This thesis examines value perception as part of the decision to purchase, from the perspective of the child consumer. To date no academic research has defined the concept of value perception from a child"s perspective. On the basis of a two stage qualitative investigation with children aged eight to fourteen years, value for children was found to be an important concept in consumer decisions. Even from the age of eight years, evidence emerged that children were quite "canny" in their purchasing. While value was found to be comprised of benefits and costs of purchase for children from this young age, the nature of these factors and the way they contributed to value perception varied considerably as they grew older. Six distinct dimensions emerged from diaries and a series of in-depth interviews with children. The benefits which were identified were functional value, emotional value, social value and curiosity/novelty value while the costs included both price and risk related factors. The way in which the dimensions were considered was found to vary with age, changing from separate consideration of benefits and costs to a more adult like trade-off between the two. The emotional value of products was consistently important for children of all ages, sensory response in particular. Several concepts were found to become increasingly complex. Conceptual understanding of quality emerged as children grew older. Branding was found to be central to children"s value perceptions despite limited conceptual understanding for very young consumers and the way price was considered changed markedly with age and experience. A conceptual model defining perceived value from a child"s perspective is detailed and a series of propositions relating important conditions to perceived value are advanced. A discussion of the findings as they relate to the extant literature is provided along with directions for future research, building on the results of this work. Finally, a discussion of the implications of this work for the field of Marketing is presented.


In this paper, we present four alternative approaches for a Mach Zehnder Interferometer Semiconductor Optical Amplifier based switch implementation. The first two approaches deal with the imposition of identical packet length and synchronism and the other two approaches are theoretical proposals to solve length and synchronism limitations. For each of these structures the pros and cons are evidenced.


Halo particles in linear colliders can result in significant losses and serious background which may reduce the overall performance. We discuss halo sources and describe analytical estimates. We developed simulation codes for the dominant halo production processes and provide interfaces for tracking programs. Estimates and simulations were applied both to the ILC and CLIC. We present an overview of this work and give a summary of the results obtained as final report for the HTGEN EuroTeV task, as well as a short outlook into developments beyond EuroTeV.


A prostate cancer (PCa) biomarker with improved specificity relative to PSA is a public health priority. Hypermethylated DNA can be detected in body fluids from PCa patients and may be a useful biomarker, although clinical performance varies between studies. We investigated the performance of candidate PCa DNA methylation biomarkers identified through a genome‐wide search.


Polycyclic indoline‐benzodiazepines are afforded in one step by the reaction of Troger bases with N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles under Rh(II) catalysis. After α‐imino carbene formation, the process involves a cascade of [1,2]‐Stevens rearrangement, Friedel‐Crafts, Grob fragmentation, and aminal formation reactions. It is highly diastereoselective (d.r. >49:1, four stereocenters incl. two bridgehead N‐atoms). However and in contrast with other reported carbene additions to these moieties, full racemization occurs when enantiopure Troger bases are used as substrates. To pinpoint the origin of this unexpected behavior, a key elemental step of the mechanism was evaluated and tested. Interestingly, it is not only the initial ring‐opening but also the latter reversible Mannich reaction of the imino‐substituted ethano Troger base intermediate that is responsible for the loss of enantiospecificity.


Increased interest in the local government history is associated not just with the necessity to peer into the past, but also with purely practical needs. While returning to forgotten traditions, it is important to take into account the heritage of centuries. Today, we need to take a fresh look at well-known facts, to cast away old delusions and myths, and to prevent the emergence of new ones. Theoretical basis of the paper is such methods as historicism, objectivity, alternativeness; they allow an unbiased approach to the analysis of the problems and a critical attitude towards the sources. The methodology includes the use of means and methods of local, systemic, problem-chronological, and comparative historical methods, as well as the development of a "new imperial history." The paper systematizes sources on formation and development of the local government in Siberia in the Imperial period. The following groups of sources are highlighted: regulatory and legal acts; documents of management and record keeping; statistical materials; periodicals; sources of personal provenance. There is regional specificity in the content and structure of sources. The sources characterize the history of local government in Siberia in the 18th - early 20th century, wherein personal, socio-political, and departmental conflicts played an important role. The article attempts to show the role and place of the general police in the local government of pre-revolutionary Siberia and to analyze the main sources on the subject. It focuses on structure, nature, organizational and legal problem of the local government in Siberia in the 18th - early 20th century.


Surface tensions of slag and matte in Jinchuan nickel flash smelting process were respectively calculated by the way of Butler equation and polynomial fit. Based on Girifalco-Good equation interfacial ten- sions between slag and matte were calculated. The relationship between interfacial tension and slag composi- tion、surface tension as well as temperature was discussed. Some advice for decreasing the noble metal loss in Jinchuan nickel flash smelting process slags was given.


First a compliment: let me thank Andrew for a commendably clear and a characteristically optimistic analysis. As he has indicated, educational researchers have been under sustained criticism for at least the past 10 years, and it has been directed from both within and without the research 'community'. Geoff Whitty, in his 2005 British Education Research Association (BERA) Presidential Address, presented us with a very nuanced analysis of the whole issue, and I shall not detain us here with the detail of it. Nor has the criticism of educational research been confined to the UK: the 2002 Education Sciences Reform Act, passed by the US Congress, bears testimony to the lengths to which a government is prepared to go in order to impose by legislation a particular version of research methodology, in this case an assertion of the scientific method. My own take on this is that educational researchers have been unduly sensitive to these criticisms. I am not saying that some were unwarranted; they were. But I believe that we tend to forget that this criticism is now about 25 years in the making. To elaborate: in the UK, matters had long since come to a head during the 1980s. Lord Rothschild, in his enquiry into the Social Science Research Council (SSRC), had raised important objections against much of social science. In his view, the social sciences (of which educational research was a part) had a doubtful claim to the status of science, and this was especially true of sociology (Rothschild, 1983, p. 16). He contended that social science could not engage in what Evers and Lakomski (1991) refer to as 'traditional science', one based on the belief that knowledge has universal properties, and that theory can be tested empirically, using the scientific method which the physical sciences have developed. The term 'science' was duly dropped from the Social Science Research Council, which was later re-named the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). In sum, much of the criticisms made of educational research could apply equally to the social sciences in general. Now for a complement. My response here to Andrew's paper concentrates not on the details of the Teaching and Learning Research Programme (TLRP) which he


During narration, speakers constantly choose appropriate referential forms (nominals or pronominals). Children may engage in this reference marking differently than adults. Discourse- or listener-oriented approaches make different predictions about referential behaviour in cognitively demanding situations: the first predicts a higher number of nominals; the second, a higher number of pronominals. The current study explores referential forms chosen by 50 children (6;0–6;11) and 50 adults, all monolingual speakers of Croatian, under the increased cognitive load of having to narrate a story from picture stimuli involving three characters of one or different genders. Generally, adults produce more referential expressions in their narratives. For both story types, children and adults use nominals more often than pronominals, children use a higher percentage of nominals than adults, and both groups use nouns to introduce and re-introduce characters. When maintaining characters in the narrative, both groups use more nouns and fewer pronouns in the story with characters of one gender, whereas they use fewer nouns and more pronouns in the story with characters of different genders. These findings suggest that Croatian monolingual adults and children more often use nominals for referencing in cognitively demanding stories, consistent with the discourse-oriented approach.


The electrostatic combination of a Keplerate cluster, [Mo(132)O(372)(CH(3)COO)(30)(H(2)O)(72)](42-) with cationic terminated poly(styrene) yields polyoxometalate-based supramolecular star polymers, which can further self-assemble into vesicular aggregates in CHCl(3)-MeOH mixed solvent.


Thin films of titanium tritide are widely used as a radioactive source of electrons of average energy ∠5.7 keV. Because of the limited thermal stability of this tritide, such films can only be exposed to temperatures above 200°C for very short time intervals during processing or operation. The production of emitters which can be used at temperatures 100−150°C higher than those using titanium is described. The films of yttrium and scandium, of thickness 5000−12000 A, on stainless steel substrates, contain in excess of one tritium per metal atom and yield stable electron densities of 1−2×10−10 A/cm2. The films have good adhesion and resist abrasion; they can be sheared to a desired size either before or after loading with tritium. The thermal stability of the electron emitters in vacuum, hydrogen, and a hydrogen−nitrogen mixture has been determined. The data illustrate the profound influence of surface contamination on both the loading and loss of tritium in the films.


Background. There is little information about the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in evaluation of paranasal sinuses. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the CBCT findings of all paranasal sinuses in a defined group of Iranian patients. Material and Methods. CBCT images of 220 patients were evaluated to detect the incidental findings in paranasal sinuses. After excluding images not meeting the inclusion criteria, 100 CBCT images taken for evaluation of dental implants, position of impacted teeth and their association with vital structures, orthodontic treatment, maxillofacial surgery, and TMJ examination were interpreted by two observers. Data was analyzed with c2 test. Results. The most prevalent CBCT findings in the maxillary (68%), frontal (70%), and sphenoid (74%) sinuses was septation, whereas in the ethmoid sinus flat mucosal thickening found to be the most frequent one (28%). The prevalence of incomplete opacity was significantly higher in men than in women in the right maxillary sinus (p = 0.019). In the sphenoid sinus, septation was significantly higher in females than in males (p = 0.032). Incomplete opacity was significantly higher in patients > 30 than the younger in the right maxillary, frontal, and ethmoid sinuses (p = 0.017, p = 0.018, p = 0.01). In the frontal sinus, flat mucosal thickening was significantly higher in patients > 30 than younger ones (p = 0.037). Conclusions. septation was found as the most frequent incidental finding in three of four paranasal sinuses. Moreover, incomplete opacity was more common in older patients in the right maxillary, frontal, and ethmoid sinuses (Dent. Med. Probl. 2014, 51, 4, 431–438).


Provided is a method for preparing a metal organic framework material based on discharge plasma in a liquid phase. According to the method, the discharge plasma in the normal presure liquid phase is adopted as the synthesis condition, a reaction solution containing metal salt and organic ligands undergoes a reaction for a certain time under the conditions of a specific voltage and current and discharge plasma in a solvent liquid phase, and the metal organic framework material is prepared. The method is simple, low in energy consumption, quick in synthesis time and good in synthetic material shape and has application potential of industrial production.


Recent advances in encryption schemes have allowed us to go far beyond point to point encryption, the scenario typically envisioned in public key encryption. In particular, Functional Encryption (FE) allows an authority to provide users with keys corresponding to various functions, such that a user with a secret key corresponding to a function f , can compute f(m) (and only that) from a cipher-text that encrypts m. While FE is a very powerful primitive, a key downside is the requirement of a central point of trust. FE requires the assumption of a central trusted authority which performs the system setup as well as manages the credentials of every party in the system on an ongoing basis. This is in contrast to public key infrastructure which may have multiple certificate authorities and allows a party to have different (and varying) level of trust in them. In this work, we address this issue of trust in two ways: ◦ First, we ask how realistic it is to have a central authority that manages all credentials and is trusted by everyone? For example, one may need to either obtain the permission of an income tax official or the permission of the police department and a court judge in order to be able to obtain specific financial information of a user from encrypted financial data. Towards that end, we introduce a new primitive that we call Multi-Authority Functional Encryption (MAFE) as a generalization of both Functional Encryption and Multi-Authority Attribute-Based Encryption (MABE). We show how to obtain MAFE for arbitrary polynomial-time computations based on subexponentially secure indistinguishability obfuscation and injective one-way functions. ◦ Second, we consider the notion of delegatable functional encryption where any user in the system may independently act as a key generation authority. In delegatable FE, any user may derive a decryption key for a policy which is "more restrictive" than its own. Thus, in delegatable functional encryption, keys can be generated in a hierarchical way, instead of directly by a central authority. In contrast to MAFE, however, in a delegatable FE scheme, the trust still "flows" outward from the central authority. Finally, we remark that our techniques are of independent interest: we construct FE in arguably a more natural way where a decryption key for a function f is simply a signature on f . Such a direct approach allows us to obtain a construction with interesting properties enabling multiple authorities as well as delegation. ∗Microsoft Research, India. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. †Microsoft Research, India. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. ‡UCLA, USA. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Work done in part while at Microsoft Research, India. §UCLA, USA. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com.


Abstract I discuss the best option illusion, the tendency for people to select what they believe is the most reasonable option when solving problems or deciding on a course of action. Such a strategy is straightforward, sensible and difficult to quibble with, but occasionally the seemingly best option turns out to be anything but—leading to systematic errors and problems that must be identified, addressed, and managed. Specifically, people are more likely to be surprised in a negative direction than a positive one, give themselves positive credit for wrong answers, and stick to their answers far more than they should after exposure to contrary evidence. In self-judgment, the illusion leads to the Dunning-Kruger effect, in which people fail to recognize their own incompetence. In social judgment, it leads to the Cassandra quandary, in which people fail to identify when another person's competence exceeds their own.


The article studies the most urgent problem of artificial intelligence (AI) - the development of a methodology for assessing trust in AI systems. A universal range of assessment is proposed: objective, subjective and intersubjective parameters. When studying the objective parameters of trust assessment, a formal definition of AI is introduced to increase the validity of trust judgments. When studying subjective parameters as the basis of expert evaluation indicators, their internal logical inconsistency is revealed along with demonstrating the significance of these parameters for analyzing the success and safety of methods for computer simulation of cognitive functions. When studying the intersubjective parameters of trust, a unified format of trust data is proposed, an interdisciplinary organization of monitoring trust in AI systems is considered, and the main blocks of an expert system project are formed.


Topological indices are the numeric descriptors of a graph which characterizes its topology and it is structure invariant. Topological indices introduced on the molecular structure can help material scientists to understand its chemical and biological features in better and easy way [2, 11, 13 14, 16]. In this pa- per, we present neighborhood based topological indices of sub-divided Dutch windmill graph and line graph of subdivided Dutch windmill graph.


We analyze the transmission property of nanostructures made on silver and gold metal for the applications in optical biosensors. Various structures such as slit only, slit groove slit, and multiple slit and groove structures are taken into account to find the effect of various physical parameters such as number of grooves, number of slits and others on the transmission of different wavelength light sources through the structure. A broad wavelength of 400 nm to 900 nm is used to analyze the transmission through the structure. With these structures and broad light source, change in transmission intensity is analyzed with the change in the refractive index. The change in refractive index of the analyte varies transmission intensity and wavelength shift at the output beam which can be used for sensing the amount of analyte such as monitoring glucose amount on blood/saliva, hydrogen peroxide and others. The detection of these analytes can be used to detect the different disease. The analysis of the transmittance through the nanostructure can be used for the detection of several disease such as diabetes and others through the saliva, blood and others non-invasively.


Accurate modeling of electrochemical batteries is of major concern in designing the control system of Energy Storage Systems (ESS). In particular, a precise estimation of State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) parameters strongly affects the full exploitation of battery energy potential in real applications. In this paper a novel real-time estimation method is presented representing a good tradeoff between model accuracy and algorithm complexity. In the proposed approach, SOC and SOH values are determined by a suitable algorithm that continuously performs a comparison between the ESS voltage value, calculated by an adaptive run-time circuital model, and its real value measured at the ESS terminals. The result of such comparison is used to suitably tune two parameters of the ESS circuital model, the no-load voltage and resistive voltage drop, in order to compensate the inaccuracy of the model response due to parameter variations. Initially, to set the parameter of ESS electrical model, the proposed approach requires to carry out short preliminary tests that can be easily implemented in a low cost control units. Experimental results and comparisons with other estimation methods highlight the consistency of the proposed algorithm.


Government's anti-crisis measures are presented as a possibility to regulate and manage the Bulgarian economy and society during the Covid-19 crisis. The effects of their implementation to assist and support Bulgarian employers and unemployed people to handle the crisis are disclosed through empirical methods.


In this paper, we propose and analyze an efficient Halpern-Peaceman-Rachford (HPR) algorithm for solving the Wasserstein barycenter problem (WBP) with fixed supports. While the Peaceman-Rachford (PR) splitting method itself may not be convergent for solving the WBP, the HPR algorithm can achieve an $O(1/\varepsilon)$ non-ergodic iteration complexity with respect to the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) residual. More interestingly, we propose an efficient procedure with linear time computational complexity to solve the linear systems involved in the subproblems of the HPR algorithm. As a consequence, the HPR algorithm enjoys an $O({\rm Dim(P)}/\varepsilon)$ non-ergodic computational complexity in terms of flops for obtaining an $\varepsilon$-optimal solution measured by the KKT residual for the WBP, where ${\rm Dim(P)}$ is the dimension of the variable of the WBP. This is better than the best-known complexity bound for the WBP. Moreover, the extensive numerical results on both the synthetic and real data sets demonstrate the superior performance of the HPR algorithm for solving the large-scale WBP.


For sound management of an entity the use of accounting information is a must. Once it was possible to maintain only paper works of the transactions when the number of transactions and users of accounting information was limited to the boundary that could be managed manually. But with the passage of time the increase of business scope has forced organizations to shift from manual system of accounting to the modern ways of using software to prepare accounting information. Thus, this paper is an endeavor to identify the extent to which the private universities in Bangladesh are practicing automated accounting process through the applications of software. This paper also attempts to identify the barriers in the applications of accounting software and problems encountered with such applications. A five scale Likert technique has been used to investigate the interviewees' opinion about the application of accounting software in the respective universities as well as to find the cause of differences between actual and expected level of use of accounting software. The study revealed that almost 80% private universities are now using accounting software. The result of the study shows that 100% of the respondents think maintaining record in accounting software is easier than manual systems, 97.87% of the respondents think chance of error and difficulties in identifying errors is much less in accounting software and 100% of the respondents showed their opinion in favor of accounting software that it is faster to apply. 65.96% of the respondents agreed that reluctance of the top management is the main barrier in the applications of accounting software while other two factors which create obstacles are reluctance of employees and initial cost of installations and training. The study also revealed an alarming fact that some of the universities do not provide any special training on accounting software though they are using such software and almost 36% of the accounts personnel doesn't have academic background on accounting discipline.


This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the theoretical and practical concepts of soil nailing. Soil nailing introduces reinforcing steel into a sloping soil mass, to apply frictional forces along the soil-nail interface, and the shear and pull-out resistance of the nail, to prevent slides or shear failures in the soil. This resistance reinforces the soil mass. A structural facing to the nails is used when the slope angle exceeds a critical value, or when environmental conditions would cause the reinforced soil to deteriorate during its design life. Soil nailing cannot be used in all types of ground, and its success depends on an intelligent understanding of its limitations. An adequately designed soil-nailed structure behaves externally like a gravity wall, but its internal interaction and reinforcing process is much more complex. Soil nailing has many advantages, including cost reductions of 10-30% compared with conventional walls, but also several disadvantages. Four mathematical methods of analysing soil nailing are outlined; each of them has some inconsistencies. Important construction considerations include: (1) nail driving; (2) corrosion protection; (3) facing; (4) drainage; (5) field testing; and (6) performance monitoring. Some application areas and misconceptions are discussed briefly.


The use of scenario-planning to enhance management decision-making in an ever changing global environment is a practice widely used by many mining companies today. The development and use of an Economic Model (EM) that allows analysis of multiple discreet scenarios is a critical prerequisite to the scenario-planning process. This paper discusses the development of the EM at Lonmin and its application to management decision-making under an electrical energy constrained environment.


This paper provides an achievable rate and performance analysis between OFDM and cyclic prefixed SC-DFE when no channel knowledge is available at the transmitter. Through some algebraic manipulation of the OFDM and SC-DFE capacities and using the Jensen's inequality, we prove that the SC-DFE achievable rate is always superior to that of an OFDM scheme for 4- and 16-QAM for any given channel. For higher-order modulations, however, the advantage of the ideal SC-DFE is much smaller and also the results indicate that OFDM may surpass the ideal SC-DFE achievable rate by a small amount in some specific scenarios. Finally, we provide simulation results in order to assess, corroborate and illustrate the analytical results in terms of achievable rate and bit-error rate, where we conclude that a well designed OFDM system can be, in practical context, as effective as an ideal SC-DFE but with much smaller complexity when compared to a SC-DFE implementation with error-propagation mitigation.


We demonstrate a realtime human postures recognition platform. The algorithm employs temporal difference imaging between video sequences as input and then decompose the contour of the active object into vectorial line segments. A scheme based on simplified Line Segment Hausdorff Distance combined with projection histograms is proposed to achieve size and position invariance recognition. Inspired by the hierarchical model of human visual system, the whole classification is described as a coarse to fine procedure. 88% average realtime recognition rate is achieved in the experiment.


Nanowires made of thermoelectric-relevant materials were grown by electrochemical deposition. Their diameter and ordering are dictated by the porous alumina template that is fabricated on the working electrode prior to the deposition. The composition of the nanowires is controlled by the composition of the electrolyte and the deposition potential. This technique offers unique opportunities regarding the range of geometries and materials that can be employed. The structural and transport properties of these wires will be presented, and comparison will be made to nanowires synthesized by other techniques.


ENTERTAINMENT AND NEWS reporting are both treated the same as any other commodity in the United States: the product that sells is produced, that which doesn't sell isn't. To make money in the mass media, entertainment and news have to attract the kind and size of audience that advertisers are willing to pay big money for. Five million readers or viewers might like a magazine or program, but if it doesn't generate enough advertising money it is dead. The management of news and entertainment is viewed as a business decision similar to a style or color change in next year's automobiles, made for the purpose of maximizing profit. Entertainment and news are truly a part of the marketplace of commodities. The people are given choices among products that can produce a profit. But entertainment and news are also important channels, if not the most important, for transmitting political ideas. Therefore, they are a vital part of the marketplace of ideas as well as the marketplace of commodities. This creates a seemingly insoluble problem because a free marketplace of ideas does not and cannot exclude viewpoints representing alternatives to the status quo simply because they don't appeal to the majority or bring in advertising revenue. Nor can a free marketplace be subject to monopolization by managers and advertisers with the power to censor any views opposing their ideological interests, as is the case under our present system of private corporate ownership and sponsorship. What democratic alternatives to our present commercial communications system are conceivable? Any alternative is apt to entail a paternalistic, elite model of management operation, where objective professionals try to make decisions fair to all viewpoints, or a spectrum-sharing model of management, where each representative viewpoint programs and produces its own mass media entertainment, news, and public affairs. At this point it is relevant to survey what kind of systems and management theories have been adopted by the various democratic nations. In all democracies, the publishing of daily newspapers is left mainly to the commodity marketplace, and these papers tend to support the prevailing political and economic system. However, in most democracies other than the United States, unions and political parties representing the entire spectrum also publish daily newspapers with or without advertising support. This provides a real choice of political perspectives in daily newspapers rather than a limited


System Interconnection is regarded as one of the main development directions of CORS service.From the point of view of system optimization,the problem of the heterogeneous of CORS information resource share is discussed.Then the characteristic of the heterogeneous isomerism problem is analyzed and the mostly solution method is given.


Paraffin section technology was used to investigate the flower bud differentiation process of tree peony Fengdanbai and herbaceous peony Fenyunu.The results showed that the flower bud differentiation process of tree peony started from early June to middle September,which lasted about 100days;the flower bud differentiation process of herbaceous peony started from middle September to early February next year,which lasted about 140 days.Flower bud differentiation process of tree peony and herbaceous peony could be divided into six periods:early stage of flower bud differentiation,bract primordium differentiation stage,sepal primordium differentiation stage,petal primordium differentiation stage,stamen primordium differentiation stage and pistil primordium differentiation stage.The character of flower bud differentiation process of tree peony was continuous and concentrated;the character of flower bud differentiation process of herbaceous peony was continuous and showed two peaks of differentiation periods.


We use free field techniques in D=2 string theory to calculate the perturbation of the special state algebras when the cosmological constant is turned on. In particular, we find that the "ground cone" preserved by the ring structure is promoted to a three-dimensional hyperboloid as conjectured by Witten. On the other hand, the perturbed (1, 1) current algebra of moduli deformations is computed completely, and no simple geometrical interpretation is found. We also quote some facts concerning the Liouville matrix model dictionary in this class of theories.


In order to meet the needs to composing access control policies by aggregation resources and achieve a unified security policy aim in grid,this paper proposed an extended composing algebra for ABAC policies to composing access control policies.It introduced the environment attribute in policy expression,and implemented composing access control policies with a new policy composition algebra.The policies composition with a specific case shows that this policies composition algebra provide a good semantic expression power,flexibility and scalability.


Abstract : How does using electronic imaging technology affect a media professional's self-reported job satisfaction, job diversity, and their attitude toward change in the workplace? Senior Air Force visual information (VI) managers have set aside up to $40 million dollars to buy new electronic imaging equipment over four years. This study examined the impact of these electronic imaging systems on job outcomes such as job diversity, job satisfaction, and attitude toward change. A mail questionnaire was used to collect data from Air Force VI professionals on their use of electronic imaging systems and their job- attitudes. From the data, it was concluded that media professionals who use more electronic imaging technologies have greater job diversity, job interest, and job satisfaction than those who use them less or not at all. It was also found that using new imaging technologies can increase acceptance of the future introduction of new technology. Training and system 'user friendliness' were found to increase user acceptance of electronic imaging systems. Data on Air force training for new systems showed that better training is needed to support the implementation process.


Full transient dynamic analysis of the ITER Divertor Cassette under time-varying operating electromagnetic loads (EML) at plasma Fast and Slow Downward Vertical Displacement Events has been performed. Output characteristics of dynamic response of the cassette, such as reactions in supports, stresses, displacements, accelerations and dynamic amplification factors (DAF), were obtained. Results of the performed analysis have shown that obtained values of DAF are in the range from 1.5 to 1.7, so dynamic effects at loading the cassette by operating EML have to be taken into account at evaluation of its strength and life time.


Objective:To investigate the toxicity-reducing and efficacy-enhancing actions of Fuzheng Xiao'ai PrescriptionⅠcombined with OFL regimen on advanced gastric carcinoma.Methods:Sixty advanced gastric carcinoma patients were equally randomized into the treatment group and the control group.The two groups received OFL regimen,and the treatment group was treated with Fuzheng Xiao'ai PrescriptionⅠadditionally.Three weeks constituted one treatment course,and the treatment lasted 3 courses.The short-term efficacy,the toxic and side effects,quality of life(QOL) and efficacy on syndromes in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) were assessed in both groups after treatment.Results:The short-term efficacy was 50.00% in the treatment group and 43.33%in the control group,the difference being not significant(P0.05).The differences of the incidence of toxic and side effects,QOL,and efficacy on syndromes were significant between two groups(P0.05). Conclusion:Fuzheng Xiao'ai PrescriptionⅠcombined with OFL regimen exerts certain toxicity-reducing and efficacy- enhancing actions on advanced gastric carcinoma through reducing toxic and side effects,improving QOL,and relieving symptoms markedly.


A at the curved surface processing by circular interpolation and continuous minute line segments blocks, without the speed command value and torque command value of the servo is saturated, to provide a control device for a machine tool for machining continuous work. A analyzes the arc instruction code of the machining program, the radius R, obtains the feedrate, if valid speed control by permissible acceleration calculates the clamping speed, when the feed speed is such higher clamp speed and speed clamp, when the speed control by the allowable acceleration is not valid, if the permissible angular velocity control is enabled determination by, in effect, calculates the clamp speed, when feed rate such higher clamp speed, speed clamp numerical controller, and controls the machine tool characterized by comprising an execution circular interpolation. Run the circular interpolation to calculate the distribution amount from the feed speed F and the radius value, the process ends. .Field


This paper presents a generalized predictive controller based on RBF neural network (RBF-NN) for a class of nonlinear system with time delay. The procedure of the proposed control system includes two parts: RBF-NN modeling and predictive control algorithm design. The RBF-NN model can predict future outputs of the plant and the predictive value can be amended online, which allows it to employ to complex nonlinear systems. The predictive controller is based on the RBF-NN model and can be used in nonlinear systems with unknown time delay. It can adaptively generate control signals though it is possible that the parameters of the plant are fluctuated or there is noise. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified in the simulation of second-order nonlinear systems. Meanwhile, a predictive PID controller is also designed to compare with their performance. It is proven that the generalized predictive controller based on RBF neural network is effective and provided with good adaptation and robustness


The compatibility of epoxidized poly(cis-1,4-butadiene) (EPB) with chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC) was investigated. Blends studied covered the complete composition range using EPB at two degrees of epoxidation: 20 and 43 mol % oxirane units. Tensile properties of EPB (63)/CPVC were also studied at the 50/50 composition. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that both sets of blends were miscible at the segmental level except for the rich CPVC compositions. All blends showed good tensile properties. even those where DMA indicated phase separation. This may be attributed to strong segmental interactions of the donnor-acceptor type between the oxirane and acidic-hydrogen-containing groups of these complementary dissimilar blend partners.


The article develops the concept of education, conformable to human nature and foundations of the universe, considers the role of education in performance of man's mission, states the foundations of distributed scientific school of man conformable education, introduces the principle of man conformable education, offers approaches to development of new content of education, based on metasubjective approach, analyses Federal Educational Standards of the Russian Federation, presents heuristic learning technology.


Developmental stages of microsporangium and male gametophyte. megasporangium and female gametophyte of Passiflora calcarata Mast, are described. Double fertilization has been observed. The endosperm is nuclear to start with but, later becomes cellular. Its structure and behaviour are described. The seed-coat is organised by both the integuments. The structure of seed-coat and formation of ingrowths are explained in detail. Aril development is followed.
I express my sincere gratitude to Professor P. Maheshwari,
University of Delhi, Professor L. N. Rao, Doctors S. B. Kausik and K.N. Narayan, Central College, Bangalore, for their constant encouragement and valuable suggestions during this study. I am also thankful to Doctors M. A. Rau and K. Subramanyam, for correcting the manuscript and the Systematic Botanist, Coimbatore Herbarium, Coimbatore, for determining the species investigated here


Benton, M. J., 1979. Ecological succession among Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tetrapods. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoeco!., 26: 127--150. Natural selection and the development of new taxa are associated with ecological replacement and the increase in number of niches with time. Continental faunal interchange was possible globally because of the existence of the super-continent Pangaea during much of the Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Figures of tetrapod niches vs. time and discussion of this concept for that period are presented for the first time. Four habitat divisions are used, namely marine, fresh-water, lowland .and upland. The marine habitat was colonised rather late by tetrapods and these may have been the first predators on the early bony fishes which had diversified in the Permian. The radiation of bony fishes in the Jurassic was followed by a further increase in variety of their reptilian predators. Predators seem to develop some time after the radiation of a new potential prey group. Most early amphibians occupied fresh-water habitats in "crocodi le" or " f rog" niches, but from the Triassic tetrapods moved from fresh-waters and lowlands into the uplands also. In terrestrial habitats, the replacement of mammal-like reptiles by dinosaurs is tentatively explained in terms of palaeoclimatology and thermoregulatory physiology. Ornithischians capable of dealing with tough vegetation evolved to occupy the new niches produced by the radiation o f conifers in the Jurassic. The extinction of dinosaurs appears to have been connected with temperature and habitat changes. Gonclusions are supported by a summary of published opinions on the palaeoecological roles of early tetrapods.


Three soft ..gamma..-ray bursts from the same source were recorded on 1979 March 24, 25, and 27 by the ..gamma..-ray detectors of the Cone experiment aboard the Venera 11 and Venera 12 space probes.


The feasibility of using magnetically stabilized fluidized beds (MSB) for olefin-paraffin separations by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is studied by model simulation, and the results are compared directly with that using packed beds. The sorbent used for the separations is an Ag{sup +} exchanged resin that selectively forms {pi}-complexation bonds with olefins, with the heat of adsorption of {approximately} 10 kcal/mol. Superior separations are obtained with MSB for two reasons: high flow rates and small particle sizes that are allowed in MSBs resulting in high diffusion time constants (D{sub e}/R{sup 2}) (which are favorable for equilibrium separation). Lower temperature excursions compared to packed bed also favor the separation. The larger axial dispersion in the MSB has only minimal adverse effects on the PSA separation. For example: for a 14/86 ethane/ethylene feed mixture at the same feed throughput (120.8 L(STP))/[h (kg or sorbent)], an ethylene product at 99.9% purity is obtained at over 50% ethylene recovery from the MSBs whereas only 14% recovery at the same purity is obtained with the packed beds. Acceptable separation results are also achieved with MSBs for propane-propylene separation, but not with fixed beds.


The problem of shock is at present the direct object of energetic research in various scientific laboratories of the United States. The purpose of this research is to determine in the briefest possible time the true nature of this peculiar condition. The urgent need for such investigation is easily understood in view of the fact that large numbers of wounded soldiers are constantly being lost through our inability to treat cases of this nature successfully. Before the war, the question of shock had been studied in detail, and distinguished among the publications presented on this subject are those of Yandell Henderson. Some time after the appearance of Henderson's work in which the theory of acapnia was advanced, we had occasion to conduct a series of experiments in order to verify the findings of the American physiologist. A paper 1 dealing with the results of these experiments was published in a


In this paper, it is suggested to build an online air traffic control simulator training platform and incorporate it into the air traffic control simulator training system. The platform is a distributed multi-user training system, which can realize the goal of free remote training for air traffic control students on the computer. Air traffic control students access the platform through a browser and independently train control simulation skills. Teachers can query students' training results online and in real time through the information management service platform, and give comments and remote guidance. Online control simulation training platform can enrich the training methods of air traffic control students control practical skills, effectively alleviate the problems of geographical space limitation, training time limitation, training teachers shortage and so on in control simulation training, improve the practical ability of students, and promote the safe and high-quality development of air management industry.


The invention concerns an expansible support for an anatomical duct, and in particular for a blood vessel, comprising a single-piece structure with an axis, said structure being axially tubular when radially unfolded and radially constricted for being inserted in the anatomy, said structure having a series of open loops (9a, 9b) each having an opening zone (21) and a top zone (13) and defining at least a line of undulations (60, 80) coiled around the structure axis and/or along it, characterised in that at least some of the loops (9a, 9b) have at least an enlargement near their top zone.


Initial deployments of 5G cellular network around the Globe has happened in Non-Standalone Mode, also known as Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA)-New Radio (NR) Dual connectivity(EN-DC). In this mode, a User Equipment (UE) connects to one 4G Evolved Node B(eNB) that acts as a Master Node (MN) and one Next Generation 5G base station (gNB) that serves as a Secondary Node (SN). With this architecture, LTE cell becomes Master Cell Group (MCG), and NR cell becomes Secondary Cell Group (SCG). In a UE supporting EN-DC, the base station configures NR SCG addition based on NR measurement reports from UE. Due to challenges in the wireless medium, SCG addition may not be successful, and failure may happen. Frequent SCG failures would lead to unstable 5G service and would cause high power consumption in UE due to repeated NR measurements. This paper presents a technique to improve power consumption in UE and discusses different methods to handle 5G cell measurements in case of frequent SCG failures. Through extensive experiments and simulations, the proposed idea has shown a reduction in power consumption by 29.6%.


In recent years, there has been a huge uptake in the adoption of virtual learning environments (VLEs) within UK universities and technologies that were once only employed for distance learning courses are now being used for everyday on-campus teaching. However, the introduction of VLEs into traditional face-to-face teaching has been patchy and ad hoc rather than strategic and in many instances, in the rush to justify their purchase cost, the emphasis for staff development has been placed on training in the use of the technology rather than how the technology can be used to enhance the learning and teaching process. This paper is part of ongoing research which seeks to identify the role of staff development as a means to extend elearning beyond existing pockets of innovation and to effect a transformational change that will impact on the student learning experience. The paper will discuss the issues surrounding the 'embedding' of e-learning where the interest is not in promoting the use of e-learning for its own sake but to improve the student experience by supporting practitioners to incorporate e-learning effectively into their teaching. The paper will draw on previous research to illustrate some of the ways in which staff development for e-learning is currently being addressed within UK universities and highlight the key issues raised. The overall aim of the research on which this paper is based, is to develop a framework for HE staff who are re-purposing their teaching for online delivery.


I have an obsession with authentic detail; the springboard of precise observation makes possible the leap into the stars. – Zola, Letter to Henry Ceard, 22 March 1885 Unlike Flaubert, the 'hermit of Croisset', who turned away from his age in an attitude of ironic detachment, Emile Zola (1840–1902) embraced his century in away no French writer had done since Balzac. Zola's ambition was to emulate Balzac by writing a comprehensive history of contemporary society. His main achievement was his twenty-volume novel cycle, Les Rougon-Macquart , published between 1871 and 1893. The fortunes of a family, the Rougon-Macquart, are followed over several decades. The various family members spread throughout all levels of society, and through their lives Zola examines methodically the social, sexual and moral landscape of the late nineteenth century. Zola is the quintessential novelist of modernity, understood as a time of tumultuous change. The motor of change was the rapid expansion of capitalism, with all that that entailed in terms of the altered shapes of the city, new forms of social practice and economic organization, and heightened political pressures. Zola was fascinated by change, and specifically by the emergence of a new, mass society. Zola rejected much of the social and moral content of the bourgeois worldview, but he retained the central epistemological tenet on which it was based: 'scientific' objectivity. Converted from a youthful romantic idealism to realism in art and literature, he began promoting a scientific view of literature inspired by the aims and methods of experimental medicine. He called this new form of realism 'naturalism'. The subtitle of the Rougon-Macquart cycle, 'A Natural and Social History of a Family under the Second Empire', suggests Zola's two interconnected aims: to use fiction to demonstrate a number of 'scientific' notions about the ways in which human behaviour is determined by heredity and environment; and to use the symbolic possibilities of a family whose heredity is tainted to represent a diseased society – the corrupt yet dynamic France of the Second Empire (1852–70).


Combining a history of Iraq and its dominant sects with an acute awareness of the political machinations fomenting world-wide, this keen military analysis offers a practical exit strategy for U.S. armed forces in Iraq -- partitioning, a unique strategy that has been successful in other chaotic political situations.


One represents the analysis on epidemiological and epizootic aspects of D. latum infection in the Kursk Region. The conclusion about necessity to investigate the state of reservoirs and modes of transmission of D. latum infection in the tested area has maden.


We have demonstrated that using a high-quality-factor intermediate (IM) coil with a high temperature superconductor (HTS) wire improves the power transmission efficiency (PTE) of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system for long-distance power transmission. The IM coil is placed at the center of Cu transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) coils and consists of a previously developed double-sided HTS coated conductor (CC) wire. A WPT system with the HTS IM coil was designed on the basis of the design theory for a third-order bandpass filter. The measured PTE of the system was compared with that of one with a Cu IM coil. The resonant frequencies of the Tx, Rx, and IM coils in both systems were each about 9 MHz. When the distance between the Tx and Rx coils was 160 cm, the PTEs of the systems were 49.7% and 17.5%, respectively, demonstrating that the PTE of a WPT system can be greatly improved by using an HTS IM coil rather than a Cu one.


Control measures are being introduced globally to reduce the prevalence of antibiotic resistant (ABR) bacteria on farms. However, little is known about the current prevalence and molecular ecology of ABR in key opportunistic human pathogens such as Escherichia coli on South American farms. Working with 30 dairy cattle farms and 40 pig farms across two provinces in central-eastern Argentina, we report a comprehensive genomic analysis of third-generation cephalosporin resistance (3GC-R) in E. coli. 3GC-R isolates were recovered from 34.8% (cattle) and 47.8% (pigs) of samples from faecally contaminated sites. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial diversity suggestive of long-term horizontal transmission of 3GC-R mechanisms. Despite this, mechanisms such as CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-2 were detected more often in dairy farms, while CTX-M-8 and CMY-2, and co-carriage of amoxicillin/clavulanate resistance and florfenicol resistance were more commonly detected in pig farms. This suggests different selective pressures of antibiotic use in these two animal types, particularly the balance of fourth-versus third-generation cephalosporin use, and of amoxicillin/clavulanate and florfenicol use. We identified the β-lactamase gene blaROB in 3GC-R E. coli, which has previously only been reported in the family Pasteurellaceae, including farmed animal pathogens. blaROB was found alongside a novel florfenicol resistance gene – ydhC – also mobilised from a pig pathogen as part of a new plasmid-mediated composite transposon, which is already widely disseminated. These data set a baseline from which to measure the effects of interventions aimed at reducing on-farm ABR and provide an opportunity to investigate zoonotic transmission of resistant bacteria in this region. Importance Little is known about the ecology of critically important antibiotic resistance among opportunistic human pathogens (e.g. Escherichia coli) on South American farms. By studying 70 farms in central-eastern Argentina, we identified that third-generation cephalosporin resistance (3GC-R) in E. coli was mediated by mechanisms seen more often in certain species (pigs or dairy cattle) and that 3GC-R pig E. coli were more likely to be co-resistant to florfenicol and amoxicillin/clavulanate. This suggests that on-farm antibiotic usage is key to selecting the types of E. coli present on these farms. 3GC-R E. coli were highly phylogenetically variable and we identified the de novo mobilisation of the resistance gene blaROB, alongside a novel florfenicol resistance gene, from pig pathogens into E. coli on a mobile genetic element that was widespread in the study region. Overall, this shows the importance of surveying poorly studied regions for critically important antibiotic resistance which might impact human health.


Antimonene, one of the group V elemental monolayers, has attracted intense interest due to its intriguing electronic properties. Here, we present the optical absorption properties of atomically flat antimonene for which the directional bonds between Sb atoms appear to be analogous to C–C bonds in graphene. The results, based on first-principles density functional theory calculations, predict the absorbance in multilayer antimonene to be comparable or higher than that calculated for multilayer graphene. Specifically, the IR absorption in antimonene is significantly higher with a prominent band at about 4 μm associated with the dipole-allowed interband transitions. Furthermore, a strong dependence of absorbance on topology is predicted for both antimonene and graphene which results from the subtle variations in their stacking-dependent band structures. Our results suggest multilayer antimonene to be a good candidate material for optical power limiting applications in the IR region.


Wire fractures in the main cables of the Lysefjord Suspension Bridge display an approximate linear relationship with time. Uncertainties related to wire fractures in sub-layers, reduction of load-carrying capacity and lifetime, and future development of wire fractures have prompted extensive investigations of the main cables. Failure analyses of fractured Z-wire samples and fracture mechanics analysis concluded that cracks have initiated and propagated from surface imperfections. The potential for hydrogen atom generation and absorption that causes hydrogen-induced cracking is discussed. Hydrogen atoms result from the hot-dip galvanization process, or due to corrosion. Evaluation of remaining load-carrying capacity and the need for strengthening of the main cables are briefly discussed and methods for surveillance of wire fractures are presented.


Conventional and synchrotron radiation‐based (SR) Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopies (micro‐FTIR) were applied to four types of ~ 810 Ma organic‐walled microfossils together with diffuse organic matter (OM) and one irregularly shaped structure from the Fifteenmile Group, in Yukon, Canada, for their chemical characterization. The microfossils comprised one filamentous type and three coccoidal types. Micro‐FTIR mapping analysis revealed the micrometer‐scale, spatial distribution of organic components (aliphatic C‐H bonds) and carbonate in the microfossils. Based on comparisons of CH3/CH2 peak height ratios (R3/2) and morphologies of the microfossils (without the diffuse OM) to those of previously described Proterozoic microfossils, possible affinities of the microfossils are suggested, as follows. Palaeolyngbya? and Glenobotrydion belong to bacteria. Myxococcoides is not clearly characterized due to the significant mixing with diffuse OM containing abundant aliphatic C‐H groups. The irregularly shaped structure may represent a eukaryote. The diffuse OM may represent a mixture of decomposed microbial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). SR micro‐FTIR measurements of two coccoid types (Glenobotrydion and Unnamed Coccoid Form D) revealed that the R3/2 values of the internal spots with wall structures are similar to those without wall structures in Glenobotrydion: those values from Unnamed Coccoid Form D were different. The results suggest that these two coccoids are different chemically as well as morphologically. Micro‐FTIR characterization of the organic‐walled microfossils together with morphological analysis provides new insight into their biological affinities.


For more than a decade, the Clinton Development Initiative (CDI) has been working with farming communities in Malawi to address challenges such as limited access to finance, input and output markets, as well as low use of-high quality seeds, fertiliser and other agro-inputs. In 2017, building on more than a decade of experience and substantive feedback from farmers on key bottlenecks they faced in the agriculture sector in Malawi, CDI began working with communities and implementing the Community Agribusiness (CAB) approach. In 2020, WUR investigated the contribution of the CAB programme in Malawi, utilising internal and external stakeholder interviews and reviewing previous studies and articles. This document presents the findings of that study.


ABSTRACT Up to 2019, Estonia's EU policy and foreign policy were based on a strong domestic political consensus. From April 2019 to January 2021, Estonia was led by a government coalition including a Eurosceptic populist party, which brought visible cracks to this consensus. The coalition agreement assured continuity in Estonia's foreign and EU policies, but the statements of some representatives of the coalition repeatedly brought this into question. During the same period, Estonia was faced with external pressure to de-Europeanize: the change and volatility of US foreign policy under Donald Trump put Estonia in a very uncomfortable position, on the one hand, striving to maintain strong relations with its most important security ally, while on the other hand trying to resist the negative impact of Trump's policies on the EU, NATO and multilateral cooperation. This article analyzes the drivers, indicators and consequences of the de-Europeanization of Estonian foreign policy, resulting from these internal and external pressures.


The article aims to study the process of formation and realization of socio-economic development of the region, which is regarded as an open transparent weakly structured system. Priorities for implementation of strategic regional programs should be based on the methods of systems analysis. The article focuses on determining the applicability of the analytic hierarchy process to establish priorities in the implementation of socio-economic development.


We describe a new compact layout for a 50 GeV proton radiography facility. The more compact design utilizes two-point extraction from the main ring to drive an optimal 8 view imaging system. The lattice design of both the main ring, and of the corresponding 8.5 GeV booster ring is described. The rings have very good longitudinal stability, which is of interest for other applications of high current proton machines in this energy range.


The isolation between right- and left-hand circularly polarised plane waves is evaluated and compared with that between orthogonal linear plane waves for propagation through rain with nonspherical drops. It is seen that the linear orthogonal mode of propagation will give superior isolation when a distribution of raindrop canting angles is considered.


Abstract Genera of butterflies occurring in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar are reported. Following information is given on each genus: Original reference; Synonym(s); Common name; Type species; Species occurring in Indian region; Endangered species/sub-species; Larval food plants: and Distribution of genus in the region, with a brief note on its centre and world-wide range. Selected reviews and taxonomic papers are cited. This Index shows present valid name of genus and its species of butterflies in the Indian region. Fifteen genera of Papilionidae, 25 of Pieridae and 6 of Danaidae are reported.


The study aims to explore the relationship between the morning reading implementings and 8th grade students' attitudes in Taipei City Junior High School. The study uses questionnaire as a research tool and 8th-grade students in Taipei City Junior High School as the research respondents. We selected 583 questionnaires from students of Taipei City junior high schools practicing the project 《Reading 123》 and analyzed the data statistics by descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, t-Test and The Chi-Square Test. The main findings are as follows: 1. The current situation of implementing the reading project《Reading 123》in Taipei City Junior High Schools is:Reading frequency rating most is once a week;reading materials come from school library books/class book cases most;students read novels(long,short stories)most;students read alone most;students have extension reading activities out of class by writing comments or feedback to the books or passing on-line certification systems most;Tutors who teach Chinese lead the reading activities most-by recommending books themselves. But the majority of schools have no rewards for the morning reading project. 2. The students' reading cognition and reading behavior had been significantly upgraded after implementing the reading project, but the students' reading feelings are not enhanced. 3. In terms of reading frequency, reading material source,reading material type, reading extension activities,reading guides,and reward systems, significat differences exist between different school types. 4. In terms of reading frequency, reading material source,reading material type, reading method, reading extension activities,and reward systems, significant differences exist among different school scales. 5. In terms of reading frequency, reading material source,reading material type, reading method, reading extension activities, the reading guides, class reading activities in the morning, and reward systems , significant differences exist among school areas. 6.Significant differences exist in students' attitudes due to their different backgrounds:Girls have better attitudes than boys;students whose parents spend more time on reading weekly have better attitudes;students whose family have more reading supplies have better attitudes;priviate school students have better attitudes than public school students;middle scale school students in Neihu、Nangang Districts have better attitudes than those large scale school students in Zhongzheng、Wanhua、Shilin and Beitou Districts. 7.Signicifcant differences exist in students' attitudes due to different schools' reading frequency, reading material type and reading extension activities. 8.Signicifcant differences exist in students' reading cognition and reading behavior due to different schools' reading material sources;but no difference exists in reading feelings. 9. Signicifcant differences do not exist among students' reading attitudes due to different schools' reading methods, the reading guides, reward systems. 10. In terms of class reading activities in the morning, significant differences exist in students' feelings . But no significant difference exists in students' reading cognition and reading behavior. The research results were further discussed in this study and according to the discussion, some suggestions were provided for school administrative units, teachers, parents and researchers.


ABSTRACT This paper investigates the emergence of a Learning Legacy Agenda (LLA) in the wake of the London 2012 Olympic Games as a governmental tool for the dissemination of urban development and infrastructure project delivery best practice. Focusing on the inception, coordination and implementation of the LLA we outline the intentionalities of mobility that underpin its formation and appropriation and suggest how this points to the emergence of a new "London model" of development and governance. Three intentionalities of knowledge capture, public duty and extra-local salience are unpacked to demonstrate the range of ways in which the bureaucratically initiated LLA banner has been used by various development actors and organisations to validate their existing practices. The case study of the LLA as an institutionalised governance apparatus is used to analyse the impact of specific forms of social relations on the ways in which "models" are produced, what their content consists of, how dominant agendas and narratives co-evolve with the priorities of an assemblage of actors and the processes of selective abstraction used to curate particular messages and forms of fixed and potentially mobile knowledge, yet dubious claims of "learning".


Mechanical and natural ventilation systems have developed separately during many years. The natural next step in this development is development of ventilation concepts that utilises and combines the best features from each system into a new type of ventilation system Hybrid Ventilation. Buildings with hybrid ventilation often include other sustainable technologies and an energy optimisation requires an integrated approach in the design of the building and its mechanical systems. Therefore, the hybrid ventilation design procedure differs from the design procedure for conventional HVAC. The first ideas on a design procedure for hybrid ventilation is presented and the different types of design methods, that is needed in different phases of the design process, is discussed.


Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare form of systemic vasculitis in which cardiac involvement is frequent and severe, and accounts for half of EGPA‐related deaths. ANCA‐positive EGPA differs from ANCA‐negative EGPA in that the former is significantly associated with renal involvement, peripheral neuropathy and biopsy proven vasculitis, whereas the latter is associated with cardiac involvement. Herein, we report a case of EGPA with myocarditis in a woman, who was successfully treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide. This report highlights the importance of diagnosing cardiac involvement in EGPA early, especially in ANCA‐negative patients.


Prior to the moratorium on federal housing programs for low and moderate income households (1972), a rash of housing models were formulated by various regional metropolitan planning bodies across the country attempting "equitable" distribution of subsidized units. This type of model has generally come to be referred to as a "fair share" formula. Each version, in its own way, had set about the establishment of an objective set of criteria for locating future projects. The criteria used in the various "fair share" models generally include existing and projected housing needs as well as feasibility measures such as the ability of local school systems to absorb increased enrollments. In a few cases the "fair share" formula have included assumptions about the relative desirability of designated planning areas within the metropolitan region. * This report was originally prepared under the auspices of the Capital District Regional Planning Commission, New York. The Commission is financed by annual appropriations of the four member counties (Albany, Rensselaer, Saratoga, and Schenectady) and supplemented by the State of New York and federal funds. 1 Many metropolitan planning offices have experimented in recent years with this idea. See Report No. 282 Planning Advisory Service "Lower Income Housing: The Planners' Response," by Mary E. Brooks, ASPO, July-August, 1972.


TmI3(thf)x(x= 3.5) reacts with 3 equiv. of KP(SiMe3)2 in thf at room temperature to form an orange suspension from which trivalent Tm[P(SiMe3)2]3(thf)2, 1, can be isolated in 60% yield (monoclinic, space group C2/c, four molecules in the unit cell); the structure of 1 features the five-coordinate thulium atom in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal environment with two thf molecules in the axial and the bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphido ligands in the equatorial positions.


Abstract The importance of networking in fostering entrepreneurial activities has been widely researched over the last decade. There is however limited evidence of the association between these two constructs in a knowledge-based environment. As universities are under constant pressure to improve the productivity of academic staff we examine the role of social interaction in fostering entrepreneurial activities. A web-based survey is implementee4 facilitated by empirical analysis using correlation and multiple regression to probe the relationship between these constructs. Whilst it can be concluded that the constructs are all multidimensional, varying relationships were identified when statistically examining the interrelations. Overall, there is a significant relationship between networking and productivity. Entrepreneurship also portrays such significance, albeit varying between dimensions of autonomy, innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness and competitive aggressiveness.


The formation of neural connections in the mammalian nervous system is a complex process. During development, axons are initially overproduced and compete for limited quantities of target-derived growth factors. Axons which participate in functional circuits and secure appropriate amounts of growth factors are stabilized, while those axons that are either inappropriately connected or do not obtain sufficient concentrations of growth factors are eliminated in a process termed 'axon pruning'. In this thesis, I examined the mechanisms that regulate pruning of peripheral, NGF-dependent sympathetic neurons that project to the eye. I determined that pruning of these projections in vivo requires the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from the activity-dependent exon IV promoter. Furthermore, analysis of an in vitro model of axon competition, which is regulated by the interplay between nerve growth factor (NGF) and neuronal activity, revealed that p75NTR and BDNF are also essential for axon competition in culture. In this model, in the presence of NGF, neural activity confers a competitive growth advantage to stimulated, active axons by enhancing downstream TrkA (NGF receptor) signaling locally in axons. More interestingly, the unstimulated, inactive axons deriving from the same and neighboring neurons acquire a "growth disadvantage" due to secreted BDNF acting through p75NTR, which induces axon degeneration by suppressing TrkA signaling that is essential for axonal integrity. These data support a model where, during developmental axon


AIM To determine the inducement of Andi on differentiation HL 60 cells (human acute myelocytic leukemiacells). METHODS HL 60 cells were cultured in vitro and the Andi, Sophorae flavescentis (RA), tretinoin (KS) were separately added into the culture system. The cell growth, morphology, the NBT reduction and phagocytosis of the cells were observed. RESULTS Andi (2 mg·L -1 ) obviously inhibited the proliferation of the cell, and the original cells differentiated into maturated cells which displayed the NBT reduction and phagocytosis. The NBT reduction in Andi, RA, KS group was 68.0%, 61.5% and 59.0% respectively. While in the control group, the reduction capacity was 6.0% ( P 0.01). The phagocytosis in Andi, RA, KSgroup was 52.0%, 45.5% and 56.5% respectively, which is higher than that of control group (7.5%) ( P 0.01). CONCLUSION Andi can obviously improve the differentiation of HL 60 cells.


A facile approach for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using of Tin (Sn) powder and dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature (RT) and at 50 °C upto 0.5-3 h has been reported. The as-prepared high quality crystalline graphene has been characterized using various analytical techniques. The rate of reduction scales with the reaction time for both RT and 50 °C as evidenced from electrical conductivity data. The graphene samples reduced at RT shows high electrical conductivity value due to the presence of un-reacted Sn-particles. resulting the enhancement in the However, the graphene prepared at 50 °C shows low electrical conductivity in comparison to the room temperature reduced graphene. XPS elemental analysis is in good agreement with this observation.


To approach the management of populations by way of "population quality" is to attempt to see the world from the organism's point of view. From that vantage point, "populations" no longer appear to be inert masses passively responding to changing environmental pressures. Instead, they become heterogeneous mixtures of individuals differing markedly in their ability to survive particular stresses. Consequently, whether they are to be managed protectively, to sustain yields, or destructively, to dispose of pests, such populations will respond most consistently and predictably to management policies that exploit the effects which some of their members have on the numbers and structure of subsequent generations. Pest management, for example, would be better served by methods that would selectively discriminate against reproductively superior members of a generation than by methods that merely increase mortality indiscriminately, with no thought for the qualities of the survivors. Examples from laboratory, field, and simulation studies of the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum pluviale (Dyar), illustrate these points.


Transferring critically ill patients between intensive care units (ICU) is often required in the UK, particularly during the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, there is a paucity of data examining clinical outcomes following transfer of patients with COVID‐19 and whether this strategy affects their acute physiology or outcome. We investigated all transfers of critically ill patients with COVID‐19 between three different hospital ICUs, between March 2020 and March 2021. We focused on inter‐hospital ICU transfers (those patients transferred between ICUs from different hospitals) and compared this cohort with intra‐hospital ICU transfers (patients moved between different ICUs within the same hospital). A total of 507 transfers were assessed, of which 137 met the inclusion criteria. Forty‐five patients underwent inter‐hospital transfers compared with 92 intra‐hospital transfers. There was no significant change in median compliance 6 h pre‐transfer, immediately post‐transfer and 24 h post‐transfer in patients who underwent either intra‐hospital or inter‐hospital transfers. For inter‐hospital transfers, there was an initial drop in median PaO2/FIO2 ratio: from median (IQR [range]) 25.1 (17.8–33.7 [12.1–78.0]) kPa 6 h pre‐transfer to 19.5 (14.6–28.9 [9.8–52.0]) kPa immediately post‐transfer (p < 0.05). However, this had resolved at 24 h post‐transfer: 25.4 (16.2–32.9 [9.4–51.9]) kPa. For intra‐hospital transfers, there was no significant change in PaO2/FIO2 ratio. We also found no meaningful difference in pH; PaCO2;, base excess; bicarbonate; or norepinephrine requirements. Our data demonstrate that patients with COVID‐19 undergoing mechanical ventilation of the lungs may have short‐term physiological deterioration when transferred between nearby hospitals but this resolves within 24 h. This finding is relevant to the UK critical care strategy in the face of unprecedented demand during the COVID‐19 pandemic.


Young pea plants grown as a water culture were sprayed with hydrogen peroxide and 24 h later were treated with the herbicide paraquat. The effects of paraquat and H2O2 treatment were investigated on the endogenous concentrations of free proline, and free and conjugated putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Application of PQ increased the free proline and Put, and decreased conjugated and bound polyamines. The results clearly demonstrate the oxidative damages provoked by PQ application. Single treatment with H2O2 provoked considerable decrease in the free fraction of the three PAs studied 2 h after light exposition, but caused an increase in their respective conjugated fractions. Data suggest that PA changes after H2O2 treatment are due to conversion from free to conjugated form. Three hours later free PAs in H2O2 treated-plants reached control levels; however the conjugated remained higher than the control. No alterations were detected in proline concentration after H2O2 treatment. Pretreatment with Н2О2 activated some component of the plant protection mechanisms by causing an alteration in free/conjugated PAs ratio in plants subsequently subjected to PQ treatment. Data concerning PA and proline concentrations in plants treated with both compounds supposed that H2O2 shows a protective role against PQ and improves the plant tolerance to the oxidative stress generated by paraquat.


Based on analyzing natural environment characteristics of different producing runoff and producing sediment regions in the Yellow River basin,principles and indexes of determining more sediment and coarse sediment region have been mainly discussed and area of more sediment and coarse sediment region is calculated.It is to research coupling relations among different producing runoff and sediment regions in the Yellow River basin and runoff and sediment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Ratio that producing runoff volume and sediment delivery occupy total runoff and sediment in the four stations(Huaxian,Zhuangtou,Longmen and Hejin)are calculated,they are that producing annual runoff volume and sediment delivery occupy total runoff and sediment in four stations of the Yellow River 12.9% and 63.4% respectively,in which 87% of coarse sediment in the four stations comes from the more sediment and coarse sediment region.Controlling more sediment and coarse sediment region is a key for reducing sediment of four stations.It is estimated that controlling 10 000 km 2 more sediment and coarse sediment region can reduce 8% of total sediment and 10% coarse sediment respectively.


Research shows that co-witness discussion often leads to memory conformity, a similarity of reporting amongst witnesses, which can often bestow a false sense of accuracy. The aim of this study was to investigate how an individual's levels of independence and interdependence might affect susceptibility to memory conformity. Independence is characterised by separateness and internal capacity, whereas interdependence is characterised by relationships and adhering to other's expectations. Fifty-four participants viewed footage of a forensic autopsy and then discussed the details with a 'co-witness' (confederate). During the discussion, the confederate introduced both correct and incorrect items of post-event information. Participants were then asked to individually complete a free recall questionnaire relating to the video. Levels of independence and interdependence were measured by a modified version of the Self-Construal Scale. As hypothesised, results indicated that higher independence was associated with less memory conformity for misinformation. No significant relationship was found between memory conformity and interdependence.


The invention relates to a production method for manufacturing sliced veneer by bamboo split recombined bamboo wood and aims to realize that firstly, bamboo splits can be used for manufacturing bamboo veneer decorating materials and bamboo wood utilization rate is increased; secondly, natural-color, carbonized and dyed bamboo splits can be used for manufacturing bamboo veneers and colors of the bamboo veneers are enriched; thirdly, the technical problem of humidifying square timber of the bamboo splits is omitted and procedures are saved. The production method includes steps of 1) manufacturing the bamboo splits; 2) subjecting the bamboo splits to natural-color, carbonized or dyed treatment; 3) drying the bamboo splits; 4) shaping the square timber of the bamboo splits; 5) conditioning the square timber of the bamboo splits; 6) softening the square timber of the bamboo splits; 7) slicing the square timber of the bamboo splits; 8) post processing.


Sugarcane is one of the important cash crops of Bihar, covering about 1.7 lakhs hectare of land. The average production of sugarcane in Bihar is 53.4 tones per hectare. The addition of mulch which is an organic source may create better soil physical environment for supply of water and nutrient to plants enhance the crop production to some extent. Sulphitation press mud a waste product of sugar industry, contain sufficient amount of organic matter and plant nutrients which compares well with other source of organic matter. Annual production of sulphitation press mud in India is more than 28 million tones and is available in North Bihar at a very cheaper rate. The application of irrigation may be helpful in reducing moisture stress. Thermal properties of soil facilitate higher per cent of germination maintaining higher plant population and better crop growth.


The current-voltage characteristics of TGS samples in the ferroelectric phase at temperatures 25 and 45 °C are investigated. The I-U characteristics are measured in equilibrium and non-equilibrium state. It is found that in equilibrium state for small values of voltage the current is proportional to the voltage but for greater voltage the current is proportional to U4/3. The results are interpreted using the SCLC theory developed for ferroelectrics by Fridkin-Krehei and Krapivin-Chensky. The carrier mobility and its concentration are evaluated to μ = 2.26 × 10−6 cm2/Vs and n = 1.8 × 1016, cm−3, respectively.

Es werden Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien fur TGS-Proben in der ferroelektrischen Phase bei Temperaturen 25 und 45 °C untersucht. Die Kennlinie wird im Gleichgewichts- und Nichtgleichgewichtszustand untersucht. Es wird festgestellt, das im Gleichgewichtszustand fur niedrige Spannungen der Strom proportional zur Spannung, fur hoherere Spannungen jedoch proportional zu U4/3 ist. Die Ergebnisse werden auf Grund der Theorie raumladungsbegrenzter Strome von Fridkin-Kreher und Krapivin-Chensky erklart. Es werden Beweglichkeit und Konzentration der Ladungstrager zu μ = 2,26 × 10−6 cm2/Vs bzw. n = 1,8 × 1016 m−3 bestimmt.


We demonstrate that the temperature affects the validity of the CHSH inequality in an open bipartite two-qubit system. Specifically, for initial entangled states within the decoherence-free subspace (DFS), the CHSH inequality remains temperature-independent. In contrast, other entangled states exhibit a temperature threshold beyond which the inequality holds.


Soil is a highly complex system. Myriads of articles are published each year on soil processes and properties, interactions between them and management practices influencing them. But, because of the sheer mass of information and the complexity of the system, it is hard to maintain an overview of reliable information on these interactions and their sensitivity to external forcings. To collect, structure and visualize scientific results on functional relationships, we develop a system based on a mySQL database, a soil thesaurus and two JavaScript-driven visualizations. The system is fueled by a comprehensive soil literature review and currently being organized as a community effort to improve the understanding of the soil system and support users in finding information on functional relationships and knowledge gaps in soil science.


Article 117/I of the TCO (Turkish Code of Obligations) clearly regulates that the debtor of a debt due will fall into default with the notice of the creditor. The notice, which constitutes one of the general conditions of the debtor's default and the determination of the grace period, which constitutes the prerequisite for the exercise of alternative rights in bilateral contracts are different institutions. While the notice is important in terms of determining the exact time of performance; the determination of the grace period, without specifying a new time of performance, almost constitutes a prerequisite for the exercise of alternative rights within the framework of article 123 of the TCO. While the creditor, who does not want to enjoy the alternative rights in a bilateral contract, has the opportunity to put the debtor in default by only giving a notice, in which case, his request will be limited to the specific performance and the compensation for delay in performance, and will be deprived of the alternative rights granted to him. In that case, both declarations will have differences in terms of parties, content, form, time and consequences.


This paper looks at Jespersen-cycle effects in Logoori (Bantu, western Kenya), where a clause-final adverb daave (neg2) reinforces or replaces the older negative prefixes si- and ta- (neg1). In main-clause indicatives, neg1 is nearly obsolete (( ? si ) -a-sooma daav e 's/he's not reading'), while in subjunctives neg1 remains obligatory ( u-*(ta)-sooma daave 'don't read'). Recognizing that this pattern cannot be fully attributed to the phonological weakness of neg1 (cf. Jespersen 1917:4ff), I provide a supplementary grammar-competition analysis, in which the availability of a high-attaching, semantically negative daave in main clauses leads to the rapid erosion of neg1 si -.


Work period is important because long-term employees have high productivity. If employees are uncomfortable in the workplace will cause work stress. Monotonous work in a long time can lead to bored and a sense of saturation for workers who can then trigger stress. Stress from work will cause a variety of adverse effects ranging from decreased health and increase the risk of work accidents. The work done by the labor winding section in PT. Iskandar Indah printing textile Surakarta is heavy and requires good physical strength, work spirit, and physical endurance. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the work period with work stress on the labor winding section in PT. Iskandar Indah printing textile Surakarta. The type of this research is observational analytic with cross sectional approach. The population of this research is the whole labor on the winding section of 50 people taken with exhaustive sampling technique. Data analysis using Chi-square test. Result of research indicate there is relation between work period with work stress with p-value value equal to 0,012 ˂ 0,05.

Keywords: Work Period, Work Stress, Labor Winding Section


In this article are considered the results of usage of genetic algorithms in an estimation of the parameters of distribution with a bounded scattering region problem. The generalized normal distribution law with a bounded scattering region was studied. This distribution law model is based on the imaginary sources model. It is shown that normal distribution with a bounded scattering region is a five-parameter distribution. The description of a technique of genetic algorithms usage in an estimation of the parameters of five-parameter probability distribution function problem is given. In this article are defined the parameters of genetic algorithm which are necessary for a problem solving. The argumentation of a choice of a distribution parameters searching area is given. This article gives an analysis of an influence of a most commonly used genetic algorithm tunes upon distribution parameters estimation accuracy. As the result of this research the technique of the parameters estimation of a generalized normal distribution is proposed. The technique is based on genetic algorithms. The confirmation of technique efficiency is received. This article provides estimation of calculation accuracy of the distribution parameters and integral index which characterizes estimation accuracy in common.


We have begun an objective-prism H-alpha survey of star-forming regions using the CIDA 1 m Schmidt Camera, with a limiting magnitude of V ~ 18. We report here first results for selected areas of the Taurus-Auriga molecular clouds. Of the list of candidates found in the objective-prism plates, 12 stars have been confirmed as pre-main sequence by the detection of the Li I 6707 A absorption line. Five of these stars are in the dark cloud L1544, where only one T Tauri star was previously known. The new stars have very late spectral types and most have estimated masses between 0.2 M and 0.3 M.


AGONADOTROPIC substance is present in the urine of normal men which will induce spermatogenesis in hypophysectomized rats (i) and ground squirrels (2). In addition to an effect on the seminiferous tubules, a male urine extract, prospermin, which is prepared by an alcoholic precipitation method (3), produces an hypertrophy of the interstitialcells and a stimulation of the accessory sexual organs, thus indicating the presence of an interstitial'tissus'Stimulating factor. However, extracts of the urine of men, if prepared by tannic acid precipitation, have pre-dominantly a follicle-Stimulating effect on the ovaries of hypophysectomised rats whereas prospermin will not only stimulate folliculargrowth but will also cause luteinization, even at low dosages (4). The results of the studies show that the effects of the two preparations from male urine on the ovaries of hypophysectomized rats are quite different. Therefore, it was deemedof interest to extend the investigation of the action of male urine extract pre...


The present invention relates to a filter for insertion in a fluid-conducting pipe line, in particular in a gas-carrying pipe of an internal combustion engine, this filter comprises a support tube and a filter element which is fixed to the support tube and covers the clear internal cross-section, wherein the carrier pipe has a pipe connection with an end portion, having a final end portion of the edge and a circumscribed by the rim tube opening. The filter element covers the pipe opening of the pipe socket by being placed on the periphery of the tube opening, extends radially beyond the edge and is folded around the edge backwards so that it abuts the outer surface in the end region of the pipe socket. Furthermore, the pipe connection piece in its end region at least one substantially parallel to the edge corrugation or a bead over which / the across the filter element on the outer surface of the pipe stub extends fitting, and at the / the or behind the / the filter element by means of a radial clamping retaining means is fixed.


Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important inducer of inflammation, which is also closely linked to the progress of tumours. In macrophages, PGE2 production is regulated by arachidonic acid release and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression. In the present study, we found that COX‐2 expression can be achieved by activating Ca2+/Calmodulin (CaM)‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and cAMP‐response element‐binding protein (CREB) in rat peritoneal macrophages. Our results indicated that lipopolysaccharide and PMA could elicit the transient increase of the concentration of intracellular free calcium ions ([Ca2+]i), which induced activation of CaMKs with the presence of CaM. The subtype of CaMKs, CaMKII, then triggered the activation of CREB, which elevated COX‐2 expression and PGE2 production in a chronological order. These results suggested that Ca2+/CaM‐dependent CaMKII plays an important role in mediating COX‐2 expression and PGE2 production by activating CREB in macrophages. The study also provides more useful information to clarify the mechanism of calcium regulation of PGE2 production, which plays an essential role in inflammation and cancers.


It is widely recognized that a good and appropriate architecture is critical to the success of a software product or system [5]. However, neither the system nor its architecture is static, and a good architecture anticipates and guides the evolution of the system over time. As the system evolves over time, the role of the software architect evolves as well, and skills that enabled an architect to be successful during one phase of a system's lifetime may not enable success in later phases. This paper proposes a three-phase model to describe the evolution of software systems, and describes the contributions of the software architect which are necessary for success in each phase. This topic is of interest to practicing architects, and to software development managers responsible for selecting and hiring architects to contribute to a software system.


This research presents the results of the study habits of students of the Faculty of Accounting and Administration of the University of Veracruz, campus Coatzacoalcos. It presents the results of the habits that students have such as study habits, class preparation, time spent on homework and activities they perform for class and learning strengthening. It starts with the idea that the study, oriented to learning and effort, determines the intellectual and academic performance of students.


This article aims to document the workshop sobre território that happened in 2018 as an initiative by the group of student who organized the ninth edition of the Architecture Week of PUC-Rio and young Brazilian architects. The main purpose of the study was to understand and propose interventions in the area of Itaguaí's Dunes, where sand mining exploration for civil construction in Rio de Janeiro take place. Key-words: architecture; architecture week; workshop; itaguaí; civil construction; territory


In this study, we have investigated the effect of Mn addition on texture, phase formation, and magnetic properties of L10 FePt thin films. FePt/Mn/FePt trilayers were processed by rapid thermal annealing in the temperature range of 650 – 800°C for 30 s in N2 atmosphere. It is shown that Mn addition up to 10 at.% supports L10(001)-texture formation resulting in large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. However, it is observed that Mn is only partially incorporated into the FePt lattice. It was found that Mn diffuses through the FePt top layer to the sample surface, promoting the ordering process and forming a Mn oxide layer.


At first glance the idea of tourism as a focal point for serious academic enquiry does appear rather incongruous. Intellectualizing a seemingly frivolous leisure practice, rather feels like stretching things a little far. Studying people's vacations, from whatever perspective, sounds somewhat inconsequential, if not vaguely voyeuristic. And yet, here we are offering a Handbook. For while the idea of studying tourism can still conjure up concerns regarding its legitimacy, both among the tourism sector and the wider academy, it continues to flourish after a period of over 35 years; the very time when the patterns and processes of international tourism were being firmly established and enacted. However, as Hall and Page (2005) address, the study of tourism within the social sciences, in an AngloAmerican context, can be traced back to the 1920s. More recently the emergence of tourism studies, and what Rojek and Urry (1997) discuss as a process of institutionalization, has been tracked and discussed by the likes of Airey and Johnson (1999), Evans (2001) and Hall et al. (2004). Adjacent to such studies are a series of generally inconclusive "discussions," which have picked up on the issues surrounding the positioning of tourism studies and indeed, the questioning of its status and its relationships to other disciplines (see, for instance, Echtner and Jamal, 1997; Jafari, 1990; Jamal and Kim, 2005; Leiper, 1981; Ryan, 1997; Squire, 1994; Tribe, 1997, 2000) and the tourism sector itself (Ryan, 2001). Semantics play a part here. The mobilization of the term "tourism studies" implies the status of a discipline or, at the very least, the aspiration to become a discipline. Such a position tends to invoke reactions from the traditional disciplines, ranging from wholesale appropriation, where the study of tourism is said to have always been a feature of inquiry and subsequently can never be "owned" outside of a particular methodological 1