WU Yi-fang is an outstanding woman educator in the history of Chinese modern education and is the first female university principal in China.WU Yi-fang selected as the principal of Jinling Women's University for 23 years,and developed this university into a considerable women's university with special characteristics.In the long-term education practice,WU Yi-fang has formed a profound and unique thoughts of higher education,including the following concepts: the running school concept of cultivating a sound personality and benefiting the society;the talented person training concept of comprehensive development and paying attention to both professional and technical learning;the teaching management concept of adopting both rigidity and flexibility management;the student management concept of respecting for differences between students and taking the attitude about student-oriented and so on.Doing research on WUYi-fang's higher education thoughts can provide some useful references and inspirations for the reform and development of higher education nowadays.


Certain stratigraphic horizons of the lower Proterozoic Udokan contain ore deposits and shows in cupriferous sandstones of the Kodar-Uclokan structural and fades zone. Copper mineralization occurs in the Chitkanda, Aleksandrovst, Butun, Talakan, Salcukan and Naminga formations and is of sedimentary origin, syngenetic with its carrier rocks. Most cupriferous sandstones are found in the Chitkanda, Talakan and Sakukan formations; these facies are arranged in definite belts with relation to the copper source area. Areas of the Kodar-Udokan zone lying north of the southern boundary of the several copper belts (fig. 4) are the most promising for copper production. Also prospective are areas of young depressions in the north and southeast of the zone of copper belts. It may be that considerable stretches of the Udokan cupriferous horizons are to be found here.--IGR Staff


A calcareous stone exposed to open air is subjected to the action of several decay mechanisms. Calcite leaching is the most important effect of these actions. Consequently, the natural protective layer called calcin disappears from the surface of the stone. The material shows a progressive increase in porosity and decrease in mechanical properties. If a black crust covers the stone surface, aggressive cleaning can have the same effect as natural factors of deterioration. In order to slow down the deterioration, protective treatments with synthetic water-repellent products (silane, polysiloxane, etc.) are usually applied. Some microbiogeologists have thought that microorganisms were partially responsible for the formation of a major part of them. From such a concept, the laboratory of the University of Paris VI conceived a process of biomineralization which permits the inducement of calcite formation on stone by means of bacteria, for replacing the natural reinforced layer (calcin). Once the application of calcite-producing bacteria is carried out, nutritious solutions are applied daily for 15 days to feed them. The French firm Calcite now has the exclusive license for the process, while the department of microbiology of the University of Nantes investigates and improves it in order to reach commercial development. The department of microbiology of the LRMH carries out in situ tests in collaboration with the University of Nantes, for application to historic monuments. Another aim of the study is the reinforcement and consolidation of weathered stone. -- AATA


Much assessment thinking has changed little over the past fifty years. The field continues to be dominated by twentieth century introductory textbook concepts, including such dichotomies as formative versus summative assessment, criterion-referenced versus norm-referenced testing, quantitative versus qualitative assessment, informal versus formal assessment – distinctions that often hamper rather than promote clear thinking about assessment.


Both erythrocyte and hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activities were simultaneously determined on mice administered 0.02% (w/v) lead in the drinking water.The ALA-D activity of erythrocytes was markedly depressed even at an early time of lead administration. On the other hand, the ALA-D activity of liver was not significantly inhibited until the termination of the lead administration. These data may suggest that the sensitivity of erythrocyte ALA-D to lead in vivo is dif-ferent from that of hepatic ALA-D, although the hepatic ALA-D activity had a significant correlation with the erythrocyte ALA-D activity (r=0.5532, p<0.001).


TEIXEIRA, Geisyane Franco da Luz, M.Sc., Universidade Federal de Viçosa, February, 2016. Brood cell production and the provisioning and oviposition in Plebeia lucii Moure, 2004 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Adviser: José Eduardo Serrão. The cell Provisioning and Oviposition Process (POP) and oviposition of workers of stingless bees (Meliponini) are complex behaviors that provide elements for comparative analysis in taxa. Rearing of new queens by the auxiliary cells addition by workers in Meliponini species can contribute to these analyses. In this study, the behavior of construction and provisioning of brood and auxiliary cells was described in seven colonies of Plebeia lucii Moure (Apidae: Meliponini) in presence of queen and queen less condition. The results showed that in P. lucii the POP is predominantly singular and doesn't display aggressive and hypnotic acts that characterize the genus. The operculation occurs since the beginning without rotation. There was no nutrition for the queen by trophallaxis or trophic eggs. Orphan colonies had high rates of adding auxiliary cells. The auxiliary cell addition in P. lucii involves specific behavioral sequences which building were different than other species or just drilling neighbor cells. Workers laid two types of eggs (functional and trophic) with oofagia of only trophic eggs. Provisioned male cells were closed when they received egg. Auxiliary cells and those built during the POP were operculated in the oviposition failure while cells built and provisioned by workers in orphaned colonies were immediately emptied when oviposition was not performed. Plebeia lucii showed differences from other species of the genus in behavioral aspects of the POP standard posture, hypnotic reaction by workers, the queen's feeding, cells operculation, reproduction by workers and queens production. Posture of the two types of eggs by workers in orphaned colonies indicates that P. lucii like promising species for studies of ovarian activation mechanisms and production of trophic and functional eggs by this caste. These descriptions may be useful for new phylogenetic studies with more detailed behavioral characters in P. lucii.


Technology advancements have a huge impact on conventional methods and practices, which causes the energy sector to undergo significant change. The digitalization of energy systems is what will undoubtedly shape the energy sector's future. The Metaverse may be the next phase of digitalization that will make the energy sector vastly different from what it does now, by providing exceptional chances to reorganize workflows, increase productivity, and reduce costs. Although the use of the Metaverse in the energy sector is still in its early stages, the popularity of the Energy Metaverse is rising as a result of its numerous advantages. Nevertheless, a number of challenges must be carefully considered for Metaverse to be widely adopted in the energy sector. This paper aims to provide a thorough overview of the Energy Metaverse in order to stimulate further research and hasten the adoption of this ground-breaking idea in the energy sector, which is currently lacking in research studies.


The issues of kidney transplantation's organization in Federal State Institute Privolzhie Regional Medical Centre of the Federal Agency of Public Health and Social Development have been considered. The stages of services' creation, regulations preparation, creation of material and technical basis and personnel preparation have been described.


The article discusses the current problems of reforming not only the domestic pension system, but also other countries (developed and developing). The dynamics of the main indicators of the functioning of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for 2018-2021, as well as forecast indicators for 2022 and for the planning period 2023 and 2024 are analyzed. The growth of the average pension index in the Russian Federation and the inflation index is compared. In order to assess the possibilities of improving the efficiency of the functioning of the pension system of the Russian Federation, the scientific works and opinions of various authors on the trajectory and features of the development of the pension system of the Russian Federation in recent years in the context of significant structural changes in this area are being investigated. The key problems of the functioning of the domestic pension system are summarized and systematized, including a complex formula for calculating pensions, the presence of parallel pension systems, the presence of a deficit of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, etc. The necessity of solving the existing problems for the realization of the principle of fairness in the framework of such important public financial relations as pension is emphasized. The ways of increasing the efficiency of the pension system of the Russian Federation, including by minimizing various macroeconomic risks, equalizing the retirement age for women and men, the maximum possible digitalization system, etc. are proposed.


A study of semantic divergent-processing ability using student (n = 297) and adult (n = 66) samples yielded positive correlations between this construct and childhood magazine reading, childhood special training, and childhood group memberships. Positively related to divergent-processing ability were the adulthood variables of magazine readership and group membership (within the student sample) and radio listenership and magazine readership (within the adult sample). Formal education was also found positively associated with divergent processing among the adults.


Little is understood about why some youth from low-socioeconomic-status (SES) environments exhibit good health despite adversity. This study tested whether role models and "shift-and-persist" approaches (reframing stressors more benignly while persisting with future optimism) protect low-SES youth from cardiovascular risk. A total of 163 youth, ages 13-16, completed role model interviews and shift-and-persist measures while cholesterol and inflammatory markers, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein were assessed. Low-SES youth with supportive role models had lower IL-6. Low-SES youth high in shift-and-persist also had lower IL-6. Shift-and-persist partially mediated the interaction of SES and role models on IL-6. Benefits were not found among high-SES youth. Identifying psychological buffers in low-SES youth has implications for health disparities.


On April 9 and 13, 1999, two Arctic Climate Observation Using Underwater Sound tomography signals were transmitted from a 20.5-Hz acoustic source moored at the Franz Victoria Strait to an eight-element, 525-m vertical array at ice camp APLIS in the Chukchi Sea at a distance of 2720 km. The transmitted signal was a 20-min long, 255-digit m-sequence that can be treated as a binary-phase shift-keying communication signal with a data rate of 2 bits/s. The almost error-free performance using either spatial diversity (three elements) for a single transmission or temporal diversity (two transmissions) with a single element demonstrates the feasibility of ice-covered trans-Arctic acoustic communications. VC 2014 Acoustical Society of America. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4894786]


Corporeal Politics: Dancing East Asia fi lls a gap in Anglophone scholarship by tracing the history of dance in East Asia and challenging the commonly accepted dance history narrative that focuses on the United States and Europe as the foundation and standard in dance studies. The works in this collection


Although it has been shown that bacteriuria of pregnancy can be eradicated by keeping patients on antibacterial agents throughout pregnancy [1], this regimen of treatment would be unacceptable to most individuals, particularly when asymptomatic; and there are many who would question the ethical justification for such prolonged antibacterial therapy in pregnancy. This paper presents the results of a study designed to determine whether antibacterial therapy of limited duration would eradicate bacteriuria


• States have taken a variety of approaches in the development of their alternate assessments and the policies and procedures that support them. This has resulted not only in alternate assessments that differ from state to state in their characteristics, but also in variations in the characteristics and percentages of students who are targeted for participation in the alternate assessments from one state to the next.


In wireless sensor network, one of the main objectives is how to improve its lifetime because the sensor nodes are generally energy-limited. Thus, providing ways to optimize energy Consumption, which ultimately increases the network lifetime, is of great importance. In this paper, we propose and evaluate an energy-efficient cooperative MIMO transmission scheme based on V-BLAST technique. In proposed scheme the clustering is done based on Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) then V-BLAST technique based virtual MIMO transmission are used. This proposed protocol performance is analytically and experimentally is compared with previous presented works. From the analysis and the simulation results, it is seen that the proposed method can reduce the energy consumption of the network and prolong the sensor networks lifetime compared with existing techniques.


A new-type uninterrupted dynamic voltage restorer is proposed,which adopts multi-level topology in its main circuit and locates between grid and load via capacitor coupling. Grid voltage is isolated by transformer and rectified to supply DC capacitor. The in-phase compensation is applied for the magnitude compensation of grid voltage and the improved dq transformation for the calculation of compensation voltage.Simulation with software PSIM and experiment of a prototype demonstrate that,the proposed dynamic voltage restorer compensates the voltage drop and voltage harmonics of power grid quickly and effectively,ensuring the power quality at load side.


Performance in real traffic environments. Previous studies on speed estimation in traffic have been performed in very different scenarios, varying from the complexity of real traffic situations to the simpler and more controlled simulated conditions. The aim of this research was to compare the performance in real traffic environments (road and highway) with a closed track used in some recent experimental studies (Recarte and Nunes, 1996), and to analyze the effect of sex and driving experience on speed estimation. Thirty-six participants (18 male and 18 female, half of each group being dr ivers and half non-drivers) estimated the speed of the car in which they traveled as passengers. The actual speed values varied in the range of 40 to 100 kph. for road, and 70 to 120 kph. for the highway condition. Linear, logarithmic and power functions ha ve been fitted, but linear fit was the best in most cases. Accounted variances by linear fit were: r2 = . 86 and r2= . 81, for closed track and open road, respectively; r2 = . 87 and r2= . 83, for drivers and non-drivers, respectively; and r 2= . 85, for both sexes. Results obtained on the closed track by Recarte and Nunes (1996) were replicated in the same condition and also verified for the conventional road scenario. However, a different pattern of errors was found on the highway. From the viewpoint of psychophysics, the participants were more accurate on the closed track than in real traffic conditions considered as a whole. The differences found between road and highway and the effects of the participant variables are discussed.


In this paper,in order to discover some relevant law,we make a study of the properties of erosion and anti-abrasion strength of high-volume fly ash concrete under different water-binder ratios,different fly ash concrete and different curing ages,and then this paper uses Fractals theory to predict the relative relationship between anti-abrasion strength and the surface.Key findings are as follows: With the increase in fly ash,the trend of concrete's anti-abrasion strength increases and then decreases,at a certain water-cement ratio(0.3 to 0.4) conditions,50% fly ash can meet the requirements;materials' worn surface analysis can predict its anti-abrasion strength,the bigger the score dimension,the smaller anti-abrasion strength.


In Islam, anyone  was property, individual or sosiety or states. All of the people was can to used and develop they property based the Islamic low. Property in Islam is  used whith by socialist value for society. Property in Islami  must be used  base  Islamic low, as zakat, infaq, and sadaqah. All of people was property  must be to do for develops they property, because it's important to used for their life.  Properti must be used to produktif development and can not used to deposited  to  disturb  stability and sirkulation of economy in  society.


Scalable coders offer various scalabilities with a single codestream. In this paper, we extend our previous work to propose a general framework to enable a single encrypted scalable multimedia stream to support different access types and different access layers for each access type. Access types are protected orthogonally such that access to one type does not deduce the secret to access to other types. Layers are protected one-directionally such that a higher layer accesses and reuses the data of all the lower layers of the same type but not vice versa. An efficient key scheme is proposed to minimize complexity of key management for the framework. With an appropriate encryption scheme, an encrypted stream generated by our proposed framework enables fine granularity of scalability to achieve "encrypting once and decrypting multiways", which is very desirable in many DRM applications. The proposed framework works with all scalable coders. This paper describes the detail to work with JPEG 2000 and MPEG-4 FGS.


Abstract This paper describes the design of an economical transistorized stimulator suitable for use by students in physiological studies, as well as in research applications. The repetition rate, pulse duration and magnitude of the output pulse are individually selectable by range and by variable fine control within each range. The instrument has been designed with completely indigenous components.


Since Tomalia and Dovornic discussed the promising outlook of surface-functionalized dendrimer catalysts in 1994, [1] dendritic catalysts have been proposed to many kinds of catalysis.These well-defined macromolecular structures enable the construction of precisely controlled catalyst structures. The large number of the peripheral functionalities enhanced their activity in many processes. [2,3] We report herein a new method of using the dendritic catalysts in the oxidation of cyclohexene. The reactions give some interesting results.In short, the synthesis of the dendritic catalysts was initiated from the well-known PAMAM dendrimers by using their peripheral ammonia groups. The condensation reactions of these ammonia groups and salicyaldehyde (SA) offer the ligands PAMAMSA with different generation (G) numbers.dendrimer-bond PAMAMSA-Ni(Ⅱ) complexes.In the presence of the dendritic PAMAMSA-Ni(Ⅱ) catalysts, cyclohexene was fully oxidized under 1 atm of molecular oxygen at 70℃. All the oxidations give 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane 1,2-cyclohexen-l-ol 2, 2-cyclohexen-1-one 3 and 7-oxabicyclo [4.1.0]heptan-2-one 4 as the major products. The results of the oxidation are shown in the table below (table 1):Table 1 Oxidation of cvclohexene bv PAMAMSA-Ni2+ catalysts** Reaction condition: cat. 2mg, cyclohexene 5mL, 1atm O2, 6hat 70℃.**Oxygen absorption (mL) per mol catalyst.It can be seen from table that the oxidations give a new product 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-one 4, which is the first reported product in this oxidation. Meanwhile, product 4possesses relatively high selectivity in the six oxidation processes. It will arise much more emphasison the optimizing of these reactions.


An advanced runway tracking model for landing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based on vision is proposed. This model builds on existing work, but extends it to achieve efficiency, robustness, and address some critical situations such as instant sun glare, instant heave fog, cloud hold back, and instant extinction of approaching marking, and so on. These situations always have bad effects to our visual landing system of UAV. So, two different schemes containing several approaches constitute the core of our visual system to address these situations. We use Zernike moments as a region-based shape descriptor of runway and save the changing pattern through landing process of pretest. At the real flight time, we use particle filter to track the change of the Zernike moments that calculated on each potential region of runway at each frame. When this change is too big, exceed the threshold, we use the pretest data to reconstruct the shape of the runway. The performance of the presented schemes has been assessed throuth processing several video sequences that captured by the real landing plane. The experiment shows, this tracking model is more efficient and robust and can be used on a vision sensor for landing equipment of UAV or for an aerial vehicle's aided system.


Fake news is progressively becoming a threat to individuals, society, news systems, governments and democracy. The need to fight it is rising accompanied by various researches that showed promising results. Deep learning methods and word embeddings contributed a lot in devising detection mechanisms. However, lack of sufficient datasets and the question "which word embedding best captures content features" have posed challenges to make detection methods adequately accurate. In this work, we prepared a dataset from a scrape of 13 years of continuous data that we believe will narrow the gap. We also proposed a deep learning model for early detection of fake news using convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks. We evaluated three pre-trained word embeddings in the context of the fake news problem using different measures. Series of experiments were made on three real world datasets, including ours, using the proposed model. Results showed that the choice of pre-trained embeddings can be arbitrary. However, embeddings purely trained from the fake news dataset and pre-trained embeddings allowed to update showed relatively better performance over static embeddings. High dimensional embeddings showed better results than low dimensional embeddings and this persisted for all the datasets used.


Total hip arthroplasty is among the most-successful surgical procedures in medicine, with some even considering it "the operation of the century" [1]. Our present knowledge of THA implants comes from the strides made in biomechanics and the relentless improvements in biomedical materials [2]. But as with any surgical procedure, THA is not without potential complications—periprosthetic infections are a particularly pernicious class that necessitate revisions. Unfortunately, patients who undergo revision THA tend to experience a lower likelihood of clinical success and satisfaction [3]. Previously, Matharu and colleagues [5] analyzed patients who received implants coated with tantalum, referred to as trabecular metal (TM), in their primary THAs. Their findings revealed that these patients encountered lower rates of infection compared to their counterparts who did not receive TM-coated components, implying that TM played some role in this difference. While one might infer that TM components may likewise be associated with a lower risk in revision THA, a followup study found that TM was not associated with a decreased risk of all-cause repeat revision compared to non-TM acetabular components [6]. In the present study, the same authors [4] employed one of the largest THA registries in the world to determine that usage of TM components in revisions performed for infection conferred no advantage in terms of reducing the risk of repeat revision, including both allcause repeat revision and repeat revision for periprosthetic joint infection. The topic is important because the risk of rerevision (especially following infection) increases with each subsequent operation on a patient's hip [7]; because these procedures already are so expensive, it is helpful to know that an even-more-expensive biomaterial (tantalum) does not appear to confer any advantage.


Given the results of scientific work on improving of information and measurement systems's efficiency of gas analysis, hydro, environmental and industrial applications. Proposed and grounded the criteria of efficiency, evaluated using various methods and tools to improve accura-cy, performance and reliability of the metrology meters by means of mathematical modeling and experimental studies. On the basis of the given developments tens scientific articles are published.


Recent studies have indicated that condoms are less effective in AIDS prevention than previously estimated. Homosexuals using no condoms had only a 3.3 times higher rate of AIDS than those using condoms. In a recent study on Florida 17% of heterosexual partners of AIDS patients using condoms contracted the virus in 18 months of contact while 82% of non-users contracted it. Also the reduction in number of sexual partners in preventing the spread of AIDS is overestimated. Recent studies of homosexuals show that the average is still above 1 partner per year which questions whether educational programs will lower partner rates. The drug problem is the cause of AIDS spreading in some metropolitan areas where 1-2% of all pregnant women are HIV positive. Educational programs must be initiated to stop this trend and the fact that each sexual contact with an HIV-positive person has some risk of infection should be emphasized. The US Public Health Service recommends AIDS testing for all sexually active persons and high risk groups have been targeted. Universal screening programs will be needed when the virus has left the high risk groups and penetrated the general society. These programs are not politically acceptable at this time but it has been shown that voluntary screening programs do not identify a sufficient number of infected persons.


The article presents the results of the research of impregnation composition for concrete roads, which allows to improve the ice-phobic properties of the coating. The impregnating composition is based on keratin-containing components and water-soluble polymer. Studies of qualitative indicators of the composition were carried out in laboratory conditions: determination of the optimal water concentrate of impregnation composition was made by measuring water absorption capacity of samples, and the assessment of durability (wear resistance to mechanical impacts or percentage of abrasion) was carried out by model tests with wheel loadings.


In this work, [EMIM]F-urea-H2O system is capable of dissolving Cu2O, and then the metallic copper was electrodeposited from this system at room temperature. The reduction of Cu (I) in this system involves a quasi-reversible and one-step single-electron transfer process. The electrodeposition of copper was performed on a tungsten (W) substrate at −0.67 V (vs. Ag) and 353 K via potentiostatic electrolysis. The electrodeposits were identified as metallic copper, as verified by XRD and EDS. SEM image shows that uniform, polygonal nanoparticles of copper were obtained after the potentiostatic static electrolysis. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by ECSJ. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-00031]. Uploading "PDF file created by publishers" to institutional repositories or public websites is not permitted by the copyright


The tremendous increase of malicious applications in the android ecosystem has prompted researchers to explore deep learning based malware detection models. However, research in other domains suggests that deep learning models are adversarially vulnerable, and thus we aim to investigate the robustness of deep learning based malware detection models. We first developed two image-based E-CNN malware detection models based on android permission and intent. We then acted as an adversary and designed the ECO-FGSM evasion attack against the above models, which achieved more than 50% fooling rate with limited perturbations. The evasion attack converts maximum malware samples into adversarial samples while minimizing the perturbations and maintaining the sample's syntactical, functional, and behavioral integrity. Later, we used adversarial retraining to counter the evasion attack and develop adversarially superior malware detection models, which should be an essential step before any real-world deployment.


Museum Cultural Derivatives belongs to the realm of modern industry products, with the museum cultural connotation as its source of design inspiration, and mechanization and mass production as the main means of producing. To design derivatives that can not only reflect the museum culture, but also satisfy the consumers, designers must attach great importance to designing notions, namely three key steps: the cultural research, the selection and refining of cultural symbol and the cultural transformation of the cultural symbol. Only by mastering these three design steps can we design a truly successful museum cultural derivative. Keywords—museum cultural derivatives; innovative design; cultural transformation


We are pleased to present this special issue of Drying Technology, which is dedicated to selected articles presented at the 10th Asia-Pacific Drying Conference (ADC 2019). The Conference was organized by the National Institute of Technology Rourkela (Odisha) during December 14–17, 2019 at Lukshmi Vilas Palace, Vadodara (Gujarat), India. The theme of the Conference was "Integrating Innovations with Cost-effectiveness for Competing Drying Technology." The event demonstrated the importance of innovations and cost reduction at the industrial level to realize the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the field of drying. The Conference included two plenary lectures, sixteen keynote lectures and fourteen oral sessions with fortyfour oral presentations. In addition, sixty-seven posters were presented in four sessions, along with active participation from seventeen companies. A total of 163 delegates participated, out of which 124 were from academic and research organizations and 39 from the industry. Authors of a small set of highly scored presentations were invited to submit the extended version of their articles for possible publication in Drying Technology. Due to the large number of quality articles presented at the Conference, the selection was a challenging task; the selection was eventually based on the requirement of a substantial amount of new knowledge of archival interest. All selected Articles finally included in this Special Issue cover a broad spectrum of disciplines like mechanical engineering, chemical and food engineering, mining and pharmaceuticals. We hope this Special Issue provides a glimpse of the recent progress of drying research in the Asia-Pacific region. We also believe the meeting of this kind would initiate further collaboration between academia and industry to enhance the development and sustained growth of drying science and technologies through effective networking. We are grateful to Prof. Arun S. Mujumdar (Editorin-Chief) and Prof. Sakamon Devahastin (Editor) of Drying Technology for their support and assistance in the preparation of this Special Issue. We sincerely thank all the expert referees and authors for their great effort in disseminating high-quality R&D outcomes to global readership. We hope the readers will find this Special Issue impactful and look forward to seeing you at the next ADC event.


Two decades before serving as Editor of ANESTHESIOLOGY, surgeon Leroy D. "Roy" Vandam, M.D. (1914– 2004), began losing sight in his left eye. His monocular vision neither precluded Vandam from succeeding in academic anesthesiology (at universities such as Johns Hopkins, Pennsylvania, and Harvard) nor from expressing his artistic talents. Painting the untitled watercolor (above) early one autumn, Vandam captured once again in watercolor the second home of celebrated etherizer William T. G. Morton. (Copyright © the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. This image also appears in the Anesthesiology Reflections online collection available at www.anesthesiology.org.) George S. Bause, M.D., M.P.H., Honorary Curator, ASA's Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology, Park Ridge, Illinois, and Clinical Associate Professor, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. firstname.lastname@example.com.


The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of ownership structure%2C leverage%2C external factor%2C internal factor on the value of the firms in Jakarta Stock Exchange. It is argued that unlike the agency problem advanced stock market%2C the agency problem in the Jakarta Stock Exchange is the divergence of interest between the minority holders and majority holders. This is because the Jakarta Stock Exchange is characterized%2C among other things%2C by the domination of large shareholders. It is hypotheses that :(1) there are the impact ownership structure %2C external factor%2C internal factor%2C on leverage%2C (2) there are the impact of ownership structure %2C external factor%2C internal factor%2C leverage on value of the firm . This study is to examine Agency Theory%2C Jensen and Meckling (1976)%2C Pecking Order Theory%2C Myers (1984)%2C Trade Off Model and Signaling Theory (1979). Population in this study are public company listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange during 2000 – 2004. As much as 134 firms listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange were taken as a sample using a purposive sampling method.The data were then analyzed by the structural equation modeling ( SEM) analysis%2C using the AMOS Program version 4.01.The results of this study show that (1) there are the impact of ownership structure %2C external factor%2C internal factor on leverage%2C(2)there are the impact of ownership structure%2C external factor%2C internal factor%2C leverage%2C on valueof the firm . The result of the study is not support the Agency Theory%2C Jensen and Meckling (1976)%2C but the result of the study is support Pecking Order Theory%2C Myers (1984)%2C Trade off model and Signaling Theory%2C Battacharya (1979). Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Tujuan utama dari studi ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh struktur kepemilikan%2C leverage%2C faktor ekstern%2C dan faktor intern terhadap nilai perusahaan di Bursa Efek Jakarta. Tidak seperti pada permasalahan keagenan di pasar modal yang sudah maju%2C problem keagenan di Bursa Efek Jakarta adalah terjadinya perbedaan kepentingan antara pemilik minoritas dengan pemilik mayoritas. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah : (1) struktur kepemilikan%2C faktor ekstern%2C dan faktor intern berpengaruh signifikan terhadap leverage%2C (2) struktur kepemilikan%2C faktor ekstern%2C faktor intern dan leverage berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Studi ini ingin menguji teori keagenan%2C Jensen dan Meckling (1976)%2C Pecking Order Theory%2C Myers (1984)%2C Trade off model dan Signaling Theory%2C Bhattacharya (1979). Populasi dalam studi ini adalah perusahaan publik yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Jakarta. Sebanyak 134 perusahaan diambil sebagai sample dengan enggunakan purposive sampling. Data dianalisis dengan mengunakan Structural Equation Modelling. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa struktur kepemilikan%2C faktor intern dan faktor ekstern berpengaruh signifikan terhadap leverage. Struktur kepemilikan%2C faktor ekstern%2C faktor intern%2Cdan leverage berpengaruh signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan.Hasil studi ini tidak mendukung teori keagenan%2C Jensen dan Meckling (1976) tetapi hasil studi ini mendukung Pecking Order Theory%2C Myers (1984)%2C Trade off model dan Signaling theory%2C Bhattacarya (1979). Tobins'Q%2C leverage%2C ownership structure.


Abstract. Raman spectroscopy combined with electron microprobe analysis as well as
Mössbauer spectroscopy was applied to a series of 18 samples along the
phlogopite (KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2)–annite
(KFe32+AlSi3O10(OH)2) join to establish a truly
non-destructive method for crystallochemical characterization of biotite
(A1M3T4O10X2, M3 = M1M2M2). The Raman
scattering arising from the framework (15–1215 cm−1) and OH-stretching
phonon modes (3000–3900 cm−1) was used to build up correlation trends
between the Raman spectral features and crystal chemistry of biotite. We
show that (a) the contents of MMg, MFe2+, and
MFe3+ contents can be quantified with a relative error of
∼ 6 %, ∼ 6 %, and ∼ 8 %,
respectively, by combining the integrated intensities of the OH-stretching
peaks assigned to various M1M2M2 local configurations with the wavenumber of
the MO6 vibrational mode near 190 cm−1; (b) the MTi content
can be estimated from the peak position and FWHM (full width at half maximum) of the second strongest
TO4-ring mode at ∼ 680 cm−1, with a precision of
22 %; (c) the content of TSi can be estimated from the position of
the second peak related to TO4-ring vibrations near 650 cm−1; (d) for phlogopite the TAl content can indirectly be calculated by knowing
the amount of TSi, whereas for annite it is hindered by the plausible
presence of TFe3+; (e) the AK content can be quantified by
the position of the peak generated by T-Ob-T bond-stretching-and-bending vibration at ∼ 730 cm−1; and (f) interlayer-deficient biotites and F-rich phlogopite can be identified via
their unique OH-stretching Raman peaks around 3570 cm−1 and 3695 cm−1, respectively. Our results show a potential tool for
non-destructive quantitative estimations of the major (Mg, Fe, Si, Al, K)
and minor (Ti) elements of the crystal chemistry of the biotite mineral
group by using a non-destructive technique such as Raman spectroscopy,
although its sensitivity is generally lower than that of electron microprobe
analysis and therefore cannot detect trace elements. This is fundamental
within the framework of cultural heritage where samples cannot be powdered
or disassembled.


This paper describes a novel design of electromagnetic flow meter for velocity profile measurement in multiphase flows with non-uniform axial velocity profiles. A Helmholtz coil is used to produce a uniform magnetic field orthogonal to both the flow direction and the plane of an electrode array embedded on the internal surface of a non-conducting pipe wall. Induced voltages acquired from the electrode array are related to the flow velocity distribution via variables known as 'weight values' which are calculated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Matrix inversion is used to calculate the velocity distribution in the flow cross section from the induced voltages measured at the electrode array. The flow pipe crosssection is divided into a number of pixels and the mean flow velocity of the continuous phase in each of the pixels is calculated from the measured induced voltages. Experimental results are presented for the reconstructed velocity profile of the continuous water phase in an inclined solids-in-wate...


Based on the Analyses of the process of knowledge transfer and creation in knowledge alliance, this paper gives a dynamic game model of knowledge alliance; the influence of absorptive capability and transparency of knowledge on the decision of participators is analyzed. Future study about the issue is given in the last.


Introduction: Ocular melanoma develops at the expense of eyes' melanocytes which give to the eyes their color. It is the first primitive intraocular tumor in the White race. It is rare, as that of the skin in black people. The bilateral cases are exceptional even in the white race, estimated at 0.2%. We present the case of bilateral ocular melanoma with bad prognosis in a black patient. Patient and observation: A 56-year-old black male patient, who had benefited 4 years earlier from an enucleation of the right eye for ocular melanoma, and admitted for bilateral exophthalmos which evolved for three months in a context of bilateral blindness. The cerebral Scanning had allowed to objectify a bilateral lateral-conical mass which evoked an inflammatory pseudo tumor. The failure of the medical treatment led to the exeresis of a conical, juxta-orbital and mid-muscular blackish mass, to the later apex respecting the surrounding structures. The histological examination ends again in a melanoma. No additional therapy was undertaken. The evolution 2 years later was marked by a local recurrence, multiple hepatic metastases and patient death. Conclusion: Bilateral ocular melanoma is exceptional in Black people. The etiologic factors as well as bilateralism mechanisms are still hypothetic. Its most effective treatment is local and the prognosis, bad in case of metastases due to the absence of an effective chemotherapy.


Artificial methods as pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial neural network are used for facial recognition. In this paper we present a LMT where we have used fallowing methods: extract skin color, then converted into histogram values for performing LMT - logistic model tree. LMT is standard decision tree. The nodes of terminal are replaced with logic regression function. The accuracy of face recognition is 91%. We used histogram numerical values for performing supervised leering tasks for the prediction of nominal classes and numerical values. Here is presented LMT which adopts the idea of classification problems using logistic regression. We have run algorithm from our dataset.


Professor Preest—for helping me through my research process. Professor Tyson, thank you for supporting and encouraging me throughout the research and writing process and for providing invaluable advice and insights. Professor Miller, thank you for being so available to talk, for sharing your knowledge of the history of California, and for providing physical space and an encouraging environment for me to work on my research. Thank you, Professor Preest, for not only reading my thesis but also for helping me navigate the academic bureaucracy to ensure I meet requirements. I would also like to thank Professor Kim and Professor Golub for helping me develop my research topic over the summer and the beginning of the semester. I would like to thank the librarians at Claremont Heritage, and Marcus Martinez at the City of Claremont for supporting my research process. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends—especially my roommate, Christina Fox—for emotionally supporting me through this process and for creating a compassionate intellectual environment where we can think through the type of issues raised in my thesis. This thesis would not be what it is without each of your contributions.


A new species Scutellinia tuberculata N. Matocec is described, which settles the warin temperate deciduous broadleaved forests in Croatia. The species is compared with morphologically most similar species and its ecology and taxonomy are discussed. S. tuberculata is introduced as a new member of subg. Scutellinia, sect. Globisporae Svrcek.


We assess the viability of deploying commercially available multispectral and thermal imagers designed for integration on small uncrewed aerial systems (sUASs, <25 kg) on a mid-size Group-3-classification UAS (weight: 25–600 kg, maximum altitude: 5486 m MSL, maximum speed: 128 m/s) for the purpose of collecting a higher spatial resolution dataset that can be used for evaluating the surface energy budget and effects of surface heterogeneity on atmospheric processes than those datasets traditionally collected by instrumentation deployed on satellites and eddy covariance towers. A MicaSense Altum multispectral imager was deployed on two very similar mid-sized UASs operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aviation Facility. This paper evaluates the effects of flight on imaging systems mounted on UASs flying at higher altitudes and faster speeds for extended durations. We assess optimal calibration methods, acquisition rates, and flight plans for maximizing land surface area measurements. We developed, in-house, an automated workflow to correct the raw image frames and produce final data products, which we assess against known spectral ground targets and independent sources. We intend this manuscript to be used as a reference for collecting similar datasets in the future and for the datasets described within this manuscript to be used as launching points for future research.


Cultures of human keratinocytes provide an excellent model system in which to study differentiation. Using the phorbol ester 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol 13‐acetate (TPA) and calcium, two agents known to induce keratinocyte differentiation in vitro, we examined the expression of the genes encoding c‐fos, c‐myc, and c‐jun; involucrin, a protein precursor of the keratinocyte cornified envelope; and L‐7, a ribosomal protein. Overall, at the doses studied, TPA induced a more rapid and profound differentiation than did calcium, as evaluated by culture morphology and northern blot analysis. Our studies showed a constant low level of c‐fos and c‐jun expression in unstimulated cells with no significant change after addition of either TPA or calcium except when transcript breakdown was inhibited by cycloheximide. The c‐myc proto‐oncogene, known to have a high constitutive expression in actively proliferating cells, was strongly downregulated by TPA, but calcium had no effect over a 32 hour period, consistent with the greater growth inhibition of TPA in this system. Involucrin was induced about ninefold by both TPA and calcium as early as 8 hours after stimulation, suggesting transcriptional regulation of this gene during differentiation. L‐7, recently demonstrated to be downregulated in late passage human fibroblasts in an in vitro model of senescence, was also strongly downregulated by either TPA or calcium, consistent with an interrelationship between the basic cellular processes of aging and differentiation. These finding expand our knowledge of the differentiation process in human keratinocytes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


A glucose biosensor was developed based on cytochrome c (Cyt c) and glucose oxidase (GOD) co-entrapped on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)–chitosan (CHIT) nanocomposites which were constructed on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by one-step electrodeposition. The surrounding Cyt c around GOD provided a biocompatible microenvironment to keep GOD's biological activity. Simultaneously, the AuNPs–CHIT nanocomposites provided a roughened surface with large surface-to-volume ratio to greatly amplify the surface coverage of GOD–Cyt c molecules and good conductivity to realize the direct electron transfer (DET) of GOD. The biosensor showed a wide detection range, low detection limit, good stability and high sensitivity. Thus, this study not only successfully achieved DET of GOD, but also constructed satisfactory point-of-care glucose monitoring.


We connect two nonlinear irreducible character of a finite group G if their degrees have a common prime divisor. In this paper we show that the corresponding graph has at most three connected components.


We start with a realisation of a Lie algebra with the basis operators $L=\langle Q_m\rangle$, $Q_m=\zeta_{mj}(x_i)\partial_{x_j}$, where $x_i$ are some variables that may be regarded as dependent or independent in construction of some equations or differential invariants. We take additional variables $R_k$, and study the linearly extended action operators $ {\hat Q_m}={Q_m}+\lambda_{mjk}R_j\partial_{R_k}$ that form the same Lie algebra with the same structural constants. For a fixed realisation of any Lie algebra $L$ we can classify all inequivalent extended action realisations for a finite number of additional variables. Such realisations allow to construct new invariant equations for the same realisation of the algebra, but involving additional variables, and to classify exhaustively relative differential invariants and invariant equations for the respective realisations of Lie algebras. They can be also applied to other problems in the symmetry analysis of differential equations. Here we classify extensions of realisations for inequivalent low-dimensional Lie algebras. The problem of classification of the relative differential invariants has an interesting story attached to it, and the background section may be worth reading not only for people in the field.


Connective tissue diseases are associated with granulocyte-specific autoantibodies and autoimmune neutropaenia. Reduced levels of circulating neutrophils may predispose to recurrent infections, particularly of the respiratory tract, although severe and opportunistic infections have also been reported. There is only one previous description of the use of granulocyte colony


In October 1979, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 34, entitled Capitalization of Interest Cost. In general this statement requires that interest cost be capitalized as an integral part of the cost of an asset in certain situations contingent on the nature of the asset being acquired and the nature of the acquiring company's capital structure. Subsequent to the issuance of SFAS No. 34, the FASB has amended and interpreted the document four times. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the authoritative conclusions in these documents as they apply to oil and gas producers.


Synthetic polymer gels have been examined as decalcifying media for the preparation of artificial carious lesions in tooth enamel. Enamel specimens were demineralized in lactic acid/calcium phosphate buffers containing 0.1–0.5% (w/w) polyacrylic acid (Carbopol C907, MW = 450,000 daltons) to act as a surface-protective agent. The rate, histology and physical characteristics of lesions were characterized by surface microhardness, polarized light, and microradiographic analyses. Following demineralization, selected lesions were remineralized in solutions supersaturated with respect to fluoroapatite. The results show that polyacrylic acid is extremely useful and effective as a surface-protective agent for artificial carious lesion preparation. The histology of lesions formed in C907 gels can be carefully controlled by adjusting the undersaturation of the demineralization medium with respect to tooth mineral salts. Lesions formed in C907 gels are extremely reactive towards remineralization and the rate and histology of mineral repair are not noticeably influenced by the resin content in solution. The use of synthetic polymer gels is recommended for the systematic reproducible preparation of artificial carious lesions in dental enamel.


Currently, in the world are trying to substitute fossil energy for renewable energy. One of the renewable energy is biomass energy. Biomass is a renewable natural resource derived from biological nature. Biomass from palm shells has been successfully used by the Tembilahan PLTU as an effort to substitute coal. The results of technical evaluation and monitoring show operating parameters within normal limits. Palm shells are known to have a lower sulfur content than coal so that the emissions produced are less than coal. When viewed from the characteristics based on the analysis of proximate, ultimate and calorific value, it shows that the characteristics of biomass from coconut waste, especially coconut shells, are not significantly different from biomass from palm shells. This means that coconut shells can be considered as a renewable energy source. To improve the quality of the calorific value of biomass, a pyrolysis process is carried out to produce bio-charcoal. Modeling using Aspen Plus software has a difference average of less than 6%. Simulation results of coconut shell pyrolysis with maximum yield of bio-charcoal occurring at an operating temperature of 600°C which produces a total of 30.35% bio-charcoal, a calorific value (LHV) of 33.03 MJ/kg, and an ash content of 18.99%. While the simulation results of coconut shell pyrolysis with maximum syngas yield occurred at an operating temperature of 800°C which produced 82.43% syngas, high H 2 49.67% and low CO 2 2.90%.


Writing strategic documents is a major practice of many actors striving to see their educational ideas realised in the curriculum. In these documents, arguments are systematically developed to create the legitimacy of a new educational goal and competence to make claims about it. Through a qualitative analysis of the writing strategies used in these texts, I show how two of the main actors in the Czech educational discourse have developed a proof that a new educational goal is needed. I draw on the connection of the relational approach in the sociology of education with Lyotard's analytical semantics of instances in the event. The comparison of the writing strategies in the two documents reveals differences in the formation of a particular pattern of justification. In one case the texts function as a herald of pure reality, and in the other case as a messenger of other witnesses. This reveals different regimens of proof, although both of them were written as prescriptive directives – normative models of the educational world.


Gaseous pollutants in broiler house may cause negative effects to the production performance and health of broilers. Ventilation is an effective and simple way to improve air quality in broiler house. For the purpose of heat preservation, there is little ventilation in broiler house in winter season for small-scale broiler production in China, which leads to serious air quality issues. This paper proposes an optimization of a local ventilation system which could be used for gaseous pollutants removal in winter.


The aim of this work is to propose a decision support system (DSS) to manage product life cycle in the middle of life phase in order to obtain data which may impact on the whole value chain. In particular, a new maintenance approach based on the integration of information gathered from different actors is taken under consideration and the evaluation of residual life cycle costs (LCCs) is used to define and plan maintenance actions. The system enables to create new value by transforming information into knowledge available for all phases of the life cycle improving product and service quality, efficiency and sustainability. The integrated DSS here described goes in the direction of predictive maintenance for machine tools and trucks to reduce the number of unexpected stops and minimise LCCs of the product avoiding component breakdowns.


The class Mollicutes includes organisms in the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. They are prokaryotes that lack a cell wall, and are among the smallest known living organisms in both cellular dimensions and genome sizes. At least 17 different species inhabit the mucosae of the respiratory and urogenital tracts of humans, several of which are pathogenic in a variety of clinical illnesses. Their fastidious nature and often slow growth in vitro have hampered understanding of their roles as agents of human disease. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of community acquired respiratory infections that occur endemically and epidemically worldwide in persons of all ages and ranges in severity from mild to life-threatening. Molecular-based laboratory techniques have resulted in increased understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology M. pneumoniae infections as well as improved means for laboratory detection. Resistance of M. pneumoniae to macrolide antimicrobials has emerged worldwide over the past several years, complicating treatment strategies.
This review contains 2 figures, 1 table and 58 references
Key Words: Antimicrobial Resistance, Ciliated respiratory epithelium, Community Acquired Pneumonia, Cytadherence, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Reinfections


Characterizing the ejecta in young supernova remnants is a requisite step toward a better understanding of stellar evolution. In Cassiopeia A the density and total mass remaining in the unshocked ejecta are important parameters for modeling its explosion and subsequent evolution. Low frequency (<100 MHz) radio observations of sufficient angular resolution offer a unique probe of unshocked ejecta revealed via free–free absorption against the synchrotron emitting shell. We have used the Very Large Array plus Pie Town Link extension to probe this cool, ionized absorber at 9″ and 18.″5 resolution at 74 MHz. Together with higher frequency data we estimate an electron density of 4.2 cm−3 and a total mass of 0.39 M☉ with uncertainties of a factor of ∼2. This is a significant improvement over the 100 cm−3 upper limit offered by infrared [S iii] line ratios from the Spitzer Space Telescope. Our estimates are sensitive to a number of factors including temperature and geometry. However using reasonable values for each, our unshocked mass estimate agrees with predictions from dynamical models. We also consider the presence, or absence, of cold iron- and carbon-rich ejecta and how these affect our calculations. Finally we reconcile the intrinsic absorption from unshocked ejecta with the turnover in Cas A's integrated spectrum documented decades ago at much lower frequencies. These and other recent observations below 100 MHz confirm that spatially resolved thermal absorption, when extended to lower frequencies and higher resolution, will offer a powerful new tool for low frequency astrophysics.


Telecommunication user requirements, namely, broadband services, intelligent services, and flexible use of services and networks, are discussed. The use of broadband ISDN to meet these demands is examined. Broadband videotex is considered in some detail.<<ETX>>


T shortfall of donor organs to meet the transplantation needs of people with organ failure drives initiatives to expand the donor pool. Effective public health measures have decreased the incidence of death from brain trauma and stroke, reducing the pool of "standard" brain-dead donors. This has led to the use of older expanded criteria donors and a greater emphasis on donation after circulatory death (DCD).2 A further, seldom discussed, and conceivably sizeable pool of potential donors are those in whom brain death may develop but where physiological supportive treatment is withdrawn or not instituted because of poor prognosis and lack of medical benefit to the patient. In this issue of Transplantation, Domínguez-Gil et al describe the Spanish experience with this important group of potential donors and discuss their approach in providing intensive care for the sole purpose of facilitating organ donation. The article draws on patient data collected in 68 hospitals in Spain during the ACCORD initiative. It focuses on patients who died from devastating brain injury and whose families had been approached to consent for donation prior to brain death developing and at a point when ongoing treatment was deemed futile. Patients were in 1 of 3 scenarios at the time of family approach: 1) not intubated outside of the intensive care unit (ICU), that is, in the emergency department (ED) or general ward, 2) intubated outside of the ICU, and 3) intubated in the ICU. Patients in whom consent was obtained received supportive treatments in ICU, including mechanical ventilation, for a period prenegotiated with the family to allow for brain death to occur (eg, 24 hours). Of these, 79% developed brain death and 72% went on to be organ donors, comprising 24% of all deceased donors during this period. The report highlights several important issues and uncertainties. First, the patients described may signify a sizeable and underutilized pool of potential donors. Clinical practice will vary between regions, hospitals, and individual clinicians


For three years (1993 to 1995), we monitored organically and conventionally managed cotton fields in Madera County, and measured pest and beneficial arthropod populations, plant growth and development parameters, nutrient status, plant density, yields and lint quality. Square (flower bud) retention was similar in the two systems, although western tarnished plant bugs (Lygus hesperus or lygus bugs) were significantly more abundant on several dates in the organic fields. On most dates, populations of the predatory insects Geocoris spp. were significantly higher in the organic than in the conventional fields. Lint yields were not significantly different for the two production systems in any of the three years, but were lower than county averages in all years. In 1994, lint quality in the two treatments differed in that color grades were more variable in the organic cotton bales. Late spring rains also affected planting success in each year and the shortened seasons in 1994 and 1995 generally kept yields in both treatments at or below two bales per acre.


TaP is a storage cache sequential prefetching and caching technique to improve the read-ahead cache hit rate and system response time. A unique feature of TaP is the use of a table to detect sequential access patterns in the I/O workload and to dynamically determine the optimum prefetch cache size. When compared to some popular prefetching techniques, TaP gives a better hit rate and response time while using a read cache that is often an order of magnitude smaller than that needed by other techniques. TaP is especially efficient when the I/O workload consists of interleaved requests from various applications, where only some of the applications are accessing their data sequentially. For example, TaP achieves the same hit rate as the other techniques with a cache length that is 100 times smaller than the cache needed by other techniques when the interleaved workload consists of 10% sequential application data and 90% random application data.


A solid core photonic quasi-crystal fiber (PQF) is a novel microstructured optical fiber which could provide a large nonlinearity and a low dispersion, which, in turn, could be exploited for generating few cycle laser pulses. We look for the hitherto mentioned optical properties in the proposed PQF by carefully changing the geometrical parameters, namely, core diameter and the pitch. We report a large nonlinearity (γ = 588.2993 W-1 m-1) and a low dispersion (≈ 0.095 ps/nm.m) for operating wavelengths from 1200 to 2000 nm.


Objective
To investigate the expression and significance of CD147 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in osteosarcoma.

Methods
Fifty patients with osteosarcoma were selected as the observation group and 40 patients with benign bone tumors served as the control group. The expression of CD147 and MMP-2 protein was detected by streptavid-in-peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemical staining.

Results
The positive expression rate of CD147 and MMP-2 in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.000). The positive expression of CD147 and MMP-2 in osteosarcoma was closely related to Enneking pathological staging and pulmonary etastasis, and there was a positive correlation between them (P=0.017).

Conclusion
CD147 and MMP-2 are highly expressed in osteosarcoma and play an important role in infiltration and metastasis.

Key words:
Osteosarcoma; CD147; Matrix metalloproteinase-2; Immunohistochemistry


The present invention can be used as a tread for winter tires that have a high grip against melting ice and can be used as one or more diene elastomers, for example natural rubber and / or polybutadiene, liquid plasticizers greater than 30 phr, between 50 and 150 phr. A reinforcing filler, such as silica and / or carbon black, and a rubber composition comprising magnesium sulfate microparticles between 5 and 40 phr. The invention also relates to the use of such compositions in the manufacture of treads for winter tires, and to the tread and the tire itself.


This paper introduces the concept of the virtual instrument, data acquisition and processing, and LabVIEW-based sorting system for electronic thieft-guarding tags.The applications have proved the effectiveness of the design.


In this work, we analyze a sequential game played in a graph called the Multilevel Critical Node problem (MCN). A defender and an attacker are the players of this game. The defender starts by preventively interdicting vertices (vaccination) from being attacked. Then, the attacker infects a subset of non-vaccinated vertices and, finally, the defender reacts with a protection strategy. We provide the first computational complexity results associated with MCN and its subgames. Moreover, by considering unitary, weighted, undirected and directed graphs, we clarify how the theoretical tractability or intractability of those problems vary. Our findings contribute with new NP-complete, Σ p 2 -complete and Σ p 3 -complete problems.


This article makes a modeling on composite reconfigurable communications system.It models a heterogeneous network that consists of three different radio access technologies as a M/H3/m/m queueing system.And system's block probability is got.By contrast with single RAT systems,composite reconfigurable communications system has more system capacity and can apply on more complex condition.


The properties of the growth of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy oxide were studied using sulfuric acid anodization. The parameters for the manufacturing process include electrolyte categories, electrolyte concentration, and operating voltages. The results showed that the aluminum oxides obtained by anodization process are mainly amorphous structure and the anodic current density is an important factor affecting the rate of response for oxygen and aluminum ions in barrier. In this experiment, polish process is very important to stable the anodic aluminum oxide film and then it will get the better properties of anodic film. Besides, when using sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, the increase of anodic voltage also increases the rate of reaction which increases the mechanical and electrical properties of anodic oxide film, but too large applied anodic voltage will reduce the mechanical and electrical properties of film because of the crack of the anodic oxide film.


Abstract : The electromagnetic dynamo field of sea surface waves, a consequence of the Lorentz force, has been measured with two simultaneously operating, closely spaced tri-axial magnetometers. Measurements from a magnetometer located in the center of a small, uninhabited island served to compensate measurements from a near-shore magnetometer for large-scale magnetic pulsations (basically of ionospheric origin), leaving the ocean wave dynamo field, effective close to shore only, as the dominant residual magnetic field. Height and period of waves and swell were recorded with a vertical accelerometer (wave rider buoy) floating nearby on the sea surface. Amplitude and phase relationships between the three vector components of the magnetic field differences yield an ocean wave vector consistent with swell propagating northeastward. The magnetic field data further demonstrate that the water mass motion close to shore was not confined to a vertical plane (as would be the case for freely propagating gravity waves in the open ocean). The motion occurred in a plane inclined at about 40 deg from the horizontal (roughly twice the inclination of the island flanks). Ten night-time intervals of three hours each were analysed, and for every interval, the peak power of the surface waves (inferred from the wave rider measurements) was compared with the peak power of the residual horizontal magnetic field (after the background field had been removed). Their ratio yields the height of a hypothetical magnetometer above the surface of the open sea. Not only are the hypothetical heights computed for the ten different intervals similar, they are also approximately equal to the horizontal distance between the shoreline and the site of the near-shore magnetometer.


This paper describes the system we submitted to SemEval-2018 Task 3. The aim of the system is to distinguish between irony and non-irony in English tweets. We create a targeted feature set and analyse how different features are useful in the task of irony detection, achieving an F1-score of 0.5914. The analysis of individual features provides insight that may be useful in future attempts at detecting irony in tweets.


This article describes a novel safety application based on the open source navigation software OsmAnd,
 which runs on the Android platform. The application offers vehicles with "smart navigation", and maintains a network
 of the vehicles that use our application. The process of network creation and maintenance is important as
 our application enables vehicles to communicate with one another to exchange useful information. The main
 function of the application is to inform vehicles of relevant vehicles approaching, termed as "administrative
 vehicles" in this article, and include ambulances, police cars and fire brigades. Based on the received information, our application notifies the driver, who can now take navigation decisions based on it. While developing
 the application, problems were found when attempting to create an Ad-hoc network. A solution to the problem of managing the Ad-hoc network has been proposed and is under development.


From the heat conduction,differential equations and definite conditions,a trial function which satisfies boundary condition in advance is set.With the Lagrange multiplier method,the generalized expression of Ritz temperature field functional is first established.The variational solution of temperature field for a plate after rolling during fully developed regime is then first obtained by functional variation.It is a function of plate thick δ,heat transfer coefficient α,specific heat cp,cooling time t,thermal conductivity λ,plate density ρ,starting cooling temperature T0,and water temperature Tf.The comparison between the variational results and those analytical results by the separation variable method shows that the present results have high forecast precision and the maximum error between them is no more than 7%.It is also deduced that the average temperature occurs at the location of x=0.577δ,and the temperature difference between plate surface and centre along the thick direction decreases as the cooling time increases.The method in the present paper has not been reported yet.


The development of drug-eluting stents (DES) has improved the invasive treatment
of obstructive coronary artery disease by reducing both, restenosis rate and need for reinterventions. This success resulted in a widespread utilization of DES in clinical practice and entailed many clinical research programs. In addition, numerous laboratory examinations of DES have been performed. The majority of this in vitro and pre-clinical research was performed by the DES-developing companies. Only occasionally such data are fully accessible for the public.


Aiming at wide variations in moment of inertia,large disturbed moment of a rocket launcher position servo system,a adaptive robust controller based on dynamic filtering method(ADSC)was presented. A projection-type estimation algorithm was adopted to tackle model uncertainties,and design of the controller was simplified by using a dynamic filter,and model uncertainties were compensated by combining a simple robust backstepping method. Besides,the controller and adaptation laws for uncertain parameters were presented by selecting both the equivalent model transformation and a proper Lyapunov function. The simulation and experimentation results show that the proposed approach can eliminate chattering problem effectively,guarantee control accuracy,and possess a strong robustness to both parameter perturbation and load disturbance to the adaptive backstepping Sliding Mode Controller(ABSMC).


In this paper we find common ground for different decision theories in Dempster-Shafer theory by providing an axiomatic utility theory where the completeness requirement is dropped. The resulting preference relation is represented by subjective expectation of sets of utilities whose ordering is based on an ordering of outcome sets derived from a logical decision theory for complete ignorance. Moreover, we explore the preference aggregation problem within the utility theory and generalize some results by Harsanyi and Mongin to the setting of belief functions.


The influence of maternal diabetes on Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization and GBS urinary infection was investigated. The population under study comprised 1,050 pregnant women (70 of them diabetics, the remaining 980 non‐diabetics). A higher prevalence of GBS colonization was found among diabetics (20% versus 10.9%) (p > 0.05). The rate of colonization was not correlated to the severity of the diabetes condition. Urinary infection was diagnosed on 8.6% of diabetic patients, versus 7.1 % of non‐diabetics (p > 0.05). Urinary infection by GBS occurred with similar frequency in both groups (0% in diabetics and 1% in non‐diabetics). The possible etiological implications are commented on, and vaginal and rectal cultures are recommended for GBS screening in the pregnant diabetic patient.


The HSR sonic boom technology program includes a goal of reducing the objectionable aspects of sonic boom. Earlier HSCT sonic boom studies considered achieving significant sonic boom reduction by the use of arrow-wing planforms and detailed shaping of the airplane to produce shaped waveforms (non N-waves) at the ground. While these design efforts were largely successful, the added risk and cost of the airplanes were judged to be unacceptable. The objective of the current work is to explore smaller configuration refinements that could lead to reduced sonic boom impact, within design and operational constraints. A somewhat modest target of 10% reduction in sonic boom maximum overpressure was selected to minimize the effect on the configuration performance. This work was a joint NASA/Industry effort, utilizing the respective strengths of team members at Boeing, NASA Langley, and NASA Ames. The approach used was to first explore a wide range of modifications and airplane characteristics for their effects on sonic boom and drag, using classical Modified Linear Theory (MLT) methods. CFD methods were then used to verify promising, modifications and to analyze modifications for which the MLT methods were not appropriate. The tea m produced a list of configuration changes with their effects on sonic boom and, in some cases, an estimate of the drag penalty. The most promising modifications were applied to produce a boom-softened derivative of the baseline Boeing High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) configuration. This boom-softened configuration was analyzed in detail for the reduce sonic boom impact and also for the effect of the configuration modifications on drag, weight, and overall performance relative to the baseline.


For some, symptoms can be severe, progressing from viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and/or cardiac injury, to multiple organ failure and death 1 Even those surviving this more severe form of the illness may suffer from ongoing cardiac and respiratory damage 2 Risk of death increases with age or in the presence of co-morbidities such as cardiovascular or respiratory disease, diabetes, cancer or impaired immune function Mortality rate unclear Calculating the mortality rate of COVID-19 is difficult because: * We do not have an accurate count of cases due to milder cases going unrecognised and low rates of testing in a number of countries * Death rates are affected by regional health-care capabilities and access to intensive care for the seriously ill Coronaviruses may last on surfaces for anything from a few hours up to nine days, depending on temperature, humidity and the type of surface 7 However, they can be inactivated with alcohol, hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite 7 Once transferred to a mucosal surface, the SRAS-CoV-2 virus attaches to receptors on the surface of cells, mainly the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor


Colloidal cobalt nanoparticles with well-defined particle size (ca. 2.7 nm) were synthesized, characterized, and tested in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using water and binary mixtures as solvent. The catalytic results revealed that activity and selectivity strongly depend on the nature and composition of the solvent mixture: the tests in pure water produced light hydrocarbons (C2–C4), while the addition of organic cosolvents increased the activity and shifted the selectivity to higher hydrocarbons (C13–C30). The observed variations in the activity and selectivity were correlated to syngas solubility in the medium used for catalysis. Under the tested conditions, ethanol/water (93/7 v/v) appeared to be the optimum binary solvent in terms of FT activity.


Objective To investigate the histological changes of fibrous capsule caused by silicone gel after transplantation.Methods Silicone gels were implanted subcutaneously in four legs in 16 SD rats.One month later the silicone gel was removed and the fibrous capsule was left at the original sites or transplanted to other sites; the histological changes and fibrous structure were observed at 3 days,1 weeks,1 months and 3 months later. Results Slight redness and edema were noticed at all transplanted sites and disappeared about one week later.The incisions healed well and the local tissues were soft;no removal of the transplanted capsules was noticed.The thickness and absorbance rate of the transplanted and untransplanted capsules were similar in Group A(both P0.05),but they were significantly different in those of Group B,C,and D(all P0.05).The thickness and absorbance rate of transplanted capsules in Group A were significantly different from those of the other 3 groups(all P0.05);there was no significant difference between those of Group B and C,Group C and D(all P0.05).The intensity,positive area rate,and absorbance rate of the transplanted capsules in Group A were sig- nificantly different from those of the other 3 groups(all P0.05);there was no significant difference between Group B,C and D(all P0.05)and between the transplanted and untransplanted capsules in Group A(all P0.05);and there was significant difference between the transplanted and untransplanted capsules in Group B,C, and D(all P0.05).Conclusion Silicone gel as the foreign body can induce the formation of the fibrous cap- sules,which can be gradually absorbed after the removal of the foreign body.The silicone gel-induced fibrous cap- sule might be a promising autograft in the future.(Shanghai Med J,2007,30:618-620)


The present invention belongs to the technical field hypoglycemic drugs, there is provided a pharmaceutically NO donor compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof having the general structure Ⅰ, wherein the defined specification R1, R2, R3's. The present invention also relates to a method for preparing the above compounds, and also discloses to the pharmaceutically active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient of pharmaceutical compositions, and their use in the manufacture of a medicament hypoglycemic.


Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a pivotal role in the development of any country. However they face major challenges while competing internationally with large firms. This study seeks to i...


Lamb waves inside thin-walled structures have received extensive attention due to their great promise in applications such as structural health monitoring. Applications point at the common need for effective conditioning and manipulation of the wave propagation in terms of both frequency content and mode components. In this work, the concept of metamaterials is exploited to construct functional meta-devices (MDs). The MDs are designed to deliver prescribed functionalities after they are surface-mounted onto a structure conveying Lamb waves. To this end, a unified inverse-design scheme based on topology optimization is proposed and applied to achieve multifold functions such as frequency filtering, single-mode transmission and wave filtering at the subwavelength scale. Configuration features of the optimized MDs are extracted to reveal the mechanism governing the generation of broad Bragg scattering bandgaps. Analyses on negative effective mass density and the polarized mode explain the directional locally resonant bandgaps which exhibit strong anisotropic density. A representative MD with a finite number of unit cells is examined through finite element simulations. Temporal signals and their transmission spectra confirm the expected band features. An experiment is carried out to confirm the prescribed wave manipulation functions of the designed MD in terms of achieving selective frequency and wave mode transmission. This work provides a universal approach for topologically customizing MDs for the precise and tactic control of Lamb wave propagation.


The invention discloses a wave-shaped reed, which is characterized in that dent surfaces are arranged in a form of a wave in the width direction (X-direction) of a cloth cover, the lengths, the widths and the heights of reed pieces are the same; the distance between two adjacent reed pieces has the preset accuracy; the values of the distances are the same; two plane segments as two straight-line segments (in the X-direction) in a top view are respectively arranged on two edges of the wave-shaped reed; the two straight-line segments are perpendicular to the warp direction; the length of one of the two straight-line segments for a shuttle loom ranges from 10mm to 25mm; the length of one of the two straight-line segments for a rapier loom ranges from 5mm to 10mm; and the wave formed by the dent surfaces in the X-direction is connected with the two straight-line segments. The wave-shaped reed disclosed by the invention breaks through the concept that in the prior art, warp routes and weft routes of fabrics are perpendicular, enables the warp routes and the weft routes to be changed according to a certain shape, and changes the weave diagrams of the fabrics, thereby greatly enriching the weaves and the structures of the fabrics greatly, widening the design space of a novel fabric variety greatly, and expanding the application space of the fabrics at the same time.


Most codes with an algebraic decoding algorithm are derived from Reed-Solomon codes. They are obtained by taking equivalent codes, for example, generalized Reed-Solomon codes, or by using the so-called subfield subcode method, which leads to alternant codes over the underlying prime field, or over some intermediate subfield. The main advantage of these constructions is to preserve both the minimum distance and the decoding algorithm of the underlying Reed-Solomon code. In this paper, we explore in detail the subspace subcodes construction. This kind of codes was already studied in the particular case of cyclic Reed-Solomon codes. We extend this approach to any linear code over the extension of a finite field. We are interested in additive codes who are deeply connected to subfield subcodes. We characterize the duals of subspace subcodes. We introduce the notion of generalized subspace subcodes. We apply our results to generalized Reed-Solomon codes which leads to codes with interesting parameters, especially over a large alphabet. To conclude this paper, we discuss the security of the use of generalized subspace subcodes of Reed-Solomon codes in a cryptographic context.


Synopsis A new, large compsognathid theropod, Huaxiagnathus orientalis gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation deposits of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China is described. The holotype specimen is nearly complete, lacking only the distal portion of the tail. It is the second largest theropod taxon discovered from Jehol Group sediments. Like all compsognathids, Huaxiagnathus has short forelimbs and a relatively unspecialised coelurosaur body plan. Previously, fairly complete skeletons existed for only two small‐bodied taxa of compsognathids, Compsognathus longipes from the Late Jurassic of Western Europe and Sinosauropteryx prima, also from the Yixian. The phylogenetic position of Huaxiagnathus orientalis was analysed using an extensive matrix of theropod characters from many taxa. Huaxiagnathus orientalis fell out at the base of the Compso‐gnathidae, as it lacks the forelimb adaptations of more derived compsognathids. The addition of Huaxiagnathus and the two other compsognathid species to our data matrix resulted in the placement of Compsognathidae near the base of Maniraptora. Furthermore, Alvarezsauridae, Paraves, and a monophyletic Therizinosauroidea + Oviraptorosauria clade fall out in an unresolved trichotomy in the strict consensus of our most parsimonious trees.


Rydberg-aided atomic electrometry has recently garnered significant research interest for detecting external electric fields. However, the inability of Rydberg probes to detect phase remains a serious impediment to their realistic deployment. In phased array or synthetic aperture applications, if a Rydberg atom probe is used in place of an antenna, then measurements of only electric field intensity are possible at each spatial sample. In this paper, we cast the extraction of useful information from these Rydberg probe measurements as a novel phase retrieval problem. The resulting optimization is non-convex, which we address by developing a three-stage alternating projections algorithm. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of the beamformed array output.


To evaluate the evidence from randomised trials for the efficacy and safety of phytotherapeutic interventions in the management of biochemically recurrent (BCR) prostate cancer, indicated by prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) progression, numbers progressing to/time to initiation of androgen‐deprivation therapy or salvage therapy.


There are many advantages to developing web-based scientific applications. Any number of people can access the application concurrently. The application can be accessed from a remote location. The application becomes essentially platform-independent because it can be run from any machine that has internet access and can run a web browser. Maintenance and upgrades to the application are simplified since only one copy of the application exists in a centralized location. This paper details the creation of web-based applications using Java servlets. Java is a powerful, versatile programming language that is well suited to developing web-based programs. A Java servlet provides the interface between the central server and the remote client machines. The servlet accepts input data from the client, runs the application on the server, and sends the output back to the client machine. The type of servlet that supports the HTTP protocol will be discussed in depth. Among the topics the paper will discuss are how to write an http servlet, how the servlet can run applications written in Java and other languages, and how to set up a Java web server. The entire process will be demonstrated by building a web-based application to compute stagnation point heat transfer.


The paper contains synopsis of High Speed Rail (HSR) projects in Russia (inclusive of high-speed rolling stock) for the years 1974 - 2014. There are discussed basic outcomes of high-speed EMU trains Sapsan and Allegro operation between Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Helsinki. A strategic study on the implementation of a 1520mm-gauge High Speed Rail network in Russia with the maximum speed up to 400 kph was launched by the JSC RZD in 2013. The paper presents information about Moscow - Yekaterinburg HSR-2 line inclusive of main infrastructure characteristics and applicable technical requirements to the HSR EMU train covering its configuration, vehicle gauge, tractive characteristics, aerodynamics, electrical power supply system and passenger car interiors. The discussed technical requirements were developed and approved by RZD on June 8, 2015. Definition of the high-speed train key parameters and specifications is based upon ingenious method. To decide on the concept of the train and its main technical characteristics there were investigated its recently developed closest analogues with design speed ranging from 360 to 400 kph. Target values of basic parameters were estimated with allowance for the specific requirements imposed to the Russian high speed train in the context of agreed HSR-2 standards. Given that the designing phase of the Moscow - Kazan high speed railway is underway the defined key train parameters and specifications are recommended for use in further calculations. Basic provisions of the paper were first unveiled in 2015 at the 9th UIC World Congress on High Speed Rail in Tokyo.


Medical organizations have sensitive health related documents. Unauthorized access attempts for these should not only be prevented but also detected in order to ensure correct treatment of the patients and to capture the malicious intent users. Such organizations normally rely on the principle of least privileges together with the deployment of some commercial available software to cope up this issue. But such methods can't be helpful in some of the misuse methods e.g. covert channels. As insiders may be the part of the team which developed such software, he may have deliberately inserted such channels in the source code of that software. The results may be catastrophic not only to that organization but for the patients too. This paper presents an application for securely exchange of documents in medical organizations of our country. The induction of water marking and hash protected documents enhances its security and make it fit to deploy in medical related organizations. The deployment is done in such a way that only higher management has access to the source code for reviewing. Results demonstrate its effectiveness in preventing and detecting majority of the information misuse channels.


New adolescent drivers are at risk for dangerous driving in general and DWI specifically because of multiple risk factors which have been identified in previous research. This report describes an evaluation of a DWI prevention module and 2 three-hour school-based reinforcement sessions with a set of adolescent pre-drivers. 343 adolescent pre-drivers (mean age of 15.9 yr) were exposed to a new DWI prevention module (10 hr) in their Traffic Safety Education classes and the concepts and skills were reinforced (3 hr) at 6 and 12 mo in the classroom. The curriculum focused on risk identification and skill instruction to avoid situations leading to DWI. A control group (N=150) was assessed prior to their drivers training class and at 12 mo. A sub-group of "high-risk" individuals was identified initially and was involved in an intensive out-of-school summer conference to deal with the factors associated with their high-risk status. Results of analysis of cross sectional and longitudinal data are presented for all subjects over a 12-mo study period. Experimental subjects and controls were matched with respect to demographic and family characteristics, although experimental subjects smoked more cigarettes and had somewhat more experience with adults and siblings who drink and drive and they drank more beer than control subjects. Self-reported behavior showed expected rises in some target behaviors (traffic citations, driving intoxicated, increased driving hours, etc.) compared to controls who endorsed these behaviors less often. There were significant improvements in target behaviors among high-risk adolescents attending the intensive summer conference compared to those high-risk subjects who were invited but did not attend. The results of this program evaluation are discussed in terms of the efficacy of behavioral interventions to reduce adolescent risky driving/DWI and problems related to implementing and evaluating such programs.


Objectives The aim was to investigate emotional clarity in opioid-dependent patients. Background: emotional clarity refers to individual's awareness of his/her feelings. Individuals with low levels of emotional clarity may resort to strategies to alleviate distress rapidly. Patients and methods A total of 40 adult male opioid-dependent patients were recruited in the present study. The research data were collected from demographic information, Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I Disorders, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Statistical analysis was performed using one-sample t test and P value. Results Findings demonstrated that opioid-dependent patients lacked emotional clarity. Conclusion Given the emphasis on emotional regulation as the main mechanism of change, lack of emotional clarity was associated with substance use disorders.


Inputs In addition to physical forms of input, machine learning allows designers to discover implicit patterns within numerous facets of a user's behavior. These patterns carry inherent meanings, which can be learned from and acted upon, even if the user is not expressly aware of having communicated them. In this sense, these implicit patterns can be thought of as input modalities that, in practice, serve a very similar purpose to the more tangible input modes described above. Mining behavioral patterns through machine learning can help designers to better understand users and serve their needs. At the 32 | Machine Learning for Designers same time, these patterns can also help designers to understand the products or services they offer as well as the implicit relationships between these offerings. Behavioral patterns can be mined in rela‐ tion to an individual user or aggregated from the collective behav‐ iors of numerous users. One form of pattern mining that can be useful in serving an individ‐ ual user as well as improving the overall system is the discovery of frequently coupled behaviors within the sequence of actions per‐ formed by the user. For example, a user may purchase milk when‐ ever he buys breakfast cereal. Noticing this pattern gives designers the opportunity to construct interface mechanisms that will allow the user to address his shopping needs more easily and efficiently. When the user adds cereal to the shopping cart, a modal interface suggesting the purchase of milk could be presented to him. Alter‐ nately, these two items could be shown in proximity to one another within the interface, despite the fact that these two products would generally be situated within two different areas of the store. Rather than presenting the user with separate interfaces for each item, the system could instead dynamically generate a single interface element that would allow the user to purchase these frequently coupled items with one click. In addition to benefiting the user's shopping experi‐ ence and enabling multiuser recommendation engines, the system's knowledge of these correlated behaviors can be used to make the system itself more efficient, aiding business processes like inventory estimation. Mining user behavior patterns can also help businesses to better understand who their customers are. If a user frequently purchases diapers, for instance, it is a near certainty that the user is a parent. This kind of auxiliary knowledge of the user can help designers to produce interfaces that better address their target customer demo‐ graphics and influence business and marketing decisions such as the determination of which advertising venues will yield the greatest influx of new customers. Designers should be careful, however, to not make assumptions about users that may embarrass or offend them by characterizing them in ways that conflict with the public persona they wish to convey. In one famous incident, the retailer Target used purchasing patterns to determine whether a given user was pregnant so that the store Enhancing Design with Machine Learning | 33 8 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html could better target this much sought-after category of customer.8 Though this practice may be welcomed by some, in at least one case it created an uncomfortable situation when an angry father came to a Target store demanding to know why his high-school-aged daugh‐ ter had received numerous coupons targeted at expectant mothers. The man had not been aware that his daughter was pregnant and upon learning the truth from his daughter, apologized to the retailer. Nevertheless, these kinds of customer insights can be unsettling and require great care in their treatment by designers. Issues of this kind will be discussed in greater detail in the section "Mitigating Faulty Assumptions" on page 52. When handled with care, however, user insights can provide great value to customers and businesses alike. Understanding a user's behavioral patterns can also aid security processes such as the detec‐ tion of fraudulent use of a customer's account information. Credit card companies and some retailers regularly use consumer purchas‐ ing patterns to assess whether a given purchase is fraudulent by checking whether the geographic location of the transaction and the items purchased are in line with the customer's history. If an anom‐ aly is detected, the transaction will be blocked and the customer will be notified that their financial information may be compromised.


The Next Generation Science Standards call for the infusion of engineering content and practices within elementary science curriculum. This mixed methods study explored elementary teachers' perceptions about incorporating engineering within K-5 classrooms as well as the barriers they perceive to doing so. Results indicated that most elementary teachers support the inclusion of engineering within the science standards for elementary grades. Teachers describe lack of preservice and in-service training, lack of background knowledge, lack of materials, lack of time for planning and implementing lessons, and lack of administrative support as barriers to implementing engineering activities within their classrooms. *The views and opinions of the speaker expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.