Benzil is photoreduced in neat triethylamine and mixtures of triethylamine and 2-propanol. In neat 2-propanol the principal products are; benzil pinacol, 20%; benzoin benzoate, 19%; benzoin, 18%; and benzoic acid, 12%. When the amine concentration is as low as 0.2 mM the benzil pinacol formation is almost completely suppressed. At amine concentrations higher than 0.36 mM the principal product is benzoin, 80%. At intermediate amine concentrations benzoin benzoate is important. The rate of benzil disappearance reaches a maximum and then declines as either the benzil concentration in triethylamine is increased or the amine concentration in 2-propanol is increased.4-Hydroxybenzil is not photoreduced by 2-propanol. It is reduced by triethylamine. The quantum yield of disappearance is 0.04 at a concentration of 47.8 mM and in solutions containing at least 0.36 M of amine. 4-Hydroxybenzoin is the principal product but at low starting 4-hydroxybenzil concentrations 4,4′-dihydroxybenzil is important. A rate maximu...


Modern large distributed Systems at wide scale have adopted new types of databases that are not subject to the features which ensure strong Consistency. In this paper, we discuss the CAP theorem, its evolution and its influence on these systems. After, we talk about the misunderstandings and problems aroused by this theorem. Finally, we give the updates on CAP brought by some researchers.


This method comprises taking a first sample of the gaseous phase under pressure in a circulation conduit (70) and transferring the first sample in the measuring channel (72). It includes the activation of a second sensor (98) for collecting a first information representative of the first sample under pressure. The method comprises removing a second liquid phase sample under pressure, the transfer of the second sample in the measuring channel (72) and the activation of the second sensor (98) a second information representative of the second sample under pressure. The method comprises calculating at least one calibration coefficient relating the property to the or each information received from a first sensor (58) based on the first information and the second information.


Marine microbes serve as an important source for commercial bioactive compounds. The present research is focussed on the Actinobacterial diversity of Machilipatnam coast. Actinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria that resemble Fungi in having filaments forming mycelia colonies. Owing to their morphological and cultural characteristics Actinobacteria are considered a group other than Bacteria. The different Actinobacterial Strains were studied having an ability to utilize the various carbon compounds as source of energy. 27 isolates of Actinobacteria including white, green, grey, orange and pink with different morphological types were isolated from Station I and II. Among them 19 isolates were from Pedapatnam and 27 from Polatitippa. The 27 identified species were falling under 10 genera including Actinobispora, Actinomadura, Actinomyces, Microbispora, Nocardis, Nocardiopsis, Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces, Streptosporangium and Thermomonospora. Streptomyces was the most dominant genus. For the evaluation of antibacterial activity, clinical strains of bacteria such as Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis and Gram – negative Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi were used. Streptomyces alboniger, S.coelicolor and S.griseus were selected to study their antagonistic activity against the above mentioned clinical bacteria.


It has been reported that electrical engineering schools might be facing a decline in newly enrolled students combined with an increase in the number of dropouts due to motivation and engagement problems. At the same time, companies in the electric power industry require safe and realistic training environments for their trainees to reduce induction program times, costs, and accidents. Game‐based learning (GBL) applications offer alternatives in both sectors, that is, education and training, for increasing engagement, motivation, and knowledge transfer in controlled environments. This paper aims to show applications of GBL techniques towards educational and training objectives in electrical power and energy systems in the period spanning from 2002 to 2021. This review points to two main research questions: what GBL tools have been used for education and training purposes in electrical power and energy systems during 2002 to 2021? Also, what are the methodologies used for assessing the efficacy of using GBL applications in electrical power and energy systems? A structured review methodology was applied to identify how GBL has been used in electrical power and energy systems. A total of 81 papers were selected for full review. The procedure included the formulation of research questions, identification and selection of studies, and data synthesis of results. Our review showed that most GBL applications in electrical power and energy systems were developed with education purposes (63%), from which 29% used graphic user interfaces and 23% used serious games. On the other hand, for training purposes, the most popular GBL tool was virtual reality, applications of which were discussed in 56% of the reviewed papers. The review also showed that only 42% of the education papers and 37% of the training papers performed learning efficacy analyses; in which qualitative postevaluations or postsurveys were the most popular methodologies used in over 50% of those papers.


With the development of economic integration in the whole world and the rapid growth of reform and opening,business intelligent management plays a more and more important role in the enterprise. This paper analyses the supporting technology of the business intelligence,furthermore,it introduces business intelligent application ,implementing technology and the tendencies of the development in the enterprise.


Green IT and online training have become the strategic themes in increasing Technology Innovation Performance for the creative industry in Indonesia. In the COVID-19 pandemic era, Green IT and online training became a strategic theme in improving Technology Innovation Performance. This study offers a moderating role of Green Life Style in testing and analyzing the effect of Green IT and online training. Respondent in this study is chosen by purposive sampling, namely the owners and managers of creative SMEs in Sleman, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia that is 156 SMEs. The data is collected by questionnaire and interview with SMEs that are considered as population representative. The statistical technique uses the Structural Equation Modelling with the Partial Least Square technique. The results prove the importance of Green IT and online training which have a partial impact on Technology Innovation Performance. Likewise, the green lifestyle is a strong moderator in seeing the effect of Green IT and online training on Technology Innovation Performance.


Introduction: Vitamin D is known to be a key regulator of bone metabolism and is associated with muscle strength. Its deficiency is rampant worldwide, but some groups are at greater risk.
Aim: We aim to evaluate vitamin D levels in different age group and identify office going groups and non office going group vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency.
Material and Methods: We here by analyze vitamin D levels of various sex and age group people tested in SRL diagnostic lab at Patna from May 2021 to April 2022. Further were categorized in office going group and non office going group. According to their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, the patients were further grouped into either the deficiency group (25(OH)D<20 ng/mL), insufficiency group (25(OH)D- 20 to <30.0 ng/mL) and sufficiency group having >30ng/ml. Hypovitaminosis D included both deficiency and insufficiency group. The differences between the 2 groups were compared. We used a Chi-squared test to determine the significance of differences between proportions for hypovitaminosis D between office going and non office going groups. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Result: Out of 993 cases the overall average vitamin D level for all the cases are 24.004±20.87.Out of total cases 58.50% cases were female and 41.49% cases were of male patients. In female patients 71% cases had hypovitaminosis D where as 79% male patient had hypovitaminosis D. Different age groups were formed where group I included 0-12years, group II included 13-19years, group III included 20-39years, group IV included 40-59years and group V included >60years. Hypovitaminosis D (deficiency and insufficiency) was seen in 79% population of group I and II, 78% group III, 71% group IV and 66% group V. 35% population were office going and other 75% population was non office going which almost included similar percentage of male and female population in both the groups i.e. 40% male population and 60% female population. In office going population 83% male population had hypovitaminosis D where as 72% female population had hypovitaminosis D.
Conclusion: In conclusion, a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was noted among infant, children, adolescents and elderly despite the abundant sunshine. Compared to females, males were more likely to have vitamin D insufficiency, and male gender appears to be a risk factor for vitamin D insufficiency. This may reflect strong sun avoidance behavior among all the age group. Occupation as such in this study had no direct role on vitamin D status.

Keywords: Vitamin D, Deficiency, Insufficiency, sufficient, Office going, children.


Any TTS system requires accurate grapheme to phoneme conversion routines due to the limited pro-nunciation dictionaries. Data driven approaches of-fer the possibility to train new languages without the knowledge of rules. A big problem is to prepare huge databases for the training. In this paper the automation of the data preparation and the pattern generation for the training of a neural network is ad-dressed. This automation is language independent, and no native expert is required. The data preparation, the generation of the training patterns and the training itself are done completely automatically.


Assessment is a key element in the teaching-learning process. Every formal education implies some kind of assessment, and the results of this assessment contribute to the quality improvement in that process. Currently, most assessment scenarios are very complex and require tools to support them. Establishing a good assessment approach requires continuous decision-making processes to guarantee fair assessments. In this paper the TraMeA assessment support system is presented centering on its characteristics that can help in those decision making processes. The proposal is exemplified with real examples derived from the evaluation of Final Year Projects.


ABOUT THE APP MyFitnessPal is an app that allows users to track the nutritional values of their diets, by either scanning in the barcode or searching an extensive database for their chosen food and/or drink (figure 1). It provides a view of total daily intake in the form of calorific, nutrient or macronutrient values as easy-to-interpret graphs and pie charts, with warnings when preset calorie or nutrient limits are being approached. With smartphone access steeply rising, apps are an increasingly useful method of spreading knowledge and information to users. Automatic notifications when the app has been left unused can gently motivate users, and the ever-presence of phones in everyday life provides a convenient method of nutritional data collection. Unlike many other apps, the ability to search foods and even plan full meals in advance, without inputting them into the log provides an accessible platform for advanced planning and comparison of different options. The user can preset goals regarding weight loss/ gain, and information can be logged in many forms, from calories to proportions of macronutrients. There are functions to share your progress with friends and a blog posting community that is linked within the app. It is also possible to link the app with a whole host of fitness and exercise-related apps (mostly free).


Growth rate analysis indicates IPCC 2100 storage targets are achievable, however tradeoffs exist between CO2 storage resource requirements, storage growth rate, and growth duration, with a ceiling on required storage resources of 2700 Gt.


In 2005, the Victorian government asked the Victorian Environmental Assessment Council (VEAC) to 1) identify and evaluate the extent, condition, values, management, resources and uses of riverine red gum forests and associated fauna, wetlands, floodplain ecosystems and vegetation communities in northern Victoria; and 2) make recommendations relating to the conservation, protection and ecological sustainable use of public land. The design of a comprehensive, adequate and representative (CAR) reserve system was a key part of the recommendations made by VEAC. In order to assist in the decision-making for environmental water allocation for protected areas and other public land, a process for identifying flood-dependent natural values on the Victorian floodplains of the River Murray and its tributaries was developed. Although some areas such as the Barmah forest are very well known, there have been few comprehensive inventories of important natural values along the Murray floodplains. For this project, VEAC sought out and compiled data on flood requirements (natural flood frequency, critical interval between floods, minimum duration of floods) for all flood-dependent ecological vegetation classes (EVCs) and threatened species along the Goulburn, Ovens, King and Murray Rivers in Victoria. The project did not include the Kerang Lakes and floodplains of the Avoca, Loddon and Campaspe Rivers. 186 threatened species and 110 EVCs (covering 224,247 ha) were identified as flood-dependent and therefore at risk from insufficient flooding. Past environmental water allocations have targeted a variety of different natural assets (e.g. stressed red gum trees, colonial nesting waterbirds, various fish species), but consideration of the water requirements of the full suite of floodplain ecosystems and significant species has been limited. By considering the water requirements of the full range of natural assets, the effectiveness of water delivery for biodiversity can be maximised. This approach highlights the species and ecosystems most in need of water and builds on the icon sites approach to view the Murray floodplains as an interconnected system. This project also identified for the first time the flood-frequency and duration requirements for the full suite of floodplain ecosystems and significant species. This project is the most comprehensive identification of water requirements for natural values on the floodplain to date, and is able to be used immediately to guide prioritisation of environmental watering. As more information on floodplain EVCs and species becomes available, the water requirements and distribution of values can be refined by ecologists and land and water managers. That is, the project is intended as the start of an adaptive process allowing for the incorporation of monitoring and feedback over time. The project makes it possible to transparently and easily communicate the extent to which manipulated or natural flows benefit various natural values. Quantitative and visual outputs such as maps will enable environmental managers and the public to easily see which values do and do not receive water (see http://www.veac.vic.gov.au/riverredgumfinal.htm for further details).


One of the key philosophical problems of antiquity, i. e. the question of determinism and the freedom of the will, is especially sharply formulated in the Boethius' De consolatione philosophiae (v, 3--6). Boethius raises the problem as the question of the compatibilty or incompatibility of devine foreknowledge and the future contingent events (events that depend on the freedom of the will): if there is divine foreknowledge of the future contingent events, there is no freedom of the will, and that has catastrophical ethical consequences. The basic incompatibility of divine foreknowledge and the future contingent events is, in my view, based on Boethius' application of the general Aristotle's demand that "what is known has to be necessary" (or, that the object of episteme "can not be otherwise", as it is known) on the division between past/present events (which cannot be otherwise) and future events (which can be otherwise). Boethius' solution of the problem is a combination of the following notions and theses: (i) the nature of the knowledge depends on the knower and not on the object known; (ii.) God has eternaly present knowledge; (iii.) there is a difference between the conditional and absolute necessity.


The invention relates to a curable composition. The composition comprises an unsaturated polyester comprising terminal alkenyl groups, a siloxane-substituted polyether containing residues of terminal polyorganosiloxanes and at least two Si-H groups. IN ITS MOLECULE, AND A CATALYST CONTAINING PLATINUM AS MAIN COMPONENT. THE COMPOSITION HAS EXCELLENT CURING PROPERTIES IN DEPTH AND PROVIDES A CURED BODY WITH HYDROPHILIC QUALITY AND DIMENSIONAL REPRODUCIBILITY. THIS CURABLE COMPOSITION IS PARTICULARLY INTERESTING AS A DENTAL IMPRESSION MATERIAL. FIELD OF APPLICATION: DENTAL ART.


doi:10.1017/S1049023X12000544 As traffic accidents occupy center stage in injury discussions, Forsberg and colleagues' report ''One hundred years of railway disasters and recent trends'' made interesting reading. With trains traveling at higher and higher speeds, the authors correctly recommend injury prevention and safety mechanisms to decrease the risk of mass-casualty events. The robust Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) describes a railway disaster as an event during which $10 people are killed and/or $100 are non-fatally injured. Considering this definition, the figures represented in Forsberg et al may represent the ''tip of the iceberg'' rather than a complete picture of railway injuries in the developing world. As emphasized by the authors, India accounts for 838 billion passenger-kilometers traveled per year, and rail transportation remains one of the safest ways to travel (besides being environmentally friendly) in the densely populated developing world. In 2010, fatalities due to road traffic accidents (34.8% of all accidental deaths in India) were five times higher than those due to railway fatalities (7.3%). However, railroad crash disasters accounted for just 0.9% of all fatalities, while ''other'' railway fatalities were seven times more common (6.4%). These ''other'' events involved individuals who had fallen out of moving carriages, committed suicide by jumping in front of trains, or who had been killed while alighting or boarding from platforms, run over by trains while crossing the tracks, or hit by electric poles while hanging onto railway coaches. These mechanisms of injury have also been reported in African studies. At the authors' Level 1 Trauma Center in metropolitan Mumbai, 298 railway injuries presented in the year 2011, none of which resulted from a railroad disaster. One hundred thirty-seven patients (46%) were admitted with moderate to severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale .9), and 67 (22%) were in hypovolemic shock on arrival. Polytrauma was common. Corresponding to their higher Injury Severity Scores, the in-hospital mortality rate of railway injuries was 42%, in comparison to the 30% seen in road traffic accident admissions. Therefore, primary prevention in Asian and African countries would require strategies and allocation of resources to improve the safety of the interface between people and trains. These measures are likely to save more lives, but also are likely to go unreported and remain invisible, as they would target accidents that are not considered ''disasters'' by policymakers and the media.


This paper introduces multirelay diversity (MRDiv) amd multiuser diversity (MUDiv) in mobile relay sytems. We propose throughput-suboptimal scheduling named relay-user selective scheduling (RUSS) to exploit both MRDiv and MUDiv. RUSS requires relatively small amount of feedback compared to the centralized scheduling (CS). Simulation results show that RUSS has competitive capacity in case of using practical number of relays comparing with CS.


The experimental results of Benzyl Ntertbutyloxycarbonylβcyclohexylaspartate(Ⅰ)were reported in this paper.Starting from cheap and accessible Laspartic acid,the key intermediate of βcyclohexyl Ntertbutyloxycarbonylaspartate(Ⅱ)was prepared by esterification of aspartic acid via cyclohexanol catalyzed by sulfuric acid and further acylation via Boc2O.The synthesis of the title compound of(Ⅰ)was performed by benzylization of(Ⅱ)through benzyl bromide.The method is facile and the yield is higher than that in literatures.The structures of these compounds were verified by1H NMR and mp.,or by the corresponding authentic compounds.The discussion of the preparative conditions of Ⅰ and Ⅱ was also given.


Women are underrepresented in Computer Science disciplines at all levels, from undergraduate and graduate studies to participation and leadership in academia and industry. Increasing female representation in the field is a grand challenge for academics, policymakers, and society. [1]. The lack of women is among the core reasons for the huge skills and talent gap existing between the number of graduates in higher education institutions and the number of job positions available in the ICT Industry in Europe. The main questions are: How to have more girls choosing computer science as their higher education studies and profession; How to retain female students and assure they finish their studies and start successful careers in the field; How to encourage more female Ph.D. and postdoctoral researchers to remain in the academic career and apply for professorships in computer science departments; How to support and inspire young women in their careers and help them to overcome the main hurdles that prevent women from reaching senior positions in industry and public sector. Which communication and dissemination strategy to adopt in this field. The lecture presents statistics about female presence in education, research and industry. Moreover, it presents research issues from projects at NTNU and other from other international partners mainly in EUGAIN.


The contents of anthocyanin in 25 highbush blueberry,9 half-highbush blueberry,and 10 blueberry hybrid progeny fruits were analyzed.The results showed that content of anthocyanin ranged from 52.700 to 233.000 U·g-1 FW,in which the content of Amblue anthocyanin was the highest.Average anthocyanin content of highbush blueberry and half-highbush blueberry was 103.771 and 99.956 U·g-1 FW,respectively.The coefficient of variation of anthocyanin contents was 29.48% between the highbush blueberry cultivars,and 19.64% between the half-highbush blueberry cultivars.Average anthocyanin content of hybrid progeny was 135.860 U·g-1 FW,which was higher than that of highbush blueberry and half-highbush blueberry.The change of anthocyanin content was detected during fruit development.The results showed that anthocyanin primarily lied in the skin for blueberry.Pink stage was the key syntheses stage and 50% blue stage was the rapid syntheses stage for blueberry.


Barry Johnson made major contributions to the theory of Banach algebras, stimulating research on automatic continuity and cohomology in these algebras. His research on the continuous Hochschild cohomology of Banach and operator algebras led to major developments in these areas, and to 'amenability' moving from a group theoretic idea to one that is widely applicable in modern analysis.


We have performed calculations of the electronic structure of the random substitutional alloys Fe1−cNic and V1−cFec using the spin‐polarized, self‐consistent Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker coherent‐potential approximation (KKR‐CPA) method. This is a first principles method based on spin density functional theory and a local spin density approximation for the exchange and correlation functional. For fcc Fe1−cNic, a range of volumes were considered for 0.25<c<1.0, and it was found that the moments are sensitive to the volume in the Fe‐rich alloys near the INVAR concentration. In bcc V1−cFec, we find the average moments to decrease linearly with vanadium concentration (in the Fe‐rich alloys) and the vanadium moment to be antiparallel to the iron moment. The moments vanish when the vanadium concentration becomes greater than 0.7 which is in good agreement with experiment. In V1−cFec, in contrast to bcc Fe1−cNic, the bonding–antibonding ''valley'' of the minority density of states (in which the Fermi level is pinned) ...


Introduction : Multiple tachycardia circuits in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) pose a challenge in identification of the critical isthmus. We sought to validate a novel wavefront mapping system using the High-density (HD) Grid catheter (Abbott Medical). The system was validated for mapping complex wavefront patterns in atria tachycardia (AT) and defining a critical isthmus in areas of scar.


Ethnographic research,as an educational research method and pattern,causes widespread concern in the education sector in China.There is a certain gap between the reality and the ideal of the training of students' innovative abilities,affected by the traditional concepts,context,methods and instructional management of education.The concrete and real training can encounter various kinds of restrictions that are difficult to resolve though the theory analyses.In order to grasp the restrictions correctly and find out the root of the problem,researchers must link the concrete teaching situation to develop students' innovative abilities.Ethnographic research is a good way.


The utility model provides a supervisory system for a radioactive source, which comprises a sensor, a radio frequency identification, a repeater, an information manager and a superior department supervisory platform. The sensor is used for sending detected detecting information related to the radioactive source to the repeater, and the detecting information comprises radiation doses of the radioactive source. The radio frequency identification is used for identifying a position of the radioactive source, and the repeater is used for detecting information of the radio frequency identification and sending the information of the radio frequency identification and the received detecting information to the information manager. The information manager is used for sending the received information of the radio frequency identification and the detecting information to the superior department supervisory platform and alarming according to alarming information tips. The superior department supervisory platform is used for processing the received information of the radio frequency identification and the detecting information, generating alarming information and sending the alarming information to the information manager. The supervisory system for the radioactive source is comprehensive in functions, low in cost, convenient to realize and the like.


Focus on Form is a useful method which facilitates the interlanguage development of ESL learners by providing opportunities to increase fluency and accuracy.This paper introduces its definition,theoretical foundation,applicable grammar rules,its practice in L2 pedagogy and mentions some problems to be solved in present foreign language teaching in China.


We hereby present the symbolic dynamical solution to the hyper-geometrical converging behavior in the unimodal maps.Our result will expand the knowledge of composition law in symbolic dynamics and arise many interesting problems.


Poincar section is a tool used in analysis and even control of non-linear systems like chaotic and uncertain systems. Although it has been presented long ago, yet this approach is artistic and heuristic. Poincar Section is destitute of any definite methodologies and problems including indefinite structure and model parameters that can be generally attributed to this approach; machine learning based on Poincar section is impossible. In this article, first of all, signal modeling steps using Poincar is explained, then considering the occurred events, the concept of information and relativism applying Poincar section and information approach, we will diagnose the brain pattern variations in Autistic cases. The reason we have taken Autism into consideration is because we believe its origin is information, in other words the big problem in Autism disorder is software kind, which can lead to hardware kind over time. In this research a new kind of representation, namely Extended Complementary Plot, in which the main characteristic is special attention to signal phase as embedded information in the signal and ineffectiveness of energy, is introduced. All the introduced state-of-art concepts on Electroencephalography are implemented on Autistic children. Recording the EEG signal in Autistic children has always been a challenge for the specialists. Implementations of the article have been carried out on over 120 cases including 60 Autistic children and 60 normal ones ranging from 3 to 10 years old, in three different states; asleep, open eyes and a new record based on brain dynamics which has been suggested from the authors and does not have the other records problems for Autistic kids. Prodigious results accomplished, suggests the common dynamic presence in Autism disorder which is entirely different from normal dynamics, and this is only due to the potency of the applied information tool; Poincar section, and cybernetic modeling in this research. We hope that the empirical results of this research to be a strong and effective step towards quantification of Autism disorder and conversion of diagnosis process from Clinical to Para clinical, and even early Autism diagnosis.


One of John Tomer's most significant scholarly contributions is his concept of organizational capital, which gradually linked to the notion of the human firm and, more precisely, to more humane ways of organizing the firm. This, in turn, he linked to increasing the extent of economic efficiency (x-efficiency) and the wellbeing of society. I place Tomer's contribution in the modelling context of an extended x-efficiency theory of the firm. I examine the conditions under which the human firm is economically sustainable and the conditions most conducive to its adoption by firm decision-makers so as to develop a less hierarchical firm. I argue that it critically important to recognize the costs of making the firm more humane as well as modelling how and why the human firm is relatively more productive. But both the human and hierarchical firm are economically sustainable. Which one dominates depends on the preferences of firm decision-makers, the power relationship across firm members, and government policy. One can be stuck in a sub-optimal equilibrium where the lower productivity-x-inefficient firms dominates unless there are appropriate intervening factors. JEL Classification: B55; D21; D90; I39; J50; L20


Acaricides were evaluated for efficacy against the TSSM in a 4.5-acre hop field at the Parma Research and Extension Center. The experiment was conducted in the summer of 2003 in a 46,800-ft2 section of field bordered on two sides by two rows of hop plants. The experimental design was a RCB, replicated four times, with four treatments, and an untreated check (UTC). Each plot consisted of 14 consecutive plants in a row (450 ft2). Envidor at 415ml/acre, Envidor at 533 ml/acre, TM-41301 at 915 ml/acre and Agrimek at 472 ml/acre treatments were applied at 150 gpa with an airblast sprayer on 25 Aug. Leaf samples were collected eight days after application, then every seven days (±1) thereafter. Ten randomly selected leaves were collected at two heights (2-8 ft and 8-16 ft) from each plot in the canopy and transported back to a lab for counting. The numbers of motile TSSM, TSSM eggs, motile PM and PM eggs per leaf were recorded. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (P ≤ 0.05).


By means of questionnaire survey,the author studied leisure behaviors and leisure value orientations of students in some universities in Guangdong province,and revealed the following findings: in the extracurricular life of college students in Guangdong province,there are more static leisure activities than dynamic leisure activities,and more individual leisure activities than social leisure activities;their leisure value orientations focus more on resting than on recuperating,which reflects the bias of leisure views of college students and the absence of college leisure education.


Community vulnerability to climate related disasters and environmental degradation is a concern for social workers. This concern accentuates when the physical environment from which communities derive livelihoods cannot sustain their subsistence. Social work is a profession that is committed to the development of communities adhering to social justice, South East Administrative District. The study adopted the mixed methods research design to assess the community preparedness, disaster risk reduction strategies, the role of social workers in enhancing community resilience to disasters, and efforts to promote sustainable environmental, cultural practices. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions, and review of government policies and reports. A total sample population of 3567 respondents were randomly selected for the quantitative phase and 90 participants were conveniently selected for the qualitative phase. It was found that local communities are vulnerable to floods, windstorms, drought, torrential rains, and wild-fires which negatively impact their livelihoods and degrade the environment. The community vulnerability resonated with their lack of knowledge on climate change, hazards and risks, lack of hazard zone map. The article recommends a community-based disaster strategy for building disaster resilience and risk management capacity. The main concepts in this paper are: climate change, vulnerability, disaster, hazard and risks, and resilience.


We study 2D quantum gravity on spherical topologies employing the Regge calculus approach with the dl/l measure. Instead of the normally used fixed nonregular triangulations we study random triangulations which are generated by the standard Voronoi–Delaunay procedure. For each system size we average the results over four different realizations of the random lattices. We compare both types of triangulations quantitatively and investigate how the difference in the expectation value of the squared curvature, R2, for fixed and random triangulations depends on the lattice size and the surface area A. We try to measure the string susceptibility exponents through finite-size scaling analyses of the expectation value of an added R2 interaction term, using two conceptually quite different procedures. The approach, where an ultraviolet cutoff is held fixed in the scaling limit, is found to be plagued with inconsistencies, as has already previously been pointed out by us. In a conceptually different approach, where ...


Intravenous thrombolysis is beneficial for patients with acute ischemic stroke: in 5 separate trials, treated patients improved more than placebo patients. The first 2 trials, the NINDS trials, were published in 1995 and led directly to the licensing of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) for acute ischemic stroke. In these trials, patients were treated within 90 or 180 minutes of stroke onset with 0.9 mg/kg rtPA after a careful selection procedure. Treated patients enjoyed a near-total resolution of deficit more often (30% to 50% relative benefit) compared with placebo. Symptomatic hemorrhage occurred in 6.4% of treated patients. It is not widely appreciated that in addition to the treated patients who totally cleared their symptoms, an additional 20% to 30% enjoyed a partial improvement.1 A similar trial utilized intravenous ancrod, a defibrinogenating agent that causes modest thrombolysis, hypofibrinogenemia, and mild anticoagulation.2 Benefits and risks …


This article argues that the process of secularization of knowledge is essentially related and derived in complex and unintended ways from the doctrinal disagreements of the reformation era. The doctrinal disagreements were dual, between the Christian belief systems and between the monastic, scholastic and humanist movements. These disagreements in many forms also existed in the Islamic intellectual traditions in which the period of the three movements differed from that of Christianity. Conversations between various intellectual movements shall facilitate us in understanding the character of Christendom's vibrant, varied and sometimes contentious intellectual culture during the reformation, with its monastic, scholastic, scientific and humanistic strands. This will, in turn, enable us to see how this culture and its institutional settings were affected by the reformation. The article will also discuss the contrasting claims of Islamic knowledge tradition on the secularization of knowledge through the development of intellectual movements of scholasticism and humanism in Islam. A significant part of the argument is that the secularization of knowledge in the West was not an inevitable product of the enlightenment. It was rather more of a contingent process derived from the interaction between people, institutions, assumptions, metaphysical belief systems, the exercise of power and human desires. This work has primarily referred to the secondary literature to draw historical inferences, debates and departures in intellectual movements of reformation times, to understand the process of secularization of knowledge.


In es tabl i sh ing and m a i n t a i n i n g a tu r fed a rea , t h e golf course super in tenden t is f aced w i t h a mul t i tude of d i s tu rb ing decisions. He is direct ly f aced wi th all t he f a c t o r s which l imit or p romote p lan t g rowth . Which methods to u s e and the i r appl ica t ion t o local condit ions is of p a r a moun t impor tance . A def ini te chain of t h o u g h t is genera l ly fol lowed in reach ing a conclusion: w h a t ha s been done; w h a t is being done now; and a r e t h e prac t ices appl icable local ly? A l a rge number of p l a n t s can be used fo r the product ion of t u r f in the Southeast . Mild w in te r s and an a p p a r e n t l y adequa te r a in fa l l m a k e condi t ions ideal fo r yea r round turf product ion. Thus, the chal lenge and in teres t in g rowing g r a s s for tur f purposes have become the corners tones f o r t u r f research a n d p rac t i ca l turf product ion.


The purpose of this study was to find out the comparison of the application of Model the PBL with the Model PjBL on the Prosocial Behavior of Elementary School Students in Surabaya. This experimental research design uses Posttest Only Nonequivalent Posttest Design. The sample of this study was students of class V A and B at SD Margerejo Surabaya, while the population was for class V students at SDN Margerejo Surabaya. The data collection technique was carried out by giving a questionnaire with 25 questions. The results showed that there were differences in the prosocial behavior of SD Surabaya students between Model PBL and the Model PjBL.


The paper draws on an investigation on the use of lexical bundles and their functions in WhatsApp conversations between a native and a non-native speaker of English. The aim of this study is to explore the lexical bundles used by the two speakers in order to explain how these bundles contribute to the coherence in the conversations. The study employs the lexical bundle taxonomy by Biber et al. (1999) and the functional types of lexical bundles by Conrad and Biber (2005). In terms of functions, the lexical bundles produced by native and nonnative speakers of English mostly express Stance between the speaker and hearer which includes functions of epistemic stance and attitudinal/modality stance to show intention, desire, ability, obligation, and directive. The Discourse Organizing function is also used, particularly to introduce and elaborate the topic; while, the Referential Expression type is not very much used in the conversation. The pedagogical implication of this study is that a wide variety of lexical bundles to express various functions in communication should be explicitly taught to develop the communicative competence of English language learners.


In this paper two different lines of reasoning are followed in order to discuss a Universe that belongs to the so-called oscillatory class. In the first section, we start from the general writing of the first Friedmann – Lemaitre equation. Taking into account mass – energy equivalence, the so-called fluid equation is immediately deduced, with the usual hypotheses of homogeneity and isotropy, once identified the evolution of the Universe with an isentropic process. Considering equal to zero the curvature parameter, and carrying out an opportune position concerning the so-called cosmological constant, we obtain an oscillating class, to which a simple-harmonically oscillating Universe evidently belongs. In the second section, we start from a simple-harmonically oscillating Universe, hypothesized globally flat and characterized by at least a further spatial dimension. Once defined the density, taking into account a global symmetry elsewhere postulated, we carry out a simple but noteworthy position concerning the gravitational constant. Then, once established the dependence between pressure and density, we deduce, by means of simple mathematical passages, the equations of Friedmann – Lemaitre, without using Einstein's Relativity.


Objective To explore the effect of sodium fluoride on apoptosis and expression of caspase-3 of mouse Leydig cells cultured in vitro. Methods Leydig cells cultured in vitro were divided into 4 groups,and then were treated with 0,5,10,20 mg/L of sodium fluoride,respectively.Annexin Ⅴ-PI double staining with flow cytometry(FCM) was applied to detect Leydig cell apoptosis in each group after treatment for 48 h.The expression of caspase-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Apoptosis and caspase-3 expression were found after treated with sodium fluoride.Apoptosis rate was significantly higher in 20 mg/L sodium fluoride group than in the other groups,and the gray value of caspase-3 expression was significantly lower(P0.01). Conclusion The results suggest that fluoride could promote Leydig cell apoptosis and caspase-3 expression in vitro,and have cytotoxic effect on mouse Leydig cells.


Within just a short time after the discovery of oxygen 200 years ago, Joseph Priestley, one of its codiscoverers, was already cautioning that oxygen "might burn the candle of life too quickly, and too soon exhaust the animal powers within." 1 Priestley's prescient speculations about the toxic nature of excess O 2 . have been confirmed by a host of succeeding investigators. Today, most clinicians are well aware of the toxic consequences to the lung of prolonged exposure to high tensions of O 2 , yet physicians involved in intensive care are frequently confronted by situations in which prolonged hyperoxic therapy is a necessary part of the management of neonatal and adult patients with severe respiratory distress. Unfortunately, no pharmacological agent is available to help circumvent the development of pulmonary toxicity associated with prolonged high oxygen therapy. The spectrum of O 2 -induced lung injury, including pulmonary edema, atelectasis, consolidation, congestion, hemorrhage,


Previously (1,2) we showed that biomarker analysis, i.e. using preserved plant derived lipids as molecular fingerprints indicative of e.g. past vegetation cover or soil organic matter input, is a valuable proxy to read the soil's archives in combination with palynology and absolute dating techniques. In these studies we compared biomarker spectra with fossil pollen spectra, using the premise that biomarkers are released from onsite plant species and pollen originate both onsite and offsite. However, even though plant lipid based biomarker have been studied and used for many years, fundamental questions still remain (3).


It is importantly to understand and guide the new liberalism ideology,which can promote socialism with Chinese characteristics significantly.And it is necessary to understand the development and fundamental ideas of new liberalism ideology correctly,especially the nature of new liberalism in China in order to enhance the socialism core value system construction and take effective measures to guide the new liberalism ideology efficiently.


A family of one-dimensional diffusion processes is constructed such that each one of this family is a weak solution to some stochastic differential equation. It turns out that the property of weak uniqueness of a solution to this equation is failed.


Aiming at the problem which was faced at the time of treating the seriously polluted water in the Old Ca- nal of Zhenjiang by the constructed wetland,the removal efficiency and the mechanism of treating the polluted river water by the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland were studied.The investigation of the water quality of the Old Canal showed that the suspended pollutant concentrations was higher and the water quality was worse than Grade V;When the hydraulic loading of the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland(IVCW)was about 750 mm/d,the removal rates of the COD_(Mn),TN and TP were respectively from 50% to 60%,from 40% to 50%,and from 30% to 40% and the effluent quality can reach the GradeⅣor evenⅢ.It showed that the IVCW was a valid method to the treatment of the polluted river water.The variation of the pollutant concentration along the flow showed that the pollutant was removed mainly by the down-flow chamber,especial the surface layer(0-30 cm), while the function of the up-flow chamber was little which may have relation to C/N.The removal function of the surface layer was mainly by the filtration of the medium and plant roots,the degradation of the microorganism,and the absorption of the plants.


Abstract F. Close's Gluon Emission Model (GEM), employed in conjunction with the general form for the absorption cross-section of the gluon involved in hadron production as associated with vector meson decay, has been shown to enable very accurate determinations of the widths of the K* (892) and the J (3097), a reasonably accurate determination of the width of the ϒ (1S), and, by construction, essentially exact determinations of the widths of the ρ (776) and the φ (1019). In determining the theoretical widths of the known vector mesons (and that of the K* (892)) via GEM, it is seen that said widths are proportional to the product of three main factors. The first such factor indicates the very significant electromagnetic component involved in vector meson (and K* (892)) decay, as said first factor involves the fourth power of the quark charge comprising the resonant state just prior to its decay. The second factor, a property of all quantum systems decaying directly to complete dissolution, is proportional to the mass of the resonant state raised to the negative third power. The third factor is the one of primary interest for the present work, as the third main factor involved in calculating the widths of vector mesons via the GEM is the strong coupling parameter, δ5 . As the charges of the quarks making up the ρ (776), the K* (892), the φ (1019), the J (3097), and the ϒ (1S) are all well-known, as are each of their masses, the GEM obviously may be employed to obtain δ s at a number of energies (E) over a wide range, viz., from E  ≈   700Mev  ≈  the ρ -meson energy to E  ≈   10, 000 Mev  ≈  the ϒ (1S) energy. Notably, we find that over the entire range of energy stated immediately above the strong coupling parameter may be described by one very simple function, viz., δ s   ≈  1.2[1n(E/50Mev)]-1 , interesting for two reasons: (1) the QCD "Scale Factor" (Λ) shows itself as Λ  =  50 Mev from considerations of the GEM as evidenced by the behavior of δ s above; such value for Λ is quite small – only about one sixth of the average value of same as determined by the Particle Data Group (PDG) in recent times. Nevertheless, formal gauge theory does consider Λ to be an arbitrary parameter; its usefulness, therefore, no matter the value assumed for it, may be ascertained in the full context in which it is employed. (2) At the low end of the energy scalementioned above (i.e., E  ≈  700 Mev) the strong coupling parameter has a value (as determined via the GEM) of roughly 0.45. Even at the high end (i.e., E  ≈   10, 000 Mev) its associated value is about 0.23. Hence, the entire range of energy overwhich δ s is determined via the GEM cannot be considered as a range of energy over which δ s may be determined accurately via perturbative methods – certainly not any such to only the first order. Yet, the GEM yields a very simple form for the strong coupling parameter, and, as will be shown, it meets the test of experiment to a high degree of accuracy over said range. Beyond the ϒ (1S) energy, δ s as equal to 1.2[1n(E/50Mev)]-1 , becomes no longer viable. A simplemathematical "smoothing" function is derived to "blend" δ s as determined via the GEM in its "low energy range" into its asymptotic, ultra-high energy behavior. We evaluate δ s at the Z -boson mass, such evaluation having become a popular ldquo;standard" over the recent years. We find a statistical match to the experimental findings reported for such in each of two excellent review articles pertaining to the status of the strong coupling parameter – one authored by Michael Schmelling and the other by C. Amsler et al. (available on the PDG's www pages). Further, we show that unless a given experiment agrees to within 10% of the GEM determination of δ s at a given energy, there is a less than 10% chance that such experiment will yield the presently accepted value of δ s associated with the Z mass.


This article examines the interaction between municipal district and settlement authorities. Th e author covers such aspects as local economy, a human factor in the relationships, methods of forming a municipal district's representative body and practical problems of the territorial organization of the local self-government. The text is supported by some examples from the author's fi eld research conducted in diff erent municipalities of Russia.


Dynamic coupling of a microscopic (or mesoscopic) highway traffic simulator to boundary conditions known only at an aggregated level requires generation of individual vehicle data, a process referred to as disaggregation. In order for a true dynamic coupling to take place, this individual vehicle data obviously cannot be purely synthetic, but must faithfully reproduce the information in the macroscopic data. Ideally, the statistical distributions of gaps and times to collision (TTC) as well as velocity correlations and fluctuation levels of the synthetic time series data generated by the disaggregator should also correspond to those of real data. Incorrect distributions couldd cause errors in the representation of microscopic phenomena depending on these distributions such as merging and passing. This paper reports on a stochastic disaggregator that combines aggregated (macroscopic) data with historical information to produce individual vehicle data. This disaggregated data is available directly at the interface to a microscopic (or mesoscopic) traffic simulator in the form of appropriate time series. For the covering abstract see ITRD E114174.


In this study, an altered switch for rehabilitation was invented to make home training accessible for the stroke patients, by modifying a computer mouse into a foot switch. This study examined the effects of training with an adaptive foot switch and video games (VG) on walking performance and balance abilities (Centre of Pressure (CoP) sway) in people after stroke. The intervention was evaluated through a randomised controlled trial. The intervention group received 10 weeks of VG rehabilitation, for approximately 3.5 hours/week, using a pressure-activated electronic foot switch, in addition to standard rehabilitation. The control group received regular rehabilitation only. The experiment included a force platform (measuring CoP sway kinematics) and a 10-Metre Test of Walking (10MWT) to measure the standing balance and walking performance of 56 stroke patients. There were no differences between the two groups (intervention and control) at baseline in terms of the demographic or dependent variables. Multivariate tests indicated a significant interaction between the Patient Group and the Time-type variables. Subsequent analysis of the main effects revealed significant between-group differences over time in all dependent variables (10MWT, sway area, CoP sway in anterior–posterior direction (AP sway) and CoP sway in medial–lateral direction (ML sway)). Patients in the intervention group demonstrated better performance than those in the control group after the VG rehabilitation according to the post-test. This study suggests that ankle muscle training using an adaptive foot switch and VG may improve exercise compliance and enhance recovery of balance and mobility following stroke.


Objective To study the impacts on immune function in breast cancer patients after postoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of medicine-isolated moxibustion on the umbilicus and explore its clinical value on the immunity improvement in breast cancer patients after operation.Methods Sixty breast cancer patients after operation were randomized into a treatment group and a control group,30 cases in each one.CAF chemotherapy was applied for the patients in the two groups.In the treatment,at the same time of chemotherapy,the medicine-isolated moxibustion on the umbilicus was supplemented.One treatment cycle was 21 days.The duration of treatment was 6 cycles.The indexes of immunity were observed in the patients of two groups.Results The differences in the index evaluation were not significant before and after treatment in the two groups(P 0.05).The total effective rate was 80% in the treatment group and was 43% in the control group.The result in the treatment was apparently better than that in the control group.In the treatment group,the values of T cell subgroups(CD4,CD8,CD4 / CD8) and immunoglobulin(IgA,IgM,IgG) after treatment were higher apparently than those in the control group,presenting the statistically significant difference in comparison of the two groups(P 0.01).Conclusion The medicine-isolated moxibustion improves effectively the immune function in breast cancer patients after postoperative chemotherapy.


Base on the structure characteristic of RCCD(roller compacted concrete dam), the disciplinarian of RCCD layer quality affecting on dam displacement is analyzed by means of lamella element stimulating RCCD layer. The calculation result shows that RCCD layer quality influences displacement of dam significantly.The degree of RCCD layer quality influencing dam displacement exceeds that of elastic modulus of RCCD noumenon when the elastic modulus of RCCD noumenon obtain some numerical value.


We demonstrate an all-fiber optical parametric amplifier for the optical coherence tomography system with low illumination optical power for bio-sample. A 15-dB sensitivity enhancement is obtained in a spectral bandwidth of spanning over 100 nm.


NLR currently co-develops a civil avionics application that connects aircraft subsystems with the aircraft flight deck by means of modern digital data buses. It combines, controls, processes and forwards the data between the subsystems and flight deck. High reliability of these functions is required to ensure the safety of the aircraft. For this kind of applications certification is required by an independent, government authorised, third party. Guidelines for this certification are documented in the DO-178B standard: software considerations in airborne systems and equipment certification. This paper describes practical experiences with DO-178B. The software development methodology used to guarantee the reliability, maintainability, safety and cerifiability of the product in a commercial environment is discussed. Requirements volatility and short time-tomarket characterise the commercial reality.


It has been suggested that naturally occurring copper and zinc concentrations in deep seawater are toxic to marine organisms when the free ion forms are overabundant. The effects of micronutrients on the growth of gametophytes of the ecologically and commercially significant giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera were studied in defined media. The results indicate that toxic copper and zinc ion concentrations as well as cobalt and manganese deficiencies may be among the factors controlling the growth of marine organisms in nature. A least squares fit of gametophytic growth data in the defined medium generated the expression (1) where Y is mean gametophytic length in micrometers. The fit of the experimental data to Eq. (1) was considered excellent. Here, several variables are important for predicting growth. 18xCo 6xCux 2 Zn 6xCux 2 Mn 7xZnxCu 15x 2 Zn 27x 2 Mn 12x 2 Cu Y 136 8xMn 5xCu 7xCo Source: J. S. Kuwabara, "Micronutrients and Kelp Cultures: Evidence for Cobalt and Manganese Deficiency in Southern California Deep Sea Waters," Science, 216 (June 11, 1982), pp. 1219–1221. Copyright © 1982 by AAAS. © David Hall/Photo Researchers, Inc. c12.qxd 10/15/09 11:18 AM Page 486


The diversity of plants in Armenia is due to the singularity of natural environment. However, biochemical activity of these plants has not been studied well. The goal was to investigate biological activities as well as antihyperglycemic properties of Rumex obtusifolius L. in rabbits with hyperglycemia. According to obtained data, R. obtusifolius extracts possessed high antioxidant activity in chemical-based tests. GS/MS analysis of its methanol extracts allowed identification of several compounds, which could have high contribution on biological activities. The sub-cytotoxic concentration of investigated extract was 10 mgmL-1on Murine microglial BV-2 WT cell lines. Oral administration of ethanol extract showed significant effect on hyperglycemia, reducing fasting glucose levels (57.3%, p<0.05) and improving glucose tolerance. These findings suggest that R. obtusifolius extracts could be source of new biologically active compounds and recommended for treatment of diabetes mellitus.


The Tongling area is one of the largest copper-gold mineralized areas in China. The genesis of the intrusive rocks in this area is still controversial. The intrusive magmatism in this area has been discussed in terms of petrology, mineralogy, petrochemistry and isotopic geochemistry. Mixing textures of the magma were first discovered in the intrusive rocks from the Tongling area. The intrusive rocks contain a few mafic microgranular enclaves. These features suggest that the magma mixes homogeneously, belonging primarily to chemical mixing. The Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics also reflect the magma mixing. The high-K calc-alkaline-shoshonite rock associations indicate that this area had a thickened continental crust or was an erogenic belt with a mountain root in the early Yanshanian period, and that the magma should be generated as deep as 55 km or below. The rnagmatism is related to the subduction of the Izanagi plate under Eurasia and lithospheric delamination. The delamination of continental lithospheric mantle resulted in adiabatic upwelling of hot asthenosphere and generation of basalt magma by decompressional melting. The basalt magma underplated and heated directly the lower crust to produce syenite magma. The basic magma involeved in the magma mixing is evolved basalt magma. Simulation of magma mixing has demonstrated that the intrusive rocks are primarily a product of mixing of three kinds of end-member magmas-basalt magma, syenite magma and granite magma. Mixing of basalt and syenite magmas in magma chambers of the lower crust can produce gabbro-syenite associations (monzogabbro, pyroxene diorite, pyroxene monzodiorite and monzonite).Diorite-monzonite magma formed in the lower crust ascends to the middle crust and high temperature of the diorite-monzonite magma can make the metamorphic rocks in the middle crust melt partially and generate granite magma. Similarly, mixing of diorite-monzonite and granite magma can produce monzodiorite-granodiorite associations (monzodiorite, monzonite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite).


Despite their heterogeneity, small island developing states (SIDS) are recognized as being particularly at risk to climate change, and, as they share numerous common traits, the United Nations recognizes them as a special group. SIDS have been quite vocal in calling attention to the challenges they face from climate change and advocating for greater international ambition to limit global warming. Here, we unpack factors that are helpful in understanding the relationship between climate change and SIDS through a review of studies that span disciplines and methodologies. We assess patterns of hazards, exposure, and vulnerability; impacts and risks; awareness and knowledge; adaptation planning and implementation; mitigation; loss and damage; and climate justice to provide an overarching review of literature on climate change and SIDS.


The traditional way to include the effect of half space interaction with thin plates is to model it using domain integrals. In this paper, new sets of equivalent boundary integrals to such domain integrals are derived. The paper only covers the use of constant internal cells. Two examples are presented to show the accuracy of the present formulation.


T HE FADDISH USE of -in as the particle in terms such as sit-in, teach-in, and buy-in expanded rapidly during the 1960s, chiefly in names for various kinds of protest demonstrations.1 Here and there, comments have appeared concerning the widespread occurrence of this -in formation, for example, in Playboy and the New York Times. The latter points out that "there have been sit-ins, lie-ins, stand-ins, eat-ins, shop-ins, sleep-ins, swim-ins, and sing-ins."' At the same time, a column was devoted to the first teach-in, held at the University of Michigan. AMarched-in, taught-in, sat-in, not exactly parallel constructions, were mentioned in Playboy.3 Even in Mad magazine, counterattackin and antichickenin appeared,4 but they do not seem to be the -ins that follow the type of sit-in. The Merriam-Webster editorial staff, in Word Study, quoted a letter to a reader in which the source of sit-in was given insofar as it was known.5 Sit-in was traced to 1947, but apparently not much was made of this early usage. At least it did not catch on at that time. As was pointed out in Word Study, sit-in is formed from the verbal phrase sit in. There are parallels in English, such as the nouns break-in, get-up (clothes), set-up, step-in, drive-in, weigh-in, tip-in (basketball), and roll-in (games), all formed with a change in stress from the corresponding verbal phrase pattern. Although the structure of, say, sit-in and drive-in corresponds, there is definitely a semantic difference. Whereas a drive-in may be merely a place one drives his car into or even the name of the place itself, a sit-in is usually thought of as an organized demonstration of some sort, usually relating to some aspect of civil rights or to a peace effort in which a protest is being made. All latter-day -ins have been formed by analogy with sit-in, which appears to have been the first such coinage with -in and to have obtained its widest use in the early 1960s, when there were sit-in demonstrations throughout the South, mostly at segregated lunch counters. The stall-in was organized to call attention to the protests against racial discrimination. Carrying the slogan, "Drive a while for freedom," those who participated


Abstract : A systems analysis of the Air Force OJT system was conducted. After many on-site visits and conferences and interviews with hundreds of supervisors and trainees, 17 problem areas were identified. The nature of each problem area was defined by the reaction of work-center superintendents and OJT administrators to 75 specific suggestions for methods of improving the OJT program in the Air Force. Additional information about problem areas was obtained by analyzing survey data collected by the Air Force OJT Advisory Service in their 1973 survey of 1,592 OJT supervisors and 1,580 trainees, and by analyzing a small amount of questionnaire data collected by the authors. Thirty tentative conclusions were drawn. Specific recommendations for program changes were made, including recommendations for field tests and surveys to validate those conclusions that require additional information prior to wide-scale implementation. (Author)


Rainfall that fell from April 22-26 resulted in totals of 2 to 8+ inches across Iowa. Soils became saturated resulting in widespread flooding and ponding. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Iowa Crops and Weather Report, only 8 percent of the state's corn had been planted as of April 22. As of April 29, 14 percent of the state's corn was planted. A range existed across the state with farmers in localized areas nearly complete with planting while many had not started. Although some acres have been planted, there were only a few fields of corn reported to have emerged as of April 30. In fields that were not flooded, the persistent hammering of rain will most likely result in thick soil crusts, which could inhibit emergence.


We present a general method for the static analysis of a monodimensional prestressed continuum under external loads, using the virtual work principle. In the classic continuum mechanics ([1],[2]) internal virtual work is the product of a stress, which is linear in the displacement, and a virtual strain, which is linear in the virtual displacement. A similar term is added when the continuum is prestressed. This term comes from a second order congruence and it is the product of a constant prestress and a virtual strain which is linear both in the displacement and in the virtual displacement. A typical second order strain is the elongation caused, in a cable, by transversal dispalcement u ([3]). The relation between stress and strain is = 12u ′2. Boundary forces caused by prestress are defined through integration by parts in the expression of the principle of virtual work. If we consider higher order terms in the expression of σ, we obtain nonlinear equations between load and displacement. In case of small prestress, some terms in these nonlinear equations can be neglected. Two examples of this general approach are exposed: the classical compressed Eulero-Bernoulli beam, and a model of cable with transversal, axial and torsional loads and displacements.


pattern generation Invariant phase structure of olivo-cerebellar oscillations and its putative role in temporal conditioning Cerebellar theta oscillations are synchronized during hippocampal theta-contingent trace CaV3.1 is a tremor rhythm pacemaker in the inferior olive regulated by P/Q-and T-type calcium channels: a study in mutant mice Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations in inferior olive neurons are dynamically on the following topics: publishes original articles on the function of the nervous system. It is published 12 times a year (monthly)


In order to improve the assessment accuracy of network security situation,this paper put forward a network security situation assessment model based on grey relational analysis and support vector machine.It selected evaluation indexes accor-ding to the network security situation assessment rule accurately,and used grey relation analysis to determine the index weight.Then it input the data to a support vector machine to train,which used the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the parameters to establish the network security situation assessment model.Finally it carried out the simulation experi-ment by KDD Cup99 data.Simulation results show that the proposed model can assess network security situation accurately and objectively,and the assessment results can provide valuable advice for network administrator.


THE frequency of operations on the posterior wall of the stomach, the difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment of subphrenic abscess, and the varying accounts given by radiographers of the position and shape of the stomach, suggest the importance of anatomical study of this region. To assist the student in forming a mental picture of the lesser sac, a series of drawings, illustrating stages in its dissection, was made; and as this dissection revealed an arrangement of peritoneum different from the accepted description, a large amount of material was subsequently examined. MATERIAL INVESTIGATED. 1 human embryo, 2nd month. Several 6-9-month fetuses. 35 adults. 6 rabbits. 1 cat. 3 pig embryos, 7 mm., 13-5 mm., 16 mm.


The study aimed at identifying the Blatt-Kupperman Menopausal Index (BKMI) and verifying the post-menopausal symptoms which are more prevalent in aged women who live in homes for old people. It's a quantitative descriptive, research, accomplished with institutionalized aged women from, Fortaleza/CE. The data were collected during the gynecologic consultation with the nurse, accomplished at the same institution in 2007. The results showed that the elderly were illiterate, unmarried, and had reached their menarche as they were 15 years of age. 17 women (63.0%), and 16 older women (59.3%) had reached menopause between 40 and 55 years of age. 24 women (88.9%) had presented light BKMI, with the absence of various symptoms, which may be the consequence of hormonal stability, result of a considerable time of menopause. The most prevalent symptoms were depression, nervousness, dizziness, arthralgia/myalgia and headache. We so conclude that the BKMI represents a valuable tool in the identification of post-menopausal symptoms and that its application in older institutionalized women allows the detection of factors often not approached in nursing consultation.


A multiband cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) is reported in this Letter. Three unique features of proposed radiator are (i) modified feeding mechanism behaves both as magnetic and electric dipole (horizontal and vertical placed) and generates five different radiating modes (HEM11δ, TM01δ, HEM12δ-like, HEM12δ and HEM11δ+1) in CDRA simultaneously, (ii) different radiating modes provide diversified radiation pattern at different frequency bands and (iii) multiband characteristics makes the proposed radiator appropriate for WLAN (5.2/5.8 GHz) and WiMAX (2.5/3.3/5.5 GHz) applications.


The bark in some forest species may represent a significant volume of the trunk, demanding the use of efficient methods to estimate bark volume indirectly through equations. The aim of this study was to evaluate bark volume and thickness in teak (Tectona grandis) trees planted at different densities. Volume data were used to evaluate the percentage of bark in different portions of the trunk. Averages were compared by the Tukey test (p < 0.05%) and regression analysis (polynomial model) was used to predict bark thickness along the trunk. The effect of spacing on bark thickness was compared by the model identity test. The percentage of bark in more densely planted teak trees was higher. The percentage of bark decreases from the base to the top of the tree trunk, with an average volume of green bark reaching 24% to 30% of the total volume. Increasing spacing promotes higher absolute average bark thickness.


Routing security has a great importance to the security of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). There are various kinds of attacks when establishing routing path between source and destination. The adversaries attempt to deceive the source node and get the privilege of data transmission. Then they try to launch the malicious behaviors such as passive or active attacks. Due to the characteristics of the MANETs, e.g. dynamic topology, open medium, distributed cooperation, and constrained capability, it is difficult to verify the behavior of nodes and detect malicious nodes without revealing any privacy. In this paper, we present PVad, an approach conducting privacy-preserving verification in the routing discovery phase of MANETs. PVad tries to find the existing communication rules by association rules instead of making the rules. PVad consists of two phases, a reasoning phase deducing the expected log data of the peers, and a verification phase using Merkle Hash Tree to verify the correctness of derived information without revealing any privacy of nodes on expected routing paths. Without deploying any special nodes to assist the verification, PVad can detect multiple malicious nodes by itself. To show our approach can be used to guarantee the security of the MANETs, we conduct our experiments in NS3 as well as the real router environment, and we improved the detection accuracy by 4% on average compared to our former work.


The aim of this study was to examine the effect of self-esteem, life satisfaction and quality of life of older people's in an elderly school program. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a survey of 269 older people in 3 elderly schools at G city from November 29, 2013 to 18. The data was analyzed using a t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression using the SPSS WIN 20.0 program. As a research finding, an analysis of the quality of life between of the self-esteem (r=-.338, p<.001) and life satisfaction (r=-.507, p<.001) revealed significant correlations. The life satisfaction was the significant factor influencing the quality of life (β =-.512, p< .001) and this variable explained 25.1% of the quality of life. The findings of this study should be integrated into elderly health and care services in the community and older people in elderly school programs to improve the quality of life through the systematic developments of intervention programs for health care.


Catalytic cracking process which is operated in partial burn or incomplete combustion mode, preferably the composition to reduce the nitrogen species and NOx in the gas phase which is reduced occurs when the fluid catalytic cracking process is disclosed. The composition of the acidic metal oxide containing no (i) substantially zeolite, (ii) an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and mixtures thereof, (iii) an oxygen storage component, and (iv) a noble metal component, preferably and they comprise rhodium or iridium, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, these compositions are used as separate additives particles is circulated together with the stock of FCC catalysts. Passing the partial burn or incomplete combustion mode of the FCC regenerator release of nitrogen species and NO


This chapter examines the impacts of unofficial investment from China on the diffusion of watermelon cultivation in Myanmar. The transition to horticulture from conventional crops involves three challenges for local growers: large working capital required for intensive cultivation, lack of cultivation skills, and lack of distribution channels for perishable fruit. Since the late 1990s, Chinese investments have generated knowledge spillover, and their large-volume exports have attracted buyers from mainland China to the Myanmar–China borderland. These external effects of Chinese investments, combined with the high profitability of watermelon, have mitigated the obstacles and prompted Burmese farmers' adoption of watermelon cultivation. Land rental practices and the wholesale system emerged spontaneously, accelerating the production and export of watermelon.


2008 looks exciting— at least for those of us who do not live in the US. In what might be the most expensive election ever, Barack Obama might be able to break through a fairly considerable barrier and go on to achieve much, both domestically and internationally, and not only as he impacts on US foreign policy, but indirectly too, not least in Africa where, from Kenya to Zimbabwe, democracy desperately needs a role model. On closer inspection, of course, the picture is not so pretty. US presidential elections are won and lost in 'battleground states' by 'persuadable voters'. And, as in any two-party system, only a tiny percentage of the population may swing the result, one way or the other. Originally, the US presidential electoral system was rather different: the winner of the plurality vote became the president and the runner-up became the vice-president. George Washington and others were fiercely opposed to the (British) two-party system of politics, and they tried to create a more inclusive polity. Alas, by 1804, it was all over; this was not just because political parties had come into existence — in theory, and as often happens in practice, people from different political parties can and do work together — rather it was because of the introduction of party political patronage. The result is the two-party system we have today. It is still a plurality vote, in theory; in practice, however, while other candidates do indeed put their names forward — Ralph Nader and others — it is basically a two-horse race. This book [1] concentrates on just these two horses: the elephant and


We study asymptotic behavior of a Markov semigroup on a von-Neumann algebra by exploring a maximal von-Neumann subalgebra where the Markov semigroup is an automorphism. This enables us to prove that strong mixing is equivalent to ergodic property for continuous time Markov semigroup on a type-I von-Neumann algebra with center completely atomic. For discrete time dynamics we prove that an aperiodic ergodic Markov semigroup on a type-I von-Neumann algebra with center completely atomic is strong mixing. There exists a tower of isomorphic von-Neumann algebras generated by the weak Markov process and a unique up to isomorphism minimal dilated quantum dynamics of endomorphisms associated with the Markov semigroup. The dilated endomorphism is pure in the sense of Powers if and only if the adjoint Markov semigroup satisfies Kolmogorov property. As an application of our general results we find a necessary and sufficient condition for a translation invariant state on a quantum spin chain to be pure. We also find a tower of type-II$_1$ factors canonically associated with the canonical conditional expectation on a sub-factor of a type-II$_1$ factor. This tower of factors unlike Jones's tower do not preserve index. This gives a sequence of Jones's numbers as an invariance for the inclusion of a finite sub-factor of a type-II$_1$ factor.


Altered flow and mass transfer patterns are thought to play an important role in the early onset of atherosclerosis. A disturbed wall shear distribution and the prevalence of hypoxic (low oxygen tension) are specifically believed to be atherogenic factors, which can function as a positive feedback on the development of atherosclerosis. In this work, blood flow and oxygen mass transport have been modelled in stenosed arteries and numerically evaluated, to better understand the atherogenic processes that contribute to this development. Three stenosed geometries have been considered: one with light (31% asymmetric area reduction) stenosis and two with moderate stenosis (56% area reductions, one of which asymmetric, another axisymmetric). Two different rheological models have been created for blood. In the first, blood is assumed to be Newtonian; in the latter, the Carreau-Yasuda model is considered to account for the shear thinning effect of blood and to reproduce a more physiologically accurate rheological model, after which the two models have been compared. The simulations mimicked the flow conditions in large arteries, with Re = 300 and using the velocity profile of the internal carotid artery for transient simulation runs. Results show that wall shear stress (WSS) and Sherwood profiles are highly dependent on stenosis geometry, although certain characteristics are found for all stenoses. First, a region of increased wall shear stress can be found proximal to the stenosis throat, usually followed by a low shear region distal to the stenosis throat. Wall shear stress magnitudes can reach 10 to 20 times the Poiseuille value depending on the geometry and the length of the stenosis. Second, the Sherwood profile in stenosed arteries follow the same characteristics, although asymmetric stenoses can lead to more complex patterns at both the diseased and healthy wall of a stenosed artery. One particular asymmetric stenosis geometry caused significant hypoxic regions just distal and distolateral to the stenosis throat, with Sherwood numbers as low as Sh = 1.37. This might indicate that oxygen transport to the wall is fluid phase-limited in these aforementioned regions. The lowered oxygen transport through the artery wall can lead to a change in wall permeability which has been linked to an early onset of atherosclerosis.


M-theory originates from string theory, a proposed quantum description of fundamental particles. String theory, in turn, generalises quantum field theory – the most successful description of fundamental physics to date – and reduces to it at low energies. At higher energies, typically those of relevance to quantum phenomena in gravitational systems, string theory departs quite radically from quantum field theory. It provides a specific mechanism to solve the problem of inconsistency at high energies that plagues field-theoretic formulations of gravity. String theory is consistent only in 10 space-time dimensions but can be easily reduced to a 4-dimensional theory by compactifying it on a suitable manifold. Its formalism is endowed with a deep mathematical beauty that connects to many important results and questions in pure mathematics. Not only does string theory benefit from known theorems in mathematics but mathematics itself has benefited greatly from unexpected connections and unexplored problems suggested by string theory. When string theory is strongly coupled, its standard description breaks down. In this limit an alternate description becomes available, involving one higher dimension of space. The resulting 11-dimensional theory is called M-theory. One can reduce this theory to string theory by compactifying it on a small circle, however its power and beauty are most evident directly in 11 dimensions. Its low-energy limit is a very special classical field theory: 11-dimensional supergravity. It is notable that supersymmetry is impossible to attain above 11 dimensions, and that under certain minimal assumptions this supergravity is the unique supersymmetric field theory in 11 dimensions. Just as string theory contains extended excitations: strings and "branes", M-theory too contains extended branes. The mathematics of these branes is a particularly challenging question in view of their strongly coupled nature, inherited directly from the bulk M-theory in which they propagate. In addition to their potential utility in providing unified theories of fundamental particles and interactions, as well as in stimulating new lines of mathematical research, string and M-theory have come to play a striking new role in the last couple of decades. When they are formulated on (at least asymptotically) anti-de Sitter spacetime, they are dual (i.e. equivalent, though expressed in different variables) to conformal quantum field theories without gravity. In this duality finds that in the quantum field theory, phenomena that would be hard to compute due to strong quantum effects are replaced by a classical, weakly curved gravity description in string or M-theory. This AdS/CFT duality is therefore considered a potentially useful tool to understand a range of strongly coupled systems including quark-gluon plasma, condensed matter systems and fluids. While there are many analogies between string theory and M-theory (the presence of extended objects, the possibility of compactification to lower dimensions, the reduction to conventional field theory at low


This paper addresses the problem of resilient adaptive event-triggered control for singular networked cascade control systems (SNCCSs) under time-varying actuator faults, actuator saturation, DoS attacks, external disturbances, and time-varying delay. The purpose of DoS attacks is to obstruct network communication from time to time, which happens aperiodically. According to the adaptive threshold technique, a resilient adaptive event-triggered mechanism (AETM) is developed to reduce the transmission frequency and also combating the aperiodic DoS attacks. Moreover, the discussed SNCCS is modeled as a switched system due to the presence of attacks that is closely restricted by DoS frequency and duration. Then, the exponential admissible analysis and controller synthesis conditions of the resulting switched SNCCS are obtained and the extended dissipative performance is satisfied by using the Wirtinger-based integral inequality and Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) approach. Additionally, a co-design method of the primary and secondary controllers and triggering parameters for the system under consideration is given. Simulation results of a boiler-turbine power plant are presented to validate the proposed method.


Following ten days of extremely heavy rains from two typhoons, a fast moving slope failure of municipal solid waste was triggered at the Payatas Landfill, Quezon City, Philippines. The wasteslide buried more than 330 persons. Only 58 persons were rescued while, after weeks of recovery efforts, 278 bodies were recovered. This paper documents the events and circumstances that led to the failure. Beyond stating the known facts leading up to the failure, only a brief discussion of the suspected reasons for the failure is presented in this paper.


Abstract Odour-baited traps and targets provide a powerful method for controlling tsetse flies and the trypanosome diseases of which they are the vectors. In this paper we present three models of the way in which tsetse flies might locate odour-baited traps or targets. The first model is one of anemotaxis in which tsetse use directional information in the wind to locate the source of an odour. Anemotaxis is likely to be useful when the wind is steady and the vegetation is open. The second model is one of klinokinesis in which there is no directional information available to the fly which is only able to detect the presence or absence of the odour. Klinokinesis might be used when the wind is very variable or the vegetation is closed. The third model is "edge detection" in which the flies are only able to detect the edge of odour plumes. This strategy might be useful if the odour is evenly dispersed. Anemotaxis is a very efficient way of locating the source of an odour even when the directional information in the wind is slight. Klinokinesis increases the probability of a fly locating the source of an odour but the best strategy is still not very efficient. Edge detection is very efficient but depends on the spatial distribution of the odour. The strategies available within each model can be regarded as "careful navigation", "point-and-shoot" or "intensive searching". Which of these is used by the flies depends critically on the amount of time for which a tsetse can remain in flight, the rate at which the flies samples the wind direction (for anemotaxis) and the turning rate (for klinokinesis). More detailed experimental information is needed in order to assess the relative merits of the various strategies in field situations.


An information processing apparatus includes a touch panel; an item to get a screen previous to a present screen to be displayed on the touch panel, an operation history information storage unit, and a control unit used for executing an application program using the touch panel as an input/output device, wherein the control unit execute processing of storage and processing of touch panel paratmeter updates, in processing of storage, when a tap operation on the touch panel or an operation to the item is performed, operation history information indicating a type and time of the performed operation is stored on the operation history inforamtion storage unit, and processing of touch panel parameter updates specify an operation sequence and updates a correction quantity of tap coordinates of tap operation executed on the touch panel on the basis of a result of the specified operation sequence.


This study is an attempt to compare the DNA extraction methods of 7 kinds of extraction: CTAB method,improved CTAB method 1,improved CTAB method 2,benzyl chloride method,lysis method,improved SDS method,and improved urea method so as to isolate high quality genomic DNA from Cordyceps militaris enriching polysaccharides and protein.The results showed that the extraction effect of the third method(improved CTAB method 2)(added low concentration ethanol at purification) was the best.The value of OD260/OD280 was over 1.90,the DNA was amplifiable in the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and completely digestible with restriction endonucleases HindⅢ.


Jessica N. Heck1∗, David L. Mellman1∗, Kun Ling1, Yue Sun, Matthew P. Wagoner1, Nicholas J. Schill2, and Richard A. Anderson1# A Conspicuous Connection: Structure Defines Function for the Phosphatidylinositol-Phosphate Kinase Family. 42: 15–19. ∗These authors contributed equally to this work and each should be considered first author. 1Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Misconsin-Madison, Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA 2Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of WisconsinMadison, Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA #Address correspondence to Richard Anderson. E-mail: email@example.com


Although most people consider teaching as a profession, some of us might question if teachers are really professionals. For example, Amitai Etzioni refers to teachers as semiprofessionals.1 Even if we agreed that teachers are professionals, we might raise a question about their professional status. In this connection, a profession can be viewed in terms of ideal characteristics. From this perspective, 10 characteristics are discussed below. 1. A defined body of knowledge learned in universities or professional schools . All professions have a monopoly of knowledge to separate their fields of expertise from the general public and to exercise control over their vocation. However, there is no agreed upon specialized body of knowledge that is "education" or "teaching." Whereas the behavioral sciences, hard sciences, and health fields have extensive applicational theory, rules of procedure, and defined methodologies, education lacks a well-defined body of knowledge which is applicable to the classroom. Education courses are usually watered-down with little substance what James Conant termed as "Mickey Mouse."2 Weak students are usually attracted to, and admitted into, schools of education, and they do well in the professional course work, for the content and academic standards are minimal. Not only are many teachers ill-prepared to teach their subject matter, some cannot even read or write properly much less teach their students how to read or write.3


An instructional video about film composer Bernard Herrmann,
 including his work on Orson Welles' 'Citizen Kane' and Alfred Hitchcock's 'Psycho'


BACKGROUND
GH secretion is quantifiable as mean, peak, and nadir GH concentrations; degree of irregularity (approximate entropy); and spikiness (brief staccato-like fluctuations).

HYPOTHESIS
Distinct GH dynamics reflect relatively distinct (combinations of) subject variables, such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and IGF-I concentrations.

LOCATION
The study took place at a clinical translational research unit.

SUBJECTS
Subjects included 100 healthy adults ages 20-77 yr (59 women and 41 men), BMI 18-42 kg/m(2), and IGF-I 9.2-38 nmol/liter.

MEASURES
Immunofluorometric GH assay was done on 10-min samples collected for 24 h.

RESULTS
Stepwise forward-selection multivariate regression analysis revealed that mean GH concentrations were simultaneously determined (overall r = 0.36; P < 0.001) by gender (higher in women, P < 0.001), BMI (negatively, P < 0.001), and IGF-I (positively, P < 0.001). Peak GH levels were influenced (r = 0.28) by both BMI (P < 0.001) and IGF-I (P = 0.001). Nadir GH values were jointly affected by gender (higher in women, P = 0.005) and BMI (negatively, P = 0.001). GH approximate entropy was triply defined (r = 0.29) by gender (greater irregularity in women, P < 0.001), age (P = 0.022), and BMI (P = 0.008) and dually (r = 0.25) by gender (P = 0.0001) and BMI (P = 0.017) if sex steroids were included. GH spikiness was determined (r = 0.29) by gender (higher in women, P = 0.0016) and BMI (positively, P = 0.0002).

CONCLUSION
In healthy adults, combinations of gender, age, BMI, and IGF-I specify distinct GH dynamics, thus requiring balanced representation of these variables in comparative GH studies.


density was monitored over seven breeding seasons (2001–2012), burrow occupancy was assessed, and the Atlantic Petrel population estimate refined using the most recent density and occupancy figures. Activity signs and call playback have limited utility for monitoring this species. Activity signs overestimated actual burrow occupancy by 38% and playback underestimated occupancy by 76%. Playback utility may also be affected by density-related response priming. Mean burrow density using direct surveys was 0.19 ± 0.02 burrows/m 2 (mean ± SE) over seven breeding seasons. There was no significant trend in burrow density 2001–2012, but burrow density varied significantly among years. Burrow occupancy was 52% (95% CI 48%–56%) and 31% (27%–36%) in 2010 and 2012, respectively. The revised estimate of breeding numbers indicates a population size of approximately 900 000 pairs, although confidence in this estimate is low. Our work illustrates the importance of validating methods used to determine burrow occupancy, an important aspect of monitoring burrowing seabird populations.


Our group reported upregulation of a novel group of genes was associated with beta-adrenergic agonist (BA)-induced muscle hypertrophy in pigs. The aim of this PhD was to investigate the expression of these genes, and particularly the role of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M/PCK2) and phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), in muscle cell growth.
A significant (p<0.01) increase in mRNA transcript abundance was detected at day 2 of differentiation in C2C12 cells for PEPCK-M, PHGDH, phosphoserine aminotransferase-1, phosphoserine phosphatase, asparagine synthetase, sestrin-2 and activating transcription factor-5. This novel peak coincided with the peak in myogenin mRNA, connecting these genes with a crucial point of myogenic differentiation. Hypertrophy was induced in C2C12 myotubes treated with dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP), mimicking the BA response in vivo, however mRNA expression of these genes were unaffected. The porcine myosin heavy chain (MyHC)-IIB promoter-reporter C2C12 cell assay demonstrated similar in vivo responses to known anabolic and catabolic agents. Thus, C2C12 cells were utilised to determine the role of PEPCK-M and PHGDH in myogenic differentiation.
Firstly, C2C12 cells were treated with a PEPCK inhibitor, 3-Mercaptopicolinic acid (3-MPA). 3-MPA induced differentiation, resulting in a hypertrophic response comparable to dbcAMP treatment. However, it was unclear whether 3-MPA inhibited PEPCK-M enzyme activity as 3-MPA interfered with the in vitro assay. Next, C2C12 cells were transfected with either PCK2 or PHGDH overexpression construct. No obvious phenotype was observed, but PHGDH and PEPCK-M overexpression both increased MyHC-IIB mRNA. The reoccurring induction of the same group of genes along with MyHC-IIB supports the hypothesis that co-ordinated upregulation of these genes may drive hypertrophic growth.
To conclude, PEPCK-M, along with other genes upregulated with BA-induced hypertrophy and C2C12 differentiation, show co-ordinate regulation in times of high biosynthetic demand. PEPCK-M appears to sit at an intersection that allows metabolic flux to be largely altered by diverting intermediates during energy metabolism.


Administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to castrated male rats inhibited the testosterone mediated growth of prostate and seminal vesicle. MPA, however, failed to increase the activity of testosterone A-ring reductase in the prostate in contrast to its marked inductive effect on the liver enzyme. MPA treatment caused a diminished uptake of radioactivity by the prostate and seminal vesicle in vivo after a single injection of 3H-testosterone, as well as, a lower plasma level of the labeled hormone. However, in vitro incubation of prostatic tissue derived from MPA treated rats with 3H-testosterone showed no local interference with the uptake of radioactivity. It appears, that the anti-androgenic effect of MPA can be explained on the basis of induction of hepatic testosterone reductase activity which in turn increases the catabolism of the hormone, leading to its lower plasma concentration and consequently to a lower target tissue uptake of testosterone. (Endocrinology 93: 417, 1973)


We propose a numerical algorithm based on a discrete variable representation and shifted inverse iterations and apply it to for the analysis of the bound states of edge dislocation modelled by a quantum dipole in a plane. The good agreement with results of recent papers of Amore et al [J. Phys. B 45, 235004 (2012)] was obtained. The error estimates of the previous results of low-lying states energies of other authors were not known due to limitations of the variational approaches and this paper fills this gap presenting calculated low-lying bound states energies by non-variational technique. The probability densities of low-lying states were calculated.


Potentials of ground-based and of airborne CO2 Doppler lidars are discussed in relation to the problems of long range detection and parameters estimation of atmospheric turbulence. Our experience to use such systems working in CW and quasipulsed regimes is reviewed. A new method for the measurement of the C sub V-sq constant in turbulent atmosphere with a CW CO2 Doppler lidar is presented.