CD25 is an important cell surface marker for CD4(superscript +)CD25(superscript +) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tree shrew is an animal model used in the study of human viral infections. However, the molecular identity of tree shrew CD25 (tsCD25) remains unclear. We cloned tsCD25 and analyzed its expression pattern. A full-length cDNA of tree shrew interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain (tsCD25) gene was obtained from tree shrew spleen by RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). The tsCD25 cDNA contains an ORF of 816 bp, encoding a 30.9 ku of peptide with a predicted 271 amino acids. The mature tsCD25 peptide contains two Sushi domains, two N-linked and multiple O-linked glycosylation sites. The tsCD25 is very similar to those of primates at the amino acid level, ranging from 65.3% to 66.4%. Tissue transcription analysis indicates that tsCD25 mRNA is expressed in peripheral blood, spleen and lung. Lymphocytes expression analysis demonstrates that tsCD25 mRNA is up-regulated by PMA and ionomycin stimulation. Our results may provide a basis for future studies such as generating monoclonal antibodies to tsCD25.


This is the third report stemming from an empirical study of Australia's class action regimes that was commenced in 2009. This report provides data with respect to the first 22 years of operation of Australia's federal class action regime; that is, the period from 4 March 1992 to 3 March 2014. In particular, it provides data with respect to the total, average and median number of class actions; the duration of those proceedings that were resolved as at 1 October 2014; the types of substantive claims that have been advanced on behalf of the class members; the number of class actions that have been supported by commercial litigation funders; the total and average number of legal disputes that have been the subject of class actions; the most important law firms that have represented class representatives; and the outcomes of these class actions.


Antioxidants have been the focus of studies for developing neuroprotective agents to be used in the therapy for stroke, which is an acute and progressive neurodegenerative disorder and is the second leading cause of death throughout the world. In fact, many herbal antioxidants have been developed in in vitro and in vivo experiments and some of these have been tested in clinical studies of stroke. Embelia ribes have been reported to have antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. In addition to these effects, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of E. ribes Burm fruits on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)‐induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Male Wistar albino rats were fed ethanolic E. ribes extract (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight; p.o.) for 30 days. After 30 days of feeding, all animals were anaesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.). The right middle cerebral artery was occluded with a 4‐0 suture for 2 h. The suture was removed after 2 h to allow reperfusion injury. Ischemia followed by reperfusion in ischemic group rats significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the grip strength activity and non‐enzymatic (reduced glutathione, GSH) and enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST)] antioxidant levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex compared to sham‐operated rats. Further, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly increased in ischemic group compared to sham‐operated rats. Furthermore, ethanolic E. ribes extracts pretreatment significantly (P < 0.001) increased the grip strength activity, and GSH, GPx, GR and GST levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex with significant decrease in LDH levels in serum and TBARS levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex compared to MCAO + vehicle group rats. The data from this study suggest that chronic treatment with ethanolic E. ribes extract enhances the antioxidant defense against MCAO‐ induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats and exhibits neuroprotective activity.


ical findings. Firstly, Tabachnik argues that there has been a conflation of two different ideas within civic nationalism, one about the territory, another about the people. Jus soli citizenship evokes an appeal to a "territorial collective identity," while civic nationalism appeals to and promotes the acceptance of values underpinning the liberal-democratic political process. Accordingly, nationalism stands firmly on the foundation of collective identity, whether ethnic or territorial, which goes back to pre-modern history. Thus, while ethnic and territorial preferences espoused by the national idealism are dichotomous, they easily coexist with the modern liberal-democratic (civic) values. The volume overall demonstrates that the ethnic-territorial dichotomy offers strong explanations for the adoption of jus soli over jus sanguine legislation. References to the hitherto overused ethnic-civic dichotomy are therefore misplaced as they tend to focus on models of citizenship and nationhood prevalent in Western European cases, which may have limited applicability elsewhere. Going forward, the book suggests that focusing on identities reflecting the territorial polity, and not civicness of citizenship as an alternative instrument to measure the salience of ethnicness of state-bound identity. This has important theoretical implications for understanding the evolution of national identity in a historic perspective as either ethnic, territorial, or both. The author makes a comprehensive addition to academic discussion on the core dichotomy in the study of nationalism and provides both theoretical and empirical insights to the study of birthright citizenship in the post-Soviet space. Anyone with an interest in implications of "territorial nationalism" and its links to citizenship policy will benefit from consulting the volume.


Environmental audit plays a very important role in the transformation of the mode of economic development in China.It contributes to promoting the government environmental performance indicators and the realizing of the enterprise pollution emission reduction.Independence is the soul of auditing,and it is the basis of auditors report their audit opinions objectively and adjustly.But because of the independence deficiency of the environmental audit in China,environmental auditing doesn't work effectively.This paper analyzes the independence of China's current government auditing,social auditing and internal auditing,and based on the independence of environmental auditing,discusses the positioning of environmental auditing supervision,in order to serve better for the mode changing of the national economic development.


From pathogenesis,and treatment method dialectical law of sepsis Chinese medicine research profiles are discussed,providing research for the clinical treatment of sepsis references and ideas to develop.


Objective To probe the noninvasive and hourly transcutaneous bilirubin(TcB)nomogram of newborns in Changzhou region and assess its predictive ability to screen risks of sequent hyperbilirubinemia.Methods TcB was measured for 679 healthy infants(gestational age ≥ 35 weeks and birth weight ≥ 2 000 g)from birth to 7 days.We designed the hour-specific bilirubin nomogram with these data.Newborns were divided into 4 groups based on the predischarge bilirubin risk zone.Results Six hundreds and seventy-nine infant with 7 482 hour-specific bilirubin data were enrolled into the study.Forty-two infants were in the high-risk zone(sensitivity 34.52%,specificity 97.82%).Two hundrend and twelve infants were in the high-risk and intermediate-risk zone(sensitivity 80.95%,specificity 75.80%).Two hundreds and thirteen infants were in the low-risk zone(sensitivity 98.81%,specificity 35.63%).The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were drawn to assess the predictive abilities of the predischarge bilirubin level and prediction models that were combined with gestational age and weight losses.The area under the ROC curve of predischarge bilirubin level was 0.846.The area under the ROC curve of the combination of predischarge bilirubin level and gestational age was 0.857.The area under the ROC curve of the combination of predischarge bilirubin level and weight losses was 0.859.Conclusions The infant's risk of developing significant hyperbilirubinemia can be simply and accurately assessed according to the infant's predischarge bilirubin level,gestational age and weight loss.


Throughout the heating industry, much has been discussed concerning boiler ratings and their effect on boiler and system sizing. I still get more requests for information on this subject than any other in {open_quotes}Boilerland.{close_quotes} So for the masses, I provide the following. Over the years there have been many different boiler ratings used. These ratings had a direct impact on not only how the boiler was sized, but also how and why the job was piped, and what the firing rate was.


This study analysed the alleviating effect of elevated CO2 on stress-induced decreases in photosynthesis and changes in carbohydrate metabolism in two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) of different origin. The plants were grown in ambient (400 l ll 1 ) and elevated (800 l ll 1 )C O2 with a day/night temperature of 15/10 °C. At the growth stages of tillering, booting and anthesis, the plants were subjected to heat stress of 40 °C for three continuous days. Photosynthetic parameters, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and contents of pigments and carbohydrates in leaves were analysed before and during the stress treatments as well as after 1 day of recovery. Heat stress reduced PN and Fv/Fm in both wheat cultivars, but plants grown in elevated CO2 maintained higher PN and Fv/Fm in comparison with plants grown in ambient CO2. Heat stress reduced leaf chlorophyll contents and increased leaf sucrose contents in both cultivars grown at ambient and elevated CO2. The content of hexoses in the leaves increased mainly in the tolerant cultivar in response to the combination of elevated CO2 and heat stress. The results show that heat stress tolerance in wheat is related to cultivar origin, the phenological stage of the plants and can be alleviated by elevated CO2. This confirms the complex interrelation between environmental factors and genotypic traits that influence crop performance under various climatic stresses.


In the current scenario, the pandemic COVID-19 spread globally starting from the end of 2019, in Wuhan, a city of China. As per the current data taken up to 26th of May 2020, globally there are a huge number of people are affected (Approximately 3 billions) by the pandemic. Though the entire data varies depending upon the several parameters like, population size, congestion of area, climate condition, awareness of peoples etc. we have only analyzes on the data of the country USA. The entire data is partitioned into various categories such as: infected rate, mortality rate. A statistical analysis is prepared to analyze or predict the future strategies of the infected rate as well as the removal (Death/cured) rate. The growth of both the infected and the removed can be predicted with the same observed data taken on daily basis from 15th February 2020. We retrieved these data from an authenticate source provided by "Worldometer" (http://www.worldometers.info). However, Prophet Forecasting Model (PMF) is used to simulate and discussed for the prediction of the mortality rate, active rate due to pandemic COVID-19. The proposed method is also tested for accuracy of model via cross validation method.


Even a cursory look on the self-perception of lawyers and political scientists in Austria shows how great the divide between these two academic disciplines has remained since 1945. Anton Pelinka wrote more than ten years ago: "In Austria, there dominates a style of legal thinking that helps to obscure political implications behind an allegedly value-neutral approach ... lawyers, for example, use a legal fiction of the legislative power – as if free of interests, especially free from the interweavings with bureaucracy, political parties and vested economic interests. The job of the political scientist is to oppose these fictions, which are disguising the truth, by the persistent search for reality ... political science must be useful, must be in demand as a rival to the aforementioned naïve form of flat, positivistic legal doctrine." Even today, many political scientists in Austria lament the dominance of jurisprudence and believe therefore that they still need to fight for academic and societal recognition, for more influence on the market of interest and politics and – through the academic "nobility" – to gain legitimacy as an independent discipline. Hence, the entire history of political science as an academic discipline in Austria can – in particular when looking at the university education of political scientists of the first generation – be seen as a breakaway process from jurisprudence in order to establish itself as an "independent" field of science on the market. It is therefore an either – or: either political scientist or lawyer. Any claim that law and political science can go together, or even more so, any person who wants to do both, is extremely suspect. Seen from this background, a scholarly article about Austrian political science, which also empirically studies the academic institutionalization, only stated Vienna, Salzburg and Innsbruck as universities with comprehensive political science curricula and respective academic organizational units in the tabular form, while Graz is mentioned only laconically in the text: "Political science does not exist as an


Just six amino acid residues prevent the T cell kinase Itk from being as active as its B cell counterpart, Btk. Comparing Tec Kinase Dynamics T cell receptor (TCR) signals are mediated in part by the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Itk, a member of the Tec family of kinases, whereas B cell receptor–dependent signaling involves another Tec kinase, Btk. Although both kinases have similar amino acid sequences, particularly in their kinase domains, Btk is more active than Itk. In a structure-function analysis, Joseph et al. showed that substitution of just six amino acid residues in Itk with the corresponding residues of Btk was sufficient to enhance the activity of Itk to a similar degree to that of Btk. Itk-deficient mouse T cells reconstituted with this mutant Itk exhibited excessive TCR-dependent signaling, which led the authors to suggest that the decreased kinase activity of Itk acts as a check to prevent inappropriate T cell activation. Itk (interleukin-2–inducible T cell kinase) and Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases of the Tec family that signal downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR), respectively. Despite their high sequence similarity and related signaling roles, Btk is a substantially more active kinase than Itk. We showed that substitution of 6 of the 619 amino acid residues of Itk with the corresponding residues of Btk (and vice versa) was sufficient to completely switch the activities of Itk and Btk. The substitutions responsible for the swap in activity are all localized to the activation segment of the kinase domain. Nuclear magnetic resonance and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analyses revealed that Itk and Btk had distinct protein dynamics in this region, which could explain the differences in catalytic efficiency between these kinases. Introducing Itk with enhanced activity into T cells led to enhanced and prolonged TCR signaling compared to that in cells with wild-type Itk. These findings imply that evolutionary pressures have led to Tec kinases having distinct enzymatic properties, depending on the cellular context. We suggest that the weaker catalytic activities of T cell–specific kinases serve to regulate cellular activation and prevent aberrant immune responses.


The problem of enabling asleepingprocess on a shared-memory multiprocessor is a difficult one, especially if the process is to be awak ened by an interrupt-time event. We present here the code for sleep and wakeup primitives that we use in our multiprocessor system. The code has been exercised by years of active use and by a verification system. Our problem is to synchronise processes on a symmetric shared-memory multiproces sor. Processes suspend execution, or sleep, while awaiting an enabling event such as an I/O interrupt. When the event occurs, the process is issued a wakeup to resume its exe cution. During these events, other processes may be running and other interrupts occurring on other processors. More specifically, we wish to implement subroutines called sleep, callable by a pro cess to relinquish control of its current processor, and wakeup, callable by another pro cess or an interrupt to resume the execution of a suspended process. The calling con ventions of these subroutines will remain unspecified for the moment.


During the 1950s, polymer chemists succeeded in advancing polymer research several steps forward. Continued improvements in instruments for polymer study (such as the electron microscope and new forms of spectroscopy), detailed investigations into the behaviour of polymeric reactions, and accumulated industry know-how made possible the building of molecules by design. Control of properties at the molecular level led to an array of polymer uses and shapes. A major advance in polymer synthesis was the development of catalysts that exactly controlled the positioning of atoms attached to polymer chains, later known as stereoregularity. In 1953 a research team led by Karl Ziegler [1] discovered that organic compounds of metals, such as aluminium alkyl, enabled gas ethylene to polymerise at room temperature and at normal atmospheric pressure. Ziegler also found that his polyethylene did not consist of ethylene units randomly attached in a branched pattern, as was the case with the polymers produced by older methods. The compounds he and his co-workers had created contained very ordered, very long, straight-chain molecules. Shortly after Ziegler's group obtained their new polyethylene, Giulio Natta [2] announced that his laboratory in Milan had used a Ziegler catalyst to obtain a stereoregular polypropylene. In this polymer, the atoms of the propylene units that were not part of the main carbon chain occurred in a regular pattern either at one side or the opposing side of the chain. In his polymerisation of propylene, Natta obtained a mixture of a rubber-like substance and a plastic material. The only molecular difference between these two polypropylenes as outlined by Battjes & co-workers [3] was the position of the side groups on the chain. When units in the chain had the same side group placement, they were plastic. When the side groups were randomly placed, they created a rubber. Changing the catalyst altered the placement of these side groups. They were either isotactic (all on the same side of the chain), syndiotactic (alternately at one side and the opposing side of the chain), or atactic (randomly at one side or the opposing side of the chain). By using ZieglerNatta catalysts, materials with special arrangement of side groups in naturally occurring polymers such as cispolyisoprene, the natural rubber, could be duplicated as indicated by Warrick et al. [4] The manufacture of stereoregular polymers increases the degree of crystallinity, and with it the strength, modulus and density of the polymer. These catalysts are the basis of the production of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene. HDPE has improved thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties over lowdensity polyethylene [5]. Isotactic polypropylene, consisting of regular arrangements of stereocentres, is a crystalline thermoplastic material with a melting point of nearly 187.7oC, whereas atactic (stereorandom) polypropylene is an amorphous gum elastomer [5,6]. Natta [2], however, reported the polymerisation of rubbery polypropylene, which exhibits elastomeric properties attributed to a stereoblock microstructure. Blocks of crystallisable isotactic stereosequences and amorphous atactic sequences give rise to a ∗ To whom all correspondence should be addressed ∂ On leave of absence from the Department of Chemistry, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt 11795 Mesoscopic and molecular modelling of the chain microstructure, conformation and crystallisation of polyolefins Tarek M. Madkour*, ∂, € Bart Goderis€ Vincent B.F. Mathot∀, € Harry Reynaers€


This article gives the short characteristic of the institute of recognition in international law. Main types and forms of recognition are reflected. The constitutive and declarative theories are studied.


The structures of P2 + P2+ were studied with ab initio calculations at the ROHF and UHF levels with the 6-31G* basis set. The geometries and dissociation energies for the four selected structures–collinear, T-shaped, regular trapezoid, and elongated tetrahedral–were studied in comparison with N2 + N2+. The trade-off of the intramolecular π bond for the intermolecular σ bond for the P4+ system results in its larger dissociation energies and more substantial changes in bond distances than those in the N4+ system. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


This paper describes the uncertainties associated with determining an appropriate dip to geosteer a well towards the landing zone and along the well trajectory, and how a 2D VSP helped. Various methods of pre-drill dip estimation are discussed and compared to the 2D VSP and to LWD measurements.


This article presents the possibility of automating a formalized selection of technological operations by interconnecting dependencies between all the component components of the technological process. It is shown that the dependencies are folded, including the specifics of working with an enterprise or an enterprise. The study demonstrates the nuances that make it difficult for production and law to affect the approach to selecting a tool and equipment for performing one or one technological operation. An example of a technological process forming for manufacturing a detail in the example of an aviation part of the profile type is given.


The right conclusion could be that there is a strong connection between the spectral components with specified periods. A possible economic interpretation could identify a strong long-term (in the sense of the specified periods) connection between both series. But that would still not allow us to say anything concerning the size and direction of the time delay between the two series. For such an analysis we would have to, at least, consider the phase angles between the components. Because of the ambivalent meaning of the phase angle (in relation to the direction and number of periods) the final answer could come only from the time domain analysis. However, the fact that only spectral components with longer periods, i.e., smaller frequencies, show coherency suggests something else: In order to influence the balance of trade the changes in the terms of trade should be durable enough. Mathematical formalization of this concept of durability would therefore be helpful. I would propose that further research be done in this respect.


In order to develop a specific,sensitive,rapid and practical method for serodiagnosis,surveillance and epidemiological surveys of brucelosis in human and animals,the double antigen sandwich enzyme immunoassays(DagS-EIA) including routine double antigen sandwich enzyme linked absorbent assay(DagS-ELISA),double antigen sandwich enzyme immuno-spot assay,(DAgS-DIEA) and rapid double antigen sandwich enzyme immunoassay(rapid DagS-ELISA) had been developed on the basis in the preparation of high-titered Brucella antigen and its conjugate of Brucella antigen with horseradish peroxidase.In addition,the main factors influencing the result of DagS-EIA had been evaluated.In the present study,the high-tittered Brucella antigens and the freezing dried conjugate of Burucella antigen and hoseradish peroxidase had been prepared,and on the basis of these preparations,the DagS-EIA was established for the detection of the Brucella antibodies in humans and animals.Upon the detection of Burucella antibodies in 115 serum samples of patients with brucellosis,it was found that positive rates of antibody detection with DagS-ELISA,RBPT,IELISA,DagS-DIEA and SAT were 61.7%,58.1%,55.6%,53.7% and 44.2% respectively.When these methods were applied for the detection of Brucella antibodies in sheep,cattle and swine as well as experimental animals such as rabbit,guinea pig and mice infected with Brucella,all showed strong positive reactions.However,no positive reaction could be detected in sera of normal human,sheep,cattle or swine.It is concluded that the DagS-EIA is not only specific,sensitive,rapid and practicable,but also may be used to detect various Brucella antibodies in human and animals by the preparation of one conjugate for Brucella antigen with horseradish peroxidase.


We study the mobility of a particle coupled to a one-dimensional interacting fermionic system, namely, a Luttinger liquid. We bosonize the Luttinger liquid and find the effective interaction between the particle and the bosonic system. We show that the dynamics of this system is completely equivalent to the acoustic polaron problem where the interaction has purely electronic origin. This problem has a zero-mode excitation, or soliton, in the strong-coupling limit, which corresponds to the the formation of a polarization cloud due to the fermion-fermion interaction around the particle. We find that, due to the scattering of the residual bosonic modes, the soliton has a finite mobility and diffusion coefficient at finite temperatures that depend on the fermion-fermion interaction. We show that at low temperatures the mobility and the diffusion coefficient are proportional to ${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ and ${\mathit{T}}^{5}$, respectively, and at high temperatures the mobility vanishes as ${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ while the diffusion increases as T.


Planning can be defined as "a continuous process which involves decisions or choices, about alternative ways of using available resources, with the aim of achieving particular goals at some time in the future. In another ward it refers to deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it and who is to do it'. Therefore, development planning has become a necessary tool used by many governments and organizations to set their visions, missions, and goals. It has an effective means of realizing development through effective direction and control.


Background Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 2 dibetes mellitus (T2DM) patients is frequent and associated with high cardiovascular mortality. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the gold standard to measure cardiac autonomic neuropathy. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta–analysis to evaluate the impact of T2DM on HRV parameters. Methods The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Science Direct databases were searched on 1st October 2017 using the keywords "diabetes" AND ("heart rate variability" OR "HRV"). Included articles had to report HRV parameters in T2DM patients and healthy controls measured during 24 hours with a Holter–electrocardiogram. Measurements of HRV retieved were: RR–intervals (or Normal to Normal intervals—NN), standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN), percetange of adjacent NN intervals differing by more than 50 milliseconds (pNN50), square root of the mean squared difference of successive RR intervals (RMSSD), total power, Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio, as per Task Force recommendations. Results We included twenty-five case-control studies with 2,932 patients: 1,356 with T2DM and 1,576 healthy controls. T2DM patients had significantly (P<0.01) lower RR–intervals (effect size = –0.61; 95%CI –1.21 to –0.01), lower SDNN (–0.65; –0.83 to –0.47), lower RMSSD (–0.92; –1.37 to –0.47), lower pNN50 (–0.46; –0.84 to –0.09), lower total power (–1.52; –2.13 to –0.91), lower LF (–1.08; –1.46 to –0.69]), and lower HF (–0.79; –1.09 to –0.50). LF/HF did not differ between groups. Levels of blood glucose and HbA1c were associated with several HRV parameters, as well as Time from diagnosis of T2DM Conclusions T2DM was associated with an overall decrease in the HRV of T2DM patients. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity were decreased, which can be explained by the deleterious effects of altered glucose metabolism on HRV, leading to cardiac autonomic neuropathy.


"Better policing can only come by devolving accountability and responsibility. This, combined with decentralisation and privatisation where possible, will create an environment where innovation flourishes and good practice is copied. There are many lessons from the USA which could usefully be adopted by the UK." Copyright (c) 2007 The Author. Journal compilation (c) Institute of Economic Affairs 2007. Published by Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.


The invention relates to a novel afatinib acid additional salt as well as a crystal form, a preparation method and a medicinal composition thereof. The afatinib acid additional salt and the crystal form of the afatinib acid additional salt have one or more improved characteristics. The invention further relates to the preparation method, the medicinal composition and an application of the afatinib acid additional salt and the crystal form of the afatinib acid additional salt in preparing medicines for treating and/or preventing advanced non-small cell lung cancer and HER2 positive advanced breast cancer.


We investigate two competing products with network effects diffusion on heterogeneous Newman-Watts (HNW) network based on a computer simulation model. Consumerspsila behaviors in our model are determined not only by their individual preferences and purchasing resistances but also by their interactions with others. To analyze the determinant factors in products diffusion we divide network effects into two kinds - direct network effects and indirect network effects. The outcomes of simulations show that direct network effects act as a brake on the winner-take-all process, often lead to market sharing. Consumers in the market are cliquish and each faction adopts the same product when market sharing outcome occurs. Indirect network effects are great impetus on the winner-take-all process, but the winner-take-all process can be slowed for the heterogeneity of purchasing resistances among consumers.


The centriole is as enigmatic today as it was shortly after its discovery just over a hundred years ago. Its lotus-like 9-fold triplet array was thoroughly described when the electron microscope permitted the study of its ultrastructure. In comparison, its molecular composition remains poorly understood, although the situation slowly improves as antibodies become available to identify components considered to be specific, e.g. ã-tubulin, cenexin, centrin (recently reviewed by Lange and Gull, 1996). But these authors emphasised that the main enigma concerns its role(s) in the cell. The centriole's unusual form of cycle-related replication has also been well described in morphological, but not in molecular terms. Segregation at division ensures that each daughter cell receives a diplosome (a pair of centrioles) in an unbroken evolutionary lineage, strongly hinting at it being an essential requirement. However, our knowledge of these mechanisms is limited chiefly because of a singular lack of genetics '...we are forced to discuss the inheritance of centrioles largely in 19th century 'Essential' Function(s) of the Centriole: Questions


Based on the analysis of the present situation of China's mine emergency rescue and the brief introduction of the definition and composition of refuge chamber,this paper analyzes the necessity and significance of establishing the emergency system of refuge chamber in coal mine and elaborates that the construction of coal mine emergency system model based on the refuge chamber system can not only guide the miners to conduct the rescue work themselves,but also make the ground rescue more targeted and directed so as to realize the "stereo" rescue,which has important significance for coal mine production.


Single-photon sensor technology is rapidly emerging as the optical sensor technology of choice in specialized low flux imaging applications such as long-range LiDAR, fluorescence microscopy and non-line-of-sight imaging. We ask the question: Can single-photon sensors be used more broadly as general-purpose image sensors for passive 2D intensity imaging? We derive a photon flux estimator using the number of photons detected in a fixed exposure time by a dead-time-limited single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensor. Unlike a conventional image sensor pixel that has a hard saturation limit due to its full well capacity, our SPAD-based passive imaging method has a non-linear response that never saturates. This enables SPADs to operate not only at extremely low photon flux levels but also at extremely high flux levels, several orders of magnitude higher than the saturation limit of conventional image sensors. We present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the effect of various design parameters on the signal-to-noise-ratio and dynamic range of a passively operated SPAD pixel, and also demonstrate the dynamic range improvement experimentally.


Chemotherapeutic resistance remains a critical clinical issue is responsible for treatment failure in patients with ovarian cancer. Evidence of the involvement of miRNAs in chemoresistance in ovarian cancer has been recently emerging. However, the underlying molecular links between chemoresistance and miRNAs remain largely unknown. In this study, we report that miR-149-5p expression is markedly elevated in chemoresistant ovarian cancer tissues compared with the chemosensitive ovarian cancer tissues. Furthermore, the silencing of miR-149-5p enhanced the chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, the upregulation of miR-149-5p aggravated chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. Our results further revealed that miR-149-5p directly targeted the core kinase components of the Hippo signaling pathway, STE20-like kinase (MST)1 and protein salvador homolog 1 (SAV1), resulting in the inactivation of TEA domain (TEAD) transcription. On the whole, our findings reveal a novel mechanism of of action miR-149-5p in inducing chemotherapeutic resistance in ovarian cancer, indicating that miR-149-5p may serve as a chemotherapeutic response indicator and a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.


Methods of efficient device packaging must be developed before integrated optical devices can be successfully deployed in large-scale system applications. Fiber alignment is an example of a key technology which must be developed. Because of the repetitive, time-consuming, and precise nature of this task, the need for automation is evident. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate an automated method for aligning arrays of fibers to waveguides in lithium niobate (see Fig. 1). The algorithm rapidly converges to the optimum alignment position by making use of the known functional dependence of coupling loss on the transverse offset between two single-mode waveguides. The method can be applied equally well to other optical alignment problems in which the influence of misalignments on coupling efficiency is well characterized.


This volume consists of analyses by country specialists on the development of green parties in 14 countries across the world. It investigates to what extent the parties have remained true to their original identity or have been transformed, and offers clues on broader questions about party types and party change in contemporary democracies.


With the rapid development of dc system, the residual current in dc system has become an urgent problem to be solved. However, the type B residual current devices (RCD) for ac systems could not be directly used in dc systems. In the dc system, the voltage fluctuation generated by the rectifier and the system circulating net currents generated by the line with different positive and negative parameters would interfere with the detection of RCD. In this paper, the residual current experimental platform was built firstly. Then the residual current detection prototype was developed and its operating characteristics were tested. The impedance model of human body was built for different electric shock conditions secondly. Thirdly, the influence of system factors on circulating net currents and the detection of residual current was analyzed. Finally, the configurations of RCD in dc system were proposed finally, protecting human body from electric shock and preventing electric fire accident threats.


I. GETTING STARTED. 1. Understanding the Desktop. 2. Understanding the Start Menu. 3. Opening and Closing a Window. 4. Minimizing a Window. 5. Maximizing a Window. 6. Moving a Window. 7. Resizing a Window. 8. Arranging Windows on the Desktop. 9. Using Menus. 10. Using Shortcut Menus. 11. Using a Dialog Box. 12. Getting Help. 13. Getting Context-Sensitive Help. 14. Restarting and Shutting Down the Computer. II. WORKING WITH PROGRAMS. 1. Starting a Program from the Start Menu. 2. Exiting a Program. 3. Starting a Program from a Shortcut Icon. 4. Switching Between Programs. 5. Saving and Closing a Document. 6. Opening a Document. 7. Switching Between Open Documents. 8. Creating a New Document. III. WORKING WITH FOLDERS. 1. Opening My Computer. 2. Opening the My Documents Folder. 3. Opening the My Pictures Folder. 4. Opening the My Music Folder. 5. Selecting a Folder. 6. Navigating Folders. 7. Changing the Window View. 8. Sorting the Contents of a Window. 9. Grouping Icons. 10. Creating a New Folder. 11. Displaying the Folders List. 12. Copying Folders. 13. Moving Folders. 14. Renaming Folders. 15. Deleting Folders. 16. Changing the Folder Options. IV. WORKING WITH FILES. 1. Selecting Files. 2. Viewing File Details. 3. Viewing File Properties. 4. Renaming a File. 5. Moving a File. 6. Printing a File from a File Window. 7. Copying a File. 8. Copying a File to a Floppy Disk. 9. Deleting a File. 10. Undeleting a File. 11. Opening a File from a File Window. 12. Setting File Associations. 13. Searching for Documents. V. WORKING WITH PRINTERS, SCANNERS, AND DIGITAL CAMERAS. 1. Adding a Printer. 2. Displaying Installed Printers. 3. Setting Printing Preferences. 4. Viewing Printer Properties. 5. Previewing a Document. 6. Printing a Document. 7. Viewing the Print Queue. 8. Canceling a Print Job. 9. Viewing Fonts. 10. Adding Fonts. 11. Setting Up a Scanner. 12. Setting Up a Digital Camera. 13. Printing Photographs. 14. Ordering Photo Prints from the Internet. VI. ENTERTAINMENT. 1. Playing Games. 2. Changing the Volume. 3. Playing a Sound with Sound Recorder. 4. Playing an Audio CD. 5. Working with Media Player Controls. 6. Changing the Visualizations. 7. Copying CD Tracks. 8. Using the Media Library. 9. Creating a Playlist. 10. Tuning into the Radio. 11. Changing the Skin for Windows Media Player. 12. Playing a Video Clip. 13. Importing a Movie with Windows Movie Maker. VII. SENDING FAXES AND E-MAIL. 1. Sending a Fax. 2. Receive and View Faxes. 3. Starting Outlook Express. 4. Reading Mail. 5. Responding to Mail. 6. Creating and Sending New Mail. 7. Attaching a File. 8. Opening a File Attachment. 9. Deleting Messages. 10. Setting E-mail Options. 11. Adding Addresses to Your Address Book. 12. Using Your Address Book to Enter Names. 13. Organizing Messages in Folders. 14. Moving Messages. 15. Cleaning Out the Deleted Items Folder. VIII. CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET. 1. Starting Internet Explorer. 2. Browsing with Links. 3. Typing an Address. 4. Searching the Internet. 5. Adding a Site to Your Favorites List. 6. Going to a Site in Your Favorites List. 7. Rearranging Your Favorites List. 8. Using the History List. 9. Clearing the History List. 10. E-mailing a Page or Link. 11. Setting Your Home Page. 12. Setting Internet Privacy Levels. 13. Turning on Firewall Protection. IX. USING WINDOWS ACCESSORIES. 1. Using Calculator. 2. Using Command Prompt. 3. Using WordPad. 4. Typing Text. 5. Selecting Text. 6. Deleting Text. 7. Copying Text. 8. Moving Text. 9. Formatting Text. 10. Using Notepad. 11. Using Paint. 12. Drawing a Shape with Paint. 13. Adding Text to a Drawing. 14. Adding Color to a Drawing. 15. Erasing Part of a Drawing. X. PERSONALIZING WINDOWS. 1. Customizing the Taskbar. 2. Selecting a Desktop Theme. 3. Applying a Background Image. 4. Customizing Desktop Icons. 5. Adding Desktop Content. 6. Choosing a Screen Saver. 7. Changing the Color Scheme. 8. Setting Resolution and Color Quality. 9. Changing How the Mouse Works. 10. Changing the Sound Scheme. 11. Changing the System Date and Time. 12. Setting Up Windows for Multiple Users. 13. Using Accessibility Options. XI. SETTING UP PROGRAMS. 1. Working with Program Shortcuts. 2. Pinning a Program to the Start Menu. 3. Customizing the Start Menu. 4. Adding Programs to the Classic Start Menu. 5. Removing Programs from the Classic Start Menu. 6. Adding Folders to the Classic Start Menu. 7. Rearranging the Classic Start Menu. 8. Starting an Application When You Start Windows. 9. Installing Software. 10. Installing Programs Via Windows Update. 11. Uninstalling Applications. 12. Removing Windows Components. XII. MAINTAINING YOUR SYSTEM. 1. Displaying System Information. 2. Displaying Disk Information. 3. Cleaning Up Unnecessary Files. 4. Scanning Your Disk for Errors. 5. Defragmenting a Disk. 6. Scheduling Tasks. 7. Formatting a Floppy Disk. 8. Transferring Files and Settings from Another PC. 9. Installing New Hardware. 10. Restoring Your System. XIII. HOME NETWORKING BASICS. 1. Using the Network Setup Wizard. 2. Enabling File Sharing. 3. Browsing Shared Files. 4. Mapping a Network Drive. 5. Creating Network Shortcuts in My Network Places. 6. Enabling the Security Log.


The main objective of this research is to compare the Fuzzy intelligent model and Taguchi mathematical model for the prediction of bursting strength of viscose plain knitted fabrics. The prediction models have been developed based on yarn tenacity and knitting stitch length as input variables and fabric bursting strength as output variable. The models developed in this study have been verified by experimental data and then compared with each other's in terms of prediction accuracy. It was found that both the models have ability and accuracy to predict the fabric bursting strength effectively in non-linear domain. However, Fuzzy intelligent model showed higher prediction accuracy than that of Taguchi mathematical model.


In this draft we want to introduce an idea to develop a protocol for
efficient data transmission for Wireless Sensors using the ideas of
IPFIX. We will call this protocol IPFIX-WS.


Comprising a matrix and nanoparticles in the form of electronically active material (EAM), preferably made of electronically active material (EAM) in the matrix and nano-particulate form, and the electrode substrate, wherein the matrix is integrated within the graphene It made of a flake and optionally thermal decomposition product having an ionic lithium source. Further, Yes is a rechargeable battery are described, including methods for manufacturing the grain boundary, in particular textile-based electrode material comprising a matrix formed from the thermal decomposition materials incorporating flakes pin and the electrode.


This paper introduces a novel transduction-based approach to address the problem of clustering web-search results. In contrary to traditional algorithms that rely on parametric distribution assumptions, our approach clusters the results according to their relevances. We first construct a K-nearest-neighbor graph by connecting results (nodes) with their neighbors according to cosine similarity measurements. We propose two methods (propagation and matrix solution) to determine the global relevances among the results. The relevance values then serve as the basis of subsequent clustering. Taking advantage of the local-transduction mechanism, our proposed clustering algorithm achieves improvements in three aspects: (1) it eliminates the underlying distribution assumptions and thus is readily applicable to real data such as search results whose distributions usually do not fit into any standard models; (2) the additional information offered by the relevance computation inherently helps to determine the cluster number automatically; (3) the relevance also endows it with the capability of ranking search results (within clusters) and detecting outliers (irrelevant to any clusters). Experimental results show that our approach produces substantially better results than k-medoids clustering.


In this study, a survey was conducted to investigate the current status of biosafety awareness by each region, targeting domestic biology researchers. A total of 4 surveys were conducted from September 24 to October 2, 2013 in Kangwon province, Seoul Metropolitan area, Chungchong Province, and Gyeongsang Province, and 189 respondents participated in the survey. Of the survey respondents, 135 (71.4%) answered that "It is likely for an infection to happen in the laboratory" and 23 (12.2%) answered "highly likely". However, as to the Risk Group and Biosafety Facility Level, only 24 (12.7%) and 25 (13.2%) of the respondents, respectively, responded "know them very well". These results indicate that researchers are aware of the need for the concept of biosafety in laboratories, but they lack systematic education and publicity. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop a system that can systematically educate the regulations and compliance of biosafety.


Active power decoupling(APD) method is a suitable solution to increase the lifetime of power conversion systems by replacing electrolytic capacitors(E-Caps) with film capacitors using an auxiliary circuit. However, due to the increased non-linearity and uncertainty of the entire circuit, conventional control methods cannot guarantee global stability. This paper proposes nonlinear control strategy based on Lya-punov's direct method for AC/DC buck-boost converter with an APD circuit. The contribution of this paper is to guarantee global stability of the APD circuit based converters. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by experiments using a 100 W drive.


To respond to increasing intercity competition and to improve its leading role as the regional centre in southern China, the Guangzhou government has been constructing the "South Railway Station" in Shibi Village, the largest passenger railway station in Asia. This paper explores and reflects upon how the inhabitants of this village appraise and deal with the project's impacts on their living conditions. In this regard, the question is particularly considered as to why some individuals show adaptive functioning in. the face of significant risk or adversity while others do not. Which risk and protective fac tors play a role in modifying the quality of stress experience and interface with the phenomenon of individual resilience? The purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly, it aims to enrich the geographical discourse on vulnerability and resilience by taking a psychological perspective and presenting and applying aspects of the transactional stress model of LAZARUS and of current psychological research on individual resilience. Secondly, it seeks to analyze the effect of risk and protective factors especially in relation to complex person-environment relationships that seem neither amenable to modification nor controllable by "visible" action. Problem-based interviews (including narrative sequences) with Shibi's inhabitants and auto photography reveal that, in particular, intrapsychological problemand emotion-focussed coping modes and person-related dispositions such as an internal locus of control or optimism contribute to features of individual resilience.


By applying a CFD tool to solve the RANS equations,the viscous flow around a model of hull-rudder system towed along a bank in shallow water is numerically simulated.Hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on the ship are calculated for different ship-bank distances and rudder angles.A container ship,KCS,is taken as an example for the numerical study.Under the assumption of low ship speed,the influences of free surface elevation and ship squat are assumed to be negligible.Based on the calculation results,the hydrodynamic interaction among the hull,rudder and bank is analyzed.


We propose a new algorithm for independent component and independent subspace analysis problems. This algorithm uses a contrast based on the Schweizer-Wolff measure of pairwise dependence (Schweizer & Wolff, 1981), a non-parametric measure computed on pairwise ranks of the variables. Our algorithm frequently outperforms state of the art ICA methods in the normal setting, is significantly more robust to outliers in the mixed signals, and performs well even in the presence of noise. Our method can also be used to solve independent subspace analysis (ISA) problems by grouping signals recovered by ICA methods. We provide an extensive empirical evaluation using simulated, sound, and image data.


Given a smooth minimal surface F : Ω → R defined on a simply connected region Ω in the complex plane C, there is a regular SG circle pattern QǫΩ. By the Weierstrass representation of F and the existence theorem of SG circle patterns, there exists an associated SG circle pattern P ǫ Ω in C with the combinatoric of QǫΩ. Based on the relationship between the circle pattern P ǫ Ω and the corresponding discrete minimal surface F ǫ : V ǫ Ω → R 3 defined on the vertex set V ǫ Ω of the graph of Q ǫ Ω, we show that there exists a family of discrete minimal surface Γ : V ǫ Ω → R , which converges in C∞(Ω) to the minimal surface F : Ω → R as ǫ → 0. §


Norfloxacin of the seven bacteriostasis drugs tested is the highest sensitive (MIC \%ρ\%0 2 μg/mL) to Noxfloxacin pathogenic bacteria infection bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia in Carp The experiment of internal antic-bacteria effect showed that Norfloxacin either injected into the fish at 1 mg/kg or oral administration at 10 mg/kg has the desired action such as improving the survival rate of infected fish. The effect of pharmacokinetics research shows that the drug level in the fish's blood is upto 0 2 μg/mL, during the course of taking drug mixed in diet 0 75 h to 24 h On the basis of the experiment, the administration of drug is established, that is, the dose orally is 10 mg/kg, at the intervals of 24 h for 5 times The effect applied in production is good The poisonous test, pouring impatientty Norfloxacin down the throat with Carp, shows LD\-\{50\}1000 mg/kg (96 h) There was no remains of the Norfloxacin in the muscle after administration of 144 h.


Among the sheet forming processes, coining is a specific operation which makes it possible to correct shape defects or to perform thickness reductions in the parts. This operation often requires a very high force which is likely to have an impact on the functioning of the tool or the press. It is therefore important that the coining forces be evaluated accurately, but this is not allowed by the existing analytical calculation formulas. The objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of the calculation of the coining forces via the adaptation of an existing formula. Such adaptation was carried out based on a study of the influence of the flat coining parameters. To that end, a series of experimental measurements was performed. An instrumented force measuring setup made it possible to measure the maximum coining force. Several parameters were analysed, including the coining ratio and the sheet thickness. Numerical simulations were carried out at the same time, in order to understand the influence of certain parameters on the coining force. 2D numerical models were developed using the Forge NXT2 software. The simulations and the experimental tests were analysed and the results revealed the influential phenomena which have to be taken into account in the analytical formula, in particular the coining surface and the friction. In order to study the friction more thoroughly, ring compression tests were performed so as to determine the friction coefficients, based on the Coulomb's law limited to Tresca. This type of test is representative of the stresses undergone by the metal during the coining operation. Finally, a new calculation formula is proposed, in order to integrate the coining surface and friction more accurately.


We describe an unusual case of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), in a middle aged, non-smoking female who presented with a lung mass with constitutional symptoms. FNABC from mass revealed a single ill-defined granuloma without necrosis. There was a definite clinical and radiological response to anti-tuberculosis treatment. She was later found to have another mass lesion in nasopharynx. ANCA was negative initially but became positive once disease flare up occurred. Multisystem involvement with clinical features of vasculitis were seen during the flare up and resulted in a fatal outcome. Unusual features and literature on this entity is discussed.


Pain in older persons with cognitive impairment is often unrecognized and inadequately treated. A major problem associated with this undertreatment is the challenging nature of pain assessment and in particular the selection of accurate and useful assessment instruments. The purpose of this study was to review pain measurement instruments for acute and chronic pain suggested for use with cognitively impaired older persons and to summarize available evidence on their reliability and validity. A systematic search for pain instruments was conducted using several bibliographic databases, supplemented by a manual search of the bibliographies of retrieved articles and review chapters and by articles received from experts and clinicians in the field. Instruments were retained for review when the pain instrument was used or recommended for use with older persons with cognitive impairment.


Surface acoustic wave (SAW) Bragg-modulators as frequency shifters are attractive for applications in sensors, since they yield high optical and electrical bandwidth. The Bragg-modulator consists of tapered monomode waveguides and the SAW field in between. A Gaussian beam yields a suppression of unwanted frequencies greater than 60 dB below shifted frequency, however, more realistic field distributions yield suppressions of about 20...30 dB.


Low CTE glass compositions and glass articles formed from the same are described. In one embodiment, a glass composition includes from about 60 mol.% to about 66 mol.% SiO2; from about 7 mol.% to about 10 mol.% AI2O3; and from about 14 mol.% to about 18 mol.% B2O3 as glass network formers. The glass composition may further include from about 9 mol.% to about 16 mol.% alkaline earth oxide. The alkaline earth oxide includes at least CaO. The CaO may be present in the glass composition in a concentration from about 3 mol.% to about 12 mol.%. The glass composition is free from alkali metals. The glass composition has a coefficient of thermal expansion which is less than or equal to 40x10-7/DEG C averaged over the temperature range from about 20DEG C to 300DEG C. The glass composition is particularly well suited for use as a glass cladding layer in a laminated glass article.


The article discusses the issues of mathematical support of the Information and Risk Control System for the offshore vessel operating in high risk areas near oil or gas platforms, other large moving objects. Vessels operating in high-risk areas are equipped with dynamic positioning systems and excessive control, which allows to increase the reliability, maneuverability and quality of control. Minimally excessive control structure with two stern Azimuth Control Devices (ACD) is considered. This structure is the last "frontier" to provide three-dimensional vessel control, therefore it is interesting in practical use. The control surfaces for this structure were built, their extreme values and level lines were analyzed. To dispensation redundancy, three control splitting algorithms were considered, analytical expressions for control splitting were obtained. There was carried out a comparative analysis of the considered splitting algorithms between themselves and the prototype according to the minimum Risk criterion. A comparative analysis showed that the splitting algorithm used in the prototype are special cases of the considered algorithms for dispensation redundancy. There were found controls that provide a "clean" rotation of the vessel without lateral force, which are not present in prototype. There were built control algorithms that provide complex vessel movements according to the minimum Risk criterion in automatic mode. Operability and efficiency of the algorithmic and software of the vessel control system operating in high risk areas, verified by mathematical modeling at imitation modeling stand.


This article provides a Chinese perspective on the terms of China's WTO accession, highlighting the negative impact of some discriminatory conditions that China accepted in order to join the WTO on its foreign trade and global competitiveness in the last decade. The author uses the non-market economy status of China as a case study to support the argument that these discriminatory conditions imposed on China upon accession have not only impeded the healthy development of China's foreign trade, but also violated the 'non-discrimination' principle of the WTO.


Evapotranspiration (ET) links the water and carbon cycles in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and is of great important in earth system science, hydrology and resource management researches. Commonly used ET estimating approaches usually contains type-based parameters, which requires calibration and associates with land cover product. Parameterization structure, representativity of training group and accuracy of land cover information all influences the performance of model extrapolation. In this study, we develop an ET modelling framework based on the hypothesis that canopy conductance acclimates to plant growth conditions so that the total costs of maintaining carboxylation and transpiration capacities are minimized. This is combined with the principle of co-ordination between the light- and Rubisco-limited rates of photosynthesis to predict gross primary production (GPP). Transpiration (T) is predicted from GPP via canopy conductance. No plant type- or biome-specific parameters are used. ET is estimated from T by calibrating a site-specific (but time-invariant) ratio of modelled average T to observed average ET. Predicted GPP were well supported by (weekly) GPP records at 112 widely distributed eddy-covariance flux sites (FLUXNET 2015 dataset), with R2 = 0.61, and RMSE = 2.73gC/day (N = 30129). ET were also well supported at site scale, with R2 = 0.65, and RMSE = 0.73mm/day (N = 30129). Global ET mapping was carried out with the help of Google Earth Engine (GEE). Basin-scale water balance validation in several globally distributed watersheds also indicates the robustness of our model.


Ever since studies began to reveal pervasive racial inequities in the quantity and quality of health care over 2 decades ago, people have speculated about the role of the patient-physician relationship in explaining these disparities. It made sense. If racial inequalities were observed even after accounting for differences in income and insurance,1 even within an "equal access" system like the Veterans Health Administration,2, 3, 4 even in studies of care within a single hospital,5 what was left to explain them other than dysfunctional interactions between minority patients and predominantly nonminority health professionals? Along the way, other studies provided supportive evidence. Minority patients appeared less likely than whites to have good relationships with their physicians, as characterized by effective communication, partnership, and trust.6–8 Moreover, patients reported better relationships when seeing physicians of their own race or ethnicity,9, 10 lending further credibility to the notion that barriers between patients and physicians might explain racial disparities in health care.


The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between violent behavior and the consumption of psychoactive drugs, including alcohol. This phenomena has been called co-ocurrence, and it is consider in this research context as a variable of study to identify and to analyze interactions We carried on a retrospective quantitative and qualitative investigation within sample comparison design. The variables considered are as following: homicide, robbery, assault, addictive and consumption behavior and emotional, cognitive and affective factors. Participants were 320 men for the first analysis and 16 for the second one, between 18 and 35 years in four groups: 1) offenders with consuming or addictive behavior, 2) offender without consuming or addictive behavior, 3) consumers with delinquency history , 4) consumers without delinquency history. We use the Cognitive bias Questionaire, the Idare and a semistructured interview. Both analysis showed that co- ocurrence is direct and indirect, that can be considered contingent, consecuent and circular and the factors related to are: individual, contextual and cultural components. Key words: .


This book ambitiously seeks to lay the groundwork for a new field of study and teaching known as "comparative foreign relations law." Comparative foreign relations law compares and contrasts how nations, and also supranational entities such as the European Union, structure their decisions about matters such as entering into and exiting from international agreements, engaging with international institutions, and using military force, as well as how they incorporate treaties and customary international law into their domestic legal systems. The book consists of forty-six chapters, written by leading authors from around the world. Some of the chapters are empirically focused, others are theoretical, and still others contain in-depth case studies. In addition to being an invaluable resource for scholars working in this area, the book should be of interest to lawyers, judges, and law students. Foreign relations law issues are addressed regularly by lawyers working in foreign ministries, and globalization has meant that domestic judges, too, increasingly are confronted by them. In addition, private lawyers who work on matters that extend beyond their home countries often are required to navigate issues of foreign relations law. An increasing number of law school courses in comparative foreign relations law are also now being developed, making this volume an important resource for students as well.


The invention provides a classification and identification method for cardiechema signals and a classification and identification device for cardiechema signals by applying the method. In the method, the likelihood of GMM template features and Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients of the cardiechema signals to be detected is used as the matching standard to perform classification and identification, so the method has the advantages of few extracted parameters, simplified processes of feature extraction and calculation, strong anti-interference capacity and high accuracy and efficiency of the classification and identification. The classification and identification device for the cardiechema signals is designed by taking the method as the total idea, adopts a DSP processor as a processing core, and has a simple, exquisite, light and convenient structure, can be carried on for measurement, is a low-cost and non-invasive cardiechema detection device, and is helpful for discovering and treating cardiac diseases in time.


The purpose of this research was to study the changes of concentrations of carotenoids and carbohydrates in different positions of tomato fruit during fruit development stage and the correlation of them.The content of lycopene accumulated along with the ripening stage and reached the highest level in peripheral pericarp of mature fruit.The contents of beta-carotene and xanthophylls decreased first,then increased and the peripheral pericarp of mature fruit achieved the highest value.All the three sugars content reached the maximum level in the peripheral pericarp of mature fruit.The contents of lycopene and beta-carotene had significant significant positive correlation with the accumulations of fructose and glucose in each part of fruit,showed significant significant negative correlation with the accumulation of sucrose in pericarp,radical arms and locular gel in fruit.The content of xanthophylls had no correlation with the value of sugar in fruit.


Urolithiasis is one of the most common urological conditions (30–45 %), peaking in the 4th–6th decades of life. About 50 % of patients have one recurrent episode of nephrolithiasis during their lifetime, and among the operated patients, more than 10–15 % of individuals report recurrences with the need for repeated surgical treatment.
Increasing the incidence of nephrolithiasis in the world requires the development of new and improvement of existing methods of surgical treatment, which would be characterized by a high level of efficiency and low invasiveness with minimal complications and postoperative rehabilitation. The use of a combination of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and flexible ureteronephrolithotripsy, especially in complex cases of urolithiasis, can increase the safety and improve the treatment of nephrolithiasis by combining the positive qualities of both methods.
Aim. To summarize the data of the world scientific literature on the treatment of nephrolithiasis by studying a combination of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and retrograde or antegrade flexible intrarenal surgery based on the evaluation of their effectiveness and safety.
Materials and methods. The literature review was conducted using the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus for the period 2015–2022. The following keywords were used for the search: surgical treatment of nephrolithiasis, endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, simultaneous use of flexible ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, simultaneous use of flexible ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.
Conclusions. The use of ECIRS increases the effectiveness of one-stage treatment of nephrolithiasis with minimal complications and reduces the number of re-operations required. Treatment of complex forms of nephrolithiasis may be a priority for ECIRS. The main disadvantages of ECIRS are the need for simultaneous operation of two operating surgeons and the availability of two sets of endoscopic equipment, which make this procedure expensive.


Abstract In this study, in-plane shear tests were performed on 20 masonry wall specimens. The research factors considered included the length, height, thickness, fiber material, and number of texti...


The objective of the present invention is to form a strong joint while solving the problem whereby indentations remain and mar the external appearance. In this friction stir welding method a pair of plate materials (3, 4) are arranged opposing one another such that the ends thereof (3a, 4a) are butted together, after which friction stir welding is performed. A first shoulder (5) is arranged at one surface (7) of the pair of plate materials (3, 4) and a second shoulder (6) is arranged at the other surface (8) of the plate materials (3, 4) so as to sandwich therebetween a joint (S) to be formed by friction stirring of the end parts (3a, 4a) of the plate materials (3,4), and the first shoulder (5) and the second shoulder (6) are rotated, thereby friction stirring the joint (S) of the pair of plate materials (3, 4). As the joint (S) is friction stirred the first shoulder (5) and the second shoulder (6) are moved from the other surface (8) toward the one surface (7) of the plate materials (3, 4), thereby forming at the joint (S) a protruding part (31) protruding from the one surface (7) of the plate materials (3, 4) as the friction stir welding is performed.


Imagination of various limb movements for patient suffering from several physical hindrances, Brain computer interfaces (BCI) offers analysis of motor imagery EEG which can be shown a new way of communication. Motor imagery data for body movement classification like left hand, right hand, toe, and tongue movement are available on Physionet ATM or BCI competition datasetIII. Using different Feature extraction and classification method we can get best result for body movement classification.


This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and earnings management after controlling for endogeneity of CSR. Using a sample of non-financial firms listed on Korean Securities Market between 2002 and 2010, this study finds that ignoring endogeneity biases the estimated relation between CSR and earnings management. Specifically, the results show that the negative and significant relation between CSR commitment and discretionary accruals reported in the previous studies becomes insignificant. However, the negative and significant relation between CSR commitment and real activities manipulation remains significant even when the endogeneity of CSR commitment is taken into account. Therefore, this study provides evidence that proactive CSR engagement significantly affects firm's practice of real activities manipulation, while it does not affect its practice of discretionary accruals. These results indicate that CSR commitment leads managers to be more responsible in management of operational activities than in accruals management.


On the basis of a new nonmetric multidimensional scaling method which uses dis/similarity information as data
input on several scales simultaneously we discuss possible
connections between the well known TUCKER & MESSICK-analysis
and the CARROLL & CHANG-model.


National Socialism is a popular subject in German filmmaking at the moment. Newspaper articles praise this phenomenon for its taboo breaking, authentic ity, and contribution to knowledge of the period and see film and television productions such as Oliver Hirschbiegel and Bernd Eichinger's Downfall (Der Untergang, 2004) and Heinrich Breloer's docudrama Speer and Hitler: The DeviVs Architect (Speer und Er, 2005) as potential "turning points in our relationship and treatment of the Third Reich."1 However, at the same time one cannot fail to notice that this change in "our encounter with our history" coincides with the "historical juncture marked by the death of the last remain ing eyewitnesses, and the final transition from historical presence to histori cal absence."2 As the reception of the U.S. miniseries Holocaust (1978) had already shown, the main impediment to any consensus about the quality and value of films about the past was posed by survivors and eyewitnesses: while


With the development of the electronic technology, the integration of the electronic equipment is high,the function of the electronic equipment is intricacy, so the cooling problem is graveness.The INS in the front equipment cabin of the missile is sensitivity in the temperature control of the environment, the J-T cooling technology is effective in the temperature control of the missile environment.


Recent investigations by researchers at the University of Idaho Department of Veterinary Science have revealed extremely low tissue selenium levels in cattle maintained on forage grown on selenium deficient areas in Idaho and Washington. Significant elevations of tissue selenium were evident 60 days following initiation of selenium supplementation using levels of 50 ppm and 90 ppm. Very little or no response was seen at levels of 20 ppm. Calves from dams that had access to a 90-ppm selenium-salt mix were blood sampled within three days of birth and found to have adequate tissue selenium levels, suggesting that in the bovine animal, significant placental transfer occurs.


The reason of wire clamp fracture was analyzed by means of appearance and metallography examination.The results showed that the wire clamp was unscientific in forging process,heat treatment process and welding process that had led to fracture of wire clamp.Improving measure was put forward.


This study aims to examine the influence of professional ethical variables, independence, professionalism, work experience, and level of education on the variables of materiality level considerations. This study uses convenience sampling samples. The sample in this research is auditor at KAP in Surabaya 2017 which consist of Partner, Manager, Senior Auditor or Junior Auditor. Data analysis in this research using multiple linear regression analysis technique. The results showed that the variables of professional ethics, independence, professionalism, work experience, and level of education affect the variable consideration of the level of materiality.


Export education in New Zealand has grown rapidly since 1990, earning significant foreign exchange and underwriting the finance of domestic education. As principal owner of education institutions, the national state is the primary investor. Previous governments treated the 'industry' as both windfall and cash‐cow as they advanced the neo‐liberal project of disentangling state from economy and making education providers self‐regulating. The current 'Third Way' inspired government has adopted a more prominent management interest in the making of this globalising industry. A new Code of Practice enacts multiple technologies of control from quality control to standard setting, benchmarking, certification and audit. Legitimated by a discourse of concern for the pastoral care of school‐aged students, it requires institutions to provide detailed information. The Code makes 'the industry' visible, makes a market, controls brand NZ education, regulates through consumer assurance, and imposes direct disciplinary co...


A k-page book embedding of a graph is a drawing of that graph in a book, with vertices along the book's spine (a straight line) and edges in k of the book's pages (half planes with the spine as boundary) such that the edges do not cross. In this thesis we consider the problem of determining whether such a drawing exists when the assignment of edges to pages is predetermined. We start by showing that this problem is NP-complete for an unbounded number of pages, even if the edges on each page form a matching, and then solve some special cases thereof. In the case of connected graphs on each page, we provide a linear-time decision algorithm. When the graphs on each page are disjoint perfect matchings, we show that the graph has to be bipartite to be embeddable and give bipartite examples and counterexamples. Following these results, we consider several variations of the problem. Firstly, if we constrain the vertex orders on the spine by a PQ-tree only containing Q-nodes as inner nodes, embeddability can be decided in quadratic time. Secondly, we alter the embedding problem by taking multiple spines (parallel lines) in the plane and associating every vertex with a spine the vertex has to be drawn on. Additionally, edges must be drawn between consecutive spines, above the topmost spine or below the bottommost spine. We show that this variation is equivalent to a special case of the 2-page book embedding problem with fixed page assignments where the vertex order is constrained by a PQtree only containing P-nodes as inner nodes. At the end we outline the most important open problems for book embedding with fixed page assignments and provide some suggestions on how to approach them.


In order to inspect a steel tube concrete arch bridge prestress effect,it supervisesthe whole tensile process,introduces the supervising methods,and elaborates the testing principle,compares the actual concrete reaction value and theorectical value of constructing supervision,so as to achieve the supervision of prestress effect.


Describes the use of barcode labels as a part of library cataloguing using the PRISM service in York College Library. Examines the uses of barcodes, redefinition of a PASSPORT function key, and use of the redefined fuction key to simplify searching the OCLC database.


Extending transaction cost theories of agency design, the author develops a theory about why congressional coalitions vary the difficulty of influencing the policy decisions of bureaucratic agencies. He assesses the theory by examining the transaction costs that congressional coalitions imposed on actors seeking to influence agency decisions in landmark laws enacted by the U.S. Congress from 1947 to 1992. The findings stress the need to consider policy disagreement between congressional coalitions and both congressional committees and the president, as well as policy agreement between committees and the president, in understanding how difficult congressional coalitions make it to influence agencies' policy decisions.


The present invention discloses a display substrate of the touch types, and the touch driving method of liquid crystal display panel. The touch display substrate, comprising: a substrate including a display region and a non-display area; touch circuit, disposed on the non-display area; a plurality of touch electrodes arranged in an array in the display region, wherein said the touch electrode according to the distance from said dividing circuit is at least two touch touch electrode group; a plurality of lead wires touch, the touch of each wire with the touch electrode terminal electrically connected to the other end of the touch circuit electrically connector; wherein said touch sensing circuitry of the touch input signals of different frequencies to different touch electrode group and the same frequency of the touch signal inputted to the touch with the touch electrodes in the electrode group. Dividing the touch from the electrode group, and the touch input signals of different frequencies for each touch electrode group, reducing the detection time detected during the touch the touch electrode distal end, to improve the speed based on the touch detection.


In this paper, we present LensCast, a novel cross-layer video transmission framework for wireless networks, which seamlessly integrates millimeter wave (mmWave) lens multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with robust video transmission. LensCast is designed to exploit the video content diversity at the application layer, together with the spatial path diversity of lens antenna array at the physical layer, to achieve graceful video transmission performance under varying channel conditions. In LensCast, a transmission distortion minimization problem is formulated with the consideration of video chunk scheduling, path matching and power allocation, which is an intractable mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem. The solution of this MINLP problem is converted into resource allocation (i.e., joint path matching and power allocation) plus chunk scheduling. First, resource allocation is investigated with given chunk scheduling results. By analyzing the optimality of the resource allocation problem, a winner-takes-all assignment is obtained to guide resource allocation. After that, a greedy water-filling algorithm is proposed as a near-optimal solution. Second, we propose a low-complexity chunk scheduling algorithm to schedule chunks for each transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed LensCast achieves an improved performance in terms of both peak signal-to-noise ratio and visual quality comparing with reference schemes.


An intelligent door control system based on the image technology is proposed and implemented.Therefore,the shortcomings of the small range,low sensitivity of the traditional intelligent door control system are successfully improved.The system of miniaturization and real-time is realized by the hardware structure of double controller(FPGA+ARM).The image data is collected by a camera which is controlled by FPGA.And at the same time the grayscale is pretreated.Image data is cached in real time by two SRAM ping-pong operations.Using the bus and ARM embedded system to communicate and the image door control algorithm is achieved by transplanting OpenCV.Experimental results show that the accuracy rate is up to 96%.


Based on the pattern of resource consumption, the attack process is modeled with queuing theory and the technology of detection and defend are discussed. The resource consumption attack detection method based on CUSUM algorithm is presented, which detects network traffic mutation using statistics matrix. With the queuing model optimization, a defend mechanism against resource consumption attack is presented. The experiment results show that the scheme can detect and defend the resource consumption attack, achieves high detection rate with low computation cost, and hence has good practical value.


A stability criterion for a nonlinear nonautonomous feedback system is presented. The criterion is a trade-off between the circle criterion and the Popov criterion by limiting the rate of change of the feedback gain.


The 11 μm fringe visibilities of IRC +10011 (= CIT3) and IRC +10420 have been measured at baselines ranging from 2 to 14 m with a two-telescope interferometer. The visibility data provide one-dimensional profiles of these two stars and their immediate surroundings with higher resolution in this spectral range than is presently possible with a single-aperture telescope. Spherically symmetric radiative transfer models suggest that IRC +10011 is surrounded by a dust shell with an inner radius subtending 0.″033, which falls off in density as r-1.5, slightly slower than the r-2 expected for constant dust outflow. IRC +10420 appears to have a dust shell of inner radius 0.″12, the density of which drops very slowly compared with that in a constant outflow. This implies decreasing outflow or a significant emission in the past.


The present invention relates to an Ethernet-based passive optical network (EPON), and more particularly to a key management method and apparatus is required to provide a security service on the vulnerable nature of the Ethernet EPON security. The present invention is an optical termination unit (OLT) and the light in the key management apparatus and method between a network unit (ONU), wherein the optical termination equipment and multicast the public key of the optical termination equipment for a communication set-up process between the optical network terminal the optical network terminal is an apparatus and method for distributing a session key by after receiving the termination device to the optical transmission of the session key. In addition, the newly created replacement key existing in the key, via the report message of the periodic common gate message to the optical network terminal in a multipoint control protocol (MPCP) to the session key update. Furthermore, in the key recovery, and if there is an error in the private key and a public key of the RSA public key algorithm, key recovery by generating a new private key and a public key pair by multicast the public key through the periodic discovery message. Then, the session key error for a symmetric key algorithm to recover the key by include the session key generated by using the time slots allocated in the discovery process of the optical network terminal in the report message sent to the optical termination equipment. According to the invention it is possible to provide for enhanced security services, as well as confidentiality than in EPON structure ensures privacy service.


People often encounter some difficult situations to make their decisions due to information they can get less than that of they need. The theory of rough sets has been testified as an outstanding way to process incomplete and uncertain information. Fuzzy rough set generalized of classic rough set is to apply in non discretization information processing. Computing rough approximations is a necessary step for knowledge discovery by employing rough sets methodologies. Our taget of this research is to build the mechanism of composing approximations under a fuzzy relation instead of beginning from the initial point. For exploring the correlation of approximations computation, we respectively construct a decomposition and composition mechanisms for computing approximations of fuzzy rough concepts with Tcos-fuzzy equivalence relation. Under these mechanisms, some available located results were employed in approximations composition. A numerical illustration shows the composition of approximations based on a Tcos-fuzzy equivalence relation.


This paper offers concrete examples from recent policy research about how qualitative'and quantitative methods can be combined to better address research questions. Using a conceptual framework developed by Rossman and Wilson (1985), later expanded by Greene, Caracelli, and Graham (1989), the paper discusses how the design and analysis phases of research can apply mixed methods to enhance understandings of social phenomena. A purposive sample of 57 mixed-methods evaluation studies was used to test components of the framework. A new typology of mixed-methods purposes is developed that identifies: (1) corroboration; (2) elaboration; (3) development; and (4) initiation. Crossing the four purposes with research design or analysis stages yields a 4 x 2 matrix. Examples of how methods can be effectively combined are drawn from two policy studies that focused on the effects of state policies on local school districts. In both studies a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was consciously included. Mixed-methods approaches work best when more than one researcher is engaged, when norms of respect and collegiality prevail, and when an attitude of healthy skepticism about both theory and method exists. (Contains 25 references.)


A learning system for detection and classification of road obstacles, such as vehicles and non-vehicles, is proposed which utilizes information from multiple sensors. An advanced range sensor guides a selection of candidate images provided by the camera for subsequent analysis. A competition based learning algorithm is used to distinguish between representations of different obstacles. High classification accuracy is demonstrated in a realistic variety of driving conditions in the presence of intentional data mislabeling in the two-class setup with state-of-art image descriptors.


A statistical distribution is developed which makes it possible to fit a wide range of positively skewed hydrologic data. It is shown that the general least-squares fitting equations will reduce to simple forms for fitting a normal, log-normal or extreme-value distribution to data. Two fitting processes are developed for fitting data by the so-called generalized log-normal distributions. Examples are given for illustrating the fitting procedures.


A synthetic medium containing paraffin, especially of C14-C18, as a source of carbon was able to support growth and pigment- formation of strain HP/a of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocyanea) which has been isolated from paraffin dirt of an oil well.
Among the pigments, pyocyanine and 2-nonyl-4-oxychinolin have been identified. Growth and pigment formation are also well supported by carbon acids up to C8 and by carbinols C5-C8.


RESEARCHERS at the Pirbright Institute say that they are confident that they have identified a safe and effective vaccination strategy against African horse sickness (AHS) virus that overcomes the drawbacks associated with current vaccines. They are now seeking to build a business case for their new strategy to encourage a manufacturer to develop it and bring it to market. Although vaccines against AHS virus are already available, the researchers explain that these use live attenuated virus and are therefore not considered to be safe enough to be licensed for use in countries where AHS virus is not present; this includes the European Union. This, they say, can have a major negative impact on the equine industry and sport due to strict international travel controls to and from endemic countries. The approach developed by the Pirbright Institute uses a modern recombinant vaccine strategy, employing a modified Vaccinia Ankara virus, which is innocuous to horses, to carry and deliver the gene of AHS virus that codes for the molecule that induces a protective response against the virus. The Pirbright researchers report that they have successfully tested the vaccine in mice and horses. 'Crucially,' they say, 'this vaccination strategy has the potential to be used as a polyvalent approach, meaning that it could be capable of protecting against each of the nine different AHS virus serotypes.' The research team has shown that the vaccine model can be used successfully against six of the nine virus serotypes, and it is currently working to develop a complete set of vaccines for all the serotypes. Javier Castillo-Olivares, an expert on AHS and leader of the Pirbright research team, explained: 'AHS virus vaccines based on the whole virus particle, when applied systematically to a horse population, make it very difficult to tell if a horse has been vaccinated or has been infected with AHS virus. Our approach is not only safe and relatively quick to produce, but crucially enables horses which are vaccinated to be differentiated from those that are infected – something which is vital in an outbreak situation, especially if this outbreak occurs in a non-endemic country.' He added that the vaccine model would allow owners and veterinary services in areas where AHS virus was endemic to vaccinate horses systematically without compromising disease surveillance. 'This type of vaccine could also be used in nonendemic countries too, without affecting their AHS freedom status, which would significantly facilitate the movement of their horses locally and internationally.' However, the Pirbright Institute says that the market for this particular vaccine is perceived by manufacturers to be relatively small and therefore few are currently interested in developing it. Further funding is required to get the vaccine developed and produced in sufficient quantities for global use and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is supporting three research projects led by Dr Castillo-Olivares which are aiming to provide more scientific evidence to the equine industry and OIE member countries. 'We appreciate that manufacturers need to see an economic return on their investment – which in such cases can be substantial,' said Dr Castillo-Olivares. 'The scientific groundwork has clearly shown the potential of new vaccination strategies as alternatives to classical AHS virus vaccines. However, without further funding it will be impossible to translate this research into a readily available product. 'What remains is for us to demonstrate that such a vaccine would be commercially viable and successful. The deadline for our projects to report is March 2017, and I am hopeful that the evidence we gather will be sufficient to secure the investment desperately needed. This would protect thousands of horses and other equids living in endemic countries, and could enable the safe movement of animals to and from such areas – saving owners of working and sport horses, as well as the wider equine industry, from the economic losses they currently suffer as a result of AHS.'


We study the dynamics of a spectator Higgs field which stochastically evolves during inflation onto near-critical trajectories on the edge of a runaway instability. We show that its fluctuations do not produce primordial black holes (PBHs) in sufficient abundance to be the dark matter, nor do they produce significant second-order gravitational waves. First we show that the Higgs produces larger fluctuations on CMB scales than on PBH scales, itself a no-go for a viable PBH scenario. Then we track the superhorizon perturbations nonlinearly through reheating using the delta N formalism to show that they are not converted to large curvature fluctuations. Our conclusions hold regardless of any fine-tuning of the Higgs field for both the Standard Model Higgs and for Higgs potentials modified to prevent unbounded runaway.


In the article, the author examines the main theories of the Genesis of the Eastern Slavs state and the role in their formation, updating and popularization of a number of historical sources of material, visual, as well as written (narrative) and other types found during archaeological work in one of the largest and oldest cities of Russia – Novgorod.


The deposition of silicon alloys for protective and optical coatings on polymers is of increasing interest. The understanding of the plasma polymer interaction is of prime importance here. In this work, we report a study of the influence of N2, H2, and O2 plasma treatments on pure and commercial grade polycarbonate (PC) in order to enhance the adhesion of plasma deposited silica films. Treatments and depositions were carried out in a low pressure (1 mTorr range) integrated distributed 2.45 GHz microwave electron cyclotron resonance reactor, which allows the deposition of dense stoechiometric silica at room temperature. The plasma–polymer interaction is studied by in situ UV-visible spectroscopic ellipsometry on thin spin-coated PC films. The absorption in the PC layer was found to increase in the UV which was attributed to the different reaction products of photo-Fries rearrangements, especially for pure PC. Gel permeation chromatography measurements showed that the major influence of plasma treatment on ...


The introduction of Internet protocol technology into traditional telecommunications networks is changing the nature of speech communication in those networks. As the current switched network infrastructure is augmented by packet networks, the needs of voice users of these hybrid networks must be given due consideration. These users are accustomed to high-quality connections with low distortion in the speech signal and low transmission delay in the speech path. In order for packetized networks to gain widespread acceptance for speech transmission services, it is necessary to maintain this high-quality performance in the evolving networks. We discuss relevant speech transmission performance requirements and the associated activities taking place in regional and international standards bodies.


A case of OFD syndrome in a male is reported. The clinical features are described in detail. The genetical aspects of the syndrome are discussed on the basis of the analysis of 33 families from the recent literature. It appears that in the great majority of the cases so far known, the syndrome is due to a dominant probably X-linked gene, lethal in males and with complete penetrance in females. Of all cases 24% are sporadic. It seems likely that a few cases are due to a recessive autosomal gene. It is concluded that the reported patient is, with high probability, either a mutant or a case with hereditary recessive pattern.


This paper describes the formation and development of Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI), an international people's organization which represents member federations of urban poor and homeless groups from 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also describes the evolution of these national federations and how they grew to challenge conventional development thinking and to develop new, community-directed precedents for poverty reduction. These federations and the NGOs with whom they work formed SDI to support the many ways in which the federations (and their member groups) learn from and help each other, and to ensure that global institutions and events became more useful and relevant to the urban poor. The paper also describes SDI's experiences with international agencies, including its involvement in the Global Campaign for Secure Tenure and the measures taken to ensure that its work and experience of the global provides benefit to and strengthens the local, adding value to the plans of the urban poor.


A kind of Sampling Circuit in negative High Voltage Unit(HVU),which is used to provide the bias voltage to the solid detectors,is designed by using Auxiliary Winding.The Sampling Circuit is designed base on theoretical analysis and PSpice simulation analysis.In the design of HVU,the specifications are:input voltage + 12 V,output voltage-160 V,pulse-space rate 6.45%,0~18(A load regulation 8.8,voltage regulation 3.9,ripple coefficient is 3.1.The theoretical analysis and PSpice simulation analysis are agreed to the experiments, so that this method can be a useful reference for such power supply design.