It is hardly a revelation to speak of the prominence of time as an originating force in modern poetry. Since at least Fritz Strich's book of 1922' we have been aware of the dominant significance of history and temporality in the texture of romantic thinking; and the omnipresence of the theme of melancholy and "Verganglichkeit" in 19th-century poetry, especially of the second rank, is a critical commonplace. My argument is concerned with neither of those subjects, although it offers ways of linking them. What I want to demonstrate, through examination of specific texts, is the structural force of the time-experience, the possibility that through it a balance, a transforming mutuality, of self and world can be achieved. Both self and world have a built-in tendency to withdraw from each other, to retreat within their own systems: the lyric text is fuelled by the imperative need to counteract this tendency, to achieve both the celebration of world and an escape from the everthreatening sterility of the self. With Heinz Schlaffer I see the modern time-experience as essentially post-romantic; even as they inaugurated temporality as the basic epistemological principle, the romantics remained temperamentally within an older, more generalized cosmology.2 But already in Heine's "Still ist die Nacht, es ruhen die Gassen" (from Die Heimkehr, 1824) we enter a world where the experience of time draws the human mind inward to the details of otherwise commonplace emotions and ordinary domestic surroundings. The negativity of the experience seems overwhelming; the romantic beliefs in history and "Progressivitat" collapse into fixation on pastness and loss, with a culminating disaster in the Doppelganger-experience itself: man confronts his image in the mirror and the one element in his life that had seemed to link him with community and meaning, namely temporal continuity, has become a mockery and an emptiness. The mirror-experience taunts the poem's speaker, transforming time into an hallucination uprooting man from a stable world that derides him. And yet it can only be within this seemingly negative dimension that any kind of mutual reinforcement of self and world can be imagined. Just how narrow the aperture is through which a temporal self can reach a temporal world is conveyed by a juxtaposition of Eduard Morike's


Recently, many colleges and universities are trying to send their students to the English speaking countries in order to enhance their communicative abilities. This study aims to find out whether the study abroad program will help students to improve their English abilities. This study explores the experiences of 22 Korean college students participating in an English camp which was held from July 6. 2009 to August 1, 2009 in Shelton College International in Singapore. The results of the study shows that students could have more opportunities to speak English. Students are feeling that their English abilities were improved due to the stay in the ESL circumstances. Their experiences will have a positive effect on the English learning when they are back to Korea. Students could obtain a lot of confidences, resulting in the reduction of the fear of English.


Brillouin scattering properties in rare-earth-doped fibers, including Nd3+-doped, Tm3+-doped, Sm3+-doped, and Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped fibers, can potentially be controlled at high speed by pumping, but there has been no report on their detailed investigations. In this study, the Brillouin gain spectra (BGS) in such rare-earth-doped single-mode fibers are measured, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, at 1.55 μm without pumping, and the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) and its dependences on strain and temperature are investigated. Clear BGS was observed for the Nd3+-doped and Tm3+-doped fibers, but BGS was not detected for the Sm3+-doped and Ho3+/Tm3+ co-doped fibers probably because of their extremely high propagation losses at 1.55 μm and small Brillouin gain coefficients. The BFS of the Nd3+-doped fiber was ~10.82 GHz, and its strain and temperature coefficients were 466 MHz/% and 0.726 MHz/K, respectively. As for the Tm3+-doped fiber, the BFS was ~10.90 GHz, and its strain and temperature coefficients were 433 MHz/% and 0.903 MHz/K, respectively. These measurement results are compared with those of silica fibers.


This chapter surveys the Humanistic script in Italy from its origins around the year 1400 in Florence, its emergence in the Veneto and in Lombardy, and its spread to all parts of Italy in the second half of the fifteenth century. Important figures who contributed to the creation of the the new "littera antiqua", in particular Niccolò Niccoli and Poggio Bracciolini, are discussed, as is the development of a new style of decorated initial, the white vine stem capitals, and new majuscule alphabets, to accompany the new text script. The author also treats major patrons, the contributions of Guarino Veronese to the distinctive Venetian style of "littera antiqua", and the creation of cursive humanist scripts and more authentically ancient majuscules alphabets based on epigraphic monuments.


A kind of ultrasonic dispersion method was used to prepare 1~4 μm ornidazole powder.The effect of the stabilizer(aerosol OT,AOT) and polar solvent on the particle size distribution and morphology were studied.SEM,FTIR were used to study its properties,which confirmed that AOT had a significant effect on the size distribution and morphology.The products had a narrow size distribution with regular morphology,chemical stability and a rapid dissolution rate.


Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, which is strongly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.

 is to study the prevalence of CAN in diabetic subjects with retinopathy

 Ninety subjects participated in the study. They were classified into three groups (Group I: 30 (T2DM) patients with diabetic retinopathy, Group II: 30 (T2DM) patients without retinopathy, Group III: 30 non diabetic volunteers). All patients were evaluated for detection of CAN (Basal Heart Rate, Supine and erect systolic blood pressure variation, Tilt Table Test), diabetes-related micro vascular complications (retinopathy), micro albuminuria (A/C Ratio).

 The prevalence of CAN (using tilt table test) is significantly higher (P = 0.004) in Group I compared to Group II and III. The percentage of positive tilt table test in Group I (43.33%), while in Group II (10%). In Group I, CAN prevalence is higher in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) compared to non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) (P = 0.007). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that in T2DM, the odds [OR (95% confidence intervals)] of CAN increased with diabetes duration [4.99 (1.46-17.09)], A/C Ratio [9.99(2.41-41.36)].

 This study indicated that DR and micro albuminuria could predict CAN. The results suggest that fundus photography and clinical assessment (A/C RATIO) may be an alternative to autonomic function testing when Tilt Table Test is unavailable


Using the classical Lie method of infinitesimals, we first obtain the symmetry of the (2+1)-dimensional Burgers–Korteweg-de-Vries (3D-BKdV) equation. Then we reduce the 3D-BKdV equation using the symmetry and give some exact solutions of the 3D-BKdV equation. When using the direct method, we restrict a condition and get a relationship between the new solutions and the old ones. Given a solution of the 3D-BKdV equation, we can get a new one from the relationship. The relationship between the symmetry obtained by using the classical Lie method and that obtained by using the direct method is also mentioned. At last, we give the conservation laws of the 3D-BKdV equation.


Logging activities will have an impact on crop structure, composition, and species diversity. The research results showed that the composition and crop structure at each location were heterogeneous, as indicated by a very stable species diversity index. The types crop structure at the level of seedlings, stakes, poles, and trees from each location were also heterogeneous. There were, however, some of the same types encountered which dominated the locations of 2005, 2010 and 2015 such as Shorea sp, Dipterocarpus borneensis, Calophyllum inophyllum, Dehaasia sp., Syzygium sp. The stand density at the site in 2005 was lower compared to the two locations in 2010 and 2015, while the location of 2010 had the highest species density of 10,800 species/ha. The highest INP (Important Value Index) value in five species of plants in three locations was dominated by Shorea sp by 48.2%. The high level of species diversity (H ') indicated that the site has good habitat, good soil fertility, and good climatic conditions. However, the value of species richness index (R) was low with R <3.5. The value of species evenness index (E) was quite evenly distributed across three locations due to the vegetation structure where plant species grow strongly for the survival of different plant species at each growth level such as seedlings, stakes, poles, and trees.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of participation in an integrated intensive stuttering program (IST) on stuttering behavior, intelligibility and communication attitude, at individual and group levels. Five children aged eight to twelve years participated in the study. Stuttering behavior and intelligibility were judged by two independent students in speech and language pathology based on a total of eight video recordings, before, during and after therapy. Communication attitude was measured by the Swedish version of the self-report questionnaire Communication Attitude Test (CAT-S). At an individual level, the initial stuttering profile and the changes shown during and after the IST varied. At a group level, a significant decrease in stuttering frequency and a significantly higher level of intelligibility were found, after as compared to before therapy. Three participants had a more negative and two a more positive communication attitude after as compared to before therapy. The results of this study indicates that IST for children might have a positive effect on the participants' stuttering behaviors and intelligibility.


The present invention discloses a processing technique of a tin bronze valve body and a pipe joint which comprises a modification processing of tin bronze, extruding and forging of the unburnt earthenware, forging and so on. The tin bronze is metamorphosed and modified by the present invention by adding rare earth to purify and RE-Li-Bi alloy composite modifier to refine the crystal grain and improves the scalability of bronze and addresses the tin bronze sealing problem. The forging of an unburnt earthenware piece is a technique which is light and fast at the beginning, heavy and slow in the middle and is formed by tapping in the brittle region. The processes of forging the original unburnt earthenware, extruding the unburnt earthenware, forging the tin bronze valve body and producing a pipe joint are integrated; the work which needed a plurality of months at the beginning is capable of being integrated and finished in a production cycle, so the processing accuracy is increased; the process is simplified; the production efficiency is improved and the production cost is reduced. The present invention is mainly used for the bronze valve which is provided with the dimension of 3/8 inches to 4 inches and the series components for forging the pipe joint.


The folk temples in Minnan District have been showing vitality for hundreds of years,with their unique forms,charming artistic factors and belief connotation mingled with the folk psychology.Their artistic factors are fully reflected in architecture,sculpture,paintings,doublets,music and so on.Their artistic features can be expounded as follows.First,popularization: gods have been popularized so that gods and humans are mixed together,which shows the down-to-earth characteristics of Minnan people.Second,ethicality: the religion,art and ethic are permeated into each other.Third,regionalization: the folk temples have the regional features.Last,combination: all the artistic forms are combined and utilized.


The results reveled that the major economic practices were preparation of land, water management, weed control and pest and disease management. Maximum labour absorption was in harvesting (56.98 per cent) followed by irrigation (13.68 per cent) and preparation of setts (7.15) and planting (7.76 per cent) in planted crop on the pooled farms. that the tractor use was 10, 12 and 11 hours per hectare on small, large and combined farms respectively. Transportation of inputs accounted for 100 per cent of total tractor hours on all the farms. The application of chemicals to control weeds on small, large and combined farms was 1, 1.20, 1.10 litres per hectare respectively. The use of rodenticides was to the extent of 8, 10 and 9 kg per hectare on small, large and combined farms respectively. Introduction: Sugarcane is a major commercial crop consuming more labour force for planting. In India, during 2011-12, the area under sugarcane crop was 5.09 million hectares with a total production of 347.87 million tonnes (Directorate of Economics and Statistics & Ministry of Agriculture, 2012). The sugar industry is the second largest agro industry in India, next to textiles. In Andhra Pradesh, Sugarcane is grown in 2.40 lakh hectares. It is largely grown in Vishakapatnam, West Godavari, Medak, Chittoor, Krishna, Vizayanagaram, Nizamabad, Srikakulam and Nellore Districts with 90 per cent of the area under this crop. About 167.30 lakh tonnes of sugarcane is produced in the state (2011-12) (Directorate of Economics and Statistics &Ministry of Agriculture, 2012). From this about 11, 18000 tonnes of sugar is produced. Sugarcane planting is a time consuming and labour intensive operation in sugarcane cultivation. In the traditional method in India, all the sugarcane cultivation processes are carried out by manual labour except land preparation. Sugarcane planting requires manual power and a pair of bullock or a tractor with ridger to plant sugarcane setts in one hectare on an average. Materials and Methods The present study was undertaken in Nellore district as it is one of the important districts of Andhra Pradesh in sugarcane cultivation. The study was based on primary data collected from randomly selected four villages namely Kovur, Gangavaram, Rebala and Buchireddypalem which stood first and second respectively under sugarcane cultivation. From the selected two mandals, a list of villages under sugarcane crop was arranged in the descending order of their acreage. The first two villages from each mandal with highest area under the selected enterprise were selected for a detailed study. The selected villages were Kovur and from Kovur mandal and and Buchireddypalem from Buchireddypalem mandal. From each of the selected villages, 20 farmers in each size group were selected at random. Thus 40 small and 40 large farmers constituted the sample of the study. The total number of sugarcane growers selected for the purpose of study was 80. The data used in the study to fulfill various objectives were collected from the selected farmers through personal interview with the help of pre-tested schedules designed for the purpose. Results and Discussion Costs include the expenditure on various inputs and input services employed in the production process are given below. Human labour Utilisation Human labour is one of the important input services influencing the cost structure. Every cultural operation requires human labour for its successful completion. The operation wise human labour utilisation in sugarcane main and ratoon crop is presented in Table.1. Table-1: Human labour utilisationoperation wise in sugarcane cultivation (in mandays per hectare) Sl. No. Particulars Main Crop Ratoon Crop Small Large Combined Small Large Combined 1. Land preparation 12.50 (3.62) 14.20 (3.83) 13.35 (3.73) 2. Application of manures 8.04 (2.32) 9.50 (2.56) 8.77 (2.45) 5.04 (1.95) 6.00 (2.16) 5.52 (2.06) 3 Preparation of setts 24.90 (7.20) 26.33 (7.11) 25.61 (7.15) 4 Planting and pressing 25.64 (7.42) 29.90 (8.07) 27.77 (7.76) 5 Application of fertilizers 9.08 (2.63) 12.64 (3.41) 10.86 (3.03) 6.08 (2.35) 8.80 (3.17) 7.44 (2.78) 6 Weeding 11.00 (3.18) 9.20 (2.48) 10.10 (2.82) 9.00 (3.48) 8.00 (2.88) 8.50 (3.17) 7 Twisting 8.50 (2.46) 8.70 (2.35) 8.60 (2.40) 8.00 (3.09) 8.20 (2.96) 8.10 (3.02) 8 Irrigation 45.20 (13.07) 52.80 (14.25) 49.00 (13.68) 40.20 (15.53) 50.80 (18.32) 45.50 (16.97) 9 Harvesting 200.80 (58.10) 207.23 (55.93) 204.01 (56.98) 190.50 (73.60) 195.50 (70.50) 193.00 (72.00) 10 Total 345.66 (100.0) 370.50 (100.0) 358.07 (100.0) 258.82 (100.0) 277.30 (100.0) 268.06 (100.0) 11 Owned labour 120.25 (34.79) 60.12 (16.79) 90.25 (34.87) 45.12 (16.83) 12 Hired labour 225.41 (65.21) 370.50 (100.0) 297.95 (83.20) 168.57 (65.13) 277.30 (100.0) 222.94 (83.17) Note: Figures in parentheses indicate percentages to the total. Human Labour Utilisation in Planted Crop The land utilised for sugarcane planting should be such that it should be easy to drain excess water whenever necessity arises. Sugarcane is planted during summer months from January to March in the study area. Therefore, there is a need for protecting the crop in its tender age by adequate irrigation. Since irrigation resources are not satisfactory in many areas, conservation of moisture in the soil to the maximum extent possible has to be arranged by bringing the soil to a fine tilth. After ploughing the soil, the fields are laid out into ridges and furrows. To accomplish this cultural operation, small and large farmers employed 12.50 and the 14.20 mandays per hectare respectively. The same was 13.35 mandays per hectare on combined farms. Application of manures and fertilizers is necessary to realize maximum yield.


In much of East Africa, climatological rainfall follows a bimodal distribution characterized by the long rains (March–May) and short rains (October–December). Most CMIP5 coupled models fail to properly simulate this annual cycle, typically reversing the amplitudes of the short and long rains relative to observations. This study investigates how CMIP5 climatological sea surface temperature (SST) biases contribute to simulation errors in the annual cycle of East African rainfall. Monthly biases in CMIP5 climatological SSTs (50°S–50°N) are first identified in historical runs (1979–2005) from 31 models and examined for consistency. An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is then forced with observed SSTs (1979–2005) generating a set of control runs and observed SSTs plus the monthly, multimodel mean SST biases generating a set of "bias" runs for the same period. The control runs generally capture the observed annual cycle of East African rainfall while the bias runs capture prominent CMIP5 annual cycle biases, including too little (much) precipitation during the long rains (short rains) and a 1-month lag in the peak of the long rains relative to observations. Diagnostics reveal the annual cycle biases are associated with seasonally varying north–south- and east–west-oriented SST bias patterns in Indian Ocean and regional-scale atmospheric circulation and stability changes, the latter primarily associated with changes in low-level moist static energy. Overall, the results indicate that CMIP5 climatological SST biases are the primary driver of the improper simulation of the annual cycle of East African rainfall. Some implications for climate change projections are discussed.


This article seeks to clarify the opposition between "aesthetic judgments" of Kant, and "aesthetic way," Schiller. In Letters on the Aesthetic Education, Schiller says that there are two basic instincts in man: a "material instinct" and a "gut-facing form." The first is bound to be sensitive man and, therefore, the materiality and temporality; the second is connected to the rationality of man. The composition of the antithesis between the two instincts should not occur entirely sacrificing the first in favor of the second, because that would have no way true, but harmonizing them through what he calls the "instinct of the game" (remember the Kantian "free play" of colleges), which precisely measured the reality and shape, contingency and necessity. This free play of faculties is freedom. Schiller also calls the first instinct of "life," the second "form" and the free play of "living form" and this is beauty. To make man truly rational, you need to make it "aesthetic." The aesthetic education is education for freedom through freedom (because beauty is freedom).


ABSTRACT Very little is known about American Indian (AI) adults' participation in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) despite their elevated rates of negative sequelae due to heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders. This study sought to fill that gap and examined the engagement in AA by urban Southwest AI (S-AI) adult problem drinkers and whether enculturation and acculturation accounted for type of AA attended (mainstream vs. culturally adapted AA; CA-AA). Additionally, we compared 3- and 6-month drinking outcomes of urban S-AI adults by type of meeting attended. Sixty-one urban S-AI adults consented and were assessed at baseline, 3, and 6 months. We examined the association between frequency of AA attendance and differences between types of meetings attended regressed on the outcomes of proportion abstinent days and drinks per drinking day. Results indicate that AA attendance is the model approach and assists urban S-AI adults in reducing their drinking. Despite higher engagement among those attending AA and CA-AA, this did not translate into differential AA-related benefit which speaks to the need for additional research to assist AI adults in effectively reducing their alcohol use.


To implement the strength design for the generator rotor support of direct-driven Wind Turbine Generator System( WTGS),the finite element software and the fatigue analysis software is used to study the application of finite element method in the analysis of ultimate strength and fatigue strength. The finite element model of the direct-driven generator is established based on HyperMesh and the ultimate strength of the rotor support is calculated by MSC Nastran. When the ultimate strength do not meet the design requirement of the strength,the structure of rotor support is optimized. The fatigue damage is calculated and optimized by fatigue software. Finally,the optimized structure is satisfied with the design requirement of the strength.


This paper aims to explore the usage of preposition in English writing of non-English major junior students by comparing the experiment data measured from the experimental group and the controlled group,and CLEC(Chinese Learners' English Corpus) and NSEC(native speakers' English Corpus) are used to compare with the data getting from the experiment.The result shows that proportion of preposition in students' English writing is lower than those in the NSEC.Writing training helps students use prepositions properly and reduce the influence caused by negative language transfer and reduce the gap between the native language and the target language.The result also shows that preposition mistakes have much to do with the interference of L1 strategies,especially to those who don't learn English until they are teenagers,and students tend to avoid complex sentence structure because of the exam pressure and thus lead to language fossilization.


Focus on the western enterprise human capital,this paper firstly reviews and analyzes the presence characters of human capital in the system of firms,secondly employs relative theory of the institutional economics and informational economics.to analyze the course of how the owner of human capital and the owner of physical capital played games and promoted the evolution of the institution,at last concludes that evolution of firms represent a state of punctuated equilibria which related to the game mentioned abovel which follows three mechanism of evolution:mechanism of diachronic linkage、pattern reconfiguration of institutionalized linkage、diachronic institution complementarity.


Solutions are developed for Burgers' equation and for the surface water content subject to one-dimensional drainage. These are found as limiting cases of Richards' equation using diffusivity and conductivity functions from Fujita as extended by Broadbridge and White. The solution from Burgers' equation can generally be expressed as a function of only a dimensionless time, depth, and initial reduced water content. For the more strongly nonlinear case, initially the surface water content decreases in proportion to the square root of time. For large times, the surface water content approaches the residual water content inversely with the square root of time.


Cable failures are disruptive, costly to repair and have a serious impact on customer confidence. Thus, developing a reliable on-line prognostic tool is of a great interest. An experimental setup has been installed within a distribution substation in Cyprus for a period of 5 years. Temperature condition monitoring units were installed on selected underground cable joints. Real-time current loading data, weather conditions as well as surface temperature by the cable joints were used for the development of the thermal prognostic models which predict the likely temperature along the cable joint thirty minutes into the future. This paper introduces a series of novel thermal condition monitoring machine learning techniques that can be used to effectively monitor the performance of cable joints.


The invention relates to the field of software technology development, in particular to elastic extensible multi-data-source mvc (model-view-controller) model architecture. The elastic extensible multi-data-source mvc model architecture is characterized in that each data source is provided with a corresponding model layer, namely, a business logical processing layer; different data sources are used for uniformly controlling interaction between a business layer and a presentation layer through a uniform controller layer; the presentation layer can be used for flexibly and dynamically selecting a multi-data-source business as required; different data sources correspond to sub-mvc modes; the presentation layer and the control layer are not designed independently; the control layer is common; the presentation layer is applied in a mixed way mostly, namely, different data source businesses can be called simultaneously in the same view interface. By adopting the elastic extensible multi-data-source mvc model architecture, the problem of difficulty in dynamical extension of other relevant businesses of multiple data sources in the conventional application is solved; the elastic extensible multi-data-source mvc model architecture can be applied to the development of Web applications.


Data on the rate of approach to steady state in a series of studies of the seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene yield the dependence of the rate coefficient for entry of free radicals into latex particles as a function of the weight-fraction polymer and hence of monomer concentration in the aqueous phase. The results are in accord with a model for the entry process (i.e., for the initiator efficiency) based on aqueous-phase propagation and termination being the rate-controlling events.


Magnetic and AC magnetically induced heating characteristics of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (IONs) with different mean diameters, d, systematically controlled from 4.2 to 22.5 nm were investigated to explore the physical relationship between magnetic phase and specific loss power (SLP) for hyperthermia agent applications. It was experimentally confirmed that the IONs had three magnetic phases and correspondingly different SLP characteristics depending on the particle sizes. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that pure superparamagnetic phase IONs (d < 9.8 nm) showed insufficient SLPs critically limiting for hyperthermia applications due to smaller AC hysteresis loss power (Neel relaxation loss power) originated from lower out-of-phase magnetic susceptibility.


To date there are limited data in the literature to guide the initial evaluation for etiologies of apnea in full‐term infants born at greater than or equal to 37 weeks conceptional age (apnea of infancy [AOI]). Pediatricians and pediatric pulmonologists are left to pursue a broad, rather than targeted and a stepwise approach to begin diagnostic evaluation.


The contrast between industrial relations in Australia and New Zealand was starkly highlighted at a recent conference in Auckland. The annual trans-Tasman get-together of industrial relations (IR) academics welcomed not only the usual array of scholarship, but also papers or panels from New Zealand's senior politicians involved in the IR portfolios.


The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs.


The inability of public administrations to deliver public value to current generations of citizens has generated disaffection and lack of trust in the State. The purpose of this paper is to explain...


We used matched firm-level data from the population of businesses in Australia to evaluate the impact that trade missions, operating 2010 to 2013, had on exports using a difference-in-difference method. We found that, on average, the missions increased participating firms' exports within 12 months by at least 172 per cent. Furthermore, trade mission participation appeared to increase the probability of becoming an exporter within 12 months by 26 percentage points. The additional effect of undertaking a subsequent trade mission was smaller than the first mission but still positive and statistically significant.


Cyber threats to electric power system have great impact on the national security,public safety and country economy.After years of researches and practices,the United States of America(US) has well formed a multi-party cooperative mechanism for the cybersecurity to safeguard the operation of electric power industry.The cyberseeurity framework and strategy for electric power industry in US is presented first.The corresponding duty and its working status of related government agencies and organizations involved in the cyberseeurity of the electric power industry is then introduced respectively.The study results and working conclusions of US research institutions and organizations are also briefed.Based on those information,the characteristics of cyber security mechanism in US are studied and analyzed from different points of view including cyber security standard,culture construction,risk management,collaboration and information sharing,and effective response to cyber-attacks.In order to sustain the cybersecurity and evolvement of power information security,not only the standard and specification are required to be continuously improved and actively implemented,but also the culture of security,the risk management,the collaboration and information sharing,the effective response to cyber-attacks are needed to be effectively coordinated and managed.


Introduction: Propolis is the substance that protects the hive, a resin of complex and viscous composition bees use in the repair and protection of the hive. The material from which propolis arises are the resins, shoots and petioles of the leaves of different plants, so it has a very complex chemical composition that varies depending on the flora of the bees collection. It offers an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory capacity related to its antioxidant, immunomodulatory power, among others. Aims: In this work, antioxidant and antitumoral activities of different propolis collected from different areas of the province of Malaga, comparing them with one from the Bohemian region to the south of the Czech Republic are studied. Material and methods: Antioxidant activity was determined according to the ABTS+/S 2 O 8 K 2 method. In addition, the quantity of total proteins from the nitrogen content and subsequently the cytotoxicity and antitumoral activity of the propolis of Puerto de la Torre, north of Malaga, are measured according to the 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide method.


The right middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded in cats; after subsequent craniectomy cortical blood flow (CBF) was measured bilaterally with 85Kr, and photographs of the superficial microvasculature were made. Ventilation was controlled, and PaCO2 was altered by changing the concentration of CO2 in the inspired air. In nonischemic cortex CBF varied as an exponential function of PaCO2, and the caliber of superficial arterial vessels (50 to 200 μ in diameter) increased with increasing PaCO2. In ischemic cortex, changes of PaCO2 produced no change of CBF in six of ten animals studied within one day of occlusion; in four of these six, there was no change in the caliber of arterial vessels. In the four other animals of this group, there was a paradoxical response (an increase of PaCO2 produced a decrease of CBF of ischemic cortex), and in two of these four animals, there also was a paradoxical response of the caliber of arterial vessels. In eight animals allowed to survive 5 to 12 days after MCA occlusion, the arterial vessels of ischemic cortex regained some reactivity: a normal response of CBF to changes of PaCO2 was found in four, and appropriate changes of vessel caliber were found in all eight. The ischemia-induced impairment of the reactivity of cortical vessels to changes of PaCO2, casts doubt on the usefulness of CO2 inhalation for the treatment of strokes of humans.


Creation is the key to enhance and improve college ethics education.Based on the innovation of the concept,college ethics education of today must establish an open and integrated training system in order to solve the new problems appearing with the fast development of the politics,the economy and the culture home and abroad,and to instruct them to develop all-roundly,The characters of the age,the humanism,the life,the level and the opening up must be embodied in the contents,Emphasis on the students,the situation and the activities must be laid The unity of the ethics theory and ethics practice also must be noticed.


Conclusion and SummaryThis is a report of 2 cases of local cutaneous atrophy following injection of slightly soluble corticosteroids - triamcinolone diacetate and prednisolone tertiary butyl acetate.In one of the cases a biopsy was removed from the area 2 years after the appearance of the atrophy. The specimen showed atrophy of the cutis and a complete loss of fat cells in the subcutis. Furthermore, the subcutaneous tissue contained crystals - presumably consisting of the injected corticosteroid preparation.At follow-up 18 months later our cases did not - unlike previously reported cases - show spontaneous healing of the atrophy.


This paper briefly discusses the motivating factors that led to formation of an active collaborative group of engineering and education faculty at Virginia Tech. This group is actively pursuing a number of engineering education research activities and has been successful in winning two grants from the NSF in first 12 months of their collaborative efforts. These collaborative activities are targeted at improving engineering pedagogy at Virginia Tech and began with a planning grant from the NSF in September 2003. A 15-month Masters/Licensure program has been developed specifically for licensing engineering graduates in Technology Education. A number of assessment activities have been initiated for analyzing curricular changes beginning with the freshman-engineering program. Use of electronic portfolio in engineering instruction is being explored. The curricula of freshman engineering and bioprocess engineering are being reformulated using a theme based spiral curriculum approach, which is part of a major research grant, under the Department-level reform program of the NSF, that began in September '04. The interdisciplinary group has developed/ is working on a number of research proposals for expanding the scope of ongoing studies. The information presented should be very useful for new engineering educators who are exploring similar collaborative ventures elsewhere.


According to a method for tracking the motion of an organ, the organ shape data of a first subject to show the shape of the organ obtained in the moment of the preset motion of the first subject is received. First to N-th interpolation curves to show the track of the spatial and temporal motion of the organ of each subject obtained for the same types of organs of a plurality of subjects which are different from the first subject are loaded from a storage device. The interpolation curve of the first subject to show the track of the spatial and temporal motion of the organ of the first subject is estimated based on the first to N-th interpolation curves and the organ shape data of the first subject.


In aggregative games, each player's payoff depends on her own actions and an aggregate of the actions of all the players (for example, sum, product or some moment of the distribution of actions). Many common games in industrial organization, political economy, public economics, and macroeconomics can be cast as aggregative games. In most of these situations, the behavior of the aggregate is of interest both directly and also indirectly because the comparative statics of the actions of each player can be obtained as a function of the aggregate. In this paper, we provide a general and tractable framework for comparative static results in aggregative games. We focus on two classes of aggregative games: (1) aggregative games with strategic substitutes and (2) nice aggregative games, where payoff functions are continuous and concave in own strategies. We provide simple sufficient conditions under which " positive shocks " to individual players increase their own actions and have monotone effects on the aggregate. We illustrate these results with applications to public good provision, contests, Cournot competition and technology choices oligopoly.


Abstract: For a monoid M , we introduce the concept of 3-M -Armendariz rings, which is a generalization of M -Armendariz rings, and investigate its properties. The results prove that the subrings of 3-M -Armendariz rings are 3-M -Armendariz rings. Every ring satisfying condition (P ) is 3-M -Armendariz for any unique product monoid M . If a ring R is 3-M -Armendariz and satisfies condition (P ), then S3(R) is 3-M -Armendariz. Sufficient and necessary conditions are given for a ring R to be 3-M -Armendariz.


Relationships between food habits, home range and activity of the black-eared opossum, Didelphis aurita (Marsupialia, Didelphidae), were studied in an urban forest fragment (5 ha) of southern Brazil from February 1995 to January 1996. Captures were performed weekly using 30 live-traps placed uniformly in the study area. Diet was determined through faecal analysis, home ranges were calculated through the Minimum Convex Polygon method and the activity period was assessed from the time of captures in the night. The opossum proved to be an insectivorous-omnivorous marsupial consuming invertebrates (100%), fruits (78%) and vertebrates (59%). Birds, mammals, Coleoptera, Diplopoda, Opiliones and Solanaceous fruits were the main items consumed. Opossums foraged during the first hours of the night in part synchronizing their activity with that of small mammals occasionally preyed upon. Home ranges measured from 0.2 ha for a female to 3.0 ha for a male. Males appeared in the study area only during the wet season, increasing their home range size, whereas females revealed quite exclusive home ranges that could imply the defence of a territory.


Objective To evaluate the applicable value of scanning laser angiography technique in diagnosis of circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas. Design A retrospective case series study. Participants 35 cases who have been suspected clinically as circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas. Methods Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA ), indocyanine green angiography ( ICGA ) and scanning laser ophthalmology technique were performed in 35 cases who had been suspected clinically as circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas, their imaging data were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Scanning laser angiography technique, imaging data. Results Satisfactory imaging data were acquired in these 35 cases. FFA showed filling at the early stage in the hemangiomas, then the fluorescence intensified and leaked from the tumors, and spotted hypofluorescence was seen at the transit frame. During the early vein frame,the tumors showed multiple lake shape, vessels networks were noticed. The fluorescence leaked and hyperfluorescence of the tumor were apparently found at the late frame. ICGA showed the hemangiomas were composed of irregular choroidal vasculature. Then the fluorescence leaked and intensified to form hyperfluorescence. The sizes of these tumors measured by 30° visual fields were 3.06mm×2.87mm~10.97mm×12.63mm(average 11.54±9.37 mm2). Compared with color fundus graph and FFA, ICGA showed clearly the boundary and size of the tumors. The whole structure of the tumors was provided by 150°visual fields and scanning laser angiography. Conclusion ICGA and FFA of scanning laser ophthalmology and whole fundus angiography had important applicable value in diagnosis of choroidal hemangiomas.


Theoretical and experimental studies in the past have shown the sensitivity of seismic waves to soil/rock properties, such as composition, porosity, pore fluid, and permeability. However, quantitative characterization of these properties has remained challenging. In case of unconsolidated soils, the inherently loose and heterogeneous nature complicates the task of obtaining the in situ properties and spatial variations. In this thesis, we investigate the possibility of exploiting the information of seismic intrinsic dispersion in the low frequency band (10-200 Hz), which is relevant to onshore field data, in order to quantify these physical properties, with special focus on soil porosity and permeability. In situ values of these properties are crucial in many different projects. We first investigate the frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation caused by inelastic losses at grain contacts and wave-induced fluid flow at different scales (from grain size to seismic wavelength), using the theory of poroelasticity first proposed by Biot and many subsequent extensions and modifications. Several pertinent models of poroelasticity are looked at in order to find out their applicability in explaining the observed seismic dispersion. The observed dispersion can vary greatly between various unconsolidated, fully-saturated soils. Further, we develop a stress-dependent Biot (SDB) model in order to study the behaviour of seismic waves propagating through a fully-saturated porous medium subjected to different stress conditions. This is achieved by combining the mechanics of granular soils with the effective-stress laws, finally coupling with Biot's theory. Careful analyses of the underlying soil/rock physics that relate geophysical observations to the physical properties reveal an interesting feature in the property domain among several different measurements. This is an extention to some recent work done by others. We have found that it is possible to find two or more measured quantities, showing contrasting (sometimes quasi-orthogonal) behaviour in the common parameter space, such that a combination of those measured quantities leads to a physics-based uniqueness in the property estimation. This quasi-orthogonality in the common property domain among different measured quantities is advantageously used for estimation of porosity, permeability, water saturation, and effective stress. Several numerical examples are presented where P- and S-wave velocity and attenuation are efficiently integrated in order to obtain soil properties. In addition to seismic waves, electromagnetic waves are briefly considered for extracting extra soil properties. In this research, considerable attention has been paid to the investigation of S waves travelling through a porous medium, since S waves have well-known significance in the context of shallow subsurface characterization. Twelve selected datasets of frequency-dependent S-wave velocity and attenuation from various soft-soil sites are used in this study. Data for fully-saturated, unconsolidated soils from land/onshore environment are only considered. It is found that the behaviour of seismic intrinsic dispersion can vary greatly with the soil-type. One of the main challenges in property estimation using intrinsic dispersion relates to reliable extraction of the information of intrinsic dispersion from the recorded seismic data. The difficulty lies in the quantification of scattering attenuation, the effect of which is always present in the recorded seismograms due to the wavelength-scale and smaller heterogeneities in the subsurface. Scattering has an absorption-like effect on the transmitted seismic energy. Accordingly, determining and subtracting the scattering attenuation from the total (or apparent) attenuation is critically important. We have discussed and successfully tested an approach, achieving this goal. Several shallow vertical seismic profiling (VSP) measurements are conducted in the field using a recently developed digital, array-seismic cone penetrometer (CPT) system. CPT provides information on cone-tip resistance, sleeve friction, and pore pressure, thus offering direct, additional knowledge on geological layering, that is used to calculate the scattering attenuation. To obtain the soil properties, an inversion algorithm is presented based on simulated annealing and the poroelasticity theory. We study the sensitivity of different parameters involved in the cost function to be minimized. The most and the least sensitive parameters are discriminated based on the eigenanalyses of the covariance matrix of the gradient of the cost function. The eigenvectors and the corresponding eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are used to navigate efficiently the search algorithm in the multidimensional space and find a relatively stable, global solution of the cost function. Finally, we apply the methodology developed in this research to a VSP dataset acquired in a layered sequence of siltstone, shale and sandstone. The porous sandstone contains hydrocarbon accumulations. The influence of fluid mobility (permeability-to-viscosity ratio) on the estimated P-wave intrinsic dispersion is distinctly observed. Using optimization by simulated annealing together with VSP and well-log measurements, the Biot and squirt flow (BISQ) model is found to provide one possible mechanism for the observed dispersion. The layer-specific fluid mobility values are estimated using our approach; they are found to be close to the independent measurements of mobility using Stoneley waves and from dynamic formation-tests carried out at the same borehole. The depth distribution of fluid mobility matches well between our estimate and the independent measurements. The methodology developed and the results obtained in this research pave the way to a new direction for in situ, quantitative soil/rock characterization using seismic waves.


Protein purification has always been one of the most critical and challenging stages of drug-protein production. Streptokinase as the most common cost-effective fibrinolytic drug is no exception. In this research study, the mutated streptokinase producing clone (SK263cyc) to which the histidine tag was grown in TY2x medium, and SDS-PAGE assessed protein expression after induction of protein expression. Three different methods did protein purification. In the first one, metal, ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) technique was used. In the second solution, first, by filtration with ammonium sulfate, the purification was carried out, and then by affinity purification, chromatography continued. In the third solution, hydrophobic chromatography was utilized to purify the streptokinase protein. The purity of the ophthalmic purity was 93.2%, and the purity of hydrophobic purity was found to be 90.4%, whereas the combination of pre-treatment with ammonium sulfate and the purity of the ophthalmic method did not achieve more than 88%. The results of this study revealed that, the IMAC method is more suitable as a final method at the process of streptokinase purification than the other two approaches.


Distinctive sources of ions reside in the plasmasphere, plasmasheet, and ring current regions at discrete energies constitute the major plasma populations in the inner/middle magnetosphere. They contribute to the electrodynamics of the ionosphere-magnetosphere system as important carriers of the global current system, in triggering; geomagnetic storm and substorms, as well as critical components of plasma instabilities such as reconnection and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetospheric boundaries. Our preliminary analysis of in-situ measurements shoves the complexity of the plasmas pitch angle distributions at particularly the cold and warm plasmas, vary dramatically at different local times and radial distances from the Earth in response to changes in solar wind condition and Dst index. Using an MHD-ring current coupled code, we model the convection and interaction of cold, warm and energetic ions of plasmaspheric, plasmasheet, and ring current origins in the inner magnetosphere. We compare our simulation results with in-situ and remotely sensed measurements from recent instrumentation on Geotail, Cluster, THEMIS, and TWINS spacecraft.


Recently, the authors synthesized fatty acid esters of riboflavin, fat-soluble riboflavin derivatives (1, 2). They are riboflavin-2•L, 3•L, 4•L, 5•L-tetrapalmitate (R-PAL), -tetracaprate (R-CAP), -tetrabutyrate (R-BUT), and -tetrapropionate (R-PROP)2. Hydrolysis of these esters by pancreatic lipase and digestive juice showed that, among these esters, R-BUT was most easily hydrolysed to riboflavin, whereas R-PAL was hardly hydrolysed (3, 4). These findings suggested that these esters could be hydrolysed to riboflavin and fatty acids in higher animals, thus serving as the vitamin source. To ascertain this assumption, the nutritional effects of R-BUT and R-PAL on healthy rats were studied. Then, the curing effects of these esters were examined using riboflavin-deficient rats. This paper deals with the results of the experiments in detail, some parts of which have been preliminarily reported (5, 6).


In the article, the author investigates the directions of financial control as a self-regulating area of effective management of financial flows, which directly contacts the external environment and is associated with the optimization of the use of financial resources to achieve the general goals of an economic entity, i.e. profit maximization. The results of research in the field of finance show that effective financial activity is considered to be one of the central indicative factors for the formation and effective policy of economic growth, as well as the success and development of enterprises. The practical significance of the scientific research lies in the development of a set of theoretical and methodological provisions for improving the direction of optimization of financial control for the leaders to make rational decisions in the field of managing the financial and economic activities of the organization.


We prove an asymptotic formula for the number of ${\rm SL}_3({\mathbb Z})$-equivalence classes of integral ternary cubic forms having bounded invariants. We use this result to show that the average size of the 3-Selmer group of all elliptic curves, when ordered by height, is 4. This implies that the average rank of all elliptic curves, when ordered by height, is less than 1.17.
Combining our counting techniques with a recent result of Dokchitser and Dokchitser, we prove that a positive proportion of all elliptic curves have rank 0. Assuming the finiteness of the Tate-Shafarevich group, we also show that a positive proportion of elliptic curves have rank 1. Finally, combining our counting results with the recent work of Skinner and Urban, we show that a positive proportion of elliptic curves have analytic rank 0; i.e., a positive proportion of elliptic curves have non-vanishing $L$-function at $s=1$. It follows that a positive proportion of all elliptic curves satisfy BSD.


We construct a countable inductive limit of weighted Banach spaces of holomorphic functions, which is not a topological subspace of the corresponding weighted inductive limit of spaces of continuous functions. The main step of our construction, using a special sequence of outer holomorphic functions, shows that a certain sequence space is isomorphic to a complemented subspace of a weighted space of holomorphic functions in two complex variables.
This example solves in the negative a well-known open problem raised by Bierstedt, Meise and Summers.


Addresses a long‐standing debate as to whether or not college‐educated police officers perform their jobs better than others. Of the 250 officers asked to complete a self‐assessment form, officers with a bachelor's degree rated themselves higher in a number of performance indicators than did those without a degree. Points out that the results may indicate that educated officers perform better, or it may indicate differences in perceptions about their duties. Whichever is the case, education confers the advantage of better written and oral communication skills. Recommends the use of self‐administered questionnaires to provide data for policy making.


Diffusion of contaminants can play a significant if not dominant role in many applications encountered within the field of environmental geotechnics. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the important role diffusion plays in such applications. The presentation proceeds from a historical perspective, beginning with the recognition in the late 1970s to early 1980s that diffusion may be an important process in assessing contaminant migration through low-permeability barriers in waste containment applications. Data from the literature and simplified model simulations are used to illustrate under what conditions diffusion is important, and the significance of diffusion is illustrated with respect to different barrier components and types of barriers used in waste containment applications. The barriers considered include natural clays, compacted clay liners, geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, composite liners, vertical cutoff walls, subaqueous caps for contaminated sediments, and highly...


The focus is on the demographic drivers and demographic implications of urban health and wellbeing in towns and cities across the globe. The aim is to identify key linkages between demographic change and urban health – subjects of two largely disparate fields of research and practice – with a view to informing arguments and advocacy for urban health while identifying research gaps and priorities. The core arguments are threefold. First, urban health advocates should express a globalized perspective on demographic processes, encompassing age-structural shifts in addition to population growth and decrease, and acknowledging their uneven spatial distributions within and between urban settings in different contexts. Second, advocates should recognize the dynamic and transformational effects that demographic forces will exert on economic and political systems in all urban settings. While demographic forces underpin the production of (intra)urban inequities in health, they also present opportunities to address those inequities. Third, a demographic perspective may help to extend urban health thinking and intervention beyond a biomedical model of disease, highlighting the need for a multi-generational view of the changing societal bases for urban health, and enjoining significant advances in how interested parties collect, manage, analyse, and use demographic data. Accordingly, opportunities are identified to increase the availability of granular and accurate data to enable evidence-informed action on the demographic/health nexus.


To the Editors: Seborrheic dermatitis is caused by an immune response to colonization by Pityrosporum organisms (1-4). Ketoconazole shampoo, an antifungal with action against Pityrosporum yeast, has been used to treat scalp seborrheic dermatitis in adults and in infants where it is commonly termed "cradle cap" (5-15). The cutaneous absorption, metabolism, and overall safety of ketoconazole in infants might well be quite different than in adults (16). Despite this, no studies are available from the manufacturer (Janssen) or published in the literature which deal with the absorption, pharmacokinetics, or safety of this product in infants. Before embarking on a study of the effectiveness of ketoconazole shampoo in infants, we were required by the Food and Drug Administration research advisory panel to perform a preliminary safety data study, reported herein. Infants less than 1 year of age with scaling and erythema of the scalp were recruited (n = 13). A KOH preparation and fungal culture were performed on each to exclude the possibility of superficial dermatophyte infection. Infants with positive fungal studies or known allergy to either ketoconazole or other topical or systemic antifungals were excluded. Children were shampooed twice a week for 1 month in the following manner: shampoo and rinse, shampoo, leave on 3 minutes, and rinse. Serum ketoconazole levels and liver function tests (LFTs) were obtained at baseline and at weeks 1 and 4, within 12 hours of the last shampooing. The HPLC-UV method (standard analytical method no. 41400/003) was used to determine the ketoconazole plasma level. Data analysis was based on cases with complete follow-up. Except for an unexplained trace ketoconazole level at baseline in one infant, no detectable levels of ketoconazole were noted in any infant during the study (limit of quantification 2 ng/ml). LFTs remained normal throughout the study, and no statistically significant differences were noted. Average GGT and SGOT levels at baseline (n = 13), week 1 (n = 1 I), and week 4 (n = 10) were 21.7 & 14.6, 21.8 f 12.8, and 16.8 f 8.0 (p = .341) and 38.5 k 13.3, 36.1 k 9.2, and 36.0 f 6.7 (p = .622). Ketoconazole shampoo used in the treatment of infantile seborrheic dermatitis is minimally absorbed through infant skin andor is rapidly metabolized by the liver so that it cannot be detected even at trace levels following routine use. LFTs are unaffected by ketoconazole use. This preliminary study indicates that the topical use of ketoconazole shampoo is safe in infants. A trial to confirm the efficacy of ketoconazole shampoo in infantile seborrheic dermatitis in a larger number of patients is needed, and further safety data should be obtained during this study.


Abstract : A report is presented on the Field Screen and Primary Screen for the evaluation of natural products. Forty four materials of the 1174 studied were recommended for testing in the Secondary Screen. It was recommended that five natural products be further purified and the active principle isolated.


Today, the formation of an ecological or environmental component in the worldview of a specialist in any field of activity is becoming one of the necessary conditions for the sustainable development of society as a whole. The article is devoted to highlighting the approach to the formation of universal competence in the field of ecological worldview among undergraduate students of SPbPU on the example of the direction "Innovation".


AMPHISBAENA: A fabulous animal, keeper of the "Great Secret," according to. a sixteenth-century Italian manuscript that belonged to Count Pierre V. Piobb. -It is a symbol that occurs with some frequency in heraldic images, marks, and signs. It was known to the Greeks, and it owes its name to the belief that, having a head at both ends, it could move forward or backward with equal ease. Sometimes it is depicted with the claws of a bird and the pointed wings of a bat (Piobb 1950). According to Diel (1952), it was probably intended to express the horror and anguish associated with ambivalent situations. Like all fabulous animals, it instances the ability of the human mind to reorder aspects of the real world, according to supralogical laws, blending them into patterns expressive of man's motivating psychic forces (Cirlot 1962).


:- In the present study we investigated the theoretical calculation of Superconducting state parameter (SSP) by doping of MN on MgB2 superconductor for concentration (x=0.006, 0.007, 0.014, 0.016, 0.020). We use Ashcroft's pseudo potential in conjunction Random phase approximation (RPA) dielectric screening function with methodology based on BCS- Elias berg Mc. Millan framework in which material properties like electron-phonon coupling strength (λ) and Coulomb pseudo potential (µ*) are obtained from the knowledge of electron-ion pseudo potential. The super-conducting state properties like transition temperature (TC), isotope effect exponent (α) and interaction strength (N0V) are then obtained by using the values of λ, µ* and <ω2> relevant to the superconductor .It is also observed that addition of Manganese to superconductor MgB2 causes the parameters λ, µ*, α, N0V, TC decreases with increasing in Manganese concentration. Present calculation also observed that TC for alloys Mg1-xMnxB2 is excellent agreement with the experimental results. It is observed that the increase in doping concentration of MN causes all the superconducting parameters to decrease. This suggests decrease in superconducting behavior of MgB2 due to effect of magnetic impurity MN.


In 1937 Butler (1) reported two cases of hypertension associated with unilateral kidney disease in which the hypertension was apparently abolished by the removal of the affected kidney. Since that time, there have been numerous reports (2 to 6) concerning the blood pressure changes occurring after the extirpation of a single diseased kidney in hypertensive patients. Although marked reductions in blood pressure have been reported following this type of operation, it appears that in the majority of cases the blood pressure of these patients had not returned to a normotensive level after the extirpation of the affected kidney. Indeed, Schroeder and Fish (6) in an analysis of previously published reports and a study of their own patients came to the conclusion that the efficacy of this particular surgical measure was very limited. Wilson and Byrom (7) and Friedman, Jarman and Klemperer (8) also reported that in their experimental animals the resulting hypertension from unilateral kidney derangement did not entirely disappear when the affected kidney was removed. These observers were inclined to believe that the persistence of the hypertension in their animals was related to the organic changes in the arterioles of the remaining kidney, which occurred during the prior existence of hypertension. Since the hypertension present in individuals with unilateral kidney disease has been assumed to be due initially to this deranged kidney, it was thought advisable to study the renal hemodynamics in such hypertensive patients, both before and after the removal of the diseased kidney. In this communication, the results of such a study, together with the blood pressure changes following unilateral nephrectomy, are reported. METHODS


Dielectric, structural and pyroelectric properties of the Pb0.525Ca0.475TiO3 (PCT47.5) ceramic system were investigated for temperatures ranging from cryogenic up to 570 K. Two anomalies were observed in the temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity and of the pyroelectric coefficient. A structural refinement study based on the powder XRD data revealed that a distorted perovskite structure with orthorhombic symmetry in space group Pbnm was the best fitting for the entire temperature range analyzed. Nevertheless, the analysis protocol showed that the temperature dependence of the refined lattice parameters is very sensitive to the phase transitions, allowing the association of such transitions to the anomalies observed in the electric properties.


'Fate' is not a word typically associated with the rigors of science; rather, it is a word that evokes thoughts of destiny, perhaps under the control of a supernatural being. Yet, in the context of the 'fate of carbon', the word has particular importance for readers of New Phytologist, particularly those seeking to understand how past, current and future climates impact on carbon allocation and storage in terrestrial ecosystems. Indeed, the 'fate of carbon' is central in determining responses to environmental gradients (both in terms of plant performance and survival), ecosystem net productivity and respiration, deposition of plant detritus in soils (and thus the extent of soil carbon storage) and the magnitude of negative feedbacks between terrestrial ecosystems and atmospheric [CO2], to mention a few. As such, it not surprising that many papers in New Phytologist address questions about the many 'fates' of carbon in plants; these include earlier papers by John Farrar and others exploring the patterns of carbon partitioning within leaves and between shoots and roots, and the underlying factors likely to control carbon allocation to different organs (Farrar, 1985; Farrar & Farrar, 1985; Farrar & Jones, 2000). Since then, the focus on this topic has grown, with New Phytologist publishing approx. 50 papers over the past 2 yr that touch on carbon allocation/cycling in plants. This reflects a wider trend across the vegetation–soil–climate field of research, with a search of the ISI database revealing an c. three-fold increase over the past 20 yr in the number of papers published each year that address issues related to carbon allocation/cycling in plants. The increasing focus on carbon allocation/cycling has occurred independent of concomitant increases in papers focusing on effects of elevated atmospheric [CO2] on plants, which at New Phytologist have not increased in recent years (reflecting, in part, the cessation of major Free Air CO2 enrichment studies in recent years). Rather, the increased focus on 'fate of carbon' reflects the fundamental nature of this issue for the functioning of terrestrial biomes across the globe, as well as how future climates will impact on crop yields. When considering how carbon is allocated and stored in terrestrial ecosystems, focus is often first placed on the fate of carbon that had recently been assimilated by photosynthesis. Here, isotopic studies (carbon-13 (C) and carbon-14 (C)) have provided new insights into the fate of newly fixed carbon with respect to: (1) carbon accumulation in nonstructural vs structural pools (Streit et al., 2013); (2) incorporation of carbon into shortand long-lived plant tissues; (3) the speed with which recently fixed carbon reaches locations remote from the source tissues (i.e. developing shoots/stems/roots (Kagawa et al., 2006; H€ogberg et al., 2008), mycorrhizal symbionts (H€ogberg et al., 2010) and/or soils (H€ogberg et al., 2008)); and, (4) the mean residency time (MRT) of carbon in each of these pools/tissues/locations (Carbone & Trumbore, 2007; Keel et al., 2012; Carbone et al., 2013; Lynch et al., 2013; Richardson et al., 2013). Such studies show that a large fraction of recently-fixed carbon is translocated from leaves-toroots-to-soils in the hours–days after assimilation (H€ogberg et al., 2008; Carbone et al., 2013), with labelling and mass-balance studies showing that 50% of photosynthate being respired by plant tissues and soils within days of fixation (Atkin et al., 2007; Carbone & Trumbore, 2007; Streit et al., 2013). Importantly, however, not all carbon is allocated to growth or respired over such short-time frames; rather, MRTs of nonstructural carbon compounds (i.e. starch/sugars) vary six-fold in fine roots of boreal forests (Keel et al., 2012), with C-based estimates indicating that MRT of starch and sugars exceeding a decade in some hardwood forest species (Richardson et al., 2013). By storing carbon reserves, trees are better able to buffer transient imbalances in carbon supply/ use (Klein & Hoch, 2014). Moreover, that nonstructural carbohydrates are stored for very long periods in some species raises important questions about whether climate–vegetationmodels can assumenear immediate allocation of photosynthate to formation of new tissues and/or respiratory carbon-release (Cox et al., 1998; Galbraith et al., 2010; Lynch et al., 2013; De Kauwe et al., 2014; Fatichi et al., 2014), and the role carbon starvation will play in declines of forest ecosystems subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses (Fajardo et al., 2012; Sala et al., 2012; Adams et al., 2013; Galvez et al., 2013; Hartmann et al., 2013; McDowell et al., 2013a,b; O'Grady et al., 2013; Palacio et al., 2014). Collectively, such studies highlight themultitude of ways in which the 'fate of carbon' has relevance for our understanding of how plants function in variable environments, and the importance of accounting for carbon allocation/use in models that predict the impacts of future climates on plant performance and survival. The earlier mentioned studies also showcase the importance of isotope studies for advancing our understanding of carbon allocation/use in plants. Importantly, isotopic approaches are increasing being used by studies that seek to understand aspects of plant–water relations and associated tissue chemistry (Dubbert et al., 2014; Treydte et al., 2014), as well as help elucidate the complex interactions between metabolic processes in plants (Boex-Fontvieille et al., 2013; Tcherkez & Tea, 2013). Given this increasing utilization of isotopic approaches in submissions to the Environment Section, New Phytologist is pleased to announce the appointment of Margaret Barbour (Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney) to the Editorial Board. Margaret has split her scientific career between Australia and New Zealand, having previously worked at Landcare Research in New


Many computing systems are constrained by power budgets. While they could temporarily draw more power, doing so creates unsustainable temperatures and unwanted electricity consumption. Developing systems that operate within power budgets is a constrained optimization problem: configuring the components within the system to maximize performance while maintaining sustainable power consumption. This is a challenging problem because many different components within a system affect power/performance tradeoffs and they interact in complex ways. Prior approaches address these challenges by fixing a set of components and designing a power budgeting framework that manages only that one set of components. If new components become available, then this framework must be redesigned and reimplemented. This paper presents PCP, a general solution to the power budgeting problem that works with arbitrary sets of components, even if they are not known at design time or change during runtime. To demonstrate PCP we implement it in software and deploy it on a Linux/x86 platform. (Less)


BACKGROUND
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is the most important long-term complication of lung transplantation. Treatment of this condition is often unsuccessful.

METHODS
A patient presented with early BO. Despite OKT3 and the addition of methotrexate, the patient needed persistently high doses of prednisone to maintain lung function at a moderate level. Only the substitution of azathioprine by mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 3 g/day) made it possible to reduce the dose of prednisone.

RESULTS
Reduction of the dose of MMF to 2 g/day resulted in a deterioration of lung function, which improved impressively after MMF was increased again to 3 g/day.

CONCLUSIONS
MMF may be a valuable therapy for lung transplant BO. However, the use of a high dose, i.e., 3 g/day, may be crucial.


This paper deals with optimal payment systems. The issue boils down to how large are the costs of different payment media, which can be interpreted as a question of the efficiency of the means of payment. However, there are other qualifications related to the choice of payment media. Here, at least three issues can be distinguished. First is the question of optimal payment medium for each individual payment (size, location, EFTPOS etc.). This choice is not independent of the individual characteristics of the payer and payee. Secondly, there is the question of cost effectiveness of payments for different institutions and sectors. The final issue concerns the social optimum for each payment medium. These issues have been particularly controversial in the case of cash, which is still the dominant payment medium in most euro countries. Part of the controversy arises from the fact that the costs and benefits of different payment media affect different market participants in quite different ways, so that a possible social optimum might not correspond eg to the optima for different firms. The paper contains a short review of calculation methods and empirical results for a sample of countries. It also provides new evidence from Finland, which is to an extent one of the front-runners in payment technology and institutional design in payment systems. This shows up in relatively low overall costs of payments. Our estimate of total costs of payment media is 0.3 per cent of GDP, which is very low by international standards.


This paper reports on the research and development strategies of the Northern Territory Department of Industries and Development for the expansion of the solar energy industry in the Northern Territory. The cost of installing a solar array in the 48 largest Aboriginal communities is compared against costs incurred by the Power and Water Authority.


ABSTRACT In this paper, a new numerical scheme is constructed to solve a class of Infinite Horizon Optimal Control Problems (IHOCPs). The idea is to extend the spectral Ritz method to solve an IHOCP directly by a proper approximation of the state and control functions. We solve the IHOCP on the original time interval. Applying the new constructed operational Laguerre matrix and substituting the estimated functions into the performance index yields a system of algebraic equations. Notably, the choice of Laguerre polynomials along with the spectral Ritz method provides to impose all the given initial and boundary conditions easily. By rigorous proofs, the convergence of the new method is investigated. The numerical technique is also examined by adding three illustrative application problems to show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed technique. Furthermore, our results are compared with the outlets of other works to show superiority of the proposed methodology.


Periprosthetic fractures involving the femoral meta/diaphysis can be treated in various fashions. The overall incidence of those fractures after primary total knee arthroplasties (TKA) ranges from 0.3 to 2.5%, however, can increase above 30% in revision TKA, especially in older patients with poorer bone quality. Various classifications suggest treatment algorithms. However, they are not followed consequently. Revision arthroplasty becomes always necessary if the implant becomes loose. Next, it should be considered in case of an unhappy TKA prior to the fracture rather than going for an osteosynthesis. Coverage of the associated segmental bone loss in combination with proximal fixation, can be achieved in either cemented or non-cemented techniques, with or without the combination of osteosynthetic fracture stabilization. Severe destruction of the metaphyseal bone, often does not allow adequate implant fixation for the revision implant and often does not allow proper anatomic alignment. In addition the destruction might include loss of integrity of the collaterals. Consequently standard or even revision implants might not be appropriate. Although first reports about partial distal femoral replacement are available since the 1960´s, larger case series or technical reports are rare within the literature and limited to some specialised centers. Most series are reported by oncologic centers, with necessary larger osseous resections of the distal femur.

The implantation of any mega prosthesis system requires meticulous planning, especially to calculate the appropriate leg length of the implant and resulting leg length. After implant and maybe cement removal, non-structural bone might be resected. Trial insertion is important due to the variation of overall muscle tension and recreation of the former joint line. So far very few companies offer yet such a complete, modular system which might also be expanded to a total femur solution. Furthermore it should allow the implantation of either a cemented or uncemented diaphyseal fixation. In general, the fracture should be well bridged with a longer stem in place. At least 3 cm to 5 cm of intact diaphysis away to the fracture site is required for stable fixation for both cemented and cementless stems. Application of allograft struts and cables maximises the biomechanical integrity of the fracture zone to promote fracture repair and implant fixation. Modular bridging systems do allow centimeter wise adaption distally, to the knee joint. Consequently in modern systems fully hinged or rotational hinge knee systems can be coupled, and adjusted accordingly to the patellar tracking and joint line. Fixation of the tibial component can be achieved in uncemented and cemented techniques. We still prefer the latter.

Although a reliable and relatively quick technique, frequent complications for all mega systems have been described. These usually include infections, rotational alignment and loosening of the femoral fixation or subsequent proximal femoral fractures. Infections usually can be related to large soft tissue compromise or extensive exposure or longer procedure times. Thus implantation of such reconstruction systems should be reserved to specialised centers, with adequate facilities experience, in order to minimise complications rates and optimise patients function postoperative.


We consider the problem of constructing observers for linear systems with commensurate time delays. We construct two types of observers. One is derived from the duality to the stabilization problem of the systems with commensurate time delays. Another is derived from the following method. That is, if we can transform some system over polynomial ring to make a stable error system, we can construct a new type of observers. The condition for constructibility of this type of observer is attributed to the condition for solvability of some matrix algebraic equation over polynomial ring. Every observer discussed in this paper coincides in its constructibility condition.


ABSTRACT: Fire is a common disturbance in savanna ecosystems that may either facilitate or impede non-native plant invasions. Although fire can create recruitment opportunities for non-native plants, it can also prevent their invasion if it exerts strong negative effects on their demographic processes. Some savannas may, therefore, be able to resist invasion provided the natural, frequent-fire regime remains intact. We examined the effects of fire on the demography of the invasive shrub Brazilian pepper, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi., which is invading fire-prone slash pine savannas of southern Florida. We studied survivorship, growth, and reproduction of low-density populations of Brazilian pepper in a pine savanna within Everglades National Park to investigate whether fire might suppress Brazilian pepper in the early stages of invasion. We found a significant decrease in Brazilian pepper survivorship following fire, particularly among small individuals. We further found that fire reduced fecundity of surviving Brazilian pepper individuals for at least two years. However, resprouting individuals that survived fire had high relative growth rates the following year, which could facilitate population recovery during inter-fire periods. We used a simple population simulation to show that a low-density cohort of Brazilian pepper may be rapidly eliminated from pine savannas with fire-return intervals of four years or less, but individuals may persist for > 50 years with fire-return intervals of eight years or more. Our study suggests the need to maintain the historical frequent-fire regime in pine savannas in order to prevent their invasion by fire-intolerant shrubs such as Brazilian pepper.


Classical color fields produced by the small-x wave functions of colliding ultrarelativistic nuclei have been numerically computed. We set up the framework for computing the production of small-mass quark-antiquark pairs in these color fields by numerically integrating the Dirac equation. This computation is essential for understanding the conversion of the initial gluonic state to a chemically equilibrated quark-gluon plasma. To illustrate and overcome technical difficulties associated with the longitudinal dimension, we first consider numerically the case of one time + one longitudinal space dimension.


System for dynamic assessment of health status and charging a vehicle battery. The system installed in the vehicle, measures the electrochemical impedance of a battery by: - means (5) for generating a sinusoidal alternating current applied to the battery terminals; - means for measuring the voltage drop caused by the passage of said current; - means (2) for filtering and conditioning said voltage drop, and - means (3, 10) for the real and imaginary components of said electrochemical impedance; comprising a unipolar architecture where the injected signal is an alternating component at only one frequency, from an oscillator, superimposed on a component continuously, reference, performing the measurements of the real and imaginary components continuously in time with the acquisition at all times proportional to the injected current voltage.


Aim To establish abdominal aortic banding rats model and to determine the concentration of aldosterone in myocardial fibrosis.Methods 14 SD rats were taken out randomly as sham-operation group in 30 SD rats,and 16 rats were model group.Myocardial fibrosis rat model was established by partially banding abdominal aorta with silver clip(inside diameter 0.7 mm) according to Doering,s method.Left ventricular mass index(LVMI) was calculated and left ventricular ultrastructure was observed with electron microscope.The level of ALD was detected by radioimmunoassay.Results In the 8th week,left ventricular ultrastructure alteration was obvious in model groups.LVMI and the level of ALD were increased obviously in model group,compared with sham-operation group(P0.01).Conclusion In the 8th week,the rats myocardium alterations fit myocardial fibrosis after abdominal aortic banding,which may be related to the accrescence of ALD.


Trapped between high numerical aperture laser objectives, a single calcium ion is converted into a high-efficiency source of single photons, with controlled coherence properties. Thereby, various schemes to establish entanglement between remote ions are probed.


communities of Colombia and Peru, where you can see the techniques, technologies and products with which different fabrics are made. This includes the raw materials, as well as the technical and technological processes developed by the indigenous community, the social relations in the weaving activity and, finally, the spiritual and physical (use) needs met by those woven products. It also analyzes the influence of the traditional indigenous fabrics from Latin America in the world of current fashion design. For this purpose, we use as example three renowned fashion designers who have used these indigenous designs for some pieces from their collections (Dior by John Galliano, Jean Paul Gaultier, and Hernan Zajar). Finally, we present the difference found between both designs (indigenous and fashion collections) and attempt to answer the question of how these designers have appropriated or interpreted indigenous designs, if they keep the original meaning and symbolism of these tissues of if, on the contrary, they only keep the form of the design (figure-pattern).


Rutile-type titanium dioxide films were synthesized by ion beam assisted deposition with ion beam incidence inclined 45°to the substrate. The influence of ion bombardment during deposition on the preferred orientation of films was studied. A change of preferred orientation from (110) to (200) with the increase of ion to deposited atom arrival ratio ac was observed in case Ne+ and Xe+ ion bombardment were used during film groWth respectively. The preferred orientation of titanium oxide films from (110) to (200) is accounted for in terms of channeling of ions and surface free energy. When arrival ratio of ion to atom is low, crystallites with (110) orientation which has lowest sudece free energy grow preferentially. As the increase of 7, the damage induced by ion bombardment compresses the growth of crystallites with shallow ion channeling. Then (200) preferred orientation is observedbecause of its wider ion channeling.


A detailed description is presented of the Harwell (Chemical Engineering and Process Technology Division) high pressure, steam-water heat transfer loop; this description is aimed at supplementing the information given in reports on individual experiments. The operating instructions for the loop are given in an appendix. (auth)


Arthritis Care's Jane Spece discusses the prevalence of arthritis in our ageing population, and how self-management of the condition can assist in maintaining dignity and independence in older people.


Black hole perturbation theory for Kerr black holes is best studied in the Newman Penrose Formalism, in which gravitational waves are described as perturbations in the Weyl scalars $\psi_0$ and $\psi_4$, with the governing equation being the well-known Teukolsky equation. Near infinity and near horizon, $\psi_4$ is dominated by the component that corresponds to waves propagating towards the positive radial direction, while $\psi_0$ is dominated by the component that corresponds to waves that propagate towards the negative radial direction. Since gravitational-wave detectors measure out-going waves at infinity, research has been mainly focused on $\psi_4$, leaving $\psi_0$ less studied. But the scenario is reversed in the near horizon region where the in-going-wave boundary condition needs to be imposed. Thus, the near horizon phenomena, e.g., tidal heating and gravitational-wave echoes from Extremely Compact Objects (ECOs), require computing $\psi_0$. In this work, we explicitly calculate the source term for the $\psi_0$ Teukolsky equation due to a point particle plunging into a Kerr black hole. We highlight the need to regularize the solution of the $\psi_0$ Teukolsky equation obtained using Green's function techniques. We suggest a regularization scheme for this purpose and go on to compute the $\psi_0$ waveform close to a Schwarzschild horizon for two types of trajectories of the in-falling particle. We compare the $\psi_0$ waveform calculated directly from the Teukolsky equation with the $\psi_0$ waveform obtained by using the Starobinsky-Teukolsky identity on $\psi_4$. We also compute the out-going echo waveform near infinity, using the near-horizon $\psi_0$ computed directly from the Teukolsky equation and the Boltzmann boundary condition on the ECO surface. We show that this echo is quantitatively different (stronger) than the echo obtained using previous prescriptions. (abridged)


Reference Service is seen as the heart of Libray Service. Reference Service is facilitated by reference librarians, who fulfill the user's information need. Like other library services, Reference Service has also changed as a consequence of the impact of technology which is evolving in accordance with the changing need of the society. This article aims at discussing some new trends of library reference. This new style of service is broken into four  main areas namely new trends of reference source; new trends of reference interview; collaborative efforts of reference service; library reference service.


A series of luminescent materials based on a sodium calcium phosphate matrix doped with europium and different concentrations of silicon ions was synthesized using the Pechini method.


The traditional vicinity zone's terrain correction algorithm cannot be guaranteed to the calculation precision under complex terrain conditions,so that greatly limited the potential of the high precision gravity survey technology to solve the problem of deep mining 's prospecting in the mountainous region.Based on this,this paper introduced a high accuracy algorithm of calculating vicinity zone's terrain correction based on triangulation fitting to solve the problem of gravity survey's precision in the mountainous region,this algorithm firstly divided vicinity complex topography into a set of multiple triangles,then calculated corresponding analytical solutions for each triangle,finally obtained high accuracy terrain correction value by accumulating. The biggest advantage of this algorithm is that the method itself does not exist"theoretical error",the error only come from the fitting degree between triangulation and real terrain features,the subdivision of triangular mesh is finer,the calculation precision is higher.The analysis of calculation examples shows that when triangulation is adequately reasonable,even in the condition of some measurement error,the accuracy still can achieve "μGal" magnitude,so this algorithm have strong practical application and popularization value.


foramina one foramen has an approximate estimate of its size has The comparative anatomy of these formina attention and their anthropological less.


The meaning and importance of bilingual teaching have been analyzed in this paper. Bilingual teaching model is explored deeply exampled for database system theory course, including the select of book, the organizing of teaching, the mode of examination and the evaluation of the teaching quality. An effective bilingual teaching model includes using English book, using multimedia in classroom, speaking in two languages alternate, developing special topic lectures, and so on.


The goal of this special session is to describe the design and implementation of faculty learning committees focused on disseminating information about the application of inclusive pedagogical practices in engineering classrooms. Assisted by funding from the National Science Foundation via the REvolutionizing engineering and computer science Departments (RED) grant program, we developed multiple approaches to create change in ways that all members of the biomedical engineering department could participate. In one approach, we established a new kind of permanent faculty committee within our department: the Faculty Learning Committee (FLC). The FLC constitutes a completely different kind of experience in which faculty can fulfill their service commitment to the department. Unlike other committees which are almost exclusively focused on completion of tasks assigned by leaders in the department's administration, the FLC engages faculty in reading, discussion, and project planning around a shared topic of interest. FLCs are designed to engage faculty, create buy-in for change within the department through participation, create a community of fellow engineers that can rely on one another for discussion and ideas, and give the facilitators a platform to address difficult but necessary topics to support wide-spread departmental change. This session will review the success and challenges experienced through two iterations of this program. Participants will leave with resources to create their own effective faculty learning committee.


Background: Trust is a fundamental characteristic of the physician-patient relationship. Patients must trust that their physicians will work in their best interests to achieve optimal health outcomes. The quality of relationship between doctors and patients in government hospitals is fundamental for the several outcomes as regard services rendered by the doctor and those received by the patients and in other to improve the quality of healthcare delivery in public health care sector. The study conducted to determine the some factors that can influence of doctor-patient relationship which would eventually determine the effectiveness of health care delivery in public health centres in Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted among patients in Federal Medical Center, Otuoke, General Hospital, Kolo and Cottage Hospital, Otuasega, all in Ogbia Local Government Area of Bayelsa state. Data collection was carried out using both self-administered and interview administered questionnaire. 138 patients were selected for the study. An average of 20 interviews were conducted per clinic day. Results: Numerous factors such as age, gender, level of education, socioeconomic status, cultural and religious beliefs can affect physician-patient relationship. Results of this study demonstrated that communication and trust were the two most Communication and Trust. factors that greatly influenced the effectiveness of health care delivery and many patients were satisfied with the services received from their doctors. Conclusion: Communication and mutual trust between the doctor and patient are of the major factors that influences doctor patient relationship.


Urbanization is the renovation of rural society into an urban society as a result of socio-economic and political growth leading to foundation and expansion of urban agglomerations along with changing land use patterns. The main aims of this study was Investigating the extent of vegetation loss through urban expansion in and around Jimma Town over a 30 period of 6 years interval by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. To achieve this objectives, Data was obtained from earth explorer (USGS) 6 years interval from1990 to 2020 of the study area. Downloaded image were extracted and each layer stacked together using the digital image-processing software ENVI 5.2. The Processed images were classified using supervised classification Algorithms into 5 hierarchical classes; Built-up area, Vegetation, Agricultural land, Grass land, and wetlands based on a modified classification scheme. Change analysis was also undertaken by applying post-classification change detection procedures. Accuracy of the image classification was assessed using error matrix, overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. The change analysis result revealed that the LULC have shown both positive and negative significant changes. Built-up were the top LULC that experienced positive change; whereas grass land, vegetation, agricultural land and wetlands have substantially declined. An important implication of the observed changes is that rapid urban expansion, compounded by poor urban planning is leading to enormous losses of key ecosystems such as wetlands and natural vegetation. The consequence of this rapid ecological degradation could potentially impact ecological functioning and environmental sustainability in and around Jimma city. Therefore, critical system thinking is required to address these complex problems in the study area and areas of rapid urbanization elsewhere in the country. of people from neighboring city and unable to compete the land lease price. These results are collaborate with (te Lintelo et al. Mosammam et al. 2017) who reported that the rapid urban population is a key challenge of the twenty-first century. From land cover classes namely built up shows an increasing trend throughout the study periods (Fig. built-up area shows increasing trend from 1990 to 2002 covering an area of 66.897 km 2 (13.16%) in the year 1990 and 129.2985 km 2 (25.45%) in the year 2002 and eight years later this land cover class increased to 385.83 km 2 (75.95542%) in the year 2020. The trends of agricultural land, grassland, and vegetation were decreased throughout the study periods except for the former class in 2002 but the rate of decrease was different. The former class expanded to forest area following rapid urban expansion near to town center on croplands in 2002. However, a built-up area rapidly replaced agricultural land following massive constructions, This finding is in line with Asmat and Zamzami(2012) and Esayas (2013) which explain about increased built-up area due to rapid, unstructured and unplanned development. Extreme decline of grassland and agricultural land was occurred in the year 2002 to 2020. This declining trend of the land is due to increasing land requirements for house construction, which is arising from rapid population growth and uncontrolled response by the government (Lejano and Bianco 2018), which enhances the problem of informal house constructions. These findings are supported by Roberts and Okanya (2018), who reported urban informality, is the outcome of either housing deficit or unaffordable cost of formal house rent. It is observed that the vegetation cover has increased from 40.068 km 2 (7.88%) in the year 2002 to 47.9002 km 2 (9.4294%) in the year 2015. On the other hand, the wetland of the study area shows a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2020 covering a total area of 69.518 km 2