The authors describe experience with the creation and setting up of a system for the treatment of gas-turbine fuel which has been installed for the first time in the Soviet Union for a PGU unit in the Moldavian State Regional Power Plant. Results are presented of a study of the effectiveness of scrubbing the fuel and the determination of the sodium concentration in the fuel. Dosing with an antivanadium additive is recommended.


This paper challenges the fabrication of a thin film energy storage device on a flexible polymer substrate specifically by replacing most commonly used metal foil current collectors with coated current collectors. Mass‐manufacturable spray‐coating technology enables the fabrication of two different half‐cell electric double layer capacitors (EDLC) with a spray‐coated silver paste current collector and a Ni foil current collector. The larger specific capacitances of the half‐cell EDLC with the spray‐coated silver current collector are obtained as 103.86 F/g and 76.8 F/g for scan rates of 10 mV/s and 500 mV/s, respectively. Further, even though the half‐cell EDLC with the spray‐coated current collector is heavier than that with the Ni foil current collector, smaller Warburg impedance and contact resistance are characterized from Nyquist plots. For the applied voltages ranging from −0.5 V to 0.5 V, the spray‐coated thin film energy storage device exhibits a better performance.


New solid compund of Ti 2O 2(OH) 2(C 6H 5O 7)·3H 2O was synthesized by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride with citric acid.The composition of the product determined by the methods of chemical,elemental analyses.Its coordination structure was assigned on the basis of IR and X ray diffraction.The thermal decomposition reaction of titanium(Ⅳ) citricate in air was studied.The reaction order n ,activation energy Ea ,frequency factor A ,enthalpy change ΔrH and entropy change ΔrS were determined from TG and DTA curves.


This production study explored the effectiveness of F2 × F2 formant trajectories normalized for the vowel steady‐state to differentiate the place of articulation of initial voiced stops. A list of CVd syllables (/b/, /d/, /g/, followed by 11 English vowels) was read once by five speakers and five times by one speaker. Measurements of F2 and Fa were made from wide‐band spectrograms at onset of the formants and at the vowel target. The rise or fall in F2 and F2 relative to the vowel steady‐state was computed and the two transitions were plotted as a single trajectory toward the normalized vowel target in the F2 × F3 plane. The resulting displays reveal that (1) for some vowels (e.g., /a,ʌ,ɔ/) the angle in the plane at which the trajectories approached the target differentiated the three stops; (2) for others (eg., /o,u/) the extent of the trajectory as well as angle was needed for differentiation; (3) for front vowels the trajectories of /b/ and /g/ were consistently different in angle or extent but /d/ tra...


Most colorectal polyps are classified readily, but a subset of tubulovillous adenomas (TVA) with prominent serrated architecture causes diagnostic confusion. We aimed to (i) identify histological features that separate serrated TVAs from both conventional TVAs and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA) and (ii) perform a clinicopathological and molecular analysis to determine if the serrated TVA has unique features.


The occurrence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow characterizes megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is the result of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency in many cases. It is either caused due to nutritional deficiency of folates or due to its malabsorption. Usually accompanied by leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, this disease is characterized by megaloblastic bone marrow morphology along with myeloid, erythroid or platelet precursors. In this kind of anemia, the mature erythrocytes have abnormal shapes and are of various sizes. As a result, their Mean Cell Volume (MCV) is much greater than normal and Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) is also deviated from normal level. Thus, in routine hematological procedure MCV, RDW needs to be thoroughly investigated, as it may be a useful indicator in diagnosis of suspected megaloblastic anemia with related oral manifestations, secondary to Vitamin B12 malabsorption, which thereby guides the further management.


Sport and exercise psychology has predominately focused on performance improvement; however, as the world faces issues of globesity and other chronic illnesses, we find ourselves uniquely positioned to apply our expertise and training to address these larger issues of public health relevance, that is physical activity adoption and maintenance. In fact, children and adolescents are a population most vulnerable and after-school youth sport programs can be a solution to this public health crisis. However, the number one cited reason among both girls and boys for dropping out of youth sport is that it is no longer fun. Indeed, sport and exercise psychology consultants can play a pivotal role in the promotion of physical activity and wellness at this grassroots level through the provision of applied services that address issues of participation, namely retention and attrition from youth sport. Using self-determination theory and behavioral economics as guiding theoretical frameworks, practitioners can work with youth sport participants, parents, coaches, and league administrators to foster fun, choice-driven, and rewarding sport experiences such that children and adolescents want to participate in them. This is significant because children's physical activity and health promoting behaviors track into adulthood. Thus, as practitioners, we are uniquely qualified to act as public health stewards in the health promotion and disease prevention of children, adolescents, and families through sport.


The cardiac valvulopathies are important cardiac diseases; one of them is the lack of coaptation commonly called insufficiency. Nowadays valvular repair is currently performed for mitral regurgitation, whereas aortic valve repair remains still a surgical challenge. In other words, an aortic valve replacement leads to strong constraints and sometimes complications. The mechanisms that produce malcoaptation of the aortic and mitral valve leaflets are mainly due to prolapsus or retraction of the leaflets. The use of a magnetic force to correct valvular insufficiency has never been reported and is an interesting field of investigation. In this study, we have elaborated a new strategy to correct the valvular insufficiency by using the magnetic force of permanent magnets. A direct implantation of the three permanent magnets was carried out on the aortic valve of seven ships and gave satisfactory results: no iatrogenic prolapsus, biotolerance with the implanted magnets without any postoperative anticoagulation treatment, no inflammatory reaction at necropsy. The next step will be to verify the effectiveness of the magnets in the malcoaptation treatment and to change both magnets design and surgical approach to prevent magnets migration.


A novel self-referencing technique to measure the spectral phase of pulses is developed. We have implemented the technique through sum-frequency generation and have experimentally demonstrated the direct spectral phase measurement.


P arasites travel seemingly hazardous paths, relying on other organisms to complete their life cycles. Then again, all organisms depend ecologically on other species for survival, however tangentially. An imposing stand of giant redwoods, for example, very much depends on neighboring microbial species to rid the forest floor of debris. Although species differ in their degree of interconnectedness with other organisms, parasites appear to have forged the most intimate of those relationships. Viruses exist at an extreme of this continuum of interconnectedness: they are obligate parasites that depend on host cells to reproduce and to furnish them with metabolic activity. Although viruses replicate, mutate, and adapt to their environment in ways similar to other biological entities, their extreme reliance on host cells challenges how we define life. Should we pity the viruses? I think not. Despite their overwhelming dependence on other organisms, viruses factor significantly in natural ecosystems, where their abundance often exceeds that of available hosts. This teeming multitude creates opportunities for mixed infections, where multiple viral genotypes or species ecologically interact within varied hosts. What are the consequences for virus evolution? Mixed infections can profoundly affect the fitness, or reproductive success, of an individual virus. Differing viruses within a mix compete with one another for limited intracellular resources, and one or a few of them may stimulate generalized immune responses that combat some or all the viral types within the mix. Counterbalancing these disadvantages, viruses within such mixes may share beneficial genes through recombination, and they may also enhance one another's pathogenic effects by weakening the host. Thus, coinfections can positively and negatively influence viral pathogenesis, transmission success, and exchanges of genetic information. Despite abundant clinical data and models demonstrating the importance of virus interactions, relatively few empirical studies address the evolutionary ecology of mixed infections in viruses. Examining virus coinfections in controlled experiments helps to bridge this intellectual gap.


Surface discharge initiation and propagation on the surface of an insulating solid immersed in a dielectric liquid were examined numerically and experimentally. To establish a generalized numerical technique for evaluating surface discharge phenomena using the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) approach, we employed the governing equations of EHD, including the Navier-Stokes equations. To these coupled governing equations, we added a temporal surface charge equation for the charge accumulation on a dielectric liquid-solid interface, as well as terms for ionization, dissociation, and recombination effects. To validate our numerical technique, we compared numerical solutions for breakdown voltage and current with the results of the experimental tests of a needle-bar system with a dielectric liquid-solid interface. The calculated propagation speeds of the surface discharge were compared with the experimental values reported in the literature and found to be in good agreement.


Reduction of AC losses is very important for realizing HTS cable and it had been reported that the same layer current controlled by twisting pitch and direction could reduce the AC losses effectively. During the long-term development of HTS cables, the superconductor AC losses will need to be reduced to a level determined by the economics of each installation and the efficiency of the refrigeration. Theoretical models have been developed to predict the magnitude of the losses in cables composed of several layers of flat HTS tapes. This paper is manufactured mini-model HTS cable and voltage signal line to spiral shape. Mini-model HTS cable is composed of 13 HTS tape. We measured to critical current and AC loss and compared used lock-in-amp to cancel coil. This data is useful to HTS cable of DAPAS program.


Kathleen Bruhn's study of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) makes significant contributions to our understanding of democratization in Mexico and the challenges of party building in contemporary Latin America. She provides an exhaustive account of the PRD's origins and early evolution, showing how a major schism within the hegemonic Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1986–87 led to unexpectedly broad popular mobilization behind Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas's presidential candidacy in 1988 and the PRD's formation as a new left-of-center party in 1989. By detailing the PRD's struggle to survive in an authoritarian regime capable of deploying immense institutional resources (including significant repression) against political challengers, Bruhn provides valuable insight into a crucial period in Mexico's political development. Her book makes an especially important contribution to research on the Mexican Left. Bruhn's conceptual framework distinguishes between the conditions surrounding party emergence and the requirements for successful party consolidation. Although emergent political movements or parties can mobilize substantial electoral support by surprising their opponents and by highlighting the charismatic appeal of their founders, party consolidation depends upon "the construction of stable norms and expectations for mutual cooperation, decision making, and conflict resolution in five key relationships: (1) among activists; (2) with allies; (3) with civil society organizations; (4) with other parties; and (5) with the state" (p. 13). In the first instance, the success of a new party depends upon its ability to detach supporters from established parties, capitalizing on such matters as changes in existing parties' social bases, popular discontent with political incumbents' economic policies, or public concern about corruption. Over the longer term, however, Bruhn argues that a new party's greatest challenge is to "reattach" the loyalties of potential voters and activists. This is a particularly daunting task in an authoritarian context in which the new party, at least initially, can offer few material or policy rewards to supporters. In the case of the PRD, Bruhn shows how some initial advantages, including Cárdenas's charismatic authority and the breadth of the cardenista coalition, later became serious obstacles to PRD consolidation. These problems—coupled with national economic recovery in the early 1990s, the Salinas de Gortari administration's (1988–94) use of high-profile antipoverty programs to restore popular support for the regime and undermine PRD strength, and the PRD's own tactical


In this article the author intends to underline the importance of the Encyclical Evangelium Vitae in awakening one's conscience to one of the most serious ethical and juridical changes in the history of man. The aim is to examine three questions: I) to return to the basis on which the juridical and moral postulate of the inalienability of the right to life of the innocent man and above all of the conceived child, was and is founded; 2) to establish the causes that led to a permissive legislation on abortion and to other attacks against the dignity of man and of human life (euthanasia, manipulation of genes and embryos); 3) to evaluate which philosophical and biological reasons it is necessary to take into account in order to protect the right to life. As far as the right to life is concerned, the author's intention is to underline that it is important that the principle of non discrimination, based on that of equality, should be applied to the human being and not only to the juridically acknowledged person. The article also illustrates the great tradition of the right to life, the worrying decadence of the juridical civilization, the need for a closer relationship between Law and Ethics and Biology and Ethics (as fields of research and of intellectual commitment to protect life).


This article mainly discusses the application of fuzzy control in combined guidance and analyses its simulation result. It explains the forming process of fuzzy control command, presents a method for improving fuzzy control, that is to adopt a imitated intelligent integrator. In the last part the article concludes the peculiarity of fuzzy control in combined guidance and analyses its possible use in other style of guidance like inertial guidance .


The massive growth in digital devices and communication has spotlighted the wisdom of doing financial transactions through online banking. In developing Asian economies, online banking technology can strengthen financial systems by developing a solid connection between financial institutions and the local populace. Technology acceptance studies are under-researched in this region, especially with innovative models. Filling the gap, this paper uses a comprehensive model of extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology UTAUT2, moderated by cultural variables. This will provide new insights into the determinants of technology acceptance by considering cultural effects on individual customers. The authors analyzed the model through structural equation modeling. The results validated performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, habit, perceived security, and price value as important antecedents of behavioral intentions. The cultural dimensions, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance were found to be significant moderators in explaining behavioral intention and usage behavior for online banking.


Abstract The authors argue that the combination of a liberal arts classroom curriculum and a cooperative education program is a powerful one to prepare students for the workplace. Data are presented from a lifespan study of graduates of Antioch College's program to support the idea that skill development is possible in areas found lacking in college graduates by business leaders. The findings are interpreted as supporting several theories of how learning happens outside the classroom. Both secondary and post-secondary educators are encouraged to promote a variety of types of outside-the-classroom, work-based learning experiences for students. Negotiating the Liberal Arts Tradition Liberal arts colleges have a strong tradition of providing post-secondary students with a broadly based education. Most commonly the classes are small, and students have unmediated access to faculty. The liberal arts curriculum provides opportunities for students to gain both breadth and depth in their educational program. Students are introduced to a wide range of disciplines, primarily through a general education program, in hopes of them becoming well-rounded individuals. Employers want students to graduate from college with a body of knowledge and particular skills. Liberal arts colleges provide strong educational programs for students to develop an extensive knowledge base but may not provide many opportunities for students to develop the necessary skills for the workplace. Employers feel that academic programs, for the most part, have not adequately provided students with these essential skills to be competent in the workplace (Foggin, 1992). They suggest colleges drastically change their way of preparing students for employment (Muller, Porter, & Rehder, 1991; Gardner & Korth, 1997). The Business-Higher Education Forum (1997) created a task force to study the gap between college preparation and graduates' job readiness and to make recommendations to close that gap. Teams composed of a corporate and university chief executive officer visited 10 corporations and 12 colleges and universities to interview campus and corporate officials about the preparation of students for the workforce. They found misperceptions in both corporations and on campuses about each sector's understanding of the needs and concerns of the other. Business leaders agreed that recent graduates were deficient in communication skills; the ability to work in teams; flexibility; the ability to accept ambiguity comfortably; the ability to work with people from diverse backgrounds; understanding of globalization and its implications; and ethics training. How can liberal arts colleges respond to these challenges to help students align their educational paths with their career plans and provide the kinds of skills that employers say they want? Cooperative education is an excellent educational model to introduce students to, and prepare them for, the rigors of the workplace. Cooperative education prepares students to make a gradual transition from college to the workplace by providing students with opportunities to explore the world beyond the classroom. During co-op experiences, students are neither "just students" nor are they full-fledged employees; rather, they are both at the same time. Through the educational experiences gained from this dual role, students begin developing the necessary skills to transition more easily from student to professional. Integrating a co-op program into a liberal arts curriculum is not easy. Colleges and universities are accustomed to scheduling students into consecutive study terms on campus as "captive audiences" for sequentially organized classes and regularly scheduled extracurricular activities. It's a challenge to build in opportunities for students to leave campus for work terms in a way that supports and extends the classroom program but still allows students to build community on-campus and find the courses they need to fulfill graduation requirements. …


The adsorption properties of water molecules on TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NT) and the interaction mechanisms between water molecules are studied by first principles calculations. The adsorption preferences of water molecules in molecular or dissociated states on clean and H-terminated TiO2NT are evaluated. Adsorption of OH clusters on (0, 6) and (9, 0) TiO2 nanotubes are first studied. The smallest adsorption energies are −1.163 eV and −1.383 eV, respectively, by examining five different adsorption sites on each type of tube. Eight and six adsorption sites were considered for OH adsorbtion on the H terminated (0, 6) and (9, 0) nanotubes. Water molecules are reformed with the smallest adsorption energy of −4.796 eV on the former and of −5.013 eV on the latter nanotube, respectively. For the adsorption of a single water molecule on TiO2NT, the molecular state shows the strongest adsorption preference with an adsorption energy of −0.660 eV. The adsorption of multiple (two and three) water molecules on TiO2NT is also studied. The calculated results show that the interactions between water molecules greatly affect their adsorption properties. Competition occurs between the molecular and dissociated states. The electronic structures are calculated to clarify the interaction mechanisms between water molecules and TiO2NT. The bonding interactions between H from water and oxygen from TiO2NT may be the reason for the dissociation of water on TiO2NT.


The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising of proline or proline derivatives or their salts, esters, isomers, racemates, enantiomeres or prodrugs together with an anti-cancer ligand, preferably an antibody directed to a tumour antigen. The invention is also directed to the use of proline or proline derivatives or their salts, esters, isomers or prodrugs for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer and to a method of cancer treatment by administering said composition. ® KIPO & WIPO 2007


The need for high energy density and low cost reserve power source has led to the development of various magnesium reserve batteries like Mg-MnO2, Mg-HgO, Mg-CuO and Mg-m-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB). Among these Mg-m-DNB cell system was found to be superior because of its high coulombic capacity per unit weight, constancy of the voltage, easy availability and low cost. In the present paper, the effect of temperature and current density on the performance characteristics of 20 Ah cell have been studied and the internal resistance of the cell at different temperatures ranging from 303 to 253K was calculated


This book sets out to answer a question of global importance: how does inequality persist in our increasingly mobile world? It is a contentious problem. From Barack Obama to Pope Francis, inequality is often referred to as the greatest threat to our democracy, society and economy. Yet in an era some call the 'age of migration', opportunity has apparently never been more accessible. Long and short distance transport—from motorbikes to aeroplanes—are available to more people than ever before. What's more, physical mobility tells only part of the story. Telecommunications have transformed our lives, ushering in an era of translocality, in which the behaviour of people and communities are influenced from hundreds or even thousands of miles apart. Nevertheless, amidst ever more complex flows of people, ideas, and capital, persistent inequality cuts a jarringly static figure. The worst off all too often remain impervious to the winds of economic dynamism, whilst those who were better off in one place remain so in another. This is an age-old story enmeshed in modern complexities. The vast economic successes of India and China have redrawn the map of global poverty in recent decades, contributing to falling inequality between countries even as inequality within countries is on the rise. Scale, in other words, matters and this book sets out to show why. Eschewing the international cross-sectional analysis employed in others on the topic of inequality, in favour of a deep dive approach to its subject, its eight chapters bring together a decade of research across multiple contexts to cast a forensic eye over the many of faces of inequality in a rapidly changing environment. Tracing a "miraculous" decade of development in Cambodia, one of the world's fastest growing economies since the turn of the millennium, it brings together a broad toolbox of data to make a case for inequality not as an economic phenomenon, but as a 'total social fact' in which stories, stigma, obligation, and assets combine to lock social structures in place.


Street vending always becomes one of main problems in many big cities like Jakarta if the existence of street vendors is perceived as a burden and never comprehensively addressed. It is the main concern raised in this article . A more comprehensive perspective can be applied by using philosophical and legal approaches . This article provides two points of view in term of the phenomena, i.e. legal philosophy and consumer [legal] protection. The first relates the subject matter to the universal legal values known as the legal objectives. The second one includes two perspectives, i.e. the proctection for consumers of street vendor's products and that for street vendor as consumer of [legal] public policy.


Reaction of 1,2:3,4:5,6‐Tri‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐gluconolactone with benzothiazol‐2‐ylmethyl‐sulfone under Julia Kocienski conditions yielded an unusual product whose strucure was elucidated using 1H, 13C‐NMR and 2‐D spectral data and finally confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction data.


The aim of this work is to develop and validate a calculation method to predict the complete True Boiling Pont (TBP) temperature distributions of a set of oil product fractions, given only its whole oil TBP curve. This potentially reduces cost and time in conducting multiple TBP experiments for fractions. An operations research based regression approach is followed. For fractions from five crudes, it is verified that the TBP temperatures of the middle sections of the curves, from 20% to 80% fraction volume% range is in common with that of the corresponding whole crude, with average error of only 3%. This data is then fit to Riazi model, and predictions for the light and heavy curved ends of the fraction TBP curves are made by applying two methods: linear regressions and non-linear regression. The results show accurate predictions at light ends using linear regression, whereas heavy ends in comparison show lesser fit with Riazi model. At heavy ends non-linear regression performs significantly better than linear regression. The procedure is extended to a shale oil to demonstrate its utility for heavier oils where TBP experimentation is cumbersome.


Data, presented in this review, show that gaseous signaling
molecules are a common biological system of bioregulators,
which attribute to main kingdoms of life – animals, plants and bacteria.
They confirm the similarity of their origin and developing by evolution.
Gaseous signaling molecules (gasotransmitters) were first discovered
and mostly researched in humans and mammals. Today are known
gaseous signaling molecules such as: nitric oxide and reactive oxygen
species, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, polysulfides and sulfur
dioxide. It is proved that there are more gaseous signaling molecules
and more pathways and mechanisms of their production in bacteria
than in mammals, so their importance in evolution of living organisms on the planet Earth has decreased. However, in the process of
evolution, in connection with the development from simple unicellular organisms into complex, higher multicellular, the number of
functional targets that were influenced by gaseous signaling molecules
has increased, i.e. their role has been getting increasingly complicated.
The endogenous gaseous signaling molecules, produced by bacteria, regulate their metabolism, protect them against antibiotics and
promote their colonization in the host organism. So they play an
important role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in humans
and animals. On the other side, the endogenous gaseous signaling
molecules of humans and animals have mostly the negative impact on bacteria's development and increase the host's resistance to
infections. Published data prove the similarity of function and role in
pathology of gaseous signaling molecules in invertebrates with those
in higher (vertebrate) animals. In particular, this relates to the nervous system and to the role of gaseous signaling molecules in the
formation of memory and behavior.
The gaseous signaling molecules of non-mammal vertebrata – fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, and birds – are especially similar to mammals
and humans. Isolated tissues of brain, eyes and lungs of poikilothermic
non-mammalian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians and reptiles) are used to
study the possible role of gaseous signaling molecules in the pathogenesis
of diseases affecting these organs in humans. Further researches of the
evolution of gaseous signaling molecules by comparing them in living
beings of different levels of development may be useful for exposure of
new ways of application in medicine and adjacent fields. The study of
their role in the pathogenesis of pathological processes increases the possibilities of treatment and prevention of diseases via utilization of gaseous
signaling molecules, their donors, precursors, and inhibitors.
Key words: gaseous signaling molecules, evolution, vertebrate, invertebrate, bacteria, biological action, role in pathology.
For citation: Sukmansky OI. Gaseous signaling molecules (GSM):
evolution, biological role and involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases (literature review). Journal of the National Academy of Medical
Sciences of Ukraine. 2019;25(4):373–382


Der Zap] des Miinchhausen: Eine Skizze im Hinblick atif Rilke by Eudo C. Mason. Pp, 85". Christ Heute I. Folge 6 Heft (Johannes-Verlag, Einsiedeln, 1949) n.p. THIS short but penetrating study of Rilke's 'religiosity' is an attempt to show that, far from representing the up-to-date 'religion for modem man' which his more perfervid disciples interpret ·it to be, it is in fact merely the culmination of a 'long since dominant, perhaps almost outmoded intellectual trend''the real convention, the orthodoxy of our age in the West'with its roots in the basic assumptions of the Renaissance and more particularly in the man-centred philosophy of Rousseau and the Romantics. Dr Mason first considers the conditions that have made the rise of so many modem pseudo-religions possible. Since the age of Rousseau the Churches and all traditional ethical presuppositions and social ties have not only lost their old external power but also the 'centripetal respect' which they commanded in pre-Revolutionary times. 'To-day hardly anyone, not even the peasant, is born into a religion or a pre-determined spiritual order, of which he is as much a part as the shadow is part of the object ... instead we are surrounded by newspapers, advertisements, sports, radio, films, all things which do not constitute a spiritual order in themselves and whose characteristic influence bears witness to the fact that such an order no longer exists.' But without at any rate 'something like a Church' no culture, no civilization, no real humanity can endure. A culture based on 'pure individualism' in which the choice of a religion is just as trivial and just as much a matter for individual discretion as that of a tie, bears within itself the seeds of its own inevitable dissolution. 'Tolerance is worthless as the supreme goal, as the foundation stone of a culture.' No assumption has been proved so utterly mistaken as that man can be relied on to exercise self-restraint in the use of his newly found intellectual and spiritual freedom. A civilization in which 'everyone is free to rig up (zusammenbasteln) a religion or two or three religions out of his own experience, direct or indirect' can be no more than a pseudo-civilization. 'So long as the power of the Church was still centripetal in Europe, this urge to start new religions, though not completely paralysed, was at least contained within


Austin Francis Muldoon III joined the NYPD in 1979 and after working uniform and plain-clothes street level enforcement was assigned to Narcotics as an investigator in 1985. From January 1988 until his retirement from Homicide in 1999 he worked as a detective in Upper Manhattan which included a time when the crack epidemic resulted in record homicide rates. Since 1999 M. Muldoon has been with the Special Commissioner of Investigation in NYC where he is working with the FBI and the US Attorney's Office investigating corruption and bid rigging in the Department of Education.


The paper deals with a training-type toponymic database, which is designed for teaching Russian as a foreign language. The practical relevance of it is due to the problems that arise for foreign students when mastering Russian toponymic material. The training-type database is based on the linguocultural approach, which implies not only intrabut also extralinguistic classification parameters of toponyms. The necessity of introducing of such a type database in the process of education, its technological potential and perspectives in computer-assisted language teaching are emphasized.


Lactose intolerance interferes with the recovery phase in patients with severe diarrhoea. A controlled comparison of a lactose-free soy isolate formula (Isomil®) and a standard cow's milk-based formula in 112 infants with severe diarrhoea showed a significant advantage for the lactose-free formula. All the infants were dehydrated on admission and required initial intravenous therapy. The response rate in the two groups was, respectively, 93% and 75%.


Models of digital signal processing are built on the signal spaces composed of spline functions. It is revealed that the models include and generalize the conventional ideal model built cm the bandlimited signal space and the conventional model in practice with a 0-order or 1-order hold circuit and that they can be implemented by real circuits as far as they are not identical with the conventional ideal model. Thus the models make it possible to treat the signal processing system which exists between the conventional ideal model and the conventional practice in theory through implementation.


Grounded on a vast erudition about central African civilizations, Luc De Heusch's trilogy, Mythes et rites bantous, addresses the question of how to establish a dialog between anthropology and history. In the first volume, Le Roi ivre (The Drunken King or the Origin of the State), which is devoted to a corpus of myths collected in societies in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luc De Heusch, a disciple of Levi-Strauss, purposes to strictly apply the method of structural analysis. In the next two volumes however, much more room is made for rites, disproportionately so we might say, to the detriment of myths. Since these rites are mostly related to kingship and, therefore, to ideas such as legitimacy, sovereignty and the sacredness of power, the structural method comes face-to-face with history and the contingency of events. To understand the issues raised by the relation between history and anthropology, attention must be paid to the debate between the anthro-pologist steeped in history, as was Luc De Heusch, and the historian Jan Vansina, who was also a good ethnologist. We grasp how serious the task of establishing the truth, whether historical or anthropological, is in the case of the controversy surrounding Rwanda.


In this paper, an Ad-hoc Routing Protocol that works in wireless Ad-hoc communication networks with multiple radios and multiple channels and that controls call admission based on bandwidth measurement is proposed. Unlike the conventional Ad-hoc node with a single radio using a single channel, an Ad-hoc node of the protocol proposed, the MCQosR(Multiple Channel Quality of Service Routing), has multiple radios and uses multiple channels, which allows full duplex transmission between wireless Ad-hoc nodes, and reduces intra interference on the route. Also, a fixed channel only for reception at each node enables the estimation of the available bandwidth, which is used to control the call admission for QoS provision. The performance of the MCQosR was verified by simulation.


The World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other international agencies have described antibiotic resistance as one of the world's most pressing public health threats. It is estimated that more than 2 million people in the United States are infected


A new implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform is presented, suitable for a range of signal and image processing applications. It employs a dual tree of wavelet lters to obtain the real and imaginary parts of complex wavelet coeecients. This introduces limited redundancy (4:1 for 2-dimensional signals) and allows the transform to provide approximate shift in-variance and directionally selective lters (properties lacking in the traditional wavelet transform) while preserving the usual properties of perfect reconstruction and computational eeciency. An application to texture synthesis is presented.


Stroke is a disease that can cause disability in the body. As many as 30% of stroke sufferers become permanently disabled. Stroke occurs when blood vessels in the brain fail to provide oxygen to brain cells. If brain cells do not have enough oxygen, then brain cells become damaged. The pre-experimental research design uses a one group pre-post test research design where the experimental group first assesses their muscle strength, then is given treatment and measured again. The sample was determined using Accidental Sampling, namely by chance with a sample size of 21 patients. Before being given Passive ROM, muscle strength was paralyzed in 3 respondents (14.3%), weakness in 8 respondents (38.1%), and moderate weakness in 10 respondents (47.6%). After being given passive ROM, there was an increase in muscle strength in value 1 for 3 people (14.3%), value 2 for 8 people (38.1%), and value 3 for 10 people (47.6%). Based on data analysis, a significant value of 0.00 (? 0.05) was obtained, which means that there was an influence before and after being given passive ROM on the muscle strength of stroke patients at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital in 2023.


The word 'makeover' is dotted through popular culture and is applied to a range of activities including home renovation, gardening, urban renewal, and business invigoration. Makeover culture is part of a socio-cultural paradigm that values endless improving, renovating and rejuvenating. Makeover citizens enact urgent and neverending renovations of the self. Cosmetic surgery is both symptom and manufacturer of makeover culture. It is indicative and constitutive of an arena in which ideal objects and subjects are always being improved, and in which everything – including the body – is always ripe for enhancement. This paper focuses on the 1990s French pornography star, Lolo Ferrari. Two aspects of Ferrari's famous cosmetic surgery are examined. They indicate a darker side of makeover culture – one that is less about lifestyle and surface gloss and more about pornography, death and unconsciousness. The first is her breasts, which I examine in relation to gigantism and normalised notions of femininity, and as symbols of the transition from girl to woman. The second is Ferrari's striking declaration that she loved being under anaesthetic. I delve into this notion to discuss how immobility, stasis, decay and mortality are crucial parts of makeover culture's promises of transformation.


Current technology for measuring specific biomarkers – continuously in complex samples, without sample preparation – is limited to just handful of molecules such as glucose and blood oxygen. In this work, we present the first optical biosensor system that enables continuous detection of a wide range of biomarkers in complex samples, such as human plasma. Our system employs a modular duplex-bubble switch (DBS) architecture that converts aptamers into structure-switching fluorescence probes whose affinity and kinetics can be readily tuned. These DBS constructs are coupled to a fiber-optic detector that measures the fluorescence change only within an evanescent field, thereby minimizing the impact of background autofluorescence and enabling direct detection of analytes at physiologically relevant concentrations even in interferent-rich sample matrices. Using our system, we achieved continuous detection of dopamine in artificial cerebrospinal fluid for >24 hours with sub-second resolution and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 µM. We subsequently demonstrated the system's generalizability by configuring it to detect cortisol with nanomolar sensitivity in undiluted human plasma. Both sensors achieved LODs orders of magnitude lower than the KD of the DBS element, highlighting the potential to achieve sensitive detection even when using aptamers with modest affinity.


This paper briefly introduced the waste heat distribution and utilization of iron and steel industry in our country,and mainly described the utilization and existing problems of washing slag water's waste heat,as well as the main method for seawater desalination and heat usage.It was also pointed out that replacing the heat source can effectively reduce the desalination cost.A new ideal was put forward about using waste heat from washing slag water for seawater desalination.Its feasibility and great benefits was analyzed,providing a reference about solving water shortage,reducing energy consumption and seawater desalination cost for coastal iron and steel industry.


This New Zealand-based study of the classroom practice of nine exemplary teachers of writing to upper primary-age students explored the significance of task orientation as a component of effective teacher instruction and the instructional strategies or actions that effective teachers utilise to promote such. Effectiveness pertains to teachers being able to generate a positive impact on learners' engagement and academic outcomes. Particular attention was given to the content and organisation of the tasks and activities that teachers required of their students. Analysis of observed teacher practice in relation to learner gains showed actions associated with task orientation to be strongly associated with student progress in writing. Two indicators linked particularly with learner gains in writing. They relate to teachers being able to select and promote learning tasks that are purposeful and challenging for students and to students being involved in the selection or construction of learning tasks. There were relatively high levels of proficiency with regard to teachers being able to select and promote purposeful and challenging tasks but significant operational variability with regard to teachers involving their students in task selection or construction. Classroom illustrations are provided on how effective teachers promote learner involvement in task selection or construction.


Written, accepted and used in one word, nonviolence will be approached, in the thematic issue proposed by Polis, as an active creation of a different reality, considering nonviolence a necessity, positive nonviolence an "open doctrine" and "nonviolence of the brave" an option to minimize the violence and to struggle to decrease it in every context. Connected to such a conceptual "control panel", the studies and articles – composing elements ensuring a multiperspective of the present thematic issue (from a conquest of violence to microviolence) – accurately synthesize landmarks which define the dynamics between ratios such as violence – nonviolence or influence – influencing. The nodes/perspectives which intersect and involve the present endeavor extract their arguments from the fields of educational politics, cinematography, philosophical, pedagogical, anthropological, cultural, religious, linguistic or literary studies.


Treatment of the car wash wastewater (CWW) is crucial important when it is considered as a potential source of environmental health hazard due to the significant concentrations of contaminants such as detergents, oils-greases, phenol, organic materials. In the current study, chemical oxygen demand (COD), methylene blue active substances (MBAS), and turbidity removal efficiencies were conducted from manual CWW using the novel hybrid system including electrocoagulation/flotation (ECF), sedimentation and filtration processes. Experimental design for response surface methodology (RSM), was employed to create two series of 20 experimental runs using monopolar aluminum electrodes. It was optimized using the critical operational parameters such as applied current (1–2 A), electrolysis time (30–90 min) and pH (5–9). The removal efficiencies of COD, turbidity and MBAS were found to be 94.5%, 95% and 95.2% in the optimal condition, respectively. 4.2 kWh/m3 and 0.23 US$/m3 were determined for energy consumption and costs, respectively. Overall, this hybrid treatment system is proven as an economic and environmentally friendly technique to remove high contaminants from CWW.


Karimunjawa can be studied not only from social aspect but also from multilingualism. This paper aims at investigating the languages living in Karimunjawa and their vitality. The study is focused on Kemujan island whose languages are Javanese, Buginese, Maduranese, Mandarese, and bahasa Indonesia. To see the vitality of them, I used UNESCO check list, observation, and interview. Referential and distributional methods were used to show how languages were used, language contact, and language vitality. The result indicates that bahasa Indonesia is the first dominant, Javanese is the second dominant, Buginese is the third, Maduranese is the fourth, and Mandarese is the least dominant.


In this paper, a charge pumping technique has been used to measure hot-carrier degradation of n-MOSFETs. The charge pumping technique is a well established technique for the characterization of interface traps in MOS transistors. This technique is capable of independently providing the amount of interface traps generated during the injection and the sign and the amount of charges that have been trapped in the gate dielectrics. The analysis of the selection of charge pumping parameters has been done experimentally in order to select the appropriate value of charge pumping parameters before carrying out any experiment in this paper. This paper presents a study of oxide damage due to the hot carrier degradation that has been carried out experimentally on five samples of n-MOSFETs with different types of dielectrics. The damage has been characterized in terms of oxide trapping and interface state density. A comparison of electron trapping in each type of dielectric is included in the discussion. Four types of oxynitrides with different growth conditions have been used. The interface trap generation is found to be suppressed by nitridation.


Abstract In Brazil, the destruction of the Atlantic forest and the Caatinga dry forest continues to the present, having a profound effect on the non-human primates. Here we present data on abundance of the critically endangered Callicebus barbarabrownae (Pitheciidae), the only primate endemic to the Caatinga, and evaluate if human presence impacts their distribution. We conducted over 152 km of line transect surveys, mostly in semi-deciduous forest near the Chapada Diamantina National Park, NE Brazil. The blond titi monkey occurred at an extremely low abundance, even when considering calls their abundance was lower than that reported for closely related species in different Atlantic forest areas surveyed previously. Although hunting pressure is high in the area, the reasons for their lower abundance are yet unclear. The presence of taller and relatively undisturbed forest seemed key factors for the presence of the species even in areas with heavy human presence. We speculate that they could prefer wetter habitats and gallery forests. Our results are the first record of blond titi monkey in protected area. The long term survival of this critically endangered species may depend on increasing the number of conservation units and stimulating conservation awareness in the local human population.


Uranium monocarbide, a potential fuel material for the generation IV reactors, is investigated within density functional theory. Its electronic, magnetic, elastic, and phonon properties are analyzed and discussed in terms of spin-orbit interaction and localized versus itinerant behavior of the 5f electrons. The localization of the 5f states is tuned by varying the local Coulomb repulsion interaction parameter. We demonstrate that the theoretical electronic structure, elastic constants, phonon dispersions, and their densities of states can reproduce accurately the results of x-ray photoemission and bremsstrahlung isochromat measurements as well as inelastic neutron scattering experiments only when the 5f states experience the spin-orbit interaction and simultaneously remain partially localized. The partial localization of the 5f electrons could be represented by a moderate value of the on-site Coulomb interaction parameter of about 2 eV. The results of the pres ent studies indicate that both strong electron correlations and spin-orbit effects are crucial for realistic theoretical description of the ground-state properties of uranium carbide. [1] We compare the novel material to the at presence used most common nuclear fuel material, UO


Environmental information is very important to strategic management. Human sources are among the most commonly used sources of information and among them, boundary people, such as salesman, hold a privileged position. One dimension which measures the quality of a strategic response is its speed of implementation. Recognizing this, to ensure a good (fast) strategic response, fast communication of information is imperative. This article focuses on factors which influence the speed of communication of environmental information. It is based on an exploratory research which has been carried out on a sample of salesmen of an industrial company. Management policies regarding the use of the sales force as an efficient source of strategic information are proposed in conclusion.


Effect of potassium fertilization on K-availability in potassium fixing soils over the vegetative period

The effect of potassium fertilization on the K-availability over the course of the vegetative period was tested on nine potassium fixing soils over two years.

The availability of potassium fertilized at the beginning of vegetative period falls (on a soil with 50% clay) to half of the original amount within one month. The availability decreases especially during the time without vegetation. Only after fertilization with 1200 kg K2O/ha are substantial amounts of potassium available for the plants until the end of the vegetative period (determined by electroultrafiltration).

An annual application of 300 kg K2O/ha only slightly increased the CAL-K and exchangeable K in comparison with the unfertilized plots, although the plants showed marked yield responses. A significant improvement in potassium supply was not obtained with less than 600 kg K2O/ha.

The potassium wet fixation values are relatively constant on the plots without or with low K-fertilization: after high potassium application they show considerable fluctuation. The fixation potential is considerably reduced with an annual application of 1800 kg K2O/ha, but is not completely removed.

Potassium can be removed by repeated extraction with a dilute CaCl2-solution but the rate at which it is released into the soil solution is too slow compared to the needs of rapidly growing crop plants. The rise in the level of available potassium by fertilization is reverse to the clay content.

There was considerable variation between the different available potassium forms over the vegetative period on the highly fertilized plots; consequently a soil test made annually can only give a rough idea of the K-level in potassium fixing soils.


The utility model discloses a combined read-to-use cold compressing bag which belongs to a disposable medical and hygienical product and includes a cold compressing layer and a fixing belt. The combined read-to-use cold compressing bag is characterized in that the cold compressing layer includes a surface layer and a water accepting layer; the water accepting layer also includes a chemical cold compressing layer. The cold compressing layer is a sealed waterproof bag the inside of which is filled with water. An inner bag sealed with cooling agent is arranged in the cold compressing layer; after applying pressure on an arc bag, the inner bag is broken, then water liquid and the cooling agent are mixed to form a heat-absorbable liquid. Compared with the prior art, the combined read-to-use cold compressing bag has the characteristics of convenient carrying, simple operation, instant dismounting and using, and non pollution.


Abstract Background Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar affective disorder are associated with a life expectancy at birth that is 10–20 years shorter than in the general population. The prevalence of cigarette smoking in people with these disorders is very high, but the extent to which this accounts for differences in mortality is unclear. We addressed this issue by examining the effect of smoking on life expectancy and survival in a large electronic healthcare database of patients receiving secondary mental healthcare in South East London. Methods Data on all patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar affective disorder from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2018 was obtained. Smoking status was determined using unstructured text data extracted from electronic health records. Chiang's method of abridged life tables was used to calculate estimates of life expectancy at birth according to gender and most commonly recorded smoking status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate mortality risk and adjusted for a broad range of demographic and clinical variables. Results 21,588 patients were included in the study of which 20,155 (93.4%) were classified as either smokers (16,717 [77.4%]) or non-smokers (3,438 (15.9%]). 2,434 (11.3%) participants died by the end of the observation period. In female patients, life expectancy at birth was 67.6 years in current smokers (95% CI: 66.4 to 68.8) and 74.9 years in non-smokers (95% CI: 72.8 to 77.0). In male patients, life expectancy at birth was 63.5 years in current smokers (95% CI: 62.5 to 64.5) and 68.5 years in non-smokers (95% CI: 64.4 to 72.6). Adjusted survival models showed that current smoking was associated with an increased risk of death, in both females (aHR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.21–1.66) and males (aHR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.25–1.79). Discussion Smoking may account for a substantial proportion of the reduced life expectancy in patients with psychotic disorders. Interventions to reduce tobacco smoking in patients with psychosis may therefore improve life expectancy in this group.


Background:Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of high prevalances from other neuropathy, it is 90%. The case of CTS in community abaout 276 from 100.000 population with 9,2% womens and 6% to men prevalences. CTS is compressive neuropathy of the median nerve at carpal tunnel with typical manifestations are pain, paresthesia, numbness and muscle weakness that influence activity daily living.
Method: Study case with assessment and observation during six times therapy.
Aims of Research: To know physiotherapy management effect for decrease of pain, increase range of motion (ROM), improve muscle strength and activity daily living in case carpal tunnel syndrome dextra with intervention ultrasound, paraffin, stretching exercise, and resisted exercise.
Result:The result of physiotherapymanagemet at carpal tunnel syndrome after six times are decrease pain at rest T1: moderate to T6: light, pain at movement T1: very severe to T6: little severe, increase active ROM T1:600-00-450 to T6= 720-00-600 and passive ROM T1: 650-00-450 to T6: 750-00-570, improve muscle strength T1: 4- to T6: 5- and increase activity daily living T1: 30 to T6: 21.
Conclusion:US, paraffin, stretching exercise and resisted exercise can decrease of pain, increase range of motion (ROM), improve muscle strength and activity daily living.
Keywords:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Dextra, Ultrasound (US), paraffin, stretching exercise, resisted exercise.


Abstract Although the reconstruction of the Wigner function from generalized quasiprobability distributions that can be interpreted as smoothed Wigner functions poses no problem for theoretical calculations, there are, however, difficulties in the reconstruction when those distributions are gained from measurements.


The issue of rational nutrition of children is still extremely relevant and an effective factor in ensuring the preservation of the life and health of children. Pathological conditions associated with intolerance to certain components of food are increasingly common. Biologically complete products play an important role in the organization of rational nutrition of children, which can be created only in industrial production conditions. When assessing the chemical composition of experimental goat meat samples (Zaanenskaya, Alpine, Nubian), no abnormal deviations were detected, and all indicators were in the generally accepted contents of this type of animal muscle tissue. The mineral composition showed that goat meat is rich in such elements as potassium – 1693.22 – 4125.83 mg/kg; sodium – 852.27 – 1518 mg/kg, magnesium – 125.33 – 295.8 mg/kg; calcium – 79.27 – 160.79 mg/kg, iron 11.42-87.52 mg/kg. The vitamin composition of goat meat showed that the content of pantothenic acid (B5) was 0.53 – 0.62 mg / 100g, pyridoxine (B6) 0.52 – 0.64 mg/100g tocopherol 0.27 – 0.33 mg/100g. The mass fraction of goat meat proteins was 2.1 ±0.3 – 2.4 ±0.4%. The study of the dynamics of changes in the composition of protein fractions based on the results of comparative studies of the ratio of sarcoplasmic proteins showed the content of water-soluble (1.75 – 4.06%), salt-soluble (1.75 – 2.44%), alkali-soluble (11.15 – 15.10%) proteins. The salt-soluble fraction reflects the total changes in the state of protein fractions, the solubility of which was not the same for the rocks under consideration (the highest concentration was determined in the Nubian rock).


This article, based on an interview with A Braddock of London Transport's unit for disabled passengers, discusses its forthcoming project to introduce low-floor buses to London. Experience with many vehicles, designed principally for disabled people, is that they are slow, cumbersome, and inconvenient. In contrast, several German manufacturers, aiming to reverse the steady decline in the use of bus services, concluded that buses were slower than cars, partly because of their high boarding and alighting times. They developed the solution of the low-floor bus, which enables all passengers, including people with mobility handicaps, to board and alight quickly. Due to the complexity of their design, low-floor buses cost about 20-25% more than similar conventional buses. UK Government funding has been made available for introducing up to 70 low-floor buses to London, and also for an out-of-London trial. London Buses has prepared a detailed specification for a bus of length 10.5-12.0m and floor height 320mm, with a maximum floor ramp of 2 degrees in the rear saloon and a minimum gangway width of 750mm for wheelchair users. The vehicle must have about 15 years design life at 40,000 miles per year, a maximum speed of 60mph, and the ability to accelerate to 30mph in 25sec when laden.


There have been many attempts to improve absorption and bioavailability of poorly watersoluble drugs [1-3]. One of attractive systems is microemulsions which are composed of fine oil-in-water droplets in aqueous medium [4-8]. When such a formulation is released into the lumen of the gut, it disperses to form a fine emulsion, so that the drug remains in liquid state in the gut avoiding dissolution step that frequently limits the rate of absorption of liphophilic drugs [9]. The smaller sizes of droplets will have a larger interfacial surface areas per unit volume and correspondingly large free energy contribution from the liquid-liquid interfacial tension [10].


This paper proposes a general approach for semiparametric models, where the innovation distribution is considered a nuisance parameter, to derive the semiparametric power envelope and construct semiparametrically efficient tests. Specifically, we start with an explicit nonparametric modelling for density perturbation and show all such cases lead to LAN, LAMN or LABF limit experiments; Next, we derive a structural representation of these limit experiments which suggests employing the invariance argument to eliminate the nuisance density location and shape parameters; The obtained invariant statistics are proved to be maximally invariant, thus, by the Neyman–Pearson lemma, their likelihood ratios define the semiparametric power envelopes for all (asymptotically) invariant tests. To construct feasible inference, we show that one can employ either a nonparametrically estimated density $\hat{f}$ or rank statistics. For the latter choice, we propose a novel method based on componentwise ranks which allows a innovation pre-transformation step. Finally, we apply this semiparametric approach to the cointegration testing problem that is of a multivariate LABF limit experiment. For the first time, we derive the semiparametric power envelope and propose the $\hat{f}$- and rank-based versions of the traditional Johansen test. Simulation results show that these semiparametric efficient versions can well control their sizes and outperform the original Johansen test in powers under non-Gaussian distributions.


In this work, aluminum‐silicon alloy reinforced with Al64Cu24Fe12 quasi‐crystalline particles have been prepared by a traditional casting method with proper heat treatment process. The microstructures of the composites were examined using optical microscopy, scanning, X‐ray and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results indicate that there was no quasi‐crystalline phase remained and a new phase‐β (Al65‐75Si13‐26Fe3‐10) phase formed, which may act as a new reinforcing phase. There are three primary phases in the final composite: eutectic silicon, β‐phase and the α‐aluminum phase. Also the changes of mechanical properties were studied by tensile test and Vickers hardness test. The test results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the composite is remarkably improved by adding proper amount of quasi‐crystalline particles. After adding 7.70 vol.% quasi‐crystalline particles, the tensile strength and the hardness increased by 70 % and 62 % respectively. However, adding a big amount (10.09 vol.%) of particles to molten aluminum‐silicon alloy will cause the particles aggregation and adhesion, which resulted in the decrease of the mechanical properties.


Continued study of the five crystalline Na-celluloses, previously shown to occur as intermediates during the mercerization of cellulose and exhibiting two types of crystallographic fiber repeats, further indicates that they fall into three classes based on their unit cells and NaOH contents. In one class are Na-celluloses I and 111, both containing up to 34% NaOH; in the second class are Na-celluloses IIA and IIB, marked by ca.15 8, fiber repeat and containing up to 65% NaOH and in the third class is Na-cellulose IV which is likely to be a hydrated form of cellulose 11. Na-cellulose I was found to be the common first alkali-cellulose structure produced in the NaOH treatment of both cellulose I and cellulose 11. Further study of this conversion step suggested a mercerization mechanism in which the alkali begins the conversion of cellulose to Na-cellulose I in the amorphous parts of the fiber. The conversion of the parallelchain cellulose I structure to an antiparallel one is likely to occur already in this first step.


There's nothing more disappointing than a sour mango or bland strawberry from a big chain supermarket. But does that mean they're less nutritious? There are plenty of stories of people avoiding supermarkets' fresh produce - choosing local grocers, delivery boxes or farmers' markets instead. For some, there are ethical reasons, for others it's about taste, and some believe that you're less likely to get the most nutritious produce at Coles or Woolies. But is there any truth to the claims?


By a simple example it is shown how in special cases the variable kernel estimate may not give the correct qualitative impression of the estimated density.

To exclude such effects a slightly modified definition of the bandwidth of the kernels is proposed.


This article discusses the issue of automatic target recognition (ATR) on Synthetic Aperture Radar images (SAR). Through learning the hierarchy of features automatically from massive training data, learning networks, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) has recently achieved the state-of-the-art results in many tasks. Moreover, unlike optical images, SAR imaging have the advantages of reduced sensitivity to weather conditions, day-night operation, penetration capability through obstacles, etc. Despite these utilities, several factors can affect the accuracy of the classification, such as errors linked with brightness values of the pixels and geometry registered by the satellite sensors. To correct these errors and extract better features about SAR targets, and obtain better accuracies a two steps algorithm called SAE-CNN-Recognizer(SCR) is proposed: Firstly, a pre-processing step consist of image enhancement is achieved using Sparse Auto-Encoder (SAE) to emphasize some image features for following analysis. Secondly, CNN architecture which consist of a feature extraction stage followed by a classification step using a softmax classifier. The experimental results on the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) dataset prove that this approach can accomplish an average accuracy higher than 97% on the classification of targets in ten categories, which is higher than the traditional CNN results.


Shops in England and Wales are to be banned from displaying cigarette and tobacco products to reduce impulse purchases. And age restrictions are to be placed on the use of vending machines to try to prevent children from starting smoking.

However, proposals to ban branding on tobacco products and to restrict cigarette sales to packets of 20 will not feature in the Health Bill, which will come before parliament in the next session.

Alan Johnson, health secretary, said, "Enticing multicoloured displays encourage young people to start smoking—we must put a stop to this. Smoking is a habit which is hard to break and causes 87 000 deaths a year in England alone.

"Protecting children from smoking is …


Financial education can be comprehensively defined as the process by which financial consumers /investors improve their understanding of financial products, concepts and risks and. through information, instruction and objective advice, develop the skills and confidence to become more aware of financial risks and opportunities, to make informed choices, to know where to go for help, and to take other effective actions to improve their financial well-being". Financial education thus goes beyond the provision of financial information and advice. The focus of any discussion on financial education is primarily on the individual, who usually has limited resources and skills to appreciate the complexities of financial dealings with financial intermediaries on matters relating to personal finance on a day to day basis.


Objective To study the computing methods of the combined variables in multivariate analysis of the quality of survival.Methods The nonlinear principal component analysis is used to composition variables measuring the quality of survival and linear regression is used to composition influencing variables on the survival quality.Results The variance proportion drawn by the first principal component is 0 9948 and weights of three combined variables composed by influencing factors on the survival quality are 0 35,0 32 and 0 33.Conclusion Using nonlinear principal component analysis and linear regression to computing combined variables are suitable to the influencing factors analysis on the survival quality.


Transmit diversity in the presence of channel feedback at the transmitter is analyzed in this paper. We first consider perfect channel feedback and summarize the beamforming solution which minimizes the codeword error probability. We note that the error probability minimizing scheme is different from the mutual information maximizing scheme. We then present a scheme with partial channel feedback in the form of relative phases of channel vectors. This scheme achieves performance comparable to the beamforming with much less information about the channel, which in turn requires less resources for feedback. The new scheme presented in this paper is a generalization of a well known scheme for two transmit and one receive antenna, using the phase difference of the channel coefficients.


This paper presents the three-phase CHB inverter fed induction motor suitable for renewable energy source applications. Normally, all present existing multilevel inverters produce multilevel output, but the number of components required is more, bulk in size, more in cost. Which are more burdens to small capacity renewable sources. These challenges are eliminated in CHB inverter. This CHB mainly consisting of one DC source, one capacitor and eight switches in each phase. To generate a five-level output in phase to ground voltage, it is required to maintain the capacitor voltage (V2) at fifty percent of the DC source voltage (V1). This capacitor voltage is regulated by a sensor less voltage regulating technique. The sensor less voltage regulation works without any sensor devices. We can implement this technique with very less cost compared to other techniques. The sensor less voltage regulation is realized by level-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation. The simulation results show a very good dynamic performance. Controller maintains the capacitor voltage at fifty percent of the source voltage irrespective of main source voltage changes and load changes. Inverter generates a five-level wave at the output from line to ground and seven-level wave from line to line with fewer Harmonic. It is implemented in matlab/simulink and showing good dynamic performance.


The utility model relates to a steel sheet anchoring block used for an external pre-stressed reinforcing structure, which belongs to the technical field of anchoring devices; the steel sheet anchoring block solves the technical problems that the prior anchoring block is inconvenient to be used and the connecting part is easy to be damaged. The steel sheet anchoring block is characterized by comprising a bearing plate, a side plate and at least two reinforced plates with end faces in parallel; the bearing plate and the reinforced plates are arranged on the end face of the side plate; the end face of the bearing plate and the end faces of the reinforced plates are respectively vertical to the end face of the side plate; the end faces of all the reinforced plates are respectively vertically crossed and fixedly connected with the end face of the bearing plate; the side plate is provided with at least an installation hole used to connect a reinforced object; and the bearing plate arranged between the reinforced plates is provided with at least an anchor eye used to install an external pre-stressed cable anchor. The steel sheet anchoring block can be conveniently installed and detached, and is applicable to structures which temporarily adopt external pre-stress.


Objective To research the differentially expressed gene and promoter methylation status of coronary heart disease(CHD)with blood stasis pattern.Methods Fourteen family-related CHD patients with blood stasis pattern were selected as observation subjects and 7healthy persons were chosen as control.The differentially expressed genes of CHD with blood stasis pattern were detected by microarray.Another 16CHD patients with blood stasis pattern and 7healthy persons were chosen and 2differentially expressed genes were selected to conduct methylation-specific PCR(MS-PCR)of promoter region.The differentially expressed gene and promoter methylation status of CHD with blood stasis pattern was analyzed.Results A total of 26differentially expressed genes were obtained after screening the microarray results which fold change(FC)value3or FC value1/3and Call=P.The KLF5gene and LRP12gene were selected to conduct the MS-PCR.There was no significant difference between the CHD patients with blood stasis pattern and healthy persons in the promoter methylation rate(P 0.05).Conclusion There is no significant difference between the CHD patients with blood stasis pattern and healthy persons in the promoter methylation status of differentially expressed genes KLF5and LRP12.


Selected enzymes were studied in single muscle fiber preparations taken from eight competitive cyclists (six male, two female) previous to and after 8 weeks of progressive heavy endurance training (85% maximal oxygen consumption [VO2max], 60 minutes a day, 5 days a week). Mean + SD VO2max was significantly increased (3.71 ± 0.62 to 4.15 ± 0.65 L.min‐1), as was mean, submaximal endurance power output (150 ± 24 to 204.8 ± 36.9 W) on a 60‐minute endurance cycle test after training. In single vastus lateralis fiber preparations obtained from a biopsy sample before and after training, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) was determined using quantitative histochemical and image analysis technique. A cluster analysis of data defined three distinct fiber metabolic profiles (that is, different interrelationships among SDH, LDH, mATPase activity) prior to training. Following training, there was a shift in the metabolic profi...


One of the most important observances of the Vietnamese Buddhist calendar is Vu Lan, an annual ceremony framed by Confucian notions of filial piety. Through an ethnographic analysis of the festival at four different Buddhist institutions along the U.S. Gulf Coast, I show how Vu Lan cultivates devotion to motherhood and nationhood, generating both affective ties and material support from lay participants. I pay particular attention to how gendered signs of diasporic nationalism are displayed in order to underscore that what it means to be Vietnamese and Buddhist in the United States is both active and fluid.


For stochastic bi-directional associative memory (BAM) neural networks with constant delays, the problems of determining the exponential stability and estimating the exponential convergence rate are investigated in this paper. An approach combining the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional with the linear matrix inequality (LMI) is taken to study the problems, Some criteria for the exponential stability, which give information on the delay-dependent property, are derived. The results obtained in this paper provide one more set of easily verified guidelines for determining the exponential stability of stochastic delayed BAM neural networks, A typical examples are presented to show the application of the criteria obtained in this paper.


Osteopetrosis is a disorder characterized by an increase in bone density and a reduction in spinal cord spaces. This change results in a defect in osteoclast function and consequent decrease in bone turnover. One of the possible local bone complications is osteomyelitis, which affects up to 10% of patients with this disorder. Platelet concentrates (L-PRF) have been used in cases of bone defects and areas of tissue necrosis, as it has the characteristic of releasing growth factors after activation. The aim of this paper is to present a clinical case of a patient with mandibular osteopetrosis, who underwent dental implantation and subsequent recurrent osteomyelitis and was treated by partial resection associated with L-PRF bone defect coverage. After 1 year of follow-up, the patient presented definitive soft tissue healing, no exposure of bone tissue or phlogistic signs at the site, and good bone repair on computed tomography scan. The present study demonstrated that the association of L-PRF with resection techniques can be a viable method for the management of patients with difficult to treat osteomyelitis, especially in cases of mandibular osteopetrosis.


A sample of 128 quasars with redshifts less than 1.0 observed at 6 cm and 20 cm with the A array of the VLA are presented and discussed. It is found that the source size envelope varies with both redshift and core luminosity, being smaller for high values of both. More luminous sources have greater core dominance, and the largest sources tend to have low-luminosity cores. Core variability tends to increase with luminosity and with redshift. The distribution of the ratio of core-lobe distances is consistent with a simple model of initial alternating ejection at nonrelativistic velocities. The ratios of lobe luminosities also show no evidence of relativistic beaming. The evidence suggests a general evolution of individual sources in which the source is initially a luminous core only, whose luminosity falls with time. The lobes develop initially as a one-sided structure, but eventually form large triple sources with a fading core. 21 references.


The existence of secured transactions may substantially influence the performing of international business operations in circulation of chattels (equipment first of all), so that it is important to introduce in this matter a certain measure of uniformity as the solutions of national systems of private law differ greatly. Having in mind this need for uniformity as well all, some mom or less successful attempts in that direction already accomplished at the international level, the UNIDROIT is currently discussing the possibility of passing the uniform rules. In this paper the author analyses, alongside with the justified need for passing the international rules, the starling principles, i.e. the national regulations, draft conventions as well as the statutes touching upon the question of security interest.


Metabonomes reflects the systematic status of the organism accurately,sensitively and impersonally. To evaluate the therapeutic effects by means of metabonomics will overcome the deficiency of uncertainty with the traditional diagnostic methods including inspection,auscultation and olfaction,inquiry,and palpation. The impact of the variation of prescriptions dosage on efficiency will be shown clearly through the change tendencies of metabonome spectra. Consequently,a new insight is obtained for the dose-effect relationship and its material basis. The ambiguous dose-effect relationship of tranditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions has long been controversial. It is one of the most important reasons that the therapeutic effect of this kind of medicines cannot be evaluated quantitatively. Based on the review of the application of metabonomics in modern study of TCM,we suggest to carry out the study on dose-effect relationship of prescriptions,in which the techniques of metabonomics are employed to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic effect of prescriptions,and the variation of metabonomes in the course of disease devecopment and treatment is traced.


Temporal description logics (TDLs) have been studied by many researchers (see e.g., [1, 10] for surveys and [4, 2, 15] for recent or important results). These TDLs are, however, not compatible in the following sense: these are not embeddable into the standard (non-temporal) description logics (DLs), and hence the existing algorithms for testing satisfiability in the standard DLs are not available for these TDLs. Such a compatibility issue is important for obtaining reusable and practical algorithms for temporal reasoning in ontologies. In this paper, two compatible TDLs, XALC and BALCl, are introduced by combining and modifying the description logic ALC [14] and Prior's tomorrow tense logic [12, 13]. XALC has the next-time operator, and BALCl has some restricted versions of the next-time, any-time and some-time operators, in which the time domain is bounded by a positive integer l. Semantical embedding theorems of XALC and BALCl into ALC are shown. By using these embedding theorems, the concept satisfiability problems for XALC and BALCl are shown to be decidable. The complexities of the decision procedures for XALC and BALCl are also shown to be the same complexity as that for ALC. Next, tableau calculi, T XALC (for XALC) and T BALCl (for BALCl), are introduced, and syntactical embedding theorems of these calculi into a tableau calculus, T ALC (for ALC), are proved. The completeness theorems for T XALC and T BALCl are proved by combining both the semantical and syntactical embedding theorems. Prior's tomorrow tense logic, which is a base logic of XALC and BALCl, is regarded as the next-time fragment of linear-time temporal logic (LTL) [11], and hence XALC and BALCl may also be familiar with many users of the existing LTL-based TDLs. The bounded temporal operators in BALCl are, indeed, regarded as restricted versions of the corresponding LTL-operators. Although the standard temporal operators of LTL have an infinite (unbounded) time domain, i.e., the set ω of natural numbers, the bounded operators which are presented in this paper have a bounded time domain which is restricted by a fixed positive integer l, i.e., the set ωl := {x ∈ ω | x ≤ l}. To restrict the time domain of temporal operators is not a new idea. Such an idea has been discussed [5–9]. It is known that to restrict the time domain is a technique to obtain a decidable or efficient fragment of first-order LTL [8]. Proc. 23rd Int. Workshop on Description Logics (DL2010), CEUR-WS 573, Waterloo, Canada, 2010.


The car customer in the U.S. market has come to expect many incentives during her purchase process. Many of these incentives are based on the private profile information of the customer, which she would not want to disclose to the set of all possible dealers. On the other hand, the dealers want to keep the exact information on various incentives on offer private as well due to various business reasons. In this paper, we present design of a privacy preserving marketplace that executes control on information disclosure while enabling the purchasing process. Marketplace designs pertaining to both single dealer and multiple dealer participation are dealt with


In this paper, a grid connected solar photovoltaic plant has been proposed, and its performance has been evaluated. The performance analysis has been done on a designed 100kW grid connected solar photovoltaic plant in the Semnan city. The simulated system comprises 625 CIS PV modules. Each PV module has a rating of 160Wp. All the PV modules are arranged in 25 strings, with each string made up of 25 modules in series. Two solar inverters, each having a rating of 50 kW are used for interconnecting with grid. The 100 kW PV system generates 178.99 MWh/year, wich 170.3 MWh/year is injected into the grid. The performance ratio and its total impressed losses have been calculated. The performance ratio of 100KW solar plant in Semnan city obtained 83%. Finally, the simulation results indicate that the designed solar power plant will prevent 171 tons of gas CO2 from being produced during 30 years.


This article examines the problem of business communication on the Internet on the example of the Russian and Chinese languages. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the progressive international relations, and lies in studying the peculiarities of the culture of international business communication on the Internet, namely between China and Russia. Although the economic cooperation between the two countries are rapidly developing, the problem of mutual intelligibility remains acute. In the globalization era, the Internet is crucial factor that effects the specifics of the culture of business communication. The article aims to reveal the peculiarities of international business communication on the Internet, taking into account the specifics of the parties to communication on the example of China and Russia). The subject of this research is the specifics of international business communication on the Internet between China and Russia. The object is the China-Russia business communication via the Internet. The scientific novelty lies in comprehensive analysis of the forms and specifics of international business communication on the Internet between China and Russia. The main conclusions are as follows: business communication on the Internet is affected by such factors as mentality, national traditions, established etiquette norms and rules; the Russian and Chinese business communication on the Internet is characterized by standardization, use of speech patterns, cliché; Russian and Chinese business representatives must have command of both languages alongside broad knowledge on culture and traditions of the partner country, show flexibility manifested in the use of modern technologies of conducting business, namely the Internet and its capabilities.


Background: This quantification process is made through electromyography analysis. This technique of analysis is able to provide a general view of the tension decrease in the superior muscle fibers of the trapezius after therapy. Aims: The focus of the present work is to evaluate the treatment of the cervicobrachialgia by Positional Release Therapy (PRT). Material and Methods: The present work studies six patients, with ages 44 to 63 (1 male and 5 female) who present tension in the trapezius upper portion fibers. All patients were submitted to 10 session of 30 minutes each. The electromyography was collected on the first and tenth day of treatment. Results: The results demonstrated a progressive decrease of pain in each session. The tension was evaluated by the electromyography analysis, which showed the relations between time of treatment and less pain. Conclusion: With these results, it was possible to verify quantitatively the efficiency of the PRT in the improvement of life quality.


A form of pneumoconiosis in rural Africanwomen termed "Transkei silicosis" hasbeenthought tobedueto silica particles inhaledwhiletheyare hand grindingmaizebetweenrocks. Twentyfivewomen werestudied who wereconsidered tohavethiscondition according tothefollowing criteria: rural domicile, radiographic andlungbiopsy evidence ofpneumoconiosis, noexposure tominingorindustry andnoevidence of active tuberculosis. Theywereassessed for radiological,pathological, physiological and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid features.Potential aetiological factorswere assessedby determininglevelsof exposureto respirable quartzandnon-quartz containing dustsandsmokeinruraldwellingsduringmaizegrinding andcooking. Mostofthewomen weresymptomless. Radiological findings rangedfrom a miliarypatternto extensive fibrosis resembling progressive massivefibrosis. Histological features includedsimple "anthracosis" in 12,anthracosis with maculesinsix, andmixeddustfibrosis in seven.Cellnumbers and their proportions inlavage fluid werenormal. More than60% ofmacrophages were heavily ladenwithinorganic inclusions. Respirable quartzconcentrations and calculated cumulativetime weighted exposureswere belowthoserecommended forindustry duringgrinding withsandstone (100%quartz) andthey wereevenlowerduringgrinding with dolerite containing noquartzdespite the presenceofan appreciable amount of quartzin the groundmaize.Total respirabledust and smoke concentrations were greaterthan the recommendedsafelevels. Threewomen hadnoexposure tomaizegrinding. Itis concludedthattheinhalation ofnonquartzcontaining dustandsmokefrom biomassfuelled fires ismore important intheaetiology ofthiscondition than exposure toquartzdust.Theterm"hut lung"maybemoreappropriate.


A comparison is made between the use of single and multimode optical fibers in a homodyne quasi‐elastic light scattering experiment using simple optical hardware. The single‐mode fiber is used without a spatial filter and gives a larger signal‐to‐noise ratio and counting rate than a multimode fiber with a spatial filter.


In this paper, the peristaltic flow of Psedoplastic fluid with variable viscosity in an asymmetric channel is examined. The bionic effects by means of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are taken into account. The assumptions of long wave length and low Reynolds number are taken into account. The basic equations governing the flow are first reduced to a set of ordinary differential equation by using appropriate transformation for variables and then solve by using perturbation method. The effect of physical parameters on the pressure rise, velocity and pressure gradient are illustrated graphically. The trapping phenomenon is analyzed through stream lines. A suitable comparison has also been made as a limiting case of the considered problem.


This paper presents the static characteristics of PMLSM considering the slotting effects of the primary core. To estimate the force ripple, PMLSM is analysed by the theoretical analysis and the FEM The simulation values are compared with experimental ones.


Mentation does not proceed via the pursuit of random paths of thought, but instead by way of connections among ideas that are guided by certain types of associative principles. Since a primary function of language is to evoke thoughts in the minds of interlocutors, it is unsurprising that we would find evidence that these associative principles are at play in the manner in which language is structured and interpreted. This chapter provides a brief survey into some of the respects in which this is the case at the discourse and lexical levels. The data argue for a rich notion of event structure that makes crucial reference to different types of association, and illustrate how the importance of event structure in linguistic theory goes beyond merely accounting for the representation of events and the semantics of the words used to express them.


We evaluated the influence of methane release from methane hydrate reservoirs in the northwestern Pacific continental margin on stable isotope values. We analyzed stable isotopes of foraminifera from a piston core collected at 1066‐m water depth off eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan. Carbon isotope signals indicated that planktonic and benthic foraminifera in several glacial sediment layers in the core were highly depleted in 13C; both the planktonic and benthic foraminiferal δ13C values ranged from about −10‰ to −2‰. Most foraminiferal tests in these horizons were brown as a result of postdepositional alteration. Foraminiferal oxygen isotopes fluctuated abnormally in the glacial sediment layers, showing small (about 0.5‰) positive shifts relative to normal glacial values. We attributed the positive shifts to authigenic carbonate formation in the foraminiferal tests. The authigenic carbonates have formed when rising methane, from methane hydrate in the sediment, became oxidized as it came in contact with dissolved sulfate near the seafloor. Episodic methane‐release events may be associated with great plate‐boundary earthquakes with epicenters near the coring site.


I Introduction: the language of mastery 1. Interrupting the 'I' 2. Language and ideology in Althuser II The limits of language 3. Wittgenstein's two languages 4. Kafka: the poet of black and white III Language and thought 5. Husserl's two phenomenolgies 6. Heidegger: from letters to being, or from being to letters? IV LAnguage and society 7. The essentialism of ethnomethodology 8. Codes in conversation: the speech of Bernstein and Labdov V The practice of ordinary language 9. What Austin does with words 10. Locke's text of property VI Language, sign and text 11. The significance of Barthes 12. The blood of dreams: Robbe-Grillet project VII Conclusion: the mastery of language 13. Textuality, sexuality, economy 14. The competence model and its limits


In this paper, the author researches on the preparation and properties of modified magnesium oxysulfate cements. The best basic ratio for magnesium oxysulfate cements is chosen by adjusting the concentration of magnesium oxysulfate and water binder ratio at the room temperature. Based on this ratio, five kinds of additives (phosphoric acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, Organic Acid Salt A, Organic Acid Salt B and compound additive) are selected to modify the cements. Experimental results show that all additives could improve the performances of magnesium oxysulfate cements. But compared with other additives, the compound additives could effectively improve the strength and water resistance of magnesium oxysulfate cements. In this experiment, this paper carries out the phase analysis of magnesium oxysulfate cements by means of SEM and XRD methods. The results show that the additives could improve the degree of cross- linking of the crystals, and there is a new phase in the cement with Organic Acid Salt A, Organic Acid Salt B and compound additives.


We obtain existence and multiplicity results for quasilinear fourth order elliptic equations on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ with sign-changing potential. Our results generalize some recent results on this problem.


Preface Stock Market Development in Africa Efficient Stock Markets: Review of Theory & Evidence Return Dynamics Calendar Effects Equity Market Integration Index.


In our last column, we have illustrated how FabLabs network can play an important role in shaping the future of manufacturing and automation. The focus was on people taking a collaborative role to design and build the most extraordinary things using tools and techniques that are available at FabLabs. In this direction, FabLabs is a platform of a community of makers who collaborate and learn from each other to build highly specialized products, rather than settle for the legacy mass production products. In this column, however, we are shifting our focus on the use of robots for extreme automation. Actually, "none of humanity's creations inspires such a confusing mix of awe, admiration, and fear as those associated with robots. We want robots to make our lives easier and safer, yet we can't quite bring ourselves to trust them. We're crafting them in our own image, yet we are terrified they'll supplant us". The fears from the outcome of using robots reached some kind of far end as apocalyptic, resembling the biblical Apocalypse or the end of world. These reactions describe the wind of change related to automation and manufacturing as many prominent people are asking important "what if" questions like what happens if a new technology based on robotics causes millions to lose their jobs in a short period of time, or what if most companies simply no longer need many human workers? Bill Gates, as well as many politicians, believes that governments should tax companies for using robots instead of people as a way to compensate the loss in employment and for retraining. Others like legislators and lawmakers are trying to mature a robot law. Actually, the notion that workers' skills can suddenly become obsolete Jinan Fiaidhi Sabah Mohammed Lakehead University


Spectral bounds of quasi-positive matrices are crucial mathematical threshold parameters in population models that are formulated as systems of ordinary differential equations: the sign of the spectral bound of the variational matrix at 0 decides whether, at low density, the population becomes extinct or grows. Another important threshold parameter is the reproduction number $\mathcal{R}$, which is the spectral radius of a related positive matrix. As is well known, the spectral bound and $\mathcal{R}-1$ have the same sign provided that the matrices have a particular form. The relation between spectral bound and reproduction number extends to models with infinite-dimensional state space and then holds between the spectral bound of a resolvent-positive closed linear operator and the spectral radius of a positive bounded linear operator. We also extend an analogous relation between the spectral radii of two positive linear operators which is relevant for discrete-time models. We illustrate the general theory...