In Cote d'Ivoire, fish is the most accessible animal protein to the various social strata. In addition to imports, the national market is supplied with sea, lagoon and inland fishing products. In order to satisfy increasing national demand, some actors are engaging in deviant practices, including the use of toxic products to catch larger quantities of fish. However, few studies exist on this worrying phenomenon with serious social, economic and environmental consequences. This study synthetizes the reflections on the issue through a comparative analysis of the actors' strategies, their logics and the risks incurred because of these practices. A complementary survey was conducted among fishermen and customary authorities in the Grand-Lahou lagoon. Thus, it appears that there has traditionally been a form of natural herbal poison fishing, before the introduction of synthetic poison in recent years on the Ivorian coast. This practice is mainly the work of young occasional native fishermen who have dropped out of school in search of a rapid social self-realization. Cichlids are the favourite target of users of toxic products because of their high sensitivity to these products, the low presence of poisoning traces on catches and the high demand for species in this family. As a result, the perception of the resource, which reflects the issues at stake for operators, differs according to whether the fisherman is occasional or professional. Poisoning fishing also causes serious consumer health problems, biotope degradation and destruction of aquatic fauna and flora, although not targeted.


Using some of the few recovered and accessible primary documents written by cadres of the Communist Party of the Philippines, this essay attempts to trace the process by which the Party revived its most dynamic "sector" during the early years of the Marcos dictatorship. It shows how these cadres introduced and implemented the strategy of "legal struggle" to create an array of seemingly apolitical student associations which soon became the backbone of the brief resurgence of radical politics in schools and campuses. The strategy however was not without its problems, the foremost being its coming into conflict with the preference of the CPP leadership for rural-based, armed struggle of which the urban mass movements, including those by the students, were only to play secondary supportive roles.


Anti-Catholicism is part of the dynamics of Northern Ireland's conflict and is critical to the self-defining identity of certain Protestants. However, anti-Catholicism is as much a sociological process as a theological dispute about doctrine. It was given a Scriptural underpinning in the history of Protestant-Catholic relations in Ireland, and wider British-Irish relations, in order to reinforce social divisions between the religious communities and to offer a deterministic belief system to justify them. This article examines the socio-economic and political processes that have led to theology being used in social closure and stratification. It describes the various forms of contemporary anti-Catholicism, and highlights two further sociological features of the process, the common-sense reasoning process which reproduces it and how, in its language, it operates as a `discursive formation'.


Among the different types of secular associations which came into being during the Middle Ages, it is the student congregations, founded in the Jesuit Colleges, which find special interest because of the manner in which they became mechanisms of moral and religious doctrine for a considerable part of society which followed the counter reformist line. In the following investigation, an attempt is made to analyze the origin, structure, operational mechanism and objectives of this type of Jesuit Congregation.


One of the major concepts of Diaspora is the celebrative expression of a sense of this twilight zone of in-betweenness, which includes connotations of hybridity, heteroglossia, mimicry,i acculturation, cultural shock, and loss of identity as nationals. In the essay "Mimicry and Man" Bhabha quotes Lacan while unfolding mimicry as 'an ironic compromise'ii and a 'desire for a reformed, recognizable Other'iii: 'The effect of mimicry is camouflage…. It is not a question of harmonizing with the background, but against a mottled background, of becoming mottled-exactly like the technique of camouflage practiced in human warfare.'iv This dappled and 'mottled' background of the polyphonic transnational identity is accompanied by lingering trauma of dislocations and slippages. Thus, trauma is another key concept of Diaspora. The metaphor of trauma draws attention to the ways that extremes of violence break bodies and minds, leaving indelible marks even after healing and recovery.


During these last years, the need of having suitable and versatile instrumentation dedicated to the -EMC tests and to the Radiation Hazard measure ments has become more stringent. The EMC radiated susceptibility tests suffer from a great degree of uncertainty upon the accuracy of the effective EM field generated at the U.U.T. site. Moreover the Radiation Hazard measurements encompass EM fields at any radiated frequency and require instrumenta tion with a wide dynamic range. An isotropic elec tric field sensor has been studied and designed in order to meet the requirements for an improved ac curacy in near and far field conditions, to cover the low frequency band and to provide a wide dyna mic range. The object of the work described in the paper is to demonstrate the performances of an iso tropic field sensor capable of making accurate RF field intensity measurements. In addition the de sign concepts and the testing and calibration me thods of the sensor are described.


Review(s) of: Intentional teaching: Acting thoughtfully, deliberately and purposefully, by Anne Kennedy, Early Childhood Australia (2014), RRP $16.95-Paperback, ECA code: RIP1404.


Women who use drugs are one of the most maligned, misunderstood and maltreated groups in contemporary culture and society. Despite this, little public outcry nor empathy is given. As a woman who uses drugs, the author examines what lies behind this neglect. A post-structuralist approach is taken in order to examine the categories of meaning assigned to bodies under the twin ruling structures of prohibition and patriarchy. This is done with the intent to better understand and challenge the process of (masculinist) knowledge-making and practices surrounding women who use drugs that treats us as mere objects of knowledge. Furthermore, this chapter draws from feminist auto-ethnography, as the author uses own personal experiences as a woman who uses drugs, a feminist and a drug user advocate as a lens through which to give form to this analysis. Ultimately, the author argue that it is time to let go of outdated, unjust and prejudicial images by challenging established norms and practices, test and apply new theories and negotiate different identities outside of those currently available to women who use drugs. In undertaking this piece, the author hopes that the critical reflections contained within this chapter can 'cause some trouble', by being politically useful for the growing movement surrounding women who use drugs.


SOMEWHAT surprisingly, we depend on Plutarch for a connected account of what to the Graeco-Roman world appeared the central myth of Egyptian religion. In relating the legend of Osiris (De !side chs. 12-20 (Mor. 355 n-359 B)) he cites no authorities, and we cannot divine his sources, 1 but his version undoubtedly contains Greek elements, even if their extent is controversial. Obviously there was nothing like an authorized iepoc ,\6yoc circulated with a Memphite imprimatur for the edification of Isiac congregations oecumenically. Egypt's gods were not designed for export, and even in their own country their mythology had been subject to development and variation; we should expect mutations to proliferate with the diffusion of their worship. We must, therefore, wonder how far Plutarch's account of the myth represents the form in which it was familiar to most Greeks and Romans who (whether or not they were initiates) took an intelligent interest in the cult of the Egyptian gods. By and large, however, this is an unanswerable question; we have to make what we can of scattered allusions, and even in an explicitly Isiac context we are uncomfortably aware that we see through a glass darkly. Undoubtedly we miss much which in antiquity would have seemed obvious not merely to devotees but to anyone with a reasonable range of general knowledge. My object in this note is to examine the implications of a passage in Lycophron's Alexandra2 where an interesting difference from Plutarch's account appears to be presupposed. Converting into hyper-Aeschylean iambics Herodotus' chapters (1. 1-5) on the series of abductions to which (allegedly) Oriental traditions traced the origins of the hostility between Europe and Asia,3 Lycophron puts in Cassandra's mouth the following reflections on the kidnapping of Io (Alex. 1291-5):


We believe that the Internet and related technologies will help change the role of the purchasing department, from a transaction-oriented function to a more managerial one that focuses on esta blishing and maintaining relationships with suppliers, third parties, and internal customers, and leeraging corporate buying power. In its new role, procurement will also manage the technological infrastructure necessary to either automate transactions fully or to empower end users to perform many transactions without the direct involvement of the purchasing personnel. These trends have major implications on procurement processes, policies, and technologies, and change management approaches. We discuss this statement by looking at the state of the art and trends in Internet-based procurement systems, and by using the results of an empirical survey that we conducted r ecently.


Of the 1940 California forecasts, on the whole they were fair. For the 11 watersheds covered by the published forecasts, five of them were good with a difference between forecast and actual of from three to ten per cent; four of them were fair with differences of between ten and 20 per cent, while two were poor with discrepancies over 20 per cent.

For some reason the 1939–40 winter weather did not at all conform to normal behavior. The cyclonic storms that bring California's winter precipitation forsook, their usual chilly path from the Aleutian Islands across the Gulf of Alaska to the mainland and instead followed a warmer route southerly to the Hawaiian Islands and then swung inland from there. These warmer storms from the tropical seas brought rain to elevations that usually receive only snow during the winter months.


An overview of anti-islanding detection of power converter based distributed generation systems is presented in this paper.The anti-islanding methods are classified,their principles and advantages/disadvantages are analyzed.The 4 commonly used methods for mapping non-detection zone(NDZ) of the islanding detection are explained.Each method's characteristic and application field are also discussed.It is found that optimizing gain control with frequency domain analysis can reduce,but not eliminate,NDZ error;whereas,non-islanding inverter can be obtain by the combination of two anti-islanding methods with different work principles.


The Metropolitan Museum's extraordinary holdings of Dutch paintings include works by Frans Hals, Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Pieter de Hooch, Gerard ter Borch, and others. This lively and accessible account traces the formation of the Metropolitan's collection from its beginnings in 1871 to the present day. The book discusses the key role of prominent philanthropists Henry G. Marquand, Henry O. and Louisine Havemeyer, Collis Potter and Arabella Huntington, Benjamin Altman, Michael Friedsam, Jules Bache, Robert Lehman, Jack and Belle Linsky, and Frits and Rita Markus.


This paper is devoted to the characterisation of uniform attractors for control systems by means of Lyapunov functions. We consider a uniform attractor that is compact and positively invariant by the system. We present the relationship between the concept of uniform attractor and the Conley concept of attractor.


Innovation is the driving force of social development relentless and eternal theme. In the course of present economic development, Shaanxi is faced with the strategic adjustment of economic structure, hard driven-investment, and innovation-driven development strategy. To accelerate the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy, in establishing the basic pattern of innovation-driven, technology and innovation as the core, building innovation-driven platform, improving innovation-driven mechanism is to promote the development of innovation-driven strategy in Shaanxi.


The article describes the figure of the "sirvienta" in 5 contemporary Latin American authors and correlates it with a newspaper article recently appeared. The article tries to show how reality and literature represent a situation of semi-slavery in modern times.


In practical analog/digital hybrid optical transmission, carriers are modulated by video signals or digital data, and the amplitude of a multiplexed signal composed of these modulation signals is more compressed than that of the carriers. This causes a decrease in the frequency of clipping of the multiplexed signal at the laser threshold. Consequently, the BER of the M-QAM signal in a practical hybrid transmission is lower than that of the experimental results for same optical modulation index (OMI). However, it is difficult to prepare many practical modulation signals for experiments in a laboratory. Therefore, there is demand for a BER analysis method for a multiplexed signal that includes modulation signals needs to evaluate the BER and determine optimum OMI in a practical hybrid transmission. In this paper, we describe such a BER analysis method that can effectively estimate the BER in a practical hybrid transmission by using representative profiles of the modulation signals. In practical systems, a black pictures gives the largest averaged amplitude for the AM-VSB signal, and the most severe conditions for clipping occurrences. However, in such systems, the BER was greatly improved over the BER of a multiplexed signal of carriers. Furthermore, BER degradations due to clipping can be neglected for the AM-VSB signals in setting a practical OMI range.


During the nineteenth century, periodicals were published with ever-increasing volume and readership. Weekly and monthly magazines, whose dominant audience was the "woman of the house," attracted quite a following and became highly successful during the second half of that century. Their readership continued to be quite strong into the twentieth century, when even more publications for burgeoning audiences continued to appear. The pictures which appeared in these magazines, both drawings and photographs, reflected general beliefs and/or ideas held at the time, and promoted new ideas or possibilities as well. By focusing on the illustrations found in a few of the periodicals of this time, roughly 1885 to 1920, one can discern how they serve to reinforce, disseminate and/or create realities, stereotypes, attitudes and general information about women in education at the turn-of-the-century. Sketches and cartoons, the primary forms of illustration of the time, reveal both idealistic and stereotypical images; these in turn reflect something of the tone and tenor of the time. Two types of publications are used in this study. First there are general periodicals intended for a wide audience. It is safe to assume, however, that the vast majority of their readers were female. These magazines give a glimpse of the wider social picture, the general views of the nation - or the class or region of the country to which the magazine was geared. The second type of periodical is geared toward a much narrower audience: educators. Publications for and about teachers or school superintendents are generally more favorable in their depictions of women in the educational sphere than the more general publications, but this is understandable when one realizes that women educators (or women interested in education) often played a role in the development of such journals. While it may seem that magazines as diverse as Harper's Bazar and The School Board Journal would have very little in common, this is not really the case. It is true that there are some images which are found more in one type of publication than the other, but they also share a number of themes and images. Such a delineation can also be revealing. Let us begin this discussion with a look at the more general publications, such as Ladies' Home Journal, Harper's Bazar, and Life. Their pages are filled with stories of love and marriage, of fashions and the patterns with which to create the latest styles, of advice for young wives regarding children and for young women regarding men. The women's magazines of the time were only partially revealing concerning academic females, but their relative absence tells us something. What the publishers perceived to be the primary concerns of the women in that day were love and marriage and family. The preponderance of articles and fiction dealing with women trying to get their man or of ways to make themselves more attractive so


The first Pan African Conference in 1961 made a number of recommendations to guide the develop ment of psychiatric services in emergent African countries. The purpose of this paper is to show that the application of these recommendations, admit tedly serendipitously at times, led to a considerable measure of success in Zimbabwe. The population of the country, about 7.5 million at independence in 1980, is divided by language into two major groups, the Mashona and the Matabele. There were significant differences in the services which developed in Matabeleland as compared with Mashonaland.


Effective access to both enantiomers of any targeted products from a single chiral source of catalyst is highly desirable in asymmetric catalysis. Such dual stereocontrol has normally been encountered with structural modifications on the chiral ligands or catalysts skeletons. Recently, simple variations of reactions conditions such as solvents, temperature, additive and catalytic metal center, can lead to remarkable reversal of enantioselectivity with minimum structural modifications, thus providing a modular and synthetic appealing approach in asymmetric catalysis and synthesis. Previously, we have developed asymmetric binary acid catalysis wherein chiral Br?nsted acids, mostly phosphoric acids, are utilized as dual acids and ligands in concert with metal catalysts, and this type of catalysis demonstrated tunable, even switchable stereoselectivity due to the combinatorial and synergistic features. In particular, simple swap of counteranion(from F- to Br-) of Indium(III) salts led to complete switch of regioselectivity(1,2- vs. 1,4- addition) in the reaction of N-methyl indole 2a' and ketoester 3a with high enantioselectivity achieved for both regioisomers. In our further studies, we have found that when indole 2a was employed instead of N-methyl indole 2a', the counter anion effect on regioselectivity was not observed and both InF3 and InBr3 promoted exclusively 1,4-addition reactions. Interestingly, reversal of enantioselectivity of the 1,4-conjugate adduct was observed by simple swap of counter anions of indium(III). The obtained optimal binary-acids combination, InF3(1c)2 and InBr3(1d)2 were found to be R- and S-selective catalyst for the 1,4-addition reactions, respectively. In the presence of asymmetric binary-acid catalysts(InX3/1, 2.5 mol%), indoles and β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters were stirred at-70 ℃ for 24 h to afford the various indole esters 4 in good to excellent yield(up to 98% yield) and enantioselectivities(up to99% ee).


The present invention relates to a control method of the cooling process of a turbine component of a steam turbine shaft (8, 10, 12), during the mist cooling phase (P4), the air flow is the water mist has been mixed, the turbine component It is used for cooling of the (8, 10, 12). In particular, air cooling stage airflow is used to cool the turbine components during the (P3) precedes the mist cooling phase (P4). At that time, for the cooling process, a constant temporal temperature gradient is set, adjusted air flow density through the valve position of the controllable valve (26), the maximum air flow density is achieved, in particular, when the control valve (26) is fully open, it moves from cooling step (P3) to the mist cooling stage (P4).


We have performed studies of keV X-ray production from (Ar)n, (Kr)n and (Xe)n rare gas clusters (with n between 104 and 106 atoms/cluster) submitted to intense (1018 W/cm2) infrared (790 nm) laser pulses. We have determined the photon energies and the absolute photon emission yields as a function of several physical parameters governing the interaction: size and atomic number of the clusters, peak intensity of the laser. Up to 106 3 keV photons per pulse at a moderate (1015/cm3) atomic density have been observed. High resolution spectroscopy studies in the case of (Ar)n clusters have also been performed, giving unambiguous evidence of highly charged (up to helium-like) ions with K vacancies production. The results obtained indicate that X-rays are emitted before cluster explosion on a subpicosecond time scale, and shed some light on the mechanisms involved in the first stage of the production of the nanoplasma induced from each cluster.


Background . The aim of study was to answer whether acute phase of ischemic stroke may provoke upper limb capillary
changes. We also tried to assess the character of the changes and the correlation between them and severity of ischemic
stroke its acute phase as well as coexisting factors, which may facilitate skin capillary circulation abnormalities, i.e. blood
hypertension, diabetes mellitus t. 2, and smoking.
Material and methods . A qualitative and quantitative analysis of nailfold capillaries of upper limbs was done on 92 patients:
39 women and 53 men aged 46–92 years (on the average 67.7 yrs) admitted to the Department of Neurology between 2002
and 2003 because of first-ever episode of ischemic stroke. Control group consisted of 30 individuals: 13 women and 17 men
suffered from diseases, which should not influence the capillaries. The nailfold capillaroscopy was done by means of
Olympus PV10 videomicroscope connected with the KONTRON KS-100 v. 2.0 imaging system (license No. 0100176). The
assessment has been done twice: on the first and 7 th –10 th day after ischemic stroke onset.
Conclusions . In patients with ischemic stroke the skin capillaries of fingers appeared to be dilated. It was found in both
upper limbs, but the dilation was significantly more distinct in arm involved by stroke. The skin capillary loops dilation was
transient and disappeared within acute phase of stroke. Transient central and peripheral autonomic disregulation in the initial
period of stroke is probably responsible for capillary dilation. The extent of dilation does not depend on intensity of paresis,
however it correlated with smoking.


The article justifies the need for the recent criminalization of obstruction of medical assistance in the Russian Federation. A study of these innovations is necessary because of their lack of theoretical and practical study. The preconditions for the criminalization of the offence was studied, the medical profession was assessed from the point of its victimization, the definition of the concept of «obstruction» was investigated, the contradiction between the name of the new article and the range of medical care providers was indicated. Removing the reference to medical worker as the only subject of medical assistance from the article 124.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was proposed.


In recent years the concern about the impact of the most important greenhouse gas, atmospheric water vapor, on the earth's climate was a driving force for many scientific projects. As the attention on atmospheric water vapor increased, the need for global, accurate and consistent data sets over long periods increased simultaneously. Satellites provide an ideal platform for such observations. For the geostationary satellite Meteosat the requirements of global and consistent measurements are certainly fulfilled, though the accuracy could be subject to improvement. When working with satellite data quantitatively an accurate calibration of the data is essential. Since a direct, on board calibration of Meteosat satellite imagery is not possible, a vicarious calibration is necessary. The calibration of the Meteosat water vapor channel is performed using information from radiosonde ascents. Changes in the operational calibration method implemented on the 4th February 1994 yield a more accurate and stable calibration. The water vapor channel is used operationally to retrieve humidity information within the upper troposphere. Within the relevant layer (600 - 300 hPa) a mean relative humidity is derived. Such product may be used in the initialization of numerical forecast models, in the validation of short- and long-term models and in eliminate monitoring of the upper-tropospheric humidity. Monthly averages of the Upper Tropospheric Humidity (UTH) fields reveal a relationship to the large-scale global circulation. Four times a day cloud motion vectors are determined from Meteosat water vapor imagery. The individual fields show the local wind distribution at a given time. Yet, the monthly mean of such wind fields reveal distributions on larger time and space scales. The divergence field from such a monthly mean wind field shows a correlation with the mean UTH field indicating that the UTH is largely determined by the large-scale atmospheric dynamics.


The invention relates to a method for processing a version change in a medical therapy Notes (1) comprehensive data set (D), wherein the respective one therapy Note (1) associated data (D) a meta data structure (M) with a number of metadata (MD) comprises that are checked for their respective update status, wherein reference to an identified changed updating status of the relevant data record (D) is activated.


Changes in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands induced by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) quenching of rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules adsorbed on single Ag nanoparticles were investigated by light scattering microspectroscopy. It was found that SPR bands show a peak shift to a higher-energy side and that their intensities increase after SERS quenching. It was also revealed that these SPR bands are accompanied by an enhanced absorption band of R6G and that it has the same anisotropy as SERS and SPR bands. Assuming that the changes in the SPR bands are caused by the desorption of R6G molecules, we compared our experimental findings with calculation results obtained based on Rayleigh scattering theory.


IF you asked directions to Exeter from the part of Cornwall I am from, the response would likely to be something along the lines of "head along the A30 towards the Tamar, cross it and go into England and then carry on until you hit Exeter".

Read more: http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/pete-woodcock-is-yorkshire-a-nation-in-its-own-right-1-6749847#ixzz46T56on4z


LET <tex>$\bar f$</tex> (an overbarred letter) denote the operator of a linear system; x(τ) an input signal, which depends on time τ and y(t) the output response, as recorded at time t. The functional relationship between x(τ) and y(t) will be written <tex>$y = {\bar f} x. \eqno{\hbox{(1)}}$</tex>.


The invention discloses an advanced synthesizing method for an integrated circuit. First intermediate language is generated through synthesis, and a corresponding reconfigurable operator executable file or a corresponding hardware description file is generated by the first intermediate language, so that an output has a multi-target characteristic, namely a system which is described by a high-level language input file can be downloaded to a reconfigurable operator array for implementation by generating a reconfigurable operator array executable file, and also can be downloaded to a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for implementation by generating the hardware description file.


The use of mycorrhiza-plantation crop association has not been widely applied, due to lack of information on the positive effect of the association on the tree crops. The plastic house study was established to evaluate the effect of inoculation of mycorrhiza fungi on the watering efficiency of cacao seeding. Four inoculation treatment of mycorrhiza fungi: without inoculant (control), endomycorrhiza (Gigaspora margarita), ectomycorrhiza (Scleroderma columnare) and double inoculant of both species, were combined on factorial arrangement with four rates of watering interval: once of every 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Inoculation significantly improved seedling growth as shown by plant height, leaf area and dry shoot weight compared to control treatment. Double inoculation had the best result, followed by endomycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza, consequtively. Inoculation also significantly increased watering efficiency on cacao nursery as many as 2 to 4 times compared to control and shortened the time of nursery period as long as one month.


We review our latest contributions towards the development of long-distance transmission systems using homogeneous single-mode multi-core fibers supported by high-order MIMO for crosstalk mitigation. These include the use of high-order MIMO to mitigate the crosstalk impact assisted by inter-core skew compensation to manage the temporal extent of the system impulse response.


We devise an ab initio formalism for the quantum dynamics of Auger decay by laser-dressed atoms which are inner-shell ionized by extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light. The optical dressing laser is assumed to be sufficiently weak such that ground-state electrons are neither excited nor ionized by it. However, the laser has a strong effect on continuum electrons which we describe in strong-field approximation with Volkov waves. The XUV light pulse has a low peak intensity and its interaction is treated as a one-photon process. The quantum dynamics of the inner-shell hole creation with subsequent Auger decay is given by equations of motion (EOMs). For this paper, the EOMs are simplified in terms of an essential-states model which is solved analytically and averaged over magnetic subshells. We apply our theory to the M_4,5 N_1 N_2,3 Auger decay of a 3d hole in a krypton atom. The orbitals are approximated by scaled hydrogenic wave functions. A single attosecond pulse produces 3d vacancies which Auger decay in the presence of an 800nm laser with an intensity of 10^13 W / cm^2. We compute the Auger electron spectrum and assess the convergence of the various quantities involved.


Abstract To further advance the literature which contests the shift from national to post-national citizenship, the aim of this paper is to compare the experiences of two groups of migrants to reveal how national immigration policies remain influential and determine the employment and living conditions of migrants. Reporting evidence from Italy on the different experiences of non-European Union (Tunisian) and European Union (Romanian) migrants employed as seasonal workers in the agricultural sector in Sicily, the finding is that the degree of exploitation they witness in their working conditions is shaped by their citizenship entitlements. The outcome is that it is revealed that (European Union) citizenship status, rather than formal employment, provides greater belonging and security to economic migrants.


The ever-increasing popularity of video games has raised questions about their role in generating meaningful learning experiences. Despite the prevalence of digital media and social networking, relatively little research has been conducted on the presence and benefits of social learning in educational video games. Preliminary studies suggest that by facilitating interactive and engaging experiences, video games offer opportunities for players to engage in problem-solving, socialization, and most importantly, collaborative learning.


Flow distributions of a room air conditioner (RAC) have been investigated using a visualization technique such as a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to analyze an efficiency and noise of the RAC. Pitot tubes have also been used to measure the flow velocity inside the RAC with various positions to confirm the measurement accuracy of the PIV technique. Then, numerical analyses have been carried out by developing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) programs to calculate the flow velocity inside the RAC. From the results of the experimental and numerical studies, new designs of the RAC have been proposed to improve the efficiency of the RAC. Various flow distributions by controlling the outlet flow velocity have been observed experimentally and numerically to compare the efficiencies between different RAC models in this study.


The Albuquerque Projects Office of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation collected water surface elevations for measured discharges for the Rio Grande and many of its tributaries to try to obtain a record of river hydraulics for the purpose of calibrating Manning's roughness coefficient. The Albuquerque Projects Office in the past calibrated a river reach manually by estimating a Manning's roughness for a reach and computing a water surface profile for the reach. The root mean square (RMS) error was then calculated by computing the difference between the measured and computed water surface elevations and adding the error and dividing by the number of measurements and computing the square root. This method was repeated until the minimum root mean square error was calculated for the reach for a given roughness coefficient. STARCAL is a computer program created from the STARS program (Orvis and Randle, 1987) for a reach. The user enters a best estimate for the roughness for the reach. The user also supplies factors to vary the Manning's n for the reach. The program runs multiple water surface profiles for the river reach computing the RMS error between the measured and computed water surface elevations for a given discharge. The roughness is obtained when the RMS error is minimized.


The Internet is a communication information technology that can be used for different activities, including online learning. As with traditional learning, communication is an important aspect of the interaction between teachers and students. In this paper we present the communicational view of online learning and the unique issues that must be taken into account when using the Internet for pedagogical activities. Our research has shown that differences in relationships, communication comfort and forms of communication emerge in online learning. We also found that the Internet can be used for successful learning-based communication, provided that the participants have sufficiently developed skills for online communication.


The oligoclase-biotite zone of the Bessi area, central Shikoku is characterized by sodic plagioclase (XCa= 0.10–0.28)-bearing assemblages in pelitic schists, and represents the highest-grade zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain. Mineral assemblages in pelitic schists of this zone, all with quartz, sodic plagioclase, muscovite and clinozoisite (or zoisite), are garnet + biotite + chlorite + paragonite, garnet + biotite + hornblende + chlorite, and partial assemblages of these two types. Correlations between mineral compositions, mineral assemblages and mineral stability data assuming PH2O = Psolid suggests that metamorphic conditions of this zone are about 610 ± 25°C and 10 ± 1 kbar.

Based upon a comparative study of mineralogy and chemistry of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa terrain with those in the New Caledonia omphacite zone as an example of a typical high-pressure type of metamorphic belt and with those in a generalized'upper staurolite zone'as an example of a medium-pressure type of metamorphic belt, progressive assemblages within these three zones can be related by reactions such as:


Some zircon dating data of the tuffaceous bed are reported for the first time from the Sibao and Xiajia groups in Guanxi and Guizhou.In combination with the SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the granite that intruded into the Sibao Group,the Xiajia Group is determined to be of Late Neoproterozoic.These isotopic data are very important for us to redefine the age of the Sibao Group and to conduct regional correlation of strata in the corresponding period and tectonic evolution.The Sibao Group(the same as the Fanjingshan,Lengjiaxi and Shuangqiaoshan groups) and the Danzhou Group(the same as the Xiajiang,Banxi and Heshangzheng groups),which are subsequent metamorphosed rocks well developed in the Jiangnan Orogen,formed a metamorphosed basement of the Jiangnan Continent.In the past,the Sibao Group,which constituted the main part of the Sibao Movement,was designed to Mesoproterozoic,and the determined age still affects the stratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the metamorphosed rocks in whole Jiangnan Continent and restricts the determination of the geological background and metallogenic conditions of the Jiangnan Orogen.Based on studying zircon from bentonite in the Sibao Group and overlying strata,the authors accurately dated the zircon at(814.0±6.3) Ma in the Jialu Formation,and(773.6±7.9) Ma in the Qingshuijiang Formation.The series of zircon dating data have solved the problem of the Neoproterozoic ages and also provided a new marker for the Jiangnan Orogen.


that the application of scientific method to the problem by Jacoby and Charanis (the doyen of demographers and represented here by Observations on the Demography of the Byzantine Empire) has led to what appears to be an impasse. Charanis judiciously indicates the facts which are undoubted and suggests the relative sizes of the population of the Empire at various times, making its ethnic diversity clear. But it would seem that the limitations of the sources will preclude students from going much beyond his conclusions. However, there may be a glimmer of hope in three fields. Firstly (and this is only a very slight glimmer), some ratio of the circulation of coinage to population might be worked out—but at the moment numismatists, who like to work from population figures rather than suggest them, are not happy about formulae for the total circulation of coins at a given time (Grierson, Byzantine Coinage as Source Material). Secondly, there are precise figures for some parts of the Empire which remain to be used by Byzantinists. They can be deduced from fifteenthto sixteenth-century Ottoman cadastral registers of conquered territories and Barkan has shown how they can be used. Few have so far been published and many are too late to provide reliable evidence of an earlier situation. But they could be helpful in parts of the Balkans and for an area like that of the Empire of Trebizond, where Gokbilgin's findings reveal the size and ethnic composition of every settlement in the fifteenth century. These surveys are helpful because they usually antedate large-scale Ottoman settlement in a conquered area. But the third, and possibly brightest, glimmer of hope could arise from Ahrweiler's proposition at the Congress that an atlas of the Byzantine world and gazetteer of Byzantine place-names be prepared. Place-names tend to offer deceptive evidence, but the relative distribution of Byzantine monuments in particular areas at particular times, which would emerge from this project, ought to be revealing. Added to this volume are other indications of the directions in which Byzantine Studies are going. At one end of the scale scholars such as Kazdan and Ostrogorsky are showing that Byzantine charters can yield the sort of information that, say, French medieval charters have been yielding for many years. At the other end, Lemerle inquiries why the long-established discipline of Greek and Roman epigraphy cannot be extended to Byzantine material. Certainly a corpus of Byzantine inscriptions would be an invaluable, but massive undertaking. Lemerle and Antoniadis will be examining, according to a resolution of the Congress, the even more formidable question of the establishment of a corpus of Byzantine literary sources. May it be accompanied by an adequate lexicon of medieval Greek. In one session of the Congress Kriaras, Irmscher, and Mirambel examined the question of diglossa, but their conclusions were rather humdrum. The Proceedings of the Thirteenth Congress reveal that Byzantinists are now firmly asking the sort of questions (particularly social and economic) which have been common for some time in other fields. There has been what amounts to a revolution in the interests and scholarship of Byzantinists; the subject seems wider today than ever before. But the Proceedings of the Congress also show that Byzantinists still feel that work outside their immediate field, period, or country cannot be ignored and that however large Byzantine Studies have grown in scope, their unity survives. ANTHONY BRYER


The room temperature elastic and plastic properties under uniaxial tensile loading of the different phases of an un-reacted, internal-tin process, Nb3Sn wire have been determined by tensile tests of whole wires and of extracted Ta, Nb and Nb alloy filaments, as well as by indentation hardness measurements in metallographic wire cross sections Contribution to the ICFA HB2006, KEK (Japan) Work supported by the European Community-Research Infrastructure Activity under the FP6 "Structuring the European Research Area" programme (CARE, contract number RII3-CT2003-506395) 1 ICMC'06 abstract 136 Tensile properties of the individual phases in un-reacted multifilament Nb3Sn wires C. Scheuerlein 1 , A. Devred 1,2 , B. Fedelich 3 , M. Finn 3 , M. Griepentrog 3 , P. El-Kallassi 1 , F. Lecouturier 4 , L. Oberli 1 , B. Rehmer 3 , S. Sgobba 1 , L. Thilly 5 , V. Vidal 4 1 European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Genève 23, Switzerland 2 CEA/Saclay, DSM/DAPNIA/SACM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France 3 Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany 4 LNCMP, CNRS-UPS-INSA, 143 avenue de Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France 5 LMP, Université de Poitiers, SP2MI, 86962 Futuroscope, France The room temperature elastic and plastic properties under uniaxial tensile loading of the different phases of an un-reacted, internal-tin process, Nb3Sn wire have been determined by tensile tests of whole wires and of extracted Ta, Nb and Nb alloy filaments, as well as by indentation hardness measurements in metallographic wire cross sections.


The operating principle of particle impact noise detection systems were introduced.We list some classical detection results and the corresponding states of electronic device,by detecting lots of the device using the technology of PIND.And we propose some some credible idea to improve the detection's accuracy degree.


Bee products are widely used in healthy foods,such as propolis,honey and royal jelly.In this article,the approval situation and common problems especially in the aspects of approved quantity,formulation,process and quality control of healthy foods containing bee products are reviewed.The problems related to the evaluation of healthy foods are also specifically analyzed.Moreover,some suggestions for the application of healthy foods containing bee products are proposed too,with the aim of providing theoretical supports for future research and development of healthy foods.


The article makes a detailed process analysis on the encryption processing and key scheduling of the Advanced Encryption Standard— AES . The author attempts to find the ways to cracking AES by the futher understanding of the process analysis and the research of some common cracking ways. Finally the author points out several ways to cracking AES on the basis of analyzing result.


Due to coupled slip- and high-frequency electromagnetic quantity with load conditions, it is difficult to separate the additional iron and copper losses caused by the harmonic field accurately at rotor side of induction motor within a power cycle. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a separation method of rotor electromagnetic quantity with the slip frequency. In this method, the amplitude of flux density or current density with slip-frequency can be solved by Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on a spatial field distribution at a random moment, and the polynomial combined high-frequency sine functions are adopted to fit the curves in a power cycle by Least Square Method (LSM); finally, the loss caused by different harmonic fields can be calculated separately and accurately. The correctness of the proposed method is verified by comparing with the computed flux density with a slip cycle, and its application on rotor losses fine analysis is also presented.


University of Tubingen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany Trends in chemical gas sensor research over the last years include amongst others: (a) the search for highly selective bio/chemical layer materials, (b) the use of arrays of different partially selective sensors with subsequent pattern recognition and multi-component analysis methods


The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia stipulates that the President and Vice President are directly elected by the people. The position of the Vice President is at the level below the President. The authority of the Vice President is not clearly and unambiguously regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia or in the laws and regulations below it. As an assistant to the President, the authority of the Vice President is highly dependent on the President. The Vice President's authority will only appear when the President is absent. The authority of the Vice President in Indonesia's constitutional history varies from one to another. For the division of authority between the President and the Vice President, as well as clarity on the authority of the Vice President, it is necessary to have a law regulating the presidential institution. The law on the presidential institution will later serve as the legal basis for the President to share authority with the Vice President. With the division of authority, there will be clarity as to what is the authority of the Vice President, so that when a problem occurs, it can be resolved quickly and thoroughly, without throwing responsibilities at each other. The clarity of the division of authority will also greatly assist the DPR in carrying out its supervisory function, and for the public to assess the performance of the Vice President.


Introduction: Stroke is a complex condition that requires various health professionals' coordinated and effective collaboration. Although the team approach is regarded as the most successful approach to stroke rehabilitation, understanding of the potential roles and responsibilities of each health professional by other team members remains variable. As speech-language pathologists work collaboratively in a patient-focused stroke rehabilitation team, other health science professionals must be aware of their roles. To investigate health science professionals' awareness and knowledge of the role of speech-language pathologists in the stroke rehabilitation team. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was conducted through hybrid mode. One hundred and ninety-two students from seven different health science backgrounds including Ayurveda, Medicine, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Occupational therapy, Psychology and Dietetics participated in the present study. Results: Among the different health science groups, students from occupational therapy were found to have relatively better awareness and knowledge about the role of speech-language pathologists in stroke rehabilitation. However, perceptions about the same among other groups were variable. Conclusions: It is of utmost significance that all health science practitioners should be aware of the roles and responsibilities of each team members' role in stroke rehabilitation which may facilitate better patient outcomes.


Words misspelt or mispronounced, idioms misused unavoidably occur during the usage of language. Most of them could and should be corrected, but we cannot eradicate all of them once and for all. Under certain conditions, some of them could be converted into right pronunciations, words or even into usual expressions. Reasons for misnomers could be found out in psycho-linguistics and socio-linguistics (such as the Ripples Effect, the Queer-slope phenomenon and the Fault-tolerating mechanism in language). The acceptance of misnomers as right ones can be achieved under certain situations.


Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) used as a bifunctional chelator coupling with human serum albumin (HSA) to improve the in vivo stability of radionuclides labeled HSA has been studied. The DTPA anhydride is synthesized and added to aqueous HSA as solid. The optimum condition of DPTA coupling with HSA and the labeling of 99Tcm with DTPA coupled HSA have been investigated. Potassium biphthalate (pH 5) is the best buffer among Hepes,phosphate and citrate buffer. nDTPA/nHSA more than 3 and nsn2+/nDTPA less than 0. 5 are the suitable labeling conditions (when HSA concentration is 15 mg/ml). Biodistribu-tion studied in mice shows that 99Tcm labeled DTPA-HSA is stable in blood. The DTPA/HSA coupling efficiency is detected by the labeling of 114Inm, which is produced by 113 In neutron irradiation.


Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Sweden Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK Department of Cardiology, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Umea University, Umea, Sweden Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George University London, London, UK Brunel University, Middlesex, UK


This article discusses the dogmatic and political evolution on the subject of criminal responsibility of the legal person, which has gone from an emphatic no to the ignorance of the principle "societas delinquere non potest" to a gradual opening in countries with the civil law system, motivated by new challenges posed by industrialized societies and new threats of organized crime, especially in the economic criminal law issues.


Atopic eczema of infancy and childhood responds readily and predictably to treatment; only a small percentage remains intractable. Lack of therapeutic response in a proportion of these patients can be attributed to dysfunctional parent-child relationships that lead to physical and emotional developmental arrest. Improvement in parent-child relationships following parental insight into their conflicted feelings permits acceptance of educational recommendations from the physician; it also allows normal development to be resumed and eczema to improve. Eight illustrative cases are reported in which aggressive dermatologic measures were combined with an approach that helped parents recognize conflict and provided education that permitted more appropriate behavioral limit setting. Rapid and sustained improvement in skin, emotional development, and social adjustment resulted.


DAVID COOPER (2011), The University in Development: Case Studies of Use-Oriented Research. Cape Town: HSRC Press. 390 pp. PB. AUD58.00.


The customer satisfaction is as the challenges on how they can deliver the quality of product for their success and survival in today's competitive environment. Based on this reason, this research is carried out to identify and investigate the satisfaction toward the customer requirement of the product development based on their emotional feeling and how deep we can intepret those meanings behind the quality attributes in product. This study highlights the integration study between Kansei Engineering (KE) and Analythical Hierachy Process (AHP) which in practice towards the product development. KE used to find, obtain and interpret emotional needs of consumers of a product, investigate what the customer requirement based on their emotional feeling articulated in Semantic Differential scale context. In order to support, the research is conducted among 100 respondents as a sample size towards car user in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Studies proved and showed that there an existing correlation appears and significant findings between the emotional design quality and product chosen. A daily life product will be used as case studies (car center stack), as a real situation feature to apply the idea. Results, by using the Analythical Hierachy Process (AHP) as a decision maker, the design No 2, is the best design selected among 4 final designs in concept generation. It gives the emotional feeling of Ideal (Kansei Word). The ideal design of the car center stack is the design that has practical arrangement and not too fancy and too crowded in the middle of the stack. This study found that and shows us that the perceived attributes or qualities is impacted or influenced against the emotional design.


'Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome' was the term proposed in 1979 by Yanoff' to embrace a group of rare diseases with similar characteristics. Progressive essential iris atrophy,2 Chandler's syndrome,3 and iris naevus syndrome4 all showed abnormalities of the cornea, anterior chamber angle, and iris. In the past 15 years interest has centred on the cornea, for it appears that it is an abnormality of the corneal endothelial cells that is fundamental to the three conditions and that accounts for the other manifestations: the cells can migrate across the angle, occluding it, and on to the anterior iris surface, where contraction of a sheet of cells, or its subjacent abnormal 'Descemet's membrane', can distort the pupil, thin the iris, and pull holes in it. If on the cornea the pump function of these abnormal cells fails (Bourne and Brubaker found their barier function to be greater than normal5) corneal oedema results. It became apparent to the pioneer clinical specular microscopists including Bourne6 and Neubauer et al7 that areas of both ICE cells and apparently normal endothelial cells could co-exist on the same posterior corneal surface, though confusion arose when a similar appearance was ascribed by Hirst and Waring8 to posterior polymorphous dystrophy (PPD). The specular microscopical variants have now been described in detail by Sherrard et al 9 and Laganowski et al,'0 but the assent of all workers has not been achieved." Lee et al, whose paper appears in this issue of the journal, propose that both cell types of the dual cell population are abnormal; the normal appearing cells, having failed to control water movement across the posterior corneal surface, transform to ICE cells in an attempt to regain control. The literature now contains many descriptions of the ICE syndrome cornea using clinical specular microscopy, light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, cytokeratin expression, immunohistochemical staining, and many other methods. Naturally, these have given rise to a number of theories of the pathogenesis of the condition. For some time it has been held that ICE cells have epithelial characteristics. These were cited by Hirst et al'2 as comprising (in their example) increased intercellular interdigitations, microvillous surface projections, bundles of 10 nm intracytoplasmic filaments, desmosome formation, and positive staining with rabbit antikeratin antibody. They differed from the epithelium-like cells seen in PPD and after epithelial ingrowth in that they did not form more than two layers on the cornea. Whether these epithelium-like cells were a congenital variant or an acquired change was not known. Neither Rodrigues et al'3 nor Alvarado et al'4 found epithelial characteristics in the abnormal endothelial cells of their specimens, and for some time it was generally assumed that the clinical confusion of ICE syndrome with PPD had earlier given rise to a misunderstanding; but the more recent cytokeratin work of Kramer et al" and of Levy et al'6 strongly suggests that ICE cells do indeed have epithelial characteristics. Levy et al, furthermore, have identified a close similarity between ICE cells and limbal conjunctival epithelium, and they propose that ICE cells may arise from a heterotope of the ocular surface epithelium. The other main current theory of the pathogenesis of the ICE syndrome is that expounded by Alvarado et all4 who propose a viral aetiology. The evidence they adduce includes the presence of inflammatory cells (believed by some other workers to be merely 'passengers'), a patchy form of cell necrosis known as apoptosis, the tendency of some viral diseases to have a single locus of primary infection and to be predominantly unilateral, and the acquired, rather than congenital, nature of the condition. This last characteristic is justified by 'archaeological' studies of the abnormal Descemet's membrane produced by ICE cells (Alvarado et al 17). Recently, Alvarado's group tested ocular tissues and cell cultures from ICE patients for viral DNA using the polmerase chain reaction and found four of 11 positive for herpes simplex virus (HSV 1). " No specimens were positive for herpes zoster virus or for Epstein-Barr virus. The latter finding was unexpected, as Tsai et al'9 found IgG antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen raised in 12 seropositive ICE patients, compared with 12 race, age, and sex-matched controls. New work by Alvarado's group has shown 10 of 17 ICE samples to be HSV 1 positive.20 A further contribution to our understanding of this condition, with particular reference to the collagen types found within the abnormal Descemet's membrane, features in the work by Lee and colleagues. The pathogenesis of ICE syndrome remains a mystery, but evidence continues to accumulate rapidly. We might have the answer by the end of the millennium.


The environmental conditions in many locations on board maritime vessels can favour the proliferation of microorganisms associated with microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). This paper will broadly review the internal and external environments for ships and submarines, and provide several case histories of MIC in maritime vessels, both merchant marine and naval. The main focus will be consideration of the various complementary approaches required to unequivocally diagnose the presence of MIC, possibly in the presence of alternative corrosion mechanisms, and then to categorise and quantify the microbiological species present. Particular consideration is given to diagnosis that is applicable to field testing, as well as techniques that are more suitable for confirmatory laboratory based testing. Quick but accurate diagnosis is essential on maritime vessels and in shipyards where maintenance activity must be tightly scheduled and controlled, to control costs and to maximise availability. The paper also considers developments in MIC sensors, for monitoring vulnerable regions of maritime vessels, and providing early warning of the risk or onset of MIC so that preventative maintenance activity can be better scheduled. This is part of an industry move towards Condition Based Maintenance, and is equally applicable to minimising the effects of MIC on shore-based infrastructure. Finally, a brief survey of possible mitigation techniques to reduce the propensity or severity of MIC is discussed. Overall the paper considers the diagnosis, measuring and monitoring of MIC in maritime vessels from a pragmatic, operatorbased viewpoint, allowing future integration with mitigation strategies that are aimed to minimise the impact on through-life costs of maintenance and repair, while maximising operator availability.


Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is endemic in southern Africa due to the abundance of the citrus brown aphid, To x -optera citricida Kirk., the main insect vector. Virus-free propagation material in the Southern African Citrus Improvement Scheme is pre-inoculated with mild CTV sources (natural mixtures of strains) to protect the trees from the introduction of severe strains of CTV by aphids. This method of CTV management is known as cross-protection. Success is mainly dependant on the mild CTV source used for pre-immunisation, the scion and root-stock cultivars to be protected, and the environment. In this study different CTV sources (LMS 6, SM 36, SM 41, SM 45, SOSS 2) were evaluated in 'Palmer' navel orange on various rootstocks (rough lemon, 'Troyer' cit-range, 'Swingle' citrumelo, 'C35' citrange) that are commercially used in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa, the objective being to identify a suitable CTV source for commercial use. Trees that were pre-immunised with CTV source LMS 6 grew significantly better over a 7-year period than trees with CTV sources SM 36, SM 41, the severe source SOSS 2 and those that were planted virus-free. These trees also yielded the best over a 3-year period and had a 47% higher cumulative yield than trees that were planted virus-free, and 38% higher than the average of all the other treatments. Growth and production of trees that were planted virus-free gave an indication of the effect of challenging CTV strains that were introduced by aphids.


A CMOS two-quadrant multiplier using a differential pair with controlled current tail is described. A bias circuit with output current proportional to the square of input voltage provides the tail current for the pair. This bias circuit includes an operational amplifier and two nested transistors. One of these transistors is in pinch-off, the other in the triode region of operation. The transistor mismatch and body effect influence are evaluated. The circuit is verified experimentally. >


The ubiquitously expressed adaptor protein Growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (Grb2) plays an essential role in signal transduction by binding to activated receptor tyrosine kinases through its SH2 domain and to downstream effectors via its N- and C-terminal SH3 domains (nSH3, cSH3). Here we present the first structure of ligand-bound full length Grb2. The crystal structure of Grb2 in complex with a bidentate nSH3-cSH3-binding peptide, derived from the multi-site docking protein Grb2- associated binder-1 (Gab1), provides molecular insight into effector recognition by Grb2 and reveals the assembly of a two-dimensional meshwork, consisting of multimeric filament-like Grb2 chains linked to each other by the bivalent bound Gab1497-528 peptide. Dominant contacts between Grb2 molecules in the multimer are provided by an intermolecular SH2/cSH3 domain interface that is also present in the closed dimer of ligand-free Grb2. We further show that Grb2 is able to self-assemble to form phase-separated condensates in solution. The Grb2 SH2 domain phosphotyrosine binding site is freely accessible in the multimeric assembly, and phase separation is fostered by addition of Gab1497- 528, as expected from the crystal structure. Multimeric assembly is also observed using a Grb2 SH2- cSH3 didomain construct, and suppressed using a Grb2 Tyr60Glu mutant, a mimic of the in vivo phosphorylated Tyr160 central to the SH2/cSH3 interface, demonstrating that an intact SH2/cSH3 interface is needed for Grb2 assembly in solution.


The load-settlement relationship of skin friction q of every part of squeezed branch and corresponding settlement s of plate pile is presupposed as hyperbolic function,the necessary parameters are obtained based on the measured data,and compared with q-s relationship of measured every part.The calculated curve is agree well with the measured curve before the ultimate load of every part.This indicates that this method can be used to estimate the ultimate skin friction resistance of every part of the pile.


Leakages in the building envelope may lead to increase of primary energy demand and carbon footprint of buildings. Additionally, particle and bacteria infiltration or exfiltration are possible. Furthermore, the building shell may be damaged by hygric enveloping surface infiltration. For investigation of the impact of leakages in the building envelope, different measurements and simulations are used. The disadvantage of the both is that the knowledge on discharge coefficient of leakages in real buildings is limited. Therefore, the discharge coefficient is estimated or based on sharp edged, circular standard orifice. But real leakages are different, e.g. the shape is not comparable to a standard orifice. Due to these, the flow through different leakages in perforated air tightness layers of lightweight timber frame constructions was analysed. The applied pressure differences were real measured values of long term investigations on building shells. At these specific pressure differences, the flow profile through leakages is different to studies of standard orifice. The volumetric flow through leakages is significantly influenced by this difference. The results show the impact of the different leakage parameters onto the discharge coefficient. Thus, simulations should not be based on standard orifice investigations.


Starting from o-nitroethylbenzene,a mass-produced byproduct of chloramphenicol industry,through condensation,catalytic hydrogenation and catalytic cyclization,3-methylindole was sucessfully synthesized.The total molar yield was 69.5%.Further studies showed that,strong bases like sodium methylate should be used as catalysts in the condensation reaction;the nitro reduction of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-propan-1-ol could not be effectively catalyzed by Pt/C or Pd/C,although this reaction went well with Raney nickel;under the cyclization conditions,the Raney nickel catalyst showed excellent activity and stability.This method provided an economical route for synthesis of 3-methylindole.


Hydrogen abstraction from H2S by CH3 radicals, produced by the photolysis of azomethane, has been studied in the temperature range 334-432 K. The rate constant, based on the value 1013.34 cm3 mol-1 s-1 for the recombination of CH3 radicals, is given by log k4 = (11.00 ± 0.01) - (8760 ± 80)/19.145T where k4 is in cm3 mol-1 s-1 and E is in J mol-1. The previous data reported for this reaction are discussed and best values for its Arrhenius parameters are recommended. The results indicate that CH3 radicals react faster than CF3 radicals with H2S; this confirms the importance of polar effects in the hydrogen abstraction reactions of CF3 radicals.


Finger vein authentication is a novel biometrics technology for personal identification. In this paper, universality, collectability, acceptability, circumvention, uniqueness, permanency and performance of finger vein distribution pattern are analyzed. Thereinto, universality, collectability, acceptability and circumvention of finger vein pattern are described simply through the citation of relational literature, and uniqueness, permanency, performance of finger vein pattern are particularly studied by experimental means. The experimental result shows that there are favorable general performance for finger vein pattern in biometrics, finger vein can be applied effectively in personal identity authentication, finger vein identification technology have a well applying prospect and developmental potential.


Abstract : Many scholars have examined the history of the Second Punic War fought by the Romans and Carthaginians from 218 to 202 B.C. These histories include detailed accounts of some of the most famous battles of ancient times. Modern students of military science study these battles so that they will be better able to identify and use the principles employed by past great captains to plan and conduct a future battle or campaign. However, while these accounts are rich in operational art, few historians study the strategic elements of that protracted war. This study begins with a brief recap of Second Punic War up to the Battle of Cannae. Then it analyzes the strategic elements of the war after the Battle of Cannae - focusing on the ends, ways, and means of both sides. During the course of the analysis, other current military principles are identified: decisive point, theater of operation, center of gravity, culminating point, and interior lines.


Market adjustment in the market economy has some function defects which can not be remedied by its own,i.e.,"market failure",which is the theoretic base for the government to intervene the economy,to adjust the operation of market,and to remedy the market defect.It is of great significance to understand and master the relationship between the socialist market economy and government intervention in the condition of opening-up.


The APSe6 (A = K, K(1–x)Csx, Cs) family of one-dimensional (1D) materials was studied to examine the effects of the cation size on the nonlinear optical (NLO) response. The family has high-performing NLO properties with the noncentrosymmetric parent material, KPSe6, having infinite 1D chains of 1/∞[PSe6–]. This structure has been successfully substituted with cesium up to K0.6Cs0.4PSe6 while retaining the polar character. All compounds crystallize in the space group Pca21 and have band gaps of 2.1 eV. In situ powder X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron radiation were used to determine the specifics of the amorphous to crystalline behavior and the crystallization and melting kinetics of the APSe6 system. These measurements revealed a new phase, β-CsPSe6, which is metastable and crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric tetragonal space group P 421c with a = 12.526(2) A, c = 12.781(3) A, V = 2005.3(6) A3, and Z = 8. The structure is composed of 2 sets of mutually perpendicular 1/∞[PSe6–] chains cha...


Phone No.+886-4-22851549 Ext.801; Fax. +886-4-2285141 Abstract: In this work, we demonstrate an ultra-flexible a-IGZO TFT on PEN plastic substrate. The a-IGZO TFT could be operated well with almost unchanged performance after banding at radius of 4 mm (strain~1.5%) for more than 100 times. This was implemented the utilization of polymer gate dielectric, poly(4-vinylpheonol) (PVP). The PVP was then demonstrated with no damage after plasma process equivalent the the a-IGZO deposition process. Due to the large Young's modulus difference, the stress was believed mainly within polymer gate dielectric. Therefore, after bending, the a-IGZO was not damaged. In addition to the ultraflexibility, the a-IGZO TFT exhibit mobility around 1.3 cm/Vs with nearly 6 orders of magnitude current on/off ratio at operation of 10V. The mobility could be further increase by finetuning the a-IGZO deposition condition. Combing the ultraflexibility and the acceptable performance, this technology is suitable to integrate into LCD or OLED implementing ultraflexible display.


The sucessful grafting of highly polar polymer chains both on the surface and in the subsurface of PDMS via subsurface initiated ATRP for the improved antibiofouling performance is enabled by the diffusion of organic solvents (in a water-based binary solvent) which act as not only a "carrier" for hydrophilic monomers but also a "sweller" for the PDMS substrate.


Abstract. IgG subclasses were determined in 138 A or B infants weighing over 2,500g, born to O mothers. Direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was positive in 43 infants and negative in 95 with anti‐A and/or anti‐B antibodies detected by heat elution test. In 59 out of 131 infants without ABO hemolytic disease (ABO‐HDN), no IgG subclass was detectable. In the 72 others, IgG1 was found in 29/72, IgG2 in 63/72, and IgG3 was not detected. In 7 infants with ABO‐HDN, DAT was positive in 4 and negative in 3. In conclusion, in DAT‐positive infants without HDN, IgG1 or IgG2 may be bound to erythrocytes, but the amount of IgG1 is too small to cause hemolysis. In DAT‐positive ABO‐HDN the amount of IgG1 is sufficient to cause hemolysis. In DAT‐negative ABO‐HDN, IgG3 is responsible for hemolysis, even though undetectable by DAT.


Based on the quantitative analysis and systematic summation for the experiment data, using Xiongfeng 4.1 Expert System Tool, the expert system of keeping soil moisture and management decision making of early autumn irrigation in Hetao irrigation area has been developed. This expert system involved four subsystems, such as the reasons and advantages of implementing early autumn irrigation, forecast and decision making for the measures of keeping and adjusting soil moisture and dynamic forecast of groundwater table and so on. There are qreat significances and applied value of this expert system for reasonable development and optimal management water resources in Hetao irrigation area and the popalarization of the techniques.


C. K. Chao Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10672 and R. C. Chang Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. John's & St. Mary's Institute of Technology Taipei, Taiwan 25135 Abstract A new concept of the energy release rate of a finite cracked body is proposed. Considering the global view of the strain energy density field, the new fracture parameter presented here is different from the conventional definition that only depends on the stress field around the crack tip but neglects the influences induced by the boundary conditions on the far field. Based on the hypothesis of the energy density theory, the fracture initiation, trajectory, and destination can be predicted from the strain energy density field of the finite cracked body. The new energy release rate defined here is the integration of the strain energy density along the fracture trajectory that begins at the crack initiation and ends to the cracking destination point. Moreover, some interesting comparisons between the new and the conventional energy release rate are discussed.


Graphene Interconnects are considered as a future material for system on chip interconnects and Field-Effect Transistors. This paper introduces a comprehensive analysis of Graphene interconnects based on a quantum approach. Graphene nanoribbons (GNR) has been modeled using tight-binding model and the conductance of Graphene interconnect has been derived using Landauer formula. The model takes into account the effective mobility due to holes and electrons. The model discusses the impact of different parameters like mean free path, band gap and Fermi level on interconnect performance. The paper provides an insight on the operation of Graphene Interconnect. KeywordsBoltzmann Equation, Graphene Nanoribbons (GNR), Hamiltonian, Interconnect.


Concerning sustainability, the following position is taken. Sustainability would reflect the state of human affairs on the globe, in which value creation is done only by using as input the "interest" of nature and social systems, but never the "capital" itself. The idea is to preserve or increase capital and not to use it and only to do value creation under this constraint of keeping capital intact with sustainability, that is not to have any growth that essentially consists in burning capital for short-term cash.


It is very frequently recognised that many of the future scientific breakthroughs arise from cross-disciplinary research. One of the major hindrances to cross-disciplinary research is the effort required to collect and standardise data for study. In order for the study conclusions to be verifiable, it is desirable that the data processing is transparent and repeatable. Further, when the study involves repeated periodic data collection and processing, it is important that previous processing techniques are reusable and evolvable. In this paper we propose a suitable technique and supporting tools, making extensive use of semantic web technology for contextual knowledge representation and processing. The Bureau of Meteorology is required to manage and hold Australia's Water Information under the Water Act 2007. This information is necessary for policy development, planning and enforcement to manage our scarce water resources, and will provide a resource for water e-research. It requires the Bureau to collect data from over 240 independent organisations across Australia as listed in the Water Regulations 2008. CSIRO and the Bureau are developing a uniform water data transfer standard (WDTF) [1] to be used for transfer from data providers. There will be an ongoing need for tools to manage transformations to and from WDTF relative to existing tools and the currently 240+ file structures. The Regulations specify the types of water information required by the Bureau. There are ten categories, with each category further defined by subcategories. Each subcategory corresponds to an observation related to a feature (e.g., watercourse, reservoir); each observation is related to a measurement, and each measurement is related to a unit. These relationships among features, observations, measurements, and units are not captured in WDTF/XML, although a schematron validator is proposed. Data can be encoded in WDTF/XML that does not comply with the Regulations. Traditionally, data translation involves schema matching (data fields are matched to elements of WDTF) and mapping (rules are specified to translate data instances into WDTF). Although many existing Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) tools include these two steps, they are not effective where source data contains only part of the information required by WDTF, and where the data we have is described quite differently in each source. Manual programming steps are required to insert the missing information into the processing tools: this is difficult for non-programmers and opaque to scrutiny. Instead, we develop a tool for translating data into WDTF by means of domain knowledge (represented as a thesaurus and a domain ontology), ensuring the translated data complies with the Regulations (represented in the domain ontology).


The purpose of this article is to identify factors intervening with the adoption of cleaner energy sources by the main industrial sectors in São Paulo's State, Brazil. To this end, the critical incident technique was used to obtain attributes that companies find important in the process of choosing cleaner energy sources. In addition, the conjoint analysis assisted in determining the utility and relative importance of these attributes. The results of this study indicated that, when opting for cleaner energy sources, the companies' most important factors were environmental impact, safety, energy source availability, energy consumption, equipment maintenance and installation, and handling.


Purdue University A subset E of the real numbers R is an element of the set 1 of universally measurable subsets of R if, and only if, It*(E) = /1*(E) for each probability measure p on the Borel subsets X of R. A subset E of R is an element of the sigma ideal X of universal null sets if, and only if, p *(E) = 0 whenever ,I is a nonatomic probability measure on X. The purpose of this note is to recount some properties of the sigma algebra / and its sigma ideal X. When dealing with a finite, nonnegative measure p on a sigma algebra 99 of subsets of a set X it suffices, for our purposes, to normalize and, hence, suppose that ,I is an element of the set ?4(9) of probability measures on f. An element ,u of ?(#) is said to be perfect if for each #-measurable functionf, there exists Be 4 such that B cf(X) and pu(f -(B)) = 1. If A is a subset of R, then 6A will denote the sigma algebra of Borel subsets of A. D. Blackwell [1] used


This paper discusses the thorny path of Slovenia from a communist state to a constitutional liberal democracy, based on the rule of law and a genuine respect of human rights. It explains why Slovenia, even 25 years after its independence, is only a half-built, failing democracy and discusses the ways in which this might be changed in the near future.


The present invention provides a programmable resistance memory such as phase change memory, comprising an effective memory element having an elongated pin sidewall. Effective pin sidewall comprising programmable resistive material, such as a phase change material. In one object of the present invention, a memory cell is formed is described, which comprises forming a stack, this stack comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and the insulating layer. This first electrode has a main surface, this main surface and having a perimeter; A portion of this insulating layer covers the main surface of the first electrode; a second electrode and the first electrode of this vertical separation layer and the insulating cover. And a second electrode located on the insulating layer of the sidewall, disposed to the main surface of the first electrode, and the lateral offset of the main surface of the first electrode.


Colophonium (rosin) can cause allergic contact dermatitis, mainly due to autoxidation of abietic acid (AbA). Products containing ≥0.1% colophonium should be labeled with EUH208 — "Contains rosin; colophony. May produce an allergic reaction." How should this be measured?


Wool was pretreated with microwave and then dyed with Lanasol reactive dye and Palatin 1:1 metal complex dye by conventional exhaust dyeing process. Adsorption behaviour and diffusion coefficient were also studied. A higher dye uptake rate and increased diffusion coefficient of treated fibres are observed in the dyeing test after microwave pretreatment, but the adsorption behaviour remains constant. Microwave pretreatment has a slightly damaging effect on the surface scale-like structure of wool, which results in the reduction of the concentration of S–S bonds in keratin. It was considered that the surface damage improved the absorption of dye molecules by the wool fibres during dipping and the diffusion of dye molecules into the wool fibres.


The Ottoman State established relationships with foreign states from its foundation and these relationships were conducted through extraordinary ambassadors in some very necessary situations. It was so natural that the Ottoman state had some other news sources and means to learn what happened abroad and to have communications with the external World. However it should be understood that there wasn't a diplomatic network of today's type until the end of 18 century. Beginning from 1789 the Ottoman state changed with the development in terms of its relations with other states. One direction of this development was to give up isolationism and become involved in the confederacy system and the other direction appeared as setting up European centered permanent embassies. In this new politics, the main actor was Sultan Selim III with his desire was to solve several problems of the Ottoman state since his accession to the throne and also in setting up an institutional improvement with France regarded as a very old friend. Since his accession, Selim III. had corresponded with King Louis XVI. It is understood that after he became Sultan he kept in touch with the king corresponding with him. In this context, although each letter was different from the others in terms of the subjects of correspondance, this correspondance provides important indications concerning Sultan Selim III.'s search for diplomacy. This study is based upon the fictionalised "Letter from Sultan Selim to King Louis XVI." which we came across in the Nationale Bibliothèque.


This article examines the behavior of high vowels in Ebira and Yoruba (three dialects), and discusses the implication of attested patterns for two harmony theories: stem control theory (Bakovic 2000, Bakovic and Wilson 2000) and alignment and licensing theory (Pulleyblank 1996, Piggott 1997. Orie 2001a). First, the problems posed for the stem control account are laid out. Second, it is shown that the alignment and licensing analysis is not subject to these problems.


by Bob Bellafiore ONKONTA — Ray Cesarc had come into this town three times before in his college career, and not once had he left smiling. The same holds true for Rob Clune. He lives here, yet he has never been able to claim a victory here. Pete Stanish has been here twice before as a Dane, and twice he has come up empty. As a matter-of-fact, nobody from the Albany State basketball team has been able to brag about a win in Oneonta's Red Dragon Cym since the 1970-71 season. Until today. Led by the seniors who had felt the "Oneonta jinx" so often before, an emotional and inspired Great Dane basketball team overcame the "curse" in dominant fashion, and trounced SUNYAC rival Oneonta, 77-58, before a standing room only crowd here Tuesday night. The Red Dragons underwent a wholesale revamping of their program this season, utilizing a crop of freshman in an effort to rebuild. Albany's strength is its experience, and that was the difference. "I was really pleased with the way the seniors played," said Albany head basketball coach Dick Saucrs. "I think they played relaxed and under control. They (the Dragons) were tentative, and that's because of inexperience." "They stepped in and were ready lo play," said Oneonta head basketball coach Don Flewclling of the Danes. "We were ready, loo, but with a young team, maybe just a little too much." Albany's confidence and experience enabled them to open up a 13 point lead at halftime (35-23) despite Oneonta's hustling and crowding defense. The Dragons kept the margin at four during most of the half, but the Danes would always seem to get the bucket when they needed it, especially early in the game. The only time Oneonta led was after the first basket of the contest, and then Ccsare (20 points, game high) hit a pull-up jump shot and a tlp-in off a fast break, and center John Dieckclman (14 points, six rebounds) put in a rebound to give the Danes the lead they would never relinquish. "We had some key shots early in the game that didn't go," said senior Oneonta guard and floor general Tony Saleh. That put us behind, and they (Albany) play well with a lead. I think the first seven or eight minutes were the game." The Danes controlled the tempo as well as the rebounds throughout the half, and …


Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), phenolic components of wine, are known to have antimicrobial properties. Aspergillus carbonarius is one of the most important ochratoxin A (OTA) producing fungi in wine. Strategies for the control and prevention of A. carbonarius contamination are important for the maintenance of wine safety. This study sought to determine the potential of HCAs, such as caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, as antifungal natural compounds for the control of A. carbonarius growth and OTA production. The HCAs were tested at the increasing concentrations of 0.30, 0.65 and 1.10 mg/ml in minimal medium (MM) and grape juice. Germination of conidia was not affected in neither of the two media in presence of HCAs. At all the concentrations tested, OTA biosynthesis in MM was reduced and the dose effect was more evident for p-coumaric and ferulic acids; in grape juice the reduction trend was confirmed, and ferulic acid showed the highest inhibitory effect. Moreover, the expression level of genes encod...


This PhD is based on 12 pieces of work: 11 published pieces, all of which relate to one large-scale, qualitative study carried out by the applicant and supervised by Professor Andy Kendrick. The study's aim was to explore, in depth, the views and experiences of children, young people, and staff related to physical restraint in residential child care in order to inform policy and practice. The twelfth piece, the critical appraisal, establishes the coherence of the publications, and contextualises and analyses them. The selected publications reflect a trajectory of development that establishes increasingly complex relationships between features of the social ecology of physical restraint, and theoretical analyses that offer a way of understanding this complexity. Several key themes run through all of the publications, including complexity, ambiguity, relationship, meaning making and therapeutic containment. The last theme, therapeutic containment, is the most theoretically developed and offers an encompassing frame within which to make sense of the others. The critical appraisal examines the publications from a macro perspective. It introduces Goffman's Frame analysis and explores several frames for understanding the practice of physically restraining children and young people in residential child care. Two new frames are then explored and combined with therapeutic containment, resulting in a three-part combined frame which is offered to better understand and to inform related policy and practice; they are Bion's micro-level containment, Goffman's macro-level containment, and Tronto's political-philosophical ethic of care. The publications are re-viewed through this frame assembly, and the ensuing discussion is organised around three key themes: order versus havoc, anxiety and fear, and policy and practice. It is argued that the use (and misuse) of physical restraint, an extreme form of containment, is predicated on inadequate processes of care and containment at micro and macro-levels.


Editorials It is noteworthy that studies derived from rodent models of IH mimicking OSA reinforce and expand the preliminary human fi ndings reported by Steiner et al. 7 Isolated rat hearts subjected to IH were protected against postischemic injury. This cardiac protection was critically dependent on HIF-1 a gene dosage. 10  However, also the depth, duration, and intermittency of hypoxia appeared to be crucial. These cardioprotective effects were mediated by protein kinase C and triggered by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Erk 1/2. 11 Accordingly, left ventricular contractility was also improved in IH-treated mice. 12  In summary, although Steiner et al's study used a relatively small number of patients and lacks mechanistic insights that could explain the cause for improved collateralization in patients with OSA, it provides evidence for a possible adaptive mechanism in this syndrome, in humans, that may explain some of the clinical observations on the age decline trends in mortality. The potentially protective qualities of IH in OSA should be further explored and elucidated. Findings of such studies may have important clinical implications regarding treatment of the syndrome. Moreover, such fi ndings, if combined with individual gene analysis, may provide new treatment strategies for cardiovascular protection.


The purpose of this paper is to analyse the potentiality and to suggest reinforcement programs of forming the apartment's community as a regional community for local autonomy. Because activation of regional community can not only introduce self-governing by local residents, but also reform the current local autonomy which has not fully developed. Therefore, building of regional community must be settled without delay for realizing the local democracy from the basis of local residents and theirs autonomous organizations. And in a practical view, the concept of community is most substantiated at the apartment complex in urban area. This study proves that potentiality of forming the apartment's community is high. And enhancement of local identity, expansion of spaces for common use, strengthening the solidarity within the residents, practical use of various programs for promoting the community, and solidarity with the related civil societies can make it possible to strengthen the apartment's community in urban area.


L-leucine was converted to S-2-chloro, 4-methyl pentanoic acid (CMPA) with retention of optical activity. CMPA was reacted with the epoxy resin to form chiral monoester and chiral diester compounds. The modified epoxy resin (MER) was characterized by FTIR spectrophotometer and polarimeter and was analyzed for epoxy content. The MER shows optical activity and the optical rotation increases with increasing concentration of CMPA. DSC studies indicate similar reactivity of the enantiomers of CMPA as well as the recemic mixture. The MER containing different concentrations of chiral modifier was cured with a stoichiometric amount of amine hardener. The cured film (obtained up to 21 mol % of CMPA) exhibits chiral property as well. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) studies indicate high damping behavior. A shift in tan δ peak toward lower temperature was observed with increasing concentration of chiral modifier. The tan δmax increases up to 14 mol % of CMPA in MER and decreases thereafter. However, storage modulus gradually decreases with an increase in CMPA. Cured film based on two enantiomer-modified epoxy samples shows different damping behavior. CMPA was also blended with poly(methyl methacrylate) and the blend films were studied similarly. The system behaves in a similar fashion as observed with cured MER films. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2523–2529, 2002


Phase diagrams for a series of self-assembled, stoichiometric poly[(acrylate)-co-acrylamide]−cetyltrimethylammonium (PAAm−CTA+) complexes in aqueous environments have been established using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Space groups and unit cell dimensions for each observed structure were measured as a function of salt type, ionic strength, polyelectrolyte charge density, and applied osmotic pressure. As osmotic pressure and charge density were increased, a phase sequence of Pm3n cubic ↔ hexagonally close-packed cylinders (hcpc) ↔ lamellar was observed over an osmotic pressure range of 0−1000 atm. This progression of structures was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in the Bragg spacings within each phase, and the osmotic pressure dependence of these spacings indicated the presence of exponential forces between surfactant assemblies. Typical unit cell sizes were on the order of 100−150 A for the cubic phase, 45−60 A for the hexagonal phase, and 25−35 A for the lamellar phase. Bragg spacings we...


Let $X$ be a non-empty set and $\sP(X)$ be its power set. A set-valuation or a set-labeling of a given graph $G$ is an injective function $f:V(G) \to \sP(X)$ such that the induced function $f^{\ast}:E(G) \to \sP(X)$ defined by $f^{\ast} (uv) = f(u)\ast f(v)$, where $\ast$ is a binary operation on sets. A set-indexer of a graph $G$ is an injective set-valued function $f:V(G) \to \sP(X)$ such that the induced function $f^{\ast}:E(G) \to \sP(X)$ is also injective. In this paper, two types of set-labelings, called conjunctive set-labeling and disjunctive set-labeling, of graphs are introduced and some properties and characteristics of these types of set-labelings of graphs are studied.


Background: The autophagy is the major route for lysosomal degradation of misfolded protein aggregates and oxidative cell components. We hypothesized that rapamycin (autophagy enhancer) would prolong the survival of motor neuron and suppress the disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: A total of 24 transgenic mice harboring the human G93A mutated SOD1 gene were used. The clinical status involving rotarod test and survival, and biochemical study of ALS mice model were evaluated. Results: The onset of symptoms was significantly delayed in the rapamycin administration group compared with the control group. However, after the clinical symptom developed, the rapamycin exacerbated the disease progression and shortened the survival of ALS mice model, and apoptosis signals were up-regulated compared with control group. Conclusions: Even though further detailed studies on the relevancy between autophagy and ALS will be needed, our results revealed that the rapamycin administration was not effective for being novel promising therapeutic strategy in ALS transgenic mice and exacerbated the apoptosis.


Under the current economic conditions in Russia, characterized by a slowdown in economic growth and an unstable external environment due to political factors, the concept of economic security and the conditions for its achievement become particularly important. The problem of developing threshold values for the key macroeconomic parameters is a subject for study on its own, and the number of such studies has been growing significantly over the past few years. Aim. This study aims to focus on the qualitative correlation between economic growth and economic security. Methods. This study uses general methods of scientific cognition, results of foreign studies, and evaluation data provided by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Results. A theoretical and methodological examination is conducted of the aspects of development of a system of economic security indicators. A correlation between dynamic economic growth and economic security is determined in terms of the quality of life. In particular, the elasticity of the population's reaction to the deteriorating macroeconomic parameters is identified. A list of indicators is proposed for the assessment of economic security.


Asymmetry half bridge was acommon power supply for Switched Reluctance Motor(SRM),its main weakness was excessive lines between SRM and supply power.This paper adopted star type conjunction on three phase SRM,supplied with three phase invertion bridges.51 MCU was the core for controller,it matched with symmetry and uneven excitation mode with 720°electric angle a cycle.Experiment Validated,that the control mode can get equal movement result compared with asymmetry half bridge mode at outputing power aspect and resolve the problem of excessive lines between SRM and supply power.


The interaction between short surface waves and long internal waves in a two layer fluid has been investisated by a multiple scale method. When the group velocity of surface waves is equal to the phase velocity of internal wave, the steady solutions that represent the envelope of surface wave group and the internal wave coupling strongly with each other and moving with the same speed have been obtained. According to the relative magnitude of amplitudes of short and long waves, too different cases, namely, (1) a l / a s =0( e ), (2) a l / a s =0(1), where a l , a s are amplitudes of long and short waves respectively, have been analysed individually.