In this paper an attempt is made to establish the chronology which Herodotus intended to convey for events in Book vii on the basis of his arrangement of topics for a listening audience. The relationship of the Decree to those events is then discussed. The question of the authenticity of the Decree's contents is considered with special reference to the arrangements for manning the fleet. Thus the paper falls into three parts. An Appendix on the later tradition is added.


ABSTRACT Among the efforts directed at remediating contaminated sites, the use of immobilized microorganisms is an appealing alternative because it offers several advantages over the use of free cells, including protecting cells from the toxic effects of hazardous compounds and increasing their survival and metabolic activity. Pseudomonas putida is an ubiquitous bacterium which, either as free cells (i.e. in its planktonic state) or immobilized in Ca-alginate beads, is able to effectively degrade pollutants such as cationic surfactants. In this paper, we propose a simple and fast technique to immobilize P. putida cells by entrapment in Ca-alginate matrix, and the use of this system and the free cells to estimate the removal of the surfactant Br-tetradecyltrimethylammonium (TTAB). Measurement of residual TTAB with a simple colorimetric method shows that the compound can be removed both by planktonic and immobilized cells. Taking into account that the TTAB-removal rate is higher with immobilized cells than with free cells, the laboratory practical class aims at demonstrating one of the advantages of using immobilized cells in remediation processes. The class is addressed to undergraduate students of biological sciences, engineering and biotechnology, and it could also be applied to evaluate the removal of other pollutants with immobilized microorganisms.


This research paper explores a relatively unknown field, the notion of backsourcing in the context of innovation. It explores the relationship between the services supplied by IT vendors and the demand of firms in the financial services sector for innovation-driven business solutions to lead them out of recession and provides reasons for what motivates the backsourcing decision and suggests best practices for backsourcing. The likely future effects of a shift to more backsourcing are also examined.A range of managerial economics, strategic, management and innovation theories are applied to the backsourcing phenomena in the context of innovation, including Total Innovation Management (TIM), Porter's generic value chain and Hanson and Birkinshaw's innovation value chain.This paper is of particular interest to those responsible for innovation, IT sourcing decisions and vendors of IT services.


This study aims to describe the level of anxiety experienced by adolescents during the covid-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive quantitative research methods. The population in this study were adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, with a sample of 139 people. The instrument used was a questionnaire about anxiety. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis. Based on the analysis of research data, teenage anxiety during the covid-19 pandemic was in the high category at 54%.


At the present international market, most of structures used for coating substrates are woven fabrics, and warp fabrics only account for a quite small rate. Recently, warp knitting bi-axial fabrics are widely used as coating substrates because of their outstanding performance advantages that woven fabrics can't have, such as, excellent tensile strength and tear resistance, and higher availability of the yarn strengths, which can drastically save raw materials and therefore reduce the production cost. Besides, fabric engineering is simple and fabric prosperities can be designed according to the intended end-use. All of these make warp knitting bi-axial products well economically significant.


259. Spontaneous Subcutaneous Emphysema in Laryngeal Diphtheria. J. D. ROLLESTON (Bitt. Journ. C(hild. Dis., July-September, 1928, p. 185), who records an illustrative case, remarks that while subcutaneous emphysema is a well-recognized com: plicati6n of tracheotomy and occasionally occurs after intubation, it is a very rare occurrence in diphtheria apart from surgical intervention. Rolleston's patient was a gill, ,aged 6, Nvho was admitted to hospital with severe faucial and laryngeal diphtheria. In spite of large doses of antitoxin the dyspunoea increased and subcutaneous emphysenia appeared on the neck; this spread upwards in the face and downwards to the costal margin. Considerable relief followed tracheotomy, but the emiphysema lasted for eleven days, after which coimplete recovery followe(l. This is the first example of non-surgical emphysema which Rolleston has seen in more thani twenty-seven years of fever hospital experience. No mention is to be fouind of the complicatioin of dliphtheria in textbooks of general medicine or infectious diseases or in monographs on diphtheria; six cases, however, have been reported in periodical literature by Saehse, Senator, voni Torday, Fabre, Pineau, and Sharman a'nd D'Esterre respectively. The probable explanation of the condition is that as the result of dyspnoea pulmonary emnphysema occurs, and vesicles on the surface of the lung rupture; air passes into the hilum of the lunig, and so into the mediastinuin andl nieck.


Fuzzy control and PID control are often used in control area. However, a single Fuzzy control or PID control can not satisfy the need of the rising complexity and precision of control systems. Considering the disturbance in amphibious spherical robot, it is difficult to solve the control problem for a complex system of an amphibious spherical robot. This paper deeply analyzed the advantages and the disadvantages of Fuzzy control and PID control, and proposed a new Fuzzy PID control combined Fuzzy control and PID control. The simulation results show that the method of Fuzzy PID can effectively reduce the overshoot of the control system, accelerate the response speed, and shorten the adjustment time, In this way, The system can reduce the shock of amphibious spherical robot, and improve the stability, thus, the method can enhance the dynamic performance of the amphibious spherical robot.


The Soils for Salmon initiative, a cooperative effort of agencies around the region, addresses the fundamental problem of the loss of soil functions as we turn native forests into cities and towns. Stormwater detention is one of those critical soil functions, but they also include soil structure (which affects the need for irrigation and chemical inputs in landscapes) nutrient and organic "waste" recycling (i.e. fertility), plant disease protection, and biofiltration of urban pollutants. These are the functions of living, biologically and organically rich soils. While nothing can fully restore the functions provided under native forest conditions, a soil protection and soil restoration strategy will be essential to reducing the impacts of development in this region.


The conformational behavior and binding properties of various clipshaped receptor molecules, based on the building block diphenylglycoluril, were studied by NMR, X-ray analysis, and computational techniques. The conformation and the binding properties of these clips are dependent on the number and type of side walls. Host molecules with two naphthalene side walls and with methoxy groups at the 2- and 7-position are able to bind aromatic guests and silver ions by an induced-fit mechanism.


Using Sheep Mountain Anticline (Wyoming, USA) as a case study, we propose a new approach to quantify effective paleo‐principal stress magnitudes in the uppermost crust. The proposed mechanical scenario relies on a well‐documented kinematic and chronological sequence of development of faults, fractures and microstructures in the folded strata. Paleostress orientations and regimes as well as differential stress magnitudes based on calcite twinning paleopiezometry are combined with rock mechanics data in a Mohr construction to derive principal stress magnitudes related to the successive steps of layer‐parallel shortening and to late stage fold tightening. Such quantification also provides original insights into the evolution of the fluid (over)pressure and amount of syn‐folding erosion.


The problem in this study is whether the local taxes and levies significant
effect on financial independence of the local government district/city of North
Sumatra province. This study aimed to determine the effect of Local Taxes and
Levies of the Regional Financial Independence in the Government District/City of North Sumatra Province.
Population in this research is that there are counties and cities in North
Sumatra in 2009-2011 amounted to 29 districts/cities. Samples from this study using non –probability tecnic is by using certain criteria in accordance with the limitations of homogeneous data from the district/city in 2009-2011 were
published as many as 33 districts/cities. Data analysis techniques used in this study is multiple regression analysis with SPSS 16. The results showed that regression equation suggests Ŷ =0,427 + 0,085 X1
+ 0,059 X2. These results indicate increase of 1% each on local taxes and levies a positive influence for 0,085 and 0,059 of the regions financial independence. Partial (t test) the variable local taxes and levies positive and significant impact on the local financial independence districts/cities in North Sumatra looks significant
value <0.05. Adjusted R-square of results showed the influence exerted by
variable local taxes and levies to local financial independence by 1,47 % while the rest (85,3%) is explained by other causes beyond study variables. F test results show that F value (8,420 )> F (3,11) or H0 is rejected and Ha accepted, meaning multiple regression coefficient is significant. It can be concluded the local taxes and levies simultaneously significantly influence local financial independence.
The conclusion of this study is a significant difference between Local
Taxes and Levies Against Financial Independence Regional District/City of North Sumatra Province.


8 Allergy is a pathological immune reaction towards innocuous protein antigens. Although only a 9 small fraction of plant or animal proteins induce allergy, the atopic disorders affect millions of 10 children and adults, and cost billions in healthcare systems worldwide. In-silico predictors can aid 11 in the development of more innocuous food sources. Previous allergenicity predictors are based 12 on sequence similarity, common structural domains, and amino acid physicochemical features. 13 However, these predictors strongly rely on similarity to previous allergens and fail to accurately 14 predict allergenicity when protein sequence similarity diminishes. Furthermore, allergen is a wide 15 terminology that may include different compounds, hindering the classification task. To overcome 16 these limitations, we used allergens collected from AllergenOnline, a curated database of IgE 17 inducing allergens, carefully removed allergen redundancy with a novel protein partitioning 18 pipeline, and developed a new allergen prediction method, NetAllergen, introducing MHC 19 presentation propensity as a novel feature. NetAllergen was demonstrated to out-perform a 20 sequence similarity-based Blast method as well as previous allergenicity predictors when 21 similarity to known allergens is diminished. NetAllergen is available as a web-service 22 neighbours. The AUROC was evaluated on the minimal common subset (the dataset with a filter of 5).


The primary liver cancer (PHC) shares a substantial morbidity and mortality throughout the world, whose survival rate for 5 years only retains 3% to 5%. This study was to discuss the clinical efficacy of accurate radiotherapy associated slow releasing cisplatin to the primary Liver Cancer. 80 patients with primary Liver Cancer before treatment were randomly divided into the treatment group (n=40, medicine imbeding+radiotherapy) and the control group (n=40, merely radiotherapy). The medicine dose of imbeding was decided by the size of tumor, the patient's and the general condition of the patient, All patients accepted the three dimensional conformal Accurate radiation therapy. To evaluate the curative effect after four months' follow-up. The effective rate (RR) and the untoward effects between the two groups were observed and compared, the overall survival (OS) was analyzed. The RR of the treatment group was higher than the control group (77.5% vs 55.7%, x2=4.528, P=0.03). The OS of the treatment group was longer than the control group (13.95±0.618 months vs 10.775±0.631 months x2=10.535, P=0.001). The untoward effects were not significantly different between the two groups. The therapy of three dimensional conformal Accurate radiotherapy associated slow releasing cisplatin to the primary Liver Cancer can improve the curative effect and the overall survival of primary hepatic carcinomahe patients, And the patients can tolerant the untoward effects.


The data on the use of shear wave elastography (SWE) in children with thyroid disorders is limited. We aimed to assess the role of SWE in the evaluation of the thyroid gland in children newly diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT).


Web based learning environments are being increasingly used at a large scale in the education area. This situation has brought a dramatic growth in the amount of educational resources and services incorporated continuously in these systems, and related access and usage of this educational content by a diversity of learners. However, the delivery of this educational content is generally done in the same way for all learners without giving any special attention to the different consumption styles or differences between their profiles and individual needs. Therefore, providing personalization in e-learning systems has to be considered as a necessity and not an option. Recommending suitable links represents an instance of adaptive navigation support technology. E-learning recommender systems are used to locate relevant educational Web objects that better match the learner's profile and interests, this requires the ability of a system to predict learner's needs and preferences. Therefore, recommendation systems need to use Web mining techniques in one or more phases of the recommendation process, especially in the modelling and pattern discovery phase. Most emergent recommendation systems in e-learning tend to rely on automated detection of student's preferences and needs since it is more efficient and attractive to provide needed support to students without requesting any explicit information from them. In this chapter, we present an overview of personalization in e-learning based on recommendation systems and Web mining techniques.


The quality of contact between a metal electrode and a two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor is simultaneously determined by the Schottky barrier height (SBH), the tunneling probability (PTB), and the Fermi level pinning (FLP), which also impact the performance of the device.


We present a digital implementation of the Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) learning rule. The proposed digital implementation consists of an exponential decay (exp-decay) generator array and a STDP adaptor array. The weight values are stored in a digital memory, and the STDP adaptor w ill send these values to the exp-decay generator using a digital spike of which the duration is modulated according to these values. The exp-decay generator will then generate an exponential decay, which will be used by the STDP adaptor for performing the weight adaption. The exponential decay, which is computational expensive, is efficiently implemented by using a novel stochastic approach. This stochastic approach was fully analysed and characterised. We use a time multiplexing approach to achieve 8192 (8k) virtual STDP adaptors and exp-decay generators with only one physical adaptor and exp-decay generator respectively. We have validated our stochastic STDP approach with measurement results of a balanced excitation experiment. In that experiment, the competition (induced by STDP) between the synapses can establish a bimodal distribution of the synaptic weights: either towards zero (weak) or the maximum (strong) values. Our stochastic approach is therefore ideal for implementing the STDP learning rule in large-scale spiking neural networks running in real time.


Mobile voting centers have taken many different forms, each tailored to one of a variety of specific rationales. Some mobile voting locations are designed to reach hard-to-access areas or voters with mobility issues or movement restrictions. Others are intended to catch potential voters in a high-traffic location. Still others have prepared mobile voting centers as emergency auxiliaries. It is an open question whether counties could benefit from mobile polls, and this preliminary report seeks to answer that question. First, it surveys examples of mobile voting centers' success in different areas, categorized by rationale. From these, it draws common successes and challenges across each category. It concludes that mobile polling is most helpful as a narrowly-tailored resource for harder-to-reach communities and as an emergency auxiliary. Additionally, it recommends that counties seeking to invest in a mobile polling vehicle maximize their benefit by selecting one which is also capable of conducting voter outreach and registration during the off-season.


In this paper, we mainly focus on to prove that the graphs, viz., (i)paths, (ii) comb graphs, (iii) cycles, (iv) ladder graphs and (v) Pn´Pn graphs are k-Zumkeller graphs.


EnglishThe recent French presidential elections have confirmed a lack of understanding and disapproval on the part of many citizens of policies that go back several decades, and also of the leaders who carried out those policies. They have also reminded us of how these same citizens distrust — or even reject — the European Union, which is often quick to figure as a scapegoat for national problems. Yet, as this article by Gabriel Arnoux shows, this rejection of Europe is based on a misunderstanding — very often maintained by national governments — of the EU's actual areas of competency. There is, in fact, a real difference between the perception many European citizens have of the role of the Union in shaping and determining national policies and the reality of that role. The exclusive areas of competency of the European Union are actually rather limited (relating mainly to compliance with competition rules, currency, and customs and trade policy). In most areas, the EU intervenes only to support member states or in collaboration with them. This clarification of the EU's real areas of competency is vital, since the Commission has just begun a process of reflection on the future of Europe, based on five scenarios aimed at determining how the Union might develop and what its proper areas of competency should be. It is also essential because the vagueness around the actual responsibilities and legal competencies of European and national institutions is an indicator of a more general malaise regarding the way public policies are presented and evaluated, which also plays a considerable role in the citizenry's general disaffection with politics. francaisLes recentes elections presidentielles en France ont confirme l'incomprehension et le rejet de nombre de citoyens vis-a-vis des politiques menees depuis plusieurs decennies, mais aussi des dirigeants en charge de ces politiques. Elles ont aussi rappele la mefiance sinon le rejet de ces memes citoyens a l'egard de l'Union europeenne, souvent prompte a etre elevee en bouc emissaire des problemes nationaux. Pourtant, comme le montre cet article de Gabriel Arnoux, ce rejet de l'Europe repose sur une meconnaissance — tres souvent entretenue par les gouvernements nationaux — des competences effectives de l'Union europeenne. En effet, il existe une reelle difference entre la perception qu'ont bon nombre de citoyens europeens du role de l'Union dans l'orientation et la determination des politiques nationales, et la realite de ce role. Les competences exclusives de l'Union europeenne sont en fait assez limitees (respect de la concurrence, monnaie, politique douaniere et commerciale, principalement) et dans la plupart des domaines, l'Union n'intervient qu'en appui aux Etats ou en collaboration avec eux. Cette clarification des competences reelles de l'Union europeenne est primordiale car la Commission vient d'engager une reflexion sur l'avenir de l'Europe, sur la base de cinq scenarios visant a determiner comment pourraient evoluer l'Union et les competences qui sont les siennes. Mais egalement parce que le flou entretenu autour des competences et responsabilites effectives des institutions europeennes et nationales est revelateur d'un malaise plus general quant a la maniere dont sont presentees et evaluees les politiques publiques, qui contribue aussi pour une grande part a la desaffection des citoyens a l'egard du politique.


The shape of the mechanical-polariton spectrum for the outer modes of calcite-structure crystals is qualitatively established. The anisotropy of the IR reflectance spectra is studied in NaNo{sub 3}, CaCO{sub 3}, and MgCO{sub 3}crystals for different orientations of the extraordinary-wave vector with respect to the third-order crystallographic axis. The vibrational spectra calculated within the rigid-molecular ion model are used to determine the polarization-dependent oscillator strengths for these crystals. 24 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.


Within the framework of a research currently in hand, we were brought to work on the case of a company, leader in its sector, whose whole managerial system is based on persuasion. Inside a system of diffuse influence, the employee is to some extent "a prisoner" of a company which, in same time, develops more than all freedom and autonomy. We highlight strong mechanisms of attachment at the company. Using the framework of the socioanalyse, we analyze this paradoxical situation and the very particular form of power that the organization seems to exert on its employees.


Information seeking behaviors may influence how breastfeeding mothers respond to perceived insufficient milk, a primary reason for early breastfeeding cessation. The objectives of the current study were to describe where breastfeeding mothers obtained information about milk supply, and to explore whether aspects of information seeking behavior were associated with the use of foods, beverages, and herbal supplements as galactagogues.

 Data for the current study were collected using a cross-sectional online survey. Facebook advertisements were used to recruit women who were currently breastfeeding a singleton child and living in the United States. Participants self-reported if they ever used foods/beverages (yes, no) and herbal supplements (yes, no) to increase their breast milk production. Additional questions assessed sources of milk supply information, eHealth literacy (eHEALS), website credibility assessment practices (Hargittai Internet Credibility Index), and general credibility assessment. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated associations between information seeking characteristics and the use of foods/beverages and herbal supplements, while adjusting for select demographic and breastfeeding characteristics.

 A total of 1123 breastfeeding mothers (non-Hispanic white = 81%; first time breastfeeding = 47%; WIC participant = 21%) were included in the analysis. Lactation consultants (68%), Facebook (61%), search engines (50%), websites (47%), and nurses (41%) were the most common sources of information about milk supply. Results from adjusted models revealed that select sources of milk supply information and general credibility assessment were associated with the use of foods, beverages, and herbal supplements as galactagogues (p < 0.05).

 These findings are relevant to the development and dissemination of breastfeeding education programming that aims to provide breastfeeding mothers with information about strategies that support breast milk production.

 None.


The objective of this research was to verify the effect of the environment on the physiological indices, production and quality of milk of purebred and crossbred goats Alpine in the semiarid of Paraiba state, with 27 goats, nine pure, nine ¾ Alpine Brown and nine ½ Parda Alpina distributed in a completely randomized design. Environmental variables were recorded using a data logger, and the physiological indices were rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate and skin temperature at 8, 12 and 16 h. The milk was evaluated through the physical and chemical characteristics, total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC). The bioclimatic indexes showed higher values between 12 and 15 h, but within the zone of thermal comfort for goats. The physiological indices, the physico-chemical parameters, SCC and TBC showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the genetic groups. There was significant effect (p < 0.05) for daily milk production, with higher means for the group ¾ Parda Alpina, suggesting that composition as the most suitable for the evaluated conditions.


The Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) have been successfully used for the modeling of partition and retention of the set of test compounds in different systems. The properties of micellar chromatographic systems with the mobile phases on the basis of sodium dodecylsulphate modified (ODS) by additives of aliphatic alcohols (1-butanol, 1-pentanol) or aliphatic carboxylic acids (butanoic, pentanoic) were characterized on the basis of comparison of calculated LSER coefficients. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the classification of studied systems.


This paper describes the design, implementation and testing of a wireless blood pressure sensing implant. The implant is mounted on a stent graft. The implant along with the stent graft must fit into a 16F applicator stent delivery system. The implant is powered using the energy harvested from wireless power transmission. The measured pressure data is sent wirelessly to an external data reader hardware. The pressure measurement must have resolution of 1 mmHg.


Abstract : The MANPRINT RISK ASSESSMENT (MRA) was developed by personnel of the Analysis Integration Branch, Personnel Plans Division, Manning Integration Directorate, of the United States Army Soldier Support Center-National Capital Region. The MRA has been developed as a tool to help the Materiel Systems Project Officer Evaluate the MANPRINT risk associated with the development of an emerging materiel system, Product Improvement Program or Non-Developmental Item. Although designed primarily for use by the project officer, this tool can be used effectively by a variety of personnel associated with the Materiel Acquisition Process. When used properly, it can provide a wealth of information about the current status and progress of a proposed system or materiel acquisition program. Keywords: Manpower; Personnel; Army training; System safety; Health hazards; Human factors engineering.


The conventional methods of water treatment involve various water clarification processes which include coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and disinfection. Coagulation is a critical step in water treatment because it involves removing the colloidal particles as well as pathogens that are often attached to the particles. These methods are often not suitable because of the high cost and low availability of chemical coagulants and disinfectants. Synthetic coagulants are not always available at a reasonable price and can leave undesirable residues in treated water. In the present study, the removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera and alum were compared using different types of wastewater. The efficacy of two coagulants has been tested based on some critical parameters including dosages of coagulant, pH, EC, TDS, hardness, DO and COD of turbid water and change in values of these parameters in finished water. These coagulants obviously possessed positive coagulation abilities. There are about nine treatments with one control been used for the study. From the observed results, the blended coagulant MO: (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 treatments T7(25:25) and T8(50:50) dosage ratio gives better removal efficiencies with respect to pH, EC, TDS, hardness, DO, COD, Na and K, and appears to be suitable for treatment of wastewater, when compared with other dosages.


There is a need to go beyond the state of the art in characterizing rural areas "as a whole" instead, considering different landscape assets and constraints as well as socio economic dynamics in order to better target rural development policies. A crucial issue to explore is which set of indicators can best represent the different dimensions embeded in an array of possible rural development options, from production and protection to consumption, or a combination of those, framed according to socio economic and institutional dynamics in place. The aim of this paper is thus to develop a methodology for a typology based on a set of different indicators encompasssing several dimensions in order to identify the different potentialities or vocations for the Alentejo territory in southern Portugal. By applying a set of indicators for each one of the dimensions namely production, protection and consumption, proposed by Holmes (2006) altogether with a socio-economic dimension different vocations or the territory were gauged and further an approapriate framework of policies likely contributing to enforce the implementation of vocations were described. Results show that the ways in wich the set of indicators selected were used to gauge the vocations of the territory can be a valuable tool to inform the public in general as well as the decision and policy makers, including potential investors. Nevertheless, further work needs to be done in order to both refine the indicator set now used as well as to include other possible dimensions also relevant for measuring the possible effects of different policies into a diferentiated countyside. Introduction A substantital body of work has been highlighting a close relationship between landscape characteristics and socio-economic development (Carvalho Ribeiro et al. 2010, Horling and Marsden, 2010, EU, 2007, 2009, OECD, 2001, 2006). On one side, landscape contains economic value that can manifest itself through the implementation of certain economic activities. On the other side, the process of economic development shapes landscape composition and configuration. Therefore, Studies on the spatial impact of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) have been revealing the close and specific relationships between agriculture and the countryside landscapes of Europe (EU, 2007, 2009; Vejre et al., 2007). Therefore, it has been acknowledged that the CAP determines the development patterns of many rural areas (Pinto-Correia et al., 2004; Pinto-Correia and Jorge, 1996; Turpin et al., 2009). The CAP impact varies a great deal from region to region depending on the specific environmental, cultural, and socio-economic conditions and partly on the types of production and market organization. It has been increasingly recognized that the CAP benefited, in particular, agricultural incomes in areas of the EU which were already being intensively farmed, since the sums paid were related to historical earnings. Areas in which there was less intensive farming tended to be disadvantaged, leading to an increase in the prosperity gap between individual agricultural regions (OECD,2006). In this low intensive farmed agricultural land, normally located on peripheral European regions, attempts have recurrently been carried out in order to integrate agricultural policy with the broader economic and social context of rural areas. At this regard, experience has been showing how diversifying farming into activities such as the development and marketing of high-quality products, agricultural tourism and investment projects related to the environment, which have until now been marginal, can open up new prospects and opportunities. A key part of the 1992 CAP reform concerned the environmental aspects of agriculture. There are examples showing that programs geared towards lowering the intensity of animal farming and increasing environmentally friendly farming methods have improved the environmental situation and brought financial gains. These programs yet increasing and developing troughout the time are nevertheless still marginal in the overall CAP budget (OECD, 2006) It follows from the above that there is a need to further investigate how can these peripheral rural areas of Europe be understood today? What are the possible development pathways and what can the role of CAP policy be in gear those transition pathways? In order to do so there is a need to explore the differences across a variety of rural areas in the European context. It is acknowledged that a huge effort has been made in creating and developing European scale typologies (e.g by OECD, FAO, RUFUS project...) for distinguishing between rural areas across Europe (van der Ploeg and Marsden, 2008). Those efforts are immensely relevant but still need to fully address and better understand the new modes of rural dynamics and occupancies (Holmes, 2006; Horlings and Marsden, 2010; van der Ploeg et al., 2009; van der Ploeg and Marsden, 2008; van der Ploeg et al., 2000). Most of the typology work developed so far is mostly data driven and lacking on conceptual background as well as in a solid research framework behind (OECD, 2001, 2006). In order to fill this research gap the aim of this paper is to propose a solid conceptual framework but framed in a simple and clear way. This work starts with the conceptual background proposed by Holmes (2006) for Australia, further adapting it to the context of Europe ́s peripheries. It thus aims at developing a new typology of rural areas, considering the multiple drivers of change of the rural today based on three dimensions from Holmes namely production, consumption and protection which will be further related to the socio-economic and institutional dynamics in place. In order to develop the approach the case study region of Alentejo will be used as a test. Conceptual background, data & methods The typology developed throughout this work aimed at gauging the dimensions proposed by Holmes (2006) with socio-economic and institutional dynamics as the drivers that might make it possible for one or other of the previous vocations to be exploited/developed. In this way the conceptual model by Holmes (2006) is here used as a simple and clear basis grounding the conceptual framework by unquestionably representing the different development patterns rural areas might follow (a combination of production, protection and consumption) that drive rural areas across different but constant processes of change that can turn out into very different transitions pathways. As shown in Figure 1 the three faces of the Holmes (2006) triangleproduction, protection and consumption can assume different relevance according with the socio-economic dynamics in place in a certain rural area. Figure 1. A schematic way of representing the conceptual model of the typology developed. The typology, although conceptually grounded on the three dimensions by Holmes (2006) – production-consumption and protectionthereafter framed according to the socio-economic and institutional dynamicsin place, still had to tackle the issues of how to consider the appropriate indicators set to represent those different dimensions in contrasting rural areas. In order to test the development of the method the case study region of Alentejo was selected. Alentejo is located in southern Portugal, its administrative organization comprises a set of 47 municipalities covering an area of 31 551 Km2 (a third of the area of the country). Although encompassing significant differences across the area, Alentejo is well known in Portugal by its peculiar rolling plains and flat land landscapes as well as by its dry Mediterranean climate. In the area, primary activity sector namely dry land agriculture systems are still a very prominent land cover and it's most representative agroforestry system is the montado (Pinto-Correia and Primdahl, 2009; Pinto-Correia and Vos, 2004; Pinto Correia, 1993). Based on both the empirical knowledge of the study area as well as a literature review a set of variables were selected to be tested a set of indicators comprising the four dimensions analyzed. Table 1 describes the set of indicators selected. Concerning production, the variables included were for example the Weight and Net Change of some of the CORINE classes (or it sum) that allowed a characterization and differentiation on the type of the productive system in each one of the Alentejo municipalities. Concerning consumption, variables selected were the ones that allowed an understanding of the capacity of the municipalities to attract people namely by the attractiveness of its landscape, for example by having water bodies (widely reported in the literature as being an attractivenessspecial in dry climate contexts such as in Alentejo), or even diverse land covers (by using Shannon Diversity Index). Concerning protection, variables included were for example the area of shrubs, natural grazing areas as those are related with naturalness and wild ecosystems. Other variables included in this dimension were also the ratio of the agriculture and forestry areas inside protected areas.Finally, the variables selected to characterize the socio-economic dimension were both related to population dynamics (ageing, entrepreneurship) but also territorial by including distances to more dynamic urban centers. Table 1. The four dimensions and its indicator set As defined by Holmes (2006) PRODUCTION (Agro-forestry areas oriented to production functions) CONSUMPTION (landscape attractiveness) PROTECTION (Conservation) SOCIO-ECONOMIC and Institutional (socio-econmoic data) WeightAgr_06 (weight) Rescale_IJI %Montado N_Enterp_PopAct (Number of Enterprises in relation to the Active Population) Net Change NC NCAgr_9006 Rescale_SHDI %Pastures %_Pop65 (Percentage of population aged 65 years or more) Weight3223_06 Rescale_ACT %Shrubs %_PopES (Percentage of population with higher education) NC3223_9006 %Montado %Olive groves DenPop (Pop


Provided are silica precursors for polymer-silica hybrid, which improve heat resistance, dielectric characteristics, and mechanical properties of polymer materials. The silica precursors for polymer-silica hybrid are synthesized by selectively reacting a first material including an isocyanate group with a second material including an amino group or a hydroxyl group to form a urea bond or a urethane bond. The first material is 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate and the second material is benzyl alcohol, a diamino compound, or a hydroxyethyl compound.


The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a benchmark problem in which a salesman has to visit all nodes (cities) in a network exactly once except the starting node, come back to the starting node and find the shortest tour. Genetic algorithm (GA) is one of the best algorithms to deal with the travelling salesman problem (TSP). In GA, crossover operator plays a vital role and the sequential constructive crossover (SCX) is one of the best crossover operators for solving the TSP. Several improvements have been proposed for other crossover operators. In this paper we propose four improved genetic algorithms using three local search methods – 2-opt search, a hybrid mutation, and a combined mutation operator, and incorporate them into SCX. The experimental results on some TSPLIB instances show that our improved GAs can significantly improve simple GA using SCX in terms of solution quality.


A review is given about SI units as they will be used in future in radiotherapy and health physics. The paper includes conversion tables for the units used in these fields and presents some somments on possible difficulties by using these units in practical work.


Oxygenated hemoglobin does not destroy nitric oxide (NO), but carries and releases NO in blood from upstream to downstream microvessels. Given that the circulation time from small arteries to capillaries is ~2‐4 seconds, NO in plasma or bound to proteins likely survives to downstream locations. To test this hypothesis, the vessel wall versus intravascular [NO] was measured in the in vivo sequential mesenteric and intestinal vessels of rats. NO microelectrodes demonstrated vessel wall [NO] was 25‐40% higher than blood [NO] in all vessels. Flow in mesenteric arteries was elevated by occlusion of collateral arteries to induce a flow mediated increase in arterial NO production. Both arterial wall and downstream arteriolar [NO] increased and the arterioles dilated as the blood [NO] was increased. To study receptor mediated NO generation, bradykinin was locally applied to upstream large arterioles and NO measured there and in downstream arterioles. At both sites, the [NO] and vessel diameters increased. When isoproterenol was applied to upstream vessels, they dilated but their [NO] and that of downstream arterioles did not increase and minor downstream dilation occurred. These observations indicate that NO can move in blood from upstream to downstream resistance vessels. This phenomenon may allow larger vessels to influence vascular tone in downstream vessels when local NO production is altered. (Support NIH HL‐20605)


Objective: To detect treatment and prosthesis methods of Hereditary Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Shields TypeⅡ.Methods: The patients of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Shields TypeⅡ found in Tanggu were chosen,took root canal therapy,then two prosthesis methods including over-denture and post core-porcelain were used to evaluate the clinical curative effect.Results: the clinical curative effect of post core-porcelain crowns was better than the over-denture.Conclusions: The post core-procelain crowns can be used to treat the patients of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Shields TypeⅡ.


Due to recent advances in IoT (Internet of Things) related technology, demands of highly accurate indoor positioning system and services have been remarkably increased. The proposed indoor positioning system utilizes 4 Estimote BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) beacons to measure the user position with a smartphone. Each beacon broadcasts radio signal and a smartphone can receive these signals to estimate the distance by measuring RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) values. In this paper, we proposed a new estimation algorithm to robustly calculate a user's position based on the strength of received signals. The proposed algorithm collects signals at a pre-processing stage to improve the quality of RSSI values, calculates the distance according to the signal strength from each beacon, and then estimates the user position with the triangulation of overlapped regions. The experimental result of our proposed indoor positioning system shows approximately 80% of accuracy within 2m error bound for three types of room. The proposed indoor position tracking is simple and well-suited with low-cost BLE beacons.


The flow cytometry mutation assay (FCMA) uses hybrid CHO AL cells to measure mutations of the cd59 gene located on human chromosome 11 by the absence of fluorochrome‐conjugated antibody binding to the CD59 surface antigen. Mutant expression peaks between 6 and 12 days, then decreases to a stable plateau, instead of a constant mutant fraction obtained by clonogenic assays. To evaluate this variable mutant expression time, cells were treated with radiation, EMS or asbestos and cell proliferation and survival were measured at times leading up to peak mutant expression. Potential doubling time (Tpot) values increased by at least 75% for each agent by 3 h after treatment but returned to control levels after only 3 days. Survival returned to 90% of control within a week, close to the peak expression day for all three agents. The survival of CD59− cells sorted on the peak day of expression was roughly half that of CD59+ cells. Cloned EMS‐treated CD59− cells had a doubling time of 16.7 vs. 14.1 h for CD59+ cells. Triple mutants (CD59−/CD44−/CD90−) were preferentially lost from the population over time, while the proportion of CD59−/CD90− mutants increased. In conclusion, the peak day of mutant expression occurs only when cells recover from the toxic effects of the mutagen. A fraction of cells originally quantified as mutants are lost over time due to lethal deletions and slower growth. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry


In patch formulated with piroxicam as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, it was blended an absorption enhancer for piroxicam, without suppressing these drug release properties, provides a piroxicam-containing transdermal patches agent exhibiting a high anti-inflammatory analgesic effect It is to a piroxicam-containing transdermal patches agent characterized by containing a oxybuprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as piroxicam and absorption enhancer as a medicinal component, the content of piroxicam There is a 0.1 to 5% by weight relative to the drug-containing plaster total weight, oxybuprocaine or a pharmaceutically acceptable 1-30% by weight relative to the total weight content of the drug-containing plaster of salt is a piroxicam containing transdermal patch is.


Objective To observe the effectiveness and safety of Amiodarone on treating heart failure with ventricular tachyarrhythmias.Methods Totaaal 84 patients with heart failure and ventricular tachyarrhythima,at the same time under treatment of heart failure on routine.Frist,using Amiodarone Hydrochcoride Injection 5mg/kg with intravenous injection,then 0.4~0.6mg/min with intravenous drip.The total dose was 700~1000mg in first day.Second,using oral Amiodarone 0.2g once,three times a day continous one week.In following week,change0.2g,twice a day,and change once a day from 3 week-8 week.Observe bad reaction the change of cardiac function vetriaclar tachyarrhythmia,heart rate,QT intervals before and after the medical treatment.Results After 8 weeks treatment vertricular tachyarrhythmia effective rate was 72.6% improve cardiac function level above grade one was 75.1%.heart rate slowing was very signifiant different after treatment (P0.01),Q-T intervals excend was signifiant different after treatment (P0.05).The bad reation of drugs recover to normal,after treatmg the illness or cessation of medication.Conclusion The effective was obviousl about Amiodarone treating heart failure with vertricular tachyarrhythmia and was safety.


A thunder and lightning online monitoring system of a wind turbine generator system comprises an optical sensor, a thunder and lightning analyzer, a master control system, an optical fiber and the Ethernet, wherein the optical sensor is in communication with the input end of the thunder and lightning analyzer through the optical fiber, and the output end of the thunder and lightning analyzer is in communication with the master control system through the Ethernet. The optical sensor collects thunder and lightning signals only through optical measurement and signal transmission. The thunder and lightning signals output by the optical sensor are transmitted to the thunder and lightning analyzer through the optical fiber, and the thunder and lightning analyzer analyzes the received thunder and lightning signals into thunder and lightning signal data and outputs the thunder and lightning signal data. The Ethernet transmits the thunder and lightning signal data output by the thunder and lightning analyzer to the master control system. According to the system, the capacity of the wind turbine generator system to resist thunder and lightning risks is improved, and losses, caused by thunder and lightning, of the wind turbine generator system are reduced.


To improve Peer-to-Peer (P2P) search accuracy, we identify multiword entities in user queries using an entity corpus constructed based on n-gram statistics collected from LimeWire users. We show that by using a statistical function, we can build a reliable corpus and successfully parse each user query to its correct entities. Our hypothesis: With entity matching, overall precision can be significantly improved, while only slightly decreasing recall.


We explored how range expansion of freshwater fishes coincident with climate warming is affected by, and then in turn affects, responses to a second environmental gradient; dissolved oxygen. Traits related to hypoxia tolerance, specifically various metrics of gill size and geometric morphometric proxies of gill size were quantified for a range-expanding cyprinid fish (Enteromius apleurogramma) in both its historical and novel ranges in the Mpanga River drainage of Uganda, East Africa. We found that E. apleurogramma followed patterns previously established in the congener E. neumayeri. Gill filament length and some other metrics were strongly divergent in long-established populations of both E. apleurogramma and E. neumayeri, with larger gills in hypoxic populations compared to normoxic ones. Range-expanding populations were intermediate to the two long-established populations, but divergent between themselves. Other gill traits such as filament number were weakly or not divergent. Furthermore, we show that grosser morphological traits such as opercular area can be successfully used as a proxy for gill size, both by direct measurement as well as using geometric morphometric techniques. Finally, we show that both parapatric conspecific populations and sympatric heterospecific populations can be used as reference points to approximate the 'target' of adaptation to hypoxic conditions.


The design and simulation of digital filters is supported by Matlab® and Simulink, but these tools are very expensive and require training courses. In this paper we proposed Qucs/QucsStudio as a simulations tools which is freely available. Another advantage is the schematics editor, enabling easy drawing the filter structure by connecting the blocks of delay, coefficient multiplication and signal summation.


under the title "Possibilities for and Limitations to a 'Mixed Economy' in Socialist Planned Economies", which was later published in "Acta Slavica Japonica" (Tomus 2,1984) [Sato, T., 1984]* 2 .In that paper I paid special attention to the then ongoing changes which started to appear in the course of the so-called "third wave" of economic reforms from the beginning of 1980s (in Hungary and China in particular). I raised the question that "something essential" was showing itself, which could not be disregarded when we considered the future economic system of 'socialism'. Taking particular notice of the incorporation of different types, of non-state ownership, (namely private, cooperative (small collective) and mixed types of ownership) into the then dominating socialist economic system, I termed these changes a "creeping" approach to a "mixed economy" in socialist economies. My way of thinking was repeated in my papers presented at and finally took shape in my discussion paper presented at the International Round-Table Conference on "Market Forces in Planned Economies",


Urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC), including bladder cancer and upper urinary tract cancer, are the second most common malignancy of the urogenital tract after prostate cancer. It is a critical issue to differentiate accurately those patients whose tumour will recur and/or progress after initial treatment from those without recurrence and/or progression because tumours with a similar morphology behave differently. Patients undergo lifelong cystoscopic and cytology surveillance to detect subsequent tumour recurrence. New noninvasive methods for the diagnosis and surveillance of UCCs are required. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation and plays essential roles in tumour initiation and progression. Currently, aberrant promoter hypermethylation has been investigated in specific genes, i.e. tumour‐suppressor genes, proto‐oncogenes, genes involved in cell adhesion, and genes of cell cycle regulation. E‐cadherin has been shown to be an independent marker of prognosis. Other genes, e.g. APC, RASSF1a, TNFRSF25, EDNRB, and p14, are implicated in tumour progression. IGFBP3 and APAF‐1 are independent markers of recurrence. APAF‐1 is also correlated with tumour stage and grade. In urine, hypermethylation of DAPK, RARβ, E‐cadherin and p16 has been shown to have a good sensitivity and specificity for bladder cancer detection. Several studies found that analysis of hypermethylation using a panel of tumour‐suppressor genes yielded superior results to cytology in the detection of bladder cancer and its progression. Hence, the different panels (e.g. RASSF1a/APC/p14, RAR_/DAPK/E‐cadh/p16, p16/p14/MGMT/GSTP1, and RASSF1a/E‐cadh/APC) are of interest in the detection of bladder cancer. The last panel and RASSF1a/E‐cadh/APC/TNFRSF25/EDNRB are also interesting for tumour progression. There is evidence that the extent of the mutator and methylator phenotypes in UCCs differs with tumour location, perhaps suggesting that carcinogens affect the urinary tract in different ways. For all loci studied except DAPK, there was more frequent methylation in UUT‐UCCs than in the bladder cancers; this difference was statistically significant for hMLH1, RARB, E‐cadherin, p16 and MINT31. In contrast to UUT‐UCCs, hMLH1 and MINT31 were rarely methylated in bladder tumours, suggesting that they play a role in UUT carcinogenesis but not bladder cancer.


On the basis of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method,a new quantitative evaluation method(i.e.multi-level Fuzzy Grey relational clustering analysis comprehensive evaluation method) is established for multi-level Index system appraisal.This method is used to evaluate oil gas drilling technology with satisfactory results.


The utility model provides a device for automatically correcting and positioning a bedplate moving step pitch. The device comprises a set of accurate bedplate moving mechanism driven by using a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) control servo motor, a plurality of movable bedplates, a bedplate positioning mechanism, a bedplate position detection mechanism and a colored screen printing machine, and is characterized in that: the colored screen printing machine is a digital full-automatic colored screen printing machine to which a PLC is applied; the accurate bedplate moving mechanism driven by using the PLC control servo motor can be a master control mechanism of the full-automatic screen printing machine; each movable bedplate consists of a bedplate bracket, an adjusting frame, a bearing bedplate and a walking roller; the bedplate positioning mechanism consists of a cylinder, a guide groove seat, a slide block, a roller and a U-shaped positioning groove; and the bedplate position detection mechanism consists of a monitoring probe, a signal transmission line, a monitor and a control PLC in which an analysis software program is installed. The device has the advantages that: I, the movable bedplates can keep in a free state within a certain range after accurately moving to a preset station, and other external force is not applied to a positioning element apart from friction force produced by the dead weights of the movable bedplates when the positioning element acts, so that positioning accuracy is increased, and the service life is prolonged; and II, signals detected by using the monitoring probe and a positioning target are transmitted to the PLC for comparison to determine whether the movable bedplates accurately reach the preset station and can keep in the range of free state, and running parameters of the servo motor are adjusted and corrected in real time, so that the quality of a printed product is enhanced effectively.


Mobile sensing apps have proliferated rapidly over the recent years. Most of them rely on inference components heavily for detecting interesting activities or contexts. Existing work implements inference components using traditional models designed for balanced data sets, where the sizes of interesting (positive) and non-interesting (negative) data are comparable. Practically, however, the positive and negative sensing data are highly imbalanced. For example, a single daily activity such as bicycling or driving usually occupies a small portion of time, resulting in rare positive instances. Under this circumstance, the trained models based on imbalanced data tend to mislabel positive ones as negative. In this paper, we propose a new inference framework SLIM based on several machine learning techniques in order to accommodate the imbalanced nature of sensing data. Especially, guided under-sampling is employed to obtain balanced labelled subsets, followed by a similarity-based sampling that draws massive unlabelled data to enhance training. To the best of our knowledge, SLIM is the first model that considers data imbalance in mobile sensing. We prototype two sensing apps and the experimental results show that SLIM achieves higher recall (activity recognition rate) while maintaining the precision compared with five classical models. In terms of the overall recall and precision, SLIM is around 12 percent better than the compared solutions on average.


The process of internationalization of University Education in Latin America is increasingly visible and latent. Ecuador has the vision of a government that seeks the internationalization of University Education and thus the student movement abroad. Consequently, educational services tend to have a high qualifying requirements in their revenue systems at universities and polytechnics schools. This quality improvement requires a substantial financial investment by the State. Analyze policies of internationalization in University Education adapted by the government and place them to the regional context involves reinforcing a team of teachers with different characteristics and behaviors in addition to strong changes in educational skills in the academic and scientific field. In Ecuador the interpretation of laws is guided based on political trends shift, therefore the implementation of public policies oriented to the interests of political groups; alternatives for the implementation of such articles in this way prevents them to interpretations proposed shift. This paper aims to make a comparative analysis before and during the government of "la Revolucion Ciudadana" (based on a literature review) and reflect on the quality and high standards of education today in the context of the internationalization of Higher Education in Latin America. Keywords: University Education, Internationalization, National Plan of Good Living, University Education Law.


The aim of our study was to investigate the regional characteristics of the external-cause mortality of the working-age population of the Republic of Buryatia during 2003-2017. Material and methods. The sources of information were the data of the Territorial Body of the Federal Service of State Statistics in the Republic of Buryatia (hereinafter - Buryatstat), medical certificates of death (f. No. 106/u-02), reports of forensic medical examinations for the specified period. The study was conducted using statistical, analytical, mathematical and comparative methods. The impact of human losses from accidents in working age on the demographic situation in the Republic was studied. The share of external-cause deaths of working-age people accounted for 38.1% of all deaths. In the structure of external causes of death, the predominant share of intentional self-injuries, including suicides (31.5%), murders (14.5%), was noted, with the contribution of all traffic accidents being 11.5%, accidental alcohol poisoning - 13.1%. According to 2016, the suicide mortality rate (66.8 per 100,000 population) was 3.3 times higher than the Russian average (20.4) and 1.9 times higher than the Siberian Federal District (SFD) (34.6). It should be noted that the suicide rate in Buryatia was almost 3.3 times higher than the critical parameters determined by World Health Organization experts (20 suicides per 100,000 population). The death rate from homicide in the Republic of Buryatia (30.0 per 100,000 people) was 3 times higher than the average in Russia (9.9) and 1.7 times higher than in the SFD (17.4). Conclusion. The high external-cause mortality rate related to the working-age population's health is an objective reflection of the social and hygienic disadvantage of the Republic of Buryatia.


Proton induced charge transfer efficiency (CTE) degradation has been studied in the large format charge-coupled device (CCD) flight-like candidates for Wide Field Camera 3 for the Hubble Space Telescope. These detectors were irradiated with different proton fluences. This paper focuses on the statistical nature of CTE degradation due to damage on one of the irradiated devices with exceptional initial CTE characteristics. In radiation damaged CCDs, CTE noise can be the dominant noise component. In contrast to other noise sources, CTE noise has a component of fixed pattern noise that can be removed by the appropriate calibration technique. A large set of data was acquired and analysis of it confirms the expectation that CTE damage is a local phenomenon and it varies widely across the CCD surface. Possible mitigation solutions and their practicality are discussed in some detail.


Shell and tube heat exchanger system is widely used in chemical plants because it can sustain wide range of temperature and pressure. The main purpose of a heat exchanger system is to transfer heat from a hot fluid to a cooler fluid, so temperature control of outlet fluid is of prime importance. To control the temperature of outlet fluid of the shell and tube heat exchanger system a conventional PID controller can be used, for better disturbance rejection and more optimal control a feed forward controller can also be employed. Due to inherent disadvantages of conventional control techniques, model based control technique is employed and an internal model based PID controller is developed to control the temperature of outlet fluid of the shell and tube heat exchanger system. The designed controller regulates the temperature of the outgoing fluid to a desired set point in the shortest possible time irrespective of load and process disturbances, equipment saturation and nonlinearity. The internal model based PID controller provides a satisfactory performance in both steady state and transient state. The developed internal model based PID controller has demonstrated 84% improvement in the overshoot and 44.6% improvement in settling time as compared to the classical controller.


For the complete five-valued cross-correlation distribution between two $m$-sequences ${s_t}$ and ${s_{dt}}$ of period $2^m-1$ that differ by the decimation $d={{2^{2k}+1}\over {2^k+1}}$ where $m$ is odd and $\mbox{gcd}(k,m)=1$, Johansen and Hellseth expressed it in terms of some exponential sums. And two conjectures are presented that are of interest in their own right. In this correspondence we study these conjectures for the particular case where $k=3$, and the cases $k=1,2$ can also be analyzed in a similar process. When $k>3$, the degrees of the relevant polynomials will become higher.
Here the multiplicity of the biggest absolute value of the cross-correlation is no more than one-sixth of the multiplicity corresponding the smallest absolute value.


'Nilgiri Hills' means 'Blue Mountains'. It is the smallest district in Tamil Nadu and mostly inhabited by four tribes, namely, the Badaga, the Toda, the Kurumba and the Kota, along with some Hindu castes. An anthropogenetical survey of the Kota was undertaken between May, 1966, and January, 1968. The purpose of this communication is to present some data on ABO blood groups and PTC taste sensitivity. The present study shows that the A-gene is not altogether absent among the Kota, as it was reported by Lehmann and Cutbush and Chaudhuri et al.


The article presents an attempt to integrate gate registerwith open-source software Koha Integrated Library Management System. Using this option, the patron's library card will be scanned by the system during entry and exit at the library gate, and this information will be storedin the new table which we have added to the Koha database. Using this tool various reports can be generated for various library management purposes. In the final phase, we have developed a patch for Koha which has enabled the users of the library to update their profile in Koha without library staff help. This tiny addition to Koha has enabled it toward crowdsourcing mode. The above two tools are tested in the real-time environment and positive feedback has been reeived from library staff and users.


The AL index, which is the negative component of the auroral electrojet index AE, is utilized to study the universal time seasonal variations of northern hemisphere auroral zone magnetic activity in the midnight sector on quiet days. The solstitial AL patterns are found to be consistent with the predictions of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability theory for geomagnetic activity which is based on the variation of dipole tilt angle Ψ with respect to the solar wind. Further, it is found that the best ordering of the seasonal variation is obtained by dividing the year into two broad seasons, one 6-month period centered around the June solstice, when the plane of symmetry of the plasma sheet in the magnetotail is above the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane, and the other 6-month period centered around the December solstice, when the plane of symmetry is below the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane. The observed AL patterns are thus interpreted as a seasonal modulation of low-energy particle precipitation caused by the asymmetric topology of the plasma sheet. The nature of this seasonal pattern is found to vary in different sectors of the auroral zone. Since auroral scintillations are associated with this particle precipitation, a comparative study between scintillations and AL index was undertaken. It is found that the long-term seasonal behavior of 137-MHz scintillation data from ATS 3 at an auroral station in the North Atlantic sector is consistent with the seasonal behavior of AL data in this sector.


The purpose of this study is to improve the most relevant research on how to develop the rural tourism via review of the thesis subjects in Korean academic journals. The result of analysis, the first rural tourism research has started to introduce agricultural park since 1983. In 1990s, the tourism research was mainly done agricultural tourism development, agricultural tourism planning, agricultural tourism improvement. Moreover, in the early 2000s, it was studied simultaneously green tourism and rural tourism. The rural tourism research had been studied extensively such as maintain and management, research of awareness in the late 2000s. Especially, the research of awareness was showed that it was not only away from the development plans for service provider but also considering customer satisfaction, consumer preferences and tourists visiting for service visitor. According to these results, the first rural tourism is necessary to multiple research for sustainable agricultural tourism and globalization. Further, in order to develop the rural tourism, we should try to achieve the goal of regional economic vitalization via studying the destination rural tourism, awareness of returning to rural areas for farming ect,.


Abstract The high sensitivity of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to cumulus convection is examined by means of a series of climate simulations using an updated version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC), called MIROC5. Given that the preindustrial control run using MIROC5 shows a realistic ENSO, the integration is repeated with four different values of the parameter, λ, which affects the efficiency of the entrainment rate in cumuli. The ENSO amplitude is found to be proportional to λ−1 and to vary from 0.6 to 1.6 K. A comparison of four experiments reveals the mechanisms for which the cumulus convections control behavior of ENSO in MIROC as follows. Efficient entrainment due to a large λ increases congestus clouds over the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and reduces the vertical temperature gradient over the eastern Pacific, resulting in a wetter ITCZ and drier cold tongue via accelerated meridional circulation. The dry cold tongue then shifts the atmospheric resp...


Objective Observe the curative effect of ipratropium bromide atomization for bronchiolitis patients.Method 432 patients with combined therapy were randomly assigned to treatment group(ipratropium,n=262,2 times a day) and control group(n=170).Results The treatment group had obvious curative effection when compared with control group(P0.01).Conclusion The application of ipratropium bromide atomization for bronchiolitis patients had obvious curative effection through soothing tracheal smooth muscles,expanding airways,inhibiting the histamine and leukotriene released in histaminemast cells to improve pulmonary function and shorten the course of treatment,which had a safe and convenient route of administration and obvious curative effect at the same time.


Alkaline earth metal silicates as well as many polyvalent metal silicates can be obtained through aqueous solution's reactions between an alkaline silicate solution and the solutions of metal salts. The vitrifiation of the oxide compositions, established by the necessary molar ratios for the projected glass, is realized by calculating the concentration of chemical precursors, through their reaction directly on the substrate. The sodium silicate viscosity in aqueous solution and the viscosity of nitrogenated compounds or oxalates necessary in the silicates synthesis are compatible with the necessary viscosity for ink-jet cartridges. The necessary silicates forming reactions were studied directly on the deposition support, so that the functional characteristics of the multicompartment ink-jet cartridges were used. Compositions were realized, in which the coloring effect was obtained with molecular colorants. The vitrifiation and the quality of the obtained thin films were studied through Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy.


In order to achieve remote monitoring of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration changes in the air, a distributed centralized remote air quality monitoring system using the C / S architecture of computer network technology is adopted. The system uses multiple control quality monitoring stations to collect the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 suspended particles in the air through sensors SOS011, and establish a TCP / IP network connection with the monitoring centre server through the GPRS module SIM900A for data interaction; the monitoring centre server Receive, process, statistically analyse and display data from various monitoring stations, and store it in the database SQL2008, which is convenient to form time, day, month and year reports. The implementation results show that the GPRS / SMS-based remote monitoring system for gas emissions from construction and mining enterprises has been analysed in detail, and the program code for gas emissions monitoring from construction and mining enterprises has been given. The proposed system has high flexibility, efficiency and accuracy.


Objective The aim of study is used to assess the association between Metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among dyspeptic patients at Tefera Hailu Memorial General Hospital, Sekota, North-East Ethiopia. Methods The study was a cross-sectional study design from March 01/2022 to May 30/2022. The study subjects were selected by convenient sampling technique. The data were entered into Epi. data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Logistic regression analysis was conducted and, P-value < 0.05 was used as a statistically signi�cant variable. Results Our study included 228 study participants. The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome among study participants was 23.2%. Metabolic syndrome was statistically signi�cantly associated with fasting blood glucose level(AOR: 15.965, 95% CI: 7.605–33.515), P < 0.001. The median serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.036), SBP(< 0.001and total cholesterol (P < 0.001) was a statistically signi�cant difference between H. pylori positive and negative study participants.


Abstract : The report gives a general description of the research work performed to realize a high frequency and power gridistor delivering an output power of 20 W at 500 MHz, the gridistor being a junction-gate field effect device with a multiple channel vertical channel structure. (Author Modified Abstract)


Ferrocene, Fc, and cobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate, CcPF6, have been recommended for use as internal reference redox couples in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), as well as in more conventional aprotic solvents. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of Fc and CcPF6 is reported in eight commonly used RTILs; [C2mim][NTf2], [C4mim][NTf2], [C4mim][BF4], [C4mim][PF6], [C4mim][OTf], [C4mim][NO3], [C4mpyrr][NTf2], and [P14,6,6,6][FAP], where [Cnmim]+ = 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, [NTf2]- = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [BF4]- = tetrafluoroborate, [PF6]- = hexafluorophosphate, [OTf]- = trifluoromethylsulfonate, [NO3]- = nitrate, [C4mpyrr]+ = N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, [P14,6,6,6 ]+ = tris(n-hexyl)-tetradecylphosphonium and [FAP]- = trifluorotris(pentafluoroethyl)phosphate, over a range of concentrations and temperatures. Solubilities and diffusion coefficients, D, of both the charged and neutral species were determined using double potential-step chronoamperometry, and CcPF6 (36.5−450.0 mM...


We report a 72-year-old man with sporadic intra-abdominal desmoid tumor manifesting as acute abdomen. CT scan revealed an air-containing tumor 7 cm in diameter; three weeks later, the tumor had shrunk to 4 cm on antibiotics. At surgery, a tumor arising from the transverse colon mesentery and infiltrating the jejunum was resected. No recurrence occurred over a 1-year follow-up.


Increased levels of condensing enzyme are shown to occur in the sera of dogs after experimental myocardial infarction. The animals with the elevated levels also showed characteristic changes of the electrical activity of the heart and associated increases in the glutamate-oxal acetate transaminase activity of serum. Condensing enzyme has been detected in the sera of patients who suffered myocardial infarctions.


IntroductionThere are many issues about what makes college students learn (Eisenman, 2010a, 2010b, 2011; Hong, 1998; VanZile-Tamsen & Livingston, 1999; Zimmerman, 1998). This study looked at how well college students will do if they take an exam that either does or does not count toward their grade. Will students study and learn without the threat of the grade hanging over them?The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) is a state agency with power to require things of public colleges in Texas. One of the things it requires is that introductory college courses cover what they call exemplary areas of learning. And students must be tested in these areas, with the grades reported to the THECB. Professors are allowed to choose the items to be tested, but they must cover, in the case of psychology, four exemplary areas of research methods, theories, alternative explanations, and cultural diversity. This requirement strikes me as an assault on professors' academic freedom to teach how they choose, but at least they let us choose the specific methods of assessment; i.e., the professors chose the test items.MethodThree of the author's Introduction to Psychology classes in Spring 2010 (n = 205 students) and three in Spring of 2013 (n = 208 students) took an exam required by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, with 6 questions each on their 4 required topics of research methods, theories, alternative explanations, and cultural diversity. Thus, it was a 24-item exam, developed by professors following the categories demanded by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. Students were told whether or not the test grade would count toward their course grade. For those in 2013 for whom the exam grade would not affect their course grade, they were told that the exemplary items test was required by the state and would reflect negatively on the university if they did not get good grades.Most of the students reflected the area known as the Rio Grande Valley, located in deep south Texas. They were typically Hispanic, first generation college students (the first in their family to go to college), and from families with low income.ResultsThe grade was counted toward the student's course grade for the Spring 2010 students and their mean exam score was 93 percent, an A. See Table 1 for a complete summary of the results for all three class sections and for each exemplary area in Spring 2010. The grade was not part of the students' grade for the Spring 2013 exam and their mean score was 69 percent, a D. See Table 2 for a complete summary of the Spring 2013 results. Clearly, in this sample of college students there was limited studying and achievement if their exam score was not to be part of their grade.DiscussionThe findings show that grades were greatly valued, since students would learn for the grade but not so much if the exam grade would not be part of their course grade.Grades Are CurrencyGrades are currency in the classroom and through our system of education we have made students value what grade they get. …


Zhu zi discussed the moral instigating problems in the kind and evil fight of human nature in Qin Dynasty,laid stress on the educational role of the moral instigating,and the importance and necessity of remoulding and improving.


Introduction: Despite the great contribution of women to health systems, men still occupy most leadership positions. The gender gap in leadership roles in healthcare is prevalent worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that analyses the distribution of the types of appointments defined by hierarchy, duration of employment, and percentage of FTE and the positions occupied by women faculty compared with male counterparts. The unit of analysis corresponds to faculty positions in 2018 since each faculty can have more than one position with different hierarchy, duration, and percentage of FTE. We used logistic multivariate analysis to assess associations, considering the model with the lowest AIC. Results: Age group 31 to 50 years (AOR: 0.66; IC 95%: 0.50-0.87) and FTE appointments (AOR: 0.43; IC 95%: 0.290.64) are significantly associated with positions assigned to women. For appointment type defined by hierarchy TA, is significantly occupied by a female when compared to each group of increased hierarchy, Assistant professor (AOR: 1.39; IC 95%: 1.14-1.70), Associate professor (AOR: 2.67: IC 95%: 1.953.67), Full professor (AOR: 3.47; IC 95%: 2.27-5.30) and authorities (AOR: 5.57; IC 95%: 3.53-8.79). Conclusions: There is almost no representation of women in the highest-ranking positions, which are associated with academic recognition, decision-making, and higher pay. The higher prevalence of full-time positions occupied by women could be linked to women still being responsible for household and family tasks.


Abstract This paper examines how people think about aiding others in a way that can inform both theory and practice. It uses data gathered from Kiva, an online, non-profit organization that allows individuals to aid other individuals around the world, to isolate intuitions that people find broadly compelling. The central result of the paper is that people seem to give more priority to aiding those in greater need, at least below some threshold. That is, the data strongly suggest incorporating both a threshold and a prioritarian principle into the analysis of what principles for aid distribution people accept. This conclusion should be of broad interest to aid practitioners and policy makers. It may also provide important information for political philosophers interested in building, justifying, and criticizing theories about meeting needs using empirical evidence.


This paper introduces a historical change of haptics research based on personal experience. Since 1990s, haptics, as multidisciplinary research area, has been investigated by various research groups in many aspects including human perception, virtual reality, software design as well as hard ware design. In aspect of haptics hardware design, one of major issues is miniaturization and flexibility in accordance with development of electronic device technology adopting touchscreens. This paper describes changes and challenges in development of actuators, sensors and integrated systems for new haptic interfaces applicable to future touchscreen devices.


The electric vehicle industry is essential for China's economic transformation and industrial upgrading. Identifying the distribution of electric vehicle sales and service shops is of great significance to boost the development of retail geography theory and promote the optimization of industrial space. Regression and spatial econometric methods analyze the influencing factors of electric vehicle sales and service shop distribution. According to the point of interest data of electric vehicle sales and service shops, taking 10 typical cities in China as an example, the spatial distribution of electric vehicle sales and service shops and its influencing factors are empirically explored by spatial econometric methods. The results indicate the following: (1) From high to low, the influence degree of spatial dependence factors are car license restriction policy, the average age of residents, number of schools, built‐up area, the amount of investment in real estate, electric vehicle sales, and GDP; (2) On the whole, the spatial distribution of electric vehicle sales and service shops shows the characteristics of a multi‐center circle‐layered spatial structure that spreads from the inside to the outside; and (3) The spatial influencing factors such as electric vehicle sales, charging stations, permanent resident population, schools, and subway stations in the four first‐tier cities is evident.


Abstract Alan Mabin recently noted that "Suburbs have been a silent presence in the widely disseminated 'models' of the apartheid city. [H]ow the suburbs happened is assumed rather than understood." Many suburbs, including the famously well-treed northern suburbs of Johannesburg and, indeed, the historically white suburbs of Grahamstown, do not fit the American or Australian stereotype; their uses and meanings prove to be extremely patchy and variable in practice. Susan Parnell and Mabin have thus been arguing for a break away from what they perceive as methods "bound by racial fetishism" that have obscured many dimensions of urbanisation from view. The ecology of the small garden offers one such break. Increasingly, urbanisation studies are environmental or ecological in their approach, yet even here the garden for a long time has scarcely featured. This article makes a move towards filling that gap. Against the background of urbanisation studies both in South Africa and elsewhere, outlining the multi-layered cultural histories of the suburban garden, the article focuses on the poetry of Don Maclennan from a broadly ecocritical perspective. Such literatures, it is suggested, provide crucial insights into the phenomenological meanings of gardens at the individual emotional level.


Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, many Royal Navy warships were laid up before being sold into merchant service or for breaking up. Large numbers of sloops, schooners and cutters had been built for war service between 1803 and 1814, mostly in private shipyards. The versatility of these smaller classes of vessels was evident in their diverse and demanding wartime roles and subsequently in mercantile trading or whaling. One such vessel, the Cruizer-class brig-sloop HMS Pilot (1807), was commissioned in 1808, served until 1816 and, after an extended period in reserve, was sold out of naval service in 1828. As a commercial whaling bark, the Pilot made five voyages in the British Southern Whale Fishery between 1830 and the early 1840s before being condemned in 1845. This article provides a case study of one vessel's career in naval and mercantile service, which was typical of the period.


With rice straw powder and corn straw stem powder as fermentation substrate for solid-phase fermentation,this experiment studies Trichoderma L-7.It discusses the influence of the proportion of rice straw powder and corn straw stem powder,the variety of carbon source and nitrogen source,water content of culture medium,initial pH value of culture medium,fermenting temperature and time,as well as ventilatory capacity on the production of cellulas.The results show that the best fermentation medium contains rice straw powder 54.0g,corn straw stem powder 27.0g,mesh 19.0g,glucose 1.0g,KH2PO4 0.1 g,water content of culture medium 1∶3,The best condition for solid fermentation is initial pH value 6.0,fermentation temperature 30℃,fermentation time 6 days and ventilatory capacity 60 g / 1000 ml.When Trichoderma L-7 is in the best fermentation medium and the best condition,cellulose is the highest.


The term "locality" has been used to denote that subset of a program's segments which are referenced during a particular phase of its execution. A program's behavior can be characterized in terms of its residence in localities of various sizes and lifetimes, and the transitions between these localities. In this paper the concept of a locality is made more explicit through a formal definition of what constitutes a phase of localized reference behavior, and by a corresponding mechanism for the detection of localities in actual reference strings. This definition provides for the existence of a hierarchy of localities at any given time, and the reasonableness of the definition is supported by examples taken from actual programs. Empirical data from a sample of production Algol 60 programs is used to display distributions of locality sizes and lifetimes, and these results are discussed in terms of their implications for the modeling of program behavior and memory management in virtual memory systems.


104 very different populations but the new RNs who volunteer their time have much in common. These nurses receive no financial reimbursement and risk jeopardizing their full-time positions by taking summer leaves of absences. The same passion that burned within Nightingale, Ward, and Barton, the passion to go where needed, burns in today's Generation Y nurses. Working in the camp setting with sick or injured children enables new nurses to develop skills and nurture their art. Flexibility has been a proven strategy in increasing retention and satisfaction with this generation of young nurses. Flexibility on the part of nursing management is part of creating a caring workplace. A caring work environment encourages nurses to contribute to their community, gain leadership skills, and expand their knowledge. Caring for other, both in and out of the hospital setting, is alive and well in Generation Y nurses.


Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)has become one of the important pathogens of childhood respiratory infections.A lot of evidence revealed that MP can cause or induce asthma attack and make the symptoms chronic and uncontrollable.So far,the mechanism remains unclear.Airway mucosal injury,IgE-related type I hyperreactivity,function of cytokines and inflammatory mediators have been suspected to play roles in it.This paper focuses on association of MP infection with asthma and its possible mechanisms


Purpose: The purpose of this article is to discuss global public health impacts of legalization and decriminalization of marijuana and cannabis regarding physical and mental health impacts as well as accident and death reports. Method: Extensive review of the current medical literature was performed with a focus on papers discussing medical effects from marijuana use, public health impacts from legalization and decriminalization of marijuana and accident and death reports in various countries after legalization and decriminalization of marijuana. PubMed and Medline were utilized in this search. A total of nineteen articles have been referenced in this project. Although some literature cited was published more than five years ago, this information was felt to provide important for the purpose of this project. Most of the information was obtained from studies performed in the United States, Canada, Australia and Uruguay. accidents, deaths, lung disease. Results: Articles were obtained from various countries regarding public health impacts of marijuana and cannabis use as well as increase in adverse events after legalization and decriminalization of marijuana and cannabis. Information was available regarding cardiopulmonary diseases and mental health impacts from marijuana and cannabis use. Given that many countries have not yet legalized or decriminalized marijuana there was some limitation in available information. Several countries reported an increase in motor vehicle accidents and deaths after legalization or decriminalization of marijuana. Marijuana users were noted to have an increase in negative mental health, including psychosis and suicidal behaviors, when compared to nonusers. Data demonstrates higher rates of marijuana users after legalization or decriminalization. Conclusion: Marijuana and cannabis use have been associated with an increase in pulmonary diseases as well as increased risk for the development of psychotic disorders. Legalization and decriminalization of marijuana has demonstrated an increase in use, particularly college age subjects. Given the current data demonstrating increase in use, this increase is projected to have an increase in negative mental health impacts, including depression and addiction. Countries in which marijuana have been legalization and decriminalization have demonstrated increased rates of accidents and deaths, particularly motor vehicle.


If one owns a first edition, second editions are rarely worth buying. This volume proves to be an exception to the rule. The introduction to this second edition of Celebrations of Death is well worth the cost of the entire book. Huntington and Metcalf review the new literature on deathways, including critiques of their own first volume. In this new edition the authors successfully refute any complaints against them and prove the wisdom of their theoretical approach to death a combination of social, symbolic and materialist theories. As such, Huntington and Metcalf s second edition presents a complete and highly readable overview of various approaches to the anthropological study of mortuary rites. Moreover, Metcalfs research among the Berawan of Malaysian Borneo and Huntington's among the Bara of Madagascar add rich ethnographic detail of interest to Southeast Asianists and Africanists alike. Although the introduction is new, the body of the text is organized much like the first edition was. Chapter One, entitled "Preliminaries" deals with the American Way of Death and analyzes Jessica Mitford's expose". It also discusses 19th century sociological and anthropological interest in mortuary rites. In Part I, "Universals and Culture", Huntington and Metcalf analyze some of the attempts anthropologists have made to establish universal theories about response to death. They find that theories which organize societies on the basis of emotional response to rituals or symbolism during funerals are unsatisfactory. The authors conclude that social facts in both cases "prove too ambiguous to provide a general explanation for the forms of funerals" (p. 38). In the chapters of Part II, "Death as Transition", Metcalf and Huntington look at the kinds of ethnographic case material that led early anthropologists (Hertz and van Gennep) to portray death as a gradual process. It is in this section that the authors present their own research findings. Southeast Asianists would find Chapter Four, where Metcalfs Berawan material is presented, of special interest, since it describes secondary burial and the transmigration of the soul, both of which are common in syncretic or non-Muslim areas of Southeast Asia. In the chapters of Part III, "The Royal Corpse and Body Politic", the authors examine the uses to which royal relics are put in dramatic political competitions involving "death edifices". Here, simple Berawan mausoleums are compared to Balinese funeral towers, which in turn are compared to the pyramids of Egypt. All are analyzed, especially in Chapter Seven, as having contributed to the physical and symbolic continuity of kingship and polity in respective regions. In the concluding chapter of the volume, Huntington and Metcalf turn back to contemporary American culture. They note that from their "wider comparative perspective American deathways no longer seem as exotic and irrational as they appeared to Mitford" (p. 39). The elaborate preparation of the corpse so that it appears natural, healthy, and comfortable for its last public appearance relates directly to important American cultural values concerning the nature of the individual and of life.


The use of spectral indicators and evidence based on remote sensing and the results of space data is one of the most important means of detecting changes in vegetation and land cover. Three space scenes were selected to assess vegetation changes in Anbar governorate, consisting of 33 satellite shots in different dates for the years 1999, 2009 and 2019, captured by the Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 for the two sensors TM and OLI. Spectral data were used to calculate NDVI normal vegetative variation index values. The results showed that the area of barren land continued to increase by 24,809. 19 km2 by 11.47, 11.98 and 30.56% for 1999, 2009 and 2019 respectively and the area of dense vegetation decreased by 857.73 km2 by 0.30, 0.17 and 1.40% for the same years respectively.


Abstract Biotic Immigration Events (BIMEs) record the large-scale dispersal of taxa from one biogeographic area to another and have significantly impacted biodiversity throughout geologic time. BIMEs associated with biodiversity increases have been linked to ecologic and evolutionary processes including niche partitioning, species packing, and higher speciation rates. Yet substantial biodiversity decline has also been documented following BIMEs due to elevated extinction and/or reduced speciation rates. In this review, we develop a conceptual model for biodiversity accumulation that links BIMEs and geographic isolation with local (α) diversity, regional (β) diversity, and global (γ) diversity metrics. Within the model, BIME intervals are characterized by colonization of existing species within new geographic regions and a lack of successful speciation events. Thus, there is no change in γ-diversity, and α-diversity increases at the cost of β-diversity. An interval of regional isolation follows in which lineage splitting results in successful speciation events and diversity increases across all three metrics. Alternation of these two regimes can result in substantial biodiversity accumulation. We tested this conceptual model using a series of case studies from the paleontological record. We primarily focus on two intervals during the Middle through Late Ordovician Period (470–458 Ma): the globally pervasive BIMEs during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) and a regional BIME, the Richmondian Invasion. We further test the conceptual model by examining the Great Devonian Interchange, Neogene mollusk migrations and diversification, and the Great American Biotic Interchange. Paleontological data accord well with model predictions. Constraining the mechanisms of biodiversity accumulation provides context for conservation biology. Because α-, β-, and γ-diversity are semi-independent, different techniques should be considered for sustaining various diversity partitions. Maintaining natural migration routes and population sizes among isolated regions are vital to preserving both extant biodiversity and biogeographic pathways requisite for future diversity generation.


Introducing Benjamin's seminal text, the essay reevaluates its continued relevance and legacy, both in relation to digital technology and in light of more recent writing on politics and aesthetics by writers such as Jacques Ranciere.


Local precipitation in the channel reservoir area is affected by topography and underlaying surface difference,so it is of importance to know the relationship between local precipitation and topography and underlaying surface difference.Based on hydrological recycling and considering changes of flowing path due to topography and infiltration,evaporation,the interception of water by foliage,the authors get the relationship among local precipitation,topography and underlaying surface difference.Taking the Three Gorges Area in Chongqing as an example,the relationship is testified.Results show annual local mean precipitation increases because of underlaying surface difference and topography and the results are approximate to those got from the weather station.


Monitoring traffic on important links allows network administrators to get insights into how their networks are used or misused. Traffic analysis based on NetFlow records or packet header traces can reveal floods, aggressive worms, large (unauthorized) servers, spam relays, and many other phenomena of interest. Existing tools can plot time series of pre-defined traffic aggregates, or perform (hierarchical) "heavy hitter" analysis of the traffic.

Wisconsin Netpy is a software package that goes beyond the capabilities of other existing tools through its support for interactive analysis and novel powerful visualization of the traffic data. Adaptive sampling of flow records ensures that the performance is good enough for interactive use, while the results of the analyses stay close to the results based on exact data. Among the salient features of the package are: hierarchical analyses of source addresses, destination addresses, or applications within aggregates identified by user-defined filters; time series plots that separate the traffic into categories specified with ACL-like syntax at run time; interactive drill-down into analyses of components of the traffic mix; "heatmap" visualization of traffic that describes how two "dimensions" of the traffic relate to each other (e.g., which sources send to which destinations, or which sources use which service, etc.).