korean Cancer Center Hospital, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea Tel: +82-2-2970-2161 Fax: +82-2-2970-2436 E-mail: email@example.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0386-5638 Perioperative peroneal neuropathy is an uncommon complication following surgeries performed with patients positioned supine. It may be caused by various factors aside from intraoperative compression. The authors report a case of common peroneal nerve palsy in a patient who underwent total thyroidectomy with central and bilateral selective neck dissection. The patient's body mass index was 31.3 kg/m. She was positioned supine and the operative time was 7 h. During surgery, her mean arterial pressure intermittently dropped to 50-60 mmHg for 55 min and 61-70 mmHg for 195 min. She developed common peroneal nerve palsy on postoperative day 1. Nevertheless, the patient fully recovered without any complications within 3 weeks.


For the past several years, the health physics/radiation protection field has experienced a significant shortage of qualified professionals. The shortage is expected to continue for foreseeable future given the continued demand by both nuclear and medical facilities and the expected growth in the areas of waste management and environmental remediation. In response to such a shortage, beginning in the fall of 1984, Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) established a video-based instruction program that enables professionals in the nuclear field to earn a master of science degree in health physics/radiological engineering while working at a distant nuclear facility. The admission criteria and curricular requirements for the program are identical to those for the resident (on-campus) students (except that weekly attendance at departmental seminars is excused). The program is designed for students with undergraduate degrees in health physics, engineering, or appropriate sciences such as physics, chemistry, or biology. A total of 50 quarter credit hours is required, so that a student who takes one course per quarter can complete the program in four years.


Annealing silicon- (Si-) rich borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) at a high temperature results in the growth of core–shell Si quantum dots (QDs) composed of a boron (B) and phosphorus (P) codoped cry...


An x-ray microscope system for microtomography is under development at SUNY/Buffalo, New York. Considering the characteristics of the x-ray microscope system and the limitations of current cone-beam reconstruction algorithms, a general cone-beam image reconstruction algorithm has been developed at AMIL-ARTS. In order to study the reconstruction error characteristics of the general cone-beam algorithm, a preliminary error analysis on the algorithm is performed in this paper. The most important error source in cone-beam reconstruction is the theoretical precision limitation. Like many cone-beam reconstruction algorithms, the general cone-beam algorithm is not exact in nature. Thus, an analytic reconstruction error formula is derived which relates the error to the specimen structure and various imaging parameters. Approximately, the reconstruction error is proportional to either the distance from a voxel to the midplane or the pitch of a helix-like scanning locus, and inversely proportional to the size of the scanning locus. The reconstruction error also depends on the specimen structure. The faster the structure varies along the z direction, the larger the reconstruction error will be. Specimens are modeled as stochastic fields. Typical simulation results are then depicted and discussed.


Good airflow patterns and appropriate temperature and relative humidity levels are essential for storage stability, good shelf life and quality of fresh produce inside ventilated packages. Although several types of commercial packaging are available for a wide range of commodities, the majority of these packages have evolved through industry practice and experience. With increasing volume, value and variety of food commodities available in the market, there is a need for a systematic and speedy approach to the design of packaging systems that is applicable to a wide range of commodities and handling systems. In this paper, we present an innovative modelling system based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the thermal design and visualisation of airflow patterns inside ventilated packages for fruits and vegetables. Test results from the application of prototype software under pre-cooling conditions for fresh fruits will be presented and discussed.


In his piece on the "globalization of markets," Ted Levitt creates yet another challenge to our thinking. Whereas in his past writings he advocated knowing diverse customer needs and serving them differently, he is now calling for overall standardization, that is, less segmentation and adaptation worldwide.


SUMMARY A simple method was used to determine moisture adsorption isotherms of FPC (fish protein concentrate) made from whole fish (red hake and Gulf menhaden) by isopropyl alcohol extraction. The hake was ground to two particle sizes and either nonsteamed or steam stripped to remove residual alchol. Moisture adsorption isotherms were determined at 25°, 35° and 42°C in constant relative humidities ranging from 11–86%. Equilibrium moisture content ranged from about 5% at 11% RH to about 16% and 86% RH. Particle size of the hake-FPC did not appear to affect the moisture adsorption. Steam-stripped samples adsorbed slightly more moisture at low relative humidities and slightly less moisture at high relative humldities than did nonsteamed samples. Menhaden-FPC adsorbed slightly less moisture than comparable hake-FPC samples. This difference was due to differences in quantitative chemical composition of the two types of FPC's.


The structure of the thesis reviewed is clear, logical, complete and correct in its merits. The introduction presents the subject and the aim of the thesis, the research hypothesis, methodology and sources used in the thesis. The First Chapter has a general character and considers the theoretical aspect. It refers to the defi nition, premises, effects and forms of de-budgeting of public fi nance. The Second Chapter shows the evolution of legal links between the state budget and organizational units of the public fi nance sector. It contains: the political and economic basis of observance of the budgetary principle of completeness; the genesis, premises and effects of variable links between the state budget and commercial units in the period of 1918-1939 and after the World War II in the light of German and French developments; the description of budgetary units (principal budgetary units) as the primary organizational form of the state's gross budget management; the description of budgetary institutions (budgetary companies), auxiliary units serving the purposes of the principal bodies and special purpose resources (special purpose accounts) as the main means of making state's budgetary management more fl exible. The Third Chapter of the thesis reviewed is its largest section (95 pages) and considers the state special purpose funds as the main instruments of de-budgeting of public fi nance. It consists of fi ve sections describing: the main features of the state's special funds and motives of their creations; the system of the state's special funds in the light of the regulations of the Public Finance Act; the fi nancial and legal results of reforming social insurance special funds; the analysis of state's fi nancial policy in the matter of special funds in 1991-2006; the perspective of creating new state's special purpose funds. The following chapter (chapter IV) refers to the state's agencies as instruments of de-budgeting of public fi nance. It offers descriptions of: the legal status, competencies and tasks of state's agencies; the phenomenon of creating state's agencies in the era of economic and political transformations in Poland. This chapter also reviews the rationale of creating state's agencies, and their impact on the phenomenon of de-budgeting of public fi nance. Other organizational units of the


In this paper, we realized a system that receives the dynamic images of finger languages, which is the method of intention transmission of the hearing disabled person, using the white and black CCD camera, and that recognizes the images and converts them to the editable text document. We use the afterimage to draw a sharp line between indistinct images and clear images from a series of inputted images, and get the character alphabet from the away of continuous images and output the accomplished character to the word editor by applying the automata theory. After the system removes the varied wrist part from the data of clean image, it gets the controid point of hand by the maximum circular movement method and recognizes the hand that is necessary to analyze the finger languages by applying the circular pattern vector algorithm. The system abstracts the characteristic vectors of the hand using the distance spectrum from the center of the hand and it compares the characteristic vector of inputted pattern from the standard pattern by applying the fuzzy inference and recognizes the movement of finger languages.