Although ,the greatness of prayers in Islam is undeniable and indispensable , we find some people may be preceded in some partsof prayer with the Imam .This research discusses some matters concerning the rules to the follower in prayer, according to a scientific method which is applied incomparative jurisprudential studies explained in a preface, an introduction , four demands and a conclusion.The introduction: includes a definition for the follower in a prayer and then an urging for greatening (Takbeer) to the mosque andwaiting for the prayer referring to the importance of attending the first Takbeerah (Allah is great ) with the Imam and what happened whenhe attends it.The first demand: indicated the importance of walking to prayer quietly and peacefully.The second demand: is telling about the time for the follower to join the prayer with the Imam whenever he find him .The third demand : is explaining how can the follower enter the prayer with the Imam whatever he was prostrating( rokou) or afterraising of prostration , indicating the rule of joining the prayer when the Imam is standing, also the rule of greatening (Takbeer) forprostration in Ihram's Takbeerah) and the rule of prostrating in any row to catch the Raka'a (genuflection) , also the rule for the Imam whowaits in prostrating for the people who are entering the prayer.The fourth demand : is dealing with the rules for the followers to complete his prayer after the finish (salaam) of the Imam , indicatingwhich time to complete and the rule concerning greatening (Takbeer) when he stands.The conclusion : includes the most important results of the research.And I seek God's blessing to benefit all , as He is he The All Hearing and The Responder .


Consider a semigraph $G=(V,\,E)$; in this paper, we study the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of $G$. We show that the Laplacian of $G$ is positive semi-definite, and $G$ is connected if and only if $\lambda_2>0.$ Along the similar lines of graph theory bounds on the largest eigenvalue, we obtain upper and lower bounds on the largest Laplacian eigenvalue of G and enumerate the Laplacian eigenvalues of some special semigraphs such as star semigraph, rooted 3-uniform semigraph tree.


Background: Periodical neurological and neuro developmental assessment is necessary to identify the subtle deficits in preterm infants (PTI). Muscle tone assessment is an integral part of the neurological evaluation which is widely assessed by Amiel-Tison angles (ATA). Passive muscle tone depends on the passive extensibility of muscles which is influenced by size and length of muscle fibers that contributes for body weight. This study aims to analyze the relationship between body weight and muscle tone in PTI from 32 to 40 weeks of corrected gestational age (CGA).


Abstract: Objective: to discuss the research progress on the effect and mechanism of the TCM treatment for scar. Methods: to conclude the process of the progress on TCM treatment for scar, through research on effect and mechanism of the ingredients of several Chinese medical herbs in treating scar. Results: Several Chinese medical herbs are found effective in treating scar, such as saponins, flavonoid, polyphenols, alkaloids and terpene. Conclusion: With the long history of TCM treating scar, it attracts more and more attention to treat scar with the TCM therapies, and simultaneously related experiments and mechanism research get progressive. 【摘要】目的:探讨中药治疗瘢痕的作用及机制研究进展。方法:通过研究几种中药成分治疗瘢痕的作用及机制,总结中药在治疗瘢痕的进展过程。结果:其中皂苷类、黄酮类、多酚类、生物碱类及萜类这几种中药对治疗瘢痕有较好的效果。结论:中医药治疗瘢痕有着悠久的历史,人们近年来对中药治疗瘢痕,日益重视,相关实验和机理研究取得了一定的进展。


We investigate the temperature- and coupling-dependent transport through Kondo dot contacts with symmetric superconducting s-wave leads. For finite temperature T we use a superconducting extension of a selfconsistent auxiliary boson scheme, termed SNCA, while at T=0 a perturbative renormalization group treatment is applied. The finite-temperature phase diagram for the 0--pi transition of the Josephson current in the junction is established and related to the phase-dependent position of the subgap Kondo resonance with respect to the Fermi energy. The conductance of the contact is evaluated in the zero-bias limit. It approaches zero in the low-temperature regime, however, at finite T its characteristics are changed through the coupling- and temperature-dependent 0--pi transition.


Describes an experiment begun in 1994 at Eindhoven University in The Netherlands, which aimed for the integration of research, education and knowledge transfer to industry. This experiment focused on the transportation and distribution (TD to involve a group of students who were ready to start their graduation project; and to help T&D companies to improve their competitiveness. Benchmarking was used to find the key success factors. Discusses the organizational setting and the methodology of the experiment. Pays attention to the issue of segmentation, which is considered to be crucial in benchmarking.


Results of new sorbents development for heavy and radioactive metals based on vegetable raw material (oats, rye and wheat straw) are presented


Phase separation morphology and diffusion properties of Nafion and SPEEK were investigated in this study. Nafion and SPEEK PEMs had been prepared by solution casting procedure. TEM image of Nafion membrane shows a preferable continuous proton conductive channels with 3-5 nm width distributed in hydrophobic matrix, while SPEEK exhibits poor phase separation morphology with isolated clusters (1 nm in width) morphology. Radial distribution function of S-S for Nafion exhibits a much more intensive SS peak than that of SPEEK, suggesting that the agglomeration of hydrophilic domains, represented by sulfonate groups, in SPEEK is worse than that in Nafion matrix, which might be attributed to the lower electronegativity of H than that of F and higher steric hindrance of SPEEK backbone. The corresponding hydrophilic cluster morphology of Nafion and SPEEK membranes with different hydration level were explored by MD simulation. SPEEK possessed much smaller hydrophilic channels than that of Nafion especially at low hydration level. And consequently, much lower mobility of H2O and H3O are revealed for SPEEK.


Aluminum is an essential strategic mineral resource. The geographical space distribution characteristics make the aluminum ore trade relationship more complicated. This paper analyzes the evolution characteristics, spatial migration, and trade competition of aluminum ore trade from 2011 to 2020. This paper constructs the aluminum supply risk propagation network Aluminum Supply Risk Spread Network to analyze the propagation path, impact scope, and potential impact of different risk outbreak sources. The results show that a few countries control more aluminum ore resources, and the trade community and center of trade gravity have changed significantly. Trade competition gradually intensifies, mainly concentrated in Asia and Europe. When supply risk occurs, the threat spreads rapidly. This paper selects four major trading countries Brazil, Guinea, Australia, and China, as risk outbreak countries. Risk outbreak mainly shows three typical characteristics. Meanwhile, indirect infections account for a large proportion, and China plays an essential role in trade. Finally, based on these findings, some suggestions to maintain the stability of the aluminum resource trade and improve its ability to resist risks for China.


Abstract Recent studies have shown that high coverages of alkyl groups can be generated and isolated on metal surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by the thermal [Zaera, F., Acc. Chem. Res. 25, 260 (1992)] and photochemical [Zhou, X. -L., Zhu, X. -Y., and White, J. M., Surf. Sci. Rep. 13, 74 (1991)] dissociation of alkyl halides. This paper describes studies in which these approaches have been employed to study the coupling of methyl groups generated on a Au(111) surface. The coupling rate, as measured by temperature-programmed reaction experiments, is found to be sensitive to the structure of the surface. For a well-annealed surface, coupling occurs at ∼ 270 K, but for a sputtered and incompletely annealed surface, coupling occurs at ∼ 350 K. An interesting and unexpected finding is that coadsorbing P(CH 3 ) 3 with the methyl groups on a Au(100) surface inhibits the coupling reaction so that methyl radical desorption is observed. Similarities between the rates of methyl coupling and methyl radical desorption have also been observed previously for a Cu(111) surface, suggesting a correlation between the methyl coupling rate and the metal-alkyl bond strength. Such a correlation can account for the trends in the coupling rates reported for alkyl groups on Ag(111), Au(100), Cu(111), and Cu(110). The coupling rate is fastest on surfaces and for alkyl groups that are expected to form the weakest carbon-metal bonds.


(A) an alkali-soluble resin, (B) a photoacid generator, (C) a process for the production of a surfactant and (D) an organic solvent containing at least a photosensitive resin composition, (C) surfactant and (D) contain an organic solvent, and (a) a step of obtaining a dispersion liquid containing no alkali-soluble resin and (B) a photoacid generator, to the dispersion (a) an alkali-soluble resin and (B) a photoacid generator and a step of adding, the.


Increased oceanic heat transport plays a key role in the accelerated mass loss of Greenland's marine‐terminating glaciers. The melt rate of major glaciers in Northeast Greenland (NEG) is controlled by ocean variability, in particular warm Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW), on the continental shelf. A high‐resolution configuration of the ocean sea‐ice model FESOM2.1 is assessed at local and regional scales, and used to investigate the drivers of AIW temperature variability on the NEG continental shelf. The seasonal to decadal variability of AIW is characterised, featuring both pronounced interannual fluctuations and a long‐term warming trend. A major source of AIW is Atlantic Water (AW) originating from the West Spitsbergen Current that recirculates in Fram Strait. AW anomalies are advected westwards and partly control the AIW temperatures on the continental shelf. Increased AIW temperatures are also connected to pronounced northern and central branches of recirculating AW in Fram Strait, and enhanced AW temperatures more regionally. The strengthening of the pathways brings more warmer AIW onto the northern part of the NEG continental shelf. There, it circulates anti‐cyclonically and results in shelf‐wide warming. Regional atmospheric forcing is connected to the changes in the AW circulation. The strengthening of the northern AW branches is likely caused by anticyclonic wind anomalies over the Barents Sea that drive an enhanced northward AW transport in Fram Strait. Thus, controlled by a combination of both upstream and regionally forced circulation conditions, the changes in local AIW temperatures may also affect the oceanic heat transport reaching the Central Arctic Ocean.


A phase detecting apparatus comprising: a power input unit to receive an AC voltage; a phase detector for detecting a zero crossing of the AC voltage, and when the AC voltage zero-crossing detector, the phase detector output signal; and a power switch, responsive to the mode a control signal for selectively cutting off power to the AC power flows into the input unit.


This work investigates the regional inflationary dynamics, using the variance ratio, mean equality test and variance equality test, and the effects weight and price. The results show heterogeneous behavior between regions, where significant inertial components were found. These results support the issue of persistence in inflation observed, and this as the time gap for the convergence of prices are subject to individual fluctuations, preferences, restrictions on the movement of productive resources and market competition.


Many vehicle accidents are caused by driver fatigue. Systems to monitor driver fatigue can contribute to a decrease in fatalities. This paper describes the development of a multi-sensor system for driver fatigue detection. The system achieves this by monitoring eye closure and wheel steering movements, and is able to alert the driver of any detected anomalies. Various techniques are suggested for registering the location coordinates. If it is detected that the driver is falling asleep, the system alerts the driver through audible and visual cues and sends an SMS to a third party reporting the occurrence.


Dear Editor, I read with great interest the article by Contrera et al.1 I congratulate the authors on their remarkable clinical results using autologous fat injection pharyngoplasty for the management of non-cleft patients with mild to moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency. The authors described that the large adipose globules excised from the lower abdomen region were processed and injected into the posterior pharyngeal wall.1 I would have appreciated it if the authors shared further technical surgical description: for example, a unique or multiple small pieces of harvested fat tissues, the handor scalpel-based processing technique used to clean the fibrous attachments, single or multiple entry points used for fat placements, and the bolus or other technique used for injection. This could enhance not only the interpretation but also the reproducibility of their interesting technique. In treating pediatric and adult patients with postpatoplasty velopharyngeal insufficiency, I personally prefer to use a modified curved one-hole injection cannula as it is difficult to achieve the targeted recipient site (transverse ridge in the central region of the posterior pharyngeal wall at the level and above the anterior tubercle of the first cervical vertebra) and deliver the fat tissue in multiple tunnels, soft tissue planes, and passages through a straight cannula or needle.2 However, no comparative data exist to support the superiority of a type of injection cannula for posterior pharyngeal fat grafting. In fact, literature on and related to fat grafting reveal a lack of consensus on the harvesting, processing, and injecting techniques.3 A systematic review specifically addressing fat graft surgery for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency showed that current literature is limited to small noncomparative studies with a high variability in terms of used techniques, recipient sites (lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls and/or soft palate), and injected volume.4 It appears that the inconsistency in fat grafting-related outcomes may stem from the variability in surgical tecnhiques.4 In this setting, recent mathematical modeling-, rheological simulation-, and experimental-based evidence of the process of dynamic tissue remodeling after fat grafting have been applied to modify the harvesting, processing, and delivering techniques with the aim of enhancing adipocyte viability, maximizing the graft-to-recipient interface, and optimizing the graft-to-capacity ratio.5 When interpreting fat graft-related outcomes, each technical modality and its potential clinical repercussion are considered distinct to draw meaningful conclusions.3,5 Interestingly, the authors' description1 adds a further question to the growing literature on fat grafting:2-5 does a fat graft procedure that truly adheres to these basic science and clinical principles present a superior result? My comments do not invalidate their technical approach to the management of challenging adult patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency. They reinforce a call for the necessity of levels I and II of evidence. This would constitute the basis for assisting multidisciplinary teams in decision-making processes of selecting the best-suited subpopulation of patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency to receive fat tissue-based treatment and the optimal fat injection pharyngoplasty technique. Owing to the potential small sample size in single-center studies, providers and researchers should be stimulated to delineate international collaborative investigations.


This article parses the role of the body in Howard Jacobson's Kalooki Nights and the manner in which Jacobson satirically draws on antisemitic concepts of Jewish difference. The article explores the role of the body in Jacobson's magnum opus and how the author deconstructs the binaries that define and separate Jews and non-Jews. It offers new close readings of the novel that focus on the protagonist's failed marriages, and – following from David Brauner's recent monograph-length study – brings into focus new ways in which Jacobson's novel engages and departs from Philip Roth.


his suggestion of "new pluralism" he hints at the growing fault line since 1989—the tensions between indigenous churches and western missionary efforts. The chapter on pacifism lends a certain asymmetry to an otherwise country-based collection, a fact redeemed however by its excellent treatment by noted Mennonite scholar, Lawrence Klippenstein. He chronicles the struggle of conscientious objectors, distinguishing between the influence of faith and that of the European peace movement, and predicting that, despite legal liberalization, "COs would continue to experience difficulties even after the demise of the Communist regime" due to nationalism. In a concluding chapter Ramet provides a comprehensive and analytically sophisticated review of the changes since 1989, including legal and property rights of churches, normalization of church life and factors militating for and against the rise of official churches. She concludes that in the "new church-state configuration" the "historic heterogeneity of the region" is replacing the "homogenizing communist system." Strieker not only draws contrasts with the Catholic churches but raises the overarching question: how effective were Protestant churches in coping with communism? This volume provides a coherent answer to this question (with the exception of the chapter on Protestant theology by Sape Zylstra, which blurs the focus on communist systems by devoting lengthy sections to England and the US). Protestant churches were more vulnerable to communist cooptation and, for the most part, unable to offer much resistance. They did, however, engage in active theological deliberation and, in their diversity, offered significant avenues for dissent.


Aims: To estimate the prevalence of Internet addiction among undergraduate medical students and to look for its
association with stress, anxiety and depression. A total of 500 consenting undergra Materials and Methods: duate
medical students registered with Medical College associated with a Tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad in the year 2020-21 participated in the
study who were evaluated for Internet Addiction and Depression, Anxiety, Stress using Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Depression,
Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 Items (DASS 21) respectively. Focused Group Discussion was conducted with the students using FGD guide to
describe the participant's Internet usage characteristics and its associated factors in detail. The prevalence of Internet Addiction was Results:
71.4%, of which 0.4% had severe Internet Addiction. The most common activities online were social media and communication (89.2%),
followed by academic related activities (79.8%). Internet Addiction was found to have signicantly positive correlation with depression
(r=0.528, p<0.01), anxiety (r=0.438, p<0.01) and stress levels (r=0.601, p<0.01). Majority of the students with Internet Addiction were female,
studying in 1st year MBBS, had family income >30,375 on Kuppuswamy scale and were unmarried. The presence of personal psychological life
stressor was also signicantly related to the presence of Internet Addiction (χ2 =5.806, p=0.016).


We develop a mathematical model of liquid flow and phase change phenomena during fabrication of micro- and nanochannels by laser-induced melting and evaporation of thin metal films deposited on glass substrates. Channels of cross-sectional sizes between several hundred nanometers and a few micrometers can be manufactured by wet etching or contact photolithography after the desired pattern is created by the laser in the metal film. Interaction of the laser beam with the metal film is a complicated process, characterized by high temperature gradients. In this work we investigate the regime where phase explosion takes place in a small region of the metal film surrounded by a pool of molten metal. In the melt region, both evaporation from the surface and viscous flow induced by thermocapillary stresses take place; all these processes are incorporated into the model. Evolution of the surface of the molten film is investigated, and the impact of phase explosion on the flow is discussed.© 2008 ASME


Abstract Introduction. Although the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) has been extensively investigated in recent years, an accurate estimate of CD frequency in the European population is still lacking. The aims of this study were: 1) to establish accurately the prevalence of CD in a large sample of the European population (Finland, Germany, Italy, and UK), including both children and adults; and 2) to investigate whether the prevalence of CD significantly varies between different areas of the European continent. Materials and methods. Samples were drawn from the four populations. All 29,212 participants were tested for CD by tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody test. Positive and border-line findings were further tested for serum endomysial antibodies (EMA). All serological determinations were centrally performed. Small-bowel biopsies were recommended to autoantibody-positive individuals. Previously diagnosed cases were identified. Results. The overall CD prevalence (previously diagnosed plus anti-tTG and EMA positives) was 1.0% (95% CI 0.9–1.1). In subjects aged 30–64 years CD prevalence was 2.4% in Finland (2.0–2.8), 0.3% in Germany (0.1–0.4), and 0.7% in Italy (0.4–1.0). Sixty-eight percent of antibody-positive individuals showed small-bowel mucosal changes typical for CD (Marsh II/III lesion). Conclusions. CD is common in Europe. CD prevalence shows large unexplained differences in adult age across different European countries.


Column shear‐axial failure is a complex response, which lends itself to physical experimentation. Reinforced concrete structures built prior to the mid‐1970s are particularly susceptible to such failure. Shear‐axial column failure has been examined and studied at the element level, but current rehabilitation practice equates such a column failure with structural collapse, neglecting the collapse resistance of the full structural system following column failure. This system‐level response can prevent a column failure from leading to progressive collapse of the entire structure. In this study, a hybrid simulation was conducted on a representative pre‐1970s reinforced concrete frame structure under severe seismic ground motion, in which three full‐scale reinforced concrete columns were tested at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. The analytical portion of the model was represented in the computer program OpenSees. Failure occurred in multiple physical specimens as a result of the ground motion, and the hybrid nature of the test allowed for observation of the system‐level response of the tested columns and the remaining structural system. The behavior of the system accounting for multiple column shear‐axial failure is discussed and characterized. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The present invention suggests a U-health care system for personal health management by transmitting biometric data to a mobile client of a user through a network server and a gateway using a biometric signal measurement system and an Android-based mobile platform. The biometric signal measurement system is realized on the basis of measurement technology such as electrocardiogram, oxygen saturation, blood pressure and breath, and the all kinds of information measured are transmitted to a mobile gateway by using a transmission protocol constituted with a header and data in three bytes. The data received in the mobile gateway is used in checking a health index of a person in a mobile client through a network server. In the present invention, the suggested Android-based gateway and the client and a broadcasting type network server are realized and experimented, and validity thereof is verified through a virtual experiment and a real person. As a result, the suggested U-health care system is efficient in managing health of a person at close range and at long range, and can check health condition of the person in real-time, and can assure mobility of a guardian. [Reference numerals] (AA,CC) Blue tooth module; (BB) Biometric system; (DD) Android-based gateway


High-grade diagnostics antiphospholipide syndrome should be based on immunological definition tytre antibodies to negatively charged phospholipids (cardiolipine, phosphotidilseryne, phosphotidiliozitole, sulfuric acid) and attached to phospholipid membranes glycoproteins β-glycoprotein-I and anti-phosphatidylserine-V. Simultaneously anticoagulants lumpus type should be defined in plasma of blood. The definition of only separate from the specified parameters can't be considered authentic for diagnosis statement.


This paper describes some recent implementations of large-scale Internet Content Filtering on the ISP or national level. It discusses the reasoning and purpose for establishing these systems and the people responsible for them. Cultural, ideological, and legal problems with content filtering programs will be explored. Technical reasons for the ineffectiveness of these implementations will then be discussed. Some recent examples of content filtering appear to be quite prevalent in all levels of education. According to many educators and most administrators there is a feeling for the need of content filtering on the Internet. The problem is when that filtering goes too far. This paper hopes to describe the myriad of fallacies involved with any filtering implementation by pointing to numerous current examples and their technical shortcomings.


Labour-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises (LSMEs) such as Leather, Textile and Garment. LSMEs tried to implement Total Quality Management (TQM) for improving the competitiveness. The objective of this paper is to implement the TQM using value stream mapping (VSM) for labour small and medium-sized enterprises (LSMEs). The VSM were modelled using simulation to analysis the current state and future state mapping of VSM for implementation of TQM. VSM factors can be integrated with the factors of TQM to improve the manufacturing system of LSMEs.


Strong winds from downbursts pose a significant hazard to personnel and launch operations at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) and NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The CCAFS/KSC complex has a robust mesonet from which an 18 year (1995-2012) warm-season convective wind climatology (WSCWC) was developed (Koermer 2017). While the frequency of downbursts in the area has been determined, the frequency at the individual tower locations has not. The 5-minute peak wind data from the WSCWC was analyzed to determine the geographic distribution of downburst frequency across Spaceport Florida. For this project a downburst was determined by the peak wind threshold of greater than or equal to 35 kt. Data for each individual tower in the mesonet was analyzed with respect to the period of record, warm-season month, and flow regime. This was to determine the frequency of downburst at each grid point. A distinct pattern emerged that showed downburst maxima near the coast and minima mostly over the mainland. It appeared that the flow regimes were the driving factor for the spatial distribution of thunderstorms and subsequent downbursts (Dinon et al. 2008, McCue et al. 2010, Lupo 2013).


Currently there are very few viable methods of recovering data from a damaged hard drive. Even less methods that are economically feasible. Creating a standard, repeatable technique for extracting data from a hard drive that has sustained salt, debris, or smoke damage would be beneficial to many stakeholders. Our methods are to develop a chemical means of cleansing a hard drive of superficial impurities in order to recover information contained within the damaged hard drive. The methods we have developed will allow this procedure to be done outside a traditional clean room. To create this system in economically viable manner principles of organic chemistry, reverse osmosis filtration, and vacuum evaporation were utilized.


Polychaetes, echinoids and gastropods have been proposed as tracemakers for Bolonia Meunier, an elongate positive epirelief trace fossil characterized by two lobes composed of biserial, subtriangular pads and a mostly heart‐shaped cross‐section. Here, the internal structure and micromorphology of Bolonia are described for the first time using serial thin sections from shallow‐marine Lower Cretaceous intervals of the Agrio Formation (Neuquén Basin, Argentina). In vertical thin sections, a conical structure of variable width extends centrally from the base to the top of the trace. In horizontal thin sections, grains are reoriented and reworked, forming a central zigzag structure. The organic matter and clays form grain aggregates representing the internal structure of individual pads of the trace fossil. The sediment has mostly been reoriented, with grains making up subcircular pods. We interpret the central conical structure as the collapse of the medial zone of the trace fossil, which could have destroyed drain tubes, especially in the absence of early cementation. Studying horizontal thin sections, we reconstruct the diagnostic biserial pads as biserial concave structures. These are interpreted as backfilling structures produced by the aboral and lateral spines of irregular echinoids, which worked together to compact the sediment anteroposteriorly and moved alternatively, explaining the zigzag pattern in the menisci. We propose Spatangoidea or Cassiduloidea (or a closely related group) with a similar burrowing ability and spine movement as tracemakers of these Bolonia specimens.


A multiple-receiver radar technique for imaging the spatial distribution of ionospheric plasma irregularities is introduced and demonstrated with equatorial electrojet data obtained at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory. The images obtained with a few seconds time resolution enable the monitoring of the temporal evolution of the irregularity structures within the radar field of view. Daytime electrojet images contain signatures of localized irregularity patches which drift in the east-west direction at about the ion-acoustic velocity.


The identification of novel enzymes for use in industrial biotechnology is an important goal in enzyme discovery. Most industrially relevant enzymes to date have been isolated from pure cultured mi ...


The chapter describes developments in campaign technology, focusing on advances in microtargeting capabilities and explaining why the presidential election in 2000 represents a watershed moment in this process.


Purpose: To explore the molecular function of miR-196b-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods: MiR-196b-5p expression levels in HCC tissue samples were assessed by qRT-PCR. MiR-196b-5p was knocked-down or over-expressed in HepG2 cells by transfecting the cells with plasmids expressing either a miR-196b-5p inhibitor or mimic, respectively, while cell proliferation was  assessed by MTT assay. The interaction of miR-196b-5p with target molecules was confirmed using luciferase reporter assay. Cell cycle was investigated by flow cytometry, while NFκBIA expression was assessed by western blotting.Results: MiR-196b-5p was over-expressed in HCC, and miR-196b-5p expression levels in patients with HCC were related to tumor grade. MiR-196b-5p over-expression promoted cell proliferation and colony formation and suppressed cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The results of luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-196b-5p reduced NFκBIA expression in HepG2 cells by binding to a response element in the 3′ UTR of NFκBIA. Further investigation showed that NFκBIA interacts with NFκB1 and reduces the concentration of NFκB1 in HepG2 cells. The promoter of ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) was also targeted and bound by NFκB1, which altered the expression of ABCB1 in HepG2 cells.Conclusion: MiR-196b-5p regulates cell proliferation in drug-resistant HCC cell lines via activation of the NFκB/ABCB1 signaling pathway.
Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, miR-196b-5p, NFκBIA, NFκB1, ABCB1


A recurring topic in LTE radio planning pertains to the maximum acceptable LTE radio interface load, up to which a targeted user data rate can be maintained. We explore this topic by using Queuing Theory elements to express the downlink user throughput as a function of the LTE Physical Resource Block (PRB) utilization. The resulting formulas are expressed in terms of standardized 3GPP KPIs and can be readily evaluated from network performance counters. Examples from live networks are given to illustrate the results, and the suitability of a linear decrease model is quantified upon data from a commercial LTE network.


In the paper, the method for getting the IFS code from fractal image and using the IFS code to draw the fractal image based on Iteration Function System are discussed.


The effect of coupling agent Si69,KH-550 and mixing process on the curing characteristics,apparent crosslink density,physical properties and dynamic properties of carbon black filled NBR was investigated.The results showed that,optimum cure time t90 of NBR compound was extended by using coupling agent,scorch time ts1 was shortened and t90 of NBR compound was extended under high temperature mixing process;the apparent crosslink density and the interactions between carbon black and rubber were improved by using coupling agent and high temperature mixing process,which could enhance the physical properties of NBR vulcanizates;the aging resistance of NBR vulcanizates was improved by using coupling agent KH-550 and high temperature mixing process.Dynamic properties of NBR vulcanizates were improved by using coupling agent Si69 or KH-550,while the better dynamic properties of NBR vulcanizates were obtained by using KH-550 under high temperature mixing process.


In this paper, we introduce a new ultra-thin microwave absorber made by a proper array of split-ring resonators (SRRs). And we propose that while using vertical split-rings cells to replace the single split-rings cells, the polarization dependence can be avoid and the absorption can be extended to the case of oblique incidence. Furthermore, we studied how to get multi-band absorber or expand the resonant band-width with multi-size cells. The full wave simulation results well validate the feasibilities using the commercial software Ansoft HFSS, based on the FEM.


The last decade has seen major changes in the working pattern of surgical trainees. This commenced with the introduction of the maximum 72-hour working week in 1991. The European Working Time Directive reduced the working hours to a maximum of 56 hours, with the intention to reduce it further to 48 hours by 2009. This is additionally affected by compliance with the SiMAP and Jaeger Rulings. The results of the Calman report coupled with those of the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (CEPOD) report have also had a significant effect on the amount and level of experience obtained during surgical training.


In recent years, the piezoelectric-ceramic (PZT) patches are increasingly been used as impedance transducers for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of structures. In this application, the electrical admittance of a PZT patch surface bonded to the structure is utilized as a diagnostic signature of the structure. The operating frequency is typically maintained in the kHz range for optimum sensitivity in damage detection. The electro-mechanical interaction between the host structure and the bonded patch is key to the detection of damage in this NDE technique. Although the method is well established for a wide variety of structures and material types, very little research has focused on the fundamental structure-PZT interaction. This paper reviews the fundamental electro-mechanical coupling between the structure and the PZT patch and introduces a new concept of 'active' signatures, whereby it is possible to utilize the direct interactive component of the signature for NDE afte filtering the 'inert' component. Consequences of this concept, which include increased sensitivity to damage and reduced influence of temperature fluctuations on signatures are highlighted.


A process was developed for separating promethium from raixed fisBion product rare earths by continuous multistage conntercurrent extraction with 100% tri-nbutylphosphste from nitric acid of 12 N or higher concentration. Distribution coefficients at 12 N acidity for aecdamium. promethium. and samarium are 0.43. 0.82, and 1.55, respectively. Single-stage separation factors of 1.9 between successive elements can be maintained throughout the system to give separations dependent only on the number of stages. Extracted values can be recovered from the organic solution by stripping with a smaller volume of dilute nitric acid. A flowsheet for purification of promethium includes one cycle for separation of promethium from neodymum and lighter elements and a secondycle for removal of samarium and heavier elements. Each cycle consists of a series of countercurrent partitioning stages. followed by stripping stages and an evaporator. With 20 stages in the first cycle and 34 stages in the second, a 90% yield of promethium with a purity of 83% can be obtained from a typical mixture of fission product rare earths, assuming essentially perfect mechanical efficiency. An increase to 34 stages in the first cycle would permit a 93% yield of 99% promethium. (auth)


A brief account of contact problems was given,and a proper treatment for the contact problem of piston-connecting rod-bent axle department utilizing contact element was conducted,and its contact state by employing ANSYS was analyzed.Finally,some significant conclusions were drawn.


The Karl Casper GmbH & Co. KG headquartered in Remchingen (in the German state of Baden-Württemberg) is a manufacturer of high-quality industrial and art castings. From top-grade pig iron and steel scrap, approximately 100 employees – in a two-shift operation – fabricate sophisticated components for machine tools and special machinery, plastic injection molding machines and railway vehicles. The workpieces range from single parts to low-volume batches of up to 1000 pieces – each piece weighing up to nine tons.


The objective of this work is to report the experie nce of the "Project for the formation of dentists as facilitators of Permanent Education in Health in the area of STD/HIV/AIDS" developed in partnerships with the National Program of STD/AIDS, the Technical Area of Oral Health of the Ministry of Health, Public Universities and Municipal and State Secreta ries of Health. The


Corrigendum to "Incorporation of crop phenology in Simple Biosphere Model (SiBcrop) to improve land-atmosphere carbon exchanges from croplands" published in Biogeosciences, 6, 969–986, 2009 E. Lokupitiya1, S. Denning1, K. Paustian2,3, I. Baker1, K. Schaefer4, S. Verma5, T. Meyers6, C. J. Bernacchi7, A. Suyker5, and M. Fischer8 1Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA 2Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA 3Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA 4National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 5School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0978, USA 6NOAA/ARL/ATDD, Oak Ridge, TN 37830-2456, USA 7Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA 8Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Atmospheric Science Department, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA


Numerical formulations of turbulent heat fluxes must lead to positive energy dissipation of energy contained in the resolved scales and positive internal entropy production. Current parametrization approaches deliver positive dissipation rates only for free convection, not for forced convection. This contribution explains how positive dissipation rates are achieved by a new formulation of subgrid‐scale terms in the case of stable stratification. This is of importance for the numerical realization of the breakdown of gravity waves. A turbulent atmosphere tends to an isentropic stratification, because in addition to turbulent heat diffusion, pressure work leads to expansion when air is rising and contraction when air is sinking. This pressure work remains completely subgrid‐scale when the atmosphere is unstably stratified. When the atmosphere is stably stratified, this pressure work has to be done by the outer environment. Therefore, a turbulent pressure gradient term is introduced in the vertical momentum equation and the equations account for the irreversible energy conversion from resolved kinetic energy into the model's internal energy. Numerical experiments for breaking gravity waves in the mesosphere highlight the different behaviour of new and conventional approaches. The conventional approach leads to a deepening of the wave amplitudes, whereas the new approach supports wave overturning. The observed foliate structure of very sharp inversion layers is indeed simulated with the new approach for stable stratification. In contrast to the traditional setting, the new scheme does not evolve into persistent non‐physical wave structures on long time‐scales.


Pigmentation‐associated congenital deafness occurs in humans and other species, including dogs (especially Dalmatians). The deafness generally results from degeneration of the stria vascularis after an otherwise normal period of development; time of occurrence is unknown in humans but is early postnatal in several animal species. Noninvasive perinatal studies of audition in dogs are not possible until 2–3 weeks of age, when the ear canals open. Methods developed to follow the postnatal development of peripheral auditory function in dogs and preliminary findings in normal pups and deaf Dalmatians are reported here. Surgery was performed 24–48 h after birth to implant recording electrodes and tubing for auditory stimulation in the sealed ear canal near the tympanum. Pups stayed with mothers except for recordings. Daily recordings (150–3000 Hz, 10 ms) were collected between the implanted electrode and vertex in response to click stimuli (100 μs, 11.4/s, 135 dB SPL [machine setting]) applied through the impla...


Chronic progressive lymphoedema is a recently recognised condition characterised by progressive swelling, hyperkeratosis and fibrosis of the distal limbs. To date, it has been found in numerous horses within the shire, Clydesdale, Belgian draft and gypsy cob breeds. It starts at an early age, and


New two-gyro sensor is considered. It can be used both in automated aviation gravimetric systems, and as the basic measuring device of weapons stabilizer. The object of research is new two-gyro unit (TGU) on the basis of gyro integrator of linear acceleration (GILA). New TGU consists of free gyroscope located in the inner and outer frames with interframe correction systems containing angle sensor on the axis of inner frame of the gyroscope and torque sensor connected to its output. In addition, free gyroscope that identical to the first is included in the design. Rotor of this gyroscope rotates in the opposite direction from the main gyroscope. Additional gyroscope is also provided by similar correction systems. Two output signals of linear acceleration are formed in TGU as the sum of signals from angle sensors of two gyroscopes. Considered TGU provides higher accuracy than single-gyro sensor due to compensation of the errors because of the impact of cross angular velocity and the angular velocity of the Earth.


We describe the application of a non linear dual sorption theory for modeling the steady-state emission of pressure-sensitive paints (PSPs). Calibration comparaisons with polynomial expansion models are presented over a 1-atm pressure range for two PSP formulations


The purpose of research were to analyzid benefit, revenue cost ratio (RCR) and breakeven point (BEP) of production and price of sea food restaurant in Tanjung Redeb Subdistrict Berau District. Sampling methods use census method. the result shows the sea food restaurant in Tanjung Redeb sub district is profitable with profil Rp. 4.713.070.500,- per respondent per year. With average Rp. 147.283.453,- per year. With the average RCR 1,22. Based on BEP analysis known the actual condition of sea food restaurant is above BEP production and price


This article intends to follow the conception of language introduced by Martin Heidegger along different moments of his intellectual production, in order to recognize the minimum traits of what, for the German philosopher, would work in the opposite direction of a language reduced to the instrumental, entitative and, therefore, metaphysical domain. In these terms, the text elaborates on an approximation of Heidegger's thought around the question of the essence of language, giving special attention to the intersection of this issue to the constitution of the social bond.


Parkinsonism is a complication of some viral encephalitis,1 and poliovirus infection is a possible risk factor for late development of Parkinson disease (PD).2 There are several reports of PD arising in adults who had poliomyelitis (PM) as children,2 and pathologic specimens from fatal PM cases disclosed substantia nigra (SN) damage.3

In this setting, we report a child with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAP-PM) presenting bilateral SN involvement on MRI.

A 3-month-old boy came for evaluation 20 days after his first oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) because of persistent fever, chills, and irritability. Over 5 days, he developed asymmetric lower limb weakness without discernible sensory loss. In the next week, his arms became weak, and poor suckling was noticed. Soon thereafter, frequent apneic episodes and somnolence appeared, and the child required ventilatory support. He was born healthy from cesarean section, and his mother denied any complication during pregnancy. His familial and past medical histories were otherwise unremarkable. On examination, …


Introduction For a variety of functional movements, the activation of the extensor muscles is initiated before the foot contacts the ground (18, 19). Especially in the stretch shortening cycle (SSC), movement preactivation is assumed to be pre-programmed by higher centers of the nervous system (27), which is functionally important for stiffness control during the eccentric part of the movement. Preactivation not only provides an optimal muscle stiffness, moreover it enhances the sensibility of the muscle spindles as a result of the α-γ coactivation.


The decision process regarding material purchasing, production, sales, and after-sales activities in a business should be followed seriously in terms of the efficient use of resources. In this context, businesses make decisions according to many internal and external factors, and have to maintain a healthy relationship with suppliers, businesses, and customers. Management accounting contributes to the decision making processes of managers to use their resources more effectively. Recently, data obtained by multi-criteria decision making techniques has provided guiding suggestions to businesses in the decision making process. Businesses are the customers of many suppliers, and suppliers have an effect on business production and sales activity results. In this study, the suppliers of a production business were evaluated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), taking into account the main criteria of quality, delivery, cost, and service. In the study, the 0-1 goal programming model, which was established taking into account the unit price, delivery time, misdelivery, incorrect product data, and AHP priority results, was solved with a package program and the most suitable supplier was determined.


Local structures around a bismuth ion in bismuth-doped silica glasses (BiSG) are analyzed using a Bi LIII X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The XAFS spectrum of crystalline α-Bi2O3 was also measured for comparison with BiSG whose first peaks are about 0.1 A less than α-Bi2O3 in radial structure functions. According to curve-fitting results using FEFF 8.2, the Bi–O distances of the first and second neighboring coordination spheres are estimated to be 2.1 and 2.3 A, respectively. The former corresponds to Bi5+–O bonding and the latter to Bi3+–O bonding compared with the Bi–O distances in typical crystals including Bi3+ and Bi5+ ions. The above results show that Bi ions in BiSG exist as both Bi3+ and Bi5+ states, which is also supported by X-ray absorption near the edge structure spectra of BiSG.


If hospitals' tough negotiating tactics with managed care often seem to be taken from an instruction manual, then that perception would be correct. Profiting From Innovation is a research group's latest report to its hospital clients, telling them just how to get managed-care plans to pay for pricey medical technology.


India's largest manufacturers of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS say they will adapt to new World Health Organization guidelines that call for the phaseout of stavudine, one of the chea...


In the present work, an effort has been made to propose and implement a new steganographic technique for images by modifying existing algorithms. This technique uses LSB steganography as the basis and randomly disperses the secret message over the entire image to ensure that the secret message cannot be obtained easily from the image. Detailed visual and statistical analysis of the algorithm reveals that it yields satisfactory results. When compared with other existing algorithms, it is easy to prove that the difficulty of decoding the proposed algorithm is high.


In previous investigations 1 it was observed that the antistreptolysin titer of infants at the onset of infections was lower than that of older persons and that their antistreptolysin response to infection with beta hemolytic streptococci was minimal. Furthermore, Wilson, Wheeler and Leask 2 observed that the average antistreptolysin titer of a group of new-born infants (56 units) 3 was approximately that of their mothers (50 units). Repeated determinations showed that the mothers' titers remained at a constant level while those of the infants diminished progressively. Wilson and her associates considered this an indication of placental transmission of the antibody. Blood drawn from the umbilical cords of the majority of infants studied by Coburn and Pauli 4 contained more antistreptolysin than did the corresponding maternal blood. Lippard and Johnson 1 encountered occasional infants whose blood clots showed maximum resistance to dissolution by hemolytic streptococci during the early part of an


Distalization of maxillary molars with intraoral appliance is a non-extraction treatment approach for correction of Class II malocclusion that has been described as an alternative to headgear. The aim of this review article is to discuss about the various criteria that should be considered while deciding to distalize molars and a comprehensive review of commonly used intraoral molar distalization appliances.


Frequency-encoded quantum information offers intriguing opportunities for quantum communications and networking, with the quantum frequency processor paradigm—based on electro-optic phase modulators and Fourier-transform pulse shapers—providing a path for scalable construction of quantum gates. Yet all experimental demonstrations to date have relied on discrete fiber-optic components that occupy significant physical space and impart appreciable loss. In this article, we introduce a model for the design of quantum frequency processors comprising microring resonator-based pulse shapers and integrated phase modulators. We estimate the performance of single and parallel frequency-bin Hadamard gates, finding high fidelity values that extend to frequency bins with relatively wide bandwidths. By incorporating multi-order filter designs as well, we explore the limits of tight frequency spacings, a regime extremely difficult to obtain in bulk optics. Overall, our model is general, simple to use, and extendable to other material platforms, providing a much-needed design tool for future frequency processors in integrated photonics.


Pilosebaceous unit is composed of hair follicle, hair shaft and sebaceous gland. This three-dimensional complex structure present on the surface of mammalian skin has been considered as an important pathway for percutaneous absorption of topically applied drugs and delivery systems. This pathway could be exploited for localized drug delivery for diseases associated with pilosebaceous gland vis-…-vis systemic absorption of drugs. A comprehensive overview of pilosebaceous anatomy and surrounding environment is needed for rationale designing of drug delivery systems targeted toward hair follicle. The present communication presents a review of hair follicle anatomy with physiological environment, rationale, opportunities, means and modes for drug targeting to pilosebaceous compartment.


For Na(NH3)n and Na(H2O)n with n up 20 we survey and discuss binding and excitation energies (including recent results from depletion spectroscopy) and report a systematic fs pumpprobe study of the excited state as a function of cluster size. For (NH3)2 the excited state dynamics is explored using fs time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and pump-controlprobe experiments.


The sexually abused child has been described as more fearful, anxious, depressed, and guilty in comparison to normal children. However, these descriptions are largely derived from clinical impressions and little systematic exploration of the nature and extent of behavior problems among these children. The present study investigated the problem behaviors of a group of preschool and elementary-aged sexually abused children (N = 93) in comparison with a sample of nonabused children from a psychiatric outpatient clinic (N = 64) and a sample of nonabused children from a well child clinic (N = 78). Behavioral strengths and weaknesses in these children were examined by administering the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist to their mothers. Sexually abused children displayed a significantly greater number of behavior problems than normals but were not as significantly disturbed as the psychiatric outpatients. The sexually abused children did display significantly more sexual problems than either comparison group. Caseworkersl therapists for the sexually abused child provided ratings of family conflict, cohesion, and support of the child. These were significantly related to the extent of behavior problems in the sexually abused children. This relationship equaled or exceeded the relationship of severity of sexual abuse to behavior problems.


We report the discovery of a novel series of 3-cinnoline carboxamides as highly potent and selective ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase inhibitors. Optimization of this series focusing on potency and physicochemical properties (especially permeability) led to the identification of compound 21, a highly potent ATM inhibitor (ATM cell IC50 0.0028 μM) with excellent kinase selectivity and favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties. In vivo, 21 in combination with irinotecan showed tumor regression in the SW620 colorectal tumor xenograft model, superior inhibition to irinotecan alone. Compound 21 was selected for preclinical evaluation alongside AZD0156.


convincement (p. e09) ; the complete assurance as to what will certainly be true in &dquo;a few years&dquo; (p. 135); and the &dquo;belief in the ultimate fulfillment of the Communist ideals&dquo; (p. 50) . That much has been done will not be doubted by anyone who has studied Soviet education. But whether some seeds will grow and some will not depends upon whether the sons of the Revolution hold faithfully to the visions of the fathers of it. Students of American education recall that visions of early revolutionaries vanished. Radicals, upon occasion, become conservatives-especially when in power. Some of the educational tendencies reported are interesting and suggestive, particularly if taken in conjunction with the statements of some who see an end of socialism in Russia. Whether there be an end of socialism or not, the record of educational tendencies of the past five years should be read in conjunction with the political changes and readjustments of the period. The pendulum is swinging-how far will it go? THOMAS WOODY


Nasal septal deviation is a common anatomic finding that may cause a subjective complaint of nasal obstruction. Adequate visualization of the nasal septum and assessment of septal deviations can be accomplished by using anterior rhinoscopy and fiberoptic nasal endoscopy. Radiologic evaluation of the septum in clinical practice is not necessary. However, a septal deviation is often present in the context of chronic rhinosinusitis, which warrants computed tomography (CT) scanning of the paranasal sinuses. The appearance of the septum radiographically may differ from the physician's assessment on physical examination. To more specifically analyze this situation, we conducted a prospective study comparing the findings on anterior rhinoscopy and nasal endoscopy with the evaluation of the nasal septum on a standard coronal paranasal sinus CT scan.


Life is certainly better when one lives with confidence. And in this article, the practitioner-academician examines the various ways of increasing one's confidence via the Old Master's teachings. This is truly a very interesting proposal and perspective since most people would not have thought of the Old Master as developing and nurturing one's confidence.Among other things, the key Confucian ways of raising one's confidence are: learning, thinking positively, living with one's core Confucian values, developing a calm mind and building relationships, making friends as well as gaining the trust of our friends, family members, business associates and others. Of paramount importance, one is clean and of high integrity, and one undoubtedly stands tall.


The article analyzes the reasons of large petrol consumption of ammonia refrigeration piston compressor,suggests some effective ways and has compared the results before handling with after handling.


Controlled drug release is one method for Stabilization of the drug concentration and its gradually releasing during the period of cure to make the most desire cure effect with decreasing the drug dose consumption. The application of polymers has been extended in this filed. This study includes the synthesis of p-styrene sulphonyl sulfametazine as monomer from p-styrene sulfonyl chlorid, and then the monomer is polymerized with AIBN (Azobis isobutyro nitrile) by free-radical polymerization mechanism, at the temperature 80 °C. The prepared products were characterized by 1 H NMR and IR spectra. Then, the drug release ability of the polymer was test in buffer solution with PH = 1.4 at the temperature of 37°C. The results from the UV absorption of polymer


The influence of the warm and cold sea‐surface temperatures in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific associated with El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) on the probability of occurrence of weather regimes (WRs) over the North Atlantic sector is investigated for the period November–March. Five WRs are identified from daily sea‐level pressure anomalies (SLPAs) during 119 winters (1882–2000) over this sector by applying cluster analysis: the positive North Atlantic oscillation (NAO; called ZO for zonal) and negative NAO (called WBL for west blocking) patterns; GA (for Greenland anticyclone), with a positive SLPA shifted north of 60° N; EA (for European anticyclone) with a positive SLPA over Europe but enhanced north–south SLPA gradient over the western and central North Atlantic; and AR (for Atlantic Ridge) with a positive (negative) SLPA over the central North Atlantic (northern and central Europe).


Abstract : Semiotics offers an approach for researching and analyzing systems of meaning that undergrid occupational and organizational cultures. Following a synopsis of semiotic theory, this paper presents data from an ethnosemantic study of a funeral home and demonstrates that semiotically identical codes structure a funeral director's understanding of his various tasks. The analysis not only suggests that semiotic research captures the redundant themes which characterize insiders' interpretations of this work world, but that it is also sensitive to the mundane, but critical, aspects of a culture. Finally, the study shows how semiotic research can elucidate rules by which members of a work culture consistently and coherently generate meaning. (Author)


The mine environmental quality evaluation index system is formed on the basis of the optimization of index system of primary election according to the principle of the mine environmental evaluation index system, and the utilization of the hierarchical quantification in fuzzy mathematics theory. Then the Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to fix the weight of the index and establish the system model of mine environmental quality assessment, which offers the decision support service for the appraisal and administration of the mine environment.


ABSTRACT This intervention is concerned with whiteness as central to the operation of women/gender, peace and security in academic settings. That is, G/WPS in universities is founded on white authority and expertise and consistently orients itself from the privileged viewpoint of the global north. Through two brief examples, I show how the generation of research on G/WPS consistently centres and relies on white starting points, in order to convey the 'necessity' of G/WPS in the university and to government funders. In doing so, the use of critical race theories and Black feminist concepts, as well as the presence of Black scholars, remains marginal.


Abstract : Reflectance measurements were made at different azimuth and colatitude angles relative to flat samples of the aluminum and white epoxy paint surfaces used on the Explorer Ix satellite by means of an adapted monoplanar goniophotometer. Contour charts of the reflectance from these samples were obtained from the results of these measurements. Reflectance relative to mutually perpendicular axes was obtained by graphical integration of the contour charts. The vectorial summation of the reflectance was thus obtained. The aluminum sample was found to be essentially a specular reflector and the white epoxy paint sample was found to be essentially a diffuse reflector.


In the equations of the general theory of shells, the nonlinear terms accounting for membrane strains are accompanied by large coefficients (describing the extensional stiffness of the shell). Although formally infinitesimals of the second order, in the case of small but finite displacements these terms can be commensurate with, or even exceed in magnitude, the first-order terms. Disregarding such nonlinear terms can be debilitating to the linearized theory. For example, it will not reflect the fact that a plate or shell in bending prefers a deflection mode not accompanied by midsurface stretching (so-called isometric bending) and can switch to such a mode more or less abruptly, exhibiting the phenomenon of bending instability In this study, bending instability and vibration of plates and shallow shells are investigated by simple analytical and numerical means, having in mind certain types of layered, sandwich, and truss-like structures.


A Research Project Submitted to the School of Education in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Education of Kenyatta University. June,2015


The last decade has seen the advent of active aperture antennas and other large distributed parameter systems. These antennas have the capability to change their shape to resemble a desired radiation pattern. In this study a method to simultaneously achieve active shape and vibration control of distributed parameter systems is presented. The optimal actuator location is computed for a desired profile using non-linear optimal programming techniques. For most shape control applications the actuator and sensor dynamics are much faster than the structural dynamics and slow shape changes are sufficient, thus quasi-static analysis is sufficient. The quasi-static actuation forces for the desired profile are then calculated by using independent modal space control (IMSC) principles. Quasi-static shape control is then implemented in a closed loop control using a 3-D photogrammetry sensing system. A sliding mode controller is designed for each dominant mode such that it drives the error between the required and actual modal contribution to zero. Conventional sliding mode controllers are discontinuous in nature and they might cause "control spillover". This is avoided by using an "observer-based" solution.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


Catalyst degradation at the cathode of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) remains a critical issue for practical polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) operation, but such wet systems impede detaile...


The purpose of the paper is to present the synthesis and characterization of hydrogels prepared by free-radical copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid in aqueous solutions using potassium persulfate as initiator and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as cross-linker, via the radiation technique. The samples were subjected to electron beam treatment in the dose range of 2 to 4 kGy and the influence of the absorbed dose and amount of cross-linker on the swelling properties, diffusion coefficient, and network parameters of hydrogels was investigated. A possible reaction mechanism for acrylamide/acrylic acid/trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate hydrogels was also suggested. The structure and morphology of hydrogels were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy.


16067 Objective: Uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an uncommon female malignancy with limited treatment options. To evaluate whether there exists a role for surgery at the time of recurrence, we performed an outcomes analysis from over 25 years of treating LMS at a single institution. Methods: Patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma who presented for treatment at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center from 1981–2005 were identified from the cancer registry database. Patients who underwent surgery (with or without adjuvant treatment) at the time of first recurrence were compared to those patients who did not undergo surgery and were managed medically. Cox regression analysis (multivariate) was used to evaluate whether demographic or pathologic characteristics were associated with survival. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and p-values with 95% confidence intervals were generated using the log rank test. Results: Forty-six charts were reviewed to identify forty-one patients with leiomyosarc...


Peer-to-peer systems have revolutionized the way we store [1,2], disseminate [3,4] and share [5,6] content. In recent years, researchers have examined numerous aspects of these innovative architectures and proposed numerous protocols and applications. While peer-to-peer research has impacted a number of areas, including theory, networking, databases and distributed systems, recent work has focused more on the issues of practical, deployable systems, measurements, and issues of security and privacy in peer-to-peer applications. This issue brings together recent work on several projects focused on building robust, practical peer-to-peer systems. The work described has also been presented at the 5th international workshop on peer-to-peer systems (IPTPS 2006), an annual forum for researchers and practitioners of large distributed systems, held in Santa Barbara, California, and attended by more than 80 participants. The goal of the workshop was to examine peer-to-peer technologies, applications and systems, and to identify key research issues and challenges that lie ahead. In the context of this workshop, peerto-peer systems were characterized as being decentralized, self-organizing distributed systems, in which all or most communication is symmetric.


Sustainability has been one of the mainly spoken and most emphasised topics among the global political elites as it ensures the sustenance of the future generations be it clean air, fresh water or food sustainability. The steps taken towards sustenance now will be for the greater good of the future of mankind. Sustenance in itself is the ability of a producing factor to be able to use and re-use. Water management has been handled in Israel in an efficient and constructive way which can be followed by world countries for a water sustainable future. The environmentalists consider this to be a marvel of our times. Atmospheric pollution has been one of the main concerns of this era where industrialization has taken a fast phase where the economies race each other. It is necessary to gear up new policies and award the companies that follow those regulations. India has failed to create awareness on the sustainment development field. There is a need to sustain the resources that we have left. Hence, the government has to revise its present policies and regulations and make them neutral better policies which will have long-lasting effects. This paper deals with the current trends, necessary developments, government regulations and about the affirmative actions necessary to fix the previously done environmental damages.


The promotion of effective communication must include an overall strategy, implemented within a multi-disciplinary framework, and systems for evaluation (Van der Gaag, 1998). The ultimate goal of introducing alternative or augmentative communication the use of non-speech modes to supplement or substitute verbal communication (von Tetzchner & Hygum Jensen, 1996) is to enable the individual to 'communicate freely in all ordinary communication situations and a range of less ordinary ones' (Martinsen & von Tetzchner, 1996 p47). This requires consideration of the communication in use by all those involved in the communication exchange and of the wider issues in the communication environment (Bradshaw, 1998). Jones describes the implementation of a total communication strategy across a number of organisations. The Somerset Total Communication project demonstrates the usefulness and potential of the systematic introduction of multimodal communication, using a co-ordinated, multi-agency approach with a local authority or service system.


For pt.I see ibid., vol.18, p.3739 (1985). The scattering of electrons on two-level systems (TLS) in a disordered medium is investigated. The perturbative series obtained is summed up in leading logarithmic order. It is found, that localisation effects increase TK, the crossover temperature. Furthermore TK shows a maximum as a function of disorder. For a certain range of parameters a stronger than logarithmic dependence is obtained ( delta rho d=2 approximately T-1, delta rho d=3 approximately T-12/).


Coastal regions are one of the most vulnerable areas to the effects of global warming, which is accompanied by an increase in mean sea level and changing shoreline configurations. In Indonesia, the socioeconomic importance of coastal regions where the most populated cities are located is high. However, shoreline changes in Indonesia are relatively understudied. In particular, detailed monitoring with remote sensing data is lacking despite the abundance of datasets and the availability of easily accessible cloud computing platforms such as the Google Earth Engine that are able to perform multi-temporal and multi-sensor mapping. Our study aimed to assess shoreline changes in East Java Province Indonesia from 2000 to 2019 using variables derived from a multi-sensor combination of optical remote sensing data (Landsat-7 ETM and Landsat-8 OLI) and radar data (ALOS Palsar and Sentinel-1 data). Random forest and GMO maximum entropy (GMO-Maxent) accuracy was assessed for the classification of land and water, and the land polygons from the best algorithm were used for deriving shorelines. In addition, shoreline changes were quantified using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Our results showed that coastal accretion is more profound than coastal erosion in East Java Province with average rates of change of +4.12 (end point rate, EPR) and +4.26 m/year (weighted linear rate, WLR) from 2000 to 2019. In addition, some parts of the shorelines in the study area experienced massive changes, especially in the deltas of the Bengawan Solo and Brantas/Porong river with rates of change (EPR) between −87.44 to +89.65 and −18.98 to +111.75 m/year, respectively. In the study areas, coastal erosion happened mostly in the mangrove and aquaculture areas, while the accreted areas were used mostly as aquaculture and mangrove areas. The massive shoreline changes in this area require better monitoring to mitigate the potential risks of coastal erosion and to better manage coastal sedimentation.


ABSTRACT To understand patient and physician behavior, researchers have investigated the determinants of using healthcare information systems. Although this stream of research has produced important findings, it has yet to appreciably advance our understanding of system-use behavior in healthcare. To fill this gap, the current paper employs a systematic review to synthesize past research, reveal the key determinants of healthcare system usage, and illuminate a deeper understanding of the topic. This study thus helps healthcare researchers expand their baseline knowledge of these core determinants and conduct more fruitful future research on system-use behavior in healthcare. Keywords: healthcare, healthcare information systems, system usage, system-use behavior, TAM, technology acceptance model INTRODUCTION Healthcare information systems refer to any system that captures, stores, manages, or transfers information related to healthcare. In the past ten years, healthcare researchers have invested tremendous efforts to understand patient and clinician system-use behavior. Not surprisingly then, a number of research models have been developed to identify the determinants of user acceptance of information technologies in healthcare. Many of those models are mainly based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) due to its practical utility and predictive power (Davis et al, 1989). However, based on our knowledge, very few studies have systematically examined the determinants of system acceptance in healthcare. To fill this gap, the current study uses a systematic review approach to synthesize past research and to investigate the determinants of user-behavior in healthcare. A systematic review approach is very useful here because the empirical studies included in the analysis offer a variety of results of interest, which are unlikely to be obtained from a single study. By doing so, the current study not only identify key factors for using healthcare information systems but also helps to better understand clinician and patient behavior. This particular topic is of profound theoretical and practical importance, but so far it has not been directly and systematically investigated. METHODOLOGY TAM, as shown in Figure 1, asserts that the intention to use or actual use of an information system is a function of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness (Davis et al, 1989). To identify system-use predictors unique in the context of healthcare, the current study thus focuses on core determinants other than perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] To find studies, we searched bibliographic databases and electronic bibliographies in various sources in February 2016. Examples of the bibliographic databases are Business Source Premier, ScienceDirect, ABI/INFORM, and PubMed. We manually searched some journals whose back issues were unavailable in bibliographic databases. For the electronic searches, we used such key words as information system, healthcare, health care, management information systems, technology acceptance model (TAM), system use, system usage. To locate additional studies, we also scanned bibliographies of the papers identified, and checked their potential for inclusion. This comprehensive search strategy enables us to locate as many studies as possible. Finally, studies were chosen if they satisfied these two criteria: (1) they study information systems in healthcare and (2) they investigate determinants of using information systems. In total, we scanned over 130 articles and found that 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and thus were included in this research. DETERMINANTS IN PAST STUDIES Perceived Compatibility Past research has identified compatibility as a key motivator for using healthcare information technology. Rooted in Rogers' Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT), compatibility is defined as "the degree to which an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters" (Rogers, 1995, p. …


Large-scale genetic study of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is complicated by the lack of well defined criteria for diagnosis of mildly affected cases. This paper presents a study of 181 members of 26 families in which normal members and affected members were classified by analysis of multiple laboratory tests. Hereditary spherocytosis is a familial hemolytic disease characterized by abnormal thickness of the erythrocyte. The spleen preferentially traps and destroys these abnormally shaped cells (1, 2). The hemolysis that results from this normal function of the spleen is terminated by splenectomy. Recent studies have turned from the mechanism of splenic trapping (still unclear) to the cause of sphering. Metabolic defects in the spherocyte were described by Prankerd, Altman and Young (3) in 1955, and recently Prankerd (4) has shown evidence that the metabolic changes are of greater significance to hemolysis than is the shape change. However, the metabolic defects are thought not to be pathognomonic of HS (5). Some evidence has been recently introduced showing that the membrane content of phosphatidyl ethanolamine is decreased (6). To date no unique enzyme defect has been demonstrated. In the absence of a specific diagnostic measurement we are compelled to rely on conventional hematologic procedures including standardized measurements of red cell fragility: osmotic fragility, autohemolysis, and mechanical fragility. The diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis can be made with certainty only with laboratory aid and family study. Although some severe cases with clinical jaundice, splenomegaly, anemia, and


AbstractThe relationship between dilatancy and anisotropy is a fundamental aspect of anisotropic behavior of granular materials. Existing test data directly investigating this relationship are scar...


This paper examines the elements that comprise the ancient Chinese legend of The
 Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, a mythic tale that is played out against a cosmic
 background, and whose narrative has its basis in the astronomical cycle of the stars,
 Altair and Vega. The descent of the myth's characters and subsequent ascent into the
 skies sets up a cosmic interplay, creating interaction between the mythic and the
 mortal, the heavens and the earth, the divine and the human. This paper will also
 discuss the cosmological symbolism of textile production at the centre of the myth's
 storyline, whereby weaving is a means of manufacturing the cosmos and colouring the
 heavens. The legend can be considered living myth, in that it gives rise to contemporary
 festivals in several cultures in East Asia, which are inspired by folklore and
 traditional customs. Themes that are central to the myth's narrative, such as love,
 weaving, and the movement of the stars, are acknowledged and celebrated in these
 festivals, themselves survivors of an earlier lunar calendar system. The paper goes on
 to assess the relevance and cultural interaction of both the myth and the festival
 amongst a small group of selected volunteer respondents, selected from the Chinese and
 Japanese communities residing in the UK.


The military invasion of the aggressor state into Ukraine is one of the most relevant topics in the recent Ukrainian and world academic literature because the results of the conflict will affect not only national interests but also the security and well-being of other states. Ukraine's foreign policy strategy plays a significant role in the further development of the conflict. It improves relations with other states, obtaining support in the fight against the aggressor, restoring Ukraine's integrity and citizens' safety, counteracting the food crisis, etc. The study aims to determine the main strategic directions of Ukraine's foreign policy, the characteristics of its legislative support, and its current state. The research used the following methods: economic and statistical analysis, the establishment of causal relationships, and the comparative method. The study identified and described six main directions of Ukraine's foreign policy. Legislative documents that enshrine the outlined directions were identified. The government's steps in specific directions were described. The statistical characteristics of individual areas of Ukraine's foreign policy were outlined. The state of some aspects of Ukraine's foreign policy before the war and after the full-scale invasion was compared. Ukraine's prospects for achieving the desired results in the specified areas were assessed.


In the 2017 Constitution of Kingdom of Thailand there was a call to create a National Strategy of the country's development. The 20-year National Strategy was adopted in October 2018 by the National Council for Peace and Order. A major part of this strategy deals with the problem of Thai provinces' separatist movements and increasing Bangkok's political and social control. To achieve these goals, a new ideology of "commercial nation" was created that contrasts with the more traditional "community democracy" approach. While the ideology of commercial state may be a useful vehicle for urbanising Thai provinces in the future, conquering separatist trends and articulating new priorities for the Thai population, it is still pure ideology and it cannot be applied practically in the form in which it was formulated. However, the "commercial state" ideology may be an instructive example of new techniques for social unifying people in developing countries.


Reza Baraheni was born in Tabriz, the capital city of the province of Azarbaijan, Iran, in 1935. He was educated in Iran and Turkey and was awarded a doctorate in English and Comparative Literature from the University of Istanbul. Widely known as a poet, Baraheni has played an instrumental role in the establishment of modern literary criticism in Iran.


accompanied by an interpretation of the meaning of our participation which suggests an idealism with great spiritual possibilities. Every Christian contemplates with loathing the idea of war for purposes of selfish aggrandizement. Human life is too sacred to be ruthlessly sacrificed to sordid schemes of national rivalry. The United States ought to lend the influence of its forces toward the ending of conditions which make inevitable such tragedies as the present. President Wilson has nobly expressed this purpose in his statement that the world must be made safe for democracy. This means ultimately that human interests must be made supreme as contrasted with the interests of any one class or group or nation at the expense of another. If our country can contribute toward this end, our participation in the war will be one of the most glorious deeds of history. There is a peculiar responsibility resting on the Christian church in this situation. If the world is to be made safe for democracy, there must be a religious interpretation of democracy. No mere force of arms can establish a new kind of brotherhood. Only as men's sense of duty shall be such as to reinforce the fundamental principles of democracy will the new ideals be permanent possessions of humanity. It is the purpose of this paper to inquire concerning the ability of Christianity to furnish the religious and moral attitude indispensable to democracy. It would be easy to point out that the fundamentals of the gospel of Jesus-the conception of the value of every human soul, the importance of the attitude of good-will, the practice of the Golden Rule-are all indispensable to a society which is to live on the basis of righteousness and mutual trust. Nothing is more needed than


E-procurement is an effective tool to reduce collusion and corruption, reduce procurement cost, and improve transparency. However, those claims were based on government perspectives, while from users' perspectives (e.g. businesses) little is known. This study used government e-procurement users' social media discussion, postings, exchange, and material distribution case in a local government in Indonesia to investigate how e-procurement users perceive government e-procurement implementation and use effectiveness. We found that users perceive the e-procurement as lack effectiveness due to lack transparency in procedures, lack government employees' professional in managing the system, lack facilities to submit a complaint, and the system may still provide opportunity for collusion and corruption.


Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and Linear Descriminant Analysis(LDA) are extraction method based on the global structure features.Locality Preserving Projection(LPP) and Orthogonal Laplacian Faces(OLF) methods are based on the local structure features.The local structure features can not be characterized in the global structure features,and the global structure features are ignored in the local structure.For this,it is proposed in this paper a novel method named Fusion of Global and Local Structure(GLSF) to fusion the feature extracted from PCA and LDA into LPP,considering both the global and the local structure.Experiments on ORL and Yale show higher recognition accuracy than PCA,LDA,LPP,OLF,and so on.


A method for a packet switched service domain to optimize the quality of a mobile communication system, wherein: a core network entity of said system sends to a radio access network entity of said system a request to establish or reconfigure the packet radio bearer for the mobile station dialogue, the first request information comprises quality of service information corresponding to the request is received from the core network entity included in derived; the core network entity added to said request on its level is known, and may be use with the first information, second information to effect call admission control in a wireless communication level.


Healthcare costs of the elderly are expected to escalate as a result of population aging. Parti-cularly those of the care home populations who usually be frailer than general elderly. Therefore, it is crucially important to allocate healthcare resources efficiently among this particular population by using cost-effectiveness evidence from economic decision analytic models. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the cost-effectiveness evidence of each healthcare intervention from published economic decision analytic models with regards to the care home populations, and to assess the quality of those economic decision analytic models by using the Philips checklist. A systematic literature review of decision analytic models carried out with the care home populations was conducted. All previously published economic evaluations between January 2000 and June 2016 using decision analytic modeling method conducted within the setting of care homes were searched via electronic databases (MEDLINE/EMBASE). As a result, 1,559 studies were searched; and 15 studies met the criteria and were reviewed in depth. The 15 studies related to 4 clinical fields namely (1) fracture/fall prevention, (2) pressure ulcer prevention, (3) influenza treatment/prophylaxis, and (4) TB screening strategies. Nonetheless, according to the evidence, only 5 feasible interventions were found to be cost-effective and had potential for implementation in a wider context. In terms of quality assessment, a number of methodological issues relevant to structure, data and consistency were observed in most studies. In conclusions, according to this systematic literature review relevant to Thai healthcare context, the majority of these 5 cost-effective interventions have been implemented widely except for the hip protectors. The devices are barely used in Thailand in spite of the fact that the consistent evidence from this systematic review has suggested its cost-effectiveness apparently. Therefore, this could be an opportunity for Thailand in terms of implications of this device in future research and medical practice.


The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of jet-cooled NiF in the 17500-25000 cm - 1 region has been recorded and analyzed, in which the NiF molecule was produced by the reaction of the sputtered nickel atoms with SF 6 under discharge conditions. Numerous bands are observed. With the help of the isotopic shift measurements and vibrational constants determined by B. Pinchemel's group, 26 bands have been vibrationally assigned. Twelve rotationally resolved transitions were found to originate from the ground state and terminate in different vibrational levels of four electronic states, [18.1] 2 Δ 5 / 2 , [20.0] 2 Δ 5 / 2 , [20.3] Ω = 3/2, and [22.9] 2 ∏ i , respectively. The molecular constants of these four upper states are determined. In addition, lifetime measurements of the four excited states were carried out under collision-free conditions. On the basis of the spectroscopic data and lifetime measurements, the electronic structure and interactions of these high-lying electronic states are discussed.


As societies develop, river basin water resources are increasingly controlled, diverted and consumed for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes, hence reducing the ability to meet the growing demands from various sectors and interests. Basins are closed when additional water commitments for domestic, industrial, agricultural or environmental uses cannot be met during all or part of a year. Basin closure is already prevalent in the world today, with 1.4 billion people living in areas that have to deal with the situation. Societies may adapt to this in various ways, with reallocation of water, demand management or interbasin transfers as the primary means of dealing with the problem. However, 'quick-fix' measures such as further groundwater or surface water exploitation or ill-planned water appropriation that unfairly reallocates water from one user are common. Symptoms of poorly managed closed basins include groundwater overdraft, limited or no environmental flows, pollution and inequitable allocation of water. Thus, a pertinent question is whether there will be a hard or soft landing in closed basins—will the resource base fail to meet basic requirements causing undue hardship, or can societies adapt to achieving a soft landing. Surprisingly, limited attention has been given today to this urgent water situation.


Reaction of imidazopyridine (I) with aryl iodides (II) occurs selectively at the 3-position to afford the C-3-arylated products (III) exclusively.


To the Editor, I wish to congratulate Ercolani et al. [1] for their article in which they reviewed their experience with liver resection for metastases from breast cancer in 51 patients. They concluded that liver resection is a safe and effective treatment for metastases from breast cancer, and encouraging long-term survival can be obtained with acceptable risk in selected patients. However, the authors did not provide detailed information about the relation of immunohistochemical receptor status between primary and metastatic tumors (only seven patients' data were available). A change of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 status in distant metastases has frequently been reported. The actual incidence of this phenomenon has been debated. Recent meta-analysis including 39 studies assessing receptor conversion from primary breast tumors to paired distant breast cancer metastases showed that negative to positive conversion percentages were 21.5, 15.9, and 9.5% for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 [2]. The positive conversion in HER2 status literally changes the treatment challenges in these patients favoring the use of adjuvant antiHER2 targeted armamentarium, which in turn might affect the survival.


The authors previously reported that the variation in volume loss rate during cavitation erosion process could be expressed by a logistic curve. In this study, the validity of this model was examined for the various materials such as pure aluminum, carbon steels, stainless steels and cobalt alloys, etc. The MDE (mean depth of erosion) d with exposure time was expressed by three parameters α, β and c in the following equation. d= (α/β) t-(1/β) ln (1+c) / (1+ce-αt). The parameter α, β and c were derived from the relation of the incubation period and the slope of maximum rate stage in MDE curve. It was concluded that the calculation based on this model corresponds well to MDE curve due to cavitation in various materials, test conditions and test methods.


Purpose: This study was performed to investigate mechanical properties of the porous Ti implants according toporosity. Porous Ti implant will be had properties similar to human bone such as microstructure and mechanicalproperties.Methods: Porous Ti implant samples were fabricated by sintering of spherical Ti powders(below 25 ㎛, 25~32 ㎛,32~38 ㎛, and 38~45 ㎛) in a high vacuum furnace. Specimen's diameter and height were 4 ㎜and 40 ㎜. Surfaceand sectional images of porous Ti implants were evaluated by scanning electron microscope(SEM). Porosity andaverage pore size were evaluated by mercury porosimeter. Young's modulus and tensile strength were evaluated byuniversal testing machine(UTM).Results: Porosity of Implant was increased according to larger particle size of the powder. Boundary portions ofparticles are sintered fully and others portions were formed pore. Young's modulus was decreased by formed porousstructure. Tensile strength was decreased according to larger the particle size of the powder, but higher than humanbone.Conclusion: If prepared by adjust the porosity of the porous Ti implant will be able to resolve the stress shieldingphenomenon.


An incidence of massive mortality of the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai broke out in Fujian and Guangdong Provinces in the fall of 2011.Two vibrio strains were isolated from moribund juvenile abalones collected from a local aquaculture farm in Shantou of Guangdong Province. The strains were identified as Vibrio alginolyticus(Va) and Vibrio harveyi(Vh) in genotype and their toxicities were evaluated through a series of infection experiments. The results indicated that both strains and their extracellular products were lethal to one-year-old Pacific abalone juveniles. Two-week cumulative mortality was 43.33% and 78.02% for animals intramuscle-injected with Va at 2.5×107cfu/mLand Vh at 2.0×107cfu/mL, respectively. The abalone mortality was found to be positively related to the concentration of vibrio but negatively related to the size of the abalones. In addition, soaking-wound treatment induced the death of tested abalone. Moreover, healthy abalones were infected by taking soft tissues of dead ones and died ultimately. Both Vibrio strains were isolated again from infected abalone. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated drug-resistance in both strains. The Va strain was highly sensitive to six while Vh strain was sensitive to only four out of 20 antibiotics tested. Both strains were sensitive to only ceftriaxone and amikacin but were resistant to at least 8 antibiotics among 20 antibiotics tested.


A method of continuous monitoring for fatigue crack initiation is examined which uses the strain waveform of running machine. A notched section of the equipement is taken as the inspection point because may fracture accidents originate in fatigue cracks initiated from such a notch. Fatigue crack initiation can easily be detected by observation of the waveform of a strain function composed of the strains in the vicinity of the notch, because it changes shape on crack initiation. This change of the waveform is brought about by the change of the compliance of the material due to the crack closure behavior


The term 'green citizenship' is used with respect to a wide range of competing conceptions of political action toward environmental goals. But different conceptions in fact address different environmental and institutional circumstances. Green citizenship should thus be understood as complex, and should be conceived as the ability to judge what forms of political activity are called for, given the details of context. The theory of green citizenship therefore ought to provide and explain exemplary cases of the exercise of green political judgement.