Tooth discolouration results from varied and complex causes that are usually classified as being either intrinsic or extrinsic in nature. Extrinsic discoloration arises when external chromogens are deposited on the tooth surface or within the pellicle layer. Intrinsic discoloration occurs when the chromogens are deposited within the bulk of the tooth (usually in the dentine) and are often of systemic or pulpal origin (1, 150). A third category of stain internalization has been described to include those circumstances where extrinsic stain enters the tooth through defects in the tooth structure (1). Tooth discoloration creates a wide range of cosmetic problems, and, as the dental profession and the public strive for a more esthetically pleasing appearance, considerable amounts of time and money are being invested in attempts to improve the appearance of discolored teeth. A study assessing the impact of teeth on personal esthetic satisfaction found that dental variables (including tooth color) were more important than orthodontic variables, suggesting that the appearance of the teeth was a greater contributing factor to an esthetic smile than their position within the arch (101). In another study, of 254 patients, it was found that the appearance of the dentition was more important to women than to men and that the esthetics of the dentition was more important to younger patients (147). The methods available to manage discolored teeth range from the removal of surface stain, bleaching or tooth-whitening techniques and surgical techniques to camouflage of the underlying discoloration, using veneers and crowns. The use of a variety of bleaching techniques has attracted most interest from the dental profession because these techniques are noninvasive and relatively simple to carry out. Contemporary bleaching systems are based primarily on hydrogen peroxide or one of its precursors, notably carbamide peroxide, and are often used in combination with an activating agent such as heat or light. Bleaching agents can be applied externally to the teeth (vital bleaching), or internally within the pulp chamber (nonvital bleaching) (41, 54). Both techniques aim to bleach the chromogens within the dentine, thereby changing the body color of the tooth.


Professor J M Rhodes, Editor Professor Rhodes is, or has been, a member of advisory boards for Atlantic, Pharmacosmos, Procter and Gamble, Vifor and Falk, has received speaking honoraria from Abbott, Falk, Ferring, Glaxo Smith Kline, Merck, Procter and Gamble, Schering Plough, Shire and Wyeth, and with the University of Liverpool and Provexis UK, holds a patent for use of a soluble fibre preparation as maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease plus a patent pending for its use in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Patent application pending with the University of Liverpool and others in relation to the use of modified heparins in cancer therapy.


Research in multiprogramming has, traditionally, attempted to reconcile two apparently contradictory goals: (1) it should be possible to understand a module (e.g., a process or a data object) in isolation, without considerations of interference by the other modules, and (2) the implementation should permit a ne level of granularity so that no process is ever locked out of accessing common data for long periods of time. The goals are contradictory because ne granularity, in general, implies considerable interference. We propose a model of multiprograms and a discipline of programming that addresses the issues of reasoning (e.g., understanding) and eecient implementation. The major point of departure is the disentanglement of sequential and multiprogramming features. Terminating and potentially non-terminating computations { representing sequential and multiprograms, respectively { are, in our view, fundamentally diierent. The former can be assigned a semantic with pre-and post-conditions, i.e., based on its possible inputs and corresponding outputs, without considerations of interference with its environment, whereas multiprograms cannot be given such semantics because ongoing interaction with the environment is of the essence. We propose a sparse model of multiprograms that distinguishes these two forms of computations and allows their disciplined interactions.


The medical synopsis form provides a single location for recording all essential data relating to the diagnosis, investigation and management of an inpatient. Any member of the health care team, whether medical or paramedical, can refer to the synopsis to gain an understanding of the patient's problems and record their resulting decisions and actions. The synopsis is a continuously updated summary of the patient's condition and at the time of discharge from hospital automatically provides a discharge summary.


The thermal decomposition reaction characteristic of the reduction of phosphogypsum with high sulfur coal in N2 atmosphere was investigated,and the exhausted gas was analyzed with gas analyzers.The effect of high sulfur coal with different particle sizes on the thermal decomposition of phosphogypsum was also studied.The results show that the coal particles with size of 97-147 μm are conducive to produce more SO2 from the decomposition reaction.The molar ratios of raw material have a notable effect on the reaction process.When molar ratio is 1∶1.96,the products through the reductive decomposition of phosphogypsum are CaS and CaO;when molar ratio decreases to 1∶1.18,CaO in the products increases substantially and only a little CaS exists;when molar ratio decreases to 1∶0.98,besides CaO and CaS contained in the solid product,CaSO4 which is incompletely reacted is discovered.Therefore,the raw material with molar ratio 1∶1.18 is suitable for SO2 production by reductive decomposition of phosphogypsum with high sulfur coal.


This study investigates the microstructural evolution of the γ′ precipitates in precipitation hardened Ni-based superalloys LW 4275 and LW 4280 comprising 5.2–5.5 wt. % Al, fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. The as-built microstructure established the presence of discrete carbides, while no signs of γ′ precipitates were present in either LW 4275 or LW 4280 specimens due to a high cooling rate of ∼1e+6 °C/sec. Both specimens were heat treated under a sub-solvus temperature of 1080 °C and super-solvus temperature of 1150 °C, which was established by Thermo-Calc modeling, followed by aging at 705 °C for 24h. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations of samples subjected to sub-solvus heat treatment revealed that the size and volume fraction of the primary γ′ increased while the size and volume fraction of the secondary γ′ decreased as the solutionization period increased from 4 to 24h. Studies of the samples subjected to the super-solvus heat treatment revealed that the volume fraction and size of the γ′ precipitates increased with the increasing solutionization time from 4 h to 24h for both alloys. Finally, a detailed investigation of the morphological evolution of γ′ precipitate after both types of heat treatments was addressed.


Mitochondrial cytb gene sequences of Chilean Jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) with 730bp were examined, the samples were collected from the Southeast Pacific beyond Chile's EEZ in 2006 (OEZ2006) and 2007 (OEZ2007), and collected inside of Chile's EEZ in 2006 (IEZ2006). The observation shown that 11 haplotypes were found in 39 analyzed samples and only one haplotype was shared among three populations, which has 23 polymorphic sites in analyzed 730 bp sequence. 3 and 22 polymorphic sites were detected in OEZ2006 and OEZ2007 respectively, and no sequence variation was found in IEZ2006. The haplotype diversity ratios were 0.3309, 0.6405 and 0.0000, and nucleotide diversity ratios were 0.0005, 0.0043 and 0.0000 in OEZ2006, OEZ2007 and IEZ2006 respectively. The results from AMOVA analysis indicated that no significant genetic divergence among three populations. NJ tree also showed that all individuals from three populations clustered into one clade. It might be concluded that the three fish stocks of Chilean Jack mackerel inside and outside of EEZ in the Southern Pacific could be one population.


A method for the treatment of x‐ray extinction and absorption is developed for thick flat crystals in symmetrical Bragg geometry and for curved crystals in symmetrical Bragg geometry where the diffraction region may be approximated as a thin crystal in Laue geometry. This method permits the calculation of diffracting power vs wavelength. The crystals may have the full range of properties between the ideally imperfect and perfect cases. The parameters describing the mosaic blocks (mosaic block size and mosaic block misorientation) are related to the dislocation arrangement for crystals of Zachariasen's type I (where extinction is primarily controlled by the mosaic block misorientation). It is indicated that for crystals of type II (where extinction is primarily controlled by the mosaic block size) the mosaic blocks are usually due to defects other than dislocations.


This second volume of collected essays, complement to volume one, focuses upon the art and culture of the third millennium B.C.E. in ancient Mesopotamia.


An efficient calculation unit is developed on the basis of programmable neuromorphic circuit for implementing arbitrary mathematical functions. To retrieve any specific function approximately, the regression algorithm through neural network (NN) is realized by a compact analog circuitry. The memcapacitor technology is associated to Neuron-MOS structure, which couples multiple memcapacitors on the floating gate of a MOS transistor to achieve multiply-accumulation (MAC) operation. In this manner, each synapse of NN is emulated by only one memcapacitor device and the weight is post-fabrication programmable due to the memcapacitive characteristics of memcapacitor. Two types of neurons including sigmoid and linear are implemented by differential pairs with Neuron-MOS transistors. For proof-of-concept, the memcapacitor-based approximate calculation unit (MC-ACU) for arbitrary two-operand computations is achieved with 461 devices. From the real circuit simulation results, all the example functions are retrieved with the maximum inaccuracy of 7.8%. The energy- and device-count of MC-ACU are only 36.7% and 15.7% of that of state-of-the-art works in approximate computing, respectively.


The result of investigations and the development of heat and electricity sources with a thermal power of 1-7 kW and an electrical power of 25-175 W, accordingly, are given. In these generators, use is made of flameless catalytic heat sources operating on hydrocarbon fuel (propane, butane, petrol). The degree of fuel conversion on the catalysts developed approaches 100%. Highly reliable hermetically sealed modules are used in thermoelectric converters which have an efficiency of 6-8% and increased service life. The specific features of thermal processes and heat source functioning, design methods and fields of heat and electricity source application are described.


An organic light-emitting display (OLED) device includes: a lower substrate; an organic light-emitting element disposed on the lower substrate; an anti-oxidation layer configured to cover the organic light-emitting element; an inorganic oxide encapsulation layer configured to cover the anti-oxidation layer; a first organic layer configured to cover the inorganic oxide encapsulation layer; and a first inorganic encapsulation layer configured to cover the first organic layer. The anti-oxidation layer configured to suppress the organic light-emitting element from being oxidized by oxygen (O2) plasma at least in a pixel area.


An X-ray CT apparatus and a display apparatus capable of instantly executed determination operation program, and can easily select a desired program from among a plurality of operation performed by the operation program. X-ray CT apparatus of the embodiment comprises a program-based operation of the subject for scanning X-ray scan conditions are, for X-ray scanning. X-ray CT apparatus having a generating unit and a display control unit. Generation unit, represents a list of program information to plan a number of actions to be performed subject their contents. Display control unit displays the created list displayed on the display unit.


Abstract In order to study the influence of different lubrication conditions on cutting force, surface roughness and work hardening, single factor milling tests on 300M steel were carried out under five lubrication conditions of dry cutting, cryogenic cold air cutting, water mist cooling cutting, oil mist friction-reducing cutting and Cryogenic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (CMQL) cutting. Through orthogonal test under CMQL cutting condition, the influence of process parameters, such as cold air temperature, cold air pressure and cutting fluid dosage on workpiece surface quality and tool wear was studied, and the process parameters were optimized. Through the results of single factor and orthogonal tests, it is found that compared with other cutting conditions, CMQL cutting condition can get lower surface finish, work hardening and smaller cutting forces. And compared with other influencing factors, cold air pressure was the most important influencing factor in high-speed milling 300M steel under CMQL cutting condition, and its optimal value was 0.6 mpa.


Abstract Person-centered care is the standard of practice in communal living sites, yet many facilities struggle to make this a reality. Both direct care staff and administrators find residents' behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) particularly challenging. Our research team is conducting a pragmatic trial, the goal of which is to help staff use person-centered, non-pharmacological approaches for these symptoms. During the past three years we have gained insights into what may affect the ability of staff to deliver high quality person-centered care. We share these insights in this symposium. In the first paper, the investigators present data indicating that a high rate of psychotropic drug use among residents with dementia persists despite little association to BPSD, and bring into question the need for education around de-prescribing practices. In the second paper, the investigators discuss the conceptual basis and empirical evidence for using affect balance, in addition to symptom reduction, as an important and meaningful outcome for residents. The third paper examines gender differences in the expression of BPSD and how these differences may work to limit staff ability to identify treatment approaches for women who, nonetheless, have significant symptoms. In the final paper the psychometric properties and results of a new Knowledge of Person-centered Approaches for BPSD Test, that was developed by the team and given to staff, are examined and the implications of the findings for the delivery of person-centered care are considered. The discussant will reflect on these findings and provide direction for future research and practice.


With all features and resources, such as: social actors, social relations, content, communication, and ratings that todays' social networks like Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google+, etc. offer to users, it still appears that at given point we have to refine and optimize our own accounts within the limits of a certain social network. In line with this trend, in this paper we present a model for efficient management of friends list in Facebook, as one of the limited resource in this social network. In order to get users data from Facebook, a web scraping technique combined with reverse image search has been adopted to ensure users authenticity. The activity between nodes (friends) on a social network is calculated based on their interactions in terms of likes, comments, shares and posts between each other. This approach led us into designing and implementing an algorithm based in these collaborative metrics, named "weight of relationship". This algorithm calculates weights between friends on a network, and the results are evaluated by comparing these weights with respondent answers, conducted through personalized questionnaire. Consequently, this methodology brings feasible results, with an average accuracy of 71% on recommending which friends should be removed, thus releasing the space for incoming new friends. An app named RateMyFriends is developed based on presented approach.


The optics design of the multi-beamlet negative ion accelerator for MITICA has been verified by means of specific experiments in the NITS test facility at the QST lab, employing a scaled-down configuration having the same features as the accelerator of MITICA and ITER HNB. The experiments confirmed the validity of the accelerator design. However it was found that, in the presence of transverse magnetic field in the ion extraction stage, the ion beamlet deflection in numerical simulations was somehow underestimated with respect to the beamlet deflection inferred from thermal images of a CFC target exposed to the negative ion beam. A detailed benchmark, using also another (completely independent) numerical model of the accelerator, has allowed the identification of possible origins of the differences.The optics design of the multi-beamlet negative ion accelerator for MITICA has been verified by means of specific experiments in the NITS test facility at the QST lab, employing a scaled-down configuration having the same features as the accelerator of MITICA and ITER HNB. The experiments confirmed the validity of the accelerator design. However it was found that, in the presence of transverse magnetic field in the ion extraction stage, the ion beamlet deflection in numerical simulations was somehow underestimated with respect to the beamlet deflection inferred from thermal images of a CFC target exposed to the negative ion beam. A detailed benchmark, using also another (completely independent) numerical model of the accelerator, has allowed the identification of possible origins of the differences.


The objective of satisfying assigned performance tolerances over given ranges of plant uncertainty and external disturbances is achieved by synthesis of the closed-loop transmission function L(¿) along frequency dependent, boundaries ¿(¿n) within the Nichols chart. The corresponding frequency bandlimited equations are recognized as those of Carleman. Their solutions are given by closed form expressions involving finite Hilbert integrals. Some numerical examples of such solutions are then presented.


Objective To assess the value of the hepatic arriving time in the diagnosis of the early phase of hepatocirrhosis.Methods There were 12 patients of Child A,15 patients of Child B and 9 patients of Child C in the study group and 7 patients of hepatitis B virus carriers in the control group.Hepatic artery arriving time(HAAT),hepatic vein arriving time(HVAT) and hepatic parenchyma arrivingtime to peak(HPAT) were mensurated in each group.Results No statistical difference was found in each group in HAAT.There were statistical differences of HVAT and HPPT between the study group and the control group.Conclusion The HVAT and HPAT can be marked in the diagnosis of the early phase of hepatocinhosis.


The coil constant k/sub 0/-i.e. the quotient of magnetic flux density in the coil centre over the coil current-of a Garrett type field coil has been determined in units as maintained by various standard laboratories. Most of the laboratories have also measured the coil constant k(f) as function of frequency up to f=15 kHz.


The utility model provides a sealing structure applied to an air intake system. The sealing structure comprises an air inlet pipe (1), an air inlet opening (2) of an air filter, and a sealing ring (3), wherein a groove is arranged on one side where the sealing ring (3) is in contact with the air inlet pipe (1), more than one dummy clubs (4) are formed on the sealing ring (3), and inclined angles are formed on the dummy clubs. By adopting the technical proposal of the sealing structure, and under the precondition of ensuring the sealing performance of the air intake system, the problem of difficult installation of the sealing structure of the prior air intake system is solved, the installation of the air intake system is rapid and convenient, the assembly efficiency of massive production is improved, the working procedure of painting lubricating grease is eliminated, the working procedure is reduced and meanwhile the production cost is saved .


Abstract An indirect resistance spot welding process with single-side electrode access was developed for automotive applications. The variable controls of electrode force and welding current during welding were studied in order to achieve the promotion of weld nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion without sacrificing the productivity and design flexibility of automobiles. The welding experiments were performed on lapped test coupons of 0.7-mm-thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 270 N/mm2 and 1.6-mm-thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 980 N/mm2 using a resistance spot welding system consisting a servo-motor-controlled welding gun and an inverter DC power supply. Welding experiments verified that the occurrence of expulsion and formation of molten nugget were significantly influenced by the heat generation and melting process at an initial period during welding and manageable by applying the variable patterns of electrode force and welding current. When welding was performed under the large shunting condition simply with the constant force and current pattern of 400 N in electrode force, the appropriate current range was less than 1 kA. On the other hand, it extended to 2.6 kA when performed with the variable force and current pattern of 800 N in force and 4 kA in current at the first stage and 400 N in force at the second stage, confirming the fact that the variable pattern successfully suppressed the expulsion and promoted the nugget formation. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare the difference in welding phenomena between the constant force and current pattern and the variable force and current pattern and clarified that the effect of variable force and current pattern on the promotion of nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion.


The invention relates to a dry transfer cold to the application of a marking pattern (2) on a surface to be marked (19) comprising a carrier sheet (1) having a marking pattern (2) formed of a plurality of layers (5, 6, 7) printed by screen printing with the last layer (7) is self-adhesive and a protective sheet (4) anti-adherent. The face (3) of the support sheet (1) receiving the marking pattern (2) is a self-adhesive face. The support sheet (1) has a flexibility adapted to permit takeoff by progressive peeling from a surface (19) extends marquer.L'invention method of application and the manufacturing process of the dry transfer cold.


Parergon 22.1 (2005) 'Papal Court Culture during the Pontificate of Zacharias' by John Osborne concludes that this pope's court in the mid-eighth century was expanding into political and cultural territory that had previously been reserved for royal courts. In 'Beyond the De Ceremoniis', Rosemary Norris collects evidence from a range of texts that presents Byzantine court officials in roles very like modern event managers but on a much grander scale. Lyn Rodley ('The Byzantine Court and Byzantine Art') concludes the volume with a study comparing textual and graphic depictions of the trappings of the court, including a particularly interesting discussion of the development of the garment known as a loros from a wrapped stole to a fitted garment. A very attractive aspect of this book is the combination of documentary and material evidence, and of approaches encompassing the mathematical, architectural, archaeological, art-historical, historical and literary. Court Culture in the Early Middle Ages is a useful way for a scholar in a related field to gain a grasp of what is known of aristocratic courts in the early medieval period. It is probably even more useful as a resource to be dipped into for answers to specific questions, and this function is ably supported by an excellent index. Pamela O'Neill Department of History University of Melbourne


The angular distributions of the differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of 24-Mev deuterons have been measured for the heavy elements, Uranium,. Lead, Gold, and Tantalum. In general, the ratio of the differential cross section to the Rutherford cross section shows that the scattering is pure Rutherford scattering out to a critical angle. With increase in scattering angle beyond the critical angle the decrease of the ratio is exponential with a small diffractionlike pattern superimposed. 1 A classical model,developed by Nishida in an attempt to determine the value of the critical angle, is considered, and shown not to be in agreement with experiment. A semi-classical model is developed which does explain the shift of the critical angle with energy and atomic number for the reported experimental data,ranging in energy from 11 to 24 Mev. The time-de~endent perturbation theory is used to calculate the probability of electric dipole disintegration of the deuteron in the Coulomb field of the target nucleus. Comparison with experimental data indicates that contrary to 1 4 the conclusions reached by Nishida and Yntema 1 the electric dipole breakup of the deuteron may play the major role in the observed deviation from pure Rutherford scattering. -4


Fluid injections from boreholes into hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs can lead to the triggering of seismic events. In this paper we analyse the influence of elastic heterogeneities in rocks on magnitude and distribution of critical pore pressures, leading to the triggering of these events. For this purpose we apply an external homogeneous stress field to an elastically heterogeneous rock volume. The elastic parameters as well as the applied external stress field used for the analysis are taken from literature and correspond to the setting at the German Continental Deep Drilling Site (KTB). By finite element modelling using the FE program ABAQUS we determine the stress field inside the rock volume. The modelling results in a heterogeneous stress field from which we compute critical pore pressures. Furthermore, we analyse correlations between the distribution of assigned elastic parameters, the computed stress field and the resulting critical pore pressures. We conclude that pre-existing fractures in stiffer parts of a rock are characterized by lower critical pore pressures. With the here presented approach we elaborate a geomechanical interpretation of pore pressures triggering microseismicity.


This chapter begins with a critical review of the available evidence about the psychiatric effects of road accidents, then considers the psychiatric complications that may arise. It also discusses the special issue of compensation, and considers their implications for clinical care, road safety, and the law. Sources of evidence include general evidence on reactions to life events and physical illness, trauma research in general, prospective and other accident studies, medico-legal experience, and pre-accident psychiatric disorder. Very few satisfactory studies have concentrated on representative samples of survivors. The psychiatric consequences of road accidents include cognitive, acute, emotional, and post-traumatic stress disorders, travel anxiety, alcohol problems, anger, and worry about disfigurement. The psychiatric and psychological consequences of road accidents need to be viewed in the wider context of changes in quality of life, and sometimes last for over five years. One study suggests that psychiatric complications affect nearly 50% of children involved in accidents. A high proportion of 'innocent' victims of accidents seek compensation. The widely held belief that whiplash neck injury patients are neurotic and motivated by desire for compensation is wrong and harmful. For the covering abstract, see IRRD 893642.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To reduce a circuit area, power consumption, and costs. SOLUTION: A multi-input integration circuit is provided with switches S1a and S1b for successively selecting two input signals INa and INb, and a CR type integration circuit for integrating the output of the switches S1a and S1b. The CR type integration circuit is provided with a resistor R, integration capacitors Cfa and Cfb provided corresponding to the input signals INa and INb, and switches S2a and S2b for selecting the integration capacitor corresponding to the selected input signal between the integration capacitors Cfa and Cfb in synchronism with the switches S1a and S1b. COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO


This paper appraises internet usage for educational purpose by social and management students in public universities and polytechnics in Adamawa state. The study administered seven hundred and twenty questionnaires to one thousand and eighty seven students' final year students using simple random sampling technique out of which five hundred and ten were returned and analysed.The data collected was analysed using Microsoft Excel statistical package. Result of the study shows that students depend a lot on their mobile devices for internet access and also education and entertainment usage ranked high in their usage of internet time. The study recommended that institutions of higher learning should incorporate internet usage knowledge in their computer and information technology related courses, the study equally recommends the introduction of E-learning facilities like tablet to the students of social and management sciences.


The paper considers the prospects of using synchronized phasor measurements (SPM) to implement the functions of a power transformer relay protection and control in microprocessor devices. Examples of using SPM technology to realize additional features for determining MIC mode and a short circuit in the transformer are given. The protection algorithm of the power transformer based on SPM is proposed, a description of its operation is presented. Features of SPM application for transformer condition monitoring are indicated. A list of the main controlled power transformer parameters is proposed. The block diagram of the transformer protection and condition monitoring system is presented, a description of the devices used in the diagram is given. Advantages of a transformer protection and condition monitoring integrated system based on SPM are presented.


Criminal records associated with other sources such as executive and legislative documents and newspaper articles reveal suggestive possibilities for writing about the history of everyday practices. We took as our focus the criminal cases of homicides and personal injuries registered in the municipality of Mallet that had their origins in the "territorial occupation" of southern Paraná. We selected sources from the founding of the municipality in 1912 to 1940, which coincides with a relative increase in criminal records. Our objective here is to approach the daily life of residents of Mallet in light of Michel de Certeau's theoretical considerations, specifically the notions of strategies, tactics, spaces, places and trajectories.


In some applications, the quality of a process is characterized by the functional relationship between a response variable and one or more explanatory variables. Profile monitoring is a technique for checking the stability of this relationship over time. General linear profile monitoring is particularly useful in practice due to its simplicity and flexibility. The existing monitoring methods suffer from a drawback in that they all assume the error distribution to be normal. When the underlying distribution is misspecified, the consistency and efficiency of the commonly used least-square-estimator (LSE) is likely to be inefficient and as a consequence the detection ability of the procedures based on LSE would be substantially reduced. Moreover, the control charts for monitoring the estimated profile parameters, designed under the normality assumption, would result in a rather large bias from the nominal value in the in-control (IC) average run length (ARL) which reduces the ability of the chart to detect process changes ∗Corresponding author. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com.


In 1996, the first documented outbreak of salmonellosis associated with the consumption of peanut butter was reported. This study was undertaken to determine survival characteristics of high (5·68 log10 cfu g−1) and low (1·51 log10 cfu g−1) inocula of a five‐serotype mixture of Salmonella in five commercial peanut butters and two commercial peanut butter spreads. Populations in samples inoculated with 5·68 log10 cfu g−1 and stored for 24 weeks at 21 or 5 °C decreased 4·14–4·50 log10 cfu g−1 and 2·86–4·28 log10 cfu g−1, respectively, depending on the formulation. The order of retention of viability was: peanut butter spreads > traditional (regular) and reduced sugar, low‐sodium peanut butters > natural peanut butter. Differences in rates of inactivation are attributed to variation in product composition as well as size and stability of water droplets in the colloidal matrix, which may influence nutrient availability. With the exception of natural peanut butter, products initially inoculated with 1·51 log10 cfu of Salmonella g−1 (32 cfu g−1) were positive for the pathogen after storage for 24 weeks at 5 °C. At 21 °C, however, with the exception of one peanut butter spread, all products were negative for Salmonella after storage for 24 weeks. Post‐process contamination of peanut butters and spreads with Salmonella may to result in survival in these products for the duration of their shelf life at 5 °C and possibly 21 °C, depending on the formulation.


Objective As the most important risk factors of cardiovascular disease, pre-hypertension and hypertension are important public health challenges. Few studies have focused on the trends of pre-hypertension and hypertension specifically for the aging population in China. Given the anticipated growth of the elderly population in China, there is an urgent need to document the conditions of pre-hypertension and hypertension in this aging population. Methods We conducted two cross-sectional surveys of Chinese adults aged ≥60 years in 2001 and 2010. A total of 2,272 (943 males, 1,329 females) and 2,074 (839 males, 1,235 females) participants were included in the two surveys, respectively. Results The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of hypertension significantly increased from 60.1% to 65.2% from the 2001 to the 2010 survey. Among the participants with hypertension, the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension all significantly increased from 69.8% to 74.5%, 50.3% to 63.7%, and 15.3% to 30.3%, respectively, from 2001 to 2010. A logistic regression showed that a higher education level, a higher BMI, a family history of hypertension and doctor-diagnosed cardiovascular disease were significantly associated with hypertension awareness and treatment. Conclusion Hypertension prevalence increased rapidly between the years surveyed. Although the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension improved significantly, the values of these variables remained low. More attention should be given to the elderly because the population is aging worldwide, and urgent action, optimal treatment approaches and proper public health strategies must be taken to prevent and manage hypertension.


Existing network switches implement scheduling disciplines such as FIFO or deficit round robin that provide good utilization or fairness across flows, but do so at the expense of leaking a variety of information via timing side channels. To address this privacy breach, we propose a new scheduling mechanism for switches called indifferent-first scheduling (IFS). A salient aspect of IFS is that it provides privacy (a notion of strong isolation) to clients that opt-in, while preserving the (good) performance and utilization of FIFO or round robin for clients that are satisfied with the status quo. Such a hybrid scheduling mechanism addresses the main drawback of prior proposals such as time-division multiple access (TDMA) that provide strong isolation at the cost of low utilization and increased packet latency for all clients. We identify limitations of modern programmable switches which inhibit an implementation of IFS without compromising its privacy guarantees, and show that a version of IFS with full security can be implemented at line rate in the recently proposed push-in-first-out (PIFO) queuing architecture.


The article discusses the participation of women in science and technology, and more extensive ly in medicine. It reiterates the nature of science and technology, and explains why science cannot be absolutely objective. Furthermore, it stresses on the increasing speed in the advancement of science and its influence, both positive and negative, on man at different levels of the living systems. In addition, the article probes the menace of the cult of technology and the dangers of the dynamic autonomy of science, especially the application of basic sciences in war efforts, the information revolution and the new biology which would affect life itself, the dignity of man. and even his very existence. Several ways out are suggested in confronting the negative impact of science and technology, such as adopting a new paradigm, the strengthening of scientific ethics, the protection of the consumers, and the rehumanization of science and technology. Key Words: science and technology - women's studies - futuristics - thought style - scientific ethics


Virtual worlds such as social networking sites, blogs and content communities are extremely becoming one of the most powerful sources for news, markets, industries etc. These virtual worlds can be used for many aspects, because they are rich platforms full of feedback, emotions, thoughts and reviews. The main objective of this paper is to cluster Arabic reviews of Saudi hotels for sentiment analysis into positive and negative clusters. We used web scraping to collect Arabic reviews associated only with Saudi hotels, from the tourism website TripAdvisor and obtained in total 4604 Arabic reviews. Then the TF-IDF was applied to extract relevant features. An unsupervised learning approach was applied, in particular K-means and Hierarchical algorithms with two distance metrics: Cosine and Euclidean. Our manual labelled test data shows that the K-means algorithm with cosine distance performed well when applying all of our prepossessing steps. We concluded that the suggested prepossessing steps play a critical role in Arabic language processing and sentiment analysis.


In this paper we present algorithms for collective construction systems in which a large number of autonomous mobile robots trans- port modular building elements to construct a desired structure. We focus on building block structures subject to some physical constraints that restrict the order in which the blocks may be attached to the structure. Specifically, we determine a partial ordering on the blocks such that if they are attached in accordance with this ordering, then (i) the structure is a single, connected piece at all intermediate stages of construction, and (ii) no block is attached between two other previously attached blocks, since such a space is too narrow for a robot to maneuver a block into it. Previous work has consider this problem for building 2D structures without holes. Here we extend this work to 2D structures with holes. We accomplish this by modeling the problem as a graph orientation problem and describe an O(n^2) algorithm for solving it. We also describe how this partial ordering may be used in a distributed fashion by the robots to coordinate their actions during the building process.


The relationship between social mobility and inequality is well studied in the literature, but far greater attention has been paid to 'vertical' than to 'horizontal' inequality. This paper focuses on mobility and horizontal inequality between ethnic, racial, and culturally-defined groups. Not only is persistence in horizontal inequality due to low intergenerational mobility overall, it argues, it also is explained by the lower mobility of disadvantaged compared with advantaged groups in many societies. Group-based discrimination, among other factors, contributes.


In order to simulate the free-fall motion of package, a new double-wing product drop test machine was designed. The lifting motion of the test bed was realized by the cooperation between rolling screw and stepping motor, while the opening and closing of double wing was realized by the coordinating transmission of guide rail and lead screw pair. Compared to similar products sold in the market, the new double-wing product drop test machine is low in cost, simple in structure, convenient in processing, stable in performance and beautiful in appearance. It can satisfy the demands of packing companies and academic institution, with practical application and promotion value.


who chastens men in the night seasons, sending wisdom through the dreams of stricken conscience. The second choral ode—a song of triumph that turned to lamentation—began by taking up again this central theme of the first poem : ' Praise Zeus, who punishes the sinner, Paris,' and it ended—' alas, we fear for the sons of Atreus also.' But its central panel was a picture of the deserted Menelaus, dreaming of Helen. The third chorus in its turn takes up this central theme and makes it the main theme of a fresh song. Helen, so beautiful, and in the end so terrible, a bride turned to a Fury. Then, for a central panel, the apologue of the lion's whelp. Then Helen again, the fatal bride, so charming, and so deadly. Then, as an epilogue, the moral: Sin breeds sin, and a daemon is at last begotten.


We first prove that ontological models of the quantum state which are capable of reproducing the Born probability rule and fall in the class of $\psi$-epistemic models are inconsistent with the Sch{\"o}dinger time evolution. We then model the ontic state space as a complex projective Hilbert space that embeds the projective Hilbert space of quantum mechanics and define a minimalist epistemic state as an average over a set of "hidden states" in the larger space. We show that such a model incorporates probability amplitudes and admits an epistemic interpretation of quantum states. Finally, we prove a second theorem to show that such a model is compatible with locality but ontic models are not.


The construction of core value system of war industry culture is of great significance to the development of defense science industry.Such a core value system should include a core value of "national interest as foremost" and five fundamental contents.


Geoengineering is a discipline that thinks big. Within its aegis are ideas straight out of science fiction: technologies to cool the planet with artificial trees (McFarlan 2016), simulated volcanic...


It is well accepted that refinement of converging presynaptic inputs depends on postsynaptic activity; however, it remains unclear how this developmental event is initiated. To address this, we developed a mosaic model where synaptically-active and synaptically-inactive sympathetic neurons develop side-by-side in the same ganglion. Surprisingly, we show that converging presynaptic inputs refine on neurons even without synaptic transmission as long as the synaptically-silent neurons share targets with synaptically-active neurons. In addition, our single-cell RNA sequencing experiments show that sympathetic ganglia contain at least 7 neuronal subtypes that decode the impact of synaptic activity differently, including their ability to maintain an adrenergic phenotype. Our results provide a new view on the roles that synaptic transmission and retrograde target activity have on developing circuits.


The development of archival undertaking does not only depend on economic support. The role played by economic development in expanding archival undertaking needs to be promoted from the main body of society and its superstructure. Economic development is not in the same pace with the development of archival undertaking.


The Next Steps agencies preserve a long tradition as the latest manifestation of the arm's-length principle of ministerial control. During the major part of this century, the now almost defunct public corporations offered one of the best examples of the arm's-length principle at work, and the recorded experiences of participants can provide valuable lessons for the Next Steps agencies. This article employs the diaries of Barbara Castle during her period as Transport Minister from 1965-68 in order to examine how she apportioned her time. From the evidence, a model is constructed which suggests that political salience is of greater importance than official structures in determining ministerial behaviour. Arising from the case study and the model, the final section of the article attempts to identify Next Steps agencies which have an inherently high potential for political salience, and concludes that, in this category, direct ministerial control would be preferable to the arm's-length principle.


"The "dark-light test," first described by Groenholm1in 1910 and studied by Seidel2since 1920, is an important functional test in glaucoma. Besides its practical interest, it has a special theoretical value. The test consists of three tonometric measurements: the first made before and the second after a stay in the dark, and the third made after illumination of one eye while the other eye is entirely protected from light. Thus a "dark-light curve" is obtained. In 1928, I3communicated my experience with the test in a considerable number of cases. In glaucoma an increase of intra-ocular pressure after a stay in the dark and a decrease after exposure to light are often found. A dark-light curve can also be observed in the majority of normal eyes, although faintly. The reaction is especially characteristic of primary, simple and chronic inflammatory glaucoma with a shallow


A smooth twisted paper cylinder of aspect ratio $\lambda$ is an isometric embedding of a $1 \times \lambda$ cylinder into $\pmb{R}^3$ such that the images of the boundary components are linked. We prove that for such an object to exist we must have $\lambda>2$ and that this bound is sharp. We also show that any sequence of examples having aspect ratio converging to $2$ must converge, up to isometries, to a certain $4$-fold wrapping of a right-angled isosceles triangle.


chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the diseases with high mortality rate. It is a disease resulted from kidney function loss over a long period of time. The disease shows no symptoms during initial stage. When left not medicated, a person may suffer from other complications such as high blood pressure, anemia, malnutrition, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment and impaired physical function. Automated diagnosis by using classification algorithms has been an interest of researchers. In this study, six machine learning algorithms were used for classification and its prediction performance was compared based on training time and F1 score, with and without hypertuning the parameters. Of all the six algorithms, KNN has the best F1 score of 0.992248 and minimal training time of 46.999ms. The performance of decision trees was improved with hypertuning, having a F1 score from 0.96 to 0.99. Overall, machine learning algorithms are significant tool to assess chronic kidney disease.


ObjectiveTo discuss the surgical procedures and therapy of cutting anconeal process of ulna by a pair of kirschner wire and steel-wire for C3 condyle of humerus fracture.MethodFor 10 cases of C3 condyle of humerus fracture treated by cutting anconeal process of ulna by a pair of kirschner wire and steel-wire through outer margin of elbow from 2006 to 2008.ResultsTen cases of C3 condyle of humerus fracture all closed upⅠgrade.All cases were followed up 10~14 months,none were found infection or skin ecrose and other operative complications.According to Aitken and Porabeek criterion for curative elbow joint functional evaluation,the results were excellent in 3 cases,good in 4 cases,okay in 2 cases,and inferiority in 1 case,with the excellent and good rate of 70.0%. None of cases got lifting needle.ConclusionIt is perfect and simple surgery through cutting anconeal process of ulna by a pair of kirschner wire and steel-wire for C3 condyle of humerus fracture.


Shale gas,as a new type of unconventional natural gas resources,its exploration and development have got great success in the U.S.A.,and fast progress in Canada,Australia and other countries.Shale gas exploration in China has just started and its study is still focused on shale gas reservoir conditions and favorable area evaluation.China's preferred shale gas favorable area is mainly related with organic-rich clay and shale,and the major optimization is a prospective area for shale gas.Complicated geological background and multi-stage evolution lead to many types of China's petroleum basins whose structures are complex.Different evolution history of each basin directly controls the development and distribution of organic-rich shale.By the different formation environment,organic-rich shale can be divided into marine thick layer organic-rich shale,continent-sea intercrossing organic-rich shale,coal-bearing strata organic-rich shale,and lacustrine organic-rich shale.Among them,the thick layer marine organic-rich shale is of first priority in China's near future shale gas exploration;continent-sea intercrossing organic-rich shale and coal-bearing strata organic-rich shale are thin in single-layer,but they have symbiotic conditions with tight sandstone gas and coal-bed gas,so the multi-layer co-mining technology of shale gas,tight sandstone gas and many other types of natural gas resources has great practical significance;the lacustrine organic-rich shale's diagenesis degree is generally low,and needs further optimization of a horizon with high-strength rock and the conditions of open hole completion for exploration and development.


IL‐12 plays a key role in stimulating both innate and antigen‐specific immune responses against a number of intracellular pathogens. A neutralizing anti‐IL‐12 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to define and compare the role of endogenous IL‐12 in the liver and spleen of mice infected with Leishmania donovani. IL‐12 neutralization both early and late in infection caused delayed resolution of parasite load, a transient decrease in IFN‐γ, IL‐4, TNF‐α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS‐2) production, and suppressed tissue granuloma formation in the liver of genetically susceptible BALB/c mice. In contrast to the liver of BALB/c mice, neutralization of IL‐12 had no effect on parasite burden in the spleen over the first 28 days of infection. However, IL‐12 appeared to be critical for the development of mechanisms which subsequently contain the growth of persistent parasites in this organ in that neutralization of IL‐12 dramatically enhanced parasite growth after day 28 of infection. Following IL‐12 neutralization, the later unchecked growth of parasites in the spleen was coincident with an extensive breakdown of the tissue microarchitecture. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that IL‐12 was largely produced by uninfected cells in L. donovani‐infected BALB/c mice. In contrast, the course of infection in the liver and spleen of genetically resistant CBA/n mice was unaffected by the administration of anti‐IL‐12 mAb. These results suggest that the liver and spleen in susceptible BALB/c mice have different temporal requirements for IL‐12 in controlling L. donovani infection, whereas IL‐12 plays little role in either organ in resistant CBA/n mice. In addition, IL‐12 appears to be involved in the generation of both Th1 and Th2 responses during L. donovani infection in BALB/c mice.


A new method for multichannel autoregressive (AR) spectrum estimation is introduced based on an iterative gradient algorithm. In the context of Dynamic Programming, the method is shown to be optimum in reflection coefficient domain, whereas existing multichannel AR methods such as the Nuttall-Strand algorithm, are shown to be suboptimum. It is demonstrated that the drawbacks of the Nuttall-Strand method, namely frequency bias and line-splitting in processing sinusoidal signals, are eliminated by the optimum approach. However, the improved performance is achieved at the expense of considerably more computational effort and time.


Phosphorescent materials are crucial to improve the luminescence and efficiency of organic light emitting diodes, because its internal quantum efficiency can almost up to 100%. So the studying of optical and electrical properties of phosphorescent materials is propitious to the further development of phosphorescent OLED. Phosphorescent materials were generally doped into different host materials as emitting components, not only played an important role in emitting light but also had a great influence on carrier transport properties. (t-bt)2Ir(acac) was a common yellow phosphorescent material. The optical and electrical properties of the blue DPVBi-based devices, adding (t-bt)2Ir(acac) in different position, have studied. The results showed (t-bt)2Ir(acac) has remarkable hole-trapping ability. Especially the ultrathin structure device, compared to the device without (t-bt)2Ir(acac), had increased the luminance by about 60%, and the efficiency by about 97%.


The most basic human-machine interactions are about reading text and typing on a keyboard. Users face two fundamental issues: on one hand, complex text can prevent users from accessing information, on the other hand the average user tends to make several typos. And these issues are even harder for fragile persons. We propose two tools that could ameliorate that situation: a text complexity evaluator and a smart spelling corrector.


The authors wish to thank George Beauchamp, Leonard Berk, Norman D. Bowers, Robert L. Church, Richard E. Gross, Oliver Keels, Walter Oldendorf, Joe Park, Michael Sedlak, and Decker F. Walker for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. We of course take full responsibility for the result. Philip L. Pomerance assisted with library searches and editing. Patricia Gaul and Sima Bozin carefully prepared numerous versions of the manuscript.


(2) We maintain that the manuscript is well within the aims of NHESS. Undoubtedly, several papers on rainfall thresholds and landslides induced by intense rainfall events. But our novelty lies in the development of an original code with programming in Matlab, with the ability to predict well the slip failure of the curve and the area of the surface, taking into account the rain infiltration factor ru of the Spencer method.


Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS) and is associated with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Predicting the clinical course of the disease is important so that we can initiate timely and appropriate treatment and monitor progress with realistic expectations. Although, in general, two main forms can be identified (severe and attenuated) there are many intermediate forms and evaluation of severity is complicated by the rarity of the disease, the young age of patients at diagnosis and the lack of a standardized severity scoring index. Our current understanding of the clinical signs and symptoms of MPS II, the effects of therapy and relationship between phenotype and genotype in patients with the disorder were discussed in detail in the session Update on MPS II. As a result of the rare nature of the MPS disorders in humans, the study of animal models of these diseases offers important insights, as is explained by Mark Haskins in a paper reviewing the contribution of such models to this field. Not only do MPS animal models show similar clinical signs to human patients and lesions within the same organ systems, but animals can be bred in considerable numbers within a controlled environment, allowing thorough analyses of these manifestations. Of the existing animal models, larger species, such as the dog and cat, are particularly useful as, like humans, these animals are relatively long-lived, making them suitable for study over a long sample period. In addition to detailed investigation of disease manifestations, such models enable us to evaluate the efficacy and safety of current and novel therapies. This is particularly important for the MPS family of diseases, where the considerable heterogeneity of manifestations makes it likely that a combination of treatment approaches will be required for optimum benefit. One approach to predicting disease severity, illustrated in the paper by Ida Schwartz, Roberto Giugliani and colleagues, is to identify the early clinical differences between patients who go on to develop severe and attenuated forms of the disease. As part of a large observational study of 77 South American patients, these authors report that symptoms typically present earlier in patients with the severe form, leading to poor cognitive development and problematic behaviour during childhood. In addition, some manifestations, such as high levels of urinary glycosaminoglycans and deafness, are more common in patients with severe disease, whereas others, such as delay in motor and language development, may be reported in both forms, indicating that they may not be good indicators of disease severity. As has been shown for other lysosomal storage diseases, irrespective of disease severity, there is a significant delay between the onset of signs and symptoms, and diagnosis. This likely reflects a lack of awareness among physicians of the early manifestations of this rare disease. It has been proposed that it may be possible to correlate genotype – the specific disease-causing mutation – with disease severity in some patients with MPS II. Genotype– phenotype correlations were discussed by Roseline Froissart, Irène Maire and colleagues, who studied alterations of the IDS gene in 155 European patients. In total, 96 different mutations were observed. All patients with large gene alterations presented with the severe form of the disease. The majority of patients had small gene alterations, including small nucleotide deletions or insertions, deletions or insertions leading to frameshift and small in-frame deletions. In these patients, the spectrum of clinical severity was much broader than in those with large gene alterations. Although in many cases, knowledge of both the phenotype and the genotype allowed the authors to speculate about the biochemical processes that influence the severity of phenotype, no specific correlations could be found in this population of patients. The effects of specific mutations are, therefore, difficult to predict. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and other specific treatments for MPS II are now in development, and in many cases, their efficacy relies upon early initiation. Although genotype–phenotype correlations may be difficult to establish, with the advent of these therapies they may be of increasing importance in choosing the most appropriate treatment for individual patients. Together, these papers highlight the importance of the ongoing research into MPS II and other LSDs. They also demonstrate the extreme clinical heterogeneity of MPS II and the need for establishing guidelines for diagnosis, followup and treatment of patients. With ERT for MPS II now approved in the USA and Europe, we are optimistic that there will soon be available an effective treatment for alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with this debilitating disorder.


New materials of Sinohippus from the Late Miocene"Hipparion Red Clay"of Gansu and Nei Mongol,China,are described and identified as Sinohippus robustus sp.nov.A review of the known specimens of Sinohippus indicates that this genus is generically distinct from other members of Anchitheriinae.The sympatry of the low-crowned Sinohippus with the high-crowned Hipparion indicates that there should have been a small quantity of shrub distributed during the Late Miocene in northern China.


Purchase decisions in recent times are extensively dependent on social media referrals. The effective utilisation of social media has become compulsory for the organisations in order to remain competitive. In the emerging markets like Pakistan, promotions through electronic word of mouth on social media have incepted, but still it's quite difficult for the organisations to cope-up with the contemporary electronic word of mouth needs. Nevertheless, the Pakistani social media marketing managers are unfamiliar in motivating social media users to engage in electronic word of mouth. For that reason, the current research aims to understand the social capital theory and self-determination theory dimensions and altruism role in engaging customers for sharing products and services associated with word of mouth on social media websites. Structural, cognitive, and relational dimensions of social capital are manifested as tie-strength, shared language and trust respectively. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness of self-determination theory are manifested as voluntary self-disclosures, innovativeness, and trust respectively. In order to affirm literary associations among the constructs, structural equation modelling using MPlus was executed on the responses of 550 Pakistani social media users. The outcomes attained manifestly accepted the established hypotheses. Based on these findings theoretical and practical implications are produced.


Process for the preparation of alcohols by hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, wherein the hydrogenation is carried out in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst consisting of a support material and at least one active metal for hydrogenation being based the support material of titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide or mixed oxides thereof and wherein the active metal for hydrogenation at least one element taken from the group consisting of copper, cobalt, nickel and chromium, support material containing the barium element, the content of the barium compound calculated as barium oxide, based on the reduced catalyst in the range of 0.1 to 2 mass%, particularly in the range of 0 being located, 3 to 0.7% by mass.


This thesis from the IFCS centers around the importance of inspecting the microbiological quality of restaurant service in the IFCS restaurant in Rabat Morocco. It has the objective of improving the quality of restaurant service and of developing a means of regularly monitoring the personnel involved. The methodology consists in collecting stools from kitchen staff and conducting a parasitological examination for OCP (ova cysts and parasites) by using macroscopic and microscopic examinations including direct examination and examination after enrichment and the Scotch-tape test. These stool examinations were conducted in the parasitology mycology laboratory in the technicians section of the IFCS laboratory in Rabat. The purpose was to explore the digestive tract of all kitchen staff in order to detect the presence of parasites which may be the source of contaminated food and which consequently may cause inconvenience for consumers. Analysis of these examinations showed that out of fourteen samples ten contain parasites with no pathogenic diagnosis. One member of the kitchen staff was found to be carrying Enterobius vermicularis eggs which showed oxyuriasis and Entamoeba coli cycts. Likewise the greatest infection was clearly due to Entamoeba coli the percentage of which came to 30% and most parasites found in the subjects are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. To avoid contamination from food suggestions and recommendations were made such as washing the hands after using the toilet and before eating washing the hands with an antiseptic before and after handling food eating well cooked and warm meat and fish and finally cleaning kitchen utensils with boiled water and disinfectants.


The embedding of logic circuits into the cellular spaces is an essential approach for efficient computing on asynchronous cellular automata (ACAs), which usually depends critically on the design of signals. Such signals are required to propagate definitely in predefined directions, and cross other signals coming from orthogonal directions without blockage. Adachi et al. (2004) constructed signals in an ACA with von Neumann neighborhood, which takes 5 states per cell and 24 transition rules. Unfortunately, two signals colliding with each other at the crossing point of paths may occasionally cause deadlock, due to the lack of adequate rules to cope with such a situation. This paper presents a novel 5-state ACA with von Neumann neighborhood that uses 64 rules, which allows reliable propagation and crossing of signals at all times.


Dolomitization of carbonates,an important process in nature,has remained as a controversy in sedimentology for years.To thoroughly understand the progress of the study of dolomitization is a necessity to improving existing models and creating new models.Based on the review of references,this paper made a summarization of the current dolomitization models,such as near-surface(shallow buried) dolomitization models(Sabkha model,seepage reflux model,mixing zone or Dorag model),the intermediate-deeply buried dolomitization models(compaction model,tectonic(squeegee) model,topography driven model,thermal convection model),hydrothermal model and microbial model,with emphasis on the present status and problems of each model.


This paper presents the seafloor characterization difficulties and methodological requirements met when dealing with apparent discordances between acoustical data and geological observations. The poor spatial resolution of low‐frequency multibeam echo sounders used for deep‐water seafloor mapping precludes access to small‐scale feature descriptors (spectral, or non‐Rayleigh statistics); only average angular backscattering strength (BS) measurements are then available. However, since a given acoustical response may ambiguously represent various geological realities, precise modeling of angular BS accounting for seafloor inner structure and properties is crucial. Oriented medium‐scale roughness of the interface may cause level biases, observed as azimuth‐dependent BS variations. More noticeably, sound penetration inside the sediment volume may affect strongly the overall response; this is modeled through an equivalent input backscattering strength from buried layers, accounting for propagation phenomena ins...


Different approaches for behaviour understanding rely on textual instructions to generate models of human behaviour. These approaches usually use state of the art parsers to obtain the part of speech (POS) meaning and dependencies of the words in the instructions. For them it is essential that the parser is able to correctly annotate the instructions and especially the verbs as they describe the actions of the person. State of the art parsers usually make errors when annotating textual instructions, as they have short sentence structure often in imperative form. The inability of the parser to identify the verbs results in the inability of behaviour understanding systems to identify the relevant actions. To address this problem, we propose a simple rule-based model that attempts to correct any incorrectly annotated verbs. We argue that the model is able to significantly improve the parser's performance without the need of additional training data. We evaluate our approach by extracting the actions from 61 textual instructions annotated only with the Stanford parser and once again after applying our model. The results show a significant improvement in the recognition rate when applying the rules (75% accuracy compared to 68% without the rules, p-value < 0.001).


Read online Iconic Investigations book that writen by Lars Ellestrom in English language. Release on 2013, this book has 357 page count that enfold constructive information with easy reading experience. The book was publish by John Benjamins Publishing, it is one of best language arts & disciplines book genre that gave you everything love about reading. You can download Iconic Investigations book with ISBN 9789027243485.


In order to compare acid and alkaline methods of processing carbonaceous uranium ore and to investigate the leaching of ashes of such ores, preliminary studies on leaching with sulfuric acid were carried out. The results suggest practicability of processing ashes with dilute sulfuric acid when the ore is roasted, or additionally reroasted with sodium bisulfate in a temperature of 600 deg C. Good results are obtained by mixing carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous ores, which makes it possible to use roasting temperatures of 600 deg C or below. Combustion at temperatures above 600 deg C adversely affects leaching of ashes. (auth)


Ductile cast iron has typical characteristics of mushy solidification and ductile expansion. The feeding effect of ductile cast iron was studied by means of numerical simulation and pouring tests. The prototypes used for experiments were designed into three types: riser without neck; riser with narrow neck; and riser-less. The corresponding molds were made of coated sand. The pouring temperature was set to 1350 °C, 1300 °C, and 1250 °C, separately. Results showed that the feeding effect could be controlled by the riser structure and the pouring temperature comprehensively. If the pouring temperature was higher than a certain value, the casting should be fed by a riser, and the riser structure would play an important role. However, it was very hard to design a riser exactly, and the unsuitable riser would cause macro porosity or surface sink. When the pouring temperature decreased to a certain value, there was no macro porosity or surface sink. It could provide a potential method to simplify the feeding process and improve the casting quality.


Based on the developed coupled model of electromagnetism, heat and solute transportation, the macrosegregation formation and effect of secondary cooling water ratio on macrosegregation degree in strand during round bloom continuous casting process have been investigated. The solute segregation degree fluctuates from a positive to a negative value with distance from strand surface in the initial solidified shell region within thickness of 20 mm. A negative segregation region in concave shape and an irregular positive segregation zone are presented in the fixed and loosened side of strand respectively due to the gravity and thermosolutal convection. As the secondary cooling water ratio decreases from 0.25 to 0.15 L kg− 1, the solidification ratio at final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) centre increases from 73.14 to 77.83%. For the steel grade of 50Mn casted by round bloom casting within diameter of 0.35 m, the optimal solidification ratio at F-EMS centre is 75.05%, where the radial centre crack and shrinkage cavity at strand cross-section are removed.


This article aims to broaden the understanding of the factors that predict the frequency of meals a family takes as a unit, as well as to assess the potential role country-level variables may have in accounting for cross-national differences in the frequency of family meals. Logistic regression and logistic hierarchical modeling are employed to achieve this goal. Findings indicate that family functioning and family composition predict the frequency of family meals and that country-level values help to explain international variations. The article concludes with directions for future research.


Rapid thermal processing of silicon in oxygen and ammonia reactive ambients has been performed successfully to grow thin layers of Si02, silicon nitride, and silicon nitroxide for high quality gate insulators of submicron CMOS VLSI.


SummaryOf women who developed a low haemoglobin concentration in pregnancy. 84 percent had a booking ferritin concentration below 50μg/l. Two groups of patients were studied; one group had iron and folate supplements withheld. Of the unsupplemcnted patients, 18·4 per cent became anaemic (haemoglobin < 10·5 g/dl). In the group given oral iron and folate. only 4·8 per cent developed anaemia. Ferritin levels in early pregnancy can be used to predict the need for iron supplements.


Queries against the large size XML database are often exploratory and users often find their queries return too many answers, this paper proposed a user preference-based top-k ranking approach to deal with this "information overload" problem. We first presented a user preference model which can embody both the partial relations and the interest degree of preferences. And then, the elements orders of XML database are created by considering the user preferences and consequently the representative orders are computed by using the clustering algorithm during the offline step. Finally, based on representative orders selected in the offline time, the the Top-k result elements are selected by using TA algorithm during the online processing step. The efficiency and effectiveness are demonstrated by the experiments.


We proposed an experimental device and a numerical scheme to simultaneously identify the saturated permeability and the compressibility of preform in the through-thickness direction. By a single compression of the preform under a specified liquid inlet condition, we can obtain the permeability and the compressibility as a function of fiber volume fraction.


The present invention relates to a transmission head mount display optical system. The transmission head mount display optical system comprises; a display device; a collimation lens which makes image light emitted from the display device parallel; a first wedge prism including a first magnification unit witch magnifies an image in a horizontal direction after the image light which passes through the collimation lens and is arranged in parallel is inserted into the first magnification unit; a second wedge prism including a second magnification unit which magnifies an image in a vertical direction after the image light which passes through the first wedge prism and is magnified in the horizontal direction is inserted into the second magnification unit; a third wedge prism which is formed into a reverse shape with the second wedge prism so that the image light which is reflected on the second wedge prism and is magnified in the vertical direction, and an external image which passes through the second wedge prism and is provided to a user are not distorted. The present invention provides the transmission head mount display optical system which minimizes the loss of the image light emitted from the display device. Therefore, a user can watch image light and external image light at the same time. The user can perform e-mail work and information collection work etc. while walking and effectively perform business promotion. The present invention remarkably reduces the weight and volume of the transmission head mount display optical system and maximizes the size of an imaginary screen. The user can watch a large screen. The transmission head mount display optical system applies a magnification method by the wedge prism use and minimizes lens fabricating processes and reduces manufacturing costs.


ZnO p–n homojunction light-emitting diodes were fabricated on p-GaAs substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The current–voltage characteristics showed a diode characteristic between the n-type and p-type ZnO layers with a threshold voltage of 3.8 V. We present a room-temperature study of photoluminescence (PL) spectra and electroluminescence (EL) spectra. The PL spectra of both n-type and p-type ZnO exhibited strong near-band-edge emission and weak broad deep-level emission peaks. The EL spectra showed a strong broad deep-level emission when the injection current attained 40 mA, and a weak ultraviolet emission emerged when the current attained 150 mA.


Retrofit of the existing seismically deficient buildings is a common need especially in earthquake prone regions. Chemical anchors are widely used to connect existing and newly added structural elements, such as shear walls. Therefore, modelling the behaviour of anchors which transfer axial and shear forces to the added members is important for design and analyses. There is no anchor model present in the current literature accounting shear behaviour. Therefore, a new model is established using results of a comprehensive experimental study conducted at Pamukkale University Earthquake and Construction Technology Research Laboratory. In this study, mentioned shear model is tested using two- story, one-bay RC frame specimens strengthened with external shear walls. In analyses of the models, SAP 2000 software is used and nonlinear shear behaviour of anchors is represented by NLLink elements. It is concluded that, suggested anchor shear model may be used for modelling external shear wall anchor behaviour.


I have recently started my new internship as an Editor at one of China's many expat websites,and was actually surprised with how long it took me to find this internship,and the path that led me towards it.I think many different factors are now making it increasingly hard for foreigners to start off their career here,or find their place in the Chinese Dream.Finding an internship in China was not as easy as I had hoped,or heard,that


The Smartphone is one of the most well-known and widely used devices in contemporary times for protecting private information. Biometric methods are one way for authenticating Smartphones. However, the difference in ages (i.e., elders and children) affects the authentication procedure. This paper describes the current implementation of this technique on a smartphone device, which is in catch utilizing a properly valued magnet intensity (a magnetic ring) taken as a semi-biometric based on static authentication, called MagRing-SBSA. It bases on manipulating the Magnetometer sensor included in the latest generation of mobile devices. It can demonstrate the authentication procedure utilizing a magnetic ring from a magnetometer, detecting data from the unique per device generated in the area surrounding the device by a magnet held in hand. The magnetism applies to various users, and the magnetization ring value can provide a comprehensive authentication option, and it cannot readily duplicate because the ring is unique to the user on a particular smartphone. As a result of the experiments for three participants, two older participants and one child, show a high accuracy rate of 97% because they had undergone training before conducting the experiments. In future work, we will increase participants' numbers and study the effects of using this technique.


Irrigated agriculture is one of the most important sources of nitrate pollution of water resources. For this reason, during the past decade, various policies have been proposed in order to prevent this negative impact of farming activities. The aim of this work is therefore to analyze the effects of the joint application of the last Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) reform with different policy instruments designed to mitigate nitrate pollution. To this end, models based on Positive Mathematical Programming have been developed to enable simulating irrigators' productive behaviour in the event of the implementation of these instruments. The results indicate that the latest CAP reform (partial decoupling of subsidies) will by itself lead to an important reduction in nitrate pollution. If this reduction is not regarded as being sufficient, other specific policy instruments could further reduce this source of pollution. In this sense, the most suitable one could be the application of nitrogen fertilization quotas.


This article briefly analyses the effects of the Spanish results in the last PISA Report as determining factors for the educational change in Spain. Solutions to the current educational problems are proposed from an analysis of the arguments and approaches that have been published in the written press in the last two years. The ultimate purpose is to promote reflexive attitudes and innovative initiatives that lead us to a more effective educational action, which will improve our results in the future, driving us to the desired educational quality and educational excellence.


In this study, a user-centred design approach was used to develop a mobile health application designed to support adult T1DM patients with their self-management routine. In the requirements gathering phase, an observational study of a diabetes clinic and patient interviews were conducted. An analysis of the data collected from this phase helped identify the functional design requirements used to guide the design. Using a rapid prototyping approach, data visualizations, game-based elements, carb-counting and social networking features were explored. The final prototype developed in this research was evaluated for its ease of use and perceived usefulness. The design was found to be generally easy to use. With respect to data visualizations, participants preferred the scatter plot view of their blood glucose readings to a bar chart. In addition, it was found that all participants wanted a way to track their HbA1c on a regular basis.


Aim. ALGAN Hemostatic Agent (AHA) is obtained with a standard mixture of 6 different herbs. It is a polysaccharide based hemostatic agent. The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical efficacy and reliability of AHA as a local hemostatic agent in lumbar disc herniation operations. Materials and Methods. In the study, the hemostatic efficacy of the product was observed on 28 volunteers underwent lumbar disc herniation surgery. In the treatment and control groups (14 patients each), operation times, bleeding stop times, pre- and postoperative hematocrit values (amount of blood loss), duration of hospital stay, and need for cautery use were compared. Traditional methods (cautery, ligation, etc.), which are used as a hemostatic in the operation, were always ready to be used effectively. The AHA application took 120 seconds. Results. While there was no difference between the groups in terms of preoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit values, postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit values were statistically significant (p=0.033, 0.043). The amount of cautery use decreased significantly in the treatment group and the result was found to be statistically significant (p=.0.001). There was no significant difference in blood transfusion and mean operation times. Conclusions. AHA has been shown to be both effective in controlling bleeding and safe, so it can be used as an auxiliary product in capillary bleeding control in lumbar disc operations.


Disclosed an image processing apparatus and method for rendering sub-pixel. A video processing apparatus adjusts the pixel values of the sub-pixels based on the position of the user's eye position and the sub-pixels. Then, to display a stereoscopic image on the light field display based on the pixel value of the adjusted sub-pixel. .FIELD 1


ABSTRACT Advancing recent literature that critically examines multicultural efforts to generate socio-economic inclusion, this article studies how, in a small yet affluent Pennsylvania town, multicultural festivals are part of a social milieu in which Latinx immigrants face continuing erasure and exploitation – manifested in precarious health and housing conditions. Utilizing ethnographic and qualitative methods, I show that, although the town's multicultural festivals aim to give a voice and recognize minority communities, they have in some cases contributed to an environment in which Latinx peoples have for decades been silenced and overlooked, resulting in heightened rates of health issues related to dangerous housing. From a semiotic theoretical approach, the disconnect between increasing performative-visibility and ongoing marginalization of Latinx immigrants can be explained by multicultural festivals relying upon floating signifiers, as well as issues of structural power. My findings shed light on the nuanced cultural ways that the structural social and material suffering of minoritized, immigrant populations is overlooked through the invocation of purportedly emancipatory acts, as well as the lingering effects of the structural force of White Supremacy.


On-line learning is one of the emerging needs of the information age. Access to education is going to become crucial for the success of our information society. Therefore a lot of potential is seen in distance learning and distributed virtual environments. The communicative character of the distributed virtual environments would allow for students and stuff to meet in social shared spaces and engage in on-line real-time seminars and tutorials. Such technologies may mitigate some of the problems of isolation that distance learning brings. This paper presents multiuser distributed virtual environments, which are designed and implemented for educational uses.


Abstract A piezoelectric FPW-sensor has been developed for a point of care device in this work. The Bio- MEMS FPW-sensor consists of an electrode configuration termed as an interdigital transducer (IDT) placed on a membrane. An input IDT excites and an output IDT detects the propagating acoustic waves through a PZT layer. Design optimizations and fabrication improvements of the FPW-sensor led to significantly reduced attenuation of the wave signal and the damping of the propagating waves between the IDTs. The working principle of mass loading is shown using different low-viscous liquids. A densitydependent sensitivity of -0.39 MHz/g/cm³ was evaluated. After the membrane was functionalized, the Bio-MEMS FPW-sensor was used to measure a specific chemokine in complex solution. By design improvements, the resolution was significantly increased from 0.7 Hz/nM to 14 Hz/nM.


Reference counting memory management is often advocated as a technique for reducing or avoiding the pauses associated with tracing garbage collection. We present some measurements to remind the rea...


Emotional Intelligence and Deans: Exploring the Nature of the Emotional Intelligence of Community College Deans in the Southeastern Region of the United States Irene K. Maundu Leadership is an essential aspect of community college administration. Community colleges are currently facing numerous challenges such as: above average retirement rates for administrators, funding and limited government support, diverse student populations, changes in technology, shift in teaching to student-centered learning, and steep competition. The purpose of this study was to understand the nature of the emotional intelligence of community college deans within the southeastern region of the United States of America. I used the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) to measure the emotional intelligence scores of community college deans, and a demographic questionnaire for the demographic variables. Public community college deans from the entire southeastern region of the United States of America were selected for the survey. I sent a total of 323 invitations to community college deans from 294 public community colleges in the southeastern region of the United States. Findings from this study indicated that total emotional intelligence, using emotions, and managing emotions were not statistically significant with any of the demographic characteristics. There was a significant negative relationship between gender, size of institution, level of education, and perceiving emotions. Male participants had low levels of perceiving and understanding emotions when compared with females. Level of education and experience were also significant with understanding emotions. This study provided a snapshot of the nature of the emotional intelligence of community college deans in the southeastern region of the United States, adds to the available information on emotional intelligence in general, and also provides insights for future research. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEANS iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to: My dad, Joseph Maundu, who has been supportive of me throughout my studies, inspiring, encouraging me along my journey, and believing in me even when I had doubts; My Mom, Angelina Katheu, for lending a listening ear and believing in me; My siblings, for putting up with me; and to Hillary and our kids, Carlos, Carla, and Calista. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEANS iv Acknowledgements Thank you God Almighty, for your mercy and grace. You guided me throughout this journey and I can bear witness of your love. May this degree bring glory and honor to your name. My deepest and sincere gratitude goes to all the wonderful people that the Lord placed into my life through this academic journey. Thank you to all my advisors: Dr. Reagan Curtis, thank you so very much for your time, support, and encouragement. I would have been lost without your guidance in statistics and data analysis. Your patience has taught me a great deal. I hope to someday become a great teacher and mentor as you. Dr. Adriane Williams, for your constant support and encouragement. You are an amazing and wonderful mentor that I will always look up to. I am honored to have had a chance to work with you. Dr. Helen Hazi, thank you for starting off this chapter of my life with me, leading me in the right direction, and supporting me to the end. Thank you for your inspiration and encouragement. Dr. Earnest Goeres, thank you for going the extra mile and lending a listening ear when things seemed impossible, for staying on the committee even unto retirement. Dr. Gerald Blakely, thank you for your encouragement through this journey. To my family: my parents Joseph Maundu and Angelina Katheu, for supporting and teaching me the value of education at a young age. Dad, thank you for encouraging and believing in me, even when I didn't have much faith in myself. Mom, for your patience, strength, and love. Through you, I have learned the value of perseverance and forgiveness. Thank you for holding it together when things seemed impossible: to my siblings; Munyiva, Mumo, Ngene, Salima, Mbithi, and Mulendi, thank you for all your support; to my grandma, Beatrice Ngene, for all the sleepless nights you spend watching the kids for me. I can never thank you enough; to Hillary, for your support; to the kids, Carlos Kiptoo, Carla Katheu, and Calista Chebet, for all the events EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEANS v and time I spend away from you guys. I love you so very much and I hope to spend more quality time with you guys soon. Lastly, I acknowledge Jennifer McIntosh, through the office of social justice, for your moral and financial support; Dr. Dooley, for your inspiration and support; and to all my friends who have been with me throughout the years. Thank you all. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEANS vi Table of


A witnessing church is a living church (1) A biblical-theological perspective on the missionary character of the church. In this, the first of two articles, we focus on the identity of the church as it is revealed in the Old and New Testaments. Since the sixties of the previous century, it is widely accepted that mission is the essence of the church. The church was no longer seen as the institution which sends people into the world, but was no longer the one who is sent into the world. According to the Old Testament, Israel was elected to be God's witness to the nations. In exile they recognised that Jahwe is not a national God, but God of the whole world. The four Gospels, Acts and the letters of Paul make it very clear that the church of Jesus Christ is either a missionary church or not a church at all. The church is, in all its activities per se an instrument in bringing God's kingdom to this world.


The concept of justice has an important role in the formatting of social life since the beginning of humanity. The perception of organizational justice perception, which is the reflection of the concept of justice in work life, has a positive correlation with many variables which increase organizational productivity. In this study, which aims to determine the relationship between the perception of organizational justice and organizational identification, the data obtained from 246 respondents, who work in accommodation facilities in the provinces of Van and Bitlis, have been used. Positive correlation has been found between organizational identification and organizational justice along with its sub-dimensions of distributive justice, procedural justice and interactive justice.


We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that the spatial distribution of high-angular-momentum Rydberg wave packets, and thus off-diagonal elements of the density matrix, can be probed in detail through extraction of the moments of the position distribution ({lambda}=1,2) from quantum beat revivals. Detailed knowledge of the position distribution allows precise manipulation of the wave packet which is demonstrated by the control of its n distribution.


: Background: Most of the research relates to previous major financial crises. The current coronavirus crisis is still ongoing, so the current analysis focuses primarily on people's current preferences based on sur-veys. Research objectives: This work focuses on the analysis of the financial preferences of the group of peo- ple living and working in the Małopolskie Voivodeship in the last year. The choice of the form of making purchases, payments as well as savings and investments in the face of limitations caused by COVID-19 were analysed. Research design and methods: The adopted analytical-synthetic method is calculated to signal specific areas raising ethical doubts. Their exemplification leads to an attempt to define the key problem of modern finance, which is breaking away from the foundation of ethical values and, consequently, abandoning the common good as the social goal of all human activity. Results: The obtained results do not allow for the conclusion that in the analysed group, money attitudes significantly differentiate the financial choices of respondents during the restrictions related to COVID-19. The analysis of other factors related to the preferences of financial management allows for partial confirmation of hypothesis regarding the interest in online shopping and non-cash forms of payment has increased.. Conclusions: The papers proved that the restrictions related to the coronavirus resulted in a significant increase in interest in new technologies, online shopping and modern payment methods.


Analysis of the synoptic climatology over the North China Area promotes a better understanding of the relationships between atmospheric circulation and surface elements.Therefore,investigation on synoptic climatology features is conducted based on the classified synoptic types of North China using the summer ERA-40 MSLP data from 1958 to 2002 which are treated by self-organizing maps(SOMs) algorithm. 36 different synoptic patterns are identified,which can be divided into 4 kinds of extreme types such as strong north-high-and-south-low,strong west-high-and-east-trough,strong northwest-low-and-southeasthigh and westward-extension-of-strong-eastern-high,as well as transitional types between them.Study of spatial characteristics indicates that the symmetry of synoptic types in 2D self-organizing maps reflects the general characteristics of synoptic climatology over the North China Area,whereas the asymmetry represents the unique features.Study of temporal characteristics shows that synoptic situation of the study area is relatively more stable with stronger high and low systems,or with dominant high system,and vice versa.By referring to the interannual analysis,it is apparent that 6 patterns are dominated by remarkable linear trends.Finally,analysis is performed on precipitation distribution characteristics of the corresponding synoptic patterns.It shows that the rainfall in different parts of North China is contributed by distinct synoptic types,and slight changes in surface circulation can produce drastically different locations of precipitation center,while the topographic effect will further amplify the difference.This study uses a more comprehensive dataset and higher temporal resolution data than most of the past studies to quantitatively investigate the summer synoptic types in North China,resulting in the expansion of synoptic climatology research over the study area.Therefore,results here can be applied to develop the identification technology of the typical weather process in numerical weather predication,and to be the basis of regional climate scenarios research.


This paper employs vibrating wire strain gauge in the investigation of lateral movement of water and soil supported by sheet pile wall with eight horizontal struts. The struts were installed at the corners of two different levels of excavation. The forces in all the eight struts were estimated from frequency reading taken in every five seconds over a period of six months. Different patterns of strut force variation and lateral soil movement were observed with time passed and the panel temperature. The variation in strut forces at a given level demonstrates the importance of continuous monitoring of excavation using such an advanced technology. The outcome of this study will encourage the practicing engineers to employ monitoring devices to ensure safety at the construction site.