Until recently the discipline of economic history was concerned mostly with the Industrial Revolution and the period since. A large majority of the research and writing focused on Great Britain, western Europe, and the United States. There has been a striking change in the last three decades. Economic historians today are much more interested in the earlier periods: the early modern and medieval eras and even the ancient economies of the Old World. They have been gathering empirical materials and employing various theories to make sense of the evolution of these economies. Equally important, there has been a resurgence in the studies of developing regions of the world. Global economic history, focusing on all regions of the world and their interconnectedness since ancient times, is on its way to becoming a major field of study. Even the Industrial Revolution, the most central event of economic history, is being studied and reinterpreted today not as a British or even western European event but as a breakthrough resulting from many centuries of interaction between Europe and the rest of the world.


This paper consists of two parts. First, within the framework of Grothendieck's fibrational category theory, we present a certain web of fundamental adjunctions surrounding the category of all small diagrams in a given category. This extends earlier work of Guitart and the Ehresmann school and promises to be of independent interest. Then we demonstrate the utility of those adjunctions by deriving three formulae for (co-)limits: a `twisted' generalization of the well known Fubini formula---known from a monograph by Chakolski and Scherer, and a `colimit decomposition formula', a special case of which has been found independently and a little earlier by Batanin and Berger.
Extending the formation of the diagram category from a given category to a given functor, we establish a generalized Guitart adjunction, as part of a network of 2-adjunctions which, at its core, includes the equivalence of split Grothendieck (co-)fibrations and strictly (co-)indexed categories.


Carla Freeman (2001) has recently argued that both globalization theory and the very processes defining globalization are ascribed a masculine gender and as a result, masculine globalization theory has implicitly produced a powerful dichotomous model which is separated from empirical studies of local gendered experiences of globalization. Expanding on this argument, I discuss Japanese men's desires for masculine, national, and modern identities in relation to their Filipina wives in urban Japan. I contend that inquiring into men's experiences as situated in intermediate locations between individual subject formation and local and global structures of power opens up a space for new theoretical imaginations to emerge, contributing to our efforts to destabilize the masculine domination commonly found in theories and depictions of intermarried "First World" men and "Third World" women. In addition to humanizing descriptions of the partners of intermarried women, I situate in broader global historical contexts the polarized pair, First World/Third World, within which Filipina-Japanese liaisons are normally located. My ethnography suggests that such relations not only create personal relationships but also haunt the meanings and power relations of the binary terms, thereby altering the theoretical frameworks. By juxtaposing previously unimaginable actors and attributes, the paper shows the surprisingly transnational dynamics and gendering human relations born of the increasing numbers of cross-national, cross-ethnic marriages at the multiply crisscrossed intersections of the global and the local.


Integration within and between companies is facilitated and supported by means of enterprise systems like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Product Data Management/Product Lifecycle Management (PDM/PLM) systems. Despite the many successes that have been reported in the literature, in many companies the promise of enterprise systems is often not or only partly achieved. Implementation of such systems appears to be extremely difficult and complex.

An enterprise system implementation project is multifaceted and different for each context. Business processes often need to be aligned with the best practices embedded in the enterprise system, while taking into account many other factors. In this paper, a model is offered to support start-up and execution of enterprise system implementation projects. It supports taking into account context-specific factors that make one project different from another. The model is based on results from the IST project BEST (Better Enterprise SysTem implementation). Based on the model a prototype tool has been developed to support improvement of enterprise system implementation projects by identifying weak areas and facilitating learning from previous experience.


Correspondence: Z. Kurdoglu, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi, Kadin Hastaliklari ve Dogum Anabilim Dali, Dursun Odabas Tip Merkezi, Kampus, 65080 Van, Turkey. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Introduction Haemangiopericytoma (HPC) is an extremely rare vascular tumour with a high potential for local recurrence and distant metastasis. It accounts for 1% of all primary central nervous system (CNS) tumours. HPC originates from Zimmerman pericytes of blood vessels and shares a common arachnoidal location with meningioma. Th e diff erential diagnosis between HPC and other tumours is important for survival of the patient. Curative treatment of HPC involves complete tumour resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy (Rutkowski et al. 2012; Bassiouni et al. 2007; Louis et al. 2007). We present here a case of a pregnant woman with spinal HPC diagnosed during pregnancy and our management of the tumour. Although four cases of HPC in diff erent locations during pregnancy have been reported to-date (Annunziato et al. 2005; Hern á ndez-Dur á n et al. 2014; Petignat et al. 1998; Ustaalioglu et al. 2010), we present the fi rst case in the literature of HPC located in the spinal cord at 28 weeks ' gestation.


Banking has always played an important role in the economy because of its effects on individuals as well as on the economy. In the process of renovation and modernization of the country, the system of commercial banks has changed dramatically. Business models and services have become more diversified. Therefore, the performance of commercial banks is always attracting the attention of managers, supervisors, banks and customers. Bank ranking can be viewed as a multi-criteria decision model. This article uses the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method to rank some commercial banks in Vietnam.


-As distributed computing systems grow in size, complexity and variety of application, the problem of protecting sensitive data from unauthorized disclosure and tampering becomes increasingly important. Cryptographic techniques can play an important role in protecting communication links and file data, since access to data can be limited to those who hold the proper key. In the case of file data, however, the routine use of encryption facilities often places the organizational requirements of information security in opposition to those of information management. Since strong encryption implies that only the holders of the cryptographic key have access to the cleartext data, an organization may be denied the use of its own critical business records if the key used to encrypt these records becomes unavailable (e.g., through the accidental death of the key holder). This paper describes a system, based on cryptographic "smartcards," for the temporary "escrow" of file encryption keys for critical files in a cryptographic file system. Unlike conventional escrow schemes, this system is bilaterally auditable, in that the holder of an escrowed key can verify that, in fact, he or she holds the key to a particular directory and the owner of the key can verify, when the escrow period is ended, that the escrow agent has neither used the key nor can use it in the future. We describe a new algorithm, based on the DES cipher, for the online encryption of file data in a secure and efficient manner that is suitable for use in a smartcard. INTRODUCTION Mobile ad hoc networks are complex wireless networks, which have little or no existing network infrastructure. These networks can be established in a spontaneous manner allowing organizations and network members to work together and communicate, without a fixed communication structure. The mobility, spontaneity and ad hoc nature of these networks makes them optimal solutions for disaster area communication and tactical military networks. Due to recent wireless technology advances, mobile devices are equipped with sufficient resources to realize implementation of these dynamic communication networks. However, for ad hoc networks to find a wide spread within both the military and commercial world, they must be secured against malicious attackers. Mobile ad hoc networks have distinct characteristics, which make them very difficult to secure. Such characteristics include: the lack of network infrastructure; no pre-existing relationships; unreliable multi-hop communication channels; resource limitation; and node mobility. Users cannot rely on an outside central authority, like a trusted third party (TTP) or certificate authority (CA), to perform security and network tasks. The responsibility of networking and security is distributed among the network participants. Users have no prior relationship with each other and do not share a common encryption key. Therefore, only after the network has been formed, the users establish trust and networking links. The establishment of networking links is identified as being vulnerable to security attacks. Trust establishment should allow protection for the network layer and ensure that honest links are created. The sporadic connectivity of the wireless links, inherent to mobile ad hoc networks, results in frequent link breakages. These characteristics introduce unique challenges to trust establishment. Both the routing and trust establishment protocols must be designed to handle the unreliable wireless communication channels: the dynamic topology changes and the distributive nature. The security solutions used for conventional wired networks cannot simply be applied to mobile ad hoc networks. More complex network management must be implemented to achieve trust establishment in mobile ad hoc networks. Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Applications Ad hoc network security research initially focused on secure routing protocols. All routing schemes however, neglect the crucial task of secure key management and assume preexistence and pre-sharing of secret and/or private/public key pairs]. This left key management considerations in the ad hoc network security field as an open research area. Security solutions which use cryptographic techniques rely on proper key management to establish trust. This chapter together with the next chapter focus upon key management which aids these cryptographic solutions. AD HOC NETWORK CHALLENGES An ad hoc network is a dynamic type of network which is both similar and very different to its parent fixed communication network. In the following we introduce the properties of an ad hoc network as a way of defining its shortcomings and to highlight its security challenges. a. Dynamic Network Architecture Ad hoc networks have no fixed or existing network infrastructure. The network architecture is continuously changing as the network evolves. There is no pre-existing or fixed architecture which handles all network tasks such as: routing security and network management. Instead, the network infrastructure is spontaneously set up in a distributive manner. Each participating node shares the network's responsibilities. Distribution of network functionality avoids single point attacks and allows for the network to survive under harsh network circumstances. A fixed entity structure, such as a base station or central D. Raghu et al, / (IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 3 (1) , 2012, 3279 3282


All hydrological phenomena have significant variations in time and space. Typically, these variations are driven by variations in physiographic factors such as climate, soils, vegetation, topography, geology, as well as by human and animal activities. These externally driven variations then propagate through hydrological systems, leading to an extremely rich variety of hydrological variability apparent at different temporal and spatial scales, in different physical settings. Virtually any quantitative approach to this problem requires the selection of a limited set of spatial and temporal scales within a particular physiographic setting. Any particular choice of time and space scales has a major influence on which aspects of this hydrological variability are perceived. This article surveys hydrological variability in both time and space, across a range of scales.

Keywords:

variability;
scale;
spatial;
space;
temporal;
time;
climate;
soil;
vegetation;
geology;
topography;
precipitation;
soil moisture;
groundwater;
streamflow


How guilt or innocence is constructed in Finnish suspects written police records
The present study focuses on written police records in Finland. The aim is to investigate how guilt or innocence is constructed in written police records. The research data contains 168 copy of suspects police records from Helsinki, Tampere and Turku police departments. Police records are being analyzed by using the discursive and linguistic approach. The results show that there are nine discursive categories in which guilt is constructed. The results also show that there are three types of metafunctions in which guilt is constructed: content, interaction and linguistic presentation. All them together construct the guilt in suspects police records


ABSTRACT. Of the various components of the Nasonov pheromone, geraniol, (E)‐citral and nerolic acid were the most important for inducing clustering. The presence of (Z)‐citral with (E)‐citral, or in a mixture of components including (E)‐citral, did not diminish clustering and sometimes increased it. Geranic acid alone encouraged clustering, but was less effective with nerolic acid or the citrals. Nerol and (E, E)‐farnesol had little obvious influence on clustering. A 1:1:1 mixture of geraniol + nerolic acid + (E)‐ and (Z)‐citrals was as effective as a mixture of all the seven components in equal proportions, which was in turn as effective as a mixture containing the components in the proportions present naturally in the Nasonov gland.


The second issue, on the theme of The Politics of Early Childhood was recently published in Canberra. Articles by W.E.L., and Senator Don Grimes, Shadow Minister for Social Security, are featured. Other items of general interest describe the rebuilding of the playground in the Southern Hemisphere's oldest kindergarten, "Outpost Newtown", Sydney, and an ecological enterprise called "Reverse Garbage Truck".


PURPOSE: An apparatus for transferring magnetic levitation type sheet glass is provided to minimize the installation space of a transfer apparatus by supporting a plate glass perpendicularly. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for transferring magnetic levitation type sheet glass comprises a conveyor, a separation preventing unit actuating elastic force so that a transferred plate glass is not separated from a conveying bracket, and a supporting unit for supporting both sides of the plate glass. The conveyor includes a conveying belt(220), conveying brackets(230), and a magnetic levitation unit.


In some exact sciences such as the foundations of some systems ofarithmetic,the characterization of the methods to verify certain properties are often essential. A claim of existence of certainobjectsis thus coupled with the presentation of a concretemethod which produces these objects. That is, a statement of the form 3xA(x) bejread: thereexistsa concrete method which produces an objectx satisfyingA(x). A{x) itselfmay in turn contain existentialquantifiers,and hence such a statement be regarded as a nest of claims for desirable methods. Statements of thiskind cannot be formalized in usual languages, but can only be characterized through cooperation of a formal system (in a usual language) in which certain reasonings are constrained. Due to the restrictions imposed upon the system in consideration, the existentialquantifierscan be interpreted as claiming the existence of concrete methods. The logic which underlies such a system in intuitionistic,or constructive. The centralfactorin the study of concrete mathematics is theinterpretationof implication; thatis,if 3Zand 3Y respectively claim existences of methods X and Y, then 3XA(X)h-3YB(Y)


High-tech small and medium-sized enterprises play an important role in national economy,but they have difficulties in financing. Firstly, This paper reviews financing theories, and introduces financing modes in developed countries. Secondly,it studies financing factors of high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises.Then,it analyzes innovation of financing tools in our country.At last,it puts forward some policy advices.


This paper was presented at the Conference on Recent Developments in Teaching and Teacher Education, held in Heidilberg, Germany from 5 - 8 Jun 1990


Objective: To provide evidence for individualized care of intravenous analgesic patients after thoracotomy.Method:A survey was conducted to the effect of intravenovs analyesia on 61 cases.The counting of data was described through frequency and constituent ratio and was analyzed in terms of the individual differences of intravenous analgesia effect by way of rank sum test and X2 test.Result:It showed that the effective rate on the patients was 90.2%,and the high degree of tension before operation and too much expectation on intravenous analgesia reduced postoperative analgesic effect on the patients.Conclusion:It can be concluded that adequate consideration of the individual differences,the detailed content of healthy education and patients' objective understanding of intravenous analgesia are necessary to improve postoperative analgesic effect.Furthermore,the enhancement of psychological care and the active prevention and treatment for possible adverse reactions of such patients are also of great significance.


OBJECTIVES
Previous research has documented that Latinos/as value the cultural script Simpatía, a tendency to be kind, polite, and focus on others. No previous study has been able to capture the behavioral markers of Simpatía in a naturalistic environment.

METHOD
Behavioral cross-sectional audio data were collected on the daily interactions between Latina and White European mothers with their partners and other adults using a digital audio recorder across 4 days. A mixed-methods approach was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS
Latinas exhibited increased behavioral Simpatía when talking to other adults compared to White European counterparts. Additionally, Latina mothers chose as a main character of their conversations other people rather than themselves. Conversely, White European mothers chose themselves as a main character of their conversations instead of other people.

CONCLUSIONS
These results show that core features of Simpatía (kindness and focus on others) can be found at the behavioral level in the environment that Latina mothers face on a daily basis. Implications for the cultural self and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).


In this paper, our main purpose is to establish the existence of weak solutions of a weak solutions of a class of p-q-Laplacian system involving concave-convex nonlinearities: where is a bounded domain in , , > 0, and 1 , , is the critical Sobolev exponent, is the s-Laplacian of u. when 1 . The existence results of solutions are obtained by variational methods.


The utility model relates to a pay-off frame. The utility model is characterized in that the pay-off frame comprises a frame body, wherein the lower part between two side plates of the frame body is provided with a bottom plate; a guide wheel support is arranged between two side plates above the bottom plate; at least three vertical pay-off shafts are arranged on the bottom plate; coiling glue shafts are sheathed on the pay-off shafts; a hairbrush pad is arranged at the upper ends of the coiling glue shafts; and the hairbrush pad and the coiling glue shafts are fixed with the bottom plate by nuts; the hairbrush pad comprises a base plate; a plurality of radial elastic brush kernels are symmetrically arranged at the periphery of the base plate; and guide wheels with the number being the same with the pay-off shafts are arranged on the guide wheel support. The pay-off frame has simple and compact structure, convenient use and flat and smooth pay-off and is particularly applicable to pay-off for a superfine enameled wire; by virtue of the elasticity of the elastic kernels, the tension of the enameled wire between each of the coiling glue shafts and a wire twisting machine, thereby not only being not easy to cause the break of the enameled wire, but also ensuring the quality of the twisted wire, improving the qualification rate of a product and lowering the production cost of a cable.


That the original adjust among the Photoshop some kinds of means digging out with a finger or something pointed the picture has been underway the system research , and rests with digging out with a finger or something pointed with reader is living Photoshop in probing into the eye in such as the territory , and causes us be living in the days to come to be more than equal to a task when utilizing Photoshop.


A photoredox-catalzyed trifluoromethylation of enecarbamates process is reported. This pathway uses Togni's reagent as the CF3 source and follows a radical/cationic pathway. Under the optimized conditions using [Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2] as the photocatalyst, a wide range of substituted enecarbamates can readily be difunctionalized by means of various O, N, and C nucleophiles.


The deep-frying process, normally carried out at 140-200 °C, is a very complex system due to the combination of heat and mass transfer between food and frying medium. The system becomes more complicated as the frying operation proceeds, because the composition of the food being fried and the frying medium is changing continuously due to the progressive deterioration of the frying medium. Apart from a variety of chemical reactions occurring, several changes take place in the frying food, such as gelatinisation of starch, denaturation of protein, and decrease of moisture. These changes bring about swelling of the product, formation of a crusty layer, and the appearance of a golden colour, good texture and taste. The precise control of the fryer enables these physical and chemical changes in the frying of food to convert it into a desirable finished product. This article discusses various types of reactions occurring in the food frying operation, possible mechanisms, a new realistic method - OSET index for measuring heat stability of frying oils - and the protective behaviour of substances that enhance the frying stability of oils.


Copy of transcript for a letter from Henry Clay to Joel R. Poinsett, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary U.S Mexico concerning relations and trade agreements between Mexico, the United States of America, Great Britain, and Colombia.


– We have studied the population dynamics and reproductive biology of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) from five neighbouring lakes in Norway. The lakes vary in water quality, varying from strongly acidified (pH≤5.0) to not acidified (pH≥6.0). Estimated annual survival rates did not differ among populations. There was no strong relationship between age at maturity in female perch and acidification. However, age at maturity was lower for female perch from the most acidic lake (c. 2 years) compared with perch in the four other lakes (2.5–3.5 years). There was no relationship between acidification level and size-adjusted egg size, fecundity or reproductive investment (Gonadosomatic index – GSI). Perch in the most acidified lake showed large variation in egg size, the lowest length-specific fecundity, the highest GSI, and the lowest age at maturity. Environmental stress, such as acidification, induces a number of changes to a lake community. It is therefore difficult to predict how acidification will influence the population dynamics and reproductive biology of a perch population.


This paper points out the limits of GDP and the importance of supplementing it with other indicators available in the national accounts. The wealth of a country does not depend on the volume of goods and services the economy manages to produce, but rather on its appropriate structure and quality. Such quality is best reflected in foreign trade and this is especially true of small, open economies whose exports are a large share of total output. Economic analyses typically work with the GDP indicator, which however does not reflect the impact of the changes of terms of trade. The paper is organized as follows: In chapter 1 we analyze the impact of terms of trade on real income and the methodology of real gross domestic income indicator (RGDI). We also compare RGDI rates of growth in Central European countries based on our own calculations. In chapter 2 we analyze the conditions under which real GDP growth does not fully reflect the progress of real convergence. We investigate the so-called Gerschenkron effect in the Central European countries and compare recent developments in Slovakia with the familiar statistical paradox of centrally planned economies. The influence of labor productivity and wage relations on the level of unit labor costs and cost competitiveness of Central European economies is compared. In the final chapter we suggest some implications for macroeconomic analysis and economic policy.


The most importnat objectives of education systems aim to ensure equity and equal opportunities in education for all members of society and the highest level of effectiveness of education. So far no education system can not support it achieved these goals some are closer, others far removed from their achievement. Also, although the ideal would be for a high level of effectiveness is associated with a high degree of equity and equality before education for all members of society, in reality, there are many situations where equity and efficiency not found in the same education system. In this paper we propose to determine the position and situation of the education system in Romania in terms of efficiency, equity and equality in the face of education. For this, we use a set of indicators and results of various national and international assessment tests attended and Romanian students. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p493


As a person who actually does, in fact, feel uncomfortable saying "under God" during the Pledge of Allegiance, I hardly expected Mark Curtis Anderson's memoir, Jesus Sound Explosion, to engage me. But in its own, quirky way – like all good memoirs – it allowed me an all-access pass to a world wholly foreign and fascinating: that of a Baptist minister's family. Being part of such a family, of course, meant Anderson was constantly subjected to close scrutiny by his father's congregation, a fact that haunted him as he grew up and battled fierce desires to be a part of the world around him instead of a mere spectator. The most powerful temptation, perhaps, came in the form of rock and roll, which Anderson's mother broadly, hilariously labeled as "jazzy music." When the Fab Four's sound began to lure Anderson as a child, his mother explained that John Lennon once said that the Beatles were more popular than Jesus. Anderson writes, "That's all I needed to hear. Case closed, deal done. Still, whenever I heard a song by The Beatles at a school friend's house, I wanted to hear it over and over, so I'd be able to play it in my head later." Already, it seemed, the struggle for Anderson's soul was on. But what the memoir makes clear is that rock and roll did not contribute to Anderson dismissing his faith so much as it provided him a vehicle with which to root out and question Christianity's contradictions. In one instance, he held fast to his affection for Bruce Springsteen's music as a sixteen year old in California, despite pressure from his Baptist friends.


Teaching and learning (T&L) is the process of delivering and receiving knowledge by involving teachers and students mutually help each other. In Malaysia, there are some states that provide Braille al-Qur'an classes for the disabled (OKU) visually impaired. This class is organized by the Islamic Association of Visually Impaired People in Malaysia (PERTIS). However, the T&L is of course faced with many challenges and problems, as well as the T&L of the al-Qur'an in Braille. This study aims to examine the issues and challenges facing in the T&L of Braille al-Qur'an to carry out a case study at the Malaysian Association for the Blind (MAB) Complex, Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur. This is a qualitative research which involved document analysisf, in-depth semi-structured interviews and the target group as well. Besides observation is also used as a method of collecting data and survey information. The findings shows that there are challenges in teaching and learning. The challenges in teaching refer to unskillful students in al-Qur'an Braille code, limitation of teaching time, lack of teachers and inappropriate class number and condition. On the other hand, the learning challenges are the lack of finger sensitivity and the limitation of learning time. Several recommendations and suggestions for improvement are highlighted in this study to enhance the quality of the T&L process of al-Qur'an Braille.


Action Familiale was founded in 1963 in Mauritius to offer a natural approach to fertility control. Birth control is considered a personal decision not the work of the government. 3 fundamental values of birth control considerations are: 1) the respect of the childs life 2) woman and her fertility and 3) man and his responsibility. The child is 1 of the raisons detre of the couple and birth control methods which destroy the child before birth should be abolished. Woman demands the right to be recognized as a person and mutilating techniques that prevent her from conceiving fail to lead to this emancipation. A sterile woman is of no use in the eyes of her husband in some Third World countries. The husband must strive to understand the biological and psychological processes of sexuality. Action Familiale has an action program conducted on 3 levels: 1) communication with the public 2) training of instructors and 3) dialogue with young people. The population figure dropped from 28.1/1000 in 1960 to 17.7/1000 in 1971 and the birthrate fell from 39.3 to 25.3 in the same time period. A survey in 1969 showed that 83% of autonomous users of the temperature method were still using it after 7 years.


This invention relates to a moisture-curable silylated resin-containing composition containing, inter alia, moisture-curable silylated resin and organic nanoclay(s), the cured composition exhibiting low permeability to gas(es).


In the post-genomic era, in silico methods have proven increasingly useful for constructing interactomes, especially protein-protein interaction networks. Here we describe a structural co-variation based method (i.e. mirror-dendrogram) for prediction of binary interacting proteins at a proteome-wide scale. The structural variation was measured in terms of physicochemical traits (i.e. Kyte-Doolittle hydrophobicity, molecular weight and molecular Van der Waals volume). We explored the performance of a series of mirror-algorithms (i.e. mirror-tree, tree of life-mirror-tree and mirror-dendrogram) in 1117 orthologous groups of 21 species in the Enterobacteriaceae family. Interestingly, sequence divergence degree of each orthologous group was found to have an important effect on the performance of these algorithms. The mirror-dendrogram is a robust way to validate the hypothesis that interacting protein pairs possess a mixed co-variation signal, which originates from background co-evolution and structural co-adaptation. We consider that mirror-dendrogram will promote the distinguishment of physically interacting proteins from functionally related ones by characterising the merged co-variation signal.


A wine made with vidadillo, a very old Spanish variety, has been continuously extracted and the extract further fractionated in a silica gel column with successive portions of hexane/dichloromethane/ether mixtures following an elutropic order. Ten fractions showing different odours were isolated and analysed by HRGC-MS and their olfactory and flavour threshold determined via triangular tests. More than 200 compounds belonging to different biosynthetic pathways have been identified. It is important to note the large number of γ- and α-lactones and of compounds derived from the phenylpropanoid metabolism present. From a sensory point of view, all the fractions showed aroma values below 100, meaning that there are no clear impact compounds. Three fractions scored aroma values higher than 10, and therefore play an important role in the perception of the different flavour and aroma nuances of the wine. Compounds that may play an outstanding role are fusel alcohol acetates in the fruity notes, γ-and α-lactones in the peach notes, and some unidentified compounds in the liquorice notes. The silica gel prefractionation method leads to a class separation, and compounds showing similar aromatic notes are eluted together, allowing an easy interpretation of the role of the different groups of flavours.


The main purpose of this paper is to present a fusion approach to bridge the period of Global Positioning System (GPS) outages using two proprioceptive sensors that are the Inertial Navigation System (INS) and the odometer in order to assure a continuous localization for land vehicle in urban areas where GPS signal blockage is very often. Odometer and GPS measures are exploited to correct inertial sensor errors. In fact, during GPS availability, INS is integrated with GPS to provide accurate localization solution; whereas during GPS outages, the odometer measurements are used to correct the INS error thereby improving the positioning accuracy and assuring the continuity of navigation solution. The problem of estimation of vehicle localization is realized by Kalman Filter (KF) that merges sensor measurements. The paper thus introduces results from simulation and real data.


A lane detection apparatus (100) has a receiving means (20), a vehicle detecting means (30), a subject lane detecting means (12) and an additional lane detecting means (14). The receiving device (20) captures an image of an environment of a subject vehicle. The vehicle detection means (30) detects an object vehicle in an environment of the subject vehicle. The subject lane detecting means (12) detects a subject lane. The additional lane detecting means (14) detects a differing from the subject lane additional lane on the basis of the location in question relationship between the vehicle detection means (30) object vehicle detected and from the subject lane detecting means detected (12) subject lane.


Parametric subtracted post‐ictal diffusion tensor imaging (pspiDTI) is a novel imaging technique developed at our center to visualize transient, patient‐specific, ictal‐associated water diffusion abnormalities in hippocampal‐associated axonal tissue. PspiDTI can elucidate putative connectivity patterns, tracing ictal propagation following a partial‐onset seizure without generalization secondarily. PspiDTI compares two DTI volumes acquired during the early post‐ictal period (<4 hr), and baseline inter‐ictal interval (>24 hr post‐seizure). This technique performs a voxel‐wise parametric test to identify statistically significant transient ictal‐associated changes in water diffusivity involving white matter (WM). Our technique was applied to six patients with refractory partial‐onset epilepsy who were candidates for direct cortical responsive neurostimulation (RNS) therapy. Global and region‐specific fractional anisotropy decreases, relative to baseline, were detected in all patients with a 17.01% (p < .01) relative mean decrement, while trace increases were found in 6/6 (100%) patients with a 13.30% (p < .01) relative global mean increment. Changes in diffusivity were anatomically compared with transient hyper‐perfusion as detected by subtracted ictal SPECT co‐registered to MRI (SISCOM). In 5/6 (83.33%) patients, alterations in WM diffusivity were detected adjacent to the SISCOM signal localized predominantly in gray matter. In 4/6 patients, post‐implant RNS electrocorticography revealed early ictal propagation between implanted RNS depth leads guided by pspiDTI, hence validating concordant abnormal diffusivity regions detected by our technique. PspiDTI can complement the conventional pre‐surgical evaluation to provide additional crucial information regarding WM ictal‐propagation pathways between predominantly gray matter ictal‐onset zones. When incorporated into a multi‐modality pre‐surgical workflow, pspiDTI can aid in defining critical nodes between ictogenic regions. This information can be used to strategically implant a limited set of two RNS depth leads for maximizing the extent to which direct cortical RNS can modulate a potentially extensive epileptogenic network.


This article presents a selective review of recent literature on the relationship between redistribution on the one hand and efficiency and growth on the other. Experimental economics have given rise to fairness models and justice models, where self-interest no longer runs supreme but still serves as one of the alternative hypothesis regarding human Behaviour. The traditional trade off between equity and efficiency is finally giving way to a positive relationship between two variables in several important areas. The positive relationship between redistribution, efficiency and growth now has some solid grounds both theoretically and empirically.


Abstract Primordial germ cells (PGCs) in amniotes separate from the endoderm of the early embryo and finally migrate through the dorsal mesentery (DM), which is the last portion of the migratory pathway, into the gonadal anlage, while in birds and some reptiles, the cells temporarily circulate via the blood vascular system before undergoing this migration. To understand the role of extracellular matrix in the migration of PGCs, the distribution and localization of fibronectin (FN) were examined using direct immunoperoxidase staining in embryos of mice, chicks and man. In mouse embryos of 10.0 to 11.0 days of gestation, the DM was rich in FN, at which time the PGCs were at the peak of their migration. FN was localized at the sites of interaction between cytoplasmic processes of PGCs and the neighboring somatic cells. In man, a positive reaction to FN was found in the DM of 5‐week old embryos, in which most of PGCs were migrating. In chick embryos at 2.5 days of incubation, the splanchnic mesoderm (SPM), into which the PGCs were passing from the blood vessels, was rich in FN. In 3.0‐day‐embryos, the DM, which was derived from the SPM, was rich in FN. FN was localized at the sites of interaction between pseudopodia of PGCs and the adjacent somatic cells. After the completion of PGC migration into the gonad, FN reaction was weakened or disappeared in every species examined.


In this thesis the use of fuzzy logic techniques for condition assessment and diagnostic analysis of equipment in electric power systems is discussed. Condition assessment may be performed at a strategic level so as to assist in planning long and medium-term maintenance and replacement, or at operational level focusing on day-to-day maintenance. The first part of the thesis addresses the application of fuzzy systems for the purpose of strategic and operational condition assessment using the example of high-voltage circuit breakers. Due to the high dimensionality of operational condition assessment schemes, direct definition of the fuzzy rule base could become quite tedious; for this reason, an alternative approach is proposed here. The second part of the thesis discusses the application of fuzzy logic for diagnostic analysis in power systems, in particular for the purpose of Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). The standard DGA interpretation scheme, defined in IEC 60599, is extended by fuzzy reasoning, and the added value is demonstrated by a case study on high-voltage instrument transformers. Furthermore, for diagnostic analysis of power transformers, an adaptive fuzzy DGA interpretation scheme is developed on the basis of the standard scheme. The presented case studies aim at assisting decision makers in power system maintenance departments in developing fuzzy systems for condition assessment and diagnostic analysis.


It is important to do some research on age of peak creative performance.This article reviewed the relative concepts of peak creative performance.Then reviewed the research situation and the main conclusions,including age of peak creative performance is the statistically increasing,reducing or staying stable over time,and summarized the two modles of change of peak age of creative performance.In the end we analyzed the shortages of these research,including the disagreement on research sample and their measures,selection bias of samples and measures,and some missing elements in the study.


Total Knee/Hip Replacement(TKR/THR) is one of the most important orthopedic surgical techniques of this century. If patient's whole joint is damaged, an artificial joint (total hip/knee replacement surgery) can relieve patient's pain and help the patient get back normal activities. The goal for TKR/THR is to relieve the pain in the joint caused by the damage done to the cartilage. The surgeon will replace the damaged parts of the joint. For example, in an arthritic knee the damaged ends of the bones and cartilage are replaced with metal and plastic surfaces that are shaped to restore knee movement and function. In an arthritic hip, the damaged ball (the upper end of the femur) is replaced by a metal ball attached to a metal stem fitted into the femur, and a plastic socket is implanted into the pelvis, replacing the damaged socket. Using the "new" joint shortly after the operation is strongly encouraged. After a TKR/TRH, patient will often stand and begin walking the day after surgery.


ABSTRACT Educators constantly wrestle with the question of how to engage students in an environment in which students are increasingly distracted. This issue has become more relevant as instructors have been forced to pivot to the use of a variety of online learning modalities to administer instruction. While the synchronous online class session allows for the safe delivery of instruction, it also makes it difficult to engage an entire class of students during the session. The current article proposes the synchronous use of the online discussion board during the class session as a mechanism for enhancing student engagement. This innovation was selected for the 2021 Wessex Press Innovations in Teaching Award.


Raman analysis of carbonaceous materials requires selecting a number of parameters, some of which alter the sample and affect the resulting spectra. Much literature has discussed about the most appropriate values of these parameters for analyzing graphite, coals, or more disordered materials, but no published studies have proposed appropriate values for comparing soot derived from diesel engines fueled with different fuels. This comparison is essential for the design of the regenerative diesel particulate traps that all new automotive diesel engines must incorporate. The effect of three Raman parameters was studied over the same spot to eliminate dispersions associated with the heterogeneity of the sample: laser wavelength, intensity of the incident laser, and exposure time. Among the tested laser wavelengths, 488 nm was preferred for comparing soot samples because it maximized the difference between their spectra due to better signal-to-noise ratio. The selection of the incident laser power is limited by altering/burning the focused area of the sample; this limit depends on the laser wavelength and the type of fuel used. Varying the exposure time was useful to show faster burning for the biodiesel soot sample than for the diesel soot one. The obtained results qualitatively indicate higher reactivity for biodiesel soot, enabling faster and less energy-consuming particulate trap regeneration.


Successful conservation of rare species requires an understanding of the niche, knowledge of the scale over which a viable population exists, and a system that provides adequate funding to take the necessary actions. I radio-marked wolverines in the Yellowstone Ecosystem and examined spatial ecology and reproductive chronology from an evolutionary perspective to better define the wolverine niche. I used a resource selection function to map habitat suitable for survival, reproduction, and dispersal; make a rough estimate of population capacity; and develop conservation priorities at the metapopulation scale. I developed an index of metapopulation dispersal potential to identify areas most valuable for connectivity and discuss the steps needed to conserve wolverines through the 21st century. Wolverines were limited to high elevations where temperatures were low, structure was abundant, and deep snow exists during winter. Persistence in these relatively unproductive habitats required large home ranges that were regularly patrolled, a social system that provided exclusive access to resources, low densities, and low reproductive rates. These characteristics are prevalent across the species range, suggesting wolverines are adapted to exploit a cold, low-productivity niche. Caching during all seasons in cold, structured microsites to inhibit competition with insects, bacteria, and other scavengers is likely a critical behavioral adaptation. Habitat features that facilitate caching/refrigeration may be crucial for reproductive success and distribution. In the western U.S., primary wolverine habitat exists in island-like fashion and is capable of holding an estimated 580 wolverines distributed across a 10 state area. I estimated current population size to be approximately half of capacity. Wolverines exist as a small, inherently vulnerable metapopulation that is dependent on successful dispersal over a vast geographic scale. Priority conservation actions include: 1) maintaining connectivity, particularly in the Central Linkage Region of western Montana; 2) restoration to areas of historical distribution that are robust to climate change, e.g., Colorado; and 3) development of a collaborative, multi-state/province monitoring program. These actions will require significant funding. The viability of the wolverine in the contiguous United States, a candidate endangered species threatened by indirect, habitat-related impacts caused by all of society, depends on a fundamental shift in the way conservation of non-game wildlife and habitat are financed.


Endothelium-dependent vasodilation can be tested using a variety of shear stress paradigms, some of which may involve the production of reactive oxygen species. The purpose of this study was to compare different methods for assessing endothelial function and their specific involvement of reactive oxygen species and influence of aerobic training status. Twenty-nine (10F) young, healthy participants (VO2max: 34-74ml.kg-1-min-1) consumed either an antioxidant cocktail (AOC; Vitamin C, Vitamin E, α-lipoic acid), or placebo on each of 2 randomized visits. Endothelial function was measured via 3 different brachial artery flow-mediated dilation tests: Reactive hyperemia (RH-FMD: 5min cuff occlusion and release), sustained shear (SS-FMD: 6mins rhythmic handgrip), and progressive sustained shear (P-SS-FMD: 3 intensities of 3mins of rhythmic handgrip). Baseline artery diameter decreased (All tests: 3.8±0.5 to 3.7±0.6mm, p=0.004), and shear rate stimulus increased (during RH-FMD test, p=0.021; during SS-FMD test, p=0.36; during P-SS-FMD test, p=0.046) following antioxidant consumption. However, there was no difference in FMD following AOC consumption (RH-FMD, PLA: 8.1±2.6%, AOC 8.2±3.5%, p=0.92; SS-FMD, PLA: 6.9±3.9%, AOC 7.8±5.2%, p=0.15) or FMD per shear rate slope (P-SS-FMD: PLA: 0.0039±0.0035mm*s, AOC: 0. 0.0032±0.0017mm*s, p=0.28) and this was not influenced by training status/fitness (all p>0.60). Allometric scaling did not alter these outcomes (all p>0.40). Reactive oxygen species may not be integral to endothelium-dependent vasodilation tested using reactive, sustained, or progressive shear protocols in young males and females, regardless of fitness level.


Before we consider the subject matter of this paper we should briefly remind ourselves as to what investment is! Basically, this involves a sacrifice of something now for the prospect of a future gain. This will inevitably cause the individual or company to give up the purchase of goods or services today in order to achieve greater consumption in the future, despite the uncertainty of the return of the investment made.


— Enhanced Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) are required for the current demand of flexibility and reconfigurability in telecommunications networks. However, the technical and functional requirements of the PIC demand a thorough characterization and testing to provide an accurate prediction of the PIC performance. In the characterization and testing context, the use of Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) can be beneficial. SLM is a diffractive device to reconstruct images from Computer Generated Holograms (CGH) that allows to modulate the wavefront of a light beam. This capability can be explored to feed/receive optical signals to the PIC, i.e., as a flexible SLM based coupling platform. The feasibility of this approach was tested with the generation of a multiplexing/demultiplexing CGH to be applied into an optical chip for data compression based on Haar wavelet transform. Simulation results for building blocks as well as the all-optical network for the optical data compression chip are presented, supporting their theoretical feasibility. A new concept to use a SLM as a flexible coupling platform to complement PIC characterization process is proposed and a Haar transform data compression PIC described.


Employing a panel data from a sample of Indonesia listed consumer goods companies covering the period of 2015-2019, the present study examines the effect of share ownership structure on firm value with firm size acting as a moderating variable. The estimation results show that while the control hypothesis of institutional ownership is supported, the alignment hypothesis of managerial ownership does not hold. However, the present study finds that firm size moderates the effect of share ownership structure on firm value. As firm size increases, managerial conducts are more inclined to conform with shareholders' interest. But on the other hand, as firm size increases, institutional investors tend to side with managers in extracting more value at the expense of other shareholders. These findings corroborate anecdotal evidence in empirical corporate finance that size does matter, and provides insights for policy makers relating to corporate governance implications of institutional ownership in large firms.


Short courses in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can quickly sharpen practical skills for industrial microscopists. The SEM and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) together constitute one of the most powerful and versatile instruments available for solving industrial problems, but interpreting images and spectra is not quite as simple as acquiring them. Applications of SEM span many disciplines, and each application may require knowledge of different aspects of the microscope, and of the industrial problem at hand, to successfully interpret the images and data obtained. Regardless of the problem, whether transistors or trachea cells, the interpretation of SEM images relies upon the microscopist's understanding the fundamentals of image formation as well as the practical aspects of specimen preparation and microscope operation. Many people using SEMs today have not taken any courses beyond the on-site and demo-lab instruction provided by SEM vendors. Equipment manufacturers provide excellent training on how to use the knobs and menus on the SEM to produce useful images and data via the embedded software functions. Since there are many options and setup procedures, these instrument-specific courses are valuable for the novice and expert alike.


Trans‐Pacific dust has been shown to influence the micro‐physical characteristics of atmospheric rivers that make landfall along the U.S. west coast. Atmospheric Rivers (AR) reaching North America provide valuable water resources, but also can produce damaging floods. While substantial research has been devoted to understanding the structure and meteorological drivers of atmospheric rivers, far less is known about the conditions that lead to the presence of dust within and around these storms. Here, we utilize an 18‐year record of the dust content of AR surroundings combined with satellite, reanalysis, and observational meteorological data to understand the drivers of ARs embedded within dusty environments, or "dusty ARs," as compared to ARs in more pristine environments. We find that dusty ARs are associated with transport of dust from the east Asian coast to North America. Dusty ARs are characterized by conditions that are especially conducive to transport of dust across the Pacific; namely, enhanced mid‐ to upper‐tropospheric westerly winds over Asian dust source regions and over the Pacific. In contrast, ARs in more pristine environments are associated with a persistent ridge over the central Pacific, which blocks zonal westerly flow, as well as continental dust. We also show that while trans‐Pacific dust is largely confined to the 600–200 hPa levels, this dust flows downward along post‐cold frontal isentropic surfaces into the AR environment in the lower troposphere.


The article substantiates the thesis that the outlines of the future and present can be made visible and comprehensible by applying the author's findings – that is, the new methodology for cognition of regularities in the human community development. This methodology made it possible to define that there have been and still exist only two paradigms of the human system development in the entire centuries-long course of the human community development. Cycles, crises, chaos and all negative phenomena are nothing else but natural products of the second, indirect paradigm of development. The new model of life organization at each local level is at the same time the former, first development paradigm, based on the direct interconnection between production and consumption of a particular human being, but raised onto the new high-tech level. Practical realization of this model is the only feasible condition for the transition to sustainable and crisis-free development.


To the Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association: In the issue of theJournalfor April 16, is an interesting communication from Dr. F. Horner, of Marshall, Va., which, however, is somewhat in error in certain respects. I refer particularly to the statements concerning the New York Society for the relief of the Widows and Orphans of Medical Men. This society is entirely distinct from the Physicians Mutual Aid Association, having been founded May 14, 1842, and being patterned after a similar organization in London which is now nearly or quite a century old. The objects of the society are stated in its rather long name, and it has also upon certain occasions extended relief to its members. Its fiftieth year of existence will be completed this week. Its relief work has extended through forty years and during that period it has aided 27 widows and 23


The immunodeficiency state in HIV infected patients has been the cause of severe episodes of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS). AIM: Our study aims to establish correlation between the manifestations of RAS and the immunosuppression state caused by HIV infection, through counting of CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD4+:CD8+ cells ratio and viral load. STUDY DESIGN: series study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ninety-four HIV infected patients (25 women and 69 men) with RAS were evaluated in the ENT Department of the University of Sao Paulo-Medical School from January 1998 to December 2003. The age ranged between 19 and 63 years (mean = 35.3 years). The patients were divided in two groups: AIDS group and HIV infected group. RESULTS: The patients with AIDS and HIV infection presented, respectively, eight ulcers and two ulcers by outbreaks. Similarly, patients with major RAS presented smaller counting of cells CD8+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ cells, and higher mean value of viral load than the patients with herpetiform and minor RAS. Between patients with minor and herpetiform RAS there were no statistical differences. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of the lesions, mainly in major RAS, is directly related to the immunological state of the HIV infected patient. These patients frequently present nutritional deficits and worsening in life style. Thus, diagnosis and treatment of RAS is a challenge that should not be neglected.


Abstract : In the current scenario, Nano Air Vehicle (NAV) plays an indispensable role in both defence and civil applications significantly, such as earthquake, avalanche, low intensity conflict, spying, etc. The important features of NAV include low Reynolds Number, fluidsolid interaction, boundary layer separation and other parameters. This research work is the continuation of our previous work related to the aerodynamics of flexible flapper & passive stability (200 mm flying model) and fully unsteady aerodynamic analysis of 3D flapping wing MAV which executing translational motion. Based on the lessons learnt by the authors from their previous experience, this paper examines the relationship between the wake structures and the forces developed by a flapping airfoil, executes the lateral motion which is one of the fundamental researches towards the development of NAV. In the present paper, the unsteady aerodynamic analysis of 2D flapping airfoil (Lateral motion) is analysed by solving the 2D time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for free stream velocity of 5 m/s which includes dynamic mesh techniques, user defined functions, low Reynolds number, flapping motion and geometry. Different methods for dealing with the moving boundary were evaluated using mesh deformation, re-meshing and optimization for unstructured grids. Additionally, the control parameters such as the flapping amplitude, reduced frequency and Strouhal number were also taken into the account. These studies are stepping stone towards the design and development of NAV (~ < 75 mm), flapping wing mechanism, 1D wavelet analysis and testing through NI systems.


The effective functioning of the educational system demands on the effectiveness of the teachers. Education in 21st century has become more complex and put more responsibilities on the shoulders of teachers and teacher educators. Teacher education programmes are expected to provide training not only in training but also in the effective behavior of teachers.  But this is noticed that there is a remarkable difference in the job satisfaction and mental health of the teachers teaching in self financed institutions and govt. Aided colleges. To find out this 50 teachers of govt. Aided colleges and 50 teachers of self financed colleges of Meerut region were taken as  sample of the study.  This study  include of the teachers of B.A., B.Sc.. & B.Com.  teaching  in the  government colleges and the teachers of B.A., BCA & B.Ed.  teaching in self-finance institutions.  For this study Employees Mental Health Inventory Prepared by Dr. Jagdish, Agra, and Teacher's Job Satisfaction Scale (T.J.S.S.) -Prepared by Yudhvirendra Mudgil, Prof. I.S.Muhar and Prabha Bhatiya, Department of psychology, M.D. University Rohtak, Haryana were selected. And mean, S.D. and t test were used for analysis and interpretation of data. After the analysis of data it was concluded that mental health of the teachers teaching in govt. aided colleges were higher than the mental health of the teachers teaching in self financed institutions due to their job security and a huge amount of salary they are getting from the government, which is not possible in self financed institutions.


The Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division is designing and developing a real-time neural processor for missile seeker applications. The system uses a high-speed digital computer as the user interface and as a monitor for processing. The use of a standard digital computer as the user interface allows the user to develop the process in whatever programming environment desired. With the capability to store up to 64 k of output data on each frame, it is possible to process two-dimensional image data in excess of video rates. The real-time communication bus, with user-defined interconnect structures, enables the system to solve a wide variety of problems. The system is best suited to perform local area processing on two-dimensional images. Using this system, each layer has the capacity to represent up to 65536 neurons. The fully operational system may contain up to 12 of these layers, giving the total system a capacity in excess of 745000 neurons.<<ETX>>


Quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) are two major concepts for the quality evaluation of video services. QoS analyzes the technical performance of a network transmission chain (e.g., utilization or packet loss rate). On the other hand, subjective evaluation (QoE) relies on the observer's opinion, so it cannot provide output in a form of score immediately (extensive time requirements). Although several well-known methods for objective evaluation exist (trying to adopt psychological principles of the human visual system via mathematical models), each of them has its own rating scale without an existing symmetric conversion to a standardized subjective output like MOS (mean opinion score), typically represented by a five-point rating scale. This makes it difficult for network operators to recognize when they have to apply resource reservation control mechanisms. For this reason, we propose an application (classifier) that derivates the subjective end-user quality perception based on a score of objective assessment and selected parameters of each video sequence. Our model integrates the unique benefits of unsupervised learning and clustering techniques such as overfitting avoidance or small dataset requirements. In fact, most of the published papers are based on regression models or supervised clustering. In this article, we also investigate the possibility of a graphical SOM (self-organizing map) representation called a U-matrix as a feature selection method.


Introduction: Wound dehiscence is defined as separation of all layers of incision. It may be partial or complete. Partial when one or more layers have separated but either the skin or the peritoneum is intact. Complete when all layers of the abdominal wall have opened apart and this may or may not be associated with evisceration of viscus. The study aimed to find out and record the etiological factors for Burst abdomen Material and methods: A prospective study with thirty three patients who developed wound dehiscence following various types of laparotomies in Osmania general hospital from July 2008 to October 2010 were included in this study. The patients were selected randomly. All the patients with burst abdomen during were included, and those who were lost with follow up and who died were excluded from the study. Results: The results showed the incidence is common during the 3rd to 6th decade. 78.7% of the patients were males and maximum incidences (72.72%) of wound dehiscence were encountered with emergency laparotomies. Peritonitis (51.51%) and duration of surgery more than 2.5 hours are (48.48%) the major risk factors. Bursts were seen mostly during 6th to 10th post operative day. Anemia in 63.63%, hypoprotenemia in 63.63%, post operative wound infection in72.72%, and respiratory infections in 51.51% were the contributing factors. Conclusions: Post laparotomy wound dehiscence has multifactor etiology. Vertical midline incision and surgeries for peritonitis are common causes. Respiratory infections, anemia, and hypoprotenemia are the contributing factors. Improper hemostasis during surgery and poor surgical technique are the predisposing factors.


We introduce the notion of the Frobenius-Perron dimension of an integral Z + -ring and give some applications of this notion to classification of finite dimensional quasi-Hopf algebras with a unique nontrivial simple module, and of quasi-Hopf and Hopf algebras of prime dimension p .


The author describes the extent of prosodic phenomena in speech restarts in a multispeaker database of spontaneous, continuous speech, and gives intuitive explanations for them, based on a theory of using prosodics to cue semantic information to a listener. He also gives details (based on the acoustic data) on how to attempt to recognize these phenomena in the context of an automatic speech recognizer. It is shown that simple restarts (i.e., those without inserted or substituted words) could be distinguished acoustically, via an analysis of duration, F0, and spectral detail in the neighborhood of a pause. Including some current refinements, the author expects to be able to identify automatically such restarts with an accuracy exceeding 80%, while keeping false alarms to below 15%. Restarts with changed words may be distinguishable, but the required analysis will need to be much more complex, and beyond the scope of the present work.<<ETX>>


The beneficial effects of organic manure singly or combined with mineral-N (min.) and bio-fertilizers (bio.) on growth, nutritional status, yield and fruit quality of Sakkoty date palm grown in Research farm of Agricultural research station at Kom Ambo, Aswan Governorate, Egypt, were studied during the two successive seasons 2019 and 2020. The experimental palms were arranged in complete randomized design with six treatments and three replications one palm per each.


In this paper, we propose new efficient gradient schemes for two non-trivial classes of linear programming problems. These schemes are designed to compute approximate solutions with relative accuracy δ. We prove that the upper complexity bound for both schemes is O((√(n ln m)/δ)ln n) iterations of a gradient-type method, where n and m (n<m) are the sizes of the corresponding linear programming problems. The proposed schemes are based on preliminary computation of an ellipsoidal rounding for some polytopes in R n . In both cases, this computation can be performed very efficiently, in O(n 2 m ln m) operations at most.


This book examines whether alternative trade relations can produce significantly more money for agricultural coffee producers that conventionally receive exceptionally low returns on their produce. Additionally inefficiencies in international trade systems and draconian policy controls have continued to skew markets to produce an effective coffee paradox with diminishing returns in the south verse a boom in added value in the north. This book extensively reviews national and international controls; through examples they can be seen to produce a status quo underpinned by materialism that marginalises traditional farming practices, while at the same time produces ever greater environmental damage. Through a trading in 'Ethics' this book establishes a basis for positive trade models and identifies where efficacy and transparency can reveal pockets of lost value by: reducing corruption, inaccurate/inconsistent recordings on stock markets, removing subsides and the implementation of ethics through voluntary codes to produce and maintain socially and environmentally responsible trading relationships across the board.


Columnaris disease is the second leading cause of mortality in pond raised catfish in the southeastern United States. It is second only to enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) caused by the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. Most species of fish are susceptible to columnaris following some type of environmental stress and when water temperatures are in the upper part of their preferred temperature range. The disease commonly occurs in channel catfish when water temperatures are in the range of 25 to 32o C (77 to 90o F) in the spring, summer and fall. Clinical signs or symptoms


Objectives: The study's objectives were to determine, from the perspective of the students, how the administration of government schools in the Wilayate of Sohar in the Sultanate of Oman can improve intellectual security in the face of globalization, and to identify whether there are statistically significant differences in the role that are related to the student's gender variable.
Methods: The study used the descriptive research method. Accordingly, the research sample consists of (381) students of Grades (11-12) in Sohar state, selected by the appropriate stratified method (males, females). A questionnaire was developed to measure the role of the school administration in enhancing intellectual security in the light of globalization for students, and its apparent truthfulness was verified by presenting it to a group of arbitrators and adjusted in the light of their opinions. The data was entered and then the appropriate statistical processing was carried out using the humanities statistical packages program (SPSS).
Results: The level of the sample's evaluation was at a moderate degree, and there were significant differences between the arithmetic averages due to the gender variable in favor of females.
Conclusions: The study suggests that school administrators use plays, artwork, research, and educational articles to instruct and improve student understanding of intellectual security. Also, create a committee at the school devoted to enhancing pupils' intellectual security and educate and train parents on the detrimental impacts of social media and modern technology.


An inequi-atomic CoCrFeNiMn0.5Ti0.5 high-entropy alloy (HEA) was synthesised by mechanical alloying. The structural and morphological evolution of the alloy powder during the mechanical alloying process and the thermal behaviour of 60 h ball-milled HEA powder were investigated systematically. A simple body-centred cubic solid solution HEA structure was obtained when the blended powder was ball-milled longer than 36 h. A 60 h ball-milled powder had an average particle size of 3 μm and consisted of hard agglomerated crystalline particles with a crystal size of < 20 nm. The body-centred cubic phase transformed into a face-centred cubic phase when the powder was annealed for 1 h at a temperature of 700°C; the liquidus point of the face-centred cubic phases was 1402.8°C.


In this paper, we propose an order statistics-based unbiased homomorphic system to reduce multiplicative noise. The design of such a system is based on the probability density function (PDF) of the noise. First, we generalize the order statistics-based nonlinear filter called the sampled function weighted order (SFWO) filter proposed in [1] to reduce additive noise, to the case when the additive noise is not symmetric. This generalized SFWO (GSFWO) filter is then used in a homomorphic system to reduce multiplicative noise corrupting a signal. It is shown that the output from this GSFWO filter-based homomorphic system will be biased and hence, a bias compensation technique is applied to the output to get the unbiased estimate. A study of the qualitative and quantitative performance of the proposed GSFWO filter-based unbiased homomorphic system in reducing multiplicative noise is carried out and compared to that of some of the existing ones. It is found that the proposed GSFWO filter-based system consistently outperforms the others irrespective of the type of the PDF of the multiplicative noise.


Abstract: Soybean (Glycine max) acreage on the Canadian Prairies has increased rapidly in recent years. Production has expanded into semiarid regions where irrigation and drainage problems often result in the accumulation of salts in the soil. Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani are the two dominant pathogens in the disease complex that cause root rot and seedling blight of legume crops on the Canadian Prairies. The effects of F. avenaceum or R. solani in combination with soil salinity on soybean root rot were evaluated under greenhouse and mini-plot conditions. As expected, inoculation with F. avenaceum or R. solani consistently reduced seedling emergence and increased root rot severity in soybean. At high soil electrical conductivity values and inoculum densities, seedling emergence decreased and root rot severity increased in soybean in both trials with F. avenaceum and R. solani. Twenty short-season soybean cultivars that were well suited for production in Alberta were evaluated for their reactions to inoculation with F. avenaceum or R. solani in a saline soil (21.1 dS m-1). High seedling emergence was observed for cultivars 900Y61, P002T04R, 900Y01, TH27005RR, P001T34R, and 900Y81 in the non-inoculated control, for P002T04R and 900Y61 in the F. avenaceum treatment, and for 900Y61, 900Y81, and 900Y71 in the R. solani treatment. Root rot severity was low for cultivars NSC Portage and 900Y61 in the non-inoculated control and P002T004R in the F. avenaceum treatment. The cultivar 900Y61 also consistently had lower disease severity over the trials in the mini-plot test.


Background  Dowling–Degos disease (DDD; MIM 179850) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis caused by mutations in keratin 5 gene (KRT5). KRT5 is specifically expressed in basal layer of epidermis and plays an important role in protecting epithelial cells from mechanical and non‐mechanical stresses.


Chun's two-step predictor-corrector type iterative method for solving nonlinear equations (Iterative Methods Improving Newton's Method by the Decomposition Method, J . Comput. Math. Appl.50, 1559-1568 ) is improved and a kind of new iterative method is presented. Some present methods derived from Adomian Decomposition method are unified in a form and a series of new methods with high convergence order and the value of EFF are obtained by introducing parameter also. Those methods can be considered as a significant improvement of the Newton's method and its variant forms.


Introduction Our previous studies by very-high resolution ellipsometry [1] and synchrotron x-ray specular reflectivity [2] of dotriacontane (n-C32H66, denoted C32) adsorbed from solution onto SiO2-coated Si(100) substrates revealed an interesting solid film structure [2]. In the first one or two C32 layers adjacent to the substrate, the molecules orient with their long axis parallel to the substrate. This "parallel" film is followed by a monolayer in which the molecules adsorb with their long axis perpendicular to the substrate. At still higher coverages, preferentially oriented bulk particles nucleate, indicating a Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. Since the "perpendicular" monolayer was not observed in studies of films of shorter n-alkane molecules grown from the vapor phase on a Ag(111) surface [3], it is of interest to ask such questions such as whether the growth mode of solid alkane films depends on the length of the molecules, choice of substrate, and deposition method. To address these issues, we have undertaken x-ray specular reflectivity measurements on C32 films grown from the vapor phase on single-crystal Ag(111) substrates in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). These experiments are part of a larger program to study the structure of both solid and fluid alkane films adsorbed on well-characterized metal surfaces with the aim of better understanding lubrication phenomena at the microscopic level.


Communicating is a necessity for all groups or individual because each individual should communicate with their surroundings. Communicating can also make us get information so that it can be used as a reference to be able to adapt. Verbal language used by speaking out loud is a way of communicating with individuals, but not all individuals can communicate with it, especially there are some individuals who have hearing limitations. Because of these limitations, another program that can be used is through sign language. Language requirements are languages that are usually used by people with disabilities in terms of hearing or speaking and sign language also has a fairly well-known sign language standard, namely the American Sign Language (ASL) standard. Unlike languages in the world, sign language is also often of little interest to most people because people's interest in sign language is still lacking so that most people are unable to understand their language. Sign language has many types, one of which is sign language by using hands to form letters and numbers. In overcoming these problems, the solution is to create a system that can be used to recognize sign language, the system developed is a system that used machine learning technology. This study will propose an ASL classification approach through data preprocessing and a convolutional neural network model. The proposed model can classify ASL hand posture images to be translated into the alphabet. The result of this study is an model with accuracy of 99.8% obtained from the process of merging preprocessing data and the convolutional neural network model.


In order to enrich the Iron ions, a gelatin sample solution was precipitated and concentrated via freeze drying method, and then was tested by a AME-50 Mossbauer Supec-trometer. It was shown that the trace Iron ions contained in gelatin sample (Fe2+, Fe3+) exist not in the free state, but are complex with the macromolecule. Different iron valence states are co-existed: Fe2+, Fe3+ and some interim valence between Fe2+ and Fe3+ caused by resonance structure, other special valence are also possible.


Shakespeare's Othello is based upon "A Moorish Captain," the seventh novella of the third decade of Giraldi Cinthio's Hecatommithi. Shakespeare's play is clearly inspired by Cinthio's short story as both works are tragedies with the same underlying plot - Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army is tricked into believing lies from his deceitful ensign, Iago, that implicate his wife, Desdemona, for being unfaithful. Although both works revolve around the same main characters, fundamental storyline, and similar themes of love, jealousy, betrayal, and revenge, Shakespeare introduces a number of variations to Cinthio's short story. The changes Shakespeare brings about consist of modifications such as an alternative route to the ending and also significant omissions and additions including new characters. Shakespeare implements alterations within his play Othello to downplay the role of inhuman forces such as God and Heaven and instead, emphasize that the action and events are a result of the characters' deep-rooted emotions and natures.


Postoperative hypoparathyroidism is the commonest permanent complication of thyroid surgery. It results from the removal or devascularization of the parathyroid glands. Parathyroid autotransplantation is a tool to retain parathyroid function and to decrease the need for prolonged pharmacological support. The basis of the technique that we describe in detail is that described by Wells et al. Overall the success rates of immediate autotransplantation range between 85 and 99% and technique appears to play a key role.


I first became aware of the great Haitian writer Rene Depestre (1926-) when I saw the immortal Cuban film Memories of Underdevelopment (Guitierrez Alea, 1968). A scene from that film is a literary roundtable on the topic of "Literature and Underdevelopment," and among the participants (including David Vinas, Edmundo Desnoes, Gianni Toti, and others) is Depestre, whose cameo pronouncement on the topic under debate always seemed to me (like the film itself) of an underappreciated profundity:La cultura en un pais subdesarrollado no puede ser otra cosa que una operacion a veces costosa, dolorosa, mediante la cual un pueblo toma consciencia de su capacidad de transformar su vida social, de escribir su propia historia, y de recoger lo mejor de sus tradiciones para hacerlas fructificar y para enriquecerlas con las condiciones de la lucha de la liberacion nacional.This pronouncement on the role of culture in a revolutionary society-and the tension between the poet's rarified vocation and the expression of a genuinely popular culture-was my entre into reading Depestre and something that I have always taken as a critical key to interpreting his work.1In 2011, I wrote a letter to Depestre (he does not use email) at his home in Lezignan-Corbieres in the Aude Department in the South of France. I was interested in speaking to him, specifically about his experience living in Castro's Cuba for almost twenty years, from 1959 to 1978, where he published some of his most important works, including Journal d'un animal marin (1964), Un Arc-en-ciel pour l'Occident chretien (1967), Cantate d'octobre (1968), Poete a Cuba (1976) and his first novel, Le Mât de cocagne (1979), originally published in Spanish as El palo ensebado (1975). Despite this total personal and ideological investment in Cuba and its revolution during those years, it seemed to me that most of the critical commentary on Depestre was articulated from a Francophone and Haitian perspective that did not sufficiently take into account the Cuban context and milieu. So despite the existence of numerous excellent interviews with Depestre over the years (such as those conducted by Colin Dayan, Jean Jonassaint, Mohamed B. Taleb-Khyar and others), I wanted to speak with him specifically and exclusively about Cuba, a passion we share. Much to my delight, his hand-written response to my letter embraced the idea with enthusiasm and included an invitation to come to his home. I did so in June 2011.The result was not only a lively discussion but also, I believe, a friendship leading to several repeat visits over subsequent years. Perhaps it is because Depestre is approaching the end of his life and wants to set the record straight, but for whatever reason, once we began conversing about Cuba and other matters, the proverbial floodgates opened. Our first session lasted five or six hours. His energy to speak about Cuba and his past seemed boundless. He appeared to hold nothing back, including revelations about the intimacy of his friendship with Che Guevara, the guerilla training he received to infiltrate Haiti in 1959, his experience taking over the National Editions of Cuba publishing house and the editing and publishing of Don Quixote in 1960, and finally the surprising degree of his participation in the infamous "Heberto Padilla Affair" and his subsequent marginalization. And of course he was more than willing to offer his historical assessment of the Cuban revolution itself, which was in some ways surprisingly nuanced. The interviews were conducted in French with some phrases in Cuban Spanish (that I have left untranslated) thrown in for good measure.2Paul B. Miller: What were your first impressions or ideas about Cuba when you were growing up in Jacmel, Haiti?Rene Depestre: First of all, when I was a child, many Haitian workers from the Jacmel area would leave to cut sugarcane in Cuba, the braceros. From this region in the south of Haiti, thousands of people departed and some would return with news from Cuba. …


(60) Provisional application No. 60/909,893, filed on Apr. (75) Inventors: Daniel J. Zigmond, Menlo Park, 3, 2007. CA (US); Jason Bayer, Mountain Publication Classification View, CA (US); Xiaohu Zhang, (51) Int. Cl. Mountain View, CA (US) G06F 7/18 (2006.01) G06Q 30/00 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................. 705/10; 705/14 Correspondence Address: FSH & RICHARDSON P.C. (57) ABSTRACT PO BOX 1022 Methods, systems and apparatus, including computer pro MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55440-1022 (US) gram products, provide adjustments to advertisement impres sion estimates based on sampled data. According to one method, an estimated number of advertisement impressions is made based on the sampled data and the estimate is dis (73) Assignee: GOOGLE INC., Mountain View, counted to achieve a it. of certainty that the resulting dis CA (US) counted estimate is less than the actual number of advertise ment impressions. The amount of the discount can be determined based on a sampling error model of the sampling (21) Appl. No.: 11/743,078 data.


This research is based on the low reading ability of second grade students of SDN 004 Tembilahan Kota, for thatresearcher apply STAD type cooperative model to improve students' reading ability. This research is aclassroom action research conducted at SDN 004 Tembilahan Kota, the subject of this research is the secondgrade students of SDN 004 Tembilahan Kota with the number of students 30 students. Based on the results ofresearch, obtained data that students' reading ability has improved after applied STAD type cooperativelearning model. In the first cycle the number of students who reach the minimum mastery is 19 students(73.33%) and in the second cycle has increased to 24 students (86.66%). Based on this acquisition, it can beconcluded that the application of STAD type cooperative learning model can improve the reading ability ofsecond grade students SDN 004 Tembilahan Kota Kecamatan Tembilahan.


Impulsive Interference (II) has been an elusive phenomenon which cast a shadow on the initial launch of Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) in the UK in 1998. The lack of a suitable time-interleaving scheme in the DVB-T specification makes the system rather sensitive to sources of interference of an impulsive nature. Strategies for improving the performance of DTT in the presence of impulsive noise have met with varying success. One reason for this is the unavailability of a DTT model for II that can be used by set-top box and demodulator chip manufacturers to develop new II countermeasures.


A simple method has been developed for measuring creatinine in serum and urine. Small, fast-flowing cation-exchange columns are used to separate creatinine from interfering substances. The creatinine is eluted and determined with the Jaff#{233} reaction. The resultsagree well with those for the procedure in which Lloyd's reagent is used. Additional Keyphrases: creatinine clearance #{149}inter ference removed by use of cation-exchange columns #{149} Lloyd's reagent method compared The Jaff#{233} reaction is commonly used to determine the concentration of creatinine in urine and serum by measuring the color produced when picric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions are combined with urine or protein-free filtrate from serum. As iswell known, substances other than creatinine react to give positive error, the relative amount of interference usually being much greater in serum than in urine. Many specific methods have been proposed for determining creatinine in serum and urine. In several of these, creatinine is separated from interfering substances with strongly acidic cation-exchange resin (1-4). After the creatinine is adsorbed by the resin from an acid solution, it is easily eluted by increasing the pH. Most substances that reportedly interfere with the determination of creatinine by the Jaff#{233}


James Diggle published his first note on Euripides in 1967. Since then he has produced a constant succession of notes, reviews, papers, and books on this poet. The books can all claim to be essential works of reference: the edition and commentary on the Phaethon (Cambridge, 1970), the Studies on the Text of Euripides (Oxford, 1981), The Textual Tradition of Euripides' "Orestes " (Oxford, 1991) and, of course, the three volumes of the OCT Euripides, (tomus ii 1981, tomus i 1984, tomus iii 1994). A new and separate OCT volume edited by D. and containing selected fragments of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides is announced for publication in 1998. Euripidea: Collected Essays incorporates in one volume almost everything published on Euripides by D. between 1967 and 1993 exclusive of the separate books and editions; in addition five new and substantial articles appear here for the first time on, respectively, the Helen, the Bacchae, the Iphigenia Aulidensis, the Rhesus, and on corrected attributions of conjectures, especially in the case of F. H. Bothe (based on the rediscovery by D. Sansone of the textual notes to be found in Bothe's two editions of a German translation of Euripides). The chief omissions are a couple of short pieces, some dozen reviews, and some notes from items 3 and 4 long abandoned by D., various lists of manuscript readings in items 22, 23, 26, and, finally, the non-dramatic sections of item 27, D.'s review of M. L. West's Greek Metre (Oxford, 1982). The volume is replete with cross-references both to other papers in it and to the separate books and concludes with very full indices on (1) "Subjects," (2) "Greek Words," (3) "Passages from Euripides," (4) "Passages from Other Authors." These cross-references and indices greatly enhance the usefulness of the volume. The whole is a major accomplishment of superb scholarship. I begin with a brief survey of some of D.'s achievements. First, consider manuscripts and stemmatics. D. himself, in a review of another scholar's work (Euripidea, 138), has written: "Now, to work out the relationships between manuscripts is a complex task, and one which requires, in various degrees, many skills. But there is one skill whose acquisition is indispensable and whose absence renders the presence of all other skills vain: and that is a sound knowledge of Greek. For if you cannot tell a good manuscript reading from a bad one, then you have no business to be pronouncing an opinion on the relationships of the manuscripts which contain those


We present our research at Onet, the largest Polish news portal, aimed at constructing meaningful user profiles that are most descriptive of their interests in the context of the media content they browse. We used two distinct state-of-the-art numerical text-representation techniques: LDA topic modeling and Word2Vec word embeddings. We trained our models on the corpora of articles in Polish and compare them with a baseline model built on a general language corpora. We compared the performance of algorithms on two distinct tasks - similar articles retrieval and users gender classification. Our results show that the choice of text representation depends on the task - Word2Vec is more suitable for text comparison, especially for short texts such as titles. In the user profiling task, the best performance was obtained with a combination of features: topics from the article text and word embeddings from the title.


Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) from the genus Xanthomonas are proteins with the remarkable ability to directly bind the promoters of genes in the plant host to induce their expression, which often helps bacterial colonization. Metaphorically, TALEs act as spies that infiltrate the plant disguised as high-ranking civilians (transcription factors) to trick the plant into activating weak points that allow an invasion. Current knowledge of how TALEs operate allows researchers to predict their activity (counterespionage) and exploit their function, engineering them to do our bidding (a Manchurian agent). This has been possible thanks particularly to the discovery of their DNA binding mechanism, which obeys specific amino acid-DNA correspondences (the TALE code). Here, we review the history of how researchers discovered the way these proteins work and what has changed in the ten years since the discovery of the code. Recommended music for reading this review can be found in the Supplemental Material. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 57 is August 26, 2019. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


A passive optical add-drop multiplexer with 1 dB of insertion loss and 36 dB of isolation is fabricated by writing Bragg gratings in a waveguide Mach-Zehnder interferometer using ArF excimer laser light. The spectral properties and bit-error-rate performance of the device are fully characterized using polarized light.


One of the trends of modern higher education is its integration with research activities. In the process of informatization of society this led to inclusion in educational programs of universities disciplines on information technology that can be used in scientific research. It is assumed that these disciplines should be aimed at teaching technologies that promote the level of scientific research and the increment of scientific knowledge. Unlike natural science where computers have long and effectively used for scientific research the question of application of information technology in the Humanities is still debatable. This is largely due to the
specific nature of humanitarian knowledge, as well as the specifics of the object and purpose of humanitarian knowledge. The article presents the experience of theoretical understanding and practical development of the discipline "Information technologies in humanitarian researches", which is read in the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov for students training areas "Philosophy", "Culturology", "Sociology" and "Journalism". It is shown that in the humanities information technologies can be used as an effective tool for the organization of cognitive activity and explication of knowledge. However, the number of courses on information technologies in humanities research is more individual than a mass phenomenon.


This paper reports the effect of sharing point of sales data and inventory information of downstream partners to mitigate the bullwhip effect in the fast moving consumer goods supply chain. The paper uses the "beer distribution game" in a laboratory setting using four treatments. The game was developed using Excel Macro and Visual Basic for Application Programing. In the control group, existence of the bullwhip effect is found due to order batching, shortage gaming and price fluctuation. The treatments investigate the existence of the bullwhip effect when either point of sales or inventory level information of downstream members are shared alone or the combination of both among supply chain partners. The results of these experiments conclude that, sharing point of sales data or inventory information individually will not reduce the bullwhip effect. However sharing point of sales data and inventory information together, will reduce the bullwhip effect in the focal industry to some degree.


OBJECTIVE
This study aims to investigate how miR-561-5p regulated the expression of RAC1 and whether its effects on RAC1 was associated with the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
RT-qPCR was performed to assess miR-561-5p expression in human PDAC tissues. A series of in vitro experiments including cell counting Kit-8, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, and apoptosis assays were used to assess the PDAC cell biological behaviors. TargetScan v7.2 was used to identify the miR-561-5p target genes, dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm the targeted relationship between miR-561-5p and Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1). Also, RAC1 was upregulated in miR561-5p overexpressed PDAC cells to evaluate the functional involvement of RAC1 in miR-561-5p mediated PDAC cell proliferation and invasion.

RESULTS
The results demonstrated that miR-561-5p expression was lower in PDAC tissues compared with in normal tissues. Overexpression of miR-561-5p inhibited PDAC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted apoptosis in vitro, while miR-561-5p-knockdown had the opposite effects in the PDAC cell line BxPC3. Using bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays, the present study revealed that RAC1 was a direct target of miR-561-5p and that RAC1 overexpression could partly rescue the suppressive effects of miR-561-5p mimics on PDAC cells.

CONCLUSION
The overexpression of miR-561-5p may suppress carcinogenesis in PDAC cells by targeting RAC1 and inhibit PDAC cell proliferation and invasion.