Terantang Village is located in Barito Kuala Regency, where the women are members of the PKK, which is where they learn to start a home business. Most PKK members are housewives who have just started small businesses such as spinach chips. This training aimed to provide the participants with a business alternative, from determining and designing products that suit their conditions to training on how to produce these products. Fish amplang was offered as an alternative product, considering that the raw material in the form of fish is easy to obtain and does not require special equipment in its manufacture. This activity is carried out by providing material about product design and practicing making fish amplang taught by an amplang business owner. From the activities carried out, the participants gained new skills regarding the design of fish amplang products. In addition, this training is expected to be a provision for them to develop their businesses. Furthermore, from the evaluation results, it is found that the participants are satisfied with the training carried out, especially since they can learn new skills. They also request that similar training be held periodically.


Purpose: Write general‐purpose, modular code for phase space input and output in Geant4 including latch and npass. Method and Materials: Geant4.9.3 does not include the ability to read or write phase space files. These files are useful for dividing the simulation into parts, for example, into patient‐independent and patient‐specific parts. Stand‐alone classes inheriting from G4VPrimitiveScorer and G4VPrimaryGenerator were written for writing and reading phase space in IAEA format. Latch mechanisms are not stand‐alone and require implementation of (provided) G4User classes for tracking. Results: Phase space I/O is implemented in Geant4. For writing, several types of surfaces are allowed, including planes, spherical sections, cylindrical sections, surfaces enclosing a volume. Multiple surfaces of any orientation and geometry are allowed. The concept of latch in BEAMnrc (particle interacted in a region) was expanded to include: particle interacted in a region; particle passed through a region; similarly for ancestors; type of interaction in particle's history; type of ancestor particle; and user‐defined. The user defines the interactions, particles, and regions of interest via get/set functions. As in BEAMnrc, an integer npass records the number of times a particle crosses a phase space surface, which is particularly valuable in studies of backscatter. The MGH proton treatment facility was simulated with phase space files recorded at the phantom surface. Spectra using the various latch cuts were generated, demonstrating the capabilities of latching on regions, interactions, or ancestors. Conclusions: Phase space I/O capabilities have been implemented for Geant4. The classes are easy to incorporate into existing code, allowing writing on different surface geometries, and extend the Latch functionality of BEAMnrc. Support: Support from NIH grant 1R01CA140735‐01.


This paper is dedicated to drone infrared video coding. First, we assume that a set of drone infrared video sequences corresponding to the same area (historical data) are collected during previous flights. Applying a stitching algorithm to the historical data we build a map of the area (historical map) and store it in the drone memory. Second, during the drone flight we compress input frames and build a current map of the area via stitching of the decoded frames. Finally, we utilize a Multi-view H.265/HEVC encoder, where the virtual view generated from both the aerial maps is used for inter-view prediction of the input video, which is considered as a second view. Experimental results obtained for real-life drone infrared videos show that comparing to the H.265/HEVC the proposed algorithm provides from 8.15 to 30.81% bit rate savings.


If there were many fewer, but larger, "super-states�? in the United States, America's federalism might be more balanced and governments might more effectively meet public needs. A return to the original number of states — thirteen — could produce subnational units with more equal populations and more equal representation in the U.S. Senate. A national consensus on realignment is unlikely any time soon. But if a consensus were to develop, a straightforward mechanism is offered by Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, of the United States Constitution. That provision not only allows Congress to admit new states, but also permits a state to "be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states�? upon the consent of the relevant state legislatures and Congress. Not surprisingly, this provision has rarely been used. But it provides the legal basis for merging or realigning states, including the formation of super-states with larger populations and territories as depicted in the illustrations accompanying this short article.


The utility model provides an intelligent negative-pressure-free box type pumping station including an intelligent control module, a water supply main channel, a user pipe network, a water tank connected to the water supply main channel, a water outlet connected to the water supply main channel, and a conflux general pipe connected at the water outlet, the conflux general pipe is connected to the user pipe network to supply the water in the water supply main channel and/or the water tank to the user pipe network, the water supply main channel is connected to the water outlet via a jet flow device which is communicated with the water tank at the same time; a pressurization device is arranged between the conflux general pipe and the water tank, the pressurization device is electrically connected to the intelligent control module, and a one-way device is connected between the pressurization device and the conflux general pipe; and a frequency conversion pressurization module is arranged between the user pipe network and the conflux general pipe. The pumping station provided is advantageous in that the water in the water tank can be replaced timely.


Abstract The ongoing crisis in mainstream economics has opened the door to recognition of true uncertainty. Economists are increasingly embracing uncertainty and tracing its implications for responsible economic practice and policy design that foregrounds rather than dismisses the limits to knowledge. Protean Power (PP) promotes a similar shift in international relations. PP advances a key distinction between operational and radical uncertainty. We argue that a complementary and perhaps more productive way to theorize the epistemic insufficiency facing agents as they map and implement strategies is to distinguish between 'reparable' and 'irreparable' ignorance, which leads to 'Hirschmanian' pragmatism.


Sciences and Technology (CEST-2018), September 25-27, 2018, vol. 1. This is an open access article under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original work is properly cited. ISBN: 978-81-936820-5-0 Loss of Load Expectation of Alkhoms Generating Units Mohamed Altaher Ben Mouhsen, Ali A. Tamtum


Epithelial (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells suspended by treatment with trypsin-EDTA lose a large percentage of their surface membrane and K+ channels, which are recovered upon replating.


CuInS2 nanocrystals doped sodium borosilicate glass were prepared by employing both sol-gel and atmosphere control methods.Morphology and microstructure of CuInS2 nanocrystals in the glass were characte-rized by means of X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscope(TEM).Femtosecond Z-scan technique was employed to study the third-order nonlinear optical properties of the glass.The results show that CuInS2 nanocrystals in tetragonal crystal system form uniformly in the glass,and the size of the nanocrystals is about 10 nm.The results of femtosecond Z-scan technique show that the glass exhibits excellent third-order nonlinear optical properties,and the third-order nonlinear optical refractive index γ,absorption coefficient β and susceptibility χ(3) of the glass are determined to be 8.57×10-16 m2/W,3.74×10-8 m/W,and 1.95×10-17 m2/V2,respectively.


Microscopes, spectromete rs, interferometers, and other high-resolution optical devices are indispensable in natural sciences. Invented by Fabry and P ́ erot [4] the interferometers known under their names have been used for more than a century to explore the visible spectral region of the electromagnetic radiation. They are used for hi gh-precision wavelength measurements in atomic spectroscopy, in astrophysics, and many other physical as well as life sciences [1, 10]. They are used as interference filters and resonators in lase r physics. High resolution instruments of this kind would be extremely useful for research with x rays. X-ray Fabry-P ́ erot interferometers (or resonators) could be used as interference filters with micro-eV spectral resolution [9] for studying dynamics of solids, liquids, and macroscopic biol ogical molecules. They could be used for phasecontrast imaging of nanometer-scale objects. A combined optical-x-ray Fabry-P ́ erot interferometer could bridge the optical and x-ray domains by measuring directly the x-ray to visible light wavelength ratios. X-ray Fabry-P ́ erot interferometers present an exciting and challenging problem.


The invention discloses a pixel circuit of an organic light emitting display, comprising a first power line, a second power line, a data line, a reference voltage, an organic light emitting diode, a storage capacitor and eight transistors T1-T8, wherein the data line is connected with a source electrode of the T1; a drain electrode of the T1 is connected with a drain electrode of the T2 and a source electrode of the T3; a source electrode of the T2 and a source electrode of the T7 are connected with the first power line; a drain electrode of the T3 is connected with a drain electrode of the T4 and a source electrode of the T5; a drain electrode of the T5 is connected with an anode electrode of the organic light emitting diode; a grid electrode of the T3 and a drain electrode of the T6 are connected with a first end of the storage capacitor; a drain electrode of the T7 and a drain electrode of the T8 are connected with a second end of the storage capacitor; a source electrode of the T8 is connected with the reference voltage; a source electrode of the T6 is connected with the second power line; a grid electrode of the T6 is connected with a first scanning control line; grid electrodes of the T2, the T5 and the T7 are connected with a control line; and grid electrodes of the T1, the T4 and the T8 are connected with a second scanning control line. The pixel circuit disclosed by the invention has the advantages that threshold shift of the driving transistors and the voltage fall of the power lines can be compensated, so that the brightness of the display is more uniform.


The high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) seismic reflection data acquired for Impala Platinum between 1998 and 2002 in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex form an integral part of Impala's mine planning and development programme. These data are of sufficiently high quality to provide unprecedented 3-D models of the geological structure of the Merensky Reef and UG2 Chromitite Reef, from which the mine deduces the size, geometry and distribution of mineable blocks. Conversely, the seismic data details zones of un-mineable ground caused by structural disturbances in the form of potholes, fault zones and pegmatoid intrusions. Furthermore, variations in dip and strike are well imaged, allowing the mine planners to optimize the mine design and layout. Current interpretation work is focused on enhancing the accuracy of these geological models even further through the analysis of 'seismic trace attributes.' Preliminary testing on the Impala Platinum 3-D seismic volume has shown that attribute analysis has the potential to illuminate a number of geological reef disturbances that are otherwise 'invisible' in the original seismic time volume. Potential areas of improvement include inter alia:


Abstract : The latest National Defense Strategy and National Military Strategy are replete with guidance for building partnership capacity (BPC). Although the United States has executed similar type operations since the 1950s, but under the guise of other operational constructs, they were relatively small-scale and received little attention at the strategic level. In an era of persistent conflict, some senior leaders within the military are beginning to realize the importance of BPC and its direct linkage to national security. However, much like past efforts, BPC related activities lack a concerted focus as does the types of units designated or designed to conduct this unique type of training, particularly in the field of rotary wing aviation. This paper examines strategic guidance for BPC, depicts a strategic environment that requires the force to be re-balanced, reviews historical examples in which bureaucracy and inter-service rivalries hampered over-all training efforts, and on-going BPC efforts utilizing current aviation force structure and "specialized" units. This paper concludes with a series of recommendations that support the development of a Joint Rotary Wing Security Force Assistance (SFA) organization along with the utilization of general purpose aviation forces to meet future BPC demands.


with traffic. Caracas had become the most connected city to Havana, with Venezuela quickly becoming one of the top senders of travelers to the island. Most of the Venezuelans arriving at the airport came to the island seeking medical attention; in the opposite direction, thousands of Cuban doctors were leaving for Venezuela. The scene signaled a new pattern of Cuba's participation in the global economy. Cuba's main airport had quickly gone from being the port of entry for Europe and Canada's sand-and-sun enthusiasts to becoming the country's veritable hospital waiting room. Several tourist establishments began housing medical patients from Venezuela and other NACLA REPORT ON THE AMERICAS


We address spectral tunneling of walking spatial solitons in photorefractive media with nonlocal diffusion of the nonlinear response and an imprinted shallow optical lattice. In contrast to materials with local nonlinearities, where solitons travelling across the lattice close to the Bragg angle suffer large radiative losses, in photorefractive media with diffusion nonlinearity resulting in self-bending solitons survive when their propagation angle approaches and even exceeds the Bragg angle. In the spatial frequency domain this effect can be considered as tunneling through the band of spatial frequencies centered around the Bragg frequency where the spatial group velocity dispersion is positive.


Combine harvester usually works in sparsely populated areas with harsh environment. In order to achieve the remote real-time video monitoring of the working state of combine harvester. A remote video monitoring system based on ARM11 and embedded Linux is developed. The system uses USB camera for capturing working state video data of the main parts of combine harvester, including the granary, threshing drum, cab and cut table. Using JPEG image compression standard to compress video data then transferring monitoring screen to remote monitoring center over the network for long-range monitoring and management. At the beginning of this paper it describes the necessity of the design of the system. Then it introduces realization methods of hardware and software briefly. And then it describes detailedly the configuration and compilation of embedded Linux operating system and the compiling and transplanting of video server program are elaborated. At the end of the paper, we carried out equipment installation and commissioning on combine harvester and then tested the system and showed the test results. In the experiment testing, the remote video monitoring system for combine harvester can achieve 30fps with the resolution of 800x600, and the response delay in the public network is about 40ms.


Bending and twisting sensors on optical fiber was demonstrated using waveguide dye laser mounted on the fiber. The lasing wavelength shift was observed via the fiber in which a pumping beam propagates.


Summary Six patients receiving minoxidil, propranolol, and diuretics had clonidine added in increasing dosage. Five patients received 0.2–0.8 mg/day clonidine and one patient 0.2–0.6 mg. Plasma catecholamines, renin activity, blood pressure, and serum creatinine were measured at each dose level. The patients had a hypernoradrenergic state prior to clonidine X ± SE plasma norepinephrine (PNE), 924 ± 141 pg/ml]. Administration of clonidine, 0.2–0.8 mg/day, lowered supine PNE (p < 0.01, p < 0.02), and clonidine, 0.4–0.8 mg/day, lowered standing PNE (p < 0.01, p < 0.02). Maximal suppression of PNE occurred with 0.4 mg/day. Systolic blood pressure correlated with supine PNE (r = 0.55, p < 0.05) at 0.2–0.8 mg/day clonidine, and standing PNE correlated (r = 0.72, p < 0.01) at 0.2–0.6 mg/day. Plasma epinephrine concentration, plasma renin activity (PRA), and serum creatinine did not show any significant change. PRA did not correlate with blood pressure changes. Plasma clonidine concentration correlated reciprocally with the change in PNE (r = −0.59, p < 0.01). These findings indicate that clonidine can return elevated PNE to normal levels in the vasodilator β-blocker-treated patient and thus remove this abnormality as a contributing factor to pathogenetic mechanisms.


This chapter discusses the long-term contributions and drawbacks of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). It considers whether the STL will contribute to the development of Lebanese criminal law, looking particularly at the infusion of international law concepts into Lebanese domestic law in the decisions of the STL Appeals Chamber. It addresses the question of selective justice and the mandate of the STL, demonstrating that the limited nature of the STL's mandate puts the Tribunal in a category separate from other international courts and tribunals. It argues that by drawing on the historical context in Lebanon surrounding the Hariri assassination, the prosecutors could try to partially address the pervasive criticism regarding selective justice.


We study the problem of decentralized power allocation in a multi-access channel (MAC) with non-cooperative users, additive noise of arbitrary distribution and a generalized power constraint, i.e., the transmit power constraint is modeled by an upper bound on $\mathbb{E}[\phi(|S|)]$, where $S$ is the transmit signal and $\phi(.)$ is some non-negative, increasing and bounded function. The generalized power constraint captures the notion of power for different wireless signals such as RF, optical, acoustic, etc. We derive the optimal power allocation policy when there a large number of non-cooperative users in the MAC. Further, we show that, once the number of users in the MAC crosses a finite threshold, the proposed power allocation policy of all users is optimal and remains invariant irrespective of the actual number of users. We derive the above results under the condition that the entropy power of the MAC, $e^{2h(S)+c}$, is strictly convex, where $h(S)$ is the maximum achievable entropy of the transmit signal and $c$ is a finite constant corresponding to the entropy of the additive noise.


Veterans are a diverse population of individuals united by their service to our country. In addition to providing health care to Veterans, Veterans Affairs (VA) also has a mission to conduct research to improve Veterans' and indeed our nation's well-being. To succeed in that mission, we recognize that we must actively promote diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) across the full range of domains, including the research workforce, representation in research, and funding DEI research. VA is committed to serving all Veterans, and we are honored to write the introductory column for this special edition of VA Health Equity Research. It represents the efforts of a team of people who are passionate about improving Veterans' well-being through actions to enhance DEI. We lost one of those team members, the late Mitchell Mirkin, far too soon. Mitch was the acting director of VA Research Communications, and he was instrumental to the conception of this special collection. This issue is dedicated to his memory. Research across the translational continuum requires diversity in skill sets, experiences, and perspectives. There are many benefits that flow from a diverse health-equity-focused VA research enterprise: fostering scientific innovation, contributing to VA's robust learning environments, improving the equity and quality of research, and increasing the likelihood that underrepresented Veteran populations participate in and benefit from health research. For these reasons, and many more, we are excited for the opportunity to highlight examples of health equity research conducted by VA investigators, as well as DEI efforts by the VA community. In this issue, Dr. Suma Muralidhar, director of the VA Million Veteran Program (MVP), and colleagues describe efforts to support diversity and representation in VA research. With > 912,000 enrollees, MVP is committed to expanding the participation of women Veterans. In 2022, MVP's first digital women's campaign resulted in a 54% increase in the number of women Veterans enrolled in the program. MVP resources have sparked many significant research projects. For example, Dr. Shiuh-Wen Luoh and colleagues from the VA Portland Health Care System describe their use of MVP data to develop breast cancer risk scores for women Veterans of African American ancestry. We also highlight key DEI initiatives carried out by VA research. Our colleagues in the Veterans Health Administration Office of Health Equity, led by Dr. Ernest Moy, illustrate VA's efforts to combat


Current work was done aiming at determining factors influencing formation and increase of absorptive capacity of technology in Pars Khodro Co. in automotive industry. 168 ones from deputies, directors, heads and top experts of Pars Khodro Co. were selected using simple random sampling. Structural equations were used for statistical data analysis. Influencing factors were identified based on library studies as well as interview with experts, and preliminary classification of the factors was done. Preliminary classification included 7 main factors as follows: 1. Level of education, 2. hard working, 3. Research & development, 4. Human resource, 5. Technology transfer, 6. Prior knowledge related, and 7. Age and size of firm. Face validity and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using expert ideas and reliability of the questionnaire was obtained as 0.83 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. According to research findings, age and size of firm, level of education, prior knowledge related, technology transfer, human resource, hardworking, research and development are influential in automotive industry respectively.


As other production,cultural production has the characteristics of general practice activities.Cultural production force is the development of inherent logic of spiritual productive force,and it also has the characteristics of the times: material practice,consciousness,economic industry,and active guidance.As a contemporary research subject of Marxism in China,the liberation and development of cultural productive force has the characteristics of objective necessity.In order to liberate and develop cultural productive force,the guiding position of Marxism should be kept to guarantee the nature and direction of the liberation and development of cultural productive force;the theories of Marxism should be developed;the two relations in the category of the liberation and development of cultural productive force should be well dealt with.The key point of developing the cultural productive force is to create the cultural theories and renew the concept of cultural development.


The multiplicity of distinct grain boundary configurations in polycrystals has made it difficult to determine the relative frequency with which each configuration is adopted. As a result, the physiochemical properties of each boundary and the influence of the distribution of boundaries on macroscopic materials properties are not well understood. Using a semiautomated system, we have measured all five macroscopically observable degrees of freedom of 4.1 × 106 boundary plane segments making up 5.2 × 106μm2 of grain boundary interface area in a magnesia polycrystal. Our observations demonstrate that not all grain boundary configurations occur with the same frequency and that the relative free energies of the different interfacial configurations influence the population distribution. Furthermore, the results indicate that relative grain boundary energies can be estimated based on the free surface energies.


Abstract An explicitly integrated primitive equation grid-point model is used as a tool to study the impact of some variables on the hemispheric average precipitation rate in the model. The experiments show that the model needs 15 h to create vertical velocities and build up a moisture field which gives a constant rate of precipitation, starting from an initial state adjusted by the balance equation. Two kinds of moisture initializations are discussed, and it is shown that if the moisture field is perfectly initialized, i.e., if the moisture can be specified in the most consistent manner, it still takes several hours for the rate of precipitation to become constant, again starting from an initial state adjusted by the balance equation. The reason for this is the lack of initial vertical velocities. The results suggest that vertical velocities initially are of equal or higher importance than details in the moisture.


To understand vegetation changes along environmental gradients in the natural forests in the east side of the Cascade Range in Washington state, USA, line transects were used to sample six different forest environments in the Wenatchee National Forest in the north-facing and south-facing sites at 975, 1280 and 1700m elevation. Data were analyzed using ordination by detranded correspondence analysis. Pseudotsuga menziesii was found as one of the dominant species on all the six sites regardless of elevation or aspect, while Pinus ponderosa was dominant on south slopes only. Abies grandis and A. lasiocarpa were dominant species on north slopes at elevations of 1280 and 1700m, respectively. Moisture, as it related to aspect, was identified as one of the most important environmental gradients for explaining the variation of vegetation types. On north-facing slopes, compared to south-facing slopes, where moisture was not as limiting and canopies could grow denser, probably, elevation or competitive interaction was more important. Species diversity tended to decrease with increasing environmental severity, with south slopes having less diversity than north slopes due to extended water stress and harsher temperature extremes on south slopes. The age structure on north-facing and south-facing slopes was different. Light intensity, moisture and climate were different between these two slopes. Large scale disturbances(e.g., big fire or insects) were major causes in changing age structure. Younger trees showed a closer relationship between size and age than adult trees. DBH values of shade intolerant species in south-facing slope were bigger than those of north-facing slope, which suggested that aspect of stands be the most important factor for age and size.


India is the second largely populated country in the world, with one in three Indian households owning a
two-wheeler. Two-wheeler sales in India reaching an all-time high in the year 2019, reinforces that this is the most
favored mode of road transport. With elite and extravagant motor bikes taking over the market today, the safety of these
automobiles is to be greatly improved. This paper presents a vehicle security device using technologies such as GPS and
GSM. In addition to the accident alert, any perceptible movement of the bike is also monitored and alerted.
Unauthenticated handling of the bike activates the GSM present in the bike that sends a user notification. The bike's
power transmission can be turned off with owner discretion. The bike's location can also be learnt through the GPS
thereby helping the retrieval of the same. A complete control system using mobile phone wherein the original key will
also fail to start ignition is the significance of this design.


This essay explores the intertextual qualities in and between Kristian Lundberg's works Yarden, Morkret skulle vara som ljuset and Och allt skall vara karlek. Read as a trilogy, it bears a thematic ...


submission for Dublin 2023 EPH Conferences offer excellent opportunities to learn from the latest research and practice, to network with experts and colleagues and to expand your professional horizons. Why don't you participate at Dublin 2023 by sharing your work with colleagues? Abstracts are invited for workshops and single presentations in all areas of public health research, practice, policy and education. Abstract submission is open from 1 February to 1 May 2023. For less experienced abstract submitters a Tutoring Programme is set-up. Detailed instructions can be found on www.ephconference.eu. Our Food, Our Health, Our Earth: A Sustainable Future for Humanity The theme for Dublin 2023 is 'Our Food, Our Health, Our Earth: A Sustainable Future for Humanity'. Over the next decade, we will all make choices which will determine the future European Public Health News 153


In the 1570s and 1580s, the Italian jurist Guido Panciroli (1523–1599) compiled a collection of brief notes on ancient and new inventions. In one of them, the author put forward the thesis that ancient thinkers knew nothing about the existence of the Americas. In an effort to prove the primacy of the Europeans in the discovery of the New World, Heinrich Salmuth, compiler of the commentary on Panchiroli's notes, made a number of arguments for and against this position. Thus in Panciroli's treatise "New Discoveries, or Two Books of Venerable Things", first published in 1602, together with a commentary by Salmuth and initiated by the latter, the question of the possibility of discovering America before Columbus was raised. The purpose of this paper is to analyse grounds on which the time and essence of the discovery of the New World were perceived. To this end, the author examines the logic of the two authors' reasoning about European primacy and the differences in the justifications for this claim. On the basis of the research undertaken, it can be concluded that this work revisits not only the corpus of ancient worldviews, but also the exploratory, creative potential of Europeans to discover a new continent. In their work they try to find an explanation for the break with the preceding tradition and thus find themselves at the origins of the dispute over the significance of ancient knowledge for the new European science.


Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of diabetes, which importantly contributes to the increased mortality of patients with diabetes. The development of DCM is accompanied by numerous pathological mechanisms, including oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Accordingly, the present study aimed to determine the effects of the sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) inhibitor OSS-128167 on DCM using a mouse model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and high glucose (HG)-treated cardiomyocytes. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ for 5 days to simulate the diabetic cardiomyopathy model. Mice with STZ-induced diabetes (STZ-DM1) were orally administered OSS-128167 (20 or 50 mg/kg) through gavage every other day. The expression of SIRT6 in myocardial tissue was detected using western blotting. Tissue staining (hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome) was used to characterize myocardial structure, TUNEL fluorescent staining was used to detect myocardial apoptosis, and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors in myocardial tissue. Dihydroethidium staining and a malondialdehyde (MDA) detection kit were used to detect the oxidative stress levels in myocardial tissues. In vitro, H9c2 cells were pre-incubated with OSS-128167 for 1 h and then stimulated with HG (33 mM) for various durations. Expression levels of fibrosis markers, collagen-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, apoptosis-related proteins, Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved-poly ADP-ribose polymerase, tumor necrosis factor-α and the oxidative stress metabolite, 3-nitrotyrosine were analyzed using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Commercially available kits were used to detect the activity of caspase-3 and the content of MDA in the H9c2 cell line. The corresponding results demonstrated that OSS-128167 aggravated diabetes-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis in mice. Mechanistically, OSS-128167 was revealed to increase the levels of inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, OSS-128167 facilitated the inflammatory response and promoted the production of ROS while aggravating DCM development. These findings indicated that SIRT6 may target two closely combined and interacting pathological processes, the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and may serve as a potentially advantageous therapeutic target.


A novel low-cost color liquid crystal television is applied in a real-time color pattern recognition system. In this system, a target is identified on the basis of both shape and spectral content. A multiple matched filtering technique is also proposed to improve the detected correlation signal. Experimental results of the bichromatic signal detection are presented.


Based on the analysis of travel survey data, this paper developed and applied the mixed binary-multinomial choice modeling method to the exploration of the relationship between travel mode choice and trip chaining behavior of home based commute. The analysis is carried out from two directions, namely trip chaining to travel mode, and travel mode to trip chaining. The developed model takes into consideration the effects of interdependencies between trip chaining and travel mode choice on each choosing behavior, which emphasizes the guidance of decision mechanism on travel behavior forecasting. The results show the pattern that trip chaining drives mode choice is the dominating trend. This means that travelers first decide how to organize different activities and travel into trip chains based on individual and family needs and then make travel mode choice condition under the limit of trip chaining. These findings have important implications for travel demand forecasting and for the design and carrying out of demand management measures.


Molecules that associate to form porous networks can be made by attaching multiple hydrogen-bonding sites to suitable cores. Pentaerythrityl tetraphenyl ether, a four-armed core, is the progenitor of dendritic derivatives with more arms, including dipentaerythrityl hexaphenyl ether 7. An advantage of such dendritic derivatives is that the resulting networks are held together by larger numbers of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. [structure: see text]


Group recommender systems help users to find items of interest collaboratively. Support for such collaboration has been mainly provided by tools that visualize membership awareness, preference awareness and decision awareness. However, these mechanisms do not address group dynamic issues: how member may affect each other. In this paper, we investigate the roles of emotion awareness tools and how they may enable positive group dynamics. We first describe the design process behind a set of dynamic emoticons, which we call empatheticons. We then show that they allow users to represent, annotate, and visualize group members' emotions in GroupFun, a group music recommender. An in-depth user study (N = 18) with GroupFun demonstrates that users' emotion annotation for recommended songs can be influenced by other group members. Most importantly, empatheticons enhance users' perceptions of the connectedness (immediacy) and familiarity (intimacy) with each other and the positive group dynamics.


Researchers have examined various techniques to solve the problem of missing data. Simple techniques have included listwise deletion, pairwise deletion, mean substitution, regression imputation and hot-deck imputation. Past research suggests that regression imputation and pairwise deletion generally result in less dispersion around true score values while listwise deletion results in more dispersion around true scores. Unfortunately, this research spent much less time examining whether the various techniques lead to overestimation or underestimation of the true values of various statistics. The present study utilized a Monte Carlo Analysis to simulate an HRM research setting to evaluate missing data techniques. Pairwise deletion resulted in the least dispersion around true scores and least average error of any missing data technique for calculating correlations. Implications for use of these techniques and future missing data research were explored.


In our research is presented the model of compensatory homeostat, showing the interrelation the quality of agrochemical parameters from the using of the new meleorative products in the soil-plant on the barren black earth in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia in the grain crop rotations. Our research first identified energy and economic effectivity of new meliorative products based on nanocarbon sorbent and fly ash. The new meliorative products for soils will solve ecological problems of the recycling local wastes; a degradation and a depletion of the agricultural land in the Omsk region


Abstract : The comparative performance of several digital data modems over a high-frequency (HF) radio link is described in this document. During April and June 1964, field testing of evaluation models of new phase-shift keyed (PSK) modems was conducted over a leased 6900-nautical mile HF radio circuit from Pretoria, South Africa, to Riverhead, New York. The superior bandwidth economy of PSK over frequency-shift keyed (FSK) modulation was demonstrated. This work was accomplished as part of the ESD program to improve missile test range HF digital data transmission.


We have succeeded in development of the microjoint for minimally invasive surgery based on bionic design like an insect leg. This microjoint is comprised of two materials which have different stiffness characteristics. First of all, we designed the microjoint based on analythical approach and determined the using of SU-8 and PDMS as materials of designed joint. The advantages of proposed microjoint are as follows: (1) Small (less than 2 mm), (2) Flexibility, (3) High I/O ratio, and (4) Biocompatibility. Through the basic experiment, we confirmed that the developed joint has a potential for application of endoscopic surgery such as Endoscopic Sub-mucosal Dissection (ESD).


As large components in manufacturing processes work in high temperature,there is cycle thermal stress.High temperature structure's creep failure is sensitive to time.Approach is used in remaining life estimations,Time Dependent Failure Assessment Diagram(TDFAD),which is based on certain supposing and rupture theory.So the failure assessment in certain time span can be given.


What if you were evil? How would you destroy your enemies? Would you do it by telling the truth? Probably not. But, if you were Iago, you would. And it makes perfect sense. If one lives in a world of goodness, honesty and truth, then evil would have to be, of course, anything, that is untruthful--succinctly, anything that is a lie. Yet who among us lives in such a world of goodness and "truth"? We may like to believe we do, but our world is anything but truthful. In fact, we lie all the time. It is accepted and, worse, expected. For example, if your dear Granny should ask how she looks in the new hat she is so proud to have purchased, would you tell her the truth? Would you say, "Granny, you look silly and awful?" I doubt it. You'd probably tell a little lie. You'd probably tell her she looks nice, wouldn't you? Or what about your boss? Would you tell your boss the truth all the time? If you took a day off, would you admit you weren't sick but just overslept because you were out "partying" all night? Would youngsters tell their parents the truth? Do their parents really want to know? When asked what they did till two o'clock in the morning, do you think your teenagers would actually tell you? Or are you satisfied they're home safely and respond to your query--" what did you do last night?"--with a dispassionate and simple, "nothing much"? And what about you? What lies do you tell--especially to yourself? What am I getting at? In a truthful world, an evildoer causes mayhem by lying. But in a world filled with lies--as ours is--how does one become evil? The answer is as obvious as it is simple: One tells the truth! In a world where everyone survives by telling lies to each other and, more importantly, to him- or herself, the person who tells the truth is the one who strips away the protective fabrications and, in the process, conjures up the most chaos. Thus, as bizarre as it may seem, Iago's source of evil, his "poison," is truth! Consequently, "Honest Iago"--just think of the numerous times his honesty is referred to in the play--tries whenever possible to tell the truth, so much so that sometimes when he does tell a lie he will actually admit it. For example, after he deftly manipulates the "truth" by using a conditional interrogative to provoke Othello's jealousy, "What if I had said I had seen him do you wrong?" (IV, i, 24, The Arden Shakespeare: Complete Works, revised edition, 2002), Iago creates chaos because Othello's imagination and assumptions lead him to believe Cassio has actually admitted an affair with Desdemona--even when Iago admits he is only asking "what if" and really doesn't know the truth: Othello: What hath he said? Iago: Faith, that he did--I know not what. He did-- Othello: What? What? Iago: Lie. Othello: With her? Iago: With her, on her, what you will. (IV, i, 31-34) Another example occurs when Iago relates Cassio's "dream" about Desdemona. Iago paints an adulterous scene for Othello's imagination, claiming Cassio--who talks in his sleep--was dreaming aloud about making love to Desdemona. But when Othello, totally believing the dream as real, shouts in pain, "O monstrous! Monstrous" (III, iii, 428), Iago is quick to belie the reality of what he just related, "Nay, this was but his dream" (III, iii, 429). We have no way of knowing whether or not Cassio actually does talk in his sleep or if he had such a dream, but it doesn't matter because Iago's admission truthfully negates the reality of the situation playing out in Othello's imagination. But is Iago's world really so filled with lies that he can utterly manipulate the truth to create havoc? It sure is, thanks to the genius of Shakespeare, who envisions a dramatic realm so real it "mirrors" life. In Shakespeare's hands, the purpose of life is to provide a mirror for the plays just as the plays (as Hamlet informs us) mirror nature. …


In this paper we apply Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to firm level data from various years of Annual Survey of Industry to obtain Pareto-Koopmans measures of technical efficiency in the Indian textile garments industry. The overall efficiency measure is multiplicatively decomposed into an input- and an output-oriented Russell type non-radial measure. For the second stage regression of DEA efficiency scores in terms of age, ownership, regional location, and other characteristics of a firm, we perform a Box-Cox transformation of the one-sided dependent variable to avoid using a Tobit regression in a context where there is no obvious censoring of the data.


We implemented a recommendation system that presents persuasive messages to commuters using a route planning application. Our aim is to nudge users towards following routes that are environmentally friendly with lower CO2 emissions than those they usually take. Our implementation leverages contextual information and transportation user profiles while the messages are defined based on a set of persuasive strategies. The recommender is integrated in a route planning application for android based smartphones and was used in a trial in the cities of Vienna and Dublin. Users' qualitative feedback showed that the feature was found interesting and provided insights for future improvements.


This research aims for finding out the response of chili to type of sound and composition of substrate in hydroponic systems and obtain the optimal composition of substrate in chili planting hydroponically. This research started from August 2014 until February 2015 at Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta using Completely Randomized Design that consists of two factors. First factor was sand type with 3 levels and the second one the composition of substrate with 4 levels. Data of observation result have been analyzed based on F test at 5% grade and average comparison test using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% grade. The Pearson Correlation test is used for analyzing to observe the relation of inter variable. The type of sand is not interacting with the composition of substrate except at observation of green leaves. The best growing and development of chili is at pure sand beach has the highest value it can be seen from fresh weight of root, root dry weight, plant height and canopy fresh weight, and the composition of the substrate (sand: palm wood fiber) 3:1 indicated by the root dry weight, plant height, canopy fresh weight, shoot dry weight, the weight of fruit per plant and the sum of fruits per plant.


The invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing a dried amount of liquid, in particular blood, comprising absorbent sample carriers for analytical analysis, wherein an abandoned for an indefinite amount of liquid is applied by capillary action to an absorbent sample carrier in a metered quantity and the sample carrier after drying the metered amount of liquid in a further-processing unit is delivered. In order to provide sample carrier of exactly predetermined liquid volume in a user-safe for the user manner available, according to the invention provided that the applied an indefinite amount of liquid in a closed system with accurate allocation to a plurality of a certain liquid subset absorbent sample carriers by the capillary action targeted is supplied, wherein the sample carrier can be removed for analysis from the closed system after drying the liquid subsets.


Objective To compare radiofrequency of posterior ramus of lumbar nerve(PROLN) with nerve block in terms of short-and long-term analgesic effect and its safety for elderly with painful compression fracture of lumbar vertebra. Methods A total of 60 senior patients with osteoporotic compression vertebral fracture were equally randomized to group A(observation group) and group B(control group).Radiofrequency of PROLN was offered to patients in group A,and nerve block of PROLN to those in group B,the therapeutic efficacy was assessed by visual analogue scale(VAS) and ODI at one day before the treatment and one day,five days,three and six months after the intervention. Results Compared with before treatment,the score of VAS and ODI in group A,at each time point after treatment descended obviously,the differences being significant(F=23.770,414.821;q=9.969-46.117;P0.01);and in group B,one and five days after treatment,the score of VAS and ODI decreased markedly(F=21.004,354.325;q=5.064-40.039;P0.05).The differences of VAS and ODI at one day and five days after therapy between groups A and B were not significant(P0.05),while after three and six months,the score of VAS and ODI in group A decreased more obviously than that in group B(t=4.814-26.612,P0.05). Conclusion The long-term analgesia of radiofrequency therapy of PROLN is superior to nerve block for elderly patients with painful compression fracture of lumbar vertebra.


The lack of cost-effective diagnostic devices like spirometer is becoming a prevalent challenge to the diagnosis and effective management of life-threatening respiratory diseases. This paper presents the design, development, and implementation of differential pressure sensing quasi digital sensor and instrument for spirometer application. A system which fulfills the medical standard specifications has been designed and developed by exploiting the venturi tube (Bernoulli's principle) and quasi digital sensor principles. A low power microcontroller (PIC24F) based embedded system, venturi tube based quasi digital sensor, data acquisition software, and user interface were developed. A lab made prototype device has been constructed, tested, and subsequently analyzed the recorded data from the computer. This cost effective ($150) spirometer model can be used for detection of pulmonary diseases rural area and it is going to add a new dimension to the diagnosis of many lung diseases.


A mobile-phone antenna with a wideband feed structure (WBFS) and an auxiliary structure for a full metal casing and a very narrow frame are proposed. The most highlight of this proposed antenna is that it provides a method to overcome the difficulties of designing a high-performance antenna in a full metal casing with a very narrow frame. The WBFS is designed to have a broadband performance. The total size of the antenna is 6 × 48 mm
 2
, and a 6 mm long ground clearance is set on the bottom edge of the system circuit board. The experimental results reveal that a good impendence matching is obtained across the frequency bands of 824-960 and 1710-2690 MHz, and the total efficiency is more than 40%. The antenna maintains a good performance when user's hand(s) is (are) holding it; meanwhile, keeps the specific absorption rate (SAR) under the IEEE Std. C95.1 compliant SAR. In addition, the performance of the proposed antenna in a multi-antenna system is examined. The result shows that the proposed antenna is a good candidate for a multiple-input-multiple-output system.


It is inherent to tree models that variable selection is performed at each split individually, whereas GLM variabe selection is performed globally, for the entire model. This systematically yields a higher number of predictors in tree-based models than in linear models. From this perspective, we can safely argue that the models are not overfitted (as assured by our nested CV scheme) and the large quantity of variables may not be indicative of overfitting. We will clarify this point in the revised MS.


To solve the problem of low transmission efficiency in the magnetic coupled resonant wireless power transfer (MCR-WPT) system, a parameter design method based on chaotic sparrow search algorithm is proposed to optimize the transmission efficiency of the system. The circuit model of the two-coil MCR-WPT system is established, and the relationships among output power, transmission efficiency, frequency, coupling coefficient and load resistance are derived. The influence of frequency, coupling coefficient and load resistance on the output power and transmission efficiency of the system is studied and analyzed by the control variable method. The sparrow search algorithm is improved by using chaotic reverse learning strategy, and the three parameters were optimized by the improved algorithm, and the system parameter values corresponding to the optimal solution are obtained. Simulation results show that the transmission efficiency of the optimized MCR-WPT system can reach up to 91%.


ASME VIII-2 2007 was issued on July 1,2007.The new edition first roundly fetches the numerical value analysis method in the analysis of design codes.All kinds of analysis method provided in the new edition are mostly with the numerical value analysis as the basis.The practical experiences in the recent years show that,the numerical value analysis method(especially the finite element analysis)has been widely applied,regarded as the most effective stress analysis method.The paper first systematically gives an account of the basic knowledge of pressure vessel stress classification,finite element analysis and numerical value approach,as well as the assessment process of analysis results,then gives the examples of specific projects.


Introduction Let (L;) be a loop, i.e., L is a set with a binary operation such that for all a; b 2 L the equations a x = b and y a = b have unique solutions x; y 2 L, and there exists an element 0 2 L with a 0 = 0 a = a. The loop L is called a K-loop if the Bol identity a (b (a c)) = (a (b a)) c


A CO2 lidar double-pulse two-micron high-energy transmitter, tuned to on- and off-line absorption wavelengths, has been developed. Transmitter operation and performance has been verified on ground and airborne platform.


Dietary intake records are used in nutrition intervention studies not only as a tool to assess reported intakes, but as a measure of compliance to a planned intervention. In this crossover study we assessed the validity of urinary potassium as a recovery biomarker and surrogate indicator of compliance to a dairy milk intervention. Ten healthy teenage girls 13–18 years old (mean 15.2) were assigned to consume a nutritionally adequate diet controlled for potassium and calcium, for four days. The study included one neutral control (water) and a test substance (milk and/or yogurt.). Each subject was studied twice and served as her own control. The control and test substances were consumed as part of pre‐selected meals for 2 consecutive 24‐hours periods one week apart. The control meal (with water) provided approximately 1500 mg potassium. The test meal (with dairy) provided approximately 3000 mg potassium. Consecutive 24‐hour urines were collected during the dietary tests. Previously we have shown correlations between diet potassium and urinary potassium in adult women studied under metabolic conditions, with a urineK:dietK ratio of 0.92. In the present study the mean 24‐hr. urine K was 1071 mg/d on the low potassium (control) diet, with a urineK:dietK ratio diet of 0.776. On the high potassium (dairy) diet the mean 24‐hr. urine K was 1742 and the urineK:dietK ratio was 0.664.


This paper aims to assess Tunisian coastal water quality using the clam Ruditapes decussatus embryos and larvae bioassays tests. Water samples collected from four stations (Monastir lagoon, Chebba, Mahres and Zarat), was used for chemical analysis and clam bioassay tests (embryogenesis, larval growth and metamorphosis). The results, based on chemical analysis, showed the highest metal contamination in Mahres and Zarat while the lowest ones were recorded in Chebba station. The Monastir lagoon is characterized by the highest level of mercury (18.1±2.16 µgl -1 ). Compared to control, reduction of clam embryogenesis is up to 40, 60 and 67% respectively in Monastir, Zarat and Mahres while no reduction were observed in Chebba (p>0.05). Larval growth rate was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in all stations except Chebba this also shown when daily growth rate (DGR) is calculated for larvae reared in water collected from each station. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in larval survival is also shown in Monastir (74%), Zarat (70%) and Mahres (52.8%) compared to control (94.5%). Compared to control (82%), metamorphosis success is significantly reduced only on two stations (Zarat: 68% and Mahres: 64%) conversely survival in this stage was affected in three stations (Monastir: 69±6.7%; Zarat: 52±6.1% and Mahres: 44±5.2%) compared to the control (83±4.7%). This work showed that both clam embryos and larvae are sensitive to contaminants and can be used to evaluate seawater contaminations and monitoring pollution.


Based on the concept of polychromatic sets (PS), the basic mathematic expression of PS is introduced. According to the entity of PS, PS is classified into two types: disjunctive PS and conjunctive PS. The isolated operation of PS is studied thoroughly and the corresponding problems are analyzed elaborately. Together with manufacturing process system, the information model of conjunctive PS is established, and the machining capacity of local manufacturing resources is evaluated using PS isolated operation. Aiming at the special manufacturing process requirement, the manufacturing resources are allocated optimally. The research results show that the PS isolated operation has stronger modeling and simulating ability in analyzing and synthesizing of complex system.


The Executive Board and the Supervisory Board declare that full compliance will be achieved with the recommendations made by the Government Commission on the German Corporate Governance Code and published by the German Federal Ministry of Justice in the official section of the German Federal Gazette ("Bundesanzeiger"), as amended on June 24, 2014. Since last year's Declaration of Compliance was issued, Sartorius AG has complied with the recommendations in the valid version of the Government Commission on the German Corporate Governance Code to the full extent.


Trefoil cable formation is used where three phases are carried by three single core power cables, rather than a single three phase multicore cable. The advantage of installing three single cores in such a configuration is that it minimizes the induction of eddy currents, therefore reducing the effect of localized heating, while maintaining the current carrying capacity of the circuit. Trefoil cable restraining devices are structures used to hold the three single core power cables in a triangular touching (trefoil) formation, along the length of the laid cables. Short-circuit fault conditions of single core cables in trefoil formation result in high dynamic electromagnetic forces; these forces need to be restrained correctly in order to prevent extensive damage to the cable management system, and more importantly potential loss of human life. Manufacturers of trefoil cable restraining devices, or cleats, are required to physically test their product designs in an applied test, where a section of three single core power cables is held with cable restraining devices and exposed to a three phase short-circuit. Each assembly of cable restraining device, cable and applied current will yield a different result, so in theory, an infinite number of tests are required. These physical tests can be costly in terms of both expense and time. To assist the testing process, a time-dependent multiphysics model, including currents, induced electromagnetic forces, material plasticity and contact analysis has been developed to quickly assess various designs and implementation scenarios, greatly reducing the time and cost to asses, and quantify a trefoil cleat design during a short-circuit fault condition.


A guided wave technique for measurement of remaining thickness distribution is presented for the purpose of maintenance of large structures like oil storage tanks and pipe networks. This study used a laser source to excite the guided wave at many locations on aluminum plates with defect that have high ratio of A0 mode transmission and small mode conversions. The A0 mode was used to interrogate the through‐thickness over the rastered areas in the test plates. It was expected that many modes of Lamb wave were excited in intact and defect regions of the plates through the thermoelastic stresses from the laser source. The fundamental antisymmetric mode A0 was extracted to indicate the thickness distribution in aluminum test plates with the defect. The results exhibit greater amplitude distributions of A0 mode over thinner regions around defects and smaller amplitudes distributions over the intact regions.


High harmonic generation from targets of Ar, N2 and N2O in a gas-filled capillary has been studied. A clear shift in the weighting of the harmonic intensity distribution with decreasing ionization energy is reported.


The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is conducting research with the goal of enabling safe improvements in the capacity of the nation''s air transportation system. The wake-vortex upset hazard is an important factor in establishing the minimum safe spacing between aircraft during landing and take-off operations, thus impacting airport capacity. A batch simulation study was conducted to assess the sensitivity of various safe landing criteria in the development of an acceptable wake encounter boundary. A baseline six-degree-of-freedom simulation of a B737-100 airplane was modified to include a wake model and the vortex-induced forces and moments. The guidance and control input for the airplane was provided by an auto-land system. The wake strength and encounter geometry were varied. A sensitivity study was also conducted to assess the effects of encounter modeling methods and accuracy.


The genus Fusarium is widespread in soil, plants, and the air, and broad manifestations of human disease can be caused by infection with it, which can be superficial, locally invasive, or disseminated infections, including mycotoxicosis [1]. One of the most frequent aspects of infection by Fusarium species is the development of skin lesions; such lesions are typically the only source for diagnosis [2]. Thus, diagnosis and treatment of human Fusarium infection is usually delayed, causing poor results.


Hot-electron stressing on GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been performed using a dc stressing current. Detailed characterizations on the degradations in the optoelectronic and low-frequency noise properties of the devices have been conducted. Experimental results on I-V, electroluminescence (EL) and the integrated light output of the devices exhibit significant degradations with the stress time. Investigations on the low-frequency excess noise of the devices show that the degradations of the device properties arise from the generation of interface states at the InGaN/GaN heterointerface due to hot-electron stressing. Over two orders of magnitude increase in the current noise power spectral density, SI(f), is typically observed prior to the failure of the devices. Furthermore, it is shown that the initial rate of increase in SI(f) resulting from a dc current stress time of 48 hours is strongly correlated to the lifetimes of the devices demonstrating that flicker noise measurement can be used as a diagnostic tool for hot-electron hardness of the device.


In all parts of the jazz musicians repertoire (blues, pop songs, original compositions), we come upon pieces that have become « standards », interpreted by various musicians often over a long period of time. As an examination of the various treatments of these pieces shows, this standardization in jazz is the opposite of standardization in the usual sense of the word. It is an attempt related to « knowledge », turned both inwards (jazz musicians among themselves) and outwards (the repertoires concerned), that can be qualified as anthropological.


I was dining some years ago at the Society of Fellows—a now venerable Harvard institution modelled largely on the Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge—and had the good fortune to be seated next to a handsome grey-haired gentleman by the name of Norman Ramsey. What do you do? I asked. I'm a physicist, he said. What kind of physics? I measure time. Imagine that, I said, it so happens that I'm writing a book on the history of time measurement. Well it was a good dinner, and I learnt a great deal about today's methods of high-frequency time measurement, of which more later. But the one sentence that made the most impression on me and that I have never forgotten was the remark: 'Any stable frequency is a clock. The counting we can leave to the technicians. ' The importance of this remark, to me at least, was twofold. First it transformed my sense of the priorities. All the material I had been reading on antiquarian horology and the history of clockmaking focused on the escapement mechanism: that part of the clock which, among other things, counts the beats and thus ticks the passing of time. Now I came to understand (why hadn't I understood this sooner?) the primary significance in time measurement of the controller—the device that generates the frequency whose even rhythm tries to match the perfectly even units of ideal passing time.


We measured the effect of wind speed on the metabolic rate of six adult sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) with indirect respiration calorimetry at ambient temperatures above, near, and below the lower critical temperature. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of temperature on metabolic rate at all wind speeds, and a significant effect (P < 0.05) of wind speed on metabolic rate for temperatures ≤ 0 °C. Wind speed had a more pronounced effect on metabolism at temperatures below the lower critical temperature for sage grouse. Metabolic rates measured at wind speeds of ≥ 1.5 m/s were significantly higher than those measured at wind speeds < 1.5 m/s. Multiple regression analysis of wind speed (u; m/s) and temperature (Ta; °C) on metabolism (MR; mL O2∙g−1∙h−1) yielded the equation MR = 0.0837 (u) − 0.0248 (Ta) + 0.5444. The predicted cost of thermoregulation at conditions of −5 °C and u = 1.5 m/s was about 1.5× standard metabolic rate; half the increase was due to wind. Measurements of wind speed in...


In the nonaqueous N,N -dimethylformamide medium, the chiral drugs ibuprofen and terbutaline were successfully separated with sulfonyl- β -cyclodextrin(s- β -CD) as the chiral selector by capillary electrophoresis with conductance detection. The comparison of the effects of three CDS( β -CD, diethylic- β -CD, sulfonyl- β -CD) on the chiral separation was made and the resolution mechanism was proposed.


Various kinematic models have been proposed to explain the growth process of wide compressive orogens, and the deformation rate within the entire range of the orogen (rather than that of the leading‐edge fault) provides valuable information for model evaluation. Within the Qilian Orogen, between the central and northern Qilian Shan mountain in China, we studied the deformation of a series of Quaternary fluvial terraces across the North Tuolai Shan Fault (NTF), including optically stimulated luminescence dating of terrace ages. The results show that the six levels of terraces (T6 to T1) were formed at 58.4 ± 4.4 ka, 53 ± 5 ka, 46 ± 5 ka, 38 ± 5 ka, 23.2 ± 1.8 ka, and 4.8 ± 0.4 ka, respectively. Field investigations revealed that these terrace surfaces are faulted and folded by the NTF. Based on the deformation and ages of the terraces across the fault, the vertical slip rate is estimated as 1.5 ± 0.1 mm/yr, and the shortening rate is 0.9 ± 0.1 mm/yr, with a fault dip of 58°–60°. This deformation rate is similar to rates determined along the leading‐edge fault in the northern Qilian Shan and along the fault in the southern Qilian Shan. The widely distributed shortening across the ∼300‐km‐wide Qilian Orogen supports the kinematics of distributed upper crustal shortening across the Qilian Orogen, with a ductile lower crust, rather than a large, gradually propagating crustal‐scale deformation wedge.


Occasionally after profuse distant hemorrhage there is noticed immediately, or, more frequently, after the lapse of days, a sudden diminution of vision, which often goes on to complete and permanent blindness, with the ophthalmoscopic picture of atrophy of the optic nerves. This condition was first described by Hippocrates, and since then excellent clinicians, such as Fries,1Moore2and Holden,3have discussed the subject thoroughly. Many theories as to the pathogenesis of this condition have been offered. Von Graefe4specifically assumed that hemorrhage into the optic nerve sheaths was the cause. Westhoff and Ziegler, cited by Theobald,5stated the belief that the loss of vision was due to primary fatty degeneration of the optic nerve induced by ischemia. Hoffman, also cited by Theobald,5attributed the amblyopia and subsequent atrophy of the optic nerve to retrobulbar neuritis. Leber6stated that the ocular changes were produced


Nowadays, sensor networks are widely installed around the world. Typical sensors provide data for healthcare, energy management, environmental monitoring, etc. In the future sensors will become a part of critical infrastructures. In such a scenario the network operator has to monitor the integrity of the network devices, otherwise the trustworthiness of the whole system is questionable. The problem is that every integrity protocol needs a secure channel between the devices. Therefore, we will introduce a covert channel for hidden transportation of integrity monitoring messages. The covert channel enables us to hide integrity check messages embedded into regular traffic without giving potential attackers a hint on the used integrity protocol.


Objective: A patient-specific finite element model of the spine is being developed to aid the surgeon in the diagnosis and clinical management of spinal conditions 1 . To validate the application of the computer model, a laboratory validation spine is being developed. This study is concerned with the development and basic characteristics of the intervertebral disc component of the laboratory spine. Method: The external profile of the laboratory disc was determined from CT images of a cadaveric spine. A two-part silicon rubber was used to form the annulus part of the disc. Prior to sealing it was possible to fill the cavity with an appropriate medium (such as grease or oil) to represent the nucleus pulposus with the further option of applying external pressurisation through a small pressure inlet in the wall of the disc. The laboratory disc was then tested in denucleated form, and grease-filled with initial intradiscal pressures of 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 MPa. A finite element model of the disc was also developed and used to investigate the characteristics of the laboratory disc. Results: The agreement between the finite element results and experimental test results was excellent and the compressive and flexural load-deflection characteristics of both intact and denucleated laboratory discs were found to lie within the range of values reported in the literature for cadaveric discs. Disc bulge characteristics of the intact and denucleated silicon discs were also similar to that observed with natural discs in vitro. Conclusions: An artificial disc for a laboratory validation spine has been developed and shown to have representative characteristic properties in compression loading. The disc is now being modelled and tested in torsion.


Greenhouse crops represent a significant productive sector of the agricultural system; one of the main problems to be addressed is indoor air conditioning to ensure thermal well-being of crops. This study focuses on the ventilation analysis of solar greenhouse with symmetrical flat pitched roof and single span located in a warm temperate climate. This work proposes the dynamic analysis of the greenhouse modeled in TRNsys, simultaneously considering different thermal phenomena three-dimensional (3D) shortwave and longwave radiative exchange, airflow exchanges, presence of lamps with their exact 3D position, ground and plant evapotranspiration, and convective heat transfer coefficients. Several air conditioning systems were analyzed, automatic window opening, controlled mechanical ventilation systems (CMV) and horizontal Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX) coupled with CMV, for different air volume changes per hour. In summer, the exploitation of the ground allows having excellent results with the EAHX system, reducing the temperature peaks of up to 5 °C compared to the use of CMV. In winter, it is interesting to note that, although the EAHX is not the solution that raises the temperature the most during the day, its use allows flattening the thermal wave more. In fact, the trend is almost constant during the day, raising the temperature during the first and last hours of the day.


This paper applies a new model and analytical tool to measure and study contemporary globalization processes in collaborative science - a world in which scientists, scholars, technicians and engineers interact within a 'grid' of interconnected research sites and collaboration networks. The building blocks of our metrics are the cities where scientific research is conducted, as mentioned in author addresses on research publications. The unit of analysis is the geographical distance between those cities. In our macro-level trend analysis, covering the years 2000-2010, we observe that research collaboration distances have been increasing, while the share of collaborative contacts with foreign cities has leveled off. Collaboration distances and growth rates differ significantly between countries and between fields of science. The application of a distance metrics to compare and track these processes opens avenues for further studies, both at the meso-level and at the micro-level, into how research collaboration patterns and trends are driving and shaping the connectivity fabric of world science.


Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out employing three different model descriptions of the zinc sulfhydryl interactions in class II fingers. One bonded and two nonbonded models were s ...


Objective:To research the technologies of Litchi flavonoid separation and the flavonoid constituents.Method: The flavonoid content was detected with rutin as the standard reference by UV absorption,comparisons of the flavonoid extraction effects with ethanol and its acidification solutions were conducted,the technologies of litchi flavonoid separation with macroporous resin were optimized,and the flavonoid constituents of the extraction and separation products were analyzed with HPLC graph.Result: The UV absorption method to detect Litchi flavonoid content was simple and workable;the extraction effect of 70% of ethanol solution was better than its acidification solution,the flavonoid constituent was simpler than the acidification one,and its recovery rate and purity reached(92.5±2.0)% and(28.7±1.8)% respectively.Resin AB-8 had the best effect of flavonoid separation among the 6 macroporous resins,the recovery rate and the purity of the separated product with the eluant of 80% ethanol solution were(86.5 ±2.1)% and(68.6±1.5)% respectively.Conclusion: The technology of extraction with 70% ethanol followed by separation with resin AB-8 to extract and separate Litchi flavonoid was simple and workable.


SUMMARY Suppose that we have a sample of observations on a continuous random variable with a distribution depending on one unknown parameter 0. We consider the problem of making inferences about 0 when there is no prior information about the value of the parameter. Some examples are discussed for which it is not possible to find Bayesian methods possessing the properties required by frequentist statisticians. The magnitude of the difference between comparable Bayesian and frequentist probability statements is calculated. It is found that although the difference is not usually large, even in small samples, it may be serious in extreme cases. We discuss the reason for the discrepancy between the theories and suggest that it is a consequence of restricting attention to fixed sample size experiments. The argument is supported by a detailed discussion of an experimental situation common in industrial


This section outlines potential near-term target applications for systems with limited capabilities to fabricate atomically precise objects via positional control. Positional control may be achieved in several different ways, thus, this analysis makes no assumptions about how the positional control is accomplished, except where noted. By " limited capabilities, " we mean: • Little or no parallelization, limiting the number of objects that can be fabricated per unit time. This also puts realistic limits on the size of the objects—perhaps a few hundred to a few thousand atoms as a practical upper limit, depending on the degree of automation available. • Only a few types of atoms (<5) can be used as building blocks. This implies that the tool tip set is limited as well, and can position and react only a few types of molecules. Nanostructures fabricated via positional control would have qualitatively different characteristics from nanostructures fabricated by self-assembly, so this section focuses only on applications that take advantage of positionally controlled processes. Greater design complexity is possible at the atomic level with positional control, but the tradeoff is that the scaleup to larger systems is more difficult. In fabrication by self-assembly, scaleup is readily accomplished because the individual building block units naturally link to each other. In a positionally controlled system, scaleup of product size would be dependent on parallelization of the fabrication devices or increasing their speed of operation. A hybrid approach might involve designing the positionally controlled structures as self-assembling subunits that can spontaneously interlock, but are mechanically guided or designed to form structures of significantly greater complexity than if the subunits simply condensed out of solution. The difference would be analagous to Lego® blocks being randomly assembled vs. crafted into clever designs [1]. Atomic Precision Matters DARPA has recently issued a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) soliciting proposals on Tip-Based Nanofabrication to make nanowires, nanotubes, or quantum dots using functionalized scanning probe tips [2]. Clearly, these applications are of particular


Summary A study of the factors involved in delay amongst a group of Wessex women obtaining induced abortions is reported and the importance of age is stressed. Only 47% of women aged 17–18 years obtained their operation before 12 weeks gestation compared with more than 70% of women of other age groups. The implications of this for the health of these women is discussed and the case stated for the development of adequate sex education, birth control and early abortion services orientated towards late teenagers.


DYNAMICS OF THE FILLING OF A CENOZ0IC INTRARIONTANE BASIN IN Tm ANDES : THE BIOQUEGUA BASIN (SOUTHERN PERU) The Moquegua basin is part of a series of five intramontane basins rvhich run parallel to one another and to the orographie and structural direction of the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes. They were active from the Eocene to the Pliocene. The Moquegua basin is situated on the Pacifie side of the Andes in southern Peru. The continental sedimeniary filling is divided into ~LUO distinct phases. The first one (the lower h4oquegua formation) corresponds to the filling of a stable depression rvifhout any volcanic effect. The second one (the upper Moquegua formation) shows tllat fhe basin is mobile, which is cotzfirtned by the presence of alluvial fans, subsidence and volcanic activity. The two filling phases are separated by a fectonic phase which is low in intensity and applies to the whole basin. The daiing of the lower Moquequa formation still raises dificulties; on the contrary, the presence of acid tuffs allowed fo date part of the upper Moquegua formation from Upper Oligocene.


The paramyxoviruses Hendra virus (HeV) and parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) require the fusion (F) protein to efficiently infect cells. For fusion to occur, F undergoes dramatic, essentially irreversible conformational changes to merge the viral and cell membranes into a continuous bilayer. Recently, a transmembrane (TM) domain leucine/isoleucine (L/I) zipper was shown to be critical in maintaining the expression, stability and pre-fusion conformation of HeV F, allowing for fine-tuned timing of membrane fusion. To analyse the effect of the TM domain L/I zipper in another paramyxovirus, we created alanine mutations to the TM domain of PIV5 F, a paramyxovirus model system. Our data show that while the PIV5 F TM L/I zipper does not significantly affect total expression and only modestly affects surface expression and pre-fusion stability, it is critical for fusogenic activity. These results suggest that the roles of TM L/I zipper motifs differ among members of the family Paramyxoviridae.


The specificity of a hemagglutination test for detecting antibodies against the polysaccharide of type III Diplococcus pneumoniae (SIII) and the ability of a specific depolymerase to clear the SIII from the blood of mice are described. Mice injected with relatively large quantities of SIII are specifically prevented from responding to further immunogenic doses of that antigen.
 The response of different strains of mice injected with varying quantities of SIII is compared on the basis of the hemagglutination and challenge tests.


Estimating a driver's lane-change (LC) intent is very important so as to avoid traffic accidents caused by improper LC maneuvers. This paper proposes a lane-change Bayesian network (LCBN) incorporated with a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), termed as LCBN-GMM, to estimate a driver's LC intent considering a driver's driving style over varying scenarios. According to the scores made by participates with a behavioral-psychological questionnaire, three driving styles are classified. In order to get more effective labeled LC and lane-keep (LK) data for model training, we propose a gaze-based labeling (GBL) method by monitoring a drivers's gaze behavior, instead of using a time-window labeling method. The capability of LCBN-GMM to estimate a driver's lane-change intent is evaluated in different LC scenarios and driving styles, in comparison to support vector machine and Naive Bayes. Data are collected in a seat-box-based driving simulator where 32 drivers, consisting of 9 aggressive, 15 neutral, and 8 conservative drivers, participated. Experimental results demonstrate that the LCBN-GMM with GBL achieves the best performance, estimating a driver's LC intent an average of 4.5 s ahead of actual LC maneuvers with 78.2% accuracy considering both driving style and contextual traffic, compared with other approaches.


Thucydides and the Politics of Bipolarity. BY PETER J. FLIESS. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966. Pp. xiv, 194. $6.00.) This is a book on a fascinating topic. It concerns the "international" system of the Greek city-states during the Peloponnesian War, and the characteristics and causes of that conflict. Professor Fliess pursues an analytical study from an explicitly systemic viewpoint. He shares Thucydides' conclusion: "the real though unavowed cause I believe to have been the growth of Athenian power, which terrified the Lacedaemonian9 and forced them into war." Thus the war stemmed from the nature of the power relationships in the system and not from any deliberate or readily avoidable events, which should be relegated merely to the category of proximate "causes." There are many obvious points of reference for comparing the Greek city-state system of this period with the international system of the first two decades following 1945. The author carefully resists the temptation to articulate facile comparisons, but the elements of similarity cannot be missed. Most striking is, of course, the bipolar distribution of power in what he establishes was, for the Greek world much as for the present global ordering, essentially a closed system. The role of the barbarians and the Persians was discernible, but never central during these years. The differences between the two major powers, or better the blocs that they led, also strike familiar notes. There are cultural differences (Ionians vs. Doric peoples); constitutional differences (the Athenian-led league was predominantly composed of democratic states with an attractive ideology, the Spartan group by oligarchies) ; a difference in the organization of the blocs (the Athenian being rather hierarchically organized, the Lacedaemonians more pluralistic among the city-states, though, says the author, Thucydides exaggerated the difference); a naval power against a land based one; and there is also a basically status quo power (Sparta) arrayed against an imperialistic revisionist state (Athens).


Vacciniumcyanococcus , most commonly known as blueberry, is a fruit native to North America that is known for its unique taste and high antioxidant content. The skin, seed and juice of both organically and conventionally grown blueberry extract were analyzed for antioxidant content using both the Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assays. Results from the Hydrophilic ORAC test showed that conventionally grown blueberries had a higher antioxidant capacity across all samples, while the Lipophilic ORAC assay showed that the antioxidant concentration of organically cultivated blueberry juice was highest, but conventionally grown blueberry seed and skin extract showed higher antioxidant content. The vitamin C content of both conventional and organic blueberries was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), where the organic blueberries showed a higher vitamin C concentration. In general, both organic and conventional blueberries are rich in antioxidants, and therefore, possess potential health benefits that require further study.


Abstract. Many different types of wastes are being generated on a daily basis which includes household waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, construction and demolition waste etc. This generation of waste has increased enormously, and it needs to be considered as a prominent problem, as the waste management and waste disposal is not being done properly. Thus, it will lead to environmental degradation and pollution. On the other hand, over utilization of materials for construction activities leads to its extinguishing. Both scenarios will pose a threat to the environment. So, this study is carried out by utilizing vermicompost as a replacement material for red soil in the manufacturing of clay bricks. Initially, the physical properties of the raw materials are studied and the brick specimens are casted by varying vermicompost at 5, 10, 15 & 20% for red soil and they are tested for compressive strength, water absorption, loss on ignition. Among the replacements done, 10% of vermicompost for red soil gave higher strength to the bricks which is 6.23 N/mm2 higher than the control specimen. The water absorption for all the trials is found to be less than 20% as per IS 3495 part 2. The loss in weight of the bricks due to ignition is less than 15% for all the specimens manufactured. Therefore, the utilization of vermicompost will reduce the waste disposal considerably and also the cost of the bricks can be minimally reduced as waste is being incorporated in it.


the question, "What is literature? How would you redefine it?" brought forth, inevitably, quizzical smiles-sometimes raucous laughter-and no help at all. So I went to that dear, old friend my teachers had told me about-indeed, had imposed upon me from time to timethe dictionary. I gave up after two tries. One said, "literature is all the writings of a particular time, country, or region considered as having permanent value, excellence of form, great emotional effect, etc." I like the etcetera part. The other said, "literature is writing that has permanent worth because of its artistic excellence." Fine. So now where were we? Literature would be written words, literature is artistic, literature is excel-s


The phenomenon of fake news has grown concurrently with the rise of social networks that allow people to directly access news without the mediation of reliable sources. Recognizing news as fake is a difficult task for humans, and even tougher for a machine. This proposal aims to redesign the problem: from a check of truthfulness of news content, to the analysis of texts' persuasion level. That is how information is introduced to the reader, assuming that fake news is aimed at persuading towards the reality of sense they intend to convey. M.A.D.I.T. methodology has been chosen. It is useful to describe how texts are built, overcoming the content/structure analysis level and stressing the study of Discursive Repertories: discursive modalities of reality of sense building, classified into real and fake news categories thanks to the Machine learning application. For the dataset building 7,387 news have been analysed. The results highlight different profiles of text building between the two groups: the different and typical discursive repertories allow to validate the methodological approach as a good predictor of the persuasion level of texts, not only of news, but also of information in domains such as the economic financial one (e.g. GameStop event).


The field of flow injection potentiometry (FIP) is reviewed and its current status assessed. The research development and application of electrodes in flow injection systems are presented and discussed.


An unstable optical resonator with self-imaging aperture having at least two reflecting surfaces and a primary outcoupling aperture in optical alignment with each other. In the resonator the result of a single round-trip propagation is to image the primary aperture at its own plane. The self-imaging condition is met when a pass through the resonator, starting at the outcoupling aperture, produces an infinite Fresnel number.


An air conditioner having a conduit air outlet through which air conditioned in temperature reaches an opening (19) ejection, characterized in that the duct air outlet includes a rectifying box (10, 12, 15) defining an air passage, for rectifying a flow of conditioned air to a predetermined direction of movement, extending the air passageway from a first end surface open box to a second end surface open the box, the second opposite surface being the first surface and being open towards the opening (19) ejection.


ABSTRACT The Thesis by Publication (TBP) is an approach to doctoral education that offers the advantage of achievement of a doctoral degree while at the same time facilitating development of transferable knowledge and skills necessary to enter and sustain a career in contemporary academia. There is a need to build deeper understanding of the demands of the TBP, and the characteristics of those who select it over the more common traditional approach to enable universities to provide doctoral education programmes and policies that are responsive to doctoral students' needs. Such knowledge can also facilitate timely completion, and improve understanding of the extent of TBP candidates' contribution to institutions' research outputs. This study draws on survey data from 246 doctoral graduates from universities in Australia, where the TBP is comparatively new but increasing in popularity. The article identifies the characteristics of candidates who complete a TBP in Australia, before exploring the typical scope of time commitment, through making visible their length of candidature. Finally, volume, type, authorship and publication status of research outputs are detailed, enabling prospective candidates and their supporting institutions to gauge the possible scope of time commitment and research outputs to inform support services and policies, and to guide supervisory and student choices between traditional and TBP models.


ABSTRACT The search for optimal non-parametric estimates of the cumulative distribution and hazard functions under order constraints inspired at least two earlier classic papers in mathematical statistics: those of Kiefer and Wolfowitz[1] and Grenander[2] respectively. In both cases, either the greatest convex minorant or the least concave majorant played a fundamental role. Based on Kiefer and Wolfowitz's work, Wang3-4 found asymptotically minimax estimates of the distribution function F and its cumulative hazard function Λ in the class of all increasing failure rate (IFR) and all increasing failure rate average (IFRA) distributions. In this paper, we will prove limit theorems which extend Wang's asymptotic results to the mixed censorship/truncation model as well as provide some other relevant results. The methods are illustrated on the Channing House data, originally analysed by Hyde.5-6


A honeycomb segment (12) is provided with a cell structure (5) having a plurality of cells (3), which are to be fluid flow channels partitioned by porous partition walls (2); and porous external walls (7) arranged on the outer circumference of the cell structure (5). A honeycomb structure (1) is composed of ceramics and is provided by integrating a plurality of honeycomb segments by bonding them each other on their external walls (7) with a bonding material. The bonding material includes a biosoluble fiber. The honeycomb structure (1) performs equivalently to those structures using ceramic fiber conventionally used.


Transmission casing fatigue fracture is one of the most serious failure of the transmission system in the form of tracked vehicles. This article through the analysis of materials and structural stress analysis of a typical fracture failure mechanism of the tracked vehicle transmission cabinet. And in obtaining the stress on the basis of load spectrum its fatigue life was calculated. The results show that in the structure of the stress concentration and cabinet material number ZL101 cast aluminum defects such as inclusions, porosity are the main cause of fatigue crack initiation and propagation.


Aim. The presented study aims to consider the relevance of research on green innovation in industrial companies using quantitative methods.Tasks. The authors systematize major approaches to the definition of the concept of green innovation; consider the correlation between modern theories of innovation and innovative deve lopment and  the  concept  of  green  innovation;  analyze  scientific  papers  on  green  innovation in the field of economics, management, and business.Methods. This study uses the methods of literature analysis, quantitative data analysis, comparison, and classification.Results. Approaches to the understanding of  green  innovation  are  summarized.  In  particular, the authors propose their own interpretation of environmental, value, technological, and ESG approaches. A logical diagram of the relationship between ESG factors and the implementation of green innovation is presented along with the authors' definition of this phenomenon, the distinctive feature of which is that it takes into account the revealed relationship.Conclusions. Quantitative assessment methods prove the high relevance of research on green innovation in the  international  community.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  indicated  that  this  interest is just beginning to emerge in  Russian  science.  In  conclusion,  recommendations  are  proposed for increasing the scale of green innovation in Russian industry.


One hundred twenty-three taxa are reported from Orleans County in west-central New York. This is the first report of bryophytes from this county. Orleans County represents the northwest corner of the area treated in our study of the bryoflora of the Genesee Country of New York (Ehrle & Coleman 1963) started in 1960. Collections in the county have been made at from one to four sites in areas corresponding to each of the eight quadrangles of the U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps. The geologic history of Orleans County has its base in the upper Ordovician and extends into the Silurian. The bedrock is sedimentary, largely calcareous shales and sandstones, a coarse dolomite, and Salina shales. The county has been heavily glaciated but there are no extensive drumlins as in the counties to the east and south (Alteri & Coleman 1965). South of the Ridge Road, which approximates the shoreline of glacial Lake Iroquois (Fairchild 1925), there are a number of long northeast-southwest-oriented gravel undulations, indicative of the termination of drumlinization (Fairchild 1929). In the Pine Hill area the gravel hills and two late-stage bogs are glacial phenomena associated with the Eagle Harbor Esker where it terminates in the Barre Moraine (Giles 1918). Topographic features here 1We thank Dr. E. H. Ketchledge and Mrs. Charlotte Alteri for help with certain determinations. We each have one set of specimens and a third set is in the State Museum in Albany. 2 231 NorthLMain Street, Albion, New York. 8 Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Sun, 11 Dec 2016 04:55:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 19661 LYMAN & COLEMAN: NEW YORK BRYOPHYTES 119 resemble those of the kame, kettle, and esker topography in the Mendon Ponds area of Monroe County. Extensive swamps and muck farmlands in the southern part of Orleans County and northern Genesee County are purported to be the bed of glacial Lake Tonawanda. North of these swamps, farms stretch across the county to the Erie Barge Canal and then on to the Ridge Road. The "Ridge" is some 20 to 40 feet higher than the flat, sandy plains extending beyond it to Lake Ontario. These, also in cultivation, are interrupted only by the four major creeks of the county and their tributaries. Orleans County has certain limitations of habitat for bryophytes. There is little diversified terrain and most of the county has been cultivated for at least the last 50 years. The result of continued agriculture is few undisturbed environments for native vegetation. An additional factor limiting local bryophyte populations may be the relatively dry climate. Orleans County has the lowest average annual precipitation of the counties of the Genesee Country. Its 26.59 inches contrast strikingly with the highest precipitation, 37.71 inches, in Livingston County (Yearbook of Agriculture 1941). From 1960 through 1964 a total of 554 collections of bryophytes was made at 19 collecting sites in the county. Collecting was random, no specific ecological study having been attempted in this initial