China started its national health system reform in 2009, with the focus on primary health care (PHC). This study aimed to investigate the progress of PHC in rural China during the health system reform, with a special focus on human resources for health (HRH). It used data from health statistical yearbooks as well as a questionnaire survey and qualitative interviews in three provinces. The study found that central and local governments increased their financial subsidies to township health centres. Medical education and training activities were organized to improve HRH development. Health professionals' monthly income increased as a result of the implementation of a performance-based payment system. The number and quality of health professionals at township health centres had a steady increase, but health managers reported serious HRH crises in terms of attraction and retention of qualified health professionals. The amount of medical and public health services provided by township health centres had a significant increase. The study recommended the control of uncoordinated expansion of public hospitals, strengthening of medical education, and improving health professionals' income in order to promote HRH development and quality of rural PHC services.


Battle simulation system emphasizes particularly on the modeling and simulation of entities' behaviors.C3I simulation system mainly studies modeling and simulation of information's collection,process and transfer and command decision.Integration of above two systems can solve the deficiency of datum and the lack of models,etc.Paper analyzes the commonness of the two systems,and points out that the superiorities of the systems can be used to make up the disadvantages each other.Paper brings forward the methods and the problems need to be solved about the integration with battle simulation and C3I simulation system,and gives series of advantages which bring about by the integration two systems.


Large particles disturb a flow more than small particles. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and pressure drop measurements we find that large spherical and cubic particles in pipe flow promote subcritical turbulent-like flow disturbances (as seen in the radial mean velocity and rms profiles at Re=700). These disturbances lead to significant changes in the laminar-turbulent transition at low particle concentrations ($l5$% per volume). We suggest these observations can be explained by the relative magnitude of (i) particle interactions, (ii) flow disturbances introduced by the particles and (iii) viscous dissipation in the system.


The neurobiological mechanisms of both sleep and circadianregulation have been unraveled partly in the last decades. A network of brainstructures, rather than a single locus, is involved in arousal state regulation,whereas the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has been recognized as a key structurefor the regulation of circadian rhythms. Although most models of sleep regulationinclude a circadian component, the actual mechanism by which the circadiantiming system promotes—in addition to homeostatic pressure—transitionsbetween sleep and wakefulness remains to be elucidated. Little more can bestated presently than a probable involvement of neuronal projections and neurohumoralfactors originating in the SCN. This paper reviews the relation among bodytemperature, arousal state, and the circadian timing system and proposes thatthe circadian temperature rhythm provides an additional signaling pathwayfor the circadian modulation of sleep and wakefulness. A review of the literatureshows that increased brain temperature is associated with a type of neuronalactivation typical of sleep in some structures (hypothalamus, basal forebrain),but typical of wakefulness in others (midbrain reticular formation, thalamus).Not only local temperature, but also skin temperature are related to the activationtype in these structures. Warming of the skin is associated with an activationtype typical of sleep in the midbrain reticular formation, hypothalamus, andcerebral cortex (CC). The decreasing part of the circadian rhythm in coretemperature is mainly determined by heat loss from the skin of the extremities,which is associated with strongly increased skin temperature. As such, alterationsin core and skin temperature over the day could modulate the neuronal activationstate or "preparedness for sleep" in arousal-related brain structures.Body temperature may thus provide a third signaling pathway, in addition tosynaptic and neurohumoral pathways, for the circadian modulation of sleep.A proposed model for the effects of body temperature on sleep appears to fitthe available data better than previous hypotheses on the relation betweentemperature and sleep. Moreover, when the effects of age-related thermoregulatoryalterations are introduced into the model, it provides an adequate descriptionof age-related changes in sleep, including shallow sleep and awakening closerto the nocturnal core temperature minimum. Finally, the model indicates thatappropriately timed direct (passive heating) or indirect (bright light, melatonin,physical activity) manipulation of the nocturnal profile of skin and coretemperature may be beneficial to disturbed sleep in the elderly. Althoughsuch procedures could be viewed by researchers as merely masking a markerfor the endogenous rhythm, they may in fact be crucial for sleep improvementin elderly subjects. (Chronobiology International,17(3), 313–354, 2000)


In the fast developing world, a better way to overcome the scarcity of resources is to use them more efficiently. The land with well characterized soil is such a limited resource in construction and transportation fields. Nowadays, soil stabilization is accepted as a common practice to improve the engineering properties of locally available soil to meet the strength requirements for different projects. A number of studies have been done on application of waste materials for soil stabilization since this practice can be cost effective as well as it can solve the problem of waste disposal, which is a threat to environment. Sugar-cane bagasse ash is one of the major agricultural waste in north India. Some recent studies proved the applicability of Bagasse ash as a cementing material both in concrete and for stabilizing soil. The presence of silica, calcium, and alumina brings pozzolanic characteristics to Bagasse ash, which when hydrated can bind the soil particles together. A number of research works have been conducted on improvement of expansive soil using bagasse ash, while, little results are available on effectiveness of Bagasse ash in improving properties of sandy soil. In the present study, the influence of Bagasse ash on engineering properties of sandy soil found in Chandigarh University campus (Mohali District, Punjab), is experimentally analyzed by conducting Light compaction test and CBR test. Keywords— Soil Stabilization, Sandy Soil, CBR, Standard Proctor Test


Reaction of 1,1-dilithio-1-sila-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsilole with 2-adamantanone produces a 5-silafulvene. This represents a new method for synthesis of silenes, leading to the first example of a silapentafulvene.


Since the isotropic scattering assumption does not hold in a wide-angle synthetic aperture radar, the video synthetic aperture radar (ViSAR), a new sensing mode by sequentially forming SAR images on a series of contiguous or overlapping sub-apertures, has the promising capability to capture aspect-dependent scattering behavior of objects. In this paper, a new Bayesian method for fusing ViSAR images is proposed. First, the notion of effective reflection coefficient is defined to characterize aspect-dependent scattering behavior of objects. Based on the ViSAR images sequence, the spatial effective reflection coefficient in the area of interest (AOI) when observing at different aspect angles are estimated. A Bayesian hypothesis testing is then derived to fuse the obtained effective reflection coefficient estimates for detecting scatterers in the AOI. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with that of the conventional GLRT-based ViSAR image fusion method in a simulated scenario. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in capturing the aspect-dependent scattering characteristics as well as the spatial structure of objects.


Earlier this month I spoke at the O'Reilly Fluent Conference about the browser that truly popularized the Web in its infancy -- the line mode


For over a century, many have been predicting the demise of religion within Western societies. However, while individual religiosity has mutated since the Victorian era, many studies since the 1960s have shown that the contemporary social realities of religion are complex and varied. More recently, evidence has been pointing towards a new development: one of a growing divide between the religious and the secular, or in other words of religious polarisation. The present research explores the logistics of how, where, when and why this polarisation has been developing in post-industrialised countries. In so doing, we thoroughly test a hypothesis that has long been an afterthought to many a secularisation theory. Analysing repeated cross-sectional data from a variety of national and regional contexts, we find examples of non-Nordic, mainly Protestant areas with higher initial rates of non-affiliation being characterised by a form of religious polarisation. These areas have seen a shrinking of their middle-ground group of nominally affiliated individuals, their populations splitting more and more into two camps: a larger group severed from institutional religion contrasts a small but proportionally steady core of affiliated individuals frequently attending religious services. Additionally, in areas with more advanced secularisation, average differences between these unaffiliated and religiously committed individuals regarding many attitudes, beliefs and personal practices are greater. Yet, these polarisation configurations and trends are not universally found across post-industrialised nations. Even within polarised contexts, social distance between the religiously committed and the unaffiliated has not necessarily grown. For example, levels of intermarriage and intercohabitation have not changed beyond the constraints of the marriage market. With these findings, we begin to establish the degree to which religious polarisation is becoming a new reality, and to what extent policy makers will have to contend with a new social cleavage along secular/religious lines.


unending series of superb illustrations of distortion and herniation of the brain and of tumours of the nervous system. In addition to the illustrations, there are many interesting and informative diagrams of the preferential sites of predilection of specific brain tumours and tables of their age and sex incidence. One has to accept that fully illustrated atlases must be expensive, and this is no exception particularly since it really has to be used in conjunction with Zulch's Atlas of the Histology ofBrain Tumours, but this is an important atlas which ought to be readily available in libraries and departments to everyone with an interest in clinical neuropathology.


We consider a signaling model with a good and a bad type of …rm. The market does a priori not know the …rm's type. The …rms, which are run by equally quali…ed managers, use their debt and dividend levels to signal their true value to the market. In addition to debt and dividends, the manager chooses


The authors examine trends in attitudes toward family size and in family planning knowledge attitudes and practice among rural and urban Kenyan women using data from two KAP surveys conducted in 1966-1967 and results of the 1977-1978 Kenya Fertility Survey. The findings are then used to assess the impact of the national family planning program (ANNOTATION)


This report is a compilation of the influences that shape my current work. In this written representation of my process I mimic how ideas overlap and collide, rather than taking a chronological approach to my development over the past three years. The role of ornament to engage contemporary viewing is a dominant theme, in both my work and the report. I approach painting as an attempt to understand contemporary visual culture and how we look at objects today. My paintings rely on ornament as an entrance into exploring aesthetics and my personal history.


PURPOSE: A device and a method for offering digital contents are provided to implement streaming while minimizing resource use of a content providing server and transfer streaming contents more stably. CONSTITUTION: A web server(110) receives a user's request from client devices(200a,200b), transfers the request to a media server(150), and manages flow of data streaming to the client device from the media server. The web server communicates with a client on a web environment, receives/processes a search query requested from the client, and provides a search result to the client. A user database(120) stores data needed for confirming/certifying the client device. A contents information database(130) stores general information for contents. A P2P(Peer-to-Peer) index database(140) stores an ID of the contents and the location information of all clients having the contents as a cache file. The client device includes a media playback module(210), a communication module(220), and a cache file management module(230).


Workplace conflict is known to have severe implications on employees and organisations worldwide. Conflicts at the workplace have resulted in the destruction of cordial relationships among working colleagues as well as subordinates and superiors and has also changed enthusiastic employees to rather hostile and ineffectual actors. Consequently, these employees are not able to meet their targets due to negative attitudinal changes towards work, thus hampering the attainment of organizational goals. However, there is little empirical studies on this subject in both academic and industrial circles. In examining the outcomes of workplace conflict and its influence on the attitudes of media employees, this paper employed qualitative methodologies to select forty two (42) respondents from six Ghanaian print and electronic privately and state owned media houses. Findings revealed that attitudes of employees towards work were predominantly influenced negatively as employees decline in commitment to work and cooperation with others. Further, following conflicts, employees engaged in many adverse behavioral tendencies including not being on talking terms, not greeting one another, hostile behaviours and insecurity. Nonetheless, the paper interestingly found some positive outcomes such as idea sharing, unity, activeness and alertness from conflicts.


Traffic congestion has become a threat to many U.S. cities, including the City of Chicago. As a promising alternative, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) may improve level-of-service (LOS) of the bus network; however, the real challenge addressed in this paper is how to evaluate the impacts of such policies on different stakeholders (i.e., auto-drivers and bus-riders) prior to implementation. This study relies on the preparation of a microscopic traffic simulation model for the Chicago Loop area, aided by the utilization of a geographic information system (GIS) traffic network, traffic counts, traffic signals and the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) bus service data. This study proposes three sets of indicators for the evaluation of the proposed schemes: 1) bus travel speed, 2) automobile travel speed, and 3) bus travel time and reliability. These performance indicators will serve to compare the current base case to the proposed bus improvement scenarios. Based on the evaluation of three scenarios, this study provides recommendations on how to improve bus LOS in the Chicago Loop area.


Background. Mass Spectrometry (MS) based chemoproteomics has recently become a main tool to identify and quantify cellular target protein interactions with ligands/drugs in drug discovery. The complexity associated with these new types of data requires scientists with a limited computational background to perform systematic data quality controls as well as to visualize the results derived from the analysis to enable rapid decision making. To date, there are no readily accessible platforms specifically designed for chemoproteomics data analysis. Results. We developed a Shiny-based web application named DOSCHEDA (Down Stream Chemoproteomics Data Analysis) to assess the quality of chemoproteomics experiments, to filter peptide intensities based on linear correlations between replicates, and to perform statistical analysis based on the experimental design. In order to increase its accessibility, DOSCHEDA is designed to be used with minimal user input and it does not require programming knowledge. Typical inputs can be protein fold changes or peptide intensities obtained from Proteome Discover, MaxQuant or other similar software. DOSCHEDA aggregates results from bioinformatics analyses performed on the input dataset into a dynamic interface, it encompasses interactive graphics and enables customized output reports. Conclusions. DOSCHEDA is implemented entirely in R language. It can be launched by any system with R installed, including Windows, Mac OS and Linux distributions. DOSCHEDA is hosted on a shiny-server at https://doscheda.shinyapps.io/doscheda and is also available as a Bioconductor package (http://www.bioconductor.org/). Subjects Bioinformatics


This study investigates the relationship between product market competition and the market value of innovation using firm-level patent data of US firms over the period 1977–2005. We find that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between competition and the value of innovation. Furthermore, we show that there is an "asymmetric" causal effect of intensifying product market competition on the market value of innovation, using a quasi-natural experiment based on tariff-cut events for US manufacturing firms between 1977 and 2006: a firm's incentive to innovate tends to get stronger in response to a tariff cut when product market competition is very mild, while it tends to get weaker when very severe.


Background: Human milk lactadherin protects breastfed infants against symptomatic rotavirus infections. Results: A 20-aa peptide (namely pDGE-RGD) derived from equine lactahderin inhibits human rotavirus infectivity. Conclusion: pDGE-RGD interacts specifically with α2β1 integrin, thus hindering the rotavirus-cell attachment process. Significance: The discovery of the pDGE-RGD peptide may prove useful in the development of inhibitors of receptor recognition by rotavirus or other integrin-using viruses. Human rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children under the age of 5 years in both developed and developing countries. Human lactadherin, a milk fat globule membrane glycoprotein, inhibits human rotavirus infection in vitro, whereas bovine lactadherin is not active. Moreover, it protects breastfed infants against symptomatic rotavirus infections. To explore the potential antiviral activity of lactadherin sourced by equines, we undertook a proteomic analysis of milk fat globule membrane proteins from donkey milk and elucidated its amino acid sequence. Alignment of the human, bovine, and donkey lactadherin sequences revealed the presence of an Asp-Gly-Glu (DGE) α2β1 integrin-binding motif in the N-terminal domain of donkey sequence only. Because integrin α2β1 plays a critical role during early steps of rotavirus host cell adhesion, we tested a minilibrary of donkey lactadherin-derived peptides containing DGE sequence for anti-rotavirus activity. A 20-amino acid peptide containing both DGE and RGD motifs (named pDGE-RGD) showed the greatest activity, and its mechanism of antiviral action was characterized; pDGE-RGD binds to integrin α2β1 by means of the DGE motif and inhibits rotavirus attachment to the cell surface. These findings suggest the potential anti-rotavirus activity of equine lactadherin and support the feasibility of developing an anti-rotavirus peptide that acts by hindering virus-receptor binding.


Today, wireless networks are operating in increasingly complex environments, impacting the evaluation and validation of new networking solutions. Simulation, although fully controllable and easily reproducible, depends on simplified physical layer and channel models, which often produce optimistic results. Experimentation is also influenced by external random phenomena and limited testbed scale and availability, resulting in hardly repeatable and reproducible results. Previously, we have proposed the Trace-based Simulation (TS) approach to address the problem. TS uses traces of radio link quality and position of nodes to accurately reproduce past experiments in ns-3. Yet, in its current version, TS is not compatible with scenarios where Multiple-In-Multiple-Out (MIMO) is used. This is especially relevant since ns-3 assumes perfectly independent MIMO radio streams. In this paper, we introduce the Trace-based Wi-Fi Station Manager Model, which is capable of reproducing the Rate Adaptation of past Wi-Fi experiments, including the number of effective radio streams used. To validate the proposed model, the network throughput was measured in different experiments performed in the w-iLab.t testbed, considering Single-In-Single-Out (SISO) and MIMO operation using IEEE 802.11a/n/ac standards. The experimental results were then compared with the network throughput achieved using the improved TS and Pure Simulation (PS) approaches, validating the new proposed model and confirming its relevance to reproduce experiments previously executed in real environments.


This paper summarized the technique and taxonomy of software watermarking.It also described the encoding approaches of dynamic software watermarking in detail. A new scheme was proposed,which utilized permutation encoding and PPCT.The new scheme took the advantage of PPCT,which had a high resiliency,and of permutation encoding,which had high data rate.Moreover,the time to generate the watermark is shorter than that to generate PPCT.


We describe photon autocorrelation studies of both the depolarized and polarized components of light scattered from the critical binary mixture methanol-cyclohexane, carried out to kxi approx. = 80, in an effort to differentiate between the Rayleigh linewidth predictions of the mode theories and the dynamic droplet model, and to assess the validity of our treatment of the autocorrelation function of light which undergoes double scattering from a critical fluid. (Here k is the scattering wave number and xi the Orstein-Zernike correlation length.) We achieved sample temperature control of +- 15 ..mu../sup 0/C for periods of 24 hours and reduced sample temperature gradients to approx. 1.more » Despite the large multiple-scattered component in the light scattered from the fluid in the nonhydrodynamic regime, the Rayleigh linewidth is affected only slightly. We show how to estimate the amount of multiple scattered light from depolarization-ratio measurements, and make qualitative assessments of the modifications of the Rayleigh linewidth due to higher-order scattering. Despite the small effect of multiple scattering upon the Rayleigh linewidth at large values of kxi, the uncertainty introduced is enough to obscure the differences between the fits of the mode theories and the dynamic droplet model to our experimental results.« less


The thesis deals with foundation of a new business in Olomouc based on theoretical knowledge. The particular solution has been created having used analysis of the current status of the market in the area of fitness services and a subsequent synthesis. Knowledge gained in the analytical part of the thesis is used not only as a basis for setting of concrete parameters of the business but also as a basis for setting of prices for the services provided. The project part is dedicated to a business foundation process, defining of key information, marketing mix, business budget and a financial plan with more detailed computation of expected revenues. The closing part deals with evaluation of potential risks and related feasibility study.


Objective To investigate the success rate of the treatment use liver cancer puncture under hardening guiding with the real-time three-dimensional ultrasound.Method A retrospective analysis of the cases in our hospital from January 2009 to December 2011,22 cases of liver cancer patients with puncture sclerotherapy.Results After interventional therapy,32 tumors in 22 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had different results,30 narrowed,2 did not change,no tumor increased,no complication occurred.Conclusion Liver cancer puncture under real-time three-dimensional ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy hadadvauntages in:positioning is more safe,accurate,fast,intuitive and effective to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications which is worth further application of ultrasound-guided biopsy and treatment.


The French tax of the patentes hits non agricultural enterprises in proportion of their expected profitability. We thus use the available statistics about this tax so as to assess the GDP per French department from 1840 to 1910. We give evidence of the accuracy of the device, comparing our figures with those calculated by Toutain for 1860. We then use the data to test inter-departement's inequalities and convergence over the period. The inquiry comes up with a robust catching up effect, especially for non-agricultural activities. Further analyses show that ruralurban migration turns out critical to explain the phenomenon.


Data on the species composition of adult semi-anadromous fish in the western part of the Northern Caspian during the summer period are presented. Bream distribution in the sea area under exploration is considered depending on depth, salinity, temperature and transparency of water. Its relative abundance in the Northern Caspian is shown. Qualitative characteristics of bream population (age, size and weight, sex compositions) in the sea are analyzed.


A Problem was defined as any disease, complaint, social problem or ill-defined condition managed at the encounter. GPs were instructed to record each problem at the most specific level possible from the information available. The order in which problems were recorded was unimportant. At each patient encounter a minimum of one, and up to four problems could be recorded by the GP. The status of each problem new or old was also indicated (see Glossary). Problems were coded in terms of the ICPC. The relative frequency of problems managed is reported as a rate of problems managed per 100 encounters. When referring to groups of problems, respiratory problems for instance, it will be in terms of percentage of encounters at which at least one respiratory problem was managed (it is possible that multiple respiratory problems were managed at the same encounter). The average rate of 144 problems per 100 encounters recorded in country areas was not different from that in metropolitan areas (146 per 100 encounters) and the differences among country strata were also not statistically significant (Table 7.1). which make up ICPC chapters is shown in Table 7.3. The first column indicates the ICPC chapter in descending order of frequency according to the total country data. The format follows that described for Table 6.1. Total problems and new problems will be considered separately in the following sections.


Long the poor stepchild of both medicine and psychiatry, the study of dying has taken on new life and has even been dignified with a new name. Until this decade the term thanatology could be found only in an unabridged dictionary. Now there are departments of thanatology, a society of thanatology, and an ever-growing number of professionals who identify themselves as thanatologists. Most thanatolo gists are psychologists, social workers, social scientists, clergymen, and nurses. They are not especially well disposed toward physicians. Doctors, since the advent of modern medicine, have been far more concerned with curing than with caring for the incurable. This focus has yielded obvious benefits for the patients who can now be cured, but the concomitant negligence with respect to the process of dying and its problems cannot be overlooked. Many physicians have attempted to excuse their negligence by accepting as fact many myths about the dying patient. Examples are easy to find: "People do not want to be told they are dying. Such information can only depress the patient." "My duty stops with telling the next of kin." "I believe the job of telling and comforting belongs to the clergy." "To tell the person he is dying is to deprive him of hope." There is some truth in each of these statements. They appear logical. They possess an enormous appeal for the harried physician because they rationalize the natural tendency of the doctor to avoid being a messenger of despair. If such myths are questioned, the doctor's life becomes gravely complicated. He has no training to prepare him to help a person die. Until very recently, no courses on dying were offered in medical schools and no provision for dealing with this subject was included in any program for training residents. Doctors, who see more of death than anyone save the undertakers, have been taught how to pronounce the patient dead, but not how to ease the psychologi cal distress of dying.


Observes that performance measurement models are largely based on deterministic assumptions about the world. Suggests that it is time to re‐align performance measurement with post‐deterministic discoveries made in the physical sciences, especially quantum physics. In the physical sciences, scientists have (reluctantly) come to accept that the world has a fundamental uncertainty at its core. Asks the question of what lessons can be drawn for performance measurement from this knowledge of the physical world. Addresses this question first by describing the development and epistemological consequences of three post‐deterministic (physical world) discoveries of: uncertainty, bounded instability, and self‐organisation. Then traces the equivalent path to uncertainty in management. Concludes that it is time for the oldest management theories, which still underpin current performance systems, to be realigned with knowledge on uncertainty. Ends with a look at two current performance systems, activity‐based manageme...


The endorsement by the Irish episcopate of king Henry II's personal intervention in Ireland has been viewed as an important element in advancing Anglo-Norman interests in Ireland: this paper explores the motivation, degree of unanimity, and import of the Irish bishops' response, and its association with a church reform council at Cashel. While factors promoting episcopal solidarity in the twelfth-century Irish church may be identified, account also has to be taken of tensions resulting from the relatively recent creation of a diocesan constitution and, in the sphere of secular politics, the struggle for the high-kingship, which would have served to undermine collective episcopal action, as highlighted by the conflicting concerns of Gilla Crist Ua Connairche, bishop of Lismore and papal legate, and Cadla Ua Dubthaig, archbishop of Tuam.


This article tells the story of computer use in a medium-sized consulting engineering firm in the water resources field, Boyle Engineering Co., of Newport Beach, Calif. In the mid 1960's, the firm put computer time-sharing terminals in all their offices, and led to the establishment of the firm's Dept. of Computer Services in 1969. A small IBM 1130 computer, rented at a cost of $1500/month, performed reliably, and rapid progress was made. Growth brought more accounting problems, more management problems, more engineering problems — all for the computer. The 1130 became overworked and was upgraded by adding peripherals. Finally, this computer was replaced by a more powerful look-alike — the CHI-2130, a computer 20 times more productive than the original IBM 1130. After more than three years of use of the CHI, the company is replacing it with a still bigger and more versatile computer, the HP-3000. This computer can accomodate up to 64 remote terminals, and will be closer to company engineers.


Education plays an important role in creating quality human resources. Education can be defined by a continuous learning process that results can be obtained after the process of education. In an effort to improve the quality of education, various breakthroughs are needed, both in curriculum development, learning innovation, and fulfilling educational facilities and infrastructure. Apart from these aspects, the use of methods and techniques in teaching also greatly supports the success of learning. In essence, learning methods or techniques will support the successful achievement of educational goals if they are adjusted to the conditions of learning. This is because the right learning techniques will accelerate the understanding of students which can affect the achievement of maximum learning outcomes. Meanwhile, various learning techniques will create a special attraction so that learning motivation will grow and will form active and creative students, thus fostering critical thinking skills and getting used to being active in learning. Learning is no longer to teachers-centered or lecturers-centered, but on students centered learning. Teachers or lecturers facilitate students so that they are free to learn. One gap that we have felt and experienced so far is the lack of a correct and effective approach in carrying out the learning process. So far, we have only been fixated on the material and learning outcomes. We are only pursuing learning materials or subjects that must be completed at the end of the semester according to the RPP / RPS prepared. However, we often forget that it takes a separate process to be able to bridge the curriculum and learning outcomes. Therefore, to achieve success in learning, it must be supported by aspects including educators, textbooks used, learning media. And the methods or techniques applied. No matter how great the curriculum is designed, it is the educators who interact directly in the classroom. Educators have an important role because educators will transfer learning plans and make changes to students. For this reason, the role of educators greatly determines the success of the learners. However, the reality is that there is still a very low learning motivation of students (college students), so that the learning outcomes do not achieve what is expected. Not to mention that educators (lecturers) often complain about the memory ability of students who Abstract. This study aimed to examine the effect of acrostic techniques on increasing student mastery of Präpositionen, which was conducted from September to November 2020. This research was an experimental study with research subjects being college students of the German language study program in the third semester of the academic year 2020/2021. The instruments used in data collection in this study were Pre-test, and Post-test questions before and after the acrostatic technique were applied in the learning process with German prepositions. The results showed that the acrostic technique significantly affected the increasing mastery of Präpositionen college students (thit= 7.67>ttab=1.77. Therefore, Acrostic techniques are recommended for use in präpositionen learning.


Background Multiple new regimens combining different mechanisms of action and routes of administration are available for the treatment of RRMM. It is increasingly important to understand the differential costs of these regimens, including patient and caregiver burden of treatment and associated indirect costs. The objectives of this study were to determine the costs associated with treating RRMM with 2 nd -line therapy and cost offsets associated with frequently used regimens in this setting. Methods A 12-month (mo) treatment journey for RRMM was developed to reflect real-world clinical practice based on current treatment guidelines and input from hematologists/oncologists. Regimens used as 2 nd - or 3 rd -line therapy were included, incorporating thalidomide (T), lenalidomide (R), pomalidomide (Pom), bortezomib (V), carfilzomib (K), ixazomib (I), elotuzumab (E), daratumumab (D), panobinostat (Pa), cyclophosphamide (C), melphalan-prednisone (MP), and dexamethasone (d/dex). Specific regimens were: Rd, Vd, VRd, VCd, Pom-dex, Kd, MPT, VMP, KRd, IRd, ERd, DVd, and PaVd. Data on DRd were not available when the model was developed. A cost model was constructed to determine costs associated with 2 nd -line treatment with these regimens, including direct (medical/laboratory [lab], drug, administration, pre-medication, prophylaxes, adverse event [AE]-related) and indirect (productivity loss, transportation, caregiving) costs incurred at the initiation of and during 2 nd -line therapy, and for a subsequent line of therapy among patients who discontinued 2 nd -line therapy due to disease progression or AEs. Results Drug cost represented the primary cost component of the total cost of 2 nd -line therapy across all regimens; analyses excluding these costs highlight additional direct and indirect drivers of treatment journey costs. Total costs excluding drug costs (Fig 1) appeared highest with regimens with substantial rates of discontinuation due to AEs, such as MPT, and with triplet regimens in which one or more of the agents was administered by intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) infusion, such as DVd, KRd, PaVd, VRd, and ERd. Compared to other recently approved doublet or triplet regimens, excluding drug costs, IRd appeared less expensive than Kd, KRd, ERd, DVd, and PaVd, driven by lower administration costs, AE-related costs, and indirect costs. Direct medical costs, including medical visits, lab tests, administration costs, and costs for prophylaxes, were $140.97 for the all-oral regimens IRd, Rd, and Pom-dex (12-mo cost: $1,691.61). Direct medical costs were higher for V-containing regimens, such as Vd ($707.75; 12-mo cost: $8,493.01), VRd ($708.29; 12-mo cost: $8,499.50), and VCd ($561.72; 12-mo cost: $6,740.69), compared to all-oral regimens, driven by higher administration and lab test costs. Similarly, compared to all-oral regimens, direct medical costs were higher for regimens containing novel drugs requiring clinic administration, such as Kd ($1,009.65; 12-mo cost: $12,115.75), KRd ($1,010.19; 12-mo cost: $12,122.24), ERd ($795.00; 12-mo cost: $9,539.99), DVd ($1,122.63; 12-mo cost: $13,471.61), and PaVd ($707.75; 12-mo cost: $8,493.01). AE management costs were estimated on average (all regimens) to be $243.37 per 28-day cycle (12-mo cost: $2,920.42), and were lower with Vd ($103.58; 12-mo cost: $1242.91) and higher with Pom-dex ($395.58; 12-mo cost: $4,747.00) and PaVd ($306.02; 12-mo cost: $3,672.20). Indirect costs (Fig 2) were higher for regimens requiring more frequent or longer drug administration, such as DVd ($702.78; 12-mo cost: $8,433.33), Kd, and KRd ($511.26; 12-mo cost: $6,135.06), and lowest for all-oral regimens ($78.19; 12-mo cost: $938.30). Adjusted cost offsets will be reported for subgroups with high unmet need, including frail patients, patients with barriers to physician access, and patients with pre-existing cardiac disease or other comorbidities. Conclusions Excluding drug acquisition costs, differences in total costs between regimens for RRMM were driven primarily by administration costs, AE-related costs, and indirect costs. The results of this study of costs accrued over 12 mos for specified regimens demonstrate the lower treatment burden (direct medical costs) and indirect costs associated with administering all-oral regimens compared to the specified regimens requiring frequent and/or lengthy IV or SC administration. Disclosures Ailawadhi: Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria. DerSarkissian: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Research Funding; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Employment. Duh: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation: Research Funding; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Research Funding. Lafeuille: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd: Research Funding; Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC: Research Funding. Posner: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Research Funding. Ralston: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Research Funding. Zagadailov: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Employment. Ba-Mancini: Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Employment. Rifkin: Celgene: Consultancy, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Consultancy, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; McKesson Specialty Health: Employment; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.


Ultra-broadband mm-wave wireless data transmission at 240 GHz carrier frequency is demonstrated successfully over a distance of 40m using a direct conversion MMIC-based RF front end. A new generation 64GS/s Fujitsu DAC evaluation board provides 64Gbit/s and 96Gbit/s data rates for QPSK and 8-PSK modulated baseband signals. The overall link performance is evaluated in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) measurement. For the QPSK and 8-PSK data transmission EVM measurement shows values of 23.7% and 21.6%, respectively.


A dud-reference beam, plane-wave illumination holographic interferometry set-up has been developed which can operate in a rapid double-pu'ae mode. It is intended for the quantitative study of density clianges that take place in a flow in very short time intervals (1-8110 ps), by means of a fast electro-optical shutter to switch the two reference beams between subsequent exposures. Some preliminary results have been obtained using a turbulent supersoric jet (M M 1.8).


We construct minimum-uncertainty states and a non-negative quasi probability distribution for quantum systems on a finite-dimensional space. We reexamine the theorem of Massar and Spindel for the uncertainty relationof the two unitary operators related by the discrete Fourier transformation. It is shown that some assumptions in their proof can be justified by the use of the Perron-Frobenius theorem. The minimum-uncertainty states are the ones that saturate this uncertainty inequality. The continuum limit is closely analyzed by introducing a scale factor in the limiting scheme. Using the minimum-uncertainty states, we construct a non-negative quasi probability distribution. Its marginal distributions are smeared out. However, we show that this quasi probability is optimal in the sense that there does not exist a non-negative quasi probability distribution with sharper marginal properties if the translational covariance in the phase space is assumed. Generally, it is desirable that the quasi probability is complete, i.e., it contains full information of the state. We show that the obtained quasi probability is indeed complete if the dimension of the state space is odd, whereas it is not if the dimension is even.


The study aims to find out the demotivating and remotivating factors in the college students' past English learning experiences and to explore the...


The activities of the enzyme SOD,POD and CAT in leaves and flower buds of cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS) sugarbeet lines 1A and 2A and their maintainers 1B and 2B purified for generations was analyzed on flowers and leafs during Anthesis.The results showed that the expression of CMS sugarbeet related to the decrease of POD and SOD activities,there was a significant difference in activities of SOD and POD between CMS and their maintainer lines in flower buds,but there was no significantly different to activity of CAT.It showed that the genes related to cytoplasmic male sterility probably expressed in the reproductive organ and it had no effect on the nutritive organ.


We have fabricated a series of (111)- and (100)-orientated Co/Pt superlattices of high quality. (111)-orientated superlattices acquire a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for samples with thin Co layers whereas for the (100)-orientated superlattices the easy magnetization direction remains in plane. Analysis of the extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) verifies the applicability of simple scaling laws between the resistivity and the EHE coefficient for these layered materials. In addition, we have found a marked dependence of the skew coefficient on Co layer thickness. The contribution to EHE from quantum side-jump remains relatively constant.


The simulated HAZ continuous cooling transformation(SH-CCT) curves of SA738Gr.B steel for steel container of nuclear power station were measured by Gleeble-3500 thermal mechanical simulator according to the method of expansion.The effects of phase transformation microstructure and vickers hardness with different continuous cooling transformation curves were analyzed.The SH-CCT curves research of SA738Gr.B steel can provide the correct theory formulation to its welding technology.


gem-Diacetates are selectively deprotected to the corresponding aldehydes in high yields by CBr4 in refluxing acetonitrile under neutral reaction conditions. *IICT Communication No. 4491.


The paper develops a general equilibrium endogenous growth model involving consumption of heterogeneous goods by an age-structured population with uncertain life span and balanced life-time budget. The heterogeneity is introduced via weights which the individuals attribute in their utility function to consumption of different goods depending on the vintage of the good. The goods are produced by monopolistically competitive firms and the variety of available goods/technologies is determined endogenously through R&D investments. The general equilibrium is characterized by a system of functional equations and is analytically or numerically determined for several particular weight functions. The results exhibit the qualitative difference between the dynamics of the model with heterogeneous versus homogeneous variety of goods.


A transversely isotropic (TI) model in which the tilt is constrained to be normal to the dip (DTI model) allows for simplifications in the imaging and velocity model building efforts as compared to a general TI (TTI) model. Although this model cannot be represented physically in all situations, for example, in the case of conflicting dips, it handles arbitrary reflector orientations under the assumption of symmetry axis normal to the dip. Using this assumption, we obtain efficient downward continuation algorithms compared to the general TTI ones, by utilizing the reflection features of such a model. Phase-shift migration can be easily extended to approximately handle lateral inhomogeneity using, for example, the split-step approach. This is possible because, unlike the general TTI case, the DTI model reduces to VTI for zero dip. These features enable a process in which we can extract velocity information by including tools that expose inaccuracies in the velocity model in the downward continuation process. We test this model on synthetic data corresponding to a general TTI medium and show its resilience.


The article describes a method of identifying and mapping of lithodynamic zones and segments of morfosistems of mountainous terrain. The problems of morphodynamic interpretation of morfosistems are considered. The technique of mapping of the exogenous processes are based on the concept of morfosistems are proposed.


Railguns are expected to reach higher muzzle velocities and fire rates than conventional guns. Due to the muzzle velocity and fire rate , railguns will perform much better against the future threats. The device is simple in construction. It has to parallel rails and a movable projectile. An electric current goes down through one rail and then through the project, returning back from the other rail. The magnetic field thus created in between the rails, pushes on the projectile with the current running through it to propel it out of the railgun. In an attempt to increase the efficiency of such a kind of railgun , we developed a simulation model calculating the maximum capacitor and system current. Also the model was revised to calculate the maximum system frequency. Thus the velocity at the barrel exit was about 53.5 m/s. Moreover the kinetic energy to be delivered by the electromagnetic railgun (EMRG) ask for the requirement of a pulsed power supply , and due to the repetitive experiments, need for thermal management has to be considered. Thus we carried out simulations many times to study mainly the electrical behavior of the EMRG and compared their advantage and disadvantages.


The electron impact (EI) and field ionization (FI) mass spectra of some representative underivatized cardenolides have been studied together for the first time, with the objective of assessing the structural and in particular the sequence information afforded by this promising analytical method. Two series of cardenolides have been examined, each consisting of a mono-, di- and trisaccharide glycoside. The first was based on the aglycone digitoxigenin and comprised neriifolin, thevebioside and cerberoside; the second was based on the genin strophantidin and included cymarin, K-strophantin-β and K-strophantoside. Other cardiac glycosides investigated and discussed include digitoxin and helveticoside. Important and structurally diagnostic fragmentations have been uncovered, especially in FI mode. In addition, the EI and FI spectra of individual components of the cardenolides have been recorded, e.g. the genins digitoxigenin and strophantidin, and the mono-saccharides L-thevetose, D-cymarose and D-glucose.


We discuss some simple harmonic solutions of the wave equation with covariant boundary data on a surface S that travels along a wave front. Some examples are given mainly from diffraction problems. The paraxial approximation is also discussed.


Iron (Fe) deficiency is a major nutritional disorder in crops growing in calcareous soils. Varagu crop are more susceptible to (Fe) deficiency in the early stage of growth and the deficiency is exhibited as chlorosis developing interveinally in the new leaves.  The objective of the present study was to see the impact of different levels iron on mitigation of chlorosis in varagu, Paspalum scrobiculatum under calcareous soil and to investigate the influence of soil and foliar application of iron on growth, physiological and improvement of yield potential of varagu under calcareous soil condition. The varagu variety CO3 taken for this study The treatments comprised T1, NPK (44:22:0 kg ha-1) + 12.5 t  FYM/ha,T2, NPK (44:22:30 kg ha-1) +12.5 t FYM/ha, T3, T1 + Soil application of FeSO4   (25 kg ha-1), T4, T2 + Soil application of FeSO4 (25 kg ha-1), T5, T1 + Soil application of FeSO4 (50 kg ha-1), T6, T2 + Soil application of FeSO4 (50 kg ha-1), T7, T3 + Foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4, T8, T4 + Foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4, T9,T5 + Foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4, T10,  T6 + Foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4. During experimentation, morphological characteristics, growth attributes, physiological and biochemical components and biomass traits determined the mitigation of iron chlorosis. The iron deficiency in varagu was effectively controlled by T10, soil treatment 50 kg ha-1 FeSO4 and foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4 applied on the 30th and 50th days after sowing through maintaining highest growth parameter values, maximum catalase and peroxidase activity and maintaining more chlorophyll content.


Introduction and background Residual obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is seen even in a subset of otherwise healthy children. Aims and objectives The aim of this pilot study was to identify predictors of treatment outcome in normal-weight children by functional respiratory imaging and clinical assessment. Methods Non-obese children diagnosed with OSA by polysomnography (PSG) were prospectively included. All children got a examination (including the Brodsky score as a marker of tonsil hypertrophy) and all underwent an ultra-low dose CT scan of the upper airway (UA) while being awake before treatment. A treatment modality was proposed based upon findings during clinical ENT examination and drug induced sedation endoscopy. Some children underwent a PSG after treatment. Results 75 non-obese children were included: 53M/23F, mean age 4.6±2.6 years. Median obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (oAHI) was 17(2.1-124) events/hour. 65 children had a post treatment PSG: 39 had a post-operative oAHI 50 % reduction in oAHI. There was a negative correlation between the change in oAHI after treatment and the UA volume at the overlap region between adenoids and tonsils (zone 3) (r=-0.32, p=0.021). Logistic regression analysis showed that a higher Brodsky score was a significant predictor of post-operative oAHI 50% improvement in oAHI. Conclusions A small UA volume at zone 3 is associated with a larger improvement in OSA severity after treatment. Several parameters predicted partial response following surgery, including the Brodsky score, which is relatively simple to obtain in daily practice.


Considered one of the leading proponents of natural theology in the 20 century, Eric Lionel Mascall (1905–1993) taught philosophy and theology at King's College London for most of his career. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he insisted that classical theism, embodied in the writings of Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, could be successfully revived for a modern audience. Known for his vigorous defense of neo-Thomism, Mascall offered an unusual interpretation of The Five Ways. While modern scholastics typically read the proofs as syllogistic exercises, Mascall maintained that God's existence could not be deduced, but must be grasped by way of a unique type of metaphysical intuition. In my paper, I want to re-examine his position, explore his reasons for adopting it, and raise several questions concerning its significance for the history of neo-Thomism. Let us take a closer look at his position. In his initial remarks, Mascall suggests that each of the Ways can be represented by a simple modus ponens argument. Thus, for example, his version of the Third Way, stripped of its complexity, can be reduced to the following syllogism:


This paper deals with the problems of detecting a chirp signal of motion target against a strong leakage signal from transmitter in radar. The Generalized Almost-Cyclostationary (GACS) signal processing method was utilized to determine the detection of motion target and extract feature of the chirp signal from the target. This techinque which exploits second order cyclostationary to detect features of the chirp signal in low SNR has desirable properties. The study utilized a method to determine and chracterize signals for highly adverse signal to interference pluse noise and explain how using cyclostationary properties can extract feature of chirp signal from the mixture received signal. Finally, those theories and simulations that are in better harmony indicate the efficiency of the method in the detection.


In 1975, while a house surgeon at the Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, I was privileged to work for David Poswillo, a distinguished consultant oral surgeon and Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons. Infected by his enthusiasm and prompted by his treatment of a keratocyst with liquid nitrogen, I rapidly found myself studying the effects of very low temperatures on the dental pulp and periodontium at the College research establishment at Downe House in Kent. My first research paper followed. This formative event illustrates what the Faculty continues to strive for: timely, enthusiastic and expert support for young researchers in dental surgery that results in practical discoveries of real potential benefit for patients and career development.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the association between the Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18) response at post-concussion return to play (RTP) and subsequent lower extremity musculoskeletal injury (LE-MSI).

BACKGROUND
Concussion evaluation includes a multifaceted neurologic assessment at baseline and post-injury. Despite emotional sequelae after concussion, psychological assessments have received limited attention thus athletes may RTP despite persistent psychological distress post-concussion. Recent evidence has suggested an ∼2x elevated rate of post-concussion LE-MSI in collegiate athletes; however there is limited understanding of potential mechanisms. As psychological distress has been associated with MSI, the purpose of this study was to assess BSI-18 as a potential predictor of subsequent MSI.

DESIGN/METHODS
This analysis utilized a cross-sectional design of 67 NCAA intercollegiate students-athletes with a diagnosed concussion (59.7% female, age: 19.7 ± 1.4 years). Participants completed the BSI-18, an 18-item questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale (0-4) used to measure psychological distress at the RTP clinical time-point. Outcome measures were the Global Severity Index (GSI) which is the total score of symptoms (0-72) with higher scores representing greater psychological distress and subsequent MSI (yes or no) collected retrospectively through an electronic medical record in the year following diagnosed concussion. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the predictive capabilities of BSI-18 GSI and subsequent LE-MSI.

RESULTS
The BSI-18 GSI did not significantly predict subsequent LE-MSI (p = 0.095, Exp(B) = 2.436, Nagelkerke R2 = 0.181).

CONCLUSIONS
The BSI-18 GSI at RTP did not predict post-concussion subsequent LE-MSI. While the underlying mechanism for post-concussion MSI remains to be fully elucidated, results suggest that psychological health, as measured by the BSI-18 GSI, at RTP is not associated with subsequent LE-MSI. If MSI risk can be predicted then targeted, established, and clinically feasible injury prevention programs can be implemented to reduce injury risk.


SUMMARY The association between specific reading disability and middle ear disease was investigated in a longitudinal study of 962 children followed from age 5 to 11. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of middle ear abnormalities between thereadingdisabledgroup (n=49) and the remainder. Several studies have reported a higher than normal prevalence of middle ear abnormalities in children with specific reading disability,' 2 although the evidence is not entirely clear cut.3 All the evidence to date, however, is based on referred samples and consequently may reflect referral biases. Furthermore, because these studies are cross-sectional, involving only one assessment of reading and middle ear state, it is difficult to determine whether an abnormality of the middle ear represents a transient or chronic disorder. The present longitudinal study investigated the prevalence of the disorder in a large sample of children followed from age 3 to 11. To obtain reliable information on middle ear problems


Resentment is a philosophical category,and is accompanied by the modern generation and industrialization of the rapid development of the derivative of a kind of the negative social mood.In the west,Nietzsche and Schere make the research of the theory of resentment.Transition of Chinese society gradually born a stream of resentment mood,draw lessons from modern western resentment about the basic theory,to eliminate the possible existence of China's social transition resentment mood has certain practical value: first of all,the realization of social fairness and justice,intensify the disadvantaged groups of social support;Second,strengthen the socialist core values education,set up the common ideal and faith;Finally,clear resentment emotional catharsis channel.


Spatial co-location patterns represent the subsets of features (co-location) whose events are frequently located together in geographic space. Spatio-temporal co-location (co-occurrence) pattern mining extends the mining task to the scope of both space and time. However, embedding the time factor into spatial co-location pattern mining process is a subtle problem. Previous researches either treat the time factor as an alternative dimension or simply carry out the mining process on each time segment. In this paper, we propose a weighted sliding window model (WSW-Model) which introduces the impact of time interval between the spatio-temporal events into the interest measure of the spatio-temporal co-location patterns. We figure out that the aforementioned two approaches fit into the two special cases in our proposed model. We also propose an algorithm (STCP-Miner) to mine spatio-temporal co-location patterns. The experimental evaluation with both the synthetic data sets and a real world data set shows that our algorithm is relatively effective with different parameters.


How to Make Relief More Accountable
The global humanitarian system, already under considerable strain, will soon be tested as never before. In 2013, the gap between the funds available for humanitarian aid and estimated global needs reached $4.5 billion, leaving at least one-third of the demand unmet. The gap seems certain to widen, as key donors cut their contributions and humanitarian disasters grow more frequent and severe. Complex humanitarian emergencies, such as the war in Syria, have shown just how poorly the world is prepared to respond to human suffering on a large scale, despite considerable practice. The international community's response to last year's outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, for example, was slow off the mark and then stumbled, leaving everyone worried about future public health emergencies. Meanwhile, climate change has increased the destructive force of natural disasters, which fuel violence and put tremendous pressure on governments and aid agencies alike. And rapid urbanization, coupled with massive migration to coasts, has amplified the toll of such crises


The correlation of some seismic profiles and well data helped to derive a tectonic model and a hydrocarbon generation model for the eastern part of the Moesian Platform. The particular feature in the study area is the hydrocarbon entrapment especially in


While many studies have been done on the attribution of brand personality traits, few of them have focused on the complex process of brand personality creation. David Aaker (1996) and Jennifer Aaker (1997) proposed the idea of interdependence between the physical attributes of the brand and its personality. Developing further this idea, we conducted a series of experiments to test the influence of color on the perception of brand personality traits. The findings suggest that the color influences the formation of the brand personality traits especially for a new product.


Simple Summary Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related deaths, with a high frequency of recurrence and metastasis, and a poor prognosis. This study presents a novel combination of four proteins (PDGFRB, INHBA, MMP11, and galectin-10) in GC tissues that have been identified as useful survival stratification markers in patients with pStage II/III GC after curative resection by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), proteomic analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Abstract Background: We sought to identify an optimal combination of survival risk stratification markers in patients with pathological (p) stage II/III gastric cancer (GC) after curative resection. Methods: We measured the expression levels of 127 genes in pStage II/III GC tissues of two patient cohorts by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the expression of 1756 proteins between two prognosis (good and poor) groups by proteomic analysis to identify candidate survival stratification markers. Further, immunohistochemistry (IHC) using tumor microarrays (TMAs) in another cohort of patients was performed to identify an optimal biomarker combination for survival stratification in GC patients. Results: secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2), inhibin subunit beta A (INHBA), matrix metallopeptidase-11 (MMP11), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRB) were identified as candidate biomarkers from qPCR analysis, and SPARC and galectin-10 were obtained from the proteomic analysis. The combination of PDGFRB, INHBA, MMP11, and galectin-10 was identified as the optimal combination of survival risk stratification markers. Conclusions: A combination of four proteins in GC tissues may serve as useful survival risk stratification markers in patients with pStage II/III GC following curative resection. Our results may facilitate future multicenter prospective clinical trials.


Objective: To avoid legislative complications in nursing, it is important for the nurses to know their professional and legal responsibilities. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the awareness and cognizance of nurses toward these issues in order to determine the subjects that are not well-known and to propose actions to mediate this problem.Materials and Methods: The descriptive research was conducted at the Istanbul University, Hospital of the Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; from the approached 950 nurses a total of 606 participated in this study. The data was collected using a 25-item questionnaire using the face-to-face method. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using SPSS 14 with respect to: education, the current and/or previous work unit, proficiency and previous educational training regarding these issues. The statistical connection amongst data was determined using the chi-square test and values of p≤0.05 were considered significant.Results: A significant proportion of the nurses are not aware of their legal and professional responsibilities or are misinformed. We found no connection between the level of knowledge and their unit of employment but found a significant correlation with their level of education, professional experience, history of specific education for nursing responsibilities and legislation.Conclusion: In conclusion it is suggested that additional training on these issuesshould be carried out periodically for all nurses independent of hierarchy.Keywords: nurse; legislation; legal responsibility; awareness; malpractice


This paper presents a preliminary system analysis carried out in order to understand, from a system perspective, which technologies, communication techniques and resources will be required to achieve the challenging goal of developing a Terabit/s satellite system in the 2020 time horizon.


A LTHOUGH there has been, for many years, a recM. ognition of the higher incidence of multiple handicapping conditions among mentally retarded school children as compared with "normal" or above average pupils, neither the accurate census of the number and kinds of additional handicaps nor the methodology for teaching such multiply handicapped children in public school or residential school Iacilities is available.


In the current age of information, with growing internet connectivity, people are looking for service providers to store their data, and compute with it. On the other hand, sensitive personal data is easily misused for unintended purposes. Wouldn't it be great to have a scalable framework, where multiple users can upload personal data, which allows the servers to offer services on these data without ever revealing any data to the servers? TNO and CWI in the Netherlands have developed such a framework


In(x)Ga(1-x)As based MODFET (modulation doped field effect transistor) material was grown by molecular beam epitaxy on semi-insulating InP substrates. Several structures were made, including lattice matched and strained layer InGaAs. All structures also included several layers of In(0.52)Al(0.48)As. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to characterize the structures. The experimental data, together with the calibration function for the constituent materials, were analyzed to yield the thickness of all the layers of the MODFET structure. Results of the ellipsometrically determined thicknesses compare very well with the reflection high energy electron diffraction in situ thickness measurements.


Objectives: To propose a model which could classify in real-time if an individual is wearing a face mask or not wearing a face mask. A lightweight system that could be easily deployed and assist in surveillance. Methods/Statistical analysis: Analysis of the proposed model shows a limited number of research studies with regards to facial localizations. Several state-of-the-art methods were taken into considerations out of which the CNN architectural approach is analyzed in this study. Taking into consideration the use-case


Lecture given at the Europe Cultural Days
2015 programme organised by the European
Central Bank in collaboration with the
Central Bank of Malta, held in the Deutsches
Architekturmuseum in Frankfurt, Germany, on
7th December 2015.


In this paper, we use the symbolic computation method to prove the famous Mordell inequality conjecture. By eliminating the constraints using the normalized condition, this problem can be transformed into the non-constraints problem. For the case of $\text{n}=3$, we verified that this inequality is correct by cylindrical algebraic decomposition; meanwhile, for the case of $\text{n}=4$, we verify the inequality is also valid for many cases by using the successive difference substitution method.


The utility model relates to an electric vehicle control device, in particular to a vehicle control unit for an electric vehicle. The vehicle control unit comprises a microcontroller, a peripheral circuit of the microcontroller, an analog conditioning circuit and a CAN (controller area network) bus interface, wherein the analog conditioning circuit receives analog signals of an accelerator pedal sensor and a brake pedal sensor and transmits the processed analog signals to the microcontroller, and the microcontroller transmits control signals to a motor controller through the CAN bus interface. The vehicle control unit is simple in structure, all links of a power chain of the electric vehicle can be managed, coordinated and monitored, the energy utilization efficiency of the whole vehicle is improved, and safety and reliability are ensured.


Leaf samples were stored at 4°C during the timeframe of imaging. From each sample one leaf (of three per bag) was used. From the leaf one 5mm disc was cut for microscopic analysis. The disc was cut from the middle (vertically) of the leaf. The leaf discs were put into 80-well glass bottom plates and pressed against the well bottom using a custom-made, spring-mounted stamp array. The samples were stained with Calcofluor + 10% KOH (1:1) in order to increase cell wall fluorescence. Microscopic images of the leaf discs were taken in high throughput using the Opera High Content Screening System. A 20x water-immersion objective was used. A 488nm laser was used for excitation and fluorescence was captured at 520nm. For each disc, 9 images of predefined locations were taken, hereinafter referred to as image "fields". Each field represents an area of 0.15mm2. In each of these locations 10 images were taken in a stack along the z-Axis to counter the height variability on the leaf surface. This resulted in 9 stacks per sample and a total of 24,480 stacks.


Cash transfer programs often target women as the recipient of the money. Unintentionally, this flow of unearned income may reduce spousal abuse. We investigate this possibility by assessing the Peruvian JUNTOS program. We exploit the staggered timing in the rollout of the program across municipalities along with its eligibility rule for determining participation to perform a difference-in-differences analysis. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, we find that JUNTOS reduced the prevalence of physical intimate partner violence by 25%–30%. Further analysis indicates that reductions in frequent alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression from male partners are behind this result.


In recent years, indoor mobile robot navigation problems have become the key issues research of the scholars. In order to meet the requirements of a simple robot control, path planning algorithm should have two characteristic at least: the least inflection point and the shortest path, but the elements are often contradictory. The paper has established a rectangular obstacle model according to the features of indoor obstacle. First, it is to determine whether there are obstructions on the pro-domain path between the start point and end point. Secondly, the path is selected according to the number of nodes and overall distance. Finally, the paper has made the simulation of different situations.


This paper examines how formal guidance and counselling originated in Ghana and became established in the Ghana educational system, especially in the second and third cycle institutions. It makes mention of those individuals who pioneered the profession's establishment both its service and academic prgrammes and the institutions which opened their doors for them to work. The paper also looks at some organizations in Ghana which have adopted counselling in their work.


Abstract We study nonzero-sum stochastic differential games with risk-sensitive discounted cost criteria. Under fairly general conditions on drift term and diffusion coefficients, we establish a Nash equilibrium in Markov strategies for the discounted cost criterion. We achieve our results by studying relevant systems of coupled HJB equations.


FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. A method includes enrichment of cattle ration with microelements as copper, zinc, manganese, boron, nitrogen and carbohydrate to exclude deficit in ration directly in pasture forage not yet cut down. Extra-root processing of green mass in a pasture yard is carried out in May-June three days before pasturing animals with a solution of a tank mixture of components: CuSO 4 - 0.02%, MnSO 4 - 0.05%, ZnSO 4 - 0.02%, HBO 2 - 0.03% and (NH 2 ) 2 CO - 10%. In July-October, when pasture "burns out", extra-root processing of dry pasture mass is carried out with a solution of a mixture of components CuSO 4 - 0.02%, MnSO 4 - 0.05%, ZnSO 4 - 0.02%, HBO 2 - 0.03%, (NH 2 ) 2 CO - 10% and beet molasses - 10% with the norm of introduction in both options - 300 l/ha. EFFECT: method makes it possible to improve plants nutrition and increase their forage value. 2 tbl, 1 ex


Film scholars interested in the responses to the collapse of the German Democratic Republic and subsequent unification have tended to focus on the comic and/or tragic narratives which reflect the challenges facing the population of the New Federal States, whether as citizens struggling to adjust to the new post-unification order or as citizens of an economically deprived region and all the attendant social and psychological problems. But a number of important films produced during the Wende have largely been neglected. Formally experimental, occasionally cryptic, and sometimes disturbing, these films demand reviewing not only because of their unconventional aesthetic, which distinguishes them from the other better-known films of the time and since, but because with hindsight, as this article makes clear, we recognise that they offer a critical index of the doubts and frustrations resulting from the East German state's collapse and its subsequent union with the Federal Republic. This article focuses on three films in particular (Letztes aus der DaDaeR/Latest from the DaDaeR, Das Deutsche Kettensägenmassaker/The German Chainsaw Massacre and Deutschfieber/German Fever) and considers filmmakers' recourse to aesthetic forms, namely the carnivalesque and the grotesque.


This paper describes the position and time of postnatal closure of a vessel from the pulmonary artery to the aorticopulmonary glomus (carotid body‐like) tissue. Nine prenatal and eight postnatal kittens (killed at 12 hours, and 8, 12, 16, 30, 42, 60 and 90 days) and 50 adult cats were examined. The vessel arose from the root of the right pulmonary artery and had ascending and descending branches. The latter supplied the aorticopulmonary glomus tissue and mingled with vessels arising from the root of the coronary arteries — usually the left. In two prenatal cats an actual anastomosis was demonstrated. There was no change in the intramural part of the branch of the pulmonary artery in kittens less than 16 days old. The vessel was partly closed by cellular proliferation by the sixteenth day and was almost certainly occluded by the forty‐second day. It was not patent in any animal more than 42 days of age. In the adult cat, the aorticopulmonary glomus tissue was less cellular than in the fetus. It is suggested that the communication between the branch from the right pulmonary artery and the coronary arteries through chemoreceptor tissue may have functional significance.


460 Background: To evaluate outcomes and dosimetric parameters of ablative stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) with functional treatment planning for localized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with Child-Pugh B (CP-B) hepatic cirrhosis. Methods: Liver SPECT with 99mTc-sulfur colloid was co-registered to 3D-CT for identification and avoidance of functional hepatic parenchyma during SBRT in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Functional liver volumes (FLV-SPECT) were compared to anatomical liver volumes, as were dosimetric parameters when radiation dose constraints were adapted exclusively to FLV-SPECT. Hepatic function, toxicity, and radiographic response were documented every 4–6 months following SBRT. Results: With a median follow-up of 25 months 37 patients (48 lesions treated) with CP-B cirrhosis received SBRT to a median dose 48 Gy (4–5 fractions). FLV-SPECT volume loss (509 cc or 41.3%, p < 0.001) was observed in all patients, while the functional and anatomical liver volumes matched well in a control group of non-cirrhotic/non-HCC patients. While tumors received ablative irradiation, mean dose to FLV-SPECT was maintained at 1.3 – 16 Gy (median 9.17 Gy), well below the liver threshold tolerance to radiation. Seventeen patients successfully completed liver transplant at a median time to transplant of 6.5 months. The dropout rate from the transplant list was 9 % with intrahepatic progression outside treated tumors. Eight of 10 patients with intrahepatic progression received additional SBRT during follow-up. Overall 2-year survival rate was 65% with no incidence of RILD or CP class migration from B to C was observed at 6+ months post SBRT. Two patients completed liver SBRT on a hybrid linear accelerator combined with MRI scanner (Unity MR-Linac, Elekta) utilizing Super-Paramagnetic Iron Oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle agent as an alternative contrast media for functionally active liver parenchyma. Prolonged SPIO-contrast retention also allowed per fraction treatment plan adaptation and enhanced tumor imaging. Conclusions: SBRT planning with 99mTc sulfur colloid SPECT allows identification and conformal avoidance of residual functionally active hepatic parenchyma in patients with CP-B cirrhosis. We report high local control and low toxicity leading to satisfactory pre- and post-liver transplant outcomes. Prospective clinical trial investigating MRI-SPIO functional treatment planning for liver SBRT is ongoing at our institution.


The authors discuss practical issues arising in the implementation of various adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filters using multiple processors. Some key issues involved in partitioning of adaptive filter algorithms for distribution to multiple processors are examined. Two architectures for the multiprocessing implementation of the fast Kalman and the FAEST FIR adaptive filters are presented. The use of the TMS324C40 programmable digital signal processor for the implementation of the multiprocessing architectures presented is investigated.<<ETX>>


In this paper, a novel variable frequency controller is proposed for a passive high power factor electronic ballast with dimming capability and low crest factor. The ballast circuit is the combination of a valley fill circuit and a new frequency modulated current fed resonant inverter. The advantage of using a current fed resonant inverter in the proposed power circuit is that it provides isolation to the driver circuit without the use of any isolation devices. The proposed controller circuit uses a simple modified 555 timer to continuously regulate the lamp current by changing the switching frequency. As a result, a low crest factor in the lamp current is achieved with a high input power factor. A detailed description of the controller circuit is given in this paper. Feedback loop analysis is also provided to study the stability issues of the proposed ballast circuit. Powersim (PSIM) simulation results are presented to highlight the merits of the proposed circuit for a T8-32 W fluorescent lamp


Abstract In recent years, there have been valuable studies of medical education that have highlighted the importance of shared educational activities and the changing image of the student. Less attention has been paid to how masculine ideals were passed on to students and how educational and extra-curricular spheres became sites for the maintenance of hegemonic masculinity. Taking Irish medical schools as a case study and drawing on the student press, doctors' memoirs and novels, this article will illustrate how rites of passage in medical education and social activities such as pranks and rugby became imbued with masculine tropes. In this way, the transformation of student to practitioner was often symbolised as the transformation of boy to man. The cultivation of the image of the medical student as a predominantly male individual became an important force in segregating men and women students and helped to preserve Irish medicine as a largely masculine sphere.


A tensile test on the 18mm diameter (φ18) and 25mm (φ25) GFRP bars was conducted to observe the tensile apparent characteristics and failure strength. The value calculated by failure strength fomula and the experimental value were ,contrasted to study the parameters and value of the strength calculating formula,, and drawn the conclusions as follows: The φ18 and φ25 GFRP bars' failure strength is effected by fiber materials, enhance materials itself and interface performance. The φ18 bars' failure strength is about 10% higher than φ25 bars'. The deviation between the calculated value and the actual value is more than 30%. k is the correction parameter in theoretical formula, kφ18=0.76, kφ25 = 0.68 is appropriate. Based on statistical intensity distribution model of GFRP bars' failure strength, reference stresses value of the φ18 and φ25 GFRP bars are different and the diameters of GFRP bars increases to weaken the strength of the composite material. The reducing rate of the reference stresses is significantly affected by the diameters. The diameters effect is greater than the fiber content effect.


Stimulation of T-cell receptors by professional antigen presenting cells initiates several signaling cascades which finally lead to T-cell activation and proliferation. One of the cascades induces a rise of the cytoplasmic IP3 concentration, which releases Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. This Ca2+ release alone, however, is not sufficient to activate Ca2+ dependent signal transduction and gene transcription in T-cells. For T-cell activation and proliferation, a sustained Ca2+ entry over the plasma membrane is needed. This Ca2+ entry is called storeoperated Ca2+ (SOC) entry, because it is activated by depletion of the Ca2+ stores. The first and best-characterized member of the SOC channels is the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel which is the predominant Ca2+ influx pathway in T-cells. CRAC channels are highly selective for Ca2+ over all other cations and are responsible for the Ca2+ entry and subsequent sustained elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration which is required for T-cell activation. We discuss the role of CRAC channels for T-cell activation and their potential to determine the quality and quantity of the T-cell response.


This paper discusses the optimal solution to the optimization design of mixed discrete variables after providing the solution to uniform discrete of non-uniform discrete variables and continuous variables with the focus on the optimization design of discrete and continuous variables. The example shows that the optimum design method of mixed discrete variables can be applied to the optimization design of engineering structure. The optimal results needn't be approximated. The efficiency and reliability of optimum design are improved.


Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining increasing attention from academia and industry due to its unique advantages compared to the traditional manufacturing process. Parts quality inspection is playing a crucial role in the AM industry, which can be adopted for product improvement. However, the traditional inspection process has relied on manual recognition, which could suffer from low efficiency and potential bias. This study presented a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach toward robust AM quality inspection, such as good quality, crack, gas porosity, and lack of fusion. To obtain the appropriate model, experiments were performed on a series of architectures. Moreover, data augmentation was adopted to deal with data scarcity. L2 regularization (weight decay) and dropout were applied to avoid overfitting. The impact of each strategy was evaluated. The final CNN model achieved an accuracy of 92.1%, and it took 8.01 milliseconds to recognize one image. The CNN model presented here can help in automatic defect recognition in the AM industry.


Abstract BACKGROUND The fruit of two apple cultivars – 'Braeburn', which is susceptible to inoculation with Botrytis cinerea, and the less susceptible cv. 'Golden Delicious' – were investigated with respect to their response to inoculation with B. cinerea. Successful infection by B. cinerea leads to an oxidative burst and perturbation of plant redox homeostasis. To investigate the interaction between apple fruit and B. cinerea, antioxidant metabolism in fruit samples from sun‐exposed and shaded sides of different tissue types was measured over time. RESULTS The sun‐exposed tissue of 'Braeburn' had higher initial levels of total vitamin C in the peel and phenolic compounds in the flesh than 'Golden Delicious', despite its greater susceptibility to gray mold. A substantial antioxidant response was recorded in diseased 'Braeburn' fruit 14 days after inoculation, which involved an elevated superoxide dismutase activity and ascorbate peroxidase activity, a progressive oxidation of total vitamin C, and a decrease in peroxidase activity and phenolic content. Disease development was slower on the sun‐exposed sides than on the shaded sides. CONCLUSION The two cultivars appeared to utilize different strategies to defend themselves against B. cinerea. 'Golden Delicious' almost entirely escaped infection. Preharvest exposure of apple fruit to high light / temperature stress appears to prepare them to better resist subsequent postharvest attack and disease. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.


ville High School has developed a program which attempts to include some of the new materials that are being introduced into the social sciences and, at the same time, provide the student with an opportunity to study selected topics in more depth than is usually done. The program is referred to as "flexible content." Each of the required social studies courses, world cultures, American History, and American Government, have been divided into twelve units. Some of the world


This paper focused on the algorithms of physical topology discovery of switched Ethernet,including the methods based on spanning tree of switches,the methods base on address forwarding table and the methods based on probe packets.At last,pointed out the main research aspects for physical topology discovery.


The measurement and computation of the house area,special structural and irregular house and related evaluation are briefly introduced in this paper.


Abstract Hazebroek's problem of a finite line-source in an infinite elastic medium is reconsidered. Here the object is to present a simpler method of solution by treating bhe line-source as equivalent to an appropriate distribution of point sources over the surface of a prolate spheroid which degenerates into this line in the limit when its minor axis tends to zero. This is achieved by using the property of Green's functions. The solution thus obtained is verified to be identical with that derived by Hazebroek.


Laser wakefield accelerators commonly produce on-axis, low-divergence, high-energy electron beams. However, a high charge, annular shaped beam can be trapped outside the bubble and accelerated to high energies. Here we present a parametric study on the production of low-energy-spread, ultra-relativistic electron ring beams in a two-stage gas cell. Ring-shaped beams with energies higher than 750 MeV are observed simultaneously with on axis, continuously injected electrons. Often multiple ring shaped beams with different energies are produced and parametric studies to control the generation and properties of these structures were conducted. Particle tracking and particle-in-cell simulations are used to determine properties of these beams and investigate how they are formed and trapped outside the bubble by the wake produced by on-axis injected electrons. These unusual femtosecond duration, high-charge, high-energy, ring electron beams may find use in beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators and radiation sources.


Delirium is associated with new onset dementia and accelerated cognitive decline; however, its pathophysiology remains unknown. Cerebral glucose metabolism previously seen in delirium may have been attributable to acute illness and/or dementia. We aimed to statistically map cerebral glucose metabolism attributable to delirium.


The objective of this program was to conduct a study, design and fabricate a cold crucible system for the synthesis and crystal growth of refractory semiconductors and oxides. A theoretical analysis of the cold crucible relating the properties of the material to the electrical characteristics of the cold crucible was completed. The thermal analysis, which includes thermal modeling by means of a computer technique, was also completed. A detailed analysis of the RF power control system necessary to provide the desired stability for crystal growth was also carried out. Using a 50 kW (4-7 megahertz) RF power supply the cold crucible assembly was tested and kilogram melts of zirconia (melting point 2690/sup 0/C) were contained.


5545 Background: LGS ovarian cancer is a rare subtype of ovarian cancer, accounting for 10% of ovarian cancer cases. Patients typically present at an early age, exhibit a protracted clinical course, and have response rates to chemotherapy of < 4%. Limited clinical data suggests that bev may have activity in this disease. The objective of this study was to determine the response rate to treatment with bev in patients with SB or LGS ovarian cancer treated at MSKCC. Methods: Following IRB approval, all patients with a diagnosis of SB or LGS ovarian or primary peritoneal cancer treated with ≥ 1 dose of bev for persistent or recurrent disease were identified. 17 patients were treated at MSKCC between July 2005 and June 2012. Diagnosis was confirmed by a gynecologic pathologist. All imaging was independently reviewed by the study radiologist and response was determined by RECIST 1.1 criteria. Results: 17 patients, 10 with LGS ovarian cancer, 3 with LGS primary peritoneal cancer, and 4 with SB disease were inclu...


Optic-fiber channel is widely used in the 500 kV transmission line to work as the communications channel of pilot protection because of its high transfer rate and strong anti-interference as well high reliability and security.The principle of pilot protection and the connect ways of optic-fiber channel with relay protection devices as well their clock settings is introduced in this paper.Based on the application of optic-fiber pilot protection in the 500 kV transmission line at Inner Mongolia,some issues that should be noted at routine maintenance work are presented to increase success rate for protection and ensure the safe operation of power grids.


Methoxylation is a reaction to produce of ether compounds using methoxy ions. The α-pinene methoxylation using potassium alum catalyst was carried out using a microwave with power variations of 320, 480 and 640 W, mass of the catalyst 0.3; 0.6 and 0; 9 g, and mole ratio of reactants 1:15, 1:30 and 1:45 mole. Identification of the reaction results was performed using GC, GC-MS and FT-IR. The product obtained in α-pinene methoxylation is mirtenyl methyl ether (MME) and terpinyl methyl ether (TME). The conversion of α-pinene with the variation of 480 W microwave power, mass of catalyst 0.3 g and mole ratio of reactants 1:15 at 120 seconds was 99.82% with the selectivity of MME and TME were obtained 32.0 % and 1.4%, respectively.


In this study, we investigated the evolutionary public goods games (PGG) on scale-free networks and studied the effect of network emergence. We used Hub emergence, which is an open-loop emergent process that restructures any dynamic network by creating hubs. Also we used Cluster emergence defined as an open-loop emergent process that increases the cluster coefficient of a dynamic network. With the aid of the analysis of the PGG on a graph, we are able to investigate intuitively how the emergence affects the transformation of individuals' strategies. We find that the Hub emergence inhibits the emergence and sustainment of the cooperation, due to the fact that the vertices gather in big groups, and as a result diffuses cooperation among vertices and impact remote leaf-vertices to cooperate. However, Cluster emergence has also an impact on the evolution of cooperation, but with a lower intensity than the Hub emergence. As a result, the cooperation in PGG is more related to gathering in big groups than the cluster size.


A hybrid structure involving efficient plentiful ultrasmall SnS2 nanocrystals decorated on flexible reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has been successfully realized via a simple refluxing method. Compared to previous studies, the ultrasmall SnS2 nanocrystals can compactly and orderly cover the RGO nanosheets, increasing the loading number of SnS2 per unit area of the RGO substrates. The ultrasmall SnS2 nanocrystals@RGO nanocomposites were investigated as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this hybrid structure, RGO was not only used as a solid support to uniformly distribute the SnS2 nanocrystals, but also as a carrier to accelerate electron transport. In addition, the uniform size and homogeneous SnS2 nanocrystals on the RGO nanosheets reduced electrode polarization, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries. A specific capacity up to 1034 mA h g−1 was realized from an ultrasmall SnS2 nanocrystals@RGO electrode even after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. Importantly, the ultrasmall SnS2 nanocrystals@RGO electrode showed excellent capacity retention for up to 450 cycles even at a high rate of 5 C. The cost-effective synthesis of SnS2 nanocrystals@RGO and excellent electrochemical performance indicates the great potential for this type of nanocomposites as an active electrode for lithium-ion batteries.


BACKGROUND: There is a significant progress in medical education in recent years but still there is room for reforms and innovations. Development of curriculum is a dynamic process which is ongoing since centuries. With advances in medical sciences, changes in patterns of diseases, changing socio-economic realities, periodic updating of a curriculum is necessary. Medical curriculum has gone through many reforms and for implementation of a new curricular reform detailed understanding of implementer's perceptions is mandatory. AIM: The study is aimed to determine the perceptions of medical teachers about curricular reforms. METHODS: Search was done utilizing the PubMed and ERIC databases and grey search utilizing search engine Google and Google scholar, following the Haig and Dozier approach. Optimal search with combine natural language and controlled vocabulary approaches was used. RESULTS: After initial selection of 237 articles relevant to the research question there abstracts were studied, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and it was found that there are many articles which are nonspecific (not having proper study designs, conference proceedings) and 10 were duplicate. Three themes were identified after search: Theme 1: Evolution of integrated curriculum/ Historical Perspective, Theme 2: Implementation of the integrated curriculum and Theme 3: Failed reforms to implement the integrated curriculum CONCLUSION: It is concluded that integrated curriculum in an organ-system-based model is a curricular reform that is well accepted by teachers around the world. It helped reducing the excessive information and repetition of content