With the increase in Internet users the number of malicious users are also growing day-by-day posing a serious problem in distinguishing between normal and abnormal behavior of users in the network. This has led to the research area of intrusion detection which essentially analyzes the network traffic and tries to determine normal and abnormal patterns of behavior.In this paper, we have analyzed the standard NSL-KDD intrusion dataset using some neural network based techniques for predicting possible intrusions. Four most effective classification methods, namely, Radial Basis Function Network, SelfOrganizing Map, Sequential Minimal Optimization, and Projective Adaptive Resonance Theory have been applied. In order to enhance the performance of the classifiers, three entropy based feature selection methods have been applied as preprocessing of data. Performances of different combinations of classifiers and attribute reduction methods have also been compared.


Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), or PEDOT:PSS, a conductive polymer suspension, as well as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were incorporated into a conductive ink suitable for use in a piezoelectric inkjet printer. Viscosity, surface tension, and particle size of the ink were controlled to achieve stable, high-resolution printing. Passage of the CNTs through the filtration and jetting steps involved in printing was evaluated using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, and zeta-potential measurements of the filtered and printed inks. Only single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) passed through the jetting stage in significant amounts. Printed PEDOT/SWCNT sheet resistance was effectively minimized at ˜1 kΩ/ on cellulose acetate, in ink containing 6 w/w% of an aqueous SWCNT solution (approximately 0.04 w/w% SWCNTs).


The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG) is a very powerful pavement design tool but it includes empirical distress models calibrated only for conventional bituminous materials. Nowadays non conventional asphalt concrete materials are often used in flexible and semirigid pavements. The implementation of these new materials in the M-E PDG tool requires the calibration of the distress models based on experimental data from in-service pavements or laboratory test results. In this paper the calibration of the M-E PDG Asphalt Concrete Fatigue and Asphalt Concrete Rutting models is presented for three type of non conventional materials: asphalt concrete with modified asphalt binder, porous asphalt and foamed bitumen asphalt concrete. The result are presented in terms of the required calibration factors, caveats and accuracy of the calibrated functions. The issues of modeling multilayered structures with different asphalt concrete materials is also addressed.


The article describes the process of adjusting the main parameters of a mud pump by the method of frequency conversion of the current in the electric circuit feeding the pump electric motor. This technical solution creates conditions for more efficient operation of the mud pump, reducing the consumption of electrical energy and increasing the values of operation parameters.


The study of disease transmission is the investigation and examination of the dispersion (who, when, and where), examples and determinants of health and illness conditions in characterized populaces. It is a foundation of general wellbeing, and shapes strategy choices and proof based practice by recognizing hazard factors for illness and focuses for preventive medical services. Disease transmission experts assist with study plan, assortment, and measurable investigation of information, change translation and spread of results (counting peer audit and periodic orderly survey). The study of disease transmission has created approach utilized in clinical examination, general wellbeing contemplates, and, less significantly, essential exploration in the natural sciences [1].


Higher vocational education requires students majoring in electric automa- tion to be equipped with higher comprehensive quality and practical ability in automa- tion technology.But the present curriculum system lags behind the development of electric automation technology,which is not conducive to the cultivation of professional post ability.Consequently,the present curriculum system for electric automation spe- cialty should be reintegrated and restructured.


Since calculations on which dosimetric estimates are based often involve the photon fluence, it is necessary to have conversion coefficients that relate fluence to ambient and directional dose equivalents as a function of energy. In addition, conversion coefficients relating ambient dose equivalent to exposure and air kerma in free air are needed to show how to modify and recalibrate current instruments that were originally designed to measure these latter quantities. Such conversion coefficients have been calculated by several authors. At the point in the ICRU sphere at which the dose equivalent is to be determined, the fluence and energy spectrum of the radiation differ from those of the incident radiation. They are calculated, usually by the Monte Carlo method, and are converted to kerma by multiplying by the energy-averaged mass-energy transfer coefficient. The approximation is then usually made that absorbed dose is equal to kerma minus bremsstrahlung losses. This implies that secondary charged particles are in equilibrium with the primary radiation. When this approximation is not valid, as in the case of photons of energies greater than a few Me V, it is necessary to follow the secondary particles in the Monte Carlo simulation and keep track of where they deposit energy. Various authors have evaluated these results, and various sets of conversion coefficients have been adopted by national and international organizations. The corresponding values in these sets differ by amounts that are well within the estimated uncertainties of the calculations (Cross, 1989) and that are small compared with typical errors in practical measurements of dose equivalent quantities. The values given in tables Al to A4 are derived from all currently available data. When it is necessary to use values of conversion coefficients at energies not included in tables, a convenient method of interpolation is to fit the


Currently there is a serious conceptual and technical gap between ideas emphasized in object-oriented programming and ideas as taught in algorithms courses. We suggest both a paradigm for "re-expressing" algorithms in terms of classes and objects, and a set of criteria relative to which the quality of such re-expressions can be evaluated. A detailed example is provided for re-expressing the algorithmic idea of sorting.


High temperature microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy after aging at 165 ℃ for 2 h were investigated at different temperatures by means of short term high temperature tensile test,SEM and TEM.Results reveal that strength decreases gradually and the elongation decreases first to the minimum value of 12% at 200 ℃ and then increases with the increasing of temperature.The strength decreases greatly when the temperature is higher than 200 ℃.When the temperature is raised to 350 ℃,the tensile strength and yield strength decrease to 105 MPa and 98 MPa respectively,and the elongation increases to 23%.The poor mechanical properties are ascribed to the coarsening and transformation of the phases in Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy at high temperature.


Apparently the political decision that there will be an EU sales code (for the sale of goods) has been made, and the code has been drafted. It is to be an opt-in code, covering all cross-border transactions (both B 2 B and B 2 C). It has a facilitative provision allowing a Member State to adopt it for internal commerce. Ostensibly, it is thought that it will stimulate and facilitate online, inter-Member State, commerce.


In this article, I explore the impact of neoliberalism on the gender analysis mainstreaming initiative launched in 1996 by the Ministry of Women's Affairs in the government of Aotearoa/New Zealand. I argue that elements of neoliberal discourse worked against the feminist potential of The Full Picture, the instructional document that was developed by the Ministry to assist policy analysts across government in learning how to use gender analysis in all phases of their work. I also review various strategies for fostering the systematic implementation of gender analysis mainstreaming that have been pursued and argue that none of these has yet proven effective, including proposals to encourage the practice of gender analysis by incorporating measures of its use into the performance management framework established through neoliberal reforms to the public service.


Sex work is almost invariably re garded as a highly gendered act ivity that needs to be eliminated or at least severely restricted by the criminal law. Broadly, legal policy makers take one of two approache s to sex work; that it should b e abolished or that it should be severely restricted. Abolitionist approaches, such as those taken on some American states, criminalise bot h the act of sex working and ev erything associated with sex work such as location, premises, clients, advertising and s oliciting. Restrictive approaches are taken in countries like the UK and most of Austr alia where the act of sex work itself is not criminalised, but most if not all activities associated with sex work are criminalised...


A visual intelligent backing-up anticollision device is provided, which comprises a central controller circuit, a barrier distance measuring detection circuit, a stop control circuit, picture/character mixing circuit, a sound intensifying circuit and a backing-up signal detection circuit. During backing-up, the backing-up environment picture and distance data from the barrier are provided at the same time on the TFT screen and sound is adopted to remind drivers; the car is braked automatically when nearly colliding. The utility model avoids vehicle damage and achieves safe driving.


3D mapping has many applications including robot navigation, medical diagnosis and industrial inspection. However, many applications remain unfilled due to the large size and complex nature of typical 3D mapping systems. This paper describes a 3D mapping system being developed by the Photonics Laboratory at Virginia Polytechnic Institute which uses a fiber optic coupler as a fringe generator or grid projector. Several benefits are derived from this arrangement including small size, low cost, remote operation and survivability inside harsh environments. The system design and mathematical model are presented along with an estimation of the system depth resolution.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a door frame for a vehicle capable of making the field of vision good without increasing the number of manufacturing man-hours. SOLUTION: An outer member is provided with a folding-back part 13 whose edge forming a glass run storing part 12 (side wall part 12a) is bent to outdoor side and which has an opening 14 that is open to indoor side. The edge 23a, which forms an extension part 23 that extends to the outdoor side of a body part 22, of an inner member is inserted in the opening 14 of the folding-back part 13. On a tip end surface 23c of the edge 23a of the extension part 23, a projection part 25, which is heated and melted by current concentration in resistance welding and pressure joins the tip end surface 23c and the opposite part 13a of the folding-back part 13, is formed protrusively at the outdoor side. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT


Successor to the Nichols & Shepard Co., the Oliver Corp. was not only Battle Creek's oldest industry, but was the oldest incorporated manufacturing firm in Michigan. Established in 1848 as Nichols & Shepard, the business was sold in 1929 to the newly formed Oliver Farm Equipment, which later became the Oliver Corp. The White Motor Co. acquired the company in October 1960. Samuel W. White, Oliver president, announced the plant's closure on Feb. 27, 1962, affecting some 850 employees. The Enquirer and News reported the plant was "beset by 'insurmountable cost problems'" and would close Aug. 1 of that year.


The recent advance in laser field make it possible to excite and strip electrons with definite spin from hydrogen atoms. The sources of hydrogen atoms with orders of magnitude higher currents (than that of the conventional polarized electron cathods) can be obtained from H sources with good monochromatization. With one electron of H stripped by a laser, the remained electron is excited to upper state (2P and 2P) by a circular polarization laser light from FEL. Then, it is excited to a high quantum number (n=7) with mostly one spin direction due to energy level split of the states with a definite direction of spin and angular momentum in an applied magnetic field and then it is stripped by a strong electric field of an RF cavity. This paper presents combination of lasers and fields to get high polarization and high current electron source.


The judgment of factual situation of the merge university,such as the amount of discipline categories and the changes of characteristic,is the important precondition for the location and development of the merged university.The multi-discipline university is the intermediate form between wing college and comprehensive university,which orientates as comprehensive university.The multi-discipline university should constantly absorb new elements and form a new system.


This study investigated the effects of variety of sorghum on nutritional levels of malted grains. Unscreened grains of BSH1, Mahube, Phofu and Segaolane were malted and analysed for crude protein, minerals, fiber, organic matter and in-vitro digestibility. Malts from red coloured sorghum varieties (Mahube and BSH1) had significantly higher (P


Modem antennas especially arrays are being placed in layers of materials on complex environments. A rigorous recursive method for plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients (Richmond, 1965) has been used in the past for dipoles above multilayer slabs (Aktas et al., 1998). This solution is modified in this paper to account for forward and backward traveling rays with appropriate spread factors for a dipole in the media. Extensive validation for this approximate method shows good agreement with a method of moments code. This code is developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The geometry for these comparisons uses a dipole in nontruncated dielectric multilayer slabs.


The effects of five novel winemaking technologies on color were evaluated. Cold soak maceration (CSM), dry ice maceration (DIM), prefermentative juice runoff (PJR), delestage (D), and extended maceration (EM) were the process assayed on grapes from Tempranillo variety cultivated in a warm climate zone. Enological and color parameters were determined at stemmed-crushed, pressed, bottled and after 4 months aged in bottle. Significant differences were found in color intensity, percentage of red and blue, and hue at each step of the process and for every technique when compared to the control wine. However, differences tended to decrease with aging. Eleven anthocyanins (glucosides and acylated) were identified, and five quantified by HPLC. Also the anthocyanin distribution in free anthocyanin (% FA), copigmented anthocyanin (% CA) and polimerizated anthocyanin (% PA) were studied. Differences were found for total anhocyanin content, not in their relative abundance. Winemaking processes affected wine's main sensory attributes. DIM achieved a remarkably high valuation for aspect at bottle time, while EM obtained very positive remarks with regards to aroma and persistence at aging DIM and PJR seemed to be the most promising techniques, but after 4-months aging in bottle only EM wine showed a high anthocyanin content.


A general account of the experimental results of the recently closed DESY-HERA accelerator and a presentation of the physics expected to be revealed by the LHC-CERN accelerator, beginning to deliver data in less than one year, is provided. An analysis of the impact of this information on the theoretical developments is included


ABSTRACT Effects of organic (Italian ryegrass and Bokashi) and chemical fertilizer on growth, yield, and grain quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were compared under different planting densities in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. Italian ryegrass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. Bokashi (a mixture of organic materials) was applied as basal dressing. To measure yield and its components, 30 hills were chosen for each treatment. Rice grains were harvested from each treatment to assess the grain quality and to evaluate accumulation structures using a scanning electron microscope. Bokashi treatment increased panicle number per hill, ripened grain percentage, panicle number per m2, and grain yield compared to no fertilizer treatment at normal planting density. Chemical fertilizer treatment increased plant length at high planting density. Italian ryegrass and Bokashi treatments promoted the taste point (taste score as reference) by reduction of amylose and protein contents at normal planting density in contrast to chemical fertilizer. 1000-grain weight, panicle number per m2, and grain yield were higher at high planting density than at normal planting density. However, high planting density decreased panicle number per hill and spikelet number per panicle. It also enhanced the amylose content of rice grain. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that chemical fertilizer treatment marked up protein bodies and their traces on amyloplasts. However, Bokashi treatment produced large amyloplasts, which included many starch granules. These results show that Italian ryegrass and Bokashi can offset reductions of chemical fertilizer and can lead to sufficient starch accumulation structures in rice grains. Graphical Abstract (Kakar et al.)


Book review -
Social Mobility for the 21st Century: Everyone a Winner?
Steph Lawler & Geoff Payne, (eds). New York: Routledge, 2018. pp. 184, £115 (hbk). ISBN: 9781138244894


Kongdian formation of Dongying Huimin Sag in Jiyang depression is a deep formation with some hardness for petroleum exploration. The logs and seismic data are applied to study the sequence stratigraphy of Kongdian formation. Kongdian period in Dongying\|Huimin sag developed a complete sequence including lowstand system tract, transgressive system tract, highstand system tract and shrinking system tract. On the whole, the sequence framework is filled by five depositional systems. The depositional centers and the depressed centers in Dongying Huimin sag of Jiyang depression in the Kongdian period are firstly determined. Moreover, the distribution of source rock and favorable zones for the further exploration are presented.


Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major killer that threatens everyone on the globe, warned a group of experts convened in June by the editors of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) at the unveiling of the journal's theme issue on TB.

About a third of the world's population is


A periodical model of histidine intercalated Zn–Al layered double hydroxides was proposed to simulate its structural prop-erty and hydrated process based on the molecular dynamics.The result of simulation shows that the interlayer spacing increases line-arly as water molecules add.When water content Nw = 2–3,the value of the interlayer spacing was similar to the analytical value of X-ray diffraction and element analysis.It was indicated that the hydration process could be simulated.For the simulation of H-bonds,the hydration of the system was carried out as follows: water molecules initially linked layers and anions,and then formed more H-bonds with layers and gradually separated anions with layers,finally,they formed a kind of "water layer" between layers and ani-ons.The hydration energy increased gradually and obtained a saturated value at the end.The saturated value was lower than the po-tential of bulk water.The change of releasing curve for histidine could be explained via the hydrated property from the simulation.The slowly released histidine and the saturated releasing content of 60% could be related to the low saturated value of hydration en-ergy or the H-bonding mechanism and the molecular structure.


The article presents the results produced by an intervention-research conducted in a residential community for adolescents located in the northern Italy. The transcriptions of six educational meetings were analyzed, which amount to a total of 22 hours and 27 minutes. The purpose of the survey is to understand the relevance and the amount of the topic discussed by the educators during the meetings in relation to the ability to maintain a balanced attention on all the cases taken in charge. The results show how the attention placed by educators in the residential care does not follow the logic of fair distribution, but refers to the priority attributed to the management of conflict and the oppositive/transgressive behaviors implemented by adolescents.


Surface area heuristics is currently the most popular method for view independent construction of spatial hierarchies for ray tracing. We present a method which modifies the surface area heuristics by taking into account the actual distribution of rays in the scene. This is achieved by subsampling the rays to be cast and using these rays in order to estimate the probabilities of rays traversing through nodes of the constructed hierarchy. The main aim of our paper is to analyze the potential of taking the ray distribution into account. The results indicate that we can achieve a minor speedup of ray traversal compared to standard SAH. For large densely occluded scene we can also save the construction time and memory consumption of the hierarchy by not subdividing parts of the scene where no rays are traced.


Polarization singular structures are studied in the superposition of two counter-propagating vector Laguerre-Gaussian beams. Stokes field is used to analyze the dynamics of the polarization singular points during the propagation of the field


The purpose of this study is to assert the fact that School Library Media Center(SLMC) is the most important body which influences the whole process of loaming in school and at the same time it functions as a very essential infrastructure of acquiring loaming in the society. The writer analysed the studies on learning outcomes across a range of educational conditions and settings. She found that loaming outcomes are influenced positively by the educational conditions and settings that accomodate the student diversity and individualization, and loaming materials for their individual needs. It means that the outcomes of effective teaming are influenced by using teaming materials of individual student guided by teachers and teacher librarians. In case, school education furnishes desirable programs of SLMC and use it properly, students canhave enough experiences what and how they learn by using library materials during their school days. As school days are in their early days of their lifetime, they are easy to carry their way of loaming with them even after they finish school. The members of society who are accustomed to use library materials during their school days will have loaming needs for their better life. The writer wants to call it the loaming needs of society that school produces. A teaming society is composed of two factors One is the loaming needs of the people and the other is the environment to meet them. SLMC produces loaming needs, and it meets to the needs of student learning. Consequently it can be said SLMC is the infrastructure for loaming society. The author pointed out that the Educational Reformation Draft of current Government does not mention about learning materials prerequisite to enhance student loaming outcomes, especially in relation to their creativity. She concluded educators of every level of school including government officials in charge of education have to think and do something about reformation of School Library Media Center for the fulfillment of the goal of Korean Educational Reformation Draft announced by the Educational Reformation Committee Draft announced by the Educational Reformation Committee May 31, 1995.


Composition containing, as pharmaceutical active ingredients calcitriol and clobetasol 17-propionate, characterized in that the composition is an inverse emulsion containing a glycolic or hydroglycolic hydrophilic phase, a continuous lipophilic phase and emulsifier HLB of between 2 and 7.


The issuance of fake degrees and certificates is one of the biggest concerns in society. This kind of employment through fake certificates will lead to a whole set of workforces who are not properly educated or trained. This can result in poor growth of the organization. The existing method of verifying the certificates involves sending an email of the certificate to the institute, the organization would respond with a reply mail containing all the details of the student along with the verification result. The drawbacks involved in this approach are delays in the verification process and this method becomes complex if the number of certificates to be verified is huge. Our approach to this problem involves detecting the labels in the image and extracting corresponding fields to be verified from the original image as multiple cropped images, the text in these cropped images is recognized using the EasyOCR module available in python. The institute database is searched for a match with the extracted details and the results after querying are sent back. This entire verification process is implemented as client-server architecture for easy access.


Howard arid Firkin have described that the ristocetin induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) is defective in von Willebrand's disease (vWd), but is normal in afibrinogenemia. They also noted that ristocetin causes precipitation of fibrinogen. A key factor of RIPA seems to be the factor lacking in vWd, not fibrinogen, since a plasma level of fibrinogen is normal in vWd. Although RIPA is vWd defective at usual final concentration (F. C.) (1mg/ml), it occurs at high F. C. (2, 3mg/ml).On the other hand, platelets in our two patients with afibrinogenemia aggregated at usual F. C. of ristocetin, but the aggregation strength and curve pattern were differed from those in normal. The RIPA of these patients were normalized with fibrinogen in vitro and vivo.Rabbit anti-fibrinogen serum completely inhibited RIPA in citrated normal PRP when it was added 3min. before ristocetin. (F. C. 1.0, 2.0, 3.0mg/ml)These findings led us to study the interaction between fibrinogen and ristocetin.In this study it was confirmed that ristocetin causes precipitation of fibrinogen as reported already.In addition it was found that FVIII-antigen level decreased in the supernant of PRP or PPP centrifused at 10, 000g. 30min. after adding various F. C. of ristocetin.Ristocetin precipitated fibrinogen (RPF) was prepared by adding high F. C. of ristocetin to placheck and/or platelet suspended plasma.On phase contrast and electron microscopic observation of RPF, placheck and/or platelet were seen in RPF clump as if they were entrapped within clump.Hence, we have assumed that at the early stage in RIPA, von Willebrand factor and receptor on the surface membrane of platelet play a chief role in usual F. C., while RPF clump play an important role in high F. C. of ristocetin (2, 3mg/ml).Also in RIPA at usual F. C. fibrinogen seems to be concerned in an aggregation strength and curve pattern.


This paper proposes a new prototype filter design method based on the time‐frequency constellation for filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) systems in highly doubly dispersive channels. Maximal spectral efficiency, complex orthogonality and a well‐localised pulse shaping in time and frequency domains are three criteria in the prototype filter design. Satisfying these criteria simultaneously is a challenging issue in the FBMC system design. In order to meet these criteria as much as possible, we consider an FBMC system in which the complex‐valued data symbols are transmitted via a selected time‐frequency constellation with maximal spectral efficiency. Based on the selected constellation and channel statistic properties, the prototype filter is designed by maximising a new utility function called signal to weighted interference ratio (SWIR), which is defined according to the channel time and frequency dispersions. Because the SWIR is a nonlinear utility function, its maximisation is not straightforward. In this paper, for prototype filter design, a reliable, robust and fast converging algorithm called evolutionary cooperatively coevolving particle swarm optimisation is used to maximise the SWIR. The FBMC system, which uses the proposed prototype filter design method, can be combined with the MIMO techniques efficiently because of its capability of sending complex‐valued symbols. Simulation results show that the performance and bandwidth efficiency of the proposed method are superior to those of other techniques, for both cases of single antenna and multiple antennas, in highly doubly dispersive channels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Ab initio study of the density-dependent population and lifetime of the long-lived ({mu}p){sub 2s} and the yield of ({mu}p){sub 1s} atoms with kinetic energy 0.9 keV have been performed. The direct Coulomb 2s{yields}1s de-excitation is proved to be the dominant quenching mechanism of the 2s state at kinetic energy below 2p threshold and explain the lifetime of the metastable 2s state and high-energy 0.9 keV component of ({mu}p){sub 1S} observed at low densities. The cross sections of the elastic, Stark, and Coulomb de-excitation processes have been calculated in the close-coupling approach taking into account both the closed channels and vacuum polarization shifts of the ns states. The cross sections are used as the input data in the detailed study of the atomic cascade kinetics. The theoretical predictions are compared with the known experimental data at low densities. The 47% yield of the 0.9 keV ({mu}p){sub 1s} atoms is predicted for liquid-hydrogen density.


The effects of the mixture of benzo(a)pyrene and pyrene (concentration range of 0 1—50*!μg/L) exposure on hepatic antioxidant enzymes activitives in Mugil so-iuy were studied under experimental condition.The results mostly showed that the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were inhibited. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes were sometimes induced briefly during exposure. The enzyme activities induction appeared sooner at higher concentration group than that at lower concentration group. The SOD and GPx activities changed quite in phase. The CAT activity was induced at the early exposure. The changes of antioxidant enzymes activities reflected indirectly the existence of oxidation stress.


The objective of the present experiment was to assess the protective activity of sorghum vinegar (V) and mei vinegar (MV) and its alkaloids by evaluating its antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, and hypouricemic activities. The acetic acid concentration, metallic ions like calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and alkaloid contents (β-carbolines) were much higher in MV than V. MV exhibited better xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity to endorse its antihyperuricemic effect. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity and solubility of urate were substantially ameliorated in MV than V. Both V and MV effectively reduced the mutagenicity induced by mutagenic agents like N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]-quinoline on various strains of Salmonella typhimurium namely TA100 and TA102. Based on the outcome of the current study, it indicated that MV might be recommended for treating the uric acid related disorder (gout) along with standard hypouricemic drugs.

Practical applications
For many year mei vinegar (plum) has been used as a physiological alkaline food and hence recommended for treating various ailments like an ulcer, gastritis, and arthritis (gout). However, the scientific evidence behind vinegar for treating arthritis (gout) was unknown and hence the current study was undertaken to showcase the beneficial activity by checking the antioxidant, antimutagenic and hypouricemic activities of MV and V. Ample amount of studies proved that alkaloids (β-carboline) are the major phytocomponents of fruit or grain vinegar with numerous health promoting properties and hence, we speculate that alkaloids in MV might largely contribute to antioxidant, antimutagenic, and hypouricemic activities. Our results confirm our hypothesis and indicating that MV with higher content of alkaloids showed better beneficial property than V. Therefore, MV can be used as a functional food for curbing uric acid related disorder.


involving Conzinc Riotinto of Australia Ltd (CRA, an RTZ subsidiary), the Aus tralian Administration in Papua New Guinea and traditional landowners in Rorovana village of South Bougainville culminated in police using force to re move protesters from Rorovana land being surveyed for mining purposes. To many people's surprise, the crisis was peacefully resolved by 6 September 1969. The parts played in resolving the crisis by Bougainvillean nationalists, Australian MPs, academics, journalists, unionists and the Catholic church are well known. This is the hitherto unpublished story of the role Moral Re-Armament (MRA) played in the resolution ofthat conflict.3 (The 1988-90 dispute is not over the Rorovana land, but over the entire mining operation, and the desire for se cession.) Bougainville is a cigar-shaped island 130 miles long and 30-50 miles wide, lying 500 miles to the east of mainland Papua New Guinea. Copper was known since the 1930s to exist in the Panguna region of South Bougainville, a rugged, mountainous area 60 kms from Kieta, where the annual rainfall is over 200 inches.


This article provides an analysis of religio-political interaction in America after September 11, 2001 through the lens of Buddhist philosophy. The concepts of interdependence and co-dependent origination are adopted as a starting point from which to explore the "causes and conditions" of 9/11. From this perspective, the root causes of the attack have not been removed. A thorough understanding of these causal factors is crucial in order to prevent further violence. Venturing beyond a warning about the potentially dangerous interplay of religion and politics in post-9/11 America, the article proposes a less explosive view of the event, its precursors and aftermath. This view is based upon Abe's concepts of "kenotic God" and "dynamic Sunyata", as well as Taylor's "prophetic spirit". This perspective, however, is only one amongst a multiplicity of possibilities, which should all be heard in order to achieve an in-depth understanding of religio-political interaction.


Objective: to establish specific characteristics of structural changes in the brain in premature infants with pre- and perinatal damage to the nervous system. Material and methods: We examined 146 preterm infants of the first year of life: the main group included 102 children who were diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the age of 12 months; and the comparison group included 44 children with a favorable outcome. Results: The structural pathology was revealed in 100% of cases in the patients of the main group by neuroimaging with cystic-atrophic changes in the brain substance (p=0.001) ranking first. The number of cases of gliosis in the brain substance was increasing gradually in infants of the main group during the first year of life. Congenital malformations of the brain were found 5.5 times more often in infants of the main group than in those of the comparison group (p=0.001). The internal hydrocephalus (p=0.005) and ventriculomegaly (p=0.001) were characteristic of the patients with cerebral palsy in contrast to the comparison group. Conclusions: In premature infants with a favorable neuropsychiatric outcome, the structural pathology of the brain decreased by 12 times at the age of 12 months relative to the age of 3 months.


For an entire function f(z), a sequence of complex numbers {λn }, and an unbounded domain Ω, the completeness of the system {f(λ nz)} in (mean square approximation) is studied. A similar problem is discussed when f is analytic on the Riemann surface of the logarithm


Simple Summary Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a relatively new and unexplored RNA type, implicated in several aspects of cell life, in normal and pathological states. This review aims to discuss the roles of circRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation, progression, and therapy resistance, as well as their potential clinical value as CRC biomarkers. CRC is characterized by an elevated mortality rate, poor prognosis of high-grade tumors, high metastatic potential, and resistance to conventional therapies. Therefore, there is an urgent need for identification of novel molecules involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. Prompted by several studies examining circRNA involvement in CRC, in this review we seek to summarize the existing knowledge on circRNA expression in CRC and their implication in cellular pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying colorectal carcinogenesis. Lastly, we discuss the limitations and future perspectives highlighting the missing pieces of the puzzle and aspects of the circRNA research field that should be further investigated. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most fatal type of malignancy, worldwide. Despite the advances accomplished in the elucidation of its molecular base and the existing CRC biomarkers introduced in the clinical practice, additional research is required. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) constitute a new RNA type, formed by back-splicing of primary transcripts. They have been discovered during the 1970s but were characterized as by-products of aberrant splicing. However, the modern high-throughput approaches uncovered their widespread expression; therefore, several questions were raised regarding their potential biological roles. During the last years, great progress has been achieved in the elucidation of their functions: circRNAs can act as microRNA sponges, transcription regulators, and interfere with splicing, as well. Furthermore, they are heavily involved in various human pathological states, including cancer, and could serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in several diseases. Particularly in CRC, aberrant expression of circRNAs has been observed. More specifically, these molecules either inhibit or promote colorectal carcinogenesis by regulating different molecules and signaling pathways. The present review discusses the characteristics and functions of circRNA, prior to analyzing the multifaceted role of these molecules in CRC and their potential value as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.


We have designed a practical meteorological lidar system for simultaneous measurements of key meteorological parameters such as temperature, wind velocity, humidity and several optical parameters of aerosol and clouds particles of the troposphere. Single or double parameter measuring systems have already been developed using ultraviolet lidar systems and further extension to measure the key meteorological parameters is promoted in this work. The ultraviolet multi-spectrum detection technique is used and the analysis of filter efficiency, accuracy and range capability of the system are made. Some basic results are reported on the characteristics and requirements for realization of this new lidar scheme.


Objective
To identify new susceptibility genes for coronary artery disease(CAD)by integrating genome wide association study and gene expression profiling.

Methods
On account of our data of genome wide association study(GWAS)on CAD, our integrative analysis of gene expression profiles and GWAS for CAD was conducted, and we obtained candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)for a multicenter case-control genetic association study.Using a DNA ligase chain reaction-based genotyping method, we validated these candidate loci in two independent populations.

Results
Firstly, we selected 21 SNPs for 21 candidate genes.Using a DNA ligase chain reaction-based genotyping method, we validated these candidate loci in two independent populations, including population 1(495 cases and 492 control)and population 2(810 cases and 853 control). And we identified an intragenic SNP rs11208367(ROR1), which was significantly associated with CAD.Meta confluence analysis in combination of GWAS and two validation populations showed that the P value of rs11208367 was 2.00×10-4, which was still significant after Bonferroni multiple test correction(0.05/21=2.38×10-3).

Conclusions
The rs11208367 SNP of ROR1gene is significantly associated with CAD, indicating that ROR1is a novel susceptibility gene for CAD.

Key words:
Genomics; Coronary disease; Genetic predisposition to disease


Increasing atmospheric pCO2 and its dissolution into oceans leads to ocean acidification and warming, which reduces the thickness of upper mixing layer (UML) and upward nutrient supply from deeper layers. These events may alter the nutritional conditions and the light regime to which primary producers are exposed in the UML. In order to better understand the physiology behind the responses to the concomitant climate changes factors, we examined the impact of light fluctuation on the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans grown at low (1 mol L−1) or high (800 mol L−1) [NO3−] and at high (1000 atm) or low (390 atm, ambient) pCO2. The light regimes to which the algal cells were subjected were (1) constant light at a photon flux density (PFD) of either 100 (C100) or 500 (C500) mol m−2 s−1 or (2) fluctuating light between 100 or 500 mol photons m−2 s−1 with a frequency of either 15 (F15) or 60 (F60) min. Under continuous light, the initial portion of the light phase required the concomitant presence of high CO2 and NO3− concentrations for maximum growth. After exposure to light for 3 h, high CO2 exerted a negative effect on growth and effective quantum yield of photosystem II (F ′ v/F ′ m). Fluctuating light ameliorated growth in the first period of illumination. In the second 3 h of treatment, higher frequency (F15) of fluctuations afforded high growth rates, whereas the F60 treatment had detrimental consequences, especially when NO3− concentration was lower. F ′ v/F ′ m responded differently from growth to fluctuating light: the fluorescence yield was always lower than at continuous light at 100 mol m−2 s−1, and always −2 −1 higher at 500 mol m s . Our data show that the impact of atmospheric pCO2 increase on primary production of dinoflagellate depends on the availability of nitrate and the irradiance (intensity and the frequency of irradiance fluctuations) to which the cells are exposed. The impact of global change on oceanic primary producers would therefore be different in waters with different chemical and physical (mixing) properties. © 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Abbreviations: LNLC, cells grown under low NO3− low CO2 nutrient condiion; LNHC, cells grown under low NO3− high CO2 nutrient condition; HNLC, cells rown under high NO3− low CO2 nutrient condition; HNHC, cells grown under igh NO3− high CO2 nutrient condition; C100, cells cultured under constant light f 100 mol m−2 s−1; C500, cells cultured under constant light of 500 mol m−2 s−1; 15, cells cultured under fluctuating light between 100 and 500 mol m−2 s−1 with frequency of 15 min; F60, cells cultured under fluctuating light between 100 and 00 mol m−2 s−1 with a frequency of 60 min; UML, upper mixed layer; PAR, photoynthetically active radiation; PFD, photon flux density; CCM, carbon concentrating echanism; NPQ, non-photochemical quenching. ∗ Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, iamen University, Xiang-An Campus, Zhou Longquan Building A1-211, Xiamen, ujian 361102, China. Tel.: +86 592 218 7963; fax: +86 592 218 7963. E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (K. Gao). ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.020 176-1617/© 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Introduction Phytoplankton cells are exposed to changes in irradiance, with very different periodicity depending on the temporal scale considered and the environmental conditions. The light field can be altered with a periodicity of fractions of a second in the case of the influence of surface waves on the light field; with frequencies of minutes in coastal waters, and of hours or days in deeper oceanic waters, due to turbulent and thermal mixing. Seasonal changes can occur over months (Litchman, 2000; MacIntyre et al., 2000). The impacts of light fluctuations on phytoplankton physiology varies, leading to short term physiological changes (e.g., regulation of energy transfer from the antennae) and potentially major repercussions at the ecosystem level through their influence on primary production (Litchman, 2000 and references therein).


A novel circularly-polarized (CP) antenna with Broadband for navigation applications is presented. A circular patch is used as radiator, which is fed by the Wilkinson power divider operating from 1.1 to 2.8GHz. The Wilkinson power divider is designed based on composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH-TL). The size of the proposed antenna is 0.7λ<inf>0</inf> × 0.7λ<inf>0</inf> × 0.1λ<inf>0</inf> (λ<inf>0</inf> is the wavelength at center frequency in free space). The impedance bandwidth for VSWR<2 is 50.9% and the AR bandwidth for AR<3 is 48.57%. Good agreement between simulation and measurement over the desired bands is obtained.


This part comprises a first layer (20) and a second layer (22) partially coated on the first layer (20). The second layer (22) comprises at least a first region (24A, 24B) applied to the first layer (20) and at least a second region (26A, 26B) disposed opposite and away from the first layer (20 ), the second region (26A, 26B) delimiting with the first layer (20) an intermediate space (34A, 34B). The second region (26A, 26B) has a density lower than the density of the first region (24A, 24B). The second layer (22) comprises at least a third region (28A) applied to the first layer (20), the third region (28A) having a density lower than the density of the first region.


Definitions in Synonym Thesaurus which edited by Zhang Qingyuan is a paradigm, it is very helpful for synonyms teaching and research. This paper takes it for example to analyze the fuzziness problem of adjectives and adjective interpretation, make theory exploring about this kind of synonymous interpretation, and puts forward some views on the interpretation of adjectives and adjective synonymous problem.


Problem statement: One of language processing approaches that compute a basic analysis of sentence structure rather than attempting full syntactic analysis is shallow syntactic parsing. It is an analysis of a sentence which identifies the constituents (noun groups, verb groups, prepositional groups), but does not specify their internal structure, nor their role in the main sentence. The only technique used for Arabic shallow parser is Support Vector Machine (SVM) based approach. The problem faced by shallow parser developers is the boundary identification which is applied to ensure the generation of high accuracy system performance. Approach: The specific objective of the research was to identify the entire Noun Phrases (NPs), Verb Phrases (VPs) and Prepositional Phrases (PPs) boundaries in the Arabic language. This study discussed various idiosyncrasies of Arabic sentences to derive more accurate rules to detect start and the end boundaries of each clause in an Arabic sentence. New rules were proposed to the shallow parser features up to the generation of two levels from full parse-tree. We described an implementation and evaluate the rule-based shallow parser that handles chunking of Arabic sentences. This research was based on a critical analysis of the Arabic sentences architecture. It discussed various idiosyncrasies of Arabic sentences to derive more accurate rules to detect the start and the end boundaries of each clause in an Arabic sentence. Results: The system was tested manually on 70 Arabic sentences which composed of 1776 words, with the length of the sentences between 4-50 words. The result obtained was significantly better than state of the art Arabic published results, which achieved F-scores of 97%. Conclusion: The main achievement includes the development of Arabic shallow parser based on rule-based approaches. Chunking which constitutes the main contribution is achieved on two successive stages that include grouped sequences of adjacent words on the basis of linguistic properties.


Based on the analysis of previously published works, it was determined that there had been a dearth of research into the topic at hand; hence, this study set out to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by filling this void. Controller of Budget and Auditor General Offices state that County Governments continue to face governance, integrity, accountability, and transparency difficulties in the administration of public resources despite better legal and institutional frameworks on public financial management. The research targeted 100 staff at the County Treasury, comprising the Assistant Directors, Finance Officers, Internal Auditors, Accountants and Procurement Officers. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires, while secondary data was collected through document analysis from the financial reports compiled by the offices of the Controller of Budget (COB), Auditor General (OAG) and County Treasury. Participants were selected using a census-style technique. The questionnaires and research questions were pilot tested to guarantee their accuracy. Frequencies and percentages were utilised for descriptive statistics, whereas Pearson Correlation Coefficients were used for inferential purposes. Figures and tables were used to display the data. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. The study revealed that financial planning and budgeting reforms (r=0.705), revenue mobilisation reforms (r=0.655), internal control reforms (r=0.722), and public procurement reforms (r=0.535) positively influenced the performance of the Kisii County Government. The research finds that Public Procurement reforms' performance is impacted by how well they are implemented. The study therefore recommends that Kisii County Government should embrace the implementation of the reforms in order to address the accountability, governance, integrity, and transparency challenges experienced in the management of public resources


This paper presents a model for the optimal operation of a community-based microgrid. The model introduces microgrid controller and consumer parameters and considers prevailing restrictions for the optimal operation of a microgrid. Mixed-integer programming (MIP) is used to formulate the microgrid problem. Test results show the effectiveness of the proposed model for the microgrid operation.


ABSTRACT It is widely believed that environmental regulations in a developing country increase abatement costs for firms and, in turn, make the country a less attractive investment avenue for multinational firms from advanced economies. Using panel data of 120 developing countries from 2000 to 2014, this study empirically investigates whether stringent environmental regulations deter foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. The empirical results are the exact opposite of the pollution haven effect, namely, stringent environmental regulations significantly attract FDI, a circumstance that causes a "race to the top." The results are robust when tested against various specifications.


One of directions increase efficiency horizontal road sectoring is application new materials and technologies. In the given work the opportunity of application of color asphalt of concrete for division lanes is considered, that in turn reduces breakdown susceptibility on highways not only our country.


The Munchhausen syndrome was first described by Asher in 1951. It consists of a simulation of disease (imaginary disorders) in order to be admitted to hospital, also undergoing invasive exams or operations for the sole purpose of being a patient, without benefiting in any way from that condition, unlike true simulators. The syndrome may present in five main forms (abdominal, hemorrhagic, neurological, cutaneous and anginal-febrile). The urological sphere usually concerns the first 4 groups. The authors present six cases of female patients with neurological (3), abdominal (2) and febrile (1 ) type clinical aspects. The psychological profile of patients suffering from this syndrome is then discussed, also referring to its classification according to DSM-IV.


When considering systems statisfying balanced incomplete block design structure, one is interested only in distinct configurations in the sense of isomorphism. We have determined additional non-isomorphic solutions to designs with previously established solutions through consideration of automorphism groups. This effort utilizes a classic technique of direct construction, namely, symmetrically repeated differences, modified slightly when constucting designs with partial cycles of blocks. To determine te base blocks, we utilize the computer to expedite some formidable enumeration


The invention relates to a cylinder tube for a working cylinder with a group consisting of thermoplastic plastic inner tube (12) and an inner tube (12) radially outwardly surrounding, coaxially arranged outer tube (14) of fiber reinforced thermoplastic material. It is envisaged that between the inner tube (12) and outer tube (14) an intermediate layer (16) for fixed connection of the two tubes (12, 14) is arranged with one another. The invention further relates to a method for producing a cylinder tube for a working cylinder in which successively an inner tube (12) made of thermoplastic material and that radially outwardly surrounds coaxially arranged outer tube (14) of fiber reinforced thermoplastic material is extruded. Here, it is provided that between the inner tube (12) and outer tube (14) an intermediate layer (16) for fixed connection of the two tubes (12, 14) is applied.


The evolution of surface morphology for single-crystal bulk Al-polar aluminum nitride substrates during ex situ cleaning, in situ cleaning, and subsequent homoepitaxy is investigated. Ex situ acid treatment is found to reveal atomic steps on the bulk AlN substrates. After in situ Al-assisted cleaning at high temperatures in a high vacuum environment monitored with reflection high-energy electron diffraction, cleaner atomic step edges are observed. Subsequent growth on the cleaned bulk AlN by molecular beam epitaxy is used to develop a phase-diagram for homoepitaxy on AlN single crystals. Secondary ion mass spectrometry profiles reveal high-purity epitaxial layers with undesired chemical impurity densities of Si, O, and C to be below detection limits. The grown homoepitaxial films are observed to oxidize in the ambient environment, but repeating the ex situ acid treatment again reveals atomic steps.


Professor Francis R. Fraser: The British Pharmacopoeia has hitherto not been read and not been used by most medical practitioners, and there is good reason for this, because it is a book of standards and not a book of prescriptions. When a therapeutic substance is ordered by a doctor, the pharmacopceia ensures that a reliable sample, as free as possible from toxic and other impurities, shall be dispensed, and the members of the Pharmacopoeia Commission have had this purpose foremost in their minds throughout the compilation of the 1932 edition. If a substance cannot be defined with accuracy it has not been included, and if the active constituents or the potency of a substance cannot be adjusted to ensure a reasonably constant article it has not been included. As it is a book of standards, mixtures-and compound pills and powders which are simple mixtures of pharmacopaeial drugs-have, as a rule, not been included, but a few, well-established and commonly used, particularly if their pharmacy is difficult, have been retained. The trend of modern therapeutics is to use single drugs in a pure state, and simply prepared for administration to patients as a dry substance or a solution. As the use of complicated formule and of prescriptions with many ingredients beconies less-and it is becoming less-the pharmacopoeia will become more valuable to the practising physician, and he need hardly ever prescribe a non-pharmacopoeial remedy unless he is making therapeutic investigations on new substances. The years between the publication of the last edition in 1914 and of the new edition in 1932 have seen advances in all branches of knowledge, and so it has been possible to modify and strengthen many of the requirements and tests for purity and to define with greater accuracy the physical and chemical characters to which a drug must conform. With these improvements I do not propose to deal, nor shall I recount the reasons why each of the 357 articles and preparations which were in the 1914 edition and are not in this edition, have been omitted; and I shall not try to explain why 128 articles and preparations which were not in the 1914 edition have been included in the new edition. I would, however, like to emphasize that the advice and evidence of many authorities in this country and in the Dominions were obtained before a decision was reached on any question. A national and imperial pharmacopceia must mirror the therapeutic practice of the time, even if it is the more cautious and conservative practice, and when this edition is compared with the 1914 edition it is of interest to note what are the main


Single display with multiple input devices has the benefits of lower devices cost and higher collaboration efficiency, and the strategy to control each input device separately is the most challenging problem.A multiple pen technology is proposed, which separates the inputs of pen devices and deals with each pen individually to provide the function of single display with multiple users.The interaction is more natural and effective by using pen input pattern.And the application of multiple pen technology, a storytelling system for children's education is also presented, in which several users can collaborate with others to create stories.According to the application, the multiple pen technology can make children operate simultaneously and share storytelling, which gives them a new collaborative experience.


Structured light techniques are widely used in the depth measurement. In this paper, we propose a colored speckle method for high-accuracy depth sensing. The projected pattern is a composite of the discrete phase information and the colored De Bruijn sequence information, which can prove the feasibility, in practice, and the robustness to the environment. A Gabor filter is used to estimate the wrapped phase. To alleviate the phase ambiguity of conventional measurement methods, the period of the phase is distributed in two channels of the colored pattern by the De Bruijn sequence decoding. A morphological closure is adopted to determine the De Bruijn code by the phase neighborhoods back and forth. The proposed method is suitable for a dynamic scene. The quantitative and qualitative experiments are conducted, in practice, to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results of the experiments prove that not only can our proposed method achieve high accuracy and dense depth map, but it is also suitable for color object and dynamic scenes indoors.


This paper presents an overview of the specialized literature on the use of intercropping system for runner bean crop ( Phaseolus coccineus L.). The aim of this paper is to present the state of knowledge on the use of the interrow or the intercropping system, for increasing the quantity and quality of runner bean production in terms of economic efficiency. The research was made based on comparative studies and case studies, using data from the specialized literature. Intercropping system can be viewed as a managerial practice of increasing the production of certain crops suitable to this system. A situation diversity was highlighted, regarding various combinations and ways of arranging the runner bean with other cultivated species. Their advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed, as well as the possibilities of their application in Romania. As a general conclusion, runner bean is a species that successfully can suit the intercropping system, in the ecological conditions of Romania.


Abstract A new application of ion exchange films is presented. The films are used in a simple analytical method of directly determining low concentrations of Cu2+ in aqueous solutions, in particular, drinking water. The basis for this new test method is the color and absorption intensity of the ion when adsorbed onto the film. The film takes on the characteristic color of the adsorbed cation, which is concentrated on the film by many orders of magnitude. The linear relationship between absorbance (corrected for variations in film thickness) and solution concentration makes the determinations possible. These determinations agree well with flame atomic absorption determinations.


Access to official information has a particular significance for the Commonwealth and its member nations, as a recent conference held in London revealed. The views of participants were, however, far from unanimous. Whereas Freedom of Information (FoI) campaigners and practitioners were largely positive, highlighting the value of FoI to the general public, historians were generally critical of current FoI legislation and its implementation. These differences fuelled a lively debate. An overview of FoI in the Commonwealth was given by Barry Proudfoot, Legal Adviser to UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office's Information Management Department, and Maurice Frankel, Director of the UK Campaign for Freedom of Information. Frankel argued that UK public authorities have an obligation to consider other countries, too, when assessing whether the public interest in releasing exempt information outweighs the public interest in withholding it. He cited a case in which the Commissioner had rejected the relevance of public interest in a foreign country. This was heard with interest by participants and it was argued that Britain has an obligation to former dependencies. The conference was timely, given the ongoing release of the so-called 'migrated archive': a vast set of records of colonial administrations, the existence of which the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) admitted only in 2011, after decades of denial. The significance of this was explored by Tony Badger, independent reviewer of the archive's transfer to the UK National Archives (TNA). The FCO, he said, had been highly embarrassed to admit in court that it had misled the public. He believed that the process now taking place was transparent. Uneven access to information in different Commonwealth countries was explored by Neville Linton, UK representative of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), who presented a paper by Venkatesh Nayak and Maja Daruwala


I. Names, addresses, and identification numerals, of the correspondents whose answers are given in section III.......................................... 131 II. Copies of the questions in the questionnaire; with the answers, to each, assembled in the order of the identification numerals on the list of correspondents in section I (Second part; questions XVIII-XXXIV, below) ....... ............... 132 (XVIII) In a case showing symptoms of focal infection, to what extent would you go in trying to save a non-vital tooth that apparently had no apical infection, provided such a tooth was a valuable factor in the reconstruction of the mouth? ...... ................. 132 (XIX) In case a radiogram shows a tooth with a pulp chamber and portions of-one or more roots only partly filled, how do you determine whether the unfilled apical portions of the roots contain vital pulp-tissue, or non-vital tissue, or no pulp-tissue at all-all three conditions being supposedly free from apical infection?... . 137 (XX) In the reconstruction of a mouth, do you believe in removing nonvital teeth that do not show, radiographically, pathological conditions at the apices?...................................... 141 (XXI) Do you believe in root resection as a permanent operation? On which teth? Do you feel that, in such an operation, the pulpcanal and dentine should receive special attention? Of what should such treatment consist?............................... 144 (XXII) Should a tooth that is abscessed be extracted during the active process of inflammation, or is such an operation as a routine procedure contraindicated? ............. ........................ 151


Aim of the study was to estimate the age of an individual from the fusion of the secondary ossification center of the shoulder joint. The study was conducted on 60 subjects who were randomly selected from various schools as well as the cases attending the outpatient Department of General Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Madras Medical College, Chennai. After obtaining written consent from each individual, radiological examination was done. After the statistical analysis it was observed that in the age group 16-17 males, there were no complete union, among females in the same age group. It was 30%, in the age group 17-18, percentage of complete union was 30.76 among males and 40% among females, in the age group 18-19, percentage of complete union was 33.33% among males and 50% among females.It was concluded that the age of complete fusion of epiphysis of the shoulder joint was 17-18 years for males and 16-17 years for females and the earliest union occurred at the age of 15 years in females and 17 years in males which was higher than the previous studies


Aim Current evidence suggests the cluster of differentiation 40 and ligand(CD40/CD40L) pathway as a key process in the development,progression,and outcome of acute coronary syndrome(ACS).The aim was to investigate the prognostic importance of soluble CD40L(sCD40L) levels,single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) in the CD40LG gene,and the relation between sCD40L and SNPs in patients with ACS. Methods Samples were obtained on admission from 482 patients with ACS in Beijing Anzhen hospital. Results(1)In total,6.8%(n=33) of the patients had undetectable(95 ng/L) sCD40L.The average level of sCD40L in 449 patients was 296±25 ng/L,the average level of sCD40L in male(309 ng/L) were higer than that in female(195 ng/L),sCD40L levels were associated with the severity of ACS(P0.001).(2)The distribution of cCD40L were different among SNP polymorphism of CD40LG,patients with GG genotype showed the highest level of sCD40L(P0.001).(3)After adjustment of age,sex,and related risk factors,polymorphism of CD40LG was related significantly with the severity of ACS,ratio odds were 1.00,1.32,3.41(P≤0.001) respectively. Conclusion We identified a SNP in the CD40LG gene as a novel regulator of sCD40L plasma concentrations and a predictor of the severity of ACS.


The presence of microstructures on surfaces undergoing laser processing modifies the electromagnetic boundary conditions and can lead to dramatic changes in the intensity of the local electromagnetic fields and hence in the reaction rates and final morphologies resulting from the laser reaction. Examples are presented for periodic structures on planar surfaces — the rippling of Ag surfaces during laser oxidation; and for isolated dielectric structures — enhanced scattering (∼ 100x) due to dipolar resonances in Si particles.


A general framework is provided for assessing the technology, cost, and efficient scale of a multiplant, multiproduct firm. We show sufficient conditions for the existence of a plant cost function, and necessary and sufficient conditions for using plant-level data to draw exact firm-level cost inferences. We also distinguish between plant and input nonjointness and show the optimal relation between plant-level and firm-level cost elasticity in a multiproduct setting. The framework is applied to a vegetable processing cooperative, which is found to operate below its efficient scale.


Article 10 of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing ("Global Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Mechanism") calls for Parties to consider the need for, and modalities of, a global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism to address the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources that occur in transboundary situations, or for which it is not possible to grant or obtain prior informed consent. The 3rd meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Nagoya Protocol adopted decision NP-3/13 on Article 10, which requested the commissioning of a peer reviewed study to identify specific cases meeting the aforementioned criteria. This study is the response to that request and identifies three broad groups of cases.

The first group, genetic resources occurring in transboundary situations comprises three specific subgroups: (a) shared ecosystems and habitats/species distributed across national boundaries; (b) migratory species which transit through different jurisdictions; and (c) areas beyond national jurisdiction.

The second broad group involves genetic resources for which it is not possible to grant or obtain prior informed consent. This group also comprises three subgroups: (a) genetic resources of untraceable provenance in ex situ collections; (b) utilization of samples from large numbers of geographically diverse organisms; and (c) cases involving the use of "digital sequence information" (DSI).

The third broad group, traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources that occur in transboundary situations or for which it is not possible to grant or obtain prior informed consent, can be further divided into three subgroups: (a) associated traditional knowledge held by IPLCs across national boundaries, (b) publicly available associated traditional knowledge, and (c) associated traditional knowledge of untraceable origin in ex situ collections.

Based on the research presented within, this study concludes that there may be specific cases that fall within the scope of Article 10, while also not undermining the bilateral approach upon which the Convention and Nagoya Protocol are founded.


Monitoring network traffic and detecting unwanted applications has become a challenging problem, since many applications obfuscate their traffic using unregistered port numbers or payload encryption. Apart from some notable exceptions, most traffic monitoring tools use two types of approaches: (a) keeping traffic statistics such as packet sizes and interarrivals, flow counts, byte volumes, etc., or (b) analyzing packet content. In this paper, we propose the use of Traffic Dispersion Graphs (TDGs) as a way to monitor, analyze, and visualize network traffic. TDGs model the social behavior of hosts ("who talks to whom"), where the edges can be defined to represent different interactions (e.g. the exchange of a certain number or type of packets). With the introduction of TDGs, we are able to harness a wealth of tools and graph modeling techniques from a diverse set of disciplines.


Reaction of 6α-hydroxy-substituted steroids 7 and 8 with the 2-O-benzyl-protected quinovosyl donors 4a, b afforded α,β-mixtures of the glycosides 9a, b; with O-acetyl-protected donor 4c, due to neighboring group participation, exclusively β-glycoside 9cβ was obtained. Similarly, reaction of donor 4c with 3β-O-silyl-protected 6α-hydroxy-steroid 12 furnished β-connected 6O-quinovosyl derivative 14 in high yield. 3-O-Desilylation of 14 with TBAF and ensuing 3-O-sulfation with pyridine/sulfur trioxide complex yielded pyridinium sulfate derivative 17, which turned out to be rather unstable. Treatment of 17 with sodium methoxide in methanol gave in high yield forbeside E 3 (1) the physical data of which were in good agreement with literature reports. Diastereoselective reduction of the keto group in 18 with NaBH4 led preferentially to 19 which was deacetylated to afford forbeside E 1 (2).


The colonial history of Portugal is particular in several ways. Not only was Portugal among the first European powers to create an empire; its colonial territories in Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) were among the last to become independent in the aftermath of the coup d'etat of 1974 that brought an end to Salazar's regime of the Estado Novo. The colonial wars that preceded this independence profoundly marked the collective memory of the countr...


This book looks at the legal and practical issues involved in managing and protecting personal information in the current Irish healthcare system. Issues of confidentiality, data protection, information management, security and privacy are discussed.


Social and mental phenomena are slippery creatures, rapidly mutating and subject to dynamics that make them hard to catch in our research nets. Mattaini and Kirk (1991) have provided an overview of several alternatives to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition--Revised (DSM-III-R) (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) for assessing the presence of disorders and measuring their severity, but they overlook the fact that assessment problems in social work are due more to the nature of the phenomena than to mechanical problems of unreliable instruments. They say the problems with DSM-III-R arise from its psychometric features. Although the DSM-III-R is not perfect, we do not agree that its problems stem primarily from its psychometric features. Moreover, there are several points on which their technologically optimistic view could mislead readers and a few on which we believe they have been misled themselves. Structured interviews such as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) have produced reliable results with acceptable short-term test-retest reliability and concurrent validity (Skodol, Rosnick, Kellman, Oldham, & Hyler, 1988; Williams et al., 1992). This and the other structured instruments produce a research diagnosis and are not immediately treatment directed, as Mattaini and Kirk would wish. They decry the system of the DSM-III-R as providing "flat, undimensional groups of otherwise diverse problems" (Mattaini & Kirk, 1991, p. 262). Categorizing disorders need not reduce them to "flatness," and when properly used the diagnostic system of DSM-III-R rests on five axes: I, clinical syndromes; II, developmental and personality disorders; III, physical disorders and conditions; IV, severity of psychosocial stressors; and V, global assessment of functioning. As they noted, axis IV is the direct predecessor of the person-in-environment (PIE) system of evaluation (Karls & Wandrei, 1992; Williams, Karls, & Wandrei, 1989). Moreover, axis V measures role functioning, an important dimension for the determination of proper intervention. The categorical PIE system uses notation familiar to social workers on the first two of its four factors (factor I, social role problems, and factor II, environmental problems). Both factors prominently feature coding intervals indicating duration of the problem and its severity, as do the corresponding axes of the DSM-III-R. In this respect the PIE and DSM-III-R are scalar instruments of the sort Mattaini and Kirk desire. Multidimensional approaches in assessment have been the focus of psychiatric epidemiology for some time now. A major contribution has been to develop assessments in which the purpose determines the method: Screening and research purposes would call for standardized, structured interviews, but clinical or evaluation purposes would call for less structured interviews. Those involved in the interdisciplinary training of new social workers would do well to examine the literature of this field and to apply its findings to their practice with individuals and families. Just a few of the topics for which epidemiological approaches regarding measurement might be useful are examining the comorbidity of disorders, detecting familial patterns, and exploring cultural variants of specific disorders. We do not disagree that there are good and poor assessment instruments and procedures, but the value of each one depends closely on the purpose of the interview and the data gathering. If the goal is to match an individual's social diagnosis and an appropriate intervention, perhaps greater (or at least equal) efforts should concentrate on evaluation of the interventions. If the goal is completion of a particular task in a community and the assessment is of obstacles impeding progress, an entirely different approach is required. At this point, however, defining one special approach as "prescriptive" seems premature; what social workers face is a handful of available interventions and a panoply of diagnosed problems for both individuals and groups (such as people with mental disorders). …


Previous studies about the use of 3D models for information search have not shown a clear advantage over 2D or textual user interfaces. This work describes an experimental study focused on initial overview and information browsing tasks, that we consider to be more adequate to take advantage of 3D exploration. To this end, a 3D explorer prototype was developed and tested by experimental subjects. The 3D usability evaluation provided interesting design concepts and feedback, while the statistical evaluation of results showed significant speed advantages over a more classic interface, and a good potential for future improvements.


Lala deposit is situated in the western margin of Yangtze Block,Sichuan province,China.It is reported as a typical Fe-Oxide-Cu-Au-U deposit(Li Ze-qin et al).The host rock of the deposit is HeKou Group.HeKou Group is mainly composed of quartz albitite,garnet-biotite schist and magnetite quartzite.The protolith of HeKou Group are spilite,keratophyre and keratophyre volcaniclastic rock.The ore bodies of Lala appears to have the forms of lens and vein.A mass of researching works of Lala deposit had been done by the scholars,but the metallogenic age of it is still disputed.In this paper,the authors got the Lead-Lead isochron age(954 Ma)through dealing with the radioactive-caused abnormal lead isotopic data of pyrite and chalcopyrite by Isoplot.The age is consistent with the dating of molybdenite which is 928~1 005 Ma got by Re-Os method,and it is match the geology facts of the deposit,so it is the metallogenic age of Lala deposit.what's more,it is suggested that the Cu,Mo and U mineralization in the same period.Combined with the isotopic data and the geological characteristics,we suggest:about 1 700 Ma,HeKou Group volcanic eruption and formed the sedimentary ore beds;about 1 200 Ma,regional metamorphism occured in HeKou Group accompany with the Dongchuan movement,magnetite and apatite get enrichment;900~1 000 Ma,with the convergent event of Rodinia super-continent,Jinning movement occurred in Kangdian area,Cu-Mo-U mineralization under the action of metamorphic hydrothermal at the same time;About 850 Ma,with the Rodinia super-continent cracking event,the mantle plume formed gabbro magma upwelling with great heat,cause the ore-forming elements further activation,migration and enrichment.


FROM THE standpoint of morphology, the liver has received abundant attention in fatal cases of diffuse toxic goiter. The lesions found are various; there are fatty changes, parenchymatous degeneration, venous congestion and, finally, cirrhosis of such a distinctive character as to be pathognomonic of this disorder. These lesions occur singly or in various combinations. In an appreciable percentage of cases no lesion of the liver is found. Acute yellow atrophy has been reported by Raab and Terplan, 1 Kerr and Rusk, 2 Zeldenrust and van Beek 3 and Beaver and Pemberton. 4 Foci of necrosis have been reported by Beaver and Pemberton, 4 Haban, 5 Rossle 6 and Cameron and Karuntaratne. 7 Whether focal necrosis represents an early or an abortive phase of acute yellow atrophy is questionable. Beaver and Pemberton found focal necrosis in 6.5 per cent of the livers of 107 patients afflicted with diffuse toxic goiter; in 5 patients the necrosis was of sufficient intensity to be


Abstract : The existing sensemaking models for traditional force-on-force battlefield information management rarely survive the kinds of information in asymmetric battlespace environments. By combining the abduction process and Bayesian probability network formalisms, we propose a Bayesian Abduction Models (BAM) to support in the sensemaking process of evaluating multiple hypotheses in the context of changing information. This paper describes a Bayesian network that captures abduction logic primitives from a kernel of disparate information sources. We use a genetic learning algorithm to solve BAM information fusion problems. We show how the model can be used in prospective and retrospective sensemaking conditions to simulate the ways commanders and the battle staffs process information.


OBJECTIVE:To provide legal basis for purchasing drugs by centralized bidding.METHODS:On the basis of the relevant laws,to expound the process of purchasing drugs by centralized bidding and the standards that should be observed.RESULTS CONCLUSION:Purchasing drugs by centralized bidding should observe the public bidding law of the People's Republic of China,only by observing the law can it benefits the nation and the people.


A slip joint clamp three points of a jet pump of a boiling water reactor and process for its installation, to reduce the leakage flow of the sliding seal induced vibration of the pump assembly jet water reactor boiling (8). A collar (12a / 12b) is installed above the upper crown (2a) of a diffuser (2). The collar includes a set of lower fasteners (14) and a set of upper fasteners (16) which contact the input mixer (4) and the diffuser (2), respectively, to stabilize horizontally the input mixer (4 ) in a fixed position within the diffuser (2). The upper fasteners (16) can be anchored by bosses (18) securing a lightweight design collar. An optional gasket overhang can attenuate leakage of the sliding seal interface.


Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Combinations of internal and external factors like as trace elements are involved in initial development of breast tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare serum levels of Zn, Cu, Se and Cu/Zn ratio in breast cancer patients and control group. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross sectional and composed of 50 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 50 normal individuals. The age range of patients and controls was between 30-50 yrs. Blood samples were obtained and serum isolated immediately. Levels of Zn, Cu and Se were measured in blood serum using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: Mean serum levels of Zn, Cu and Se were 0.969±.19, 1.47±.48 mg/Land 60.04±23.38µg/L, respectively, in breast cancer patients. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu and Se serum in normal individual were 1.07±.35, 1.09±.20 mg/L and 92.42±18.70µg/L respectively. There was also a significant difference between Cu levels of patient and control group (p<0.001). In addition, the Cu/Zn ratio in breast cancer patients and controls were 1.52 and 1.12, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between Se levels of patients and control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on obtained results, changes of serum level of trace elements Se, Zn and Cu could have likely biological role in the initiation or progression of breast cancer.


Marx and Engels have studied the phenomenon of disaster under the capitalist mode of production in more than 100 years ago from the relationship between man and nature,man and man,which is an important meaning of methodology to research of disaster economics. Disasters occurred in human society is not only a natural issues,but also a socio-economic problem,with double attributes of nature and socio-economic. Therefore,the research of disaster economics should uphold the Marxist materialist dialectics,in accordance with Marxist's principles of methodology of politics and economics,study the relation between disaster and economy from the relationship between man and nature,man and man,reproduction and socio-economic sustainable development.


Beowulf—an Irish poet (and Nobel Laureate) translating the Anglo-Saxon epic—has gone through six printings so far this year in the United States, and more in Britain (where it came out last year), and has been on the bestseller list for weeks, an astonishing feat for a verse translation of a heroic poem of 3,200 lines written in Anglo-Saxon England sometime between the Seventh and Ninth centuries A.D. Although it is unclear why so many people are buying this apparently rather esoteric work—as media coverage keeps reminding us, Beowulf is rarely read outside college courses in English literature—what is certain, is that this is a wonderful translation of a wonderful poem, the masterpiece of Anglo-Saxon high culture and earliest surviving epic poem in any Germanic language. Beowulf is, in brief, a tale written down in English, in England, but set among the Danes, Swedes, and Frisians—the Anglo-Saxons' homeland before they migrated, during the great Völkerwanderung of the Germanic peoples, into Britain. Beowulf tells of warrior-heroes fighting evil, of loyalty and courage, of betrayal and doom—and, of a Christian sense of self and others. For, far from being a barbarian saga, or celebration of pagan Norse mythology, as one might suppose, Beowulf was written by a Christian poet, sometime in the first two centuries after the evangelization of the Anglo-Saxons. It is for this reason, therefore, that Beowulf can truly be called an epic, in the best sense of the word: Because it created a people, using the already ancient "Beowulf matter" of oral poetic tradition, which celebrated the deeds of pagan ancestors, to transform the pagan tribal society the Anglo-Saxons brought with them to Britain, into what would become the Christian civilization of Anglo-Saxon England. Hence, Beowulf stands in utter contrast to the Romantic, Nineteenth-century "revivalism" associated with Richard Wagner and the like, the supposed "return" to Germanic antiquities in the form of the Nibelungenlied and a nostalgia for the gods of Valhalla. In fact, those revivals, or, rather, modern constructs only tangentially related to the actual pre-Christian myth and folklore of the Norse peoples, are artificial in the extreme: The truth of the matter is, that the oldest epic poem we have in any Germanic language—namely, Beowulf—is Christian, and the literary products of the first literate Germanic language—namely, Gothic—are translations of the Bible.


The great environment coverage capability and the faster response to dynamic changes are of advantage to the future application of military affairs and environment monitoring. Network Modeling plays a crucial role in improving the efficiency of self-organization, motion planning and controlling. Proceeding with initial node deployment, environment, node and network modeling, the objective is to build the model including the robot dynamics, communication restriction and the dynamic interaction among robots simultaneously.


In-Memory Computing (IMC) is a promising computing paradigm to accelerate Big Data applications. It reduces the data movement between memory and processing units, and provides massive parallelism. Memristive technology is one of the promising technologies for IMC. This emerging technology, however, is still in evolution, facing practical challenges. Memristive memories are prone to softerror while storing the data and during computations. The traditional binary encoding commonly used in memristive IMC is highly sensitive to soft-errors, which makes developing reliable memristive IMC more challenging. Stochastic Computing (SC) is a re-emerging computing paradigm that is highly robust against soft-errors as any bit flip leads to only a least significant bit error. In this work, we study SC as a solution to increase the reliability of memristive IMC. We investigate how and to what extent SC may address or improve the reliability issues of current memristive technology, and memristive IMC. We also evaluate the characteristics yielded by memristive stochastic IMC and compare them with those of the traditional reliability techniques.


The characteristics analysis of two different current -to-voltage convertors,current transformer an reactance transformer,shows that the current transformer has the same converting effect on the currents with different frequencies,while the reactance transformer transforms has various converting effect.The reactance transformer amplifies the high frequency components and restrains the low frequency components.According to the analysis and based on author's experience in developing protection devices,it is better to choose different current-to-voltage convertors for different types of relay.


Cultural studies have played very important role in identification of fungi. The higher fungi show different growth pattern when they are grown in different culture medium. However, considerable work on cultural studies was not carried out in Basidiomycetous mushroom. Therefore, in the present investigation isolation of Polyporus grammocephalus culture, its growth, culture morphology both in solid and submerged state condition were studied. The culture was isolated from the fresh fruit bodies of Polyporus grammocephalus by carefully removing a small piece (1x1 cm) of the inner tissue and placed on Potato Dextrose Agar medium (PDA) both on test tube slants and on plates that had previously been prepared and incubated at 4oC. Growth studies were done on Potato dextrose agar/broth medium. Changes on the abaxial and adaxial surface were observed in plate culture with PDA medium and recorded.


Portugal's identity has given rise to numerous theories. For a long time, many of them have been continuist, founded notably on what was believed to be the 'ultima ratio' [last argument]: environmental factors. By considering that a territory like the Portuguese Kingdom around 1250, almost complete from a geographical point ol view, was the product of different systems (economical exchanges, links between local communities, political network) and one identity, we shall attempt to look back over many years and study the relationship between the shape of this territory and that of the units that preceded it since in the Roman provinces of Lusitania and Galicia. Is there continuity, repetition or coincidence? Putting aside the problem of borders as such (the crossing of extremely voluntarist limits at precise points), considering that their global (not detailed) outline was always imposed by strolig polarisation processes, we shall adopt a comparative approach to these "prefigurations" of Portugal.


Objective:To synthesize ioversol,a non-ionic x-ray contrast agent. Methods: loversol was synthesized by choloracetylation, dechlorination, and alkylation of 5-amino-N,N '-bis(2,3-dihy-droxypropyl)-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide.The crude product was treated with methanol,732 and 717 resins successionally and purified by recrystallization from butanol. Results: That the structure of the product obtained by the process was confirmed by IR,1H-NMR,13CNMR,MS (FAB) and elemental analysis. Conclusion: A simple and convenient method for synthesis of ioversol is provided and it is suitable for pharmaceutical industry.


As a weaker in the transport system, pedestrians deserve special protection. However, there are few relatively studies on road lighting and pedestrian protection. By analyzing the visual requirements of pedestrians for road lighting, this paper summarizes the evaluation index of road lighting: illumination level, uniformity, lighting in surrounding environment and glare restrictions. Then the author discusses the impact on pedestrian safety. By studying the weakest components of the transportation system "one person" in the context of increasing motorization increases the psychological stress and risk of accidents, drawing some conclusions that good road lighting can increase the sense of security for pedestrians, but the excessive color quality will increasing pressure on the environment , which can give engineers, urban planners and city managers some ideas and rational suggestions during lighting design.


Aspects of the zoogeography of Bathynellacea and Parastenocarididae are discussed in the light of my recent investigations. Parastenocarididae in Australia are rare and not very diverse in number of species. Four species belonging to three genera were collected on a tour through Australia in 1968. Despite relationships to species from other Gondwanian landmasses the poorness of the Australian fauna, together with the apparent ability of this family to spread over longer distances, suggest a late arrival of Parastenocarididae in Australia. Invasion is likely to have taken place from two directions. As for the Bathynellacea, the relationships presumed to exist between genera from Australia and Malaysia within the Parabathynellidae have been invalidated. As an alternative to the double-armed dispersal model of the Parabathynellidae propounded earIier, a vicariance model is discussed following Schram (1977). The zoogeography of Parastenocariclidae can probably be best explained in terms of a primary dispersal history.


Objective:To determine the dissolution of aloe-emodin,rhein,emodin,chrysophanol and physcion in different particle size of Rhubarb.Methods:The contents of aloe-emodin,rhein,emodin,chrysophanol and physcion in different particle size of Rhubarb were determined by HPLC.Results:The dissolution of these compositions in Rhubarb was increased with the diminution of particle size.But when the size surpassed 300 meshes,the dissolution was decreased.Conclusion:The 200 mesh was the best to Rhubarb.


In transplantation, physician behavior often changes in response to policy, and these shifts are often not considered when policies are developed. Some important examples include the number of recipients transplanted for hepatocellular carcinoma following initial implementation of Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exceptions, the rise in the number of exception scores following the introduction of Share 15, and the decline in living donor pediatric kidney transplants following the prioritizing of deceased donors to younger recipients. Washburn et al., in this edition of Liver Transplantation, identify intended and unintended consequences of Share 35, a policy developed to enhance allocation of deceased donor organs to the sickest on the waiting list. Some unintended consequences following the implementation of Share 35 are quite evident but unexplained, like the decline in acceptance of organ offers to the sickest patients, ie, seeing that an organ offer made to the sickest patient is refused and how this offer goes to someone else lower on the list. The study only analyzes organ offers that were transplanted and does not provide data on the ultimate consequences of refused offers (MELD score and recipient age) and also important outcome details on the offer (survival, cost, or length of stay). Importantly, 50% of the refused offers to recipients with MELD >35 which were subsequently transplanted were initially declined for poorer donor quality. The frequency of declined offers increased following the implementation of Share 35. The authors suggest that the changes in acceptance patterns might reflect "better matching" of donors to recipients. The authors, however, provide no data to support this supposition. Indeed the donor risk index of 1.3 to the MELD >35 group remained unchanged during this period. A follow-up study of earlier work on wait-list mortality and survival benefit for high MELD candidates as suggested by the authors is clearly overdue. Another important and unanticipated change with Share 35 has been the rise in the absolute number of people waiting at a MELD score >35 despite an increase in the absolute number of people transplanted with a MELD score >35 (23.1%-30.1% of all transplants go to MELD >35). Data on declined offers also bring up an unsettling question: would a greater reduction in wait-list mortality, without compromise to utility, have occurred if the acceptance patterns stayed consistent across the eras of this study? Thus, although the goal was to reduce wait-list mortality by transplanting more of the sickest, we have listed and maintained more people with a MELD score of 35 and allowed fewer of the allocated offers to go to them, which is alarming when one notes that the median MELD score for this sickest population was approximately 40. The variability among United Network for Organ Sharing regions in the decision to accept offered organs is not explained in this study. Furthermore, acceptance rates of offered organs by region was not limited to marginal recipients (MELD >35) as variability in refused organs ultimately transplanted occurred in both the very high and lower MELD categories. We also lack data on the outcome of the recipient in whom the offer was