The synthesis and postfunctionalization of A(BC)mD (A = PDMA; B = PEG; C = PCL; D = PNIPAM, PtBA and PMA) comblike block copolymers comprising alkyne and tertiary amino functionalities and alternating PEG and PCL grafts are described. Three-step successive RAFT processes using prop-2-ynyl 4-(benzodithioyl)-4-cyanopentanoate as an original mediator were used to synthesize amphiphilic PDMA(PEG-alt-PCL)mPM (m ≈ 7) heterografted copolymers, in which the PEG and PCL segments were introduced by the alternating copolymerization of styrenic and maleimidic macromonomers. GPC-MALLS and 1H NMR results indicated that the resultant quaterpolymers were of well-controlled molecular weight and relatively low polydispersity (PDI = 1.12–1.25). The combination of end group transformation and the azide–alkyne "click" reaction afforded (A(BC)mD)n (n ≈ 4) comblike-linear multiblock copolymer and (A(BC)mD)x (x ≈ 7) dendritic graft copolymer, and Menschutkin reaction between A(BC)mD copolymer and bromide-functionalized small molecule/macromolecule gave an ion-bearing A′(BC)mD comblike block copolymer and A(BC)mD-graft-E toothbrushlike copolymer, revealing the great potential of postpolymerization modification in novel architecture construction. Preliminary results indicated that the introduction of various functionalities and polymer segments into brushlike copolymers via the quaternization process could affect the chain relaxation and melting behaviors, solubility, and surface wettability of polymer films.


The role of progressive web applications in students' educational activities is researched in the work. Authors compare them with applied and hybrid programs; determine the features of PWA technology as well as analyze the architecture of progressive web applications. The study aim is to develop and implement the progressive web application that is an information portal of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University using PWA technology. To achieve this goal, the following required resources for the' training organization of student's activities have been selected. They are the schedule of the educational process, lessons schedule, schedule of modular and final controls, information on practice, schedule of final exams, regulatory and methodological software. On the first stages of work a website template was created in addition to information gathering. The next stages of practical implementation were aimed at the development of logic and implementation of PWA technology, namely defining the interface, adding a worker, creating auxiliary functions. The final stage of the study is the project deployment. The results obtained by the author can be used in the process of higher specialists training in educational institutions. The web application itself is practical for organizing students' educational activities.


Extracted from text ... S. Afr. J. Psychol. 2001, 31 (1) 54
Book Reviews
Addressing childhood adversity
D. Donald, A. Dawes and J. Louw (Eds)
Cape Town: David Philip, 2000
264 pages
This ambitious volume is presented as a sequel to the volume,
Childhood and adversity: psychological perspectives from
South African research (Dawes & Donald, 1994). While its
precursor examined the nature and effects of various adversities
on the development of South African children, the present
volume examines a range of psychosocial interventions aimed at
addressing some of these adversities. According to the editors of
the volume, the ultimate goal of this examination ..


Ayat, B. 2013. "Wave Power Atlas of Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Seas." Energy 54 (1): 251–262. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.060. Aydoğan, B., B. Ayat, and Y. Yüksel. 2013. "Black Sea Wave Energy Atlas from 13 Years Hindcasted Wave Data." Renewable Energy 57: 436–447. Baigent, E. 2013. "An Historical Atlas of Oxfordshire." Journal of Historical Geography 40: 117–118. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2013.01.013. Blond, S. J. L. 2013. "The Trudaine Atlas: Government Road Mapping in Eighteenth-Century France." Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 65 (1): 64–79. Chacko, J., and A. A. M. Hatha. 2012. "World Atlas of Mangroves." International Journal of Environmental Studies 69 (6): 998–999. Cullen-Unsworth, L. 2013. "Books of Note: The Atlas of Coasts and Oceans: Ecosystems, Threatened Resources, Marine Conservation." Environment 55 (1): 36. Giambelluca, T. W., Q. Chen, A. G. Frazier, J. P. Price, Y.-L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J. K. Eischeid, et al. 2013. "Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawai'i." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94 (3): 313–316. King, B. 2012. "Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Arabia." The Auk 129: 181–182. Ogilvie, A. E. J. 2013. "Circumpolar Health Atlas." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 45: 154– 156. Pillot, B., M. Muselli, P. Poggi, P. Haurant, and I. Hared. 2013. "The First Disaggregated Solar Atlas of Djibouti: A Decision-Making Tool for Solar Systems Integration in the Energy Scheme." Renewable Energy 57: 57–69. Waewsak, J., M. Landry, and Y. Gagnon. 2013. "High Resolution Wind Atlas for Nakhon Si Thammarat and Songkhla Provinces, Thailand." Renewable Energy 53: 101–110. Winter, M. 2013. "Book Review: Natural Hazards Atlas of Jamaica." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 46 (2): 256–256. Cartographers


The present invention discloses a control method and apparatus subscription request, it may be used to publish / subscribe engine. The method comprising: parsing the received subscription request for the predicate expressions; determining the subscription request according to the occurrence probability of the occurrence probability of the predicate expression predicate; publish message with a frequency according to the subscription request is associated and the probability of occurrence of the subscription request message increments the estimate will lead to a subscription request; for quality of service control message based on the estimated incremental message. Using the method and apparatus of the embodiments of the present invention, it may be based on the content publish / subscribe engine control quality of service.


Few people crave for popularity, few for power and few for money, but there is very very small category of people who simply focus on their work and rest everything follows them in abundance" The aim of this review is to emphasize on Anxiety which is one of the common mental state in day to day to life due to traumatic events and stressful lifestyle, influence of others in our lives and absence of relaxation in schedule. Anxiety has been neglected both by the operators and patients. However, many studies have proved association of Anxiety with increased pain during dental treatment, muscle contractions and altered state of concentration in everyday activities. This review includes aspect of anxiety, its causes, recognition, prevention and management.


This study examines opportunities for Korean EFL students at a Korean university to use English as their L2 in their informal social networks. Through interviews as well as analysis of the students' interactions in an informal environment, the study focuses on the major factors affecting the construction of these opportunities. The findings show that the students expanded their social networks with English speakers during their first year of university. More importantly, the study indicates that the same students sometimes had difficulty constructing interactions in English in these networks. This difficulty can be attributed to various factors, including the learners' history as an L2 learner/user and some norms in the community where the learners were situated. However, the analysis of L1/L2 selection and its negotiation in their interactions shows that the construction of L2 interactions also appears to be mediated by certain factors, such as accommodated goals of interaction and specific discourse strategies. Research implications are provided at the end of the research paper.


The work is devoted to the analysis of integrated capabilities improve toxicity and fuel efficiency of automobile and tractor engines while maintaining a sufficient level reliability of their designs through the use of automatic control systems of thermal State. Based on data carried out by motor experiment solved compromise the task of optimizing the ecologic-economic indicators at each mode specified model engine. As managers suggested that factors operating parameters-crankshaft, rotation speed and engine load, as managed-fuel supply advance angle and thermal state of the pistons. Completed assessment of the environmental effects of the proposed activities for the period of operation a diesel engine. Proposed characteristic automatic control system control card thermal state of piston diesel engine 4CN12/14. Bibl. 17, Fig. 2, Table 3.


Background: The objectives of this study were to investigate the characteristics and capacity of human umbilical cord‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) differentiation into neural stem cells (NSCs) and whether this event enhanced by hPRDX5. Methods and Results: The adherent cells were obtained from umbilical cord of normal full-term newborn by caesarean section under aseptic condition, and cultivated by tissue block culture method. The surface antigen expression profiles of hUC-MSCs were monitored and the multi-directional differentiation potential was identified. Following amplification, the cells of the 4th passage were divided into 5 groups (groups A-E). The morphology was observed under inverted microscope, and the positive expression rate of markers of neural stem cell was detected by immunocytochemical and western blot. Flow cytometry revealed that the hUC-MSCs expressed CD29, CD73, CD90 and CD105, but not CD19, CD34, CD45 or HLA-DR. Treatment with hPRDX5 led to the surface markers of neural stem cells which were positive for Nestin, but negative for NSE and GFAP expression. Conclusions: Thus, the findings of the present study demonstrate that hPRDX5 effectively promotes hUC-MSCs to differentiate into neural stem cells possibly through TLR4 signaling pathway.


Background. In Pylkkänen's widely adopted (2008) typology of applicative constructions, she asserts that there are two kinds of applicative heads: 'high' and 'low'. High applicatives are functional heads that introduce and license a 'non-core' argument above V and below little v (Voice for Pylkkänen), relating the applied argument to an event. Often high applicative constructions convey the notion of a favor: 'fix something for someone'. 'Low' applicatives introduce and license a non-core argument below V and relate the applied argument to the verb's theme object. This usually results in possession: 'give someone something'. Less widely adopted is Pylkkänen's (2008) typological proposal for causatives, which distinguishes three types based on merge height as well. Pylkkänen's causatives may be either 'phase-selecting', 'verb-selecting', or 'root-selecting'. On the surface, the semantics of verb-selecting causatives are nearly identical to those of phase-selecting causatives. The crucial difference is that, because verb-selecting causatives introduce causees below little v, there is only one agentive argument and it is the subject. Phase-selecting causatives on the other hand are merged above little v and introduce agents. Where precisely a causative is merged can be tested with agent-oriented modification of the causee. Using this diagnostic, I present original evidence that Shona causatives are verb-selecting:


Distribution,development and histochemistry of secretory canals in roots,stems and leaves of Bupleurum chinense were studied,by using plant anatomy and histochemical methods.The secretory canals were distributed in the pericycle and secondary phloem of root,in the phloem and pith of stem,and in the phloem and above xylem of the vein in leaf.The secretory canal in root pericycle was developed from a group of pericycle cells.The secretory canals in root secondary phloem initiated from the outer derivative cells of the vascular cambium.The secretory canals presenting in phloem of stem and leaf originated from two or three exterior layers of protophloem cells in the procambium bundles.The secretory canals in the stem pith and above the leaf xylem were developed from ground meristem.The lumens of these secretory canals were formed by cell wall separation,i.e.,schizogenous.Histochemical tests showed that these secretory canals contained essential oils and were also important distribution sites.


The use of digital elevation models (DEM) in studies of large terrain coverage, shared by several countries, often leads to the need to work with global DEMs and with the best possible representation. Recently the global "Bare-Earth" SRTM DEM was published, a product based on the SRTM DEM, where an interesting methodology was used to correct the SRTM DEM vegetation errors. The present work had as objective to have a preliminary evaluation of the "Bare-Earth" SRTM DEM, in a stretch of the Paraná River basin shared between Paraguay and Argentina. For this purpose, a series of comparisons of results produced by the SRTM DEM and "Bare-Earth" SRTM DEM were made, using satellite images Landsat 5 TM corresponding to the capture year SRTM DEM. With the results obtained, it is considered that a global DEM with good performance is available for use in hydrodynamic modeling studies, such as prediction of extensions of flood areas and propagation of flood waves, and it is recommended for its more refined evaluation, to contrast results of hydrological and hydrodynamic models using both DEM, with historical records.


This chapter introduces the book's central question: What can we learn about the nature of moral responsibility from thought experiments involving manipulation and related thought experiments featuring designed agents? Various alternative positions on that question are described, and some of the key terms of the discussion are defined, including compatibilism, determinism, incompatibilism, and libertarianism. Guidance is offered on how the author uses some other key terms, including free will, intuition, and moral responsibility. The technical terms internalism and externalism are introduced, and various kinds of internalism and externalism are distinguished. Work by Harry Frankfurt and Robert Kane is discussed to help set the stage for subsequent chapters.


The objective of this work is to know the normative framework of the program for the development of the software industry in Mexico (ProSoft). The background to the program and its evolution are presented. It also explains the structure of the programme, the resources exercised, the objectives, the rules of operation, and the control of the resources allocated to the beneficiaries of that programme. As a result of this analysis the program has been innovated during the different editions and it has merged with other figures, affecting the benefit of society.


Foreword by Gabriel Ben-Dor Introduction: Nasserism as a Form of Populism, by Elie Podeh and Onn Winckler Part I. Images of Nasserism 1. Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser: Iconology, Ideology, and Demonology, by Leonard Binder 2. Demonizing the Other: Israeli Perceptions of Nasser and Nasserism, by Elie Podeh 3. History, Politics and Public Memory: The Nasserist Legacy in Mubarak's Egypt, by Meir Hatina Part II. Political and Social Aspects of Nasserism 4. Nasserism's Legal Legncy: Accessibility, Accountability, and Authoritarianism, by Nathan J. Brown 5. Sports, Society, and Revolution: Egypt in the Early Nasserite Period, by Yoav Dl-Capua 6. Nasserist and Post-Nasserist Eliles in an Official Biographical Lexicon, by Uri M. Kupferschmidt Part III. Nasser's Foreign Policy 7. 'Abd al-Nasser's Regional Politics: A Reassessment, by Avraham Sela 8. 'Abd al-Nasser and the United States: Enemy or Friend? 9. Nasser and the Soviets: A Reassessment, Part IV. Nasser's Socioeconomic Policies and Achievements 10. An Assessment of Egypt's Development Strategy, 1952-1970, by M. El-Ghonemy 11. Nasser's Egypt and Park's Korea: A Comparison of Their Economic Achievements, by Paul Rivlin 12. Nasser's Family Planning Policy in Perspective, by Gad G. Gilbar and Onn Winckler Part V. Cultural Aspects of Nasserism 13. The Nightingale and the OWL 'Abd al-Halim Hafiz and Nasserist Longings, by Joel Gordon 14. Nasser and Nasserism as Perceived in Modern Egyptian Literature through allusions to Songs.


Often the soil hydraulic parameters are obtained by the inversion of measured data (e.g. soil moisture, pressure head, and cumulative infiltration, etc.). However, the inverse problem in unsaturated zone is ill‐posed due to various reasons, and hence the parameters become non‐unique. The presence of multiple soil layers brings the additional complexities in the inverse modelling. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimate (GLUE) is a useful approach to estimate the parameters and their uncertainty when dealing with soil moisture dynamics which is a highly non‐linear problem. Because the estimated parameters depend on the modelling scale, inverse modelling carried out on laboratory data and field data may provide independent estimates. The objective of this paper is to compare the parameters and their uncertainty estimated through experiments in the laboratory and in the field and to assess which of the soil hydraulic parameters are independent of the experiment. The first two layers in the field site are characterized by Loamy sand and Loamy. The mean soil moisture and pressure head at three depths are measured with an interval of half hour for a period of 1 week using the evaporation method for the laboratory experiment, whereas soil moisture at three different depths (60, 110, and 200 cm) is measured with an interval of 1 h for 2 years for the field experiment. A one‐dimensional soil moisture model on the basis of the finite difference method was used. The calibration and validation are approximately for 1 year each. The model performance was found to be good with root mean square error (RMSE) varying from 2 to 4 cm3 cm−3. It is found from the two experiments that mean and uncertainty in the saturated soil moisture (θs) and shape parameter (n) of van Genuchten equations are similar for both the soil types. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


SUMMARY. Successful outcome of alcoholism treatment was closely associated with the abilittj to cope with stimuli that could trigger drinking. The literature on behavior therapy, which once emphasized the elimination of problem behavior, has recently recognized the role of adaptive skills in overcoming mental health problems. Behavioral therapists who once used aversive conditioning to treat problem drinkers are now more likely to teach these patients the skills they need to handle the antecedents of drinking (2, 3) and to reduce the frequency with which the antecedents and reinforcers of drinking occur (4). Miller (5) proposed a social-learning model of alcoholism in which he suggested five general classes of possible antecedents of drinking: social, e.g., peer pressure; situationaI, e.g., advertisements; cognitive, e.g., self


PET/PA superfine nonwoven fabrics dyeing at low temperature were carried out with tersil disperse dyes.The effects of initial dyeing temperature,dyeing temperature,holding time and the amount of dyes on dyeing property were investigated.The optimal process was as follows: initial dyeing temperature 30 ℃,dyeing at 100 ℃ for 60 minutes,and the amount of dyes less than 4%.The dyed fabric had higher color yield and less damage of polyamide.


Chapter 1 The Doctrine of God Chapter 2 The Doctrine of the Economic Trinity and the Creation of the World Chapter 3 The Doctrines of the Creature and the Unity of God and Humanity Chapter 4 The Doctrine of Sin Chapter 5 The Doctrine of Christ Chapter 6 The Doctrines of the Atonement and Justification by Faith.


Biopsy of superficially lying tissues, such as the skin, the muscle and the subcutaneous lymph nodes, has long been a common diagnostic procedure in cases of obscure conditions in which routine clinical and laboratory examinations offer little or no definite information. Though not a new procedure, biopsy of the bone marrow in cases of various types of blood dyscrasia has only recently become popular as a diagnostic measure, largely because of the simplification of the technic and the growing conviction on the part of many observers that in certain instances the peripheral blood reflects only meagerly the more acute pathologic changes in the marrow. Modern research workers in hematology have come more and more to emphasize the two distinct physiologic processes involved in the normal maintenance of cellular balance in the blood, namely, (1) the normal maturation of various blood cells in the hematopoietic centers and (2) the normal rate


This research is based on the problem of early childhood sexual violence which cases continue to increase every year. The purpose of this study is to determine the analysis of needs in the development of the Underwear Rules program as a sexual education service and sexual violence prevention efforts that can reach ages 4 to 6 years. This research uses mixed methods design with embedded mixed methods. This program is expected to identify the constraints and needs in implementing sex education service programs for early childhood. In addition, the birth of this program will make a positive contribution to the science of child education, especially early childhood sex education. Keywords—sex education, early childhood, underwear rules


Structural aesthetics is an indispensable factor in the packaging design.The relationship between packaging and structure was discussed.The technological and the formal beauty of structure in packaging design were elaborated with two frangible good design examples.The purpose and significance of the research of the structural aesthetics in the packing design was put forward.


Epithelial polarity is based on intracellular sorting machinery that maintains the asymmetric distribution of lipids and proteins to the cell surface. Dependent on their lipid raft affinity, newly synthesized apical polypeptides are segregated into distinct vesicle populations subsequent to the passage through the Golgi apparatus. Using a combined fluorescence microscopic and biochemical approach, we found that lipid raft‐associated sucrase‐isomaltase (SI) as well as non‐raft‐associated lactase‐phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) traverse endosomal compartments before entering the apical membrane. Fluorescent fusion proteins of both hydrolases were co‐stained with Rab4‐, Rab8‐ and Rab11‐positive endosomes in polarized Madin–Darby canine kidney and non‐polarized COS‐1 cells. Immunoisolation of post‐Golgi vesicles subsequent to different times of TGN release revealed that LPH and SI navigate in chronological order through Rab4‐, Rab8‐ and Rab11‐positive endosomes. Thereafter, the two hydrolases are segregated into distinct vesicle populations. In addition, apical membrane traffic could be significantly inhibited by RNA interference‐mediated depletion of these guanosine triphosphatases. These results suggest that in epithelial cells, lipid raft‐dependent and ‐independent apical cargo follow a transendosomal route.


ABSTRACT This paper reports on the first HIV/AIDS prevention program for secondary school students in Buenos Aires. Students (n = 405) completed measures at pre- and post-intervention that assessed HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Fewer than half of the sexually active reported using a condom, and more than two-thirds had a history of alcohol use. Older students were significantly more likely to report a history of condom use, but were also at greater risk for unprotected intercourse. Unprotected intercourse was also significantly more frequent for those who reported fewer HIV safe intentions, greater general risk attitudes and less frequent condom use by their peers. Perception of peers supportive of condom use was the most significant variable mediating safer sexual behavior. There was also a trend toward greater unprotected intercourse among older girls lacking peer and family support for condom use. Although this intervention was an important step toward introducing HIV prevention in Bu...


Predicting the behavior of extreme phenomena becomes extremely important for the entire population, due to the consequences caused by global warming, which makes the study of Extreme Value Theory (TVE) increasingly essential in studies of environmental variables. Applied for the purpose of describing the behavior of rare events, it has been applied in meteorology to maximum rainfall, minimum temperatures, maximum winds, since such information is of great importance for urban, industrial, agronomic planning and mitigation public policies of impulse and development of cities and society. Considering the importance of knowing the possible maximum monthly rainfall, this study aims to estimate the probability of maximum expected monthly rainfall for different periods using a historical series of rainfall data from Ilha Solteira region, as well as to verify the level of rainfall. of data adjustment to the Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) model using the maximum likelihood method for estimating the model parameters and verification of the adjustment in all considered rainfall periods, respectively. Gumbel distribution was the most appropriate for this case study, except in the dry season of the region.


Accorded to the crop growth rules, we formulated the standard of the drought event with agricultural department together and analyzed the drought distribution from the aspect of meteorology. It was concluded that there were three kinds of important weather types led to the drought event, e.g. latitude circulation, continent high pressure control and subtropical high west enter control type. Based on the analysis of the relation of drought event occurrences from 1964 to 2003 with the monthly average temperature of sea surface in the Northwest Pacific Region, the annual mean vortex intensity in the Northern Hemisphere and the temperature change in winter, the forecast equation of the drought event was established by using the optimized subset regression method. The forecast results were walidated for 2004 and 2005 with highly coherence.


The method of principal component analysis (PCA) is commonly used for the ordination of plant communities (through releves or synoptic tables). Its diffusion in ecology is due to the work of Goodall (1954), Dagnelie (1960), van Groenewoud (1965), 0r16ci (1966, 1973), Austin & 0r16ci (1966), Ivimey.-Cook & Proctor (1967), van der Maarel (1969), and others. Although PCA is a statistical method, in ecology it serves as an ordination technique in indirect gradient analysis (Whittaker 1967) without much statistical content. In a PCA, plant communities are ordered basing on coordinates obtained by the eigenvalue and eigenvector solutions of a real symmetric matrix; generally a resemblance matrix (0r16ci 1973) of the cross product type. Such co-ordinates may be computed in two different ways (Gower 1966, 0r16ci 1966, 1967, 1973, 1975): 1) On the basis of the resemblance of releves (Q-PCA). 2) On the basis of species correlation, covariance or similarity (R-PCA). The former is generally used when there are more species than releves, the latter when there are more eleves than species. The results, as component scores of


In this research, we evaluated the toxicity of different concentrations of spinosad to one-day-old adult of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). The exposure times were 24, 48 and 72 h in all experiments. In contact tests for R. dominica, the maximum mortality rate was achieved with 500 ppm of spinosad after 72 h exposure. The application of 400 ppm of spinosad after 72 h caused maximum mortality in S. granarius. For contact treatment, the complete control of C. ferrugineus was obtained with 500 ppm spinosad at 72 h exposure time. It is possible to recommend 500 ppm of spinosad for complete control of the tested insects through contact application. Estimated LC50 values of spinosad in 72 h after exposure for adults of R. dominica, S. granarius and C. ferrugineus were 1287, 279 and 53.17 ppm, respectively. The results show that C. ferrugineus is the most susceptible insect to spinosad in these experiments.


: The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between the emphatic tendency levels of tennis umpires and their decision making styles. The population of the study was composed 407 active tennis umpires affiliated with the Turkish Tennis Federation; the sample of study was consisted of 305 tennis umpires who volunteered to join the study (85 female and 220 male tennis umpires). "Personal Information Form", "Emphatic Tendency Scale" and "Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire I-II" have been used for data collection. Independent sample t test and one way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. It was found that the tennis umpires' hypervigilance decision style and levels of decision self-esteem were higher than procrastinaiton, buck passing and panic decision styles. While there is a high positive correlation between empathic tendency and hypervigilance decision styles; there is a very high positive correlation between umpire' empathic tendencies and self-esteem levels. As a result, it can be said that hypervigilance decision levels and self-esteem increase in decision making on tennis umpires with high emphatic tendency levels.


This paper discusses the Lessons Learned from Safety and Oil Spill Prevention Audits conducted at Oil and Gas Production Facilities in California. Since 1999, the Mineral Resources Management Division has conducted Safety and Oil Spill Prevention Audits to identify and correct conditions that could threaten the public or the environment. The program has completed Audits at 15 of the 20 State Lease and other State revenue facilities with over 5,100 action items identified and over $5 million spent on needed upgrades. Common items found result from age of the facility, changes in codes, standards, and regulations, and revisions in the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practices. Identification of common items and their apparent causes may help operators assess their operations for similar conditions and avert potential accidents or spills. After a Safety and Oil Spill Prevention Audit the monthly MRMD inspection results commonly show improvement. This translates into reduced risk to the public, personnel, and the environment.


Marwar was one of the largest princely states in British times. It was the home of tribes like Minas, Bhils, Baories, Sansis, etc. Following the policy in British India, the Government here designated some of them as 'criminal.' Thereafter restrictions were placed on them. They were deprived of their arms, etc. But this by itself would not have been sufficient to end the crime. The Government was conscious that they had to be led to a settled life and that this alone was the solution. The obvious choice was to settle them in agricultural pursuits. It gave them agricultural land, loans, etc. They were also employed as chowkidars. The policy was successful though it had some limitations. For instance, a large part of the state was under the jagirdars. They refused to give land to these tribals. On its own part also, what the Government annually spent on their settlement was often less than what it had provided for in the budget. When independence was round the corner, these tribals became aware of their civil rights. They asked for the removal of the restrictions put on them. In free and democratic India, these restrictions were an anachronism. Naturally then, they came to an end.


The authors propose an approach to solve the electrocardiography (ECG) inverse problem in terms of heart model parameters. In this new method, a priori knowledge is used to limit the searching space of heart model parameters and the matching criteria are of vital importance. Here, the authors discuss the relations between the sites of ventricular preexcitation accessory pathways (AP) and the body surface potential maps (BSPMs) in detail based on the heart model. The results show that 3 features are of importance, i.e., (1) the minimum sites in BSPMs, (2) the correlation coefficients between BSPMs of the different AP sites, and (3) the areas (or lead number) of the negative and low-level positive potentials in BSPMs, are sensitive to the AP sites and relatively insensitive to different patients. Experimental results show that the resolutions of these characteristic parameters of BSPMs to recognize the AP site are 5-7 myocardial elements (MEs), 3-4 MEs and 1-3 MEs of the heart model, respectively. Using these characteristic parameters, 3 objective functions and the mathematical model of the optimization system were developed. The optimization algorithm is also described briefly. The experimental results indicate that this new approach to the ECG inverse problem is both feasible and efficient, and the localization accuracy can be obtained to be less than 3 myocardial elements (<4.5 mm) of the heart model.


This paper presents a switched resistor (SR) low-pass filter operated with a 1.2 V power supply. This filter is included in the analog front-end of the data transceiver used for wireless communication system. Such filter is realized in a standard 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, with threshold voltage V/sub T/=+0.7 V for NMOS transistors and -0.9 V for PMOS transistors. The filter circuit is designed using switched-opamp technique. This technique allows the operation of opamp is turned on and off by the clock frequency. The sampling clock frequency of the filter is 300 kHz and its 3 dB cutoff frequency is 20 kHz. Its power consumption is about 1.2 mW.


The inconsistent data quality of remote sensing observation, which is largely a result of atmospheric conditions, presents problems in the application of these data. Pixel reflectance in remote sensing observation varies with the type of land cover and the observation time. For land cover types that cycle yearly, such as vegetation, the variations in surface reflectance usually have dynamic periodic characteristics. In this study, we modeled the temporal feature of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance (NBAR) time series data of typical forest and cropland areas using two statistical methods: season-trend and seasonal autoregressive (AR) integrated moving average (SARIMA). The fitting values of these models were used in the recursive estimation of leaf area index (LAI) time series based on a nonlinear AR exogenous (NARX) neural network. This suppressed interferences from observational data noise and missing values. The results from 6 years (2008-2013) of MODIS NBAR modeling indicate that the two statistical methods are effective to model the NBAR time series of the vegetation surface; the season-trend model can extract both seasonal and trend components of long time series, and the SARIMA model has a good fitting capacity for general time series data. The NARX neural network performs well with the improved NBAR time series input, and the estimated LAI time series is more continuous than the MODIS LAI. Comparison with field data reveals the reliability of the estimated LAI values.


A great deal of our research was concentrated on the applica- tion of the computational group theory methods for investigating finitely presented groups. We shall illustrate these methods on some examples of balanced presen- tations (groups with equal number of generators and relators). Two examples will be given showing how a group can be proved infinite: the Heineken group, and one of the Fibonacci groups.


Objective To research the clinically patholog ical characters of renal function impairment by coal-burning aresnism.Methods The levels of β 2-microglobulin, creatinine and Urea nitrogen in Blood and urine samples from 108 aresnism patients were det ected,and the pathological examination of kidney was made in 5 patients.Results The creatinine and urea nitrogen levels of ares nism patients were similar to those of the control group (P0.05), but in β 2-microglobulin level was significantly different between the aresnism patien ts and the control (P0.01).The pathologic observation showed renal glomerul i enlargement, blood capillary endothelial cells swelling, stroma edema, basal lamina cells proliferation, proximal convoluted tubule swelling and fatty degen eration. Conclusions The aresnism by coal-burning pollution can cause the pathologic lesions of renal corpuscle and tubule. β 2-microglobuli n in blood and urine is a sensitive marker to detect early-stage renal damage caused by arsenic.


A case is reported of a renal arteriovenous fistula following percutaneous needle biopsy resulting in heavy haematuria that was successfully occluded by transcatheter embolization with a Gianturco Mini Coil.


In the last few years we have observed a proliferation of approaches for clustering XML documents and schemas based on their structure and content. The presence of such a huge amount of approaches is due to the different applications requiring the clustering of XML data. These applications need data in the form of similar contents, tags, paths, structures, and semantics. In this article, we first outline the application contexts in which clustering is useful, then we survey approaches so far proposed relying on the abstract representation of data (instances or schema), on the identified similarity measure, and on the clustering algorithm. In this presentation, we aim to draw a taxonomy in which the current approaches can be classified and compared. We aim at introducing an integrated view that is useful when comparing XML data clustering approaches, when developing a new clustering algorithm, and when implementing an XML clustering component. Finally, the article moves into the description of future trends and research issues that still need to be faced.


The article discusses the issues related to the comparative analysis of various methods for evaluating the efficiency of ship combined thermotransformers, based on a comparison of similar trends and quantitative values of calculation results of heat transformers producing cold as a useful effect. There has been conducted analysis of literature on evaluating power plants operation, including combined thermotransformers. Agents R134 а, R22, R744, R717 are used as refrigerants on ships. The refrigerant R744 is not approved, because the assumed condensation temperature lies in a subcritical area, which makes cycles of a refrigerating machine differ from the other refrigerating machines under study. There has been given a design model of a one-step refrigerating machine without a regenerative heat exchanger. Quantitative comparison is made on the basis of obtaining the refrigeration coefficient of a thermodynamic cycle of the ship chilling machine operation in various ways. The results are compared with the parameters of the ideal Carnot's principle and the refrigeration coefficient value neglecting losses from converting electrical energy into thermal energy. On the basis of the obtained data there have been drawn the conclusions about similarity of changing parameters of the dependence of the refrigeration coefficient on the boiling point obtained by calculations using various methods. It has been stated that the value of cooling coefficient is a direct function of boiling temperature; the maximum coefficient is found for ammonia (R717). The analysis may be useful in studying the ship power efficiency, which means producing maximum effect per a unit of expended cost.


The Wilson-Fowler spline is widely used in computer aided manufacturing, but is not available in all commercial CAD/CAM systems. These three programs provide a capability for generating, comparing, and approximating Wilson-Fowler splines. SPLPKG generates a spline passing through given nodes, and computes a piecewise linear approximation to the spline. WFCMPR computes the difference between two splines with common nodes. WFAPPX computes the difference between a spline and a piecewise linear curve. The programs are in Fortran 77 and are machine independent.


Communication practices are strictly interdependent on the resources afforded by the medium, and on the combination of functionaliti es offered. In this contribution we frame this great variation of resources in terms of presence affordances, since they anchor the communication practices to the specificities of a certain environment. A corpus of mediated conversations recorded in different settings and collected within the PASION project will be examined to this purpose. It will be shown how the structure of the actions sequence, starting from turns and actions constituting it, varies across environments and how nature of the medium is reflected in these variations. On the one hand, this shows that similarities and differences across communication environments can be captured by using the presence concept. On the other hand, this shows how communication practices encapsulate presence cues, and offers a concrete example of they way in which they can be qualitatively investigated.


Most people who uphold negative duties argue that we do not have distributive obligations towards the world's poor. Since we did nothing to contribute to their poverty, negative duties require that we abstain from causing further harm, but not that we assist the poor in overcoming deprivation. Thomas Pogge turns this argument on its head. Our redistributive duties across borders stem precisely from failing to uphold our negative duties. More precisely, we have repeatedly failed to uphold our negative duties by participating in various unjust international institutional arrangements. Consequently, we have remedial duties of justice to the poor of the world. I am interested in exploring the nature of Pogge's negative duty not to impose unjust institutions on others, and the implications of that duty for the international institutional reform. Without questioning whether or not we have redistributive duties across borders, I argue that Pogge's particular way of defending those duties is problematic. What implications does it have for Pogge's argument the fact that international institutions have arguably both good and bad effects on the worlds poor, or that some of the bad effects result from misguide attempts to help rather than harm? Assessing Pogge's theory in light of these concerns would allow us to revise our understanding about responsibilities across borders to align our normative theory more precisely with the facts of our moral experience.


Abstract We study the nonlinear stability of MHD waves propagating in a two-dimensional, compressible, highly magnetized, viscous plasma. These waves are driven by a weak, shear body force which could be imposed by large scale internal fluctuations present in the solar atmosphere. The effects of anisotropic viscosity (leading to a cubic damping) and of the nonlinear coupling of the Alfven and the magnetoacoustic waves are analysed using Galerkin and multiple-scale analysis: the MHD equations are reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which is then suitably truncated to give a model dynamical system, representing the interaction of two complex Galerkin modes. For propagation oblique to the background magnetic field, analytical integration shows that the low-wavenumber mode is physically unstable. For propagation parallel to the background magnetic field the high-wavenumber wave can undergo saddlenode bifurcations, in way that is similar to the van der Pol oscillator; these bifurcatio...


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the scan data acquired by the extra-oral and intra-oral scanner. Methods: The maxillary right first molar was made of polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) specimen. This PMMA specimen was scanned with a engineering scanner and intra-oral scanner. Meanwhile, extra-oral scanner scanned stone die duplicated from PMMA master die. Trueness and precision of scan datas was measured by 3-dimensinal inspection. Independent t-test was conduct to analysis the significant difference(a=0.05). Results: In the trueness analysis, mean of discrepancies were 13.82um for intra oral scanner and 16.84 um for extra-oral scanner. In the precision analysis, mean of discrepancies were 11.72 for inta-oral scanner and 9.2 for extra-oral scanner. Both trueness and precision showed a statistically significant difference (Table 1, p<0.05). Conclusion: Intra-oral scanner can show higher trueness than extra-oral scanner, it has lower precision. [Abstract]


The potential of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for many-parameter characterization of biopolymer conformation has long been recognized. Currently new NMR techniques for use in this field are in full development. In the present paper a survey of fundamental aspects of NMR studies of protein conformation is used as a basis for discussion of recently developed one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR experiments for studies of proteins.


. 1 Three ferrocenylmethylnucleobases (FcMeNb) were synthesized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electronic absorption, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The energy of frontier molecular orbitals was determined using DFT/B3LYP method combined with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set in acetonitrile. The lower standard rate constant values of the FcMeNb compounds as compared to ferrocene indicated slower electron transfer kinetics.


The aim of the study was to examine the incidence of oxidative stress on the severity of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Data were obtained from a previous pilot controlled trial among patients, diagnosed with OA in one or both knees, that were randomly assigned into two different treatment groups and were either supplemented with ascorbic acid and Vitamin E daily per os or treated with meloxicam. The following markers were estimated: A. Clinical markers: functionality of the knee (WOMAC index), pain (using a pain visual analogue scale) and severity of OA (Kellgren–Lawrence grading scale) B. Laboratory markers: total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) levels in the synovial fluid. The TAC of the knees was moderately correlated with the severity of OA and the level of pain whilst MDA concentration was weekly correlated. An average change of 5mM of a-tocopherol in TAC (4.6–5.5mM of a-tocopherol) defines the shift among stages of OA and the level of pain experienced by the patients. Neither TAC...


Filariasis patient in West Papua province showed increased numbers from year to year. At the 12 districts/cities in West Papua, South Sorong as the highest areas with the Filariasis, followed by Monokwari, Wondama Bay, Maybrat, Sorong, Fak-Fak, Monokwari South, Tambrauw, Kaimana, Sorong, Bintuni Bay, and Raja Ampat. This is due local community do not have sufficient knowledge for the prevention of the Filariasis because lack of information about the Filariasis disease, negative attitude of the head family and behavior of the people who do not care for the prevention of Filariasis, lack attention againts the environment, and the different individual characteristics in several places.
This type of research is semi-experimental study (Quasi Experiment) with Non Randomized Control group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study is Mariat community health centers in the region of the District Mariat numbered 30 people. The collected data is processed and analyzed using SPSS.
The results showed there are differences in knowledge after use audiovisual combination with counseling in the prevention of Filariasis in Sorong district community. Value of p (t test) knowledge = 0.027<0.05. Percentage to increased knowledge in the prevention of Filariasis in the health centers Mariat Sorong is 0.5482 = 0.300 (30.03%). This means that 30.03% have increase knowledge in the prevention of Filariasis in the region Sorong Mariat health centers affected by the audiovisual combination and counseling.
Suggested can be used by the clinic in order to improve the counseling applicable in the prevention of Filariasis as well as the behavior of the community itself that is based on knowledge. Awareness and a positive attitude in the prevention of Filariasis. And for further researchcan focus on research related to the development of vector and demographic differences in the spread of Filariasis cases.


Premature aging and degradation of tea gardens have been critical issues limiting the economic development of tea industry.Nutrient and microbial diversity in tea garden soils with different planting years were studied.The study was based on pH and fertility indexes of tea producing environmental conditions(NY/T8 53—2004).Soil pH of 1-year-old tea was 4.73,which was at grade Ⅱ level.Also soil pH of 6-year-old tea was 4.41,close to grade Ⅱ.Both these grades conformed to acid-base indicators for high quality tea garden soils.The soil pH of 20-year-old tea was 4.15(less than 4.5 but close to 4.0) and therefore identified as acidic.Organic matter,available N(nitrogen) and available P(phosphorus) in the 6-year-old tea soil were respectively at fertility gradeⅠ level.That of available K(potassium) was at grade Ⅲ level.Available P was abundant in the 1-year-old tea soil,which was at grade Ⅰlevel.While available N was at grade Ⅱ,organic matter and available K were at grade Ⅲ level.In the 20-year-old tea soil,organic matter reached grade Ⅱ and available N,P and K reached grade Ⅲ.While the 6-year-old tea soil fertility was the best,1-year-old tea soil fertility was medium and then the 20-year-old tea soil fertility was the worst.Biolog analysis showed that the ability of microbial flora to use six kinds of carbon sources was highest in the 6-year-old tea soil.It was lowest in the 20-year-old tea soil.Microbial utilization of six kinds of carbon sources in the 1-year-old tea soil was moderate.Community diversity indexes analysis showed that the Shannon index,Brillouin index,homogeneity index and richness index of the 6-year-old tea soil were the highest.These indexes were worst in the 20-year-old tea soil.Compared with the 6-and 1-year-old tea soils,the 20-year-old tea soil presented the strongest acidification.Organic matter in the 20-year-old tea soil was 47.81% less than that in the 6-year-old tea soil.Physiological activity of the 20-year-old tea soil microbes was the lowest,which limited physical diversity functions.


The increase of the aging population has caused problems to those people who don't have ability to manage their own affairs due to an illness...


s, JAAVSO Volume 41, 2013 147 Abstracts of Papers and Posters Presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Held in Woburn, Massachusetts, November 1–3, 2012s of Papers and Posters Presented at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Held in Woburn, Massachusetts, November 1–3, 2012 Variability of Young Stars: the Importance of Keeping an Eye on Children William Herbst Astronomy Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459; firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract I will review the state of our understanding of young stars with an emphasis on how and why they vary in brightness. The main causes of the variations will be reviewed, including the rotation of spotted weak-lined T Tauri stars, accretion onto classical T Tauri stars, the eruptive behavior of FUors, and the enigmatic variations of the UXors. The important role that amateurs have and will continue to play in these studies is highlighted. I will also discuss the latest results on two unusual young binaries, BM Orionis in the Trapezium asterism and KH 15D in NGC 2264. I will review the state of our understanding of young stars with an emphasis on how and why they vary in brightness. The main causes of the variations will be reviewed, including the rotation of spotted weak-lined T Tauri stars, accretion onto classical T Tauri stars, the eruptive behavior of FUors, and the enigmatic variations of the UXors. The important role that amateurs have and will continue to play in these studies is highlighted. I will also discuss the latest results on two unusual young binaries, BM Orionis in the Trapezium asterism and KH 15D in NGC 2264. Variable Stars in the Trapezium Region: the View From Ground and Space Matthew R. Templeton AAVSO, 49 Bay State Road, Cambridge, MA 02138; email@example.com Abstract We present the results of our project to study variability among stars of the Trapezium Region of the Orion Nebula using both ground and space-based observations. Continuous, broad-band optical photometry were collected over twenty-seven days using the orbiting MOST satellite in late 2010 and early 2011, while ground-based data were collected by AAVSO observers and the AAVSO's Bright Star Monitor telescope. Fifteen of thirty-seven stars showed clear evidence of variability of various types. The sample includes a dozen stars showing variability typical of YSOs, including T Tauri type and rotational variability; additionally, we found evidence of b Cephei pulsation We present the results of our project to study variability among stars of the Trapezium Region of the Orion Nebula using both ground and space-based observations. Continuous, broad-band optical photometry were collected over twenty-seven days using the orbiting MOST satellite in late 2010 and early 2011, while ground-based data were collected by AAVSO observers and the AAVSO's Bright Star Monitor telescope. Fifteen of thirty-seven stars showed clear evidence of variability of various types. The sample includes a dozen stars showing variability typical of YSOs, including T Tauri type and rotational variability; additionally, we found evidence of b Cephei pulsation in two stars, and we also obtained four full cycles of the primary target—the 6.5-day eclipsing binary BM Orionis. We show examples of the MOST and AAVSO light curves for these stars, what the results tell us about these stars, and what remains to be learned from these stars. Abstracts, JAAVSO Volume 41, 2013 148s, JAAVSO Volume 41, 2013 148 YSOs as Photometric Targets Arne A. Henden AAVSO, 49 Bay State Road, Cambridge, MA 02138; firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Young stellar object research is an active and growing field within astronomy, and YSOs are targets for both optical photometry and multiwavelength studies from ground and space. They vary due to a number of different physical processes; they are also often red objects in dust-rich environments, making their spectra complex. Understanding of their optical variations requires calibrated photometry in standardized filters. In this short talk, we cover the most straightforward ways to perform observations of these objects that yield scientifically useful data.Young stellar object research is an active and growing field within astronomy, and YSOs are targets for both optical photometry and multiwavelength studies from ground and space. They vary due to a number of different physical processes; they are also often red objects in dust-rich environments, making their spectra complex. Understanding of their optical variations requires calibrated photometry in standardized filters. In this short talk, we cover the most straightforward ways to perform observations of these objects that yield scientifically useful data. Working Together to Understand Novae Jeno Sokoloski Columbia Astrophysics Lab, 1027 Pupin Hall, Mail Code 5247, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027; firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract In ancient times, people occasionally looked up to find a "nova," or new star, in the sky. With at least thirty-five per year in our galaxy, novae are the most common major stellar explosions. Although researchers now understand what causes a white dwarf to suddenly brighten into a nova, many puzzles remain, such as why novae appear to eject orders of magnitude more materialIn ancient times, people occasionally looked up to find a "nova," or new star, in the sky. With at least thirty-five per year in our galaxy, novae are the most common major stellar explosions. Although researchers now understand what causes a white dwarf to suddenly brighten into a nova, many puzzles remain, such as why novae appear to eject orders of magnitude more material than predicted by theory, and how a uniform eruption on a spherical white dwarf can expel matter in the form of jets, clumps, and rings. Coordinated observations at radio, optical, and X-ray wavelengths can answer these questions. I will describe how the AAVSO's new nova forum (http://www.aavso.org/forums/ variable-stars/nova-project) is designed to enhance communication between amateur astronomers and professional astronomers who are using X-ray and newly upgraded radio telescopes to observe novae. Participants in the nova forum will have the opportunity to learn about novae, share their own expertise, and be a part of the process of scientific discovery. Campaign of AAVSO Monitoring of the CH Cyg Symbiotic System in Support of Chandra and HST Observations Margarita Karovska Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138; email@example.com Abstract CH Cyg is one of the most interesting interacting binaries in whichCH Cyg is one of the most interesting interacting binaries in which Abstracts, JAAVSO Volume 41, 2013 149s, JAAVSO Volume 41, 2013 149 a compact object, a white dwarf or a neutron star, accretes from the wind of an evolved giant or supergiant. CH Cyg is a member of the symbiotic systems group, and at about 250pc it is one of the closest systems. Symbiotic systems are accreting binaries, which are likely progenitors of a fraction of Pre-Planetary and Planetary Nebulae, and of a fraction of SN type Ia (the cosmic distance scale indicators). We carried out Chandra and HST observations of CH Cyg in March 2012 as part of a follow-up investigation of the central region of CH Cyg and its precessing jet, including the multi-structures that were discovered in 2008. I will describe here the campaign of multi-wavelength observations, including photometry and spectroscopy, that were carried out by AAVSO members in support of the space-based observations. 2012: a Goldmine of Novae Arne A. Henden AAVSO, 49 Bay State Road, Cambridge, MA 02138; firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract So far in 2012, sixteen objects have been at least initially classified as galactic novae. This total includes five confirmed novae in Sagittarius alone! This paper will discuss the observations for these objects that have been submitted to the AAVSO, with some thoughts about the future of nova discoveries and the role of amateurs.So far in 2012, sixteen objects have been at least initially classified as galactic novae. This total includes five confirmed novae in Sagittarius alone! This paper will discuss the observations for these objects that have been submitted to the AAVSO, with some thoughts about the future of nova discoveries and the role of amateurs. Introducing Solar Observation to Elementary Students Gerald P. Dyck 29 Pleasant Street, Assonet, MA 02702; firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract I will demonstrate the presentation I have developed for introducing solar observation to elementary students in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, and surrounding public schools. Copies of my program will be available for AAVSO members who would like to use it.I will demonstrate the presentation I have developed for introducing solar observation to elementary students in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, and surrounding public schools. Copies of my program will be available for AAVSO members who would like to use it. AAVSO Solar Observers Worldwide Rodney Howe 3343 Riva Ridge Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80526; email@example.com Abstract For visual solar observers there has been no biological change in the "detector" (human eye)—at century scales (eye + visual cortex) does not change much over time. Our capacity to "integrate" seeing distortions is not just simple averaging! The visual cortex plays an essential role, and until recently only the SDO-HMI (Solar Dynamics Observatory, Helioseismic and MagneticFor visual solar observers there has been no biological change in the "detector" (human eye)—at century scales (eye + visual cortex) does not change much over time. Our capacity to "integrate" seeing distortions is not just simple averaging! The visual cortex plays an essential role, and until recently only the SDO-HMI (Solar Dynamics Observatory, Helioseismic and Magnetic Abstracts, JAAVSO Volume 41, 2013 150s, J


Aims: This study designed to determine the force degradation of elastomeric chains (Dentaurum) at different time intervals in different media (air, distill water, Biofresh mouth wash and artificial saliva) and to compare the effect of wet and dry conditions on the force relaxation. Materials and methods: forty new modules of elastomeric chain of sex loops length divided into 4 main groups according to the environment (air, distill water, Biofresh mouth wash "F" and artificial saliva pH 6.75)and stored in an incubator at 37°C, Mean load were recorded for the samples at each time interval zero,1, 24 hour and 1 and 3 weeks respectively, the load measurement were done by tensile testing machine with use of special fixture to hold the samples and stretched over special framework. Results: The results showed that the mean percent force remaining of elastics is affected by stretching, water absorption, chemicals and times and the amount of loss in dry is less than in wet environments and especially in biofresh mouth wash more than the neutral saliva. Conclusions: the elastomeric chains are greatly affected by stretching, moisture and time. Key wards: force degradation, elastic chain, mouth rinse. Al-Kassar SS. The Force Degradation Of Elastic Chain In Different Environments And For Different Intervals (An In Vitro Study). Al–Rafidain Dent J. 2011; 11(2):231-237. Received: 12/11/2008 Sent to Referees: 13/11/2008 Accepted for Publication: 5/4/2009 INTRODUCTION The orthodontist must plan how to close any space that is not devoted to relief of crowding; whether anterior retraction, posterior protraction, or a combination of both. (1,2) Closure of spaces in the dental arch can be done with a variety of traction aids, like closed coil springs, elastomeric chain and other methods. However, force loss over time has been documented among most types of traction aids currently available3 In oral cavity, many factors can affect on force production and force degradation of traction aids, such as saliva, temperature fluctuation, (1) pH variation, (3) ,fluoride ions and rinses, (3) oxygen content (4) ,free radicals, (5) salivary enzymes and masticatory forces. (6) This force loss makes it difficult for orthodontists to determine the actual force transmitted to dentition. (7, 10, 27) From many years ago since about 1800s and elastomeric materials used in dental practices, they are used to produce force form many uses may be dental or skeletal. (5) Elastomeric chains were introduced to the orthodontic profession in the 1960s, and are now an integral part of many practices, and largely replaced latex elastics for intra-arch tooth movement. (5) The elastomers are amorphous, cross-linked polymers that have number of bridges between the linear molecules that form a three-dimensional network which at rest tend to be distributed at random, irregular pattern of folded linear molecular chain which holed each other by van der waals (secondary bonds). (6) Elastomeric chain are economical and easy to use though they absorb water and saliva, permanently stain and suffer of breakdown of internal bonds, that lead to permanent deformation. Also, elastomeric chain undergoes stress relaxation (degradation), which is a decrease in the magnitude of force transmitted while held at a fix strain. This relaxation is in part due to rearrangement within the polymer structure. (34) Eliades et al (16) state that the mechanism of permanent deformation of polymeric materials include molecular chain stretching, slippage between adjacent molecular chain, and molecular chain scission. During stretching, the material is subject to an instantaneous elastic deformation. As the The Force Degradation of Elastic Chain in Different Environments and for Different Intervals (An In Vitro Study) ISSN: 1812–1217 Al – Rafidain Dent J Vol. 11, No2, 2011 www.rafidaindentj.net 232 load is maintained, there is retarded elastic deformation, as well as an irreversible viscous deformation, producing permanent elongation (depending on the load). During unloading, the instantaneous elastic strain is immediately recovered, followed by a decay of the retarded elastic strain. The term "creep compliance"encompasses all three aspects, the instantaneous elastic deformation, the retarded elastic deformation, and the permanent deformation. (13) The use of chlorhexidine mouth rinse has become more popular especially at the first four to eight weeks of orthodontic therapy. Because plaque control in the early stages of orthodontic appliance therapy may be compromised and chlorhexidine can be prescribed for that reason. (36) The aims of this study is to determine the force produced and force degradation of elastomeric chains (Dentaurum) at different time intervals in different media (air, distilled water, Biofresh mouth wash and artificial saliva) and to compare the effect of wet and dry conditions on the force relaxation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples were forty new modules of elastomeric chain of six loops length with an extra-half loop was allowed at the two ends of the sample to prevent distortion while cutting of the chain. These samples were divided into four main groups according to the media (air, distilled water, Biofresh mouth wash "F" and artificial saliva), 10 samples for each, pH of artificial saliva was 6.75 ± 0.15. The water and artificial saliva were changed every two days throughout study and were kept in covered glass containers to prevent evaporation and consequent pH changes. All samples were stored in an incubator at 37°C to resemble body temperature and held in air at room temperature (30-35°C) throughout measuring period. Mean load were recorded for the samples at each time interval zero, 1, 24 hour and 1 and 3 weeks respectively for a total of 200 measurements. Every chain was stretched between two hooks from the u-beams were prepared according to Ferriter et al (19) as showed in the figure. Figure : The U Shape Acrylic Block The lengths of extensions of traction aids samples are chosen so that each sample will produce a (200 ±5)gm force at that extension, this force used by study of Bousquet et al, this force range are considered a force within physiological limit. (3, 31) The method of determining the sample extension length in a relation to a specific force value produced by that extension, was used by Ferriter et al. Each fixture consists of metallic ruler (with milimeter graduation), the ruler was cut in (L) shape. A stainless steel pin was soldered to the middle of the (L) shaped ruler in a horizontal direction. This ruler was attached in an upper clamp in the universal tensile testing machine. A similar ruler was prepared in the same manner and attached in the lower clamp in the machine. The purpose of these fixtures was for attachment of samples in the tensile testing machine to measure force production. After that, the sample returns back to its place in channels with the aid of tucker and this procedure was repeated for all samples and at every time intervals. Channels were initially adjusted to permit stretching of elastic chains to the predetermined distance including air, Distall water, biofresh mouth wash 'F' and artificial saliva but later were reduced (simulating tooth movement) at rate of 0.5mm per two weeks by a screw threaded mechanism (studs) to simulate tooth movement. The Al-Kassar SS Al – Rafidain Dent J


Abstract : Volume 1 is the first document is a series of three describing the planning, execution, and results of an eddy current inspection field experiment. This document defines a generic protocol for inspection reliability experiments. It contains an introduction to the currently accepted forms of data analysis and presentation (Probability of Detection and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves) and a discussion of the factors that may affect inspection reliability.


In the era of teacher evaluation and effectiveness, assessment tools that identify and monitor educators' instruction and behavioral management practices are in high demand. The Classroom Strategies Scale (CSS) Observer Form is a multidimensional teacher progress monitoring tool designed to assess teachers' usage of instructional and behavioral management strategies in elementary school. The present article briefly describes the CSS methodology and psychometric properties. The CSS consists of a three-part assessment: (a) direct classroom observation, (b) Strategy Rating Scales of instruction and behavioral management, and (c) a classroom checklist. A teacher case example is presented to illustrate the CSS's clinical utility in schools. Implications for school psychological practice are outlined.


Strong and sustained community participation in the management of schools can not only enhance transparency and accountability in the education system but also promote a sense of ownership and responsibility for positive change. School Management Committee (SMC) plays an important role in providing quality education. They also have their roles and functions defined by the section 21 of the Right to Education Act and when they work for the schools they definitely tackle challenges. The purpose of the present study was to explore their challenges and to provide solutions for the smooth functioning of SMCs? Only 15 SMC members were purposively selected as sample. Focus Group Discussion with SMC's was used as tool for collecting data. The data were qualitatively analyzed. Findings indicated the challenges in terms of SMC formation, No Regular meetings, Preparation of School Development Plan (SDP), Monitoring of Grants and Lack of cooperation from school administration and solutions in terms of election of SMC members through proper process as per Right to Education Act (RTE act) , orientation of School Management Committee members, a week ago intimation with agenda for the meetings, active participation of members through School Development Plan, transparencies in the fund flow mechanism and ensuring democratic decentralization in the educational management through SMCs strengthening for educational development at grass root level.


In recent years, wavelength assignment in WDM optical networks has obtained great significance. In this paper we have proposed one simple heuristic for wavelength assignment in multifibre networks. We have also made a comparison between the proposed algorithm and the first fit algorithm.


This paper is motivated by the difficulty of pressure distribution measurement in the small gap between valve spool and housing or sleeve. The research project "Design of Balancing Grooves for Hydraulic Valves using Analysis of Flow and Pressure Distribution" at IFAS aims at providing a design tool for balancing grooves. It is based on the idea that the application of modern simulation techniques together with experimental results enhances knowledge about necessity and design of balancing grooves. Main influence on the pressure distribution is the gap height profile. Although valve spool and sleeve can be examined separately, it cannot be concluded to the geometrical information about the gap between these parts as accurate as needed to verify the simulation model. The paper describes the development of miniature pressure sensors made of manganin wire. Measurements showing the current results are presented. As an outlook, the integration of gap height measurement into the pressure sensors is proposed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


To solve the problems of the auxiliary embed in high-speed magnetic levitation equipment, such as can not play the protect role when magnetic bearing out of control, can not absorb the kinetic energy of high-speed rotor and low mechanical precision, a new kind of auxiliary bearing based on flexible mechanism was proposed in this paper. This flexible auxiliary bearing can make big deformation and absorb more rotor kinetic energy than the traditional ball bearing in the same size. The modal and the effect of the flexible auxiliary bearing were analyzed by the FEM method. And the result can meet the design. The conclusions were given in the end.


Two input terminals of the motor M 3 is +, M- respectively pull-up / pull-down terminal P +, P-, and the monitor terminal T +, T- are connected. Terminal P +, P- having two alternative states, one is via the resistor R +, R- pair of terminals M +, M- paid troubleshooting 5V voltage pull-up state; the other is paid to a ground potential OV dropdown status. Failure diagnosis circuit switching two states while the switching element is a closing element Q1 ~ Q4, monitoring the status of various combinations of the above switching and the switching element for opening and closing the corresponding monitoring terminal T +, T- the potential change, Troubleshooting the switching element for opening and closing.


ABSTRACT Distributed teams working across organizational boundaries often experience difficulties in sharing digital materials that are essential to their work. Although work deliverables require content co-production and exchange, we find that differing socio-technical practices, user access restrictions to file servers and divergent naming and filing practices impede smooth workflow operations. In this paper we describe a trans-organizational practice for extending a commonly available set of collaboration tools (email and file sharing) to address the information sharing requirements of a widely distributed project team. Our solution supports the sharing of digital materials such as domain documents, working notes, and coordination documents using email – the ubiquitous content sharing tool. To do this, we restructure the email client in a manner that preserves its original familiarity and functions, and extends it with text analysis, recommended personal tags, and agreed-upon, group tag naming conventions for automatic filing to shared repositories. We discuss how the practice and supporting technology work with the emerging "mashup" and "mashdown" notions of software development.


To develop a yeast strain which stably secretes both -amylase and glucoamylase and therefore is able to convert starch directly to ethanol, a mouse salivary -amylase cDNA gene with a yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter has been introduced into the cell of a Saccharomyces diactaticus hybrid strain secreting only glucoamylase. To secrete both enzymes more stably without loss of the -amylase gene during a cell-multiplication, an integrating plasmid vector containing -amylase gene was constructed and introduced into the yeast cell. The results showed that the linearized form of the integrating vector was superior in the transformation efficiency and the rate of the expression of the -amylase gene than the circular type of the vector. The yeast transformant having a linearized plasmid vector exhibited higher mitotic stability than the yeast transformant habouring episomat plasmid vector. The transformant containing the linearized vector producing both -amylase and glucoamylase exhibited 2-3 times more amylolytic activity than the original untransformed strain secreting only glucoamylase.


It is usually unable to permit customers selecting the appropriate-time electricity by demand side management technologies in China now.Aiming at the problem,this paper introduces a smart power management system based on CATV network of broadcasting television,including its architecture,core modules and system security.The system has the functions of remote meter reading,remote control and OSD service information releasing based on CATV network,and its pilot run in Nanning city is successful.This is an example to apply the CATV communication technology in the construction of smart grid.


In electrical machines excellent electromagnetic properties are required for loss-reduced energy conversion of electrical into kinetic energy and vice versa. The laminations of electric motors and generators are mainly manufactured by punching, which is a method that achieves low costs per unit. However, the related long time to market is unfavorable and leads to an inacceptable loss of competitive advantage. That is exactly the reason why a flexible technique such as laser beam cutting is given a high priority in the process landscape. No additional tool costs and changeover times are caused and the engineer gains new possibilities to process additional alternative materials as he can design three-dimensional rotor and stator laminations. In order to preserve excellent electro-magnetic properties and thus a high efficiency in energy production or conversion it is essential to reduce the manufacturing related magnetic deterioration, even for laser cutting, by a specific process development. Furthermore, suitable methods for scaling up small series to large-scale production are highly demanded.


Based on the industries that has the comparative advantage of labor, natural resources and environment, China's export sectors developed greatly in the past few years. But at the same time, it also posed an increasingly serious environmental pollution problem. This paper empirically analyzed the pollutant emission of China's major export industries, and concluded that ever-widening export trade and environmental pollution are closely interrelated, therefore it made relevant policy recommendations in the end.


On the base of weight method, Chinese jujuba coarse fibre was extracted using microwave-diluted acid method. After being washed by hot water and alcohol in turn, coarse fiber without soluble carbohydrates could be dried and determined. This method is quick, easy to achieve stable results.


Seizure forecasting systems have the potential to improve the quality of life for patients with epilepsy. In this work a framework is proposed to predict epileptic seizures, as part of an open challenge sponsored by the American Epilepsy Society (kaggle.com). 16 to 24 channel intracranial electroen-cephalogram (EEG) streams of dogs and patients in normal state and prior to an epileptic seizure are used as raw data. Therefrom, around 1000 features are extracted, based mainly on discrete wavelet transform. Linear binary classifiers are trained on these features. The quality of the prediction is evaluated using cross validation, which delivers an area under the curve of response operator characteristics (ROC AUC) ranging in [0.77, 0.99] when counting the best classifier result for each subject. The findings in this report show that simplicity often beats complexity, thus favoring linear classifiers, and highlight the importance of robust regularization techniques.


Background:  To estimate the direct and indirect costs of severe asthma and the economic impact of its management to low‐income families in Salvador, Brazil.


Objective To explore the feasibility,effect and problems of percutaneous cryoablation performed for small liver cancer located in the second hepatis.Methods Eight patients,who had small primary or metastatic liver cancer confirmed clinically or pathologically that were located in the second hepatis and less than 5cm,were performed between April 2002 and June 2006.All patients were followed up to examine the value of AFP,MRI or CT.Results The rate of AFP positive down to negative was 75%.The complete necrosis rate was 62.5%.Peri-tumor recurrence free survival rates of 0.5,1 year were 100%、87.5%respectively.Conduslons Small liver cancer located in the second hepatis was not the contraindication of cryoablation.If the puncture point and route is selected properly and the range of cryoablation controlled appropriately,It is an effective method and of less complication rate for small liver cancer located in the second hepatis.


This article deals with the treatment of grid-connected solar and wind energy in the Australian state of Victoria during the period from the mid-1970s to 1994. Traditionally, electricity authorities and governments tend to dismiss these options claiming that they are too expensive and only produce intermittent power. Proponents of solar and wind energy dispute this, arguing that such assessments ignore the significant environmental benefits of renewable energy. In this article it is argued that an explanation for the treatment of renewable energy needs to start from an analysis of the structure and development of the electricity supply industry, and the political processes which have shaped the industry. This history shows that the neglect of solar and wind energy in Victoria was influenced more by electricity planning considerations and the political agenda of the Victorian ALP government than by economic and technical criteria.


Abstract Cladistic analyses of Iris included 18 ingroup taxa from series Californicae and two outgroup taxa from series Sibiricae. The internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S subunit of 18–26S nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced to provide phylogenetic information. An analysis of DNA data resulted in five most parsimonious trees that concurred in part with morphological data. Species groups in series Californicae that have been informally proposed by previous workers were not supported in this study. Two species complexes, I. tenax and I. hartwegii, were not monophyletic as currently delineated. Support for several internally resolved clades is low with DNA data, probably due to high levels of homoplasy along some branches. The overall level of variation and sequence divergence is relatively high compared to other infrageneric plant groups. Communicating Editor: James F. Smith


Exiting empirical data on female homosexuality demonstrate women who have sex with women engage in risky sexual behaviors and practices that put them at risk of woman-to-woman transmitted infections and other same-sex sex health-related problems. However, the level of risk varies among women in same-sex relationship pending on sexual risk behaviors they engage in, posing differentiated perceived and real health needs. I present perceived health needs among women who have sex with women in Tanzania. Four qualitative methods were used to collect data: in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, collecting participants' life stories and observations. Data analysis deployed thematic approach where open systematic coding of data in the participants' language and combining emerging emic concepts with preconceived theoretical constructs was used. With the exception of the women who identify transgender men or tomboys, women interviewed reported having similar primary and specialized health needs like their counterparts. Transgender men reported in need of affordable sex toys, lubricants and trusted healthcare providers skilled to manage their specific health needs. Deep-rooted belief that homosexual females are at low risk of HIV and other STIs coupled with a lack of awareness of the link between female same-sex sexual practices and diseases informed the poor risk perception demonstrated by women studied. I recommend for larger ethnographic and multidisciplinary (longitudinal/cohort) studies, with different designs and nationally representative samples to assess women who have sex with women's health needs and wellbeing in the Tanzania context.


Health care prosperity is the most challenging task for human being in the present dangerous COVID scenario and the discovery proposes an augmented reality based personalized smart diet assistance system which provides diet recommendations, appropriate time, type, quantity and method of consumption of a food item diet based on user health parameters based on location and event activities. The augmented reality based system comprises a user data input, an image processing, food consumption assistance, transmissible disease information retrieval and diet planning modules. The system incorporates an AI based camera to scan a food item before or after cooking and utilizes augmented reality to indicate the nutritional information. The proposed system provides personalized diet recommendations to the user based on personal data such as height, weight, existing medical conditions and thereof of a user. The system retrieves existing transmissible diseases data from world health organizations and data from news articles about any viral infections or diseases to suggest immunity boosting foods to the user to thereby safeguard the user against such diseases or infections.


OBJECTIVE To approach the risk factors and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PAE) causing pulmonary infections in senile patients and provide the evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment.METHODS Referring to National Guide to Clinical Laboratory Operation Procedures,the strains were cultured and identified.The susceptibility test was performed by K-B methods.RESULTS Among 201 isolates of PAE,the resistant rates to imipenem,meropenem,piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam were the lowest,which were 1.5%,1.5%,15.4% and 14.4%,respectively.The antibiotics to which the resistant rates were above 40.0% comprised sulfamethoxazolum-trimethoprimum,gentamincin,aztreonam,ciprofloxacin and piperacillin.CONCLUSION It suggests that nosocomial infections management should be strengthened to decrease the incidence of nosocomial infections in senile patients.


IKE RACHMATIKA & SOETIKNO WIRJOATMODJO.1988.Feeding ecology of Glyptothorax major Blgr) (Bagaridae, Silurifoimes) in the Ala River,South East Aceh. Berita Biologi. 3(8): 396 399.A study on the feeding ecology of Glyptothorax major (Blgr) was conducted in the Alas River South East Aceh, Sumatra during early dry season, January 1983.Index of Preponderance analysis showed that this species is a benthic-insect feeder It was found that the food habit of immature and mature fish is slightly different.The mature fish's food habit is more varied than the immature's. Based on the concept of the "availability factor"of prey species,a tendency was also found that the mature fish is a more opportunistic of using food resources than the immature's.The supposed mechanisme of this difference and its relation with condition factor values is discussed.


This is an eleven page tribute of Henry Luke Bolley, who was one of the first employees of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. He was credited with the discovery of cause of
flax wilt disease.


Abstract A simple, efficient, and mild method has been developed for the synthesis of substituted 1,2,4-triazoles from hydrazines and formamide under microwave irradiation. The reaction proceeds smoothly in the absence of a catalyst and shows excellent functional-group tolerance.


Private label is brand developed by retailer. Development of private label is followed
by presence of development in retailer or modern store, mainly minimart easily to find. This study aimed to analyze a presence of difference in consumer�s characteristic and brand image of private label based on demographical and socio-economic between rural and urban people.
The research was done by distributing questionnaire in District Depok located in
village CondongCatur, Caturtunggal and Maguwo which categorized as urban and District Godean was categorized as village with location of gathering sample in Sidomoyo. Consumer�s characteristic of private label was measured by 12 variables of measurement consisted of four groups, including shopping/buying behavior on private label, reason to buy private label, attitude and level of involvement on private label. Number of sample used were 202 respondents consisted of 101 responde nts in rural and 101 respondents in urban. Result of the Anova and Post Hoc Test was presence of difference in rural and urban people based on consumer�s characteristic of private label, while from demographical and socio-economic
segment, there was no difference between rural and urban people based on demographical status and the expense budget.


Social support has been identified as one o f the coping strategies in chronic illnesses especially in HIV/AIDS disease. The purpose o f this study was to explore how the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) experience social support in the Accra M etropolitan area o f Ghana. An exploratory, descriptive and qualitative method was employed in this study. A purposive sampling was used in the selection o f the fourteen participants living with HIV/AIDS. They were interviewed using semi structured interview guide and observations. The data were analyzed using content analysis and constant comparison. The main themes that emerged from the study were; "Lived experiences o f PLWHA, biophysical experiences, psychological experiences, socio-economic, and socio-cultural experiences. Others included coping strategies, meaning attached to support, sources and types o f support, and perception o f support received. Other sub-themes emerged under these m ajor themes. The findings indicated that the PLWHA experienced some unpleasant symptoms o f the disease, which limited their ability to work and earn income. This is because the disease has stigma attached to it, and it either made them weak and unable to work or has depleted their capital. A few were stigmatized and isolated by some members o f their family. This has created a variety o f needs such as employment, getting the necessities o f life for themselves and their dependants and the need for healing o f their diseases. Each o f the participants had at least one support provider. These providers were; the family, community members, non-governmental organizations, church institutions, and health institutions. The support the participants received covered financial, assistance with basic needs, and social support. Others included medical, emotional and spiritual support. W hilst some o f these supports were provided spontaneously to the PLWHA, others had to beg for the support. It was the general view o f all except one participant that the support they received was inadequate. The participants devised some coping strategies to contain the situation. Some o f these were projection, disclosure, and mutual support. M ost o f them expressed their desire to work, preferably sedentary work. These findings have implications for nursing care and policy making. It is important for policy-makers to consider employment policies that would support the PLW HA to continue being employed, even after diagnosis, in jobs that do not entail strenuous activity. Policies on reaching out to the PLWHA should be intensified to prevent stigmatization and isolation o f the PLWHA.


The aim of this work is to provide a better understanding of the non-linear magneto-optical behavior of orthoferrite-crystals. By means of an optical method it is possible to measure the hysteresis loop containing the characteristics of the ferromagnetic material. The magnetization of a single plate of yttrium orthoferrite (YFeO3) reaches values up to 8.36 kA/m within magnetization curves up to fields of 400 kA/m. The measured loops will be compared with the results of different methods of calculations of the magnetization curves.


Interest in work engagement research has increased significantly due to its positive influence on both employee and organizational performance. Studies show how engagement is explained through job characteristics in the Job Demands-Resource model, yet a more nuanced approach has been proposed. In this qualitative study, perceptions of job characteristics among home caregivers are investigated. Semi-structured interviews and observations reveal three main themes: Optimization, helping others and emotional work that show a dual perception of job characteristics, which thereby influence the experienced engagement. We discuss how these dual perceptions can be understood using Public Service Motivation literature.


With the rapid growth of wireless communication systems, new architectures of transmitters and receivers have evolved to ensure robust transmission of multimedia data. The need for efficient error-protection schemes is being increasingly challenging for the transmission of embedded bit-streams. In this paper, we present a robust concatenated coding/decoding scheme for progressive JPEG 2000 compressed images for transmission over noisy channels. The image is encoded in different quality layers, that are sorted in a decreasing importance order and applied, according to their importance to the input of the corresponding convolutional encoder. The proposed scheme involves iterative decoding of concatenated codes and a flexible strategy for Unequal Error Protection (UEP) is also guaranteed. Results show a Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) gain of 18 dB over a conventional Multiple Turbo Codes (MTC) scheme at low values of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).


Based on the experimental results of crystallized Ba_ 1-x-y Sr_xCa_yWO_4 thin films with scheelite-structure on tungsten metal substrate with high purity grown by using galvanostatic electrochemical technique at room temperature, the electrochemical growth mechanism of the functional Ba_ 1-x-y Sr_xCa_yWO_4 thin films is analyzed, the influences of the technical parameters, such as the electrical current density, pH value of the solution, the duration of electrochemical reaction and the reacting temperature, on the growth of the crystalline thin films in the electrochemical processes are discussed. It is believed that the results of the research presented have great significance for other thin films prepared by using electrochemical method.


ABSTRACT Recent hurricanes have focused on lives and properties lost, however, additional mental health concerns may emerge in these post-disaster settings. Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are particularly problematic for minorities due to pre-disaster disparities. Scholars must thus examine the antecedents of PTSS to support these and other vulnerable individuals and communities. This study examined racial disparities regarding active and avoidant coping, prayer, and subsequent relative contribution of each to PTSS following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita among social work student-practitioners. Using secondary data, results revealed that minority students (n = 233) used coping via prayer more often than their non-minority peers (n = 124; t = 7.18, p < .000; d = 0.76). Moderate, positive relationships emerged between avoidant coping and PTSS for both groups (r = .58–.63, p<.01), though prayer did not emerge as inversely related to PTSS as anticipated. Avoidant coping accounted for the largest variation in PTSS for both groups (β = .35–.51, p<.001). Sampling, survey methods, and PTSS measures limit generalizability and temper findings. Directions for future research include use of PTSS measures that account for severity and cultural context and examination of coping measure psychometrics. Practice implications include enhanced publicity regarding social services available to student-practitioners on college campuses and within the community.