which the descendents of AND nodes are processed in a sequential machine. The alternating nature is obviously itself irrelevant since an arbitrary AND/OR graph can be made alternating by the suitable addition of nodes. Only finiteness is critical. Thus there is a correspondence between finite AND/OR graphs and context-free grammars. This equivalence is of more than intellectual interest, for it shows that computational problems of AND/OR graphs may be well known and solved within the framework of context-free grammars. The standard problem of AND/OR graphs is that of "finding a solution" (see [4]): that is, find a subtree of the graph involving only one edge out of the OR nodes, all edges out of the AND nodes, with leaves being nodes in the original graph with no edges leaving them. A solution of an AND/OR graph is precisely a derivation tree of some sentence in the associated context-free grammar. Finding a solution is then synonymous to finding a sentence in the associated language together with its derivation tree. This problem has been solved in language theory in the form of the "emptiness problem" (see for example [2]). Simon and Lee [4] state, "Although the general methods are still at large, we have found an efficient way to obtain optimal solutions to AND/OR series-parallel graphs." Clearly, through the equivalence with context-free grammars, we obtain general methods for the solution of AND/OR graphs, though "optimality" needs a little clarification. The algorithm for the emptiness problem would (normally) deliver the string whose derivation tree has fewest levels, thus finding the solution to the AND/OR graph whose longest path from start to terminal problem is minimal: as a measure of solution cost this is appealing though not the same as the cost measures of Nilsson [3]. Elaborations on the algorithm will optimize other measures. This application of language theory to AND/OR graphs, while the most significant, is not the only one possible. The equivalence of AND/OR graphs (we must of course define equivalence carefully) is unsolvable. And so on. It is also worth remarking that language theory also gains in that the graphs usually associated with regular languages are degenerate cases of context-free AND/OR graphs, while at the informal level this communication emphasizes that syntax is a problem solving tool: in programming languages syntax between program and statement allows problem decomposition. Submittal of an algorithm for consideration for publication in Communications of the ACM …


The Turan platform consists of two blocks. The south block (South Turan province) subsides toward the east, and the sedimentary cover thickens in this direction. The north block (North Turan depression) subsides toward the west, where the sediments thicken. The point of the hinge is at the intersection of the east-west-trending deep faults of the Turan platform and the trans-regional deep faults that extends from the Urals through the western part of the Aral Sea and thence southeast to the Tyan Shans. See Figs. 1 and 2. The North Turan depression consists of five regional lows (I-V of Fig. 2). The largest is the Ustyurt, which joins the North Caspian depression through the Emba-North Caspian inter-platformal suture zone. This zone consists of a series of east-west-trending faults along which the East European and Turan platforms shifted in different directions in earlier times. The suture zone is basically a part of the frame of the East European platform. To the south of the North Ustyurt depression is the South Turan province where oil and gas fields are located in Turkmenia, Uzbekistan, and South Mangyshlak. To the northwest is the North Caspian oil-gas province and to the north is the West Siberian oil-gas province.


Losses from water distribution systems are reaching alarming levels in many towns and cities throughout the world. Leakage represents a large part, frequently more than 30 %, of the water supplied. One of the major factors affecting leakage is pressure in distribution systems. Consequently, it is important to model the hydraulics of water distribution systems with pressure-dependent leakage included. The objective of this paper is to present and validate an improved formulation of the hydraulic network equations that incorporates pressure-dependent leakage. Particular effort has been made to assess the magnitude of the different terms in the equations, including leakage, inertia and head loss. Moreover, a comparison with an extended period simulation model is performed to determine the impact of pressuredependent demands. The formulation was derived from the Navier-Stokes equations. A system of partial differential equations is solved using a finite-difference method. The feasibility of this method and efficiency of the proposed algorithms are illustrated using a number of case studies.


As robotic technologies mature, we can imagine an increasing number of applications in which robots could soon prove to be useful in unstructured human environments. Many of those applications require a natural interface between the robot and untrained human users or are possible only in a human-robot collaborative scenario. In this paper, we study an example of such scenario in which a visually impaired person and a robotic "guide" collaborate in an unfamiliar environment. We then analyze how the scenario can be realized through language- and gesture-based human-robot interaction, combined with semantic spatial understanding and reasoning, and propose an integration of semantic world model with language and gesture models for several collaboration modes. We believe that this way practical robotic applications can be achieved in human environments with the use of currently available technology.


Aim. To justify the need to include colorectal cancer (CRC) in the circle of differential diagnostic search for suspected irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Background. In accordance with the latest Rome IV criteria for IBS, its diagnosis is mainly based on the assessment of clinical symptoms and objective examination data with a very limited list of additional studies. In this case, colonoscopy for suspected IBS is performed only in patients aged over 50 years old, provided a hereditary predisposition to CRC and the "alarm symptoms" are detected. It has been recently shown that CRC can proceed under the "mask" of IBS. However, colorectal and rectal tumours are often found in patients younger than 50 years old in the absence of hereditary predisposition to CRC and "anxiety symptoms". This makes it necessary to conduct colonoscopy for all patients with suspected IBS.Conclusion. The list of diseases requiring differential diagnostics in patients with suspected IBS should always include CRC.


An excellent overview concerning results about midpoint locally uniformly rotund (MLUR for short) Banach spaces can be found in [5]. We would like to mention in addition the paper of R. Haydon [7] devoted to renormings of C(T ) where T is a tree. There he characterizes the trees T for which C(T ) is MLUR renormable and gives the first example of a Banach space which has an equivalent MLUR norm but no locally uniformly rotund (LUR for short) renorming. Actually the class of the trees T for which C(T ) is MLUR–renormable is the same as that of the trees T for which C(T ) has a rotund equivalent norm. In general this coincidence is not true (see [2], [1]). In this paper we characterize in terms of linear topological conditions the Banach spaces which admit an equivalent MLUR norm.


Objective To investigate effect of serum containing metabolic ingredient on expression ofβ-catenin and MMP-13in osteoarthritis rats treated by HBP-A.Methods The male SD rats aged 6weeks were randomized into blank group,model group,western medicine group and Chinese medicine group,5rats in each group.The models were established by ACLT(anterior cruciate ligament transection),and the corresponding measures were treated in each group.Rats were intragastric administrated after 6weeks continuously.Chondrocytes were cultured in vitro with 2.5%,5 %,10 % concentration of HBP-A serum and divided into blank group,model group,western medicine group and TCM group.The morphological changes were observed after 48hcultivation.The expressions ofβ-catenin and MMP-13 were detected by PCR experiment.Results Morphological observation showed that serum with high concentration of drug can promote cell proliferation and apoptosis associated with cell aging.gene expressions ofβ-catenin and MMP-13cultivated by 5% drug serum were higher than that cultivated by 2.5% drug serum(P0.001).Compared with blank group,the expressions ofβ-catenin and MMP-13were markedly increased in model group(P0.001).Compared with model group,the expressions ofβ-catenin and MMP-13in western medicine and TCM group were reduced significantly(P0.001).Compared with western medicine group,the expressions of β-catenin and MMP-13in TCM group were reduced significantly(P0.001).Conclusion The serum containing metabolic ingredient from HBP-A has protective effect on chondrocytes by reducing the expressions ofβ-catenin and MMP-13.


The private data possession of proof mechanism is an important means to ensure the security of cloud data. Using the private data possession of proof mechanism may cause disputes between users and cloud storage service providers. There is no credible proof to determine the wrong party, it will affect the public's confidence in using cloud storage technology. Therefore, this paper designs an incentive and arbitrable data audit protocol based blockchain. This protocol uses the quadratic residue theorem to achieve efficient auditing. The smart contract is introduced as a fair arbitrator, the blockchain is used as a self-recording channel to provide credible proof for the contradiction between users and cloud storage service providers, avoid disputes and realize dispute-free arbitration. A set of reward and punishment measures are designed using power functions to restrain the malicious behavior of untrusted users and cloud storage service providers. Efficiency analysis and experiments show that the proposed scheme has lower computational and communication overhead.


This study examines the relationship between young boxers' perceptions of self-esteem and their personal and social responsibility. The participants consist of two hundred and seventeen young male boxers. They completed both a 4-point Likert-type questionnaire assessing their self esteem and a 6-point Likert-type questionnaire assessing their personal and social responsibility. Results of the study revealed that young boxers were more likely to report higher levels of self-esteem and personal responsibility and social responsibility. Simple correlation and multiple reggression analyses revealed young boxers' self-esteem was positively related to their personal and social responsibility. This finding results reinforce the view that people who appreciate themselves and have a sense of personal empowerment will improve their personal and social responsible behaviors. This study allows us to gain insights into an effective strategy that is relevant to society and that can reduce the growing incidence of social and personal problems.


Many cases of 35kV cable faults at core,main insulation layer,semiconductor layer,terminal stress cone,sheath of shielding layer and interim membrane-plastic connector were analyzed.And the main causes of these faults were found as water infiltration,corrosion of shielding layer,low purification of main insulation layer,non-centralization in structure,small section of shielding layer,mechanical scratches on the surface of shielding layer,unsuitable spot pressing process,loose coiling and not enough overlapping.After technical innovation,improving 35kV cable procurement specification internally,introducing new process as cold contracting connector,the cables are under good operation.


A self emulsified aqueous polyurethane photosensitive resin has been prepared with isophorone diisocyanate, polyether polyol, dimethylol propionic acid and β-hydroxypropyl acrylate as raw materials, which is then neutralized with triethanolamine to form a 100 nm particle size stable system. The structure of the resin is characterized by use of infrared spectrum; and the influence of neutralization with amine on the coatings film is discussed. The prepared microgel is used for modification of the coatings film. It has shown that incorporation of microgel will improve the water resistance and hardness of the coatings film.


Global navigation satellite system "GNSS" is defined as a set of positioning satellite systems offering the possibility for a receiver to determine its position at any time and in any place on earth. The accuracy of this calculation, which is extremely solicited, is disputed by the phenomenon of multipath. for this purpose, several multipath mitigation techniques have been proposed in the literature. To prove the effectiveness of these methods, a preliminary assessment of their performances in the presence of multipath is more than necessary. This assessment is done by criteria such as the multipath error envelope and the running average of the multipath error envelope. In this project, we propose the derivation of mathematical models characterizing the average of the multipath error envelope of the C / A-GPS and BOC (n,n) Galileo signals for different values of the spacing between the delay locked loop correlators. The obtained results have shown that the pro-posed analytical models coincide with the numerical ones.


In the 1950s, when I wrote The Myth of Mental Illness, the notion that it is the responsibility of the federal government to provide "health care" to the American people had not yet entered national consciousness. Most persons called mental patients were then considered "chronic" and incurable and were confined in state mental hospitals. The physicians who cared for them were employees of the state governments. Physicians in the private sector treated voluntary patients and were paid by their clients or the clients' families.


A new controlled blasting method is provided to increase the total advance by obtaining a reliable blasting effect of short holes and long holes, thereby easily forming the face. In a parallel blasting method for drilling a tunnel, a perpendicular hole, and the like, a method for controlled blasting by multistage parallel drilling comprises: a drilling step of drilling a non-charged hole(10), and a plurality of long holes(22) and a plurality of short holes(21) respectively having the same distances from the non-charged hole; a charging step charging an explosive and a detonator into the long holes and the short holes drilled in the drilling step; and a blasting step of initiating the detonator charged into the long holes and the short holes to blast the long holes and the short holes, wherein the long holes and the short holes have different drilling depths.


Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in the form of its succinate markedly inhibited the activity of urokinase (5 CTA u/ml) on fibrin plates when tested at a concentration of 10-5m . The amidolytic (S-2444) and esterase (N-α-acetylglycyl-L-lysine methyl ester) activities of urokinase were also inhibited by α-tocopherol. Inhibition was concentration and time-dependent. Sodium succinate (10-4M) did not influence urokinase activity. The inhibition of urokinase by α-tocopherol was abolished in the presence of dilutions of whole plasma. All fractions of plasma separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 interfered with the inhibition of urokinase by α-tocopherol indicating that the effect of plasma does not reside in a single protein. The inhibition of urokinase by α-tocopherol could be reversed by serum albumin. It is concluded that α-tocopherol is a potent inhibitor of urokinase in purified systems, but the effect of protein on the reaction suggests that this inhibition has little physiological relevance.


The invention belongs to the technical field of automobile spare parts, and particularly relates to an explosion-proof tire embedded with a resistance piece. The explosion-proof tire embedded with the resistance piece sequentially comprises an inner tube, an anti-skidding layer arranged on the inner tube, a steel wire protecting layer arranged on the anti-skidding layer, a middle protecting layer arranged on the steel wire protecting layer, and an outer tube arranged on the middle protecting layer which are arranged from inside to outside. The explosion-proof tire embedded with the resistance piece is simple in structure, low in cost, safe and reliable, thus being suitable for industrial production.


Adopting an interdisciplinary approach and framing sustainability issues from a resilience perspective, our paper first aimed to highlight nature-based solutions (NBSs) as levers to foster sustainable cities consistent with Agenda 2030-SDG 11 (2015) and the New Urban Agenda (Habitat III, 2016). Second, we empirically analyzed two Italian municipalities that are experimenting with initiatives of sustainable urban management and planning based on NBSs: the Municipality of Lucca in Tuscany and the Municipality of Latina in the Latium Region. These municipalities present institutional and socioeconomic similarities, making them an interesting study setting that allows us to draw significant lessons. We conducted four research steps: (1) theoretical background analysis, including resilience thinking in sustainable urban management. We investigated the role of NBSs in enabling urban resilience according to the last level of resilience, i.e., the transformative level. (2) We studied the contributions of NBSs to sustainable cities and resilience thinking. (3) We analyzed the NBSs' projects of Lucca and Latina, and (4) we proposed an urban managerial tool: the NBSs' curve, which facilitates the estimation of the NBS ecosystem endowment. The results of the NBS initiatives presented in this study have a two-fold value. First, they aim to combine citizens' well-being with ecological and environmental aspects by better managing urban spaces that facilitate interpersonal relationships and resource sharing. Second, they are developed to meet the needs of local groups by serving as a stimulus (Fridays For Future movement) and as enablers (local associations) of managed actions. The lessons learned about the enhancement of sustainable cities through NBSs were thoroughly debated.


The search for a consistent theory of gravity has led us to various theories. One candidate
theory among the mileu is Polymer Quantum Field Theory. Polymer theory is based
on the inherent discreteness of space and time as shown by the lack of a momentum
operator. We de�ne a lattice momentum operator which when �


In this paper,based on fitted boundary coordinate system,the Ω—Ψ equations and the standard k-e double equations' turbulence model are adopted.Then,Finite Analytic Method is applied to the numerical simulation of the flow and the contamination diffusion-transportation.The flow field and concentration of the bank discharge of the meandering channel in laboratory are calculated.A comparison is made between the measured data and the calculated results by Finite volume Method.


Magnetic fields in residential and occupational environmen ts attract atten- tion due to concerns of health risks. This paper describes co mparison of two simple numerical procedures for computation of magnetic fields due to sources typical for residential environment which can be also used for teaching purposes. The methods are confirmed with the results obtained by analytical closed form solution and experi- mental laboratory measurements.


A composite fluid machine (11) is provided with a first storage chamber (S) located between a gear pump (30) and an expander section (40) in the axial direction of a drive shaft (21), and the first storage chamber (S) stores a liquid refrigerant. The first storage chamber (S) is connected to a first discharge passage (14c) only by a connection passage (17a) for the pump section.


This thesis addresses a significant, though largely unexplored, part of the Marian Counter- Reformation. Queen Mary and her ministers expected the University of Oxford's contribution to the success of their plans for the English Church to be decisive. From her letter to the University in August 1553, only weeks after her accession, in which she announced her intention of laying the foundations of her ecclesiastical policy in Oxford, the academy underwent a transformation. After decades of trauma which had left the University poor, empty and (literally, in some parts) crumbling, Mary's reign gave the University a purpose, something which had been difficult to discern since the Dissolution of the Monasteries had deprived it of a large proportion of its students and lecturers. Mary and, after November 1554, Reginald Cardinal Pole undertook an extensive programme designed to reform and restore the University, a programme which was willingly and tirelessly taken up by those sympathetic to it in the University. This had its theological, ecclesiastical, liturgical and architectural elements, each of which will be considered in this thesis. Its central claim is not just that the existing picture of Mary Tudor's Church is incomplete without the inclusion within it of the restoration of Catholicism in Oxford, but that it is in Oxford, and perhaps only there, that all the different elements of her religious policy can be seen for what they are: a consistent whole, conceived and executed with one purpose: the reintegration of the English Church into the universal Catholic body.


Medicinal plants are the wealthy source of various antibacterial agents. The objective of this study was to evaluated antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol acetone, diethyl ether and hexane leave extracts of Dodonaea angustifolia and Withania somnifera using paper disc diffusion and broth dilution methods against six human pathogenic bacterial strains. The pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi were susceptible to ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts of the leaves of Withania somnifera followed by Dodonaea angustifolia, but hexane extract did not showed any activity. The maximum inhibition zone of 16.3±0.57mm was observed against E coli by ethanol extract of Withania somnifera and MIC of 3.125mg/ml against Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae by methanol extract. The methanol extract of Dodonaea angustifolia produced a pronounced inhibition of 13.1±0.37mm against Escherichia coli and ethanol extract of D. angustifolia showed activity against Shigella dysenteriae 14.4±0.45mm and MIC of 6.25mg/ml against I. and S. dysenteriae. Four different antibiotics like Ciprofloxin, Tetracyclin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol were used as standard for the testing of antibacterial activity against six different human pathogens. Among the antibiotics Ciprofloxin showed maximum zone of inhibition ranging from 20-35mm followed by Kanamycin, Tetracycline and Chlormphenicol. The activities are attributed to the presence of some secondary metabolites present in the tested plants which have been associated with antibacterial activities. The obtained result forms a good basis for selection of plant species for further investigation in the potential discovery of new natural bioactive compounds. Keywords: Invitro antibacterial activity, Human pathogens, Plants


In order to investigate low frequency electromagnetic technique(LFET) in pipeline flaw detection,a two-dimensional finite element(FE) model of LFET was employed.A series of LFET simulations were carried out with the ANSYS parametric design language(APDL).Magnetic flux lleakage signals of different flaws were obtained from the established models.The magnetic flux leakage signal was processed by using differential algorithm and more useful hidden information about flaws was obtained.From the simulations and experimental results,the practicality of LFET-based pipe flaw detection is demonstrated,therefore,it can be recommended for the applications in non-destructive testing of pipelines such as boiler water wall etc..


4636 Background: Recent results suggest that active surveillance is a reasonable alternative for men diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer, but there is a lack of data on the tradeoffs of immediate treatment vs. delayed intervention to guide clinical decision-making. Existing studies using quality-adjusted outcomes are difficult to apply clinically due to differences in individual preferences. Further, benefits of treatment may vary substantially based on age and baseline health status.

METHODS
Monte Carlo simulations using Markov Models were used to simulate the life course of men diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer in the modern PSA era when treated with radical prostatectomy or monitored with active surveillance. Primary outcomes were life expectancy and average years of side effects from treatment, and a clinical incremental "cost-effectiveness" ratio (ICER) calculated, using the additional years of side effects and increased life expectancy with treatment as the "cost" and "effectiveness", respectively. Progression and side effect probabilities were estimated by literature review. 200,000 men were simulated for ages between 50-75 years and health statuses representing 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 times the average life expectancy. Models were validated against existing cohort data. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate the range of possible outcomes given uncertainty in model inputs.

RESULTS
For a 65 year old man in average health, surgery increased life expectancy by 0.34 [0.09, 0.47] years, with 1.7 [1.5, 2.6] average additional years of side effects, yielding an ICER of 5.1 [4.0, 17.6]. Older ages and worse health status yielded reduced life expectancy benefits and higher overall ICERs for treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
While final decisions to receive immediate treatment or delay intervention with active surveillance are dependent on individual values, older men and men with worse health at baseline face more side effects from treatment with reduced benefit in life expectancy. Using the best available data, we have quantified these tradeoffs for a range of ages and health statuses, which we believe may help patients and clinicians make this difficult decision.


I 1967, Professor Harrison Brown published an opinion piece in Environmental Science & Technology entitled "People Might Enjoy City Life". The piece predicts the rapid city development witnessed over the 50 years since its publication, with the concomitant demand for fresh water, waste disposal, loss of biodiversity habitat, air and noise pollution, and heat waste. The quote concludes with a rather blunt message: "I believe our cities as they now exist both physically and politically are doomed. I believe further that technological developments can greatly change this picture". These words have proven to be true and are now heavily reflected in the push toward sustainable city development in lieu of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 "Sustainable cities and communities", with a focus on sustainable energy generation, resource reclamation and reuse, pollution abatement,and recycling. The urban underground space (UUS), the space that is below the soil surface, is a key volume of a city that influences urban form and development. It can be described as "A geo space beneath urban areas, including wider areas of UUS that provide direct services to a city, e.g. groundwater supply or geothermal energy. UUS encompasses geologically formed rocks and soils, and artif icial spaces, as well as caverns of various origins". Below ground environmental resources include groundwater, stormwater, soil, flora, fauna,and minerals, and a geoscientists' knowledge of geological settings and water resources can point urban planners to areas below the surface that are more amenable for development. The volumetric properties of the UUS can be exploited in two ways: first via extraction (space, materials, and water) and second via injection (construction materials, CO2 and heat). 4 The role the UUS currently plays, and can play in the future, to make cities more sustainable has not been fully recognized. Building below the ground is just as critical as building above it and the UUS literally provides the foundations to cities. Subsequently, the UUS can support better utilization of public transport services, strengthened urban community multifunctionality, and reduced energy consumption, all of which can contribute to a well-functioning city life. The relevance and potential exhaustibility of urban space below ground has been recognized by geoscientists of varying disciplines, reflected by the growing body of academic literature mapping geological data for holistic urban planning. This has coincided with a growing environmental science scholarship related to ecosystem services in the environmental sciences. Ecosystem services are defined as "The benef its people obtain f rom ecosystems. These include provisioning services; regulating services; supporting services and cultural services". The ecosystem services principle is one of the first global initiatives that provides a new method of thinking for environmental scientists. Considering ecosystem services allows benefits that natural systems provide to society to be characterized qualitatively and valued quantitatively. This means different options can be weighed against each other and as the ecosystem services perspective becomes more mainstream, the impact of environmental processes on society, are thus bought into focus. In the urban underground these services interface with the built environment. Underground specialists appear to have taken a first step to address this via the introduction of the


Following a review of basic educational social and health constraints faced by single pregnant adolescents and adolescent parents an urban communitys action program directed to this group is described. The organizational structure of the action program is presented as a model for others to explore. The research component of the program found that the use of residential services by unwed pregnant girls is substantially declining in the urban community studied and nationally but proportionately the rate of girls who are single and pregnant is not declining. Professionals serving in volunteer roles apply their training to initiate change in the delivery system of residential care to single pregnant girls. (authors)


This study reviewed the characteristics of concrete made of performance improving mixture materials based on KOH as a means to resolve the problems of initial quality reduction that result in concretes with blast furnace slag powder. Summarizing the results, first as the characteristics of fresh concrete, liquidity was found to reduce in general with increased BS substitution ratio. Objective range of liquidity was not satisfied in all mixes according to the use of performance improving mixture materials. Air capacity was satisfied to the objective range in all mixes. As the characteristics of hardened concrete, while compressive strength showed a decreasing trend with increasing BS substitution ratio at early age, increasing trend was shown by the plain with increasing BS substitution ratio at later age. On the other hand, K1 and K2 were only effective among mixture materials at early age, but K1F30 showed excellent strength at both early and later ages.


Wedge indicators have been proposed for measuring thermal radiation that impinges on specimens illuminated by flash lamps for thermographic inspection. Heat fluxes measured by use of these indicators would be used, along with known thermal, radiative, and geometric properties of the specimens, to estimate peak flash temperatures on the specimen surfaces. These indicators would be inexpensive alternatives to high-speed infrared pyrometers, which would otherwise be needed for measuring peak flash surface temperatures. The wedge is made from any suitable homogenous material such as plastic. The choice of material is governed by the equation given. One side of the wedge is covered by a temperature sensitive compound that decomposes irreversibly when its temperature exceeds a rated temperature (T-rated). The uncoated side would be positioned alongside or in place of the specimen and exposed to the flash, then the wedge thickness at the boundary between the white and blackened portions measured.


Research the landscape planning and design of Dayuanhe reservoir, from the perspective accreting with nature and mutual benefit. Analyze the elements and composition of landscape planning; propose the integrated management and development proposals for Dayuanhe reservoir in order to make it have a development with ecological, culture and beauty.


The charging station malfunction may deny the charging service for the electric vehicles at the station. As a result, the vehicles need to select other stations. How to make an optimal selection is difficult for the owners. An optimal charging guidance strategy based on a weighted complex network is proposed for the owners to select the optimal station. All the charging stations are modelled as a complex network in which the stations and the roads among them are defined as nodes and edges, respectively. Furthermore, each edge is weighted by the state of charge (SOC) of the vehicle, the charging price, and the distance and traffic conditions between these two stations. The bigger edge weight indicates the smaller probability that the owner at one node of the edge select the other node of the edge for charging, and vice versa. Based on the weighted complex network model, the local load redistribution method is presented to guide the charging of vehicles at the malfunctioning station. Consequently, the optimal scheduling of the vehicles is realized under the guidance strategy proposed in this paper. Finally, some contrast experiments are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness and the superiority of the proposed method.


The credit card market has evolved into what is defined here as a "peacock market." Analogous to extravagant and inefficient male peacock displays, a "peacock market" has developed to become dominated by elaborate signals that are no longer connected in a meaningful way to price, quality, or efficiency. The focus of this analysis is on how the institutional framework of the credit card market has evolved. It is concluded that while recent and proposed regulations are beneficial, a peacock market-based strategy is already embedded in current institutional thinking and will be very difficult to reverse.


Limestone beds in the Middle Ordovician (Trentonian) Bobcaygeon Formation, exposed near Kirkfield, Ontario, exhibit irregular, bored and encrusted surfaces indicative of early lithification. These hardgrounds were formed in extensively burrowed carbonate sediments and their hummocky surface topographies were inherited, in part, from a pre-existing pattern of burrow tunnels. A diverse community, including bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, edrioasteroids, and paracrinoids, colonized these hard substrates. In addition, most surfaces are riddled with small, cylindrical boreholes (Trypanites) which represent dwellings of soft-bodied organisms. Some hardground surfaces were inhabited by multiple generations of organisms. Remains of the older generations of encrusters were strongly abraded and nearly obliterated. Superimposed upon these worn remnants are well-preserved remains of rather fragile organisms, e.g. complete hybocystitid crinoids and edrioasteroids. Evidently, certain hardground surfaces were rapidly buried by muds, resulting in the in situ preservation of the last generation of attached organisms. Slightly differing subcommunities of organisms inhabited various microhabitats provided by the irregular hardground surfaces. Thus, the relative abundance of bryozoans and echinoderms encrusting the roofs of small crevices differs from that on the exposed upper surfaces of the hardgrounds. This is the geologically oldest known hardground community in which microhabitat subdivision can be recognized. However, polarity between the subcommunities is not as pronounced as in geologically younger hard substrate faunas.


Abstract The destruction of the Monument to Humanity caused a heated debate in Turkey about the relationship between political power and artistic freedom. However, parties in this debate failed, to a great extent, to address the genocidal past the monument had evoked, let alone to take responsibility for the denial of that past in Turkey.


The application status of easy analysis method of contents of NaOH and Na2CO3 in caustic soda production were introduced. The speed of assay and analysis and production efficiency were improved with the application of easy analysis mehtod.


Central Europe as an (Inter)National Legal Laboratory: A Saga in Three-and-a-Half Scenes SETTING THE SCENE: NON-STATE COLLECTIVES IN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW ....................................................................... 481 I. A MAGNA CARTA FOR EAST CENTRAL EUROPE (OR, THE PROBLEM WITH THE LEAGUE'S MINORITIES TREATIES) ............................. 483 II. (GROUP) RIGHTS WITHOUT SUBJECTS (AGAIN): THE EMPIRE'S CONSTITUTIONAL MYSTERIES ........................................................ 486 III. PERSONALITY EXPLODING GEOGRAPHY: WE NEED A NEW INTERNATIONAL LAW... ................................................................... 489 CODA ...BUT NOT SO NEW AS THAT: THE NAZI CHALLENGE ............. 493


Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a dreadful condition to treat. Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards the people living with HIV (PLHIV) has a pivotal role in preventing further progression of the disease. Nurse's role in these aspects is essential because, the little knowledge, inappropriate attitude and inadequate practices towards PLHIV will hinder the delivery of services. Special nursing knowledge and expertise are required to care for these patients and the present study aimed to address this issue.Methods: A cross-sectional study of KAP on HIV/AIDS was conducted between January 2022 and February 2022 among nursing college students at a tertiary care centre using a standard questionnaire. Data collected was entered and analysed with MS excel 2013 and Epi info 7.2.5 and represented in form of tables.Results: Overall knowledge of the nursing students was good. There were few drawbacks in the perceived knowledge that majority of students believed that gloves and gowns are required for any contact with patients with HIV/AIDS (59.0%). Most students believed that patients living with HIV/AIDS have the right to the same quality of care as any other patient. (53.9%). Around 95.0% of the students practiced washing hands before examining patients.Conclusions: Training regarding HIV/AIDS for nursing students is a critical aspect in boosting understanding, correcting misconceptions, fostering a positive attitude, and improving compliance with universal precautions and other preventative behaviors. It also helps to deliver effective and appropriate care to PLHIV while protecting themselves from infection.


As one of the most active volcano in the earth, Mount Merapi is periodically erupted and it is considered as a natural disaster for the surrounding area. Kabupaten Sleman as one of the nearest location to this mount has to be always prepared to this disaster. The local government already set three different groups of region, in which potentially affected by Mount Merapi eruption, called KRB I, KRB II, and KRB III. Region KRB III is the closest area to the mount crater and most often affected by the eruption disaster. Whenever KRB III is affected, people live in that area usually being transfer to the next region set that is KRB II. The case presented in this paper is located at the KRB II region, which is the second closest region to the mount crater. A humanitarian distribution system has to be set in this region, since usually this region is became the location of shelters for KRB III population whenever a 'big' eruption is happened. A mathematical model is proposed in this paper, for determining the location of distribution center, vehicle route, and the amount of goods delivered to each customer. Some numerical illustration are presented in order to know the behavior of the proposed model.


Introduction: Recent significant progress in hyperpolarized (HP) noble gas MRI has made it possible to exploit a novel method of evaluating lung function or structure and to have a deep understanding of lung physiological changes. Xe has inherent features of high solubility in lung tissues and large chemical shift distribution. It has been shown that measurement of recovery process of dissolved-phase Xe signal after pre-saturation, which is related to the diffusion of Xe from gas space to tissue, is extremely useful for evaluating various physiological parameters. In the present study, a chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR) method suggested by Patz et al [1] is applied to spontaneously breathing mice, and an attempt is made to detect physiological changes encountered in emphysema model mice.


Three classes of multi‐Zn‐expanded graphene patches in different shapes are computationally designed through introducing a Zn chain into the corresponding middle benzenoid chain. Both density functional theory and complete active space self‐consistent field calculations predict that molecules of nnn‐quasi‐linear and nnn‐slightly bent series have the open‐shell broken‐symmetry (BS) singlet diradical ground states, whereas those of n(n+1)n species possess quintet tetraradical as their ground state and become open‐shell BS singlet tetraradicals when they are in a higher energy state. These results offer the first theoretical attempt to introduce multi‐Zn into the small graphene patches to form Zn‐expanded graphene patches, leading them to polyradical structures. This work provides an executable strategy to yield molecules which have stable polyradicaloid character and enhanced electronic properties of multi‐Zn‐expanded graphene patches. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


A printed-circuit board can be tested with a dedicated test rig for every type of board or by comparing the board with a known good baord. However, the idea of a single piece of test equipment that can be adapted to test a wide range of different types of printed-circuit board is now an accepted and economically proven testing technique


The generalized tight-binding model is developed to investigate the magneto-electronic properties in twisted bilayer graphene system. All the interlayer and intralayer atomic interactions are included in the Moire superlattice. The twisted bilayer graphene system is a zero-gap semiconductor with double-degenerate Dirac-cone structures, and saddle-point energy dispersions appearing at low energies for cases of small twisting angles. There exist rich and unique magnetic quantization phenomena, in which many Landau-level subgroups are induced due to specific Moire zone folding through modulating the various stacking angles. The Landau-level spectrum shows hybridized characteristics associated with the those in monolayer, and AA $\&$ AB stackings. The complex relations among the different sublattices on the same and different graphene layers are explored in detail.


The lateral interaction for molecular orientation rearrangement of adsorbates was investigated using high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The adsorption configuration of CO on Pd(110) was identified, based on the observation of hindered rotational vibrations in the dipole-scattering spectra. With increasing coverage, the CO orientation switches from the upright configuration to the tilted configuration, first along the Pd row and then perpendicular to the row. It was concluded that the tilted configuration is ruled by the nearest-neighbor CO-CO repulsion.


The goal of this study was to combine a specialized acquisition method with a new quantification pipeline to accurately and efficiently probe the metabolism of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled compounds in vivo. In this study, we tested our approach on [2‐13C]pyruvate and [1‐13C]α‐ketoglutarate data in rat orthotopic brain tumor models at 3T.


Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the chemicals produced in the largest volume in the world. It is commonly used as a component of plastics and food containers and can act as a xenoestrogen in humans. In view of the risk of exposure to it from the environment and diet, and basically as a water pollutant, the objective of our study was to assess possible effects on ionic regulation after exposure to BPA by means of a histopathological and morphometric study of the chloride and prolactin cells in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an experimental model. Twenty-five male 16-week old zebrafish (Danio rerio) were allocated randomly into 5 study groups (n=5/group); a control group, and four groups, exposed for 2 weeks to a concentration of (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L) of BPA, respectively. After 2 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and samples of their gills and pituitary gland were immediately taken for their subsequent histopathological analysis. Our results showed how, in the first study groups, lesions appeared in chloride cells, generating compensatory modifications in the prolactin cells, which were enough to maintain stability in the ionic exchange. As the exposure concentration increased, more serious histological modifications occurred. In the groups with the highest concentration (100 and 1000 μg/L), the lesions were so severe that the prolactin cells underwent some degenerative processes, which probably prevented the compensatory action at gill level.


This article deals with one of Yun Heunggil's (b. 1942) novels, The House of Twilight (1970). The purpose of this article is to depict the child narrator's process of initiation during the Korean War (1950-1953) in relation with two particular places in Jeongeup, a city in North Jeolla Province. Accompanied by a child named Gyeongju, the child narrator pays visits to an iron foundry and Gyeongju's tavern house. Against the backdrop of these two spatial settings, the narrator interacts for the first time with the traumatic social impact of the War. He is introduced to the reality of death by Gyeongju's recollection of her family's trauma and through initiation into her sadistic games. Further analyzed in the article, these places, along with their ambivalent connotations, anticipate the narrator's maturation.


Over-use and mismanagement of electrical energy is a prevalent problem in the contemporary world. To overcome this potentially crippling flaw in electricity distribution, an effective monitoring system has to be developed. This paper proposes an integrated hardware and software solution for wireless monitoring of energy consumption of the end-user through a network of metering nodes connected to every device. To achieve scalability in this network, 6LoWPAN is the protocol of choice. It combines IPv6 with an efficient header compression scheme to meet the stringent requirements of 802.15.4 data payload. The steps involved in design and development of the network and the nodes have been elaborated. The feasibility of this design has also been scrutinized. Index Terms — Energy Monitoring, 6LoWPAN, 802.15.4, Wireless Sensor Networks.


Chiral, racemic alkylaryl-, or diarylhalophosphines have been obtained in 50–70% yields by treatment of alkylaryl- or diaryl-methylthiohalophosphonium triflates with triphenylphosphine in methylene chloride solution at room temperature or under reflux.


Deciphering of the role of water (or other weak acids) in the reduction of superoxide is based on three observations:  (i) very large peak potential shifts (and hence a large increase of the apparent standard rate constant) associated with the reaction O2•----H2O + e- → -O2H---OH- upon addition of water (or methanol, or 2-propanol) to the acetonitrile solution; (ii) increase of the hydrogen/deuterium isotope effect with water concentration; (iii) the fact that the positive shift of the peak potential (or equivalently the increase of the standard reduction rate constant) is larger with methanol than with water. Mere invocation of specific solvation by water (or the other weak acids) of the reduction products cannot explain these facts. They instead reveal that short hydrogen-bonded water chains, involving approximately three water molecules, are involved in the concerted proton−electron transfer process, thus providing a preliminary picture of the mechanisms operating in pure water or other H-bonding and H...


5042 Background: Sunitinib demonstrated superior progression-free survival (PFS; the primary endpoint) over interferon-alfa (IFN-α) as first-line mRCC therapy (NEJM 2007;356:115). Median overall survival (OS) with sunitinib compared to IFN-α was: 26.4 vs. 21.8 months (HR=0.821; P=0.051 by unstratified log-rank test; Proc ASCO 2008;26, May 20 suppl; abstr 5024). An analysis of prognostic factors for OS was performed on data from this trial.

METHODS
750 treatment-naïve mRCC patients were randomized 1:1 to receive sunitinib or IFN-α. By Cox proportional hazards model, selected pretreatment variables were evaluated univariately and in a multivariate model for each treatment arm. Multivariate models for each treatment arm were based on a stepwise algorithm with a type I error of 0.25 for entry and 0.15 for elimination. Further elimination was applied to identify variables significant at P<0.05.

RESULTS
In multivariate analysis of sunitinib patients, factors associated with longer OS include: interval from diagnosis to treatment ≥1 yr, ECOG PS of 0, lower corrected calcium, absence of bone metastases, lower lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and higher hemoglobin (Hgb) ( table ). For the IFN-α treatment arm, male gender, absence of bone or lymph node metastases, lower LDH, higher Hgb, lower corrected calcium, higher neutrophil count, and interval from diagnosis to treatment ≥1 yr were associated with longer OS.

CONCLUSIONS
For patients in the sunitinib treatment arm, prognostic factors identified were similar to the factors previously identified in the MSKCC risk groups (J Clin Oncol 2002;20:289). Additional prognostic factors were identified for the IFN-α arm. Further studies are warranted to independently validate these findings as well as to identify tumor-specific prognostic factors. [Table: see text] [Table: see text].


There is an increasing usage of powder metallurgy products based on aluminum alloys. In order to increase the competitiveness of the P/M parts, there is an urgent need to improve the flow properties of the aluminum-based powder blends. Current research at Birmingham University is focussed on the investigation of flow properties of Al based powder blends as a function of morphology, size distribution, blending conditions, alloying and lubricant additions. The powder flow behaviour and microstructure have been studied using a combination of Hall Flowmeter, Scan Electron Microscopy and laser scattering method. This paper presents a study of the interrelationship between powder flow, blending conditions and powder characteristics.


288 I owe special thanks to Ernest Callenbach, Virginia Wexman, Lauren Berlant, Heather Butler, Marilyn Fabe, and Sanjay Hukku (for the pictures), as well as the editorial board of Critical Inquiry for helping me to realize this essay. To Yuri Tsivian I owe the kiss from Tonight or Never. To Don Crafton I owe footnote 44 on The Paleface. To Tom Gunning I owe the information about John Sloan. Thanks also to audiences at the University of Oregon, Portland State University, and the Chicago Film Seminar for helpful feedback. 1. Theodore Roszak, Flicker (Chicago, 1991), p. 162. Of Kisses and Ellipses: The Long Adolescence of American Movies


We give a combinatorial description of a family of indecomposable objects in the bounded derived categories of a new class of algebras: string almost gentle algebras. These indecomposable objects are, up to isomorphism, the string and band complexes introduced by V. Bekkert and H. Merklen. With this description, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a given string complex to have infinite minimal projective resolution and we extend this condition for the case of string algebras. Using this characterization we establish a sufficient condition for a string almost gentle algebra (or a string algebra) to have infinite global dimension.


The extraction of charm mixing and CP violation parameters requires the combination of many measurements. The latest averages are reviewed and the contribution of individual measurements is discussed. While it is established that the CP-even eigenstate is the shorter lived, the oscillation frequency of charm mesons is still not known to high accuracy. All CP asymmetries are found to be compatible with zero within less than 3 sigma.


The Business Situation in Texas; Texas Metals, Metal Industries and Metallurgy: Part 2; Texas Building Construction in July; Texas Retail Sales in July


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A microscopic light sensor measures light transport through coral tissue. Photo credit: Daniel Wangpraseurt

Corals have struck up a remarkable partnership with minute algae, resulting in some of the most dazzlingly beautiful organisms on the planet. They provide the


SKs. Seborrheic keratoses are ubiquitous, benign, pigmented skin lesions with a warty, stuck-on appearance. Their prevalence increases with age, and they tend to appear gradually over time and grow relatively slowly. However, in an SK eruption, many lesions will appear in a short amount of time. Unlike normal SKs, eruptive SKs tend to be pruritic and inflamed. When eruptive SKs are associated with malignancy, it is known as the "sign of Leser-Trelat." Malignancy is the most common association with eruptive SKs, classically gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma but also ovarian carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and even melanoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Rarely, psoriasis can also present in a paraneoplastic fashion. In our patient, investigation, including colonoscopy, revealed no underlying malignancy. Psoriasis can rarely trigger eruptive SKs as well, reported in a patient with erythrodermic psoriasis and an eruption of SKs in healed psoriasis plaques after treatment with efalizumab. Even noneruptive SKs have been shown to be more common in psoriasis, particularly in patients with more than 10 hospitalizations or treated with phototherapy. Most of the lesions in our patient were clinically and histologically consistent with SKs with varying degrees of inflammation. However, some of the lesions, her scalp erythema, and the nail pitting were consistent with psoriatic disease. This case presented challenges in establishing the correct diagnosis for each type of lesion as well as determining the relationship between the diseases, as the concurrent onset made it very unlikely that they were completely unrelated. This case highlights the importance of performing multiple biopsies when an eruption presents with more than one morphology. After ruling out the other possible etiologies, we concluded that our patient developed idiopathic psoriasis that triggered an eruption of SKs. The symptomatic SKs were treated with liquid nitrogen cryodestruction. A combination of topical steroids and phototherapy led to the control of her psoriasis.


Combining the multi-agent technology and nonlinear control knowledge, this paper presents an intelligent nonlinear control structure of the power system based on the multi-agent technology. It is a multi-agent system (MAS), which is composed by corresponding layer and implementing layer. The corresponding layer determines the optimum location scheme of the nonlinear control using the "dynamic residue" method. The implementing layer controls the switch between the nonlinear control and the general control. Applying results on ten-generation system indicate that it can eliminate the zero dynamic characteristic and improve the transient stability of the multi-generation power system. (8 pages)


This research is about the impact of the spiritual tourism for reflection and the multicultural management in a creative and pacific way. This potencial contributes to the creation of an European multicultural identity. The case of Melilla is very representative because it is a multicultural city. Four cultures live together in this place without renouncing to their signs of identity, enriching by the daily contact Christians, Muslims, Jews and Hindus coexist in harmony. Each of them contributes their intangible cultural heritage. All this cultures shows their spirituality and complex rituals in religious spaces that attract many tourists and visitors. The experience of the visit to the temples gives the knowledge about other cultures and stimulates the reflection, increasing the comprension about other people and improving the relationships. This question is very valued by the tourists.


We drove the /sup 2/S/sub 1/2 /-/sup 2/D/sub 5/12/ transition of laser-cooled trapped Yb/sup +/ by frequency-doubled diode-laser radiation. The /sup 2/F/sub 7/2/ state, pumped by driving this transition, was deexcited by irradiation at 3.43 /spl mu/m, 638 nm, and 828 nm.


Gerard Barrett's low-key Pilgrim Hill was a somewhat unexpected hit during 2013, the Brown Bag Films writer's debut feature not only receiving its international premiere at the Telluride Film Festival, but earning him its Great Expectation award. Add that to the Bingham Ray award at the Galway Film Fleadh and places at the London BFI Film Festival and Busan International Film Festival, as well as an IFTA Rising Star award, and the film's success appears wildly disproportionate to its ultra-low-budget origins. Costing a meagre 4,500 [euro] (1) and filmed in just seven days in Barrett's native Kerry, part of the film's subtle appeal lies in its resolutely downbeat approach to its material. Joe Mullins (Killinascully) stars as Jimmy Walshe, a middle-aged, under-educated farmer eking out a living on a small farm on the eponymous Hill, where the natural sounds and measured seasonal rhythms of rural life dominate, and emotional connection remains elusive. Jimmy clears the rushes from his boggy land, cleans and maintains his pebble-dashed bungalow and outbuildings, feeds and milks his small herd of cattle, with the same deliberate care with which he tends to his bedridden father. This is no Rousseau-inspired bucolic idyll, nor does it call to the romantic representations of rural Ireland of The Quiet Man. Jimmy's silence speaks of regret and loneliness, the demands of his solitary life eased only by the occasional match or funeral, his closest companions the cows to whom he deals out unsentimental, companionable pats. A painstaking measuring-out of time dominates, Barrett's--often silent--focus primarily on the accumulation of moments, the minutiae of Jimmy's daily life. The leisurely pace resolutely refuses to fetishise the Irish countryside or the unfolding of 'natural' time, placing its passage of time not as 'serene', so much as 'anaesthetic', and solidifying gradually into a picture of rural Ireland in crisis. In one sense, this is a deeply personal catastrophe of identity. Jimmy, the product of an unhappy "arranged marriage", his mother's early suicide, and his father's resulting bitterness, admits that he "kinda feel[s] trapped sometimes with it all". The practical obligations of farming and the familial obligations which concern him are not presented as 'timeless' inevitabilities, but are contrasted with Jimmy's more contemporary awareness that other options could once, perhaps, have been available to him. In this sense, Jimmy occupies a hinterland between modern and (implied as more restrictive, and emotionally brutalising) traditional visions of Irish masculinity. Although he frames this generational transition in explicitly personal terms, speaking of his regret at not standing up to his father and talking of his wasted longing for a family of his own--specifically a daughter, which would mark a kind of symbolic end to the patriarchal dominance of the countryside--the generational issues invoked here are not Jimmy's alone. Barrett's Kerry is almost exclusively occupied by men, and old men at that; bidding on calves at the mart, in the pub casually conversing about the weather. Jimmy's shyness isolates him from them too, but the cumulative impression is one of rural Ireland embedded in a kind of transitional limbo, one which seems as defined in masculine terms as much as in socioeconomic ones. This is seen clearly in two elements. The first is the pointed distinction made between Jimmy and the brash Tommy, who is "ridin' the dole train" for want of better options. While emigration to Canada or Dubai is his only real future, Tommy's youthful naivety--suggesting that the barely literate Jimmy should abandon the farm to go to college --signals a clear rejection of traditional rural norms. So too does his description of Jimmy's turf-cutting as "caveman stuff', and his misguided attempt to engage Jimmy in a more contemporary social milieu, all conversation lost amid the banging techno and bikini-clad podium dancers of the local nightclub. …


We present a complete multiphoton classification of prethreshold structures in measured microwave ionization data of hydrogen Rydberg atoms. We show that fourth-order quasienergy perturbation theory reproduces the locations of prethreshold structures, thus proving that prethreshold structures are a perturbative effect. Additional prethreshold structures are predicted to occur at field and frequency values, to our knowledge, not yet explored experimentally.


The paper presents an efficient algorithm to detect small infrared target based on the principle of background prediction and image blocking according to the feature of small IR target in a complex background.Using the edge detection,maximum mean algorithm and partial similar methods,this approach can obtains a more accurate background.With the adoption of the statistical segmentation method,the proposed method can obtain a more accurate position of target from the residual images.In the process,the image block technique is used to improve the efficiency of the algorithm.Finally,three typical series of IR video were selected to verify the performance of the algorithm.The computer simulations show that the presented algorithm has more advantages in the detection accuracy,robustness,and calculation efficiency.


Frequency reuse in satellite communications by means of dual-polarized systems imposes stringent copolar attenuation (CPA) and crosspolar discrimination (XPD) margin requirements. Rain and ice-induced depolarization can cause unacceptable cross coupling. To reduce this effect, cancellation techniques have been applied. When ice depolarization is dominant, a very simple cancellation network affecting only the differential phase shift (DPS) can restore adequate isolation. The improvements in XPD or system availability are presented for 20/30 GHz, where the up-link XPD was precompensated by using frequency-scaling relationships of DPS. Hence, this cancellation technique needs only the information of DPS from the down-link.<<ETX>>


Air quality is the main factor to influence the internal environment in the air conditioned coaches and it is also influenced by several other factors such as the air environment outside the trains and the passengers themselves as well. The main means for air purification is to ensuring the air quality. At present there are some problems for air purification means on China′s air conditioned passenger trains. Factors of air environment, long running sections, running in different regions and seasons all have effects upon the air quality inside trains. The single lay nylon filter net used now for purifying the air on air conditioned passenger train does not meet the actual operating conditions of trains in China. Some problems are caused both by passengers and crews on trains and by the lack of maintenance. Studies are carried out to develop a new deep lay air conditioned fiber filter in accordance with air return system of the air conditioned passenger train and other requirements. The deep lay fiber filter has five effects including blocking, inertia, diffusion, gravity and static electricity acting in concert. Its efficiency is much greater than that of the single lay filter. The dust thus caught is also several times more than that of the single lay filter. It can produce a good filtering result and greatly improve the air purification in trains. In a word it proves to be a good device to improve air quality inside the coach.


We study the asymptotic solutions of a version of the Balitsky–Kovchegov evolution with discrete steps in rapidity. We derive a closed equation in momentum space. We show that it possesses traveling-wave solutions and extract their properties. We find no evidence behaviour due to discretization.  2005 Elsevier B.V. PACS: 11.10.Lm; 11.38.-t; 12.40.Ee; 24.85.+p Open access under CC BY license.


An experiment was carried out to estimate the relations between broiler carcass weight and thighs+drumsticks, breast+bone+skin, and breast meat by the linear model. Eight hundred and sixty and four male poultry of Arbor Acres strain, from 22 to 42 days of age, were assigned to a completely randomized design in 3x4factorial scheme. Corn and soybean meal based diets were prepared to contain 2900 kcal ME and 15.43; 17.26; 19.60; and 22.60% CP; 3,100 kcal ME and 16.49; 18.45; 20.95; and 24.22%CP; and 3300 kcal ME and 17.55; 19.64; 22.30; and 25.78% CP, resulting in twelve treatments. Each treatment was constituted of four replicates of 18 birds. High correlations were observed between live weight at 42 days old and carcass weight (r = 0.958), carcass weight and thighs+drumsticks (r = 0.991), breast+bone+skin (r = 0.965) and deboned breast meat weight (r = 0.950). The lipid percentage was negatively correlated to the moisture percentage (r = -0.880). The linear equation is recommended to estimate carcass anatomical components in broiler chickens.


Respiratory viruses are responsible for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) worldwide. However, there is a gap on the epidemiology of viral LRTIs in adults in sub‐Saharan African countries. In Cameroon, like in other countries, the role of viral respiratory pathogens in the etiology of LRTIs in adults is helpful for clinical management. This study aimed to determine the viral aetiologies of LRTIs among hospitalized adults in a reference center for respiratory diseases in the town of Yaounde in Cameroon and its surroundings.


In non-mammalian vertebrates, the relatively homogeneous population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) differentiates and projects entirely to the contralateral side of the brain under the influence of sonic hedgehog (Shh). In mammals, by contrast, there are two different RGC types: the Zic2-positive ipsilateral projecting and the Isl2-positive contralateral projecting. We asked whether the axons of these two populations respond to Shh and if their response differs. We have also analysed whether midline- and RGC-derived Shh contributes to the growth of the axons in the proximal visual pathway. We show that these two RGC types are characterised by a differential expression of Shh signalling components and that they respond differently to Shh when challenged in vitro. In vivo blockade of Shh activity, however, alters the path and distribution mostly of the contralateral projecting RGC axons at the chiasm, indicating that midline-derived Shh participates in funnelling contralateral visual fibres in this region. Furthermore, interference with Shh signalling in the RGCs themselves causes abnormal growth and navigation of contralateral projecting axons in the proximal portion of the pathway, highlighting a novel cell-autonomous mechanism by which Shh can influence growth cone behaviour.


Fresh-cut processing stimulates the oxidative burst of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables so as to promote the reactive oxygen metabolism disorders.To clarify the effect of exogenous ethylene and MeJA treatments on reactive oxygen metabolism in tissue of fresh-cut lettuce,the change of two oxidative oxygen including H 2 O 2 and O2 ·and the activity of super oxygen dehydrogenises(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX) were measured after being treated with exogenous ethylene and methyl jasmonate(MeJA).The results showed that the activity of SOD,POD,CAT and APX was promoted and the contents of H 2 O 2 and formation rate of O2 ·were inhibited after ethylene and MeJA treatment.Among the two treatments,the effect of MeJA was more remarkable.


Protein concentration, phosphatase and esterase isozyme patterns in 5-day old, fifth instar larval haemolymph were studied from selected lines of two different voltinic races of Bombyx mori. Total protein concentration was 1.2-fold higher in bivoltine strain (NBI8) than in multivoltine strain (Pure Mysore). Electrophoretic analyses of both the enzymes revealed 6–8 bands among different lines. However, these isozymes showed different electrophoretic mobilities.


Objective To investigate the change in anatomic distribution of colorectal polyps over a period of 10 years based on the consecutive endoscopic examination records. Methods The records of 1,747 final diagnosed colorectal polyps were reviewed. The location of colorectal polyps was divided into 4 groups: right-sided colon, transverse colon, left-sided colon, rectum and multiple. The distribution of polyps was compared between group year 1995 ~ 1999 and group year 2000 ~ 2004. Results During 1995 to 1999, the diagnosis of colorectal polyps was made in 591 patients. Most of polyps were in left-sided colon and rectum, accounting for 38.6% and 25.9%, respectively. Right-sided colon, transverse colon and multiple polyps accounted for 9%, 7.8% and 18.7%, respectively. During 2000 to 2004, the diagnosed polyps increased to 1,156 cases, but the distribution of polyps did not change dramatically(P 0.05): left-sided colon 37%, rectum 24.6%, right-sided colon 11.9%, transverse colon 10.2%, and multiple polyps 16.3%. 81.2% of the polyps were adenomas. Conclusion The number of polyps detected by colonoscopy increased rapidly in last five years, but the sub site of distribution did not change during last decade.


Objective
To detect the expression level of microRNA(miR)- 107 in the different clinical stages of bladder transitional cell carcinoma(BTCC), and explore the relationship between miR- 107 pathway and clinicopathological features of BTCC.

Methods
Fifty- six BTCC specimens surgically resected were selected.For each specimen, the cancerous tissue and its remote normal mucosa were analyzed and compared.The expression of miR- 107, let- 7, Dicer, Ras/high mobility group A2(HMGA2), and zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1(ZEB1)/zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 2(ZEB2)in the resected cancer tissues was detected by using real- time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(Real- time PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, and their correlation with clinicopathological features was analyzed.

Results
(1) The expression rate of miR-107 was significantly higher in BTCC tissues than in normal tissues(14.983±6.215 vs.9.124±5.595), and that in deeply infiltrating group was significantly higher than that in superficially infiltrating group (15.183±6.035 vs.11.728±5.472, and 14.663±5.215 vs.10.983±5.674,P 0.05).Ras/ HMGA2, let- 7 downstream regulatory factors, were significantly higher in BTCC than in normal tissues(89.3% vs.23.2%, and 80.3% vs.28.6%,P< 0.05). The expression of let- 7, and Dicer in BTCC tissues was significantly lower than in normal bladder epithelium (P< 0.05);(2) miR- 107 expression was inversely correlated to let- 7 and Dicer.

Conclusion
The miR- 107 was related with the clinical stages of BTCC through the regulation of Dicer and let- 7 pathways, which mediates the occurrence and development of bladder cancer.

Key words:
Micro RNA- 107; Dicer; Bladder transitional cell carcinoma; Epithelialmesenchymal transition


World trade and exploration for natural gas/oil in the Arctic/Subarctic has greatly stimulated the development of shipping in arctic regions. More and larger commercial vessels have or will operate in the harsh environments. This stretches the validity of the existing ship design rules and raises concerns. To deal with this challenge, owners, designers, operators and regulators have been trying to develop more and better design scenarios. This paper addresses such scenarios. Impacts between ships and the discrete ice floes are unavoidable. This paper develops an approach for ice load assessments for a ship interacting with discrete ice floes on the bow and midbody area. One typical scenario in those interactions in considered in this paper: a midbody impact with a second flow, following a glancing impact between the bow and a first ice floe. The assessed ice loads of the two impacts within this scenario are compared to the current requirements of the hull structural strength at the bow and mid-body. From the hull strength point of view, the safe navigation speeds were estimated due to various factors (mass, velocity, geometry). The paper highlights some of the challenges of direct design and hull strength checking.


In-wheel motors for electric vehicles (EVs) have a high outer diameter (D) to axial length (L) ratio. In such applications, axial flux machines are preferred over radial flux machines due to high power density. Moreover, permanent magnet (PM)-less machines are gaining interest due to increase in cost of rare-earth PM materials. In view of this, axial flux switched reluctance motor (AFSRM) is considered as a possible option for EV propulsion. Two topologies namely, toothed and segmented rotor AFSRM are designed and compared for the same overall volume. These topologies have a three-phase, 12/16 pole single-stator, dual outer-rotor configuration along with non-overlapping winding arrangement. Analytical expressions for phase inductance and average torque are derived. To verify the performance of both the topologies a finite element method (FEM) based simulation study is carried out and its results are verified with the analytical values. It is observed from simulation that the average torque is 16.2% higher and torque ripple is 17.9% lower for segmented rotor AFSRM as compared to toothed rotor AFSRM.


The prognostics and health management(PHM) system is now playing an important role in promoting transition of the operational aircraft from run-to-failure,scheduled preventive maintenance to condition-based maintenance. Considering technique characteristics and maintenance demand of the new generation operational aircraft,three different backup blue prints of on-board prognostics and health management system architectures are contrasted,and then a layered architecture is presented,which include vehicle level PHM,area level PHM,subsystem level PHM and module / component PHM.Finally,the division of hierarchy,function description of elements,information transmission and external logic are discussed.


Due to the mutability of unstrained or handwritten digits,most algorithms in previous study either forfeited easy implementation for high accuracy,or vice versa.This paper proposed a new feature descriptor named Distance Distribution Histogram(DDH) and adapted Shape Accumulate Histogram(SAH) feature descriptor based on shape context which was not only easy to implement,but also was robust to noise and distortion.To make hybrid features more comprehensive,some other adapted topological features were combined.The new congregated features were complementary as they were formed from different original feature sets extracted by different means.What's more,they were not complicate.Meanwhile,three Support Vector Machine(SVM) with different feature vector were used as classifier and their results were integrated to get the final classification.The average accurate rate of several experiments based on self-established data sets,MNIST and USPS is as high as 99.21%,which demonstrates that the proposed algorithm is robust and effective.


Objective To analyze the clinical features of infantile cytomegalovirus(CMV) hepatitis with cholestasis and investigate intrahepatic cholestasis due to hepatocytic impairment caused by CMV infection.Methods Forty-seven children with CMV cholestatic he-patitis were divided into 2 groups according to the level of total bilirubin(TB):22 cases with serum TB lower than 136.8 μmol/L(groupⅠ),and 25 cases with serum TB higher than 136.8 μmol/L(groupⅡ).All children were treated with both gangciclovir and routine met-hods,and serum biochemistry were checked before and after treatment.SPSS 13.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results Forty-seven cases of infantile CMV cholestatic hepatitis had different degrees of jaundice,hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal liver functions.The differences of serum ALT and AST between the 2 groups had statistical significance,the levels of serum gamma glutamy transferase(GGT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were lightly higher in groupⅡcompared with those in groupⅠ,but there were no statistical significance.TB,direct bilirubin(DB),ALT and AST were decreased in the 2 groups after treatment,GGT and ALP hadn′t decreased significantly after treatment.Conclusions CMV infection can injure hepatocytes and epithelials on each grade of bile duct,thus CMV hepatitis causes intrahepatic cholestasis.Cholestasis due to hepatocytic impairment deserves emphasis and intervention should be done as early as possible.Gangciclovir therapy for CMV infection manifest effective and safe in short-term.


Pepsin solubilized collagen (PSC) from the skin of pharaoh cuttlefish was isolated, partially purified by salt precipitation and dialysis prior to characterization. The yield of PSC was 43.7% (dry weight). PSC had good purity which showed the distinct UV absorption peak at 232 nm and high hydroxyproline content. Total sugar content of PSC was 3.40% (dry weight), which was higher than that of collagen from calf skin (CC) (1.45% dry weight) (P<0.05). Based on protein pattern, PSC was considered to contain mixed type collagens, in which consisted of αand β-chains as major components. PSC was rich in glycine and had high content of imino acids (196 residues/1000 residues). The maximum transition temperature (Tm) of PSC was 34 °C which was about 7 °C lower than that of CC. The skin waste material from cuttlefish processing is one of a promising new source for collagen production.


The slit-lamp biomicroscope is essential in the clinical evaluation of the human ocular anterior segment. A narrow slit of intense white light is shone into the globe, illuminating a thin optical section of the anterior segment, and the illuminated section is examined at an angle through a icroscope. While qualitatively useful, the resultant image is quantitatively severely distorted by the angle of observation, which is a variable projection of the true spacings, and by the passage of the scattered light through the cornea, a strong and sharply curved refractor.


The present study aimed to study the effect of the concentration of the essential oil of Citrus paradisi "grapefruit" on the viability of Candida albicans and with this to initiate new investigations in order to determine the activity of this fruit, as well as its effects on the treatment of new diseases. For this the fruit of the grapefruit of the bean district was collected, from its shell the essential oil was extracted by steam distillation, then it was placed in vials containing twen 80 to 0,1% in distilled water and the oil of grapefruit at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 ug/μl respectively. C. albicans was seeded on plates with Sabouraud agar and allowed to dry. In each plate 5 mm diameter holes were aseptically performed in which the concentrations of the above mentioned grapefruit essential oil were added; was incubated at 36 ° C for 24 hours. It was observed that at concentrations below 40 ug / mL there is no formation of halos that affect viability, whereas at concentrations greater than and equal to 40 ug/mL halos are observed affecting the viability of C. albicans (> 20 mm of diameter), it is concluded that at higher and equal concentrations of 40 ug / mL affect the viability of C. albicans in vitro.


The effect of the placement of inoculum of Fusarium oxysporum at two soil depths, and the sequences of inoculations with Meloidogyne arenaria and Fusarium oxysporum on root growth and development of root disease in Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) were investigated. The timing of infection and the proximity of root tips of the host root system to infection by M. arenaria and F. oxysporum appeared to be the major determining factors of root growth and of disease development in plants exposed to the pathogens. Immediate contact of roots with F. oxysporum (where the fungus was placed at seed level of 10 mm depth) appeared to result in more severe effects on roots in the presence of the nematode than later infection by the fungus placed at 30 mm depth. The production of galls by the nematode and early infection by F. oxysporum at 10 mm depth resulted in a severe inhibition of root growth, particularly of the lateral roots. But no such growth inhibition was evident when F. oxysporum and M. arenaria were introduced together at the lower depth of 30 mm. The lowest density of M. arenaria inoculum was sufficient to cause severe root rot if F. oxysporum was present at the host seed level. With the fungus at 30 mm depth, however, the expression of root rot appeared to be influenced by the inoculum level of the nematode. In sequential inoculation with F. oxysporum or M. arenaria, the organism added 2 weeks later had little or no effect on root development. The first organism (M. arenaria or F. oxysporum) to infect the germinated seedlings was the main cause of root growth inhibition. The organism that came into contact with the roots 2 weeks later had little or no effect on the roots. Concurrent infection by F. oxysporum and M. arenaria resulted in less M. arenaria gall production on the tap root system than those added with the nematode alone or in advance of the fungus.


Abstract : A new method for the measurement of phase velocity of ultrasonic waves by phase comparison of narrow-band bursts is described. The method was developed for the determination of properties such as elastic moduli of composites or other materials in which phase velocity varies with frequency. In such dispersive materials, individual cycles within a burst travel at a velocity different than for the burst as a whole. The new method is based on the phase comparison of entering and emerging sinusoidally-shaped bursts. Two wideband transducers and a buffer are used for reference. The specimen is interposed between a set of transducers and buffer identical with the reference set. Bursts are fed to the two assemblages and the phases of the signals after transmission are compared. The signal is varied from low to high ultrasonic frequencies while in-phase and out-of-phase conditions and frequencies are recorded. From the data, phase velocity is calculated at each recorded frequency. The method and some results are discussed. (Author)


(Section of E cology ,D epartment of E cology and S ocial B eha vior,Primate R esearchInstitute, K yoto U niversity,41-2 K anrin, Inuyama, A ichi 484-8506, Japan)(Accepted: 5 July 2007)SummaryIn this study we systematically investigate the mode of acquisition and the developmentalprocess of stone handling, a form of solitary object play , in a capti ve troop of Japanesemacaques (Macaca fuscata ) housed in an outdoor enclosure at the K yoto U niversity PrimateResearch Institute, Japan. T his study w as conducted to evaluate tw o alternati ve hypothesesregarding the mode of acquisition of stone handling in infants: (1) en vironmental stimuli(availability of and exposure to stones) and (2) social stimuli (exposure to stone handlingindi viduals). Early exposure to stones in the en vironment had no signiÞcant effect on wheninfants acquired the beha vior . N o signiÞcant correlations were recognized between the ageof stone handling acquisition and number of stones encountered per hour from birth to ac-quisition, or the time spent in a speciÞc area of the enclosure as a function of the number ofavailable stones therein. H ow ever, being exposed to a stone handling m odel(s) w as a socialstimulus that had an effect on the age of acquisition, with a signiÞcant negative correlationbetween a m otherO s stone handling frequenc y and the age of acquisition by her infant. Infantsof non-stone handling m others acquired the beha vior much later than others. Inf ant peerswho acquired stone handling earlier played no signiÞcant role as stone handling m odels. O fthe factors tested here, the timing of acquisition depended m ainly on the level of proximityto a demonstrator and the frequenc y at w hich those available demonstrators performed thebeha vior .K eywor ds : solitary object play, proximity , beha vioral m odel, stimulus enhancement, trans-mission.


The high oxidative stability of virgin olive oil is related to its high monounsaturated/polyunsaturated ratio and to the presence of antioxidant compounds, such as tocopherols and phenols. In this paper, the isolation of phenolic compounds from virgin olive oil from several Algerian varieties was tested and discussed in order to know its potential uses and benefits. Quantification of phenolic and o-diphenolic substances was performed using the traditional Folin-Ciocalteau method and the sodium molybdate reaction, respectively. The qualitative and quantitative characterizations of phenolic compounds were carried out by HPLC.
The experimental results show that tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and 4-HBA (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) are the main individual phenolic compounds identified in the varieties studied. The varieties with large fruits ( Grosse du Hamma, Aghenfas, Azeradj, Aguenaou, Aberkane, Bouchouk de Guergour, X-Aghenfas, Rougette de Guelma, Sigoise ) are clearly distinguished from the varieties with medium-sized and small fruits by having the highest levels of individual phenolic compounds. Moreover, varieties with small fruits ( Hamra, Chemlal, Boughenfas, Limli, Aimel and Mekki ) presented the highest levels of oleuropein.


The object of this work is to estimate the price elasticity of demand for air transport of passengers in the United States, and review the adequacy of the various methods used to make a quantification of the elasticity of demand for a good or service. The problems to make a robust quantification of that value are classic and well-known. There are omitted variables, on both the demand and supply sides, and the problem of identifiability seems to be serious. The simple regression, which is the most common method, is analyzed. As well as the method of instrumental variables: using the price of oil. But the conclusion reached is that those procedures yield unreliable results. Through the quasi-experimental procedure, I get an estimate of the price elasticity of demand, with the drawback that includes the ability to switch between air routes. It offers a close, reliable quantification of the demand for air routes. Finally, harmonic analysis does suggest a value of the elasticity for the market as a whole. Both methods would give a solution to this econometric problem.


The development of public sewerage systems in Slovakia is significantly behind in the state of supply of drinking water. The number of inhabitants connected to the public sewerage system in Slovakia is considerably lagging behind in the state of the population supplied with drinking water, by about 28.4% less in the number of connected inhabitants. Designing sewerage in urbanized areas improves the quality of the environment and the quality of life of townspeople and municipalities. The aim of the paper is the processing of basic information about the current status of the affected area, designing alternative solutions for the sewerage subject area, a comparison of alternatives for proposed activity and the rationale for the selection of the optimal solution. An area of interest for the design of sewerage is the Cierna Lehota – Slavosovce – Rochovce agglomeration, which is located in the Kosice Region in eastern Slovakia. The problem of this agglomeration is the method for the disposal of wastewaters, which are disposed of in non-ecological septic tanks or discharged directly into a local stream. In the paper are three proposals in the form of three different variants of sewage system according to relevant standards and documentation. At the end of this paper, an evaluation of the individual variants is presented.


The aim of this paper is to explore the aerospace industry in Southern Germany. To do so, industry members serve as experts to evaluate potential developments in the industry in a structured survey. With the help of the survey, the paper seeks to understand what the most important expected developments are in the aerospace industry of Southern Germany until 2020. To successfully answer this question, experts are required to provide quantitative evaluations as well as qualitative reasoning. The importance of developments is judged by two measures: the probability of a development happening and the impact it would have on the industry. Qualitative information is used to understand the reality behind numbers and clear the picture in case of inconsistencies.


Porous Li-Si thin films(LSFs) were prepared by a multi-step constant current electrodeposition onto Cu foil.The structure and morphology of the electrodeposited films were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).As anodes for Li-ion batteries,Li-Si films give high cycling stability,adjustable Li-storage capacity and initial coulombic efficiency under different electrodeposition conditions.For instance,LSF-3 was electrodeposited in an electrolyte of 0.5 mol·L-1 SiCl4+0.7 mol·L-1 LiClO4+propylene caronate(PC) under certain conditions(i1=-3.82 mA·cm-2,t1=600 s;i2=-1.27 mA·cm-2,t2=7200 s).LSF-3 showed the first coulombic efficiency of 97.1% at a current density of 12.7 μA·cm-2.After the two initial pre-cycles,it delivered gravimetric and geometric charge capacities of 1410 mAh·g-1 and 240.6 μAh·cm-2 at 25.5 μA·cm-2.After 50 cycles,its charge capacity was 179.0 μAh·cm-2(1049 mAh·g-1),retaining 74.4% of its initial capacity.The porous structure in LSFs can accommodate a part of the volume change during Li insertion/extraction and this favors the structural stability.


Mark is the author of the oldest gospel in the Christian Bible. Not much is known about him or his family except for a few references in the Bible. The general assumption, originating in the West, is that Mark was born and bred in Palestine. One of the main proponents of the Western view is Walter Bauer, a German theologian of the first half of the 20th century. His views rely heavily on the argument from silence, as Africa had – and to a great extent still has – an oral culture. Contrary to the Western view, Thomas Oden, an American theologian, did research on the oral culture and investigated the African memory of Mark. This article presents a critical discussion and a review of the book written by Oden in 2011 titled The African memory of Mark . Oden seems to be very subjective in his remarks in favour of Africa, as is also clear from his book titled How Africa shaped the Christian mind , written in 2007, and the question is if he really has enough grounds for his postulations.


Language is the phenomenon of the society,so inevitably it reflects the people's social values and their mode of thinking.People have realized that as the carrier of the culture,language has existed sexism.In English and Chinese languages,the position of the male is obviously higher than that of the female.Women are in a weak,subsidiary and discriminative position.This article discusses the sexism shown in the English and Chinese languages from seven aspects,and from the standpoint of the society it reveals and analyzes the causes of the phenomenon.It tries to find out a method to change the phenomenon to create a harmonious society.


In the previous paper. it was fully clarified that the electron beam welding process where the metal is inserted at the joint to be welded, that is, "Insert-type" electron beam welding process has a significant effect on "Uranami Welding", that is, root pass welding with smooth back bead and that the metallurgical and mechanical properties of dissimilar metal joints of 2 1/4Cr-IMo steel and austenitic stainless steel can be remarkably improved by the "Insert-type" electron beam welding.This paper discusses the problems involved when the "Insert-type" electron beam welding is employed for "Uranami Welding" of boiler tube, especially, those factors controlling be external and internal weld bead on the overlapped section between start and stop ends of the bead in circumferential welding and results of investigations on the joint characteristics of the welded section.Conclusions obtained may be summarised as follows;1) Defects noted at the weld bead of the overlapped section are concavities at the external weld bead; those found at the internal weld bead are concavities, excessive reinforcements and incomplete penetrations.2) Both the Ib' value, which is an assumed value of beam current being determined geometrically by the increase rate of beam current in starting a weld, that is, upslope rate, and the decrease rate of beam current in finishing a weld, that is, downslope rate and the downslope rate influence the defects at the internal weld bead of the overlapped section. Incomplete penetration appears invariably when the Ib' value is low, and an excessive reinforcement is apt too ccur when the Ib' value is too high. These defects do not ocur if the Ib'value is within a proper range. This proper Ib', value increases with an increase in wall thickness. Excessive reinforcement and concavity are apt to appear with an increase of downslope rate, even if the Ib' value lies in the proper range.3) Only the downslope rate influences singnificantly the extenal weld bead appearance of the overlapped section. 7.5mA/cm may be defined as the critical downslope rate regardless of the wall thickness of pipe used. Therefore, at the external weld bead of the overlapped section, the concavity defect appears intensively when the downslope rate is higher than the critical value.4) A starting point of downslope does not influence the internal weld bead appearance if the Ib' value is proper.5) Metallurigcal and mechanical proerties of the welded joint are quite satisfactory.


Subsequent to the extreme fire seasons of 2000 and 2002, extensive thinning of Southwestern mountain forests has been designated as the preferred practice to minimize the likelihood of widespread stand-replacing fires. Concurrently, historical hydrologic research been incorrectly popularized to indicate that forest canopy removal can measurably augment water yields from forested watersheds. A popular misconception has therefore arisen that these two usually incompatible goals can be achieved simultaneously on the same land. Responsible and appropriate silvicultural activities for other purposes, such as fire risk reduction, may increase water yield from upper elevation forests or improve water balance within lower elevation forests, depending on the intensity of canopy removal, tree species, latitude, elevation, and aspect. These same activities may also restore other desirable landscape characteristics and should not be directed solely at water yield. Increases in water yield will be difficult to quantify, especially at the scale of large basins, like the Salt River, that provide for large municipalities. Therefore, short term increases in water yield from forest canopy removal should be considered a serendipitous benefit if and when it occurs in conjunction with other advantageous results. BACKGROUND As a result of prolonged drought in the Western United States, a great deal of contention has developed about forest management because of drought-induced fire danger, decreased water yield from forest snowpack, and the cumulative effects of more than 100 years of fire suppression. Drought raises the fire danger in increasingly urbanized mountain forests, and (by definition) decreases water yields on which the Southwestern United States depend. Further compounding this debate is the impact prolonged fire suppression has had on these same forest stands. The purpose of this paper is to explore the inter-relationships between these three factors, and to clarify feasible multi-objective management goals. In 2002 the Rodeo-Chediski Fire burned over 200,000 ha in the Fort Apache Indian Reservation and the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests, Arizona. This was the largest most severe fire in Arizona history with extremely high suppression and restoration costs. The fire burned at the landscape scale and impacted the watershed which provides for Phoenix, AZ—a large metropolitan area of more than three million people.


Recent trends in technology transfer show an intensification of spin-off creation as a modality of university research commercialisation. In this paper, we analyse the evolution, objectives, resources and activities of a specialised unit – Technological Trampoline (TT) – in charge of new venture creation at the University of Girona (Catalonia-Spain). Our main objective is to identify the predominant strategy of spinning-off new ventures among the typologies of incubation strategies found by Clarysse et al. (2005) in European research institutions. The results show that the predominant typology at the University of Girona is the supportive model, although elements of the three typologies were identified. These results have a series of implications and recommendations at both university and TT level.