Transfer learning through the use of synthetic images and pretrained convolutional neural networks offers a promising approach to improve the object detection performance of deep neural networks. In this paper, we explore different strategies to generate synthetic datasets and subsequently improve them to achieve better object detection accuracy (mAP) when trained with state-of-the-art deep neural networks, focusing on detection of packed food products in a refrigerator. We develop novel techniques like dynamic stacking, pseudo random placement, variable object pose, distractor noise etc. which not only aid in diversifying the synthetic data but also help in improving the overall object detection mAP by more than 40%. The synthetic images, generated using Blender-Python API, are clustered in a variety of configurations to cater to the diversity of real scenes. These datasets are then utilized to train TensorFlow implementations of state-of-the-art deep neural networks like Faster-RCNN, R-FCN, and SSD and their performance is tested on real scenes. The object detection performance of various deep CNN architectures is also studied, with Faster-RCNN proving to be the most suitable choice, achieving the highest mAP of 70.67.


Overall Findings

• Initial response to the machinima by most interviewees was generally positive except for a minority view which would have preferred the use of real actors rather than animated characters.
• Most interviewees were able to identify readily with the characters and setting depicted in the video, and relate the animation to an attempt to replicate a meeting of farmers or other sugar industry stakeholders on a cane farm.
• The length and pace of the video were appropriate.
• Key messages identified by respondents were generally consistent with the informational objectives of the script developed for the machinima except for the lack of clarity about the link to the current climate forecast.
• The target demographic for this product may currently not attract interest from farmers who have a higher level of understanding of climate and production risk.
• Improvements to the machinima graphics would significantly improve the visual appeal of the video for viewers.
• Comments across stakeholder groups indicated that the machinima could be a useful tool to support discussion in the context of climate risk as well as other topical industry issues.
• Development of SMS or Apps as delivery platforms bringing weather and climate data together, customised for the sugar industry would be an asset to the industry.
Summary Recommendations

• Improve the machinima graphics quality.
• Refine machinima setting and characters based on respondent feedback including consideration of an explanation for the use of animated characters rather than real actors.
• Develop and refine an understanding of the target demographic for this product.
• Develop a more explicit and seamless link to the current climate forecast within the machinima.
• Develop further machinima with discussions about other production issues.
• Develop an SMS or App to deliver a refined climate information product and machinima for the end user through further consultation with industry.


Since Current Acceleration Statistical Model is one of the effective models used in maneuvering target tracking.It can be used in IMM algorithm to improve the performance of tracking.This paper present a modified IMM algorithm by using the model probability based on Current Acceleration Statistical Model.The simulation results show the adaptiveness of the approach.


Patients with Crohn's disease may show extraintestinal manifestations, including cutaneous, whose frequency ranges from 2% to 34%. Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease is considered a specific and rare manifestation, since the histopathology reveals granulomatous pattern with the same characteristics of the underlying bowel condition. The objective of this study is to report two cases of metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease confirmed by histopathologic analysis, after excluding other granulomatous skin diseases. Case 1: Adult woman with pruritic erythematous scaly plaques disseminated on the upper limbs. Case 2: Adult man with grayish hyperchromic plaque infiltrated on the left buttock.


WHO's 2000 World Health Report proclaimed the Colombian health care system the highest performing system in Latin America. This favorable assessment was based on Colombia's adoption of "structured pluralism," a model that had been promoted in the 1990's. Colombia was seen as the panacea for what was wrong with the world's health systems. Nothing could be further from reality. What Colombia does provide is the best example of a system providing curative services through private insurance within a regulated market that subsidizes care for the poor. The consequences of this model have been a consolidation of resources in the hands of the insurance companies, the widening of social inequalities, and the abandonment of public health. Even the results in terms of health are meagre. Recent changes to the system, presented as a new "reform," do not attempt to resolve the problems created by regulated competition. On the contrary, they further consolidate the role of financial profit for all stakeholders involved in the insurance market. This further erodes the guarantee of a right to health for the Colombian people.


Objective: To report the anatomical basis and operating method for the reverse island flap in dorsoulnar thumb. Methods: Twenty one fresh cadaveric hand specimens were observed after vascular dyestuff perfusion and arterial casting.Seven specimens of skin in dorsoulnar thumb were underwent HE staining for histological test. Results: (1) The dorsoulnar artery of thumb was derived from principal artery and anastomosed with the palmar arteries of thumb at the dorsal arcade of the proximal nail fold and at the level of the first phalanx neck, collateralled with dorsoulnar cutaneous nerve.Furthermore, the dorsoulnar artery of thumb linked with the vessles beside the ulnar cutaneous nerve of the thumb by "microvascular anastomosis".(2) The dorsoulnar artery of thumb had no closed veins to accompany with. Conclusion: Both Bertlli's dorsoulnar island cutaneous flap of thumb and Brunelli's dorsoulnar flap of thumb are reversely supplied by the dorsoulnar artery of thumb and venous blood flows back through superficial and deep veins at thumb dorsum.But the former has been developed for the latter.


Abstract 4637

Lmo2 is one of the most commonly deregulated oncogenes in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In mouse models, Lmo2 overexpression causes a differentiation block before the onset of T-ALL at a developmental stage that is similar to the block seen in E47 knockout mice. Furthermore, Lmo2 and E47 are part of an oligomeric protein complex in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Since E47 knockout mice also develop T-ALL, it has been hypothesized that Lmo2 may induce T-ALL by redirecting E47 activity away from its normal target genes. We noted downregulation of many E2A targets in Lmo2-induced T-ALL. To directly test whether E47 is required in Lmo2-induced T-ALLs, we transduced four stable T-ALL lines established from Lmo2 transgenic mice with retrovirus expressing E47 fused with estrogen receptor. All 4 lines tolerated stable high- level protein expression of E47-ER with no change in from their baseline growth rates. The E47-ER fusion protein allowed forced dimerization upon treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Tamoxifen treatment increased expression CD4 and other described E2A targets in all 4 T-ALL lines; but two lines underwent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Our data suggest that E47 deficiency is not a universal feature of Lmo2- induced T-ALL and E47 forced expression has differential effects on T-ALL.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


In the early Ming Dynasty, whilst the lord improved the Imperial Examination system, government education institutes were included in it. Therefore, the mode of selecting and cultivating talents came into being. While can meet the students' demand of taking part in the Imperial Examination, the Ancient Academies were excluded by the Imperial Examination system-government education institutes mode. However, with the instructive function of government education institutes gradually declining, ancient academies took on the important task of cultivating talents for Imperial Examination again. Hence, the Imperial Examination system-government education institutes mode changed into the Imperial Examination system-ancient academy mode. Consequently, ancient academies gradually grew up and their quantity and scale both exceed the prior dynasty.


Childhood obesity affects one third of children and adolescents and is expected to increase in coming years. Obesity has been linked to both genetic and environmental factors with more recent research focusing on the role parents play in childhood obesity. The Family Nutrition and Physical Activity (FNPA) Screening tool was developed to provide practical ways to evaluate home obesogenic environments. However, no study to date has examined associations between FNPA scores and child behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine associations between FNPA scores from parents and child reported lifestyle behaviors as assessed by an established self-report tool called the Youth Activity Profile (YAP). There were 464 4 and 5 graders who successfully complete the YAP. Out of the 464 students, 64 parents successfully completely the FNPA with a corresponding student ID number. Correlations were computed to assess associations between parental practices and child's behaviors related to three distinct categories: physical activity (PA), sedentary activity (SA), and nutrition (NUTR). High scores for PA and NUTR parenting practices and low scores for the SA practices indicate healthier parenting practices. High scores for all categories of the YAP indicate healthier behaviors. Within the FNPA survey there was a moderate correlation between positive NUTR practices and positive SA practices (r = 0.51). Within the YAP survey there were negative correlations between PA behaviors and SA behaviors (r = -0.30) and between NUTR behaviors and SA behaviors (r = -0.34, and positive correlations between PA behaviors and NUTR behaviors (r = 0.35). . Between surveys there was a positive correlation between FNPA PA and YAP PA (r = 0.27) and positive correlations between FNPA NUTR and YAP NUTR (r = 0.23). There was a negative correlation between higher FNPA SA scores and negative YAP SA behaviors (r = -0.42). In conclusion, there is a small to moderate association between the home


The purpose of this research was to seek a way to make fully utilize the palaces from the Chosun dynasty as major tourist attractions, by discovering the main selective properties were for visitors to cultural heritage sites, and to enhance the experience for visitors to the palace. Hence, I analyzed how 6 factors-story-telling, palace environment, customer service, convenience, authenticity, and tourist information-affect the satisfaction of visitors to Changgyeong Palace, and based on this data, I was able to some implications and proposals. First, after statistically analyzing the selective properties for visitors to Changgyeong palace, the property where visitors were most satisfied with was palace environment(natural landscape), and the following properties where customers were satisfied were the authenticity of the palaces, storytelling for the cultural heritage sites, customer service, and tourist information. However, convenience did not play factor in visitor satisfaction. Secondly, from this, I could discover that it is necessary to improve all tourist amenities and accommodations, such as improving parking space. Next, by understanding the various intentions and behaviors of tourists, I could suggest a way to continuously improve and develop the selective properties. From these findings, I could propose a direction that will utilize the palace as tourist resources, attracting both existing and future tourists. Thirdly, since the analysis results showed that convenience was the lowest satisfying factor for visitors, improving tourist amenities and accommodations will be a key necessity. By striving to improve the overall programs for palace exhibits based on these implications, palaces will be utilized as tourist resources. Moreover, by enhancing tourist satisfaction, we will be able to increase the number of visitors by giving them a better understanding of our cultural heritage sites.


This chapter presents an overview of global trends in water law through history. It begins with a brief examination of the idea of "law," and follows with a description of the earliest recorded forms of water law. Water law through the centuries has conformed to a limited set of patterns, in part as a response to the characteristics of the resource and in part because of the migration of water law systems from society to society and continent to continent. The chapter then summarily traces the evolution and characteristics of national, supranational, and international water law, how they are related, and where they might be headed. This provides a grounding for other chapters focusing on particular aspects of the history of sovereignty and water law.


The assurance of security within a network is difficult due to the variations of attacks. This research conducts various experiments to implement an Artificial Immune System based Intrusion Detection System to identify intrusions using the Negative Selection Algorithm. This research explores the implementation of an Artificial Immune System opposed to the industry standard of machine learning. Various experiments were conducted to identify a method to separate data to avoid false-positive results. The use of an Artificial Immune System requires a self and nonself classification to determine if an intrusion is present within the network. The results of an Artificial Immune System based Intrusion Detection System achieved high accuracy when the data records were separated by service. The Negative Selection Algorithm created a range and it provided detectors to determine if an intrusion was present based off of the threshold. The threshold is the number of detectors that must be triggered for the system to identify an intrusion. Many services were unusable as they did contain the requirement of both self and nonself data records, that did not overlap. The results were high accuracies in general for the remaining tested services. Disciplines Information Security | Management Information Systems | Technology and Innovation This event is available at DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ccerp/2017/ research/3 Experiments with Applying Artificial Immune System in Network Attack Detection INTRODUCTION Securing information "covers all the processes and mechanisms by which computer based equipment, information and services are protected from unintended or unauthorized access, change, or destruction" (Yang, Li, Hu, Wang, & Zou, 2014). An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) helps to identify a possible malicious attack or odd behaviors within a network (Tavallaee, Bagheri, Lu, Ghorbani, 2009). An Intrusion Detection System applied to the principles of an Artificial Immune System can provide a resolution to the problems that can occur while securing information. This implementation of an Intrusion Detection System differs from the industry standard of implementing machine learning. This research applies an Artificial Immune System (AIS) based Intrusion Detection System to the KDD CUP 1999 Corrected dataset. The KDD CUP 1999 full dataset is primarily used for machine learning. The full dataset's sub-datasets include training and test datasets. The KDD CUP 1999 Corrected dataset was used because it is a smaller dataset than the full data set and it is a testing dataset. The dataset is comprised of normal and abnormal data records. Each normal data record has different features that make it an example of normal traffic flow. The abnormal data records or intrusions have different characteristics that identify them differently. The problem that arises when implementing the Artificial Immune System to the dataset is the makeup of the dataset. The KDD CUP 1999 Corrected dataset is composed of a mixture of different types of intrusions and different normal data records. This research takes a new approach of defining self and nonself by isolating self and nonself of a service. The implementation of the AIS based IDS will be defined below. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM An Artificial Immune System uses the model of a Human Immune System to implement a self and nonself identities (Yang et al., 2014). The AIS model identifies key components of the problem and sets parameters on how to identify that problem (Yang et al., 2014). The Negative Selection Algorithm was the algorithm was used in this experiment to implement an AIS. This algorithm requires classification of self and 1 Cooper: Experiments with Applying Artificial Immune System in Network Att Published by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University, 2017 nonself. This research shows that strict self and nonself classification for intrusions renders higher accuracies to detect an intrusion. Negative Selection Algorithm The Negative Selection Algorithm is a generation algorithm used to create "accurate and efficient detectors" (Yang et al., 2014) that distinguish between self and nonself. The components needed in the Negative Selection Algorithm are the threshold, number of detectors, and the number of features. The number of detectors and threshold relationship resemble the antigen and antibody relationship within the Human Immune System. In humans, an antigen is any substance that causes an immune system to produce an antibody that acts in response of the antigen (Yang et al., 2014). An antibody is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Similar to the Human Immune System, the AIS detects its version of an antigen, the intrusion, by the Negative Selection Algorithm. The threshold is what determines an intrusion. The artificial body uses the sensory attribute of the Negative Selection Algorithm whereby a specified number of detectors tripped will cause the data record to be classified as an intrusion. Figure 1 illustrates a normal Human Immune System. Figure 2 illustrates a Human Immune System with an antigen (yellow circle). The antibodies (arrows pointed to cell) are attacking the antigen to protect the immune system. 2 KSU Proceedings on Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice, Event 3 [] https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ccerp/2017/research/3 Figure 3 shows an Artificial Immune System with normal activity. Figure 4 is an illustration of an Artificial Immune System with an abnormal cell (yellow circle). The circles in this figure represent detectors within the system. The arrow represents the threshold variable used to identify an intrusion.


In this paper a systematic approach to the analysis of cross-cultural competence is used. A brief description of crosscultural competence components currently accepted in Russian and foreign science is given, i.e. communicative competence, discourse competence, strategic (compensatory) competence, pragmatic competence, linguistic (linguo-communicative, linguistic) competence, speech (illocutionary) competence, social competence, socialcultural competence, sociolinguistic competence, cultural competence, regulatory competence. The universal components of cross-cultural competence of interpreters are defined; their characteristics and didactic content are presented. The definitions of the following concepts are given: cross-cultural competence of interpreters, linguocommunicative competence, social competence, ethno-cultural competence, self-competence. The conclusion is made that cross-cultural competence can be considered as a system that integrates in its structure interconnected and interdependent components.


Objective:To assess the clinical significance of microvessel count in human hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods:The microvessels in the tissues of hepatocelular carcinoma were labeled and counted with CD34 S-P immunohistochemistric technique in 74 cases.Results:Microvessel count of the patients with low differentiation and high histological grading was higher than those with good differentiation and low histological grading. MV count of the patient with vascular infiltration was higher than those without vascular infiltration(P0.001). MV count of the patient with intrahepatic multiple foci was obviously higher than those with single focus. MV count of the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in stages Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳa was obviously higher than those in stage Ⅰ(P0.01 or P0.001).Conclusion:MV count in the tissue of the hepatocellular carcinoma is in close relation to the histological characteristics,and has relations with the stage of the liver carcinoma,intrahepatic vascular infiltration and the number of intrahepatic focus. The higher of the density of the microvessel,the worse of the prognosis. The intrahepatic metastasis is easily to occur.


The process of detecting a target begins with comparing a radar measurement with a threshold. Measurements exceeding the threshold are associated with returns from a target, and measurements below the threshold are associated with thermal noise or other interference sources including intentional jamming and background returns from terrain and bodies of water. The detector threshold is selected to achieve the highest possible probability of detection for a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and probability of false alarm. A false alarm occurs when, in the absence of a target, a source of interference produces a measured value that exceeds the detection threshold. A radar system is designed to achieve and maintain a specified probability of false alarm. False alarms drain radar resources by appearing as valid target detections requiring subsequent radar actions and thus degrade system performance. If the statistics of the interference are known a priori, a threshold may be selected to achieve a specific probability of false alarm. In many cases, the form of the probability density function (PDF) associated with the interference is known, but the parameters of the distribution are either unknown or change temporally or spatially. Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors are designed to track changes in the interference and to adjust the detection threshold to maintain a constant probability of false alarm.


Grounding systems are very important for the safe construction of a substation or a simple building. This paper examines various methodologies for the calculation of different grounding systems, including single rods, rodbeds and grids. In addition, the use of a Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation in the analysis of grounding systems is presented. Both 2D and 3D models are created in order to get an accurate field calculation. Test cases include both uniform and two layer earth structures. The results obtained by the FEM calculations are compared to those obtained by analytical methods, providing useful information about the most suitable methodology for the calculation of the grounding resistance.


Slavery has deep roots in the rise of American capitalism, and two recent publications have made significant contributions toward our understanding of howhuman bondage shaped the growth of theUnited States' economy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Accounting for Slavery: Masters and Management, by Caitlin Rosenthal, and Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development, edited by Sven Beckert and Seth Rockman, each explore traditionally overlooked aspects of slavery's connection to business innovation and American capitalism and present readers with a fuller—and perhaps more complicated—narrative of the ties between enslavement and the economy. Accounting for Slavery is a well-written and thoroughly researched book that offers significant insight into the development of accounting practices and scientific management on Southern and West Indian plantations. Rosenthal demonstrates how the incorporation of standardized account books enabled planters to keep detailed records of their operations, and makes it clear these printed books were an innovative technology that helped spur the growth of improved accounting practices among slaveholders. Additionally, she argues that some Southern and West Indian plantation owners incorporated modern management techniques into their daily operations much earlier than what the traditional narrative states, possibly making these owners some of the earliest businessmen to do such a thing. Rosenthal also suggests that slaveholders were uniquely suited to embrace advanced accounting practices thanks to both the complete control they had over their slaves and the access theyhad to a steady supply of human chattel.


Abstract: The inter-relationships between poverty and nutrition are well known; poverty restricts access to food required to meet daily requirements or ensure dietary diversity and thus leads to malnutrition, while malnutrition can adversely affect educational and economic attainments, thus perpetuating poverty. Locally available foods which contains various nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, essential amino acids (lysine, metheonine, valine etc.), "Preparation of Low Cost Value Added Indian Desserts (Pancake)". with the objectives to determine the nutrient composition of malted wheat flour, malted barley flour, puffed amaranth seed flour, sweet potato flour, carrot flour and acceptability of value added prepared products by the incorporation of malted wheat flour, malted barley flour, puffed amaranth seed flour, sweet potato flour, carrot flour at different levels, to assess the organoleptic evaluation which were serve as treatment T1 (30g malted wheat flour,20g malted barley flour,20g sweet potato flour,20g carrot flour,10g puffed amaranth seed flour), T2 (25g malted wheat flour,20g malted barley flour,30g sweet potato flour,15g carrot flour,10g puffed amaranth seed flour) and T3 (20g malted wheat flour,20g malted barley flour,40g sweet potato flour,10g carrot flour,10g puffed amaranth seed flour) respectively, and "Pancake" was served as treatment T1 (30g malted wheat flour,20g malted barley flour,20g sweet potato flour,20g carrot flour,10g puffed amaranth seed flour), T2 (25g malted wheat flour,20g malted barley flour,30 g sweet potato flour,15g carrot flour,10g puffed amaranth seed flour) and T3 (20g malted wheat flour,20g malted barley flour,40g sweet potato flour,10g carrot flour,10g puffed amaranth seed flour) without incorporation of "malted wheat flour, malted barley flour, puffed amaranth seed flour, sweet potato flour, carrot flour" (T0) served as control. They were replicated three times for all three products and orangoleptic evaluation was carried out using the nine point hedonic scale. Nutritional composition was calculated using the different chemical analysis procedure; data obtained during investigation were statiscally analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and critical difference (CD) techniques. On the basis of findings, was concluded that in case of "Pancake" incorporation level of treatment T2 (25g malted wheat flour, 20g malted barley flour, 30g sweet potato flour,15g carrot flour, 10g puffed amaranth seed flour) scored the best with regard to colour and appearance, body and texture, taste and flavour, overall acceptability. The cost of products based on raw materials (Rs/ 100g). The cost of the (Pancake) ranged between Rs 8.9 to Rs 11.45. Nutrient analysis of the products showed an increase in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium and iron content when compared with control. On the basis of findings we concluded that the products for prepared by incorporating malted wheat flour, malted barley flour, puffed amaranth seed flour, sweet potato flour, carrot flour at different levels were at par with control/ conventional food products as well as improve the iron, fiber and calcium content. These food products are beneficial for malnourished children. Keywords: Malted Wheat, Malted Barley, Puffed Amaranth seed, Sweet Potato, Carrot, Pancake, amino acid.


This paper's objective is to investigate the display fatigue quantitatively according to watching 2D and 3D videos on the display. Though it has been known commonly that display fatigue by 3D is greater than one by 2D, there have been few researches with an aim to measure display fatigue scientifically. Flicker fusion frequency and cybersickness degree were measured before/after sixteen subjects(Male 8, Female 8) watch the 2D, 3D images. Two dependent variables affected by 2D and 3D videos were analyzed and compared statistically based on scientific evidences and researches. 3D showed a value 4 times as much as 2D in cybersickness increase rate ,and the reduction rate of 3D was 2 times as much as that of 2D.


The properties of nano-titania and SiO2-coated nano-titania are compared by usingultraviolet absorption spectrometry (UV) and particle size distribution. All data of UV shieldingcapability, average size and size distribution and ζ-potentials show that the properties of modifiednano-titania have had improvement in dispersion, stability and solubility in acid, etc. Experimentalresults show that UV shielding capability of TiO2 is best under percentage of SiO2/TiO2 being 5%.


Benzidine with hydrogen peroxide has been the usual stain for haptoglobins after electrophoresis in starch gel. This has the advantage of staining only heme-containing complexes, but the bands diffuse rather rapidly after staining. Prompt reading and photography of the stained gel is thus necessary, but often inconvenient, and various attempts have been made to preserve the original sharpness of the stained bands. This report describes a method of counterstaining with amido black, a modification of the procedure described by GIBLETT and STEINBERG [l], which preserves the stained bands indefinitely without staining other proteins. The gel is stained with benzidine hydrochloride, as described by SMITHIES [Z] except that 0.5 ml H,O, (20 vol.%) is used instead of 0.5 ml H,O, (30 vol.%). It is washed for 5 to 10 min with a solution consisting of five parts of 95% methanol, five parts of water and one part of glacial acetic acid until the gel begins to turn white. The wash solution is then replaced by 30 to 40 ml of fresh wash solution containing 0.007% amido black 10B, and the tray containing the gel is rotated a t 75 t o 100 rpm for 15 to 20 min. Then the gel is kept overnight in fresh wash solution. The counterstaining with aniido black intensifies the staining of the haptoglobin bands, as well as fixing the position of the stain. Fig. 1 shows a gel photographed 60 days after staining with benzidine and counterstaining with amido black as just described. (The (1-2 globulin in No. 9 and No. 11 have lightly stained with amido-black which accounts for the apparently unusual haptoglobin phenotype unfortunately, black and while photographs do not distinguish between blue and black stain.) It appears probable that insoluble crystals of bcnzidine-amitlo black complex are formed at the site of the original haptoglobin bands


A symmetry-extended Maxwell treatment of the net mobility of periodic bar-and-joint frameworks is used to derive a sufficient condition for auxetic behaviour of a 2D material. The type of auxetic behaviour that can be detected by symmetry has Poisson's ratio −1, with equal expansion/contraction in all directions, and is here termed equiauxetic. A framework may have a symmetry-detectable equiauxetic mechanism if it belongs to a plane group that includes rotational axes of order n = 6, 4, or 3. If the reducible representation for the net mobility contains mechanisms that preserve full rotational symmetry (A modes), these are equiauxetic. In addition, for n = 6, mechanisms that halve rotational symmetry (B modes) are also equiauxetic. Introduction. – Auxetic materials (auxetics) have the property that when stretched in one direction they expand in a perpendicular direction, that is, have a negative Poisson's ratio. Their proposed uses include applications in medical, safety and sensing areas [1–5]. Auxetic deformations are closely related to dilatancy in granular matter [6,7], negative normal stress in e.g. biopolymers [8] and the negative Poisson's ratio observed in crumpled crystalline surfaces and membranes [9, 10]. Auxetic properties are also known to affect physical properties, such as phonon dispersion and wave propagation or attenuation [11–13]. The focus of many theoretical treatments of auxeticity is the identification of mechanisms at the microscopic level that are able to account for the macroscopic behaviour of auxetic materials and meta-materials. These typically involve modelling of a structure in terms of a system of hinged rotating rigid polygons [14–16] or, in a complementary approach, as an infinite bar-and-joint framework. The bar-and-joint model has been used to compile a catalogue of the auxetic properties of periodic tessellations of the plane [17–19]. One striking observation that emerges from examination of this catalogue is concerned with the functional form of the Poisson's ratio for different 2D auxetic frameworks. There are two distinct patterns. In many cases, Poisson's ratio, ν, the negative of the ratio of transverse to longitudinal strain, is a function of the amount of strain. However, in some cases ν is constant and is equal to −1 for all values of strain, the unit cell changes in size but not shape, and the auxetic behaviour for displacement along this mode is isotropic (equiauxetic). A material for which Poisson's ratio attains its limiting value of −1 has also been called maximally auxetic [20]. Many examples of what we are calling equiauxetic behaviour have been described [21–25]. From the catalogue [17], it is also clear that equiauxetic behaviour is associated with frameworks that have certain symmetries. The catalogue contains examples of equiauxetic frameworks with p6mm symmetry at equilibrium, where the displaced structure retains p6mm, p6 or p31m symmetry. Other examples have symmetry p4mm, where the displaced structure retains p4mm or p4 symmetry. The aim of the present paper is to give a general explanation for these observations, and to derive a symmetry-based sufficient criterion for equiauxetic behaviour of a 2D framework. The treatment is based on Maxwell counting for bar-and-joint and body-and-joint frameworks, extended to take symmetry into account [26], as recently adapted to cover periodic frameworks in both 2D and 3D [27]. A symmetry basis for equiauxetic behaviour. – The qualitative idea needed to explain the proposed connection between symmetry and equiauxetic behaviour in 2D relies on the fact that the only affine deformation of a continuous body in 2D that has rotational symmetry of order greater than 2 is a uniform expansion/contraction. Consider any deformation mode of the unit cell that preserves a rotation axis of order 3 or more. This deformation must be associated with equal strain in all directions, implying a Poisson's ratio of −1 for the mode in question,


We study the integration operator, the differentiation operator and more general differential operators on radial Frechet or (LB) Hormander algebras
of entire functions. We analyze when these operators are power bounded, hypercyclic and (uniformly) mean ergodic.


In December 2019, the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in China spread worldwide, becoming an emergency of primary international concern. The SARS‐CoV‐2 infection causes clusters of severe respiratory illness, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Human‐to‐human transmission via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces has been described, with incubation times of 2‐14 days. Early diagnosis, quarantine, and supportive treatments are essential to cure patients.[1]


This paper analysed the basic principle of Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD)method in non-stable signal processing,completed the separation of the actual current data,and tested the validity of using EMD to decompose tidal current and residual current in different situations of 720hours,25hours,and 15hours.The comparison showed that EMD method was effective for separating tidal and residual current,Especially the short-term current data within 15 hours.


Providing an article to be sterilized for washing, sterilizing, sterile storage and transport container. The container includes a sleeve and a frame adapted to receive items to be sterilized. The container includes at least one opening to allow filtration type sterilization device between the sterilization chamber and in communication, so as to communicate steam and air. In a first configuration, the front and rear walls of the frame to form a sleeve engaging the sterilization chamber. And storage containers can be stacked in any direction. In a second configuration, abuts against the frame or fitted on the sleeve to allow pick and place and use of the sterilized items. The container may comprise one or more openings to communicate between the sterilization apparatus and the sterilization chamber, and one or more filters of the plurality of adjacent openings.


Pulsed Nd:YAG laser with maximal power 150 W is used in our laboratory to cut, drill and weld metal and non-metal thin materials to thickness 2 mm. Welding is realized by fixed processing head or movable fiber one with beam diameter 0,6 mm in focus plane. Welding of stainless and low-carbon steel was tested before and results are publicized and used in practice. Now the goal of our experiment was optimization of process parameters for aluminum that has other physical properties than steels, lower density, higher heat conductivity and surface reflexivity. Pure alumina specimen 0,8 mm and Al-Mg-Si alloy 0,5 mm prepared for butt welds. Problem with surface layer of Al2O3 was overcome by sanding and chemical cleaning with grinding paste. Critical parameters for good weld shape are specimen position from beam focus plane, pulse length and energy, pulse frequency and the motion velocity that determines percentage of pulse overlap. Argon as protective gas was used with speed 6 liters per second. Thermal distribution in material can be modeled by numerical simulation. Software tool SYSWELD makes possible to fit laser as surface heat source, define weld geometry, and make meshing of specimen to finite elements and compute heat conduction during process. Color isotherms, vectors, mechanical deformations and others results can be study in post-processing.


Pituitary glands of adult male lizards (Anolis carolinensis) were studied in an effort to monitor seasonal cytologic changes quantitatively. Cells were identified immunocytochemically and on the basis of ultrastructural characteristics.


Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is the most comprehensive approach for the quantitative profiling of proteins, their interactions and modifications. It is a challenging topic as a firm grasp requires expertise in biochemistry for sample preparation, analytical chemistry for instrumentation and computational biology for data analysis. In this short guide, we highlight the various components of a mass spectrometer, the sample preparation process for conversion of proteins into peptides, and quantification and analysis strategies. The advancing technology of MS-based proteomics now opens up opportunities in clinical applications and single-cell analysis.


The invention provides an intelligent ecological greenhouse system based on solar light supplement and geothermal insulation. The system comprises a greenhouse, a water accumulation and feed device, a fertilization device, a solar light condensation device, an optical fiber receiver, an optical fiber light splitter, a light supplement lamp, a solar photovoltaic generation device, a geothermal pump, hot water heat-radiating fins, a water curtain cooler, a CO2 generation device, a constant-flow ventilating window, a temperature sensing device, a humidity sensing device, a photosensitive sensor, a video monitor device, a CO2 sensing device, a rainwater collection pool, a storage battery, a power supply controller, an inverter, a control host, a monitor, a mains supply and the like, wherein electric power of a solar photovoltaic module and electric power of the mains supply are respectively supplied to the geothermal pump and the control host as well as a water feed pump and the light supplement lamp; and the control host respectively receives different signals of the temperature sensing device, the humidity sensing device, the photosensitive sensor and the CO2 sensing device to control respective terminal devices, respectively performs light supplement, temperature insulation, watering, fertilization and CO2 adjustment, and carries out remote monitoring at the same time.


Under technologically relevant oxygen-rich conditions, the reaction mechanism of CO oxidation over transition metals can be complicated by the formation of oxides. Questions of whether the active surface for CO oxidation is a pristine metal, a surface oxide, or a bulk oxide is still under active debate. In this study, density functional theory calculations are used to model CO oxidation on the Pd(111) surface. Our results show that a thin layer of Pd5O4 surface oxide is stable under catalytically relevant gas-phase conditions. Three-fold oxygen atoms in the surface are found to react with gas-phase CO molecules following an Eley–Rideal reaction mechanism. Such CO oxidation reduces the surface oxide, but the oxide can be replenished by O2 dissociation. Kinetic analysis shows that experimentally observed reaction conditions, that are uninhibited by CO and limited only by mass transfer, correspond to a surface oxide phase with CO oxidation occurring though the Eley–Rideal mechanism. Under steady-state operat...


This study aims to quantitatively summary the characteristics of synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC), postoperative mortality, long‐term prognosis, and prognostic effects of potential clinical parameters in patients with sMPLC after surgery.


The production of cement liberates the equal amount of CO2 into the environment. This will results in various social and environmental problems. There is a need in determining the new cement materials from waste or industrial waste. Second, the extraction of natural aggregates from natural resources poses other environmental problems. So in this article, the experimental programme is conducted to determine the strength and durability performance of cement partially replaced with Metakaolin (MK) (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) and coarse aggregate substituted by shredded plastic waste (SPW) at 0.5% by weight. The main objective of this article was limited to analyzing the strength parameters along with the durability parameters.


In a method of detecting arc discharge in a glow-discharge apparatus GD that has a high-frequency power source PS, a cutting pulse is output for time T1 to the high-frequency power source PS to stop a supply of power to the glow-discharge apparatus GD, when dVr/dt - dVf/dt increases over a first level, where Vf and Vr are a traveling-wave voltage and a reflected-wave voltage applied to the glow-discharge apparatus GD, respectively. Arc discharge is determined to have developed in the glow-discharge apparatus, when Vr/Vf increases to a second level or a higher level within a preset time To after the supply of power to the glow-discharge apparatus is stopped.


Proteolysis microfluidic chip and a preparation method belongs CHIP BACKGROUND microfluidic, particularly as a gel based on silicon oxide graphene composite film of the present invention. Graphite by chemical oxidation and ultrasonic dispersion to obtain an aqueous solution of graphene oxide, silica sol and the silane positive hydrolysis of ethyl ester, is injected into the surface of the PMMA microfluidic channel by silica gel treatment is, after a certain time out solution and dried to obtain a modified silica gel modified with a graphene oxide composite film microfluidic chip. Then, injection of 1- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -3- passage in a mixed solution of ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride and N- hydroxysuccinimide, and the upper surface of the channel graphene oxide activated carboxy, followed by injection of a solution of trypsin and other proteases, protease fixed by a covalent bond to give proteolysis microfluidic chip. Microfluidic chip of the present invention is a protease preparation having a pyrolysis reactor hydrolysis time is short, low sample consumption and cost advantages.


Considering the facts of homeland enterprise and personnel applying enterprise model, a new enterprise modeling framework is proposed on the basis of some existing enterprise modeling frameworks and view representative methods. In succession, the views contained by this modeling framework and representative methods of those views are introduced.


Discovery and characterization of fungal enzymes capable of degrading lignin have suggested the study of simpler compounds to mimic these enzymes. Use of these so-called biomimetic compounds has been extended to applications in bleaching wood pulp. Attempts to bleach pulp with biomimetic compounds have so far failed to demonstrate that these compounds are selective catalysts for pulp delignification. To be feasible as bleaching agents, such compounds must be selective, i.e. demonstrate high reactivity toward lignin without severely damaging carbohydrates. The goal of this thesis was to evaluate the selectivity of three biomimetic systems. The systems investigated were ferrous sulfate, ferrous ion chelated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and hemoglobin, all in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. A polymeric, homogeneous model system has been used to represent wood pulp. Lignosulfonate and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) were chosen as water-soluble, polymeric models for lignin and carbohydrate. Molecular weight changes of these substrates were measured by High Performance Size-Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) and viscometry, respectively. When these substrates were individually exposed to each biomimetic compound in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, substantial degradation of both lignin and carbohydrate model compounds was observed. Rates of lignosulfonate and HEC degradation were separately determined and compared for each biomimetic catalyst. Hemoglobin was found to be the most selective for lignosulfonate degradation over HEC degradation. In addition, hemoglobin was found to be the most effective for catalyzing the oxidation of lignosulfonate versus decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen. During these reactions the production of hydroxyl radicals was measured using a chemiluminescence assay. Although hemoglobin interfered with this assay, results from the


This note describes an experimental study in which the phenomena influencing the development of patterns of skin friction in a very long, slender pile driven progressively deeper into two compacted clays were investigated. The study was accomplished through model tests in which the range of the pile-soil relative stiffness was representative of the range for many prototype friction piles. The state of effective stress along the piles was not simulated due to the restricted size of the model and lack of an apparatus to apply appropriate depthwise variable confining pressures.


The z = 2.286 IRAS galaxy F10214 + 4724 remains one of the most luminous galaxies in the Universe, despite its gravitational lens magnification. We present optical and near-infrared spectra of F10214 + 4724, with clear evidence for three distinct components: lines of width ∼ 1000 km s −1 from a Seyfert 2 nucleus; ≲ 200 km s −1 lines which are likely to be associated with star formation; and a broad (∼ 4000 km s −1 ) C iii] 1909-A emission line which is blueshifted by ∼ 1000 km s −1 with respect to the Seyfert 2 lines. Our study of the Seyfert 2 component leads to several new results. (i) From the double-peaked structure in the Lya line, and the lack of Lyβ, we argue that the Lya photons have emerged through a neutral column of N H ∼ 2.5 × 10 25 m −2 , possibly located within the AGN narrow-line region, as proposed for several high-redshift radio galaxies. (ii) The resonant O vi 1032, 1036-A doublet (previously identified as Lyβ) is in an optically thick (1:1) ratio. At face value this implies an extreme density ( n e ∼ 10 17 m −3 ) more typical of broad-line region clouds. However, we attribute this instead to the damping wings of Lyβ from the resonant absorption. (iii) A tentative detection of He ii 1086 suggests little extinction in the rest frame ultraviolet.


In the process of high flow rate fracture and high gas production, the sealing performance of the premium connection decreases due to the dynamic load and vibration of downhole tubing strings, which may cause accidents. Existing static analysis methods cannot effectively explain this phenomenon. The main objective of this paper is to propose a novel analytical method for evaluating the sealing performance of a premium connection. In this paper, a dynamic model of sealing surfaces of the premium connection is established based on the vibration equation of elastic rod, and the hysteresis characteristics and energy dissipation mechanism of sealing surfaces are analyzed. Considering the influence of spherical radius, internal pressure, axial cyclic load amplitude, and modal vibration, a spherical-conical premium connection finite element model is established to analyze the influence laws of the connection's energy dissipation and sealing performance. The results show that the sealing performance of the premium connection under dynamic load can be effectively analyzed by using energy dissipation theory compared with traditional static contact analysis. Compared with the vibration of the tubing string, the dynamic loads caused by the change of fluid pressure and flow rate in the tubing string have a significant influence on the connection's sealing performance. When the internal pressure and axial cyclic loads are 80 MPa, 400 kN, or 60 MPa and 500 kN respectively, serious plastic deformation occurs in the thread and sealing surfaces, and the energy dissipation of the sealing surfaces increases significantly, which could lead to sealing failure.


Russia ranks first in gas proven reserves in the world holding a 27% of total reserves equal to 48 Trillion cubic metres (Tcm) of gas. It is the first gas producer and is expected to become the first and most important exporter of gas in the world. Russian gas reserves are located in West Siberia (77%), the Ural and Volga region (8%), East Siberia (3%) and the so-called Russian Far East (3%). Off-shore resources are estimated at another 8% as potential reserves.


Technologies being used to produce animals providing meat and dairy products are viewed by some people as meaningful. Two technologies receiving scrutiny in agriculture are feeding food animals beta agonists to improve weight gain and cloning animals to secure offspring with specific traits. The technologies enhance the productive capacities of animals so that fewer resources are needed to produce meat and dairy products. Yet consumers are not sure they want food products with beta agonist residues and produced from clones. In overseeing the safety of food products and animals, legislators and regulators in the United States (US) and European Union (EU) have developed contrasting provisions overseeing the usage of these technologies. An evaluation of heuristics involving information and experiences with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and animal production technologies offers support in explaining the US's and EU's divergent provisions.


When the photon energy of an incident light is close to E 0 +Δ 0 of Hg 1-x Cd x Te, we observe the resonant Raman scattering, "forbidden" resonant enhancement Raman scattering and the second-order resonant Raman scattering. We have analyzed the reason why we can observe the weak "forbidden" TO 2 mode from the principal (100) face of Hg 1-x Cd x Te in the case of no resonant scattering; and also analyzed the reason why the "forbidden" TO 2 mode from the principal (100) face of Hg 1-x Cd x Te increases significantly in the case of no resonant scattering. According to our analysis, we find that the second-order resonant Raman scattering by two LO phonons is caused largely by the interband Fr?hlich interaction.


In the Middle East today a grave and complex situation has developed as a result of a number of errors committed by those who are vitally concerned in the stability of that area. The Middle East is a meeting place of three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa. Through it pass the lines of sea and air communication between Europe and South-East Asia and, further on, Australia. And, therefore, if communications are to be maintained between Europe, South-East Asia and Australia, the strategic importance of the Middle East cannot be underestimated. Lying at the crossroads of communications, it is the route for the supply of Australian and South-East Asian raw materials to industrial plants in Europe. Middle East oil supplies form the backbone of West European economy, and provide the energy which works the machines and sustains the lines of communications in West Europe. The importance of the Middle East, from the point of view of the West, is thus obvious. Its importance to the communist bloc is not so great, and generally results from the strategy built up by the West in the Middle East. The frustration of Western economic interests in this area, if Soviet influence were successfully established in it, is of major consideration for the Soviet Union. If these two blocs facing each other are suspicious of and hostile to each other, it is quite obvious that whatever is of importance to the West is of equal importance to the East. Thus the Middle East has become an area of conflict in the struggle for power. Western statesmanship should have foreseen the dangers which might arise from this situation and pursued a policy of gaining the goodwill of the Middle East.


To the Editor.— The CASE REPORT, "Trimethoprim-Induced Aseptic Meningitis," by Dr Derbes 1 published recently inThe Journaldescribes a patient with Sjorgen's syndrome who, on several well-documented occasions, exhibited an allergic response or hypersensitivity to trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. While the patient clearly manifested central nervous system (CNS) signs and symptoms after taking sulfa drugs, the author does not demonstrate that the exudate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was related to or caused by its administration. The abruptness and rapidity of onset of neurologic symptoms following the use of trimethoprim strongly suggest that her response was probably vascular in origin. In contrast to Dr Derbes' statement, our recent studies demonstrated that aseptic meningitis occurs commonly in patients with Sjogren's syndrome. 2,3 Patients with Sjogren's syndrome frequently have polymorphous inflammatory infiltrates in the leptomeninges, and characteristic atypical mononuclear cells are usually present in CSF. The neurologic symptoms associated with the polymorphous meningitis of


Abstract Based on experiments with model systems of known organic water pollutants and environmental samples, conclusions are reached concerning the best general solvent for extraction and the most appropriate methods for related manipulations. Chloroform, methylene chloridether mixtures, and methylene chloride are the best solvents for general extraction purposes. Methylene chloride is recommended. Most samples should be extracted first at basic and then acidic pH. The analyst has very little control over emulsion formation through choice of solvent or by pH adjustment, but continuous liquid-liquid extractors overcome most emulsion problems. For highest recovery of extracted pollutants, extracts should not be treated with drying agents before concentration. Final evaporation of extracts using a micro-Snyder column is recommended over evaporation with a steam of inert gas.


Taylor and Francis EDP_A_543013.sgm 10.1080/02680939.2011.543013 Journal of Education Policy 0268-0939 (pri t)/1464-5106 (online) Book Review 2 11 & Fran is 600002 11 Professor MegMaguire meg.magui @kcl.ac.uk Concerns, conflicts and cohesions: universalization of elementary education in India, edited by Preet Rustagi, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2009, 350 pp., £25.99 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-19-806024-6


On April 12, 1973, The Jewish Quarterly, in association with the Committee for Jewish Culture, presented a lecture by Reuben Ainsztein on the 30th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The lecture took place at the John Power Hall, St Jame's Square, London, with Mr David Astor, editor of The Observer, in the chair. It was preceded by the reading of a chapter from Katzenelson's poem, 'The Song of the Murdered Jewish People', in an English translation, given by the Israeli actor, Ilan Reichler ben Neria. Mr Ainsztein, who is the author of a two-volume work on the 'Jewish participation in the Polish and Soviet Resistance Movement during World War II', shortly to be published by Elek, reminded his audience of 'the conspiracy of silence surrounding Polish-Jewish relations during the years of the Final Solution', As far back as 1958 that silence was broken for the first time by an article he had written which, thanks to Mr Astor, had been published in The Twentieth Century. Prior to that, and since then, M...


This article presents a methodology for LPV (Linear Parameter-Varying) control system design. A weighted sum of robust LTI (Linear Time-invariant) controllers is employed, where the weights are adapted on the base of an estimation of the radius of the reel. Robust stability of the loop is guaranteed. Performance of the LPV control system is analyzed and compared with a LTI H∞ controller and a PID controller. Experimental results show that the LPV controller offers better performance in terms of stationary state error and rejection of disturbances.


A wearable equipment for generating electric capacity input can include signal generation ware, transmitter, reach at least one transmission electrode. At least one transmission electrode can be configured as the primary importance on the surface that communication was coupled to the health. The signal generation ware can be configured as the formation signal of telecommunication. The transmitter can be configured as via at least one electrode transmission the surface of the signal of telecommunication to health for in case the signal of telecommunication leaves the health, through the capacitive sensor detectable signal of telecommunication. In one or more embodiment, wearable equipment can further include at least one telluric electricity field, and this telluric electricity field is configured as provides the elder sister and younger brother return circuit and communication is coupled to the second place on the surface of the health that is different from the primary importance.


College is the undivided part of the society and so its air.Besides,it is the place where students acquire knowledge and touch with the society.For this meaning,the college should provide students with professional air and make the talent nurture match with the demand in company.


Temperature measurement in a pulse tube is important to understand the gas behavior in particular. However, it has not been measured with few exceptions. In this paper, we propose temperature measurement in a pulse tube with Rayleigh scattering. Rayleigh scattering is elastic scattering of light quanta from molecules or small particles. The gas temperature can be calculated from Rayleigh-scattering light if the gas behaves according to the ideal gas law and the pressure of the gas is known. This method has the following advantages: (1) Temperature is measured without disturbing the flow in the pulse tube; (2) there is little time delay for measurement; and (3) a two-dimensional temperature image is presented. The disadvantages are: (1) Stray light interferences cause some errors in measurement; and (2) an excimer laser is needed. We installed an experimental system in a clean room and measured Rayleigh-scattering light using a CCD camera. A new energy-monitoring method contributed to improvement in measurement precision. We demonstrated that the temperature under static pressure conditions can be measured with a standard deviation of less than 1.7%. Furthermore temperature measurement under a steady flow with a thermocouple agrees approximately with that measured by Rayleigh scattering. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the temperature can be measured under oscillating pressure conditions.


Refill drinking water depots are in great demand in society because the price of drinking water is relatively lower. This condition showed that the drinking water quality in depot managers needs more attention. Sanitation hygiene of drinking water refill depots is considered to reduce the factors that cause contamination of drinking water. This study aimed to analyze the sanitation of refill drinking water depots.


Kinematical and dynamic characters of tracked vehicles steering at a high speed are concerned.Considering influence of inertial force,tracks' skid and slip,this paper deduces the formulas about propelling force of outer track,brake force of inner track and turning resistance moment.The method of calculating turning radius and the turning angular velocity is presented.An example is given.Conclusions can be used to evaluate the steering ability of tracked vehicles and guidethe operations when steering at a high speed.


Spinal cord injury (SCI) most commonly occurs at the cervical level and can interrupt descending neural pathways, causing paralysis of the diaphragm, as well as profound breathing motor difficulties which threaten survival and greatly decrease quality of life. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) treatment is often utilized in preclinical models to attenuate breathing motor deficits resulting from cervical SCI by inducing a prolonged increase in respiratory motor output known as long term facilitation (LTF), a form of breathing motor plasticity. IH typically consists of the repeated, alternating exposure of a subject to consistent and equal 5‐minute periods of hypoxia and normoxia and thus can be fittingly termed fixed interval intermittent hypoxia (FIH). FIH exhibits similarity to the psychological construct of operant conditioning in which the increased incidence and persistence of a desired, spontaneous behavior is trained through reinforcement. As such, each interval of hypoxia can be construed as the period during which the subject responds with heightened respiratory drive and is subsequently reinforced by an interval of normoxia. Provided that IH is a form of operant conditioning, it can be optimized through application of seminal psychological findings which established variable interval schedules of reinforcement as more effective than fixed interval schedules for learning. Therefore, using the duration of the hypoxic interval as our independent variable, we hypothesize that varied interval intermittent hypoxia (VIH) treatment will induce a greater, more prolonged increase in respiratory motor output than FIH after injury. We utilized the C2 hemisection injury model in rats and treated with VIH or FIH for 5 days at 1‐week post‐injury. Following treatment, we conducted diaphragm electromyograph recordings to assess breathing motor recovery within each animal by comparing baseline activity to maximal output induced by nasal occlusion, occurring immediately after cessation of IH treatment. Preliminary results show that 1‐week post‐injury VIH treated animals exhibited recovery on average equaling 33.87±7.89% as compared to the 19.28±6.02% recovery in FIH treated animals (differences nonsignificant by unpaired t‐test, p>0.05 with uncertainty shown as standard error of the mean). These data suggest that VIH may induce more increased and prolonged recovery than FIH in post‐injury models. Ongoing work includes evaluation of VIH treatment in animals at 8 weeks after injury and will expand outcome measurement timepoints to include 1 week after cessation of treatment to interrogate the persistence of induced recovery. Additionally, further exploration will focus on the molecular markers present within the phrenic motor nucleus of the cervical spinal cord and on the development of IH paradigms based on breathing frequency.


As a promising non-volatile memory, Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) has attracted the attention from both academics and industries due to its high-density, non-volatile, CMOS process compatibility and low leakage current, etc.. However, non-negligible error rate that exists in STT-MRAM should be paid attention since the MTJ device is two-terminal-ones with the same current path shared by write & read operations. And the error occurrence rate of STT-MRAM shows an obvious asymmetric, where the memory cell storing data 1 is more fragile than the cell storing data 0. This asymmetry arouses the requirement on the new strategy of error correction code (ECC). The traditional ECC approach applied on FLASH can't be used on STT-MRAM anymore. In the paper, a weighted error correction approach (WECC) is proposed, which includes the influence of the asymmetric error rate on STT-MRAM and achieves more efficient error correction. Simulation results show that WECC strategy can reduce the error rate by 3.5 times compared to the traditional BCH ECC approach. Also, the energy consumption of WECC is reduced by 3%. The proposed WECC can be used for the error correction of the novel non-volatile memories with asymmetric storing property.


An investigation of the experiments of wind tunnel for grid fins is conducted by choosing different frame cross section shape and thickness and web thickness of grid fin at supersonic speed M ∞=2.521,in order to research the characteristic of grid fin drag reduction. The results show that the frame of grid fin has the greatest effect on the grid fin drag characteristics,the grid fin drag may be reduced effectually by selecting appropriate frame cross section shape and thickness of grid fin.


We calculated the degree of isospin fractionation (N/Z)n/(N/Z)Nfrag by using the isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model (IQMD), where (N/Z)n and (N/Z)Nfrag are the saturated neutron to proton ratio of nucleon emissions and that of the fragment emissions respectively. In general, the observable in nuclear reaction is very sensitive to impact parameter. So it is interesting to investigate the dependence of (N/Z)n/(N/Z)Nfrag on the impact parameter b. Fig.1 shows the value of (N/Z)n/(N/Z)Nfrag as a function of impact parameter b for four different cases:


Huajuhong (Exocarpium Citri grandis, ECG) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine and has been used for the treatment of respiratory diseases for hundreds of years. Recently, ECG has been listed in a traditional Chinese medicine formula in the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (sixth edition) in China. To date, the effect and mechanism of ECG against respiratory diseases have not been systematically reviewed. In this paper, the researchers summarized the effects of ECG and its pharmacologically active compound naringin in functioning as an antitussive and expectorant, improving lung function, alleviating acute lung injury, attenuating pulmonary fibrosis, and enhancing antiviral immune response, so as to provide a reference for its clinical application in the prevention and treatment of multiple respiratory diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019.


— The role of the testing process cannot be denied in the diagnosis and treatment of patients' diseases in medical facilities today. The results from this process help doctors and nurses in medical centers make a preliminary and detailed assessment of symptoms and provide a specific course of treat- ment for their patients. In addition, these results are stored as a patient's medical record that serves as a reference for subsequent therapies. However, the storage of this information (i.e., paper-based, electronic-based) faces some difficulties for both approaches. Especially for developing countries (i.e., Vietnam), this process encounters some major obstacles at health centers in rural areas. Many centralized/decentralized storage methods have been proposed to solve the above problem. Besides, the current popular method is patient-centered (all information shared is decided by the patient) can solve the above problems and be applied by many research directions. However, these methods require the user (i.e., patient) to have a background in security and privacy as well as the cutting-edge technologies installed on their phones. This is extremely difficult to apply in rural areas in developing countries where people are not yet conscious of protecting their personal information. This paper proposes a mechanism for storing and managing test results of patients at medical centers based on blockchain technology - applicable to developing countries. We build a proof-of-concept based on the Hyperledger Fabric platform and exploit the Hyperledger Caliper to evaluate a variety of scenarios related to system performance (i.e., create, query, and update).


Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic, relapsing inflammatory diseases characterized by exacerbations and remissions of the gastrointestinal tract, clinically manifested as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The etiology of IBDs is considered to be multifactorial, comprising environmental, immune, microbial and genetic factors. Clinical signs may include abdominal pain, frequent bloody diarrheas, mucorrhea, vomiting, fever, fatigue or weight loss. Males and females have a different predisposition for the development of intestinal disorders, like the inflammatory bowel disease. This review paper discusses the difference of gender in inflammatory bowel disease. Gender medicine has allowed, in recent years, to solve many diagnostic and therapeutic problems of female and male health.


With the rapid development of information technology, the application scope of intelligent technology is increasingly expanding. Intelligent recognition technology has become a new trend in the reforming of foreign language teaching. This paper introduces the functional design and application of "Automatic Speech Evaluation System of Professional English for the Navy". Through the analysis and comparison of the standard degree, correct degree and frequency of use of English pronunciation, the corresponding data results are output to promote the students' learning and mastering of practical English in the Navy and improve the learning effect.


This paper proposes an analysis and evaluation method for a human motion skill proficiency. In this method, the skill proficiency of individual human is analyzed and evaluated from its time series action force. The action force data of a skill is recorded at first. To record the data, master-slave robots on which bilateral control is implemented are utilized. By using the recorded data, skill proficiency is analyzed from two aspects. One is skill accuracy and the other is skill repeatability. Finally, the skill proficiency of individual is evaluated quantitatively by employing graph theory. For skill evaluation, a pocket billiard robotic system is constructed. The proposed method is applied to the evaluation of a pocket billiard stroke motion. The experimental results validate that the proposal abstracts one's skill characteristic, which indicates skill proficiency.


From the Publisher:
Going for your MCSE? Use this new MCSE Testing Guide to make sure you're ready for the NT Server 4 in the Enterprise exam. The book provides summaries of the essential topics, and includes more than 600 with detailed answers and more than 150 sample test questions. The CD includes a test-simulation program for getting ready to take the computer-based exams, and the Network Press MCSE Study Guide Sampler.


ABSTRACT – 37 patients with diabetic neuropathy were randomized into 2 equal groups and given daily doses of 200 mg or 50 mg of Sorbinil® ‐ a potent aldose‐reductase inhibitor ‐ in a double‐blind 4‐week period between 2 periods on placebo. The purpose was to assess the role of the drug on various neurophysiological parameters and its clinical effect. No difference was shown either in the placebo periods compared to Sorbinil treatment or between the 2 groups on the neurophysiological parameters but there was a statistically significant effect on overall subjective well‐being. The drug had no side‐effects in the present study.


Optical code division multiple access (CDMA) maps low information rate electrical or optical signals into high-rate optical sequences to achieve random, asynchronous multi-access. In optical CDMA, many nodes transmit simultaneously in the same frequency band. Accordingly, signals must be designed to reduce interference. In order to reduce interference among signals to acceptable levels, their bandwidth would be several orders of magnitude greater than the information bandwidth 1/T of the digital modulation; T being a bit duration. In order to do this, each bit is sub-divided into a number of binary "chips". The chip sequence constitutes a code that permits a bit stream broadcast on a network to be selected by means of a correlation process at the receiver destination. A large number of chip codes can be assigned to different users. The set of optical sequences essentially becomes a set of address codes or signature sequences for the network. The advantage of CDMA is that it is a true tell-and-go protocol. When one node wants to send traffic to another node, prior coordination is required only with that node. Multiple users can simultaneously access the channel with no waiting time, in contrast to other asynchronous protocols like CSMA or CSMA/CD where each user must wait for the channel to become idle before gaining access. A CDMA network is also highly scalable and modular.


In his book The Ends and Means of Welfare, Australian economist Peter Saunders attempts to move from a "welfare sociology" to a "sociology of the welfare state" (or, more precisely, to a sociologically sensitised "political economy of welfare"). His research is concerned with the operations of the welfare state and attempts to locate it within the wider functioning of the economy and society. The New Zealand comparison that leaps to mind is with the (late great) Royal Commission on Social Policy (1988), which attempted to fulfil a grander purpose: not only to examine the New Zealand welfare state, but to completely rework the institutional design of New Zealand society. Whatever the lessons researchers in New Zealand might draw from the Australian welfare experience, or from Saunders's analysis of that experience, I hope that the main impetus we gain from his book is to think more broadly about the welfare state, perhaps using the wider framework Saunders develops.


A new method using multidimensional change template analysis guided by GIS knowledge is proposed in this paper. The new method combine the use of quad-tree change detection template and GIS knowledge. It has been used to detect change among different temporal digital orthophoto maps (DOM) and then update image database. Test results show that this method is effective reliable and robust in many cases.


Abstract In this paper we introduce a control method for generation of oscillations in electronic converters. The main novelty of the new control strategy is the lack of reference signals. This is accomplished by a feedback law associated to a Lyapunov function which guarantees the stability and robustness of the system. The method is illustrated by means of a boost converter system. Simulations show the performance of the closed-loop systems.


The pulse oximetry circuit and its sensing system is designed based on the standard CMOS technology of 0.18um. The reflection oxygen sensor is used to collect the pulse oximeter signal of human body, then the collected physiological signals are processed by the data processing circuit The data processing circuit is composed of two parts: the amplifying circuit and the band-pass filter circuit, and the pulse oximeter data processed by the data processing circuit is written into the tag through the SPI communication The RFID reader read the data in the RFID tag through wireless communication, and display the data . The experimental results show that the maximum error is ±1%. The maximum error of the pulse is ±1.9%. The stability and feasibility of pulse blood oxygen sensing system is demonstrated in this paper and it will have a good application prospect in the direction of wearable medical wisdom research.


By administering a peptide comprising a neoepitope, eg an AA fragment from the C-terminal region of AA, and an antibody specific for the neoepitope of aggregated amyloid protein, eg an antibody specific for the C-terminal region of AA fibrils, A method useful for performing prevention or treatment of amyloidosis, including AA amyloidosis and AL amyloidosis. An antibody for performing prevention of amyloid disease or treatment of amyloid disease by increasing the suppression and / or elimination of the formation of amyloid deposits in a patient.


This study uses the Networked Knowledge Activities (NKA) framework to examine social media archival data for evidence of learning-related actions across six major social networking sites (SNS). Findings show that while the NKAs are present on and fostered by the tools available on most SNS, most non-verbal indicators of NKAs provide insufficient reliable evidence of a networked knowledge activity. User intent, which is not detectable unless articulated in a message by a user, must be known to accurately use SNS archives to measure networked knowledge activities. We recommend combining this approach with user surveys or interviews within the studied knowledge network to improve accuracy and better understand social media knowledge activities.


Taiwan has witnessed a turning point in its policies on external affairs since Ma Ying-jeou took office. This paper first analyzes the main contents of Ma's "diplomatic"thinking and propositions; then it explores the background and objectives of these propositions as well as their basic features; finally it briefly discusses their implications and prospects. Ma Ying-jeou proposes to resolve the issue of "Taiwan's international engagement"through consultation and negotiation based on the"1992 Consensus",to abandon the "Scorched Earth Diplomacy"exercised by the DPP authorities and to explore"Taiwan's international engagement"by flexible and pragmatic means,all of which helps ease the tension and even confrontation between both sides across the Taiwan Strait in the international arena. Meanwhile,Ma's proposition to expand Taiwan's "international space"and"international personality"on equal footing with the Mainland will also exert certain negative impact on the"peaceful development"of the cross-Straits relations. It is yet to be seen as to how far Ma's"Flexible Diplomacy"can proceed in the future.


(57) Abstract: a stimulator for spinal fusion comprises an embedded get so somatic portion between the fusion cage 12, 14, or other body part between the fixing device into the disc space of a patient's spine, the preferred embodiment in, bodily portion between the fusion cage includes a hollow body having an inner surface and an electrically conductive outer surface conductivity. Stimulation device comprises a constant current generator 10 connected to the body portion between the fusion cage, also the stimulation device, when implanted, the surface current density of at least 1 .mu.A / cm


It's a need for students training to construct the student-oriented teaching pattern.The key of applicating for the pattern is to realize the position and function of teachers in this teaching pattern correctly.


The World Fairs provided a stage for various countries to showcase their architecture. In Spain the debate on national forms of expression highlighted the pr...


The previous chapters have discussed innovative development finance (IDF) primarily from the perspective of donors and the global community as a whole. At least as important, however, is the perspective of recipient countries: the key issue is development impact, which can be assessed only at the country level.


The hybrid edge detection is the new approach for obtaining information from a specific application like aerial urban remote sensing images. A new edge detection operator is proposed, which is a hybrid one. In this paper, canny filter with scale multiplication and ant colony optimization techniques are identified and implemented for better performance. The output of initial stage edge detection methods analyzed with basic canny edge detection and performance improvement is identified on different application scenario. The result of first stage on different application is given input for the ant colony optimization. Canny edge detectors based on scale multiplication combined with ant colony optimization method result are analyzed. The evaluation is done using different quantitative performance measure on the three standard images.


Quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks have been studied extensively because of their attractive properties, which are useful in many applications. One desirable property is perfect reconstruction, i.e. in the absence of any channel modifications the filter bank transfer function should be a pure delay. The process of designing filter banks having this perfect reconstruction property is not easy due to the restrictions imposed on the filters. In addition, in some applications such as adaptive filtering, there are problems with using QMF banks due to the aliasing introduced in the output. This is the motivation for developing the modified filter bank structure presented in this paper, which has in addition to the main decimated nonoverlapping subbands a narrowband auxiliary channel that is not decimated. This structure offers advantages in ease and flexibility of design, and it is shown to have a computational complexity comparable to that of conventional QMF banks. Applications in adaptive filtering and subband coding are mentioned.<<ETX>>


Bunch and berry size are important quality criteria for table grapes, and bunch weight is used in estimation of vine yield. The Berry Analysis Tool (BAT), a machine vision technique, was trialled for use in estimation of berry count, diameter and weight, to support estimates of 'hen and chicken' disorder and vineyard yield. Berries were spread on a plate for imaging. BAT estimates achieved a r2 = 0.99 on berry number per bunch, r2 = 0.98 on average berry minor axis and r2 = 0.99 on bunch weight. Based on an allometric relationship between lineal dimensions and weight, these attributes were used to estimate the proportion of under-size ('chicken') berries per bunch, and bunch weight. The estimated bunch weight multiplied by a number bunches per vine provides an estimation of vine yield. Use of the BAT as a decision support tool in table grape farm management is described.


Part 1 Head and neck: cleft lip and palate orthodontics in cleft lip and palate facial clefts deformities of the jaws lips, tongue and floor of mouth the orbital region Down's syndrome encephalocoele hydrocephalus craniosynostosis craniofacial dysostosis orbital hypertelorism congenital deformities of the nose reconstruction of microtia and acquired auricular defects correction of prominent ears buried mattress sutures skull and midface injuries mandible and dental injuries nasal reconstruction tumours of the jaws tumours of the orbit facial atrophy hemifacial hypertrophy facial paralysis the neck congenital defects of the scalp psychological management of children with facial deformity the use of 3-D imaging in facial deformity. Part 2 Trunk: spina bifida reconstruction of the spinal canal by osteomuscular flaps hypospadias epispadias and exstrophy of the bladder hermaphroditism and problems of sexual definition sacrococcygeal teratoma, dermal sinus and postanal pits breast and chest wall deformities. Part 3 Limbs. Part 4 General: cutaneous, melanocytic naevus vascular anomalies burns tissue expansion microsurgery anaesthesia. Index.


The paper discusses the sociological analysis of the problem of territorial clusters. Problem is formulated according purposes of sociological research on the life cycle of the cluster. Formulated approaches to the sociological study of different life cycle stages of the cluster.


Using field survey and literature analysis method from 2014-2015, taking Beijing Tianshou cemetery and the Babaoshan peoples cemetery as the research object, we study the characteristics of plant landscape of the cemetery of modern city. The results show: many pine and cypress trees and native plants are planted in the two cemeteries. Integration of Chinese and Western, beautiful scenery and good ecological-environment are the plant landscaping characteristics of Tianshou cemetery; but the people Babaoshan cemetery are simple and solemn. Through investigation, we suggest the plant landscape of modern cemetery would take the all the cemetery and its surrounding three dimensional space as canvas, garden plants and natural landscape as conception and color elements, plant landscape design as painting brush, Chinese traditional funeral culture as painting soul, construct ecological and culture grave yard.


The different amplitudes contributing to the decay of Bs into J /ψϕ (µ + µ − K + K − ) can be studied with a combined analysis of the decay time and angular correlations. An analysis based on the LHC data collected by the ATLAS detector in 2011 and with initial B -meson flavour tagging is presented, improving the accuracy in the CP-violating phase ϕs compared to the untagged analysis.


Parking-lines recognition is the precondition in vehicle automatic parking system. A Parking-line Detection Method Based on Edge Direction is proposed. Transform the gray images into edge images using median filter, edge detection. Pick out linear edges in the edge images using Hough transfer. Define the signs of linear edges and propose their determinant algorithm. Based on the algorithm, determinate the sign of each linear edge and recognize the parking-line according to the sign of each linear edge. The experimental results show that this algorithm is of the reliability and can satisfy real-time request.


The control system of the insertion devices (IDs) at the Photon Factory storage ring (PF ring) has been renewed in accordance with the high-brilliance project of the PF ring. It consists of a workstation and VME systems, which are linked to dedicated user PCs in the SR experimental hall. Each user of the IDs can change the magnetic gap independently by accessing this workstation during their SR experiment. The closed-orbit affected by changing the gap is corrected using correction magnets system located at both ends of each ID. The vertical fluctuation of the gradients of the photon beam axis is suppressed to less than 2 /spl mu/rad.


Prolonging event-free survival of AML with autologous activated immune cells is a promising concept. GD-T cells are a rare circulating lymphocyte population (1%) and a component of the innate immune system capable of exerting anti-neoplastic activity. Their role as potential anti-cancer immune effector cells deserves further exploration. It is noteworthy that GD-T cells are over-represented in reactive regions surrounding melanoma lesions. While patients with an accumulation of GD-T cells showed a survival benefit over those who did not, such increases were not present in patients with metastatic disease and high tumor cell burden (Bachelez, J. Invest. Dermatol.98:369,1992). Little is known about the role of GD-T cells as immuno-effectors, their absolute numbers in peripheral blood or the feasibility of purifying functional GD-T cells from patients with AML. We are interested in testing the clinical feasibility of using GD-T cells freshly purified from PB against minimal residual disease in AML. As a first step towards achieving this goal, we compared circulating GD-T cell levels sequentially in 33 AML patients with 20 healthy adult volunteers. We used ultra-low volume multi-color flow-cytometry and microbeads to measure absolute numbers of GD-T cells in PB. Functional studies were done by the chromium release assay and single-cell intra-cellular interferon-gamma detection. We observed that AML patients with a high leukemic blast cell burden (e.g. prior to chemotherapy) had marginally decreased GD-T cell levels compared with healthy controls: median 38/μl, Q1-Q3, 27–86/μl, versus median 83/μl, Q1-Q3, 45–122/μl, respectively, p= 0.051. We re-examined the AML patients at several time points after induction therapy and observed significantly increased numbers of GD-T cells in patients with lower but detectable residual disease (either molecular maker positive or borderline bone marrow blast infiltration by morphology) compared to patients with persistently high blast cell burden: median 105/μl, Q1-Q3, 105–133/μl versus median, 7/μl, Q1-Q3, 6–15/μl; p=0.008. Patients with residual disease also showed significantly higher numbers of absolute GD-T cells per microliter blood compared to those retested after they had achieved complete remission (CR); p=0.0025. In CR, GD-T cell counts remained lower than those of healthy individuals: median 33/μl, Q1-Q3, 22–35/μl versus median 83/μl, Q1-Q3, 45–122/μl; p=0.030. Interestingly, we found a sharp increase (on average, 4.9-fold higher than values obtained in CR) in GD-T levels at the time of very early morphologic (n=3) or molecular relapse (n=2). Hence, we were interested in studying the functional properties of the GD-T cells from AML patients. We were able to isolate functional GD-T cells from the PB of patients with AML in CR-1 in sufficient numbers and purity to assay for interferon-gamma and found that similar numbers of GD-T cells expressed the Th1 cytokine compared with healthy controls: 84% versus 93% of all GD-T cells, respectively. We also showed that GD-T cells were able to kill leukemic target cells (AML-OCI2) in vitro more efficiently than CD3+ T cells. Our data suggest that further studies to investigate the potential therapeutic role of autologous GD-T cells in patients with AML in CR are warranted.


Based on the actual project-running performance,the paper emphatically analyzes some key factors during the IC's start-up stage. They are pH value,temperature,COD/SO2-4 and volume load.The project treats sapogenin wastewater adopting the technology of "two-phase anaerobic digestion with three stages" +aerobic digestion +coagulating sedimentation and oxidation decolor.The project practice results show that the COD fell from 356 600 mg/L to 3 500 and the chromaticity from 298 mg/L to 60.The treated discharge fulfills the discharge standard of pollutants for sapogenin wastewater.


After a period of relative obscurity, around 1890 Cezanne's art began to receive critical attention from an ever expanding group of commentators-the artist's old impressionist companions, his new symbolist admirers, and a diverse body of critics and journalists. This mass of early Cezanne criticism is by no means univocal and includes statements on the artist and his art which are in radical opposition to one another. Yet there seems to be a surprising degree of conformity in the early descriptions of the appearance of Cezanne's paintings. In other words, numerous commentators saw the same group of stylistic characteristics as significant, but their interpretations of the meaning or intention behind these definable stylistic elements diverged widely. In general, nearly all the early commentary can be categorized as describing Cezanne's art as if it were the product of either impressionist or symbolist concerns. I propose to demonstrate that, contrary to the prevailing twentieth-century interpretation,1 the impressionist view of Cezanne's art more nearly corresponds to his own intentions as he revealed them through both his stylistic choices and his theoretical pronouncements


Abstract:The aim of this study was to analyze the features of retracted articles by authors affiliated with hospitals in mainland China. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Retraction Watch databases for retractions and identified the following characteristics of each retracted article: publisher, open access status, impact factor of the journal that retracted the article, any PubPeer comments recorded before the retraction, status of the hospital where the authors worked, and any response to the retraction from the authors. We found 521 retractions, primarily by authors at grade A, third-level hospitals located in a limited number of regions of mainland China, and found that the journals that had published and later retracted the articles tended to have a medium to high impact factor. The main reasons for retraction were data manipulation, fabrication, or fraud; errors made by the authors; or plagiarism. Few of the retracted publications had PubPeer comments before their retraction. This is the first report to focus on retracted research coming out of hospitals in mainland China. The large number of retractions for Chinese hospitals is worrying. The results suggest that some retractions were related to third parties that provided editorial and other services.


The research situation,existing problems and the direction of development of high solid content epoxy anticorrosion coatings,solvent free epoxy anticorrosion coatings and water-based epoxy anticorrosion coatings at home and abroad were introduced and the development trend of these three kinds of environmental protection epoxy coatings was proposed.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether the modulatory effects of blueberries on cell proliferation induced by Swedish snus in the rat forestomach epithelium is mediated via abrogation of the PI3K/Akt/NFκβ signalling axis that regulates cell fate decision.

METHODS
The transcript and protein expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis as well as canonical PI3K/Akt/NF-κβ signalling pathways were analysed by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting and ELISA. Expression profiling of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that influence PI3K/Akt/NF-κβ signalling was undertaken. TUNEL assay was performed using flow cytometry.

RESULTS
Administration of snus induced basal cell hyperplasia in the rat forestomach with increased cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. This was associated with activation of PI3K/Akt/NFκB signalling. Coadministration of blueberries significantly suppressed snus-induced hyperplasia. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms revealed that blueberries suppress the phosphorylation of Akt, NF-κB and IKKβ, prevent nuclear translocation of NF-κB and modulate the expression of microRNAs that influence PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signalling.

CONCLUSION
Taken together, the results of the current study provide compelling evidence that blueberries exert significant protective effects against snus-induced soft tissue changes in the rat forestomach epithelium that is mediated by inhibiting key molecular players in the PI3K/Akt/NF-κβ signalling axis. Long-term studies on the impact of snus exposure on various cellular processes, signalling pathways, and the interplay between genetic and epigenetic mechanisms are however warranted. The results from this investigation may contribute to the development of protection against soft tissue changes induced by smokeless tobacco in the human oral cavity.


Different geometrical and topological properties have been shown for two kinds of extreme Reissner-Nordstr$\ddot{o}$m-anti-de Sitter black holes. The relationship between the geometrical properties and the intrinsic thermodynamical properties has been made explicit.


In the theory of text understanding,presentlogy focuses on the close relevance of historical context,presence paths and forms of text presence,and emphasizes that understanding text depends on the investigation between original context and contemporary re-presence context,which are the presence conditions and also the historic structure of text meaning. Simultaneously,it also depends on the investigation between presence path and forms.Presentlogy,which insists on the principle of "one body with two wings",grasps the new forms of text meaning represence constantly by different historical context and the changing presence path,and becomes the understanding paradigm of keeping pace with the times. Consequently,compared with hermeneutics which isolates necessary link between historical context and thought presence,presentlogy becomes a new paradigm of understanding text with more scientific,predictable and explanatory power.