The marine environment faces a pressure from the increasing shipping intensity in the form of rising levels of continuous anthropogenic underwater noise. Current underwater noise monitoring guidelines advise to measure the long-term trends in the overall noise levels in the frequency bands where ship noise is most prevalent. However, the natural noise is omnipresent and prolongs the time period required for the detection of statistically significant trends in the overall noise. The monitoring efficiency can be improved by finding the proportions of the anthropogenic and the natural noise levels and by measuring the changes in the proportions over time. These proportions can be found by differentiating between the different types of ambient noise in the recordings according to both proximity of the ships and the variability of the environmental conditions. This is achieved by using the AIS ship traffic data along with the ship noise detection algorithms. The AIS data enables determination of the position of ships around a noise monitoring location and calibration of the ship noise detection algorithms. The results and the methods are presented for the passive acoustic monitoring in the Baltic Sea and applicability of the described methods are discussed.The marine environment faces a pressure from the increasing shipping intensity in the form of rising levels of continuous anthropogenic underwater noise. Current underwater noise monitoring guidelines advise to measure the long-term trends in the overall noise levels in the frequency bands where ship noise is most prevalent. However, the natural noise is omnipresent and prolongs the time period required for the detection of statistically significant trends in the overall noise. The monitoring efficiency can be improved by finding the proportions of the anthropogenic and the natural noise levels and by measuring the changes in the proportions over time. These proportions can be found by differentiating between the different types of ambient noise in the recordings according to both proximity of the ships and the variability of the environmental conditions. This is achieved by using the AIS ship traffic data along with the ship noise detection algorithms. The AIS data enables determination of the position o...


A low power, network-ready demonstrator for sensing carbon dioxide, humidity and temperature simultaneously is designed. Contrary to conventional NDIR systems, the is based on a capacitive readout of an interdigitated transducer coated with polymeric sensing materials sensitive to CO2 and humidity, respectively. A microcontroller is used to control the optimum working temperature of the sensor. The capacitance is measured based on the charge transfer capacitance measuring circuit. A restricted number of components is employed to meet low-cost and low power requirements. The system is tested in an office environment and compared to commercially available systems. It exhibits excellent results and is suited for an integration in automated HVAC systems.


On the basis of having finished the image database and the vector database of the Yutian Oasis,the paper primarily studies the changes of the Yutian Oasis land cover through RS GIS during the last decade.In comparison with the data of the past years' fieldwork,we have analyzed the environmental changes and the desertization degree of the area,and the result will be relevant to the sustainable development of the west arid area and the development of the west region in China.


Genetically engineered "Supermice" (Mus musculus, transgenic strain Tg[MT-1,rGH],Bri2) possess multiple copies of rat growth hormone genes yielding growth rates 220% that of normal mice. To discove...


The National Literacy Movement in 2017 explained data that occurred in 2000 on Indonesia's reading literacy ranked 39 out of 41 countries; in 2003 ranked 39th out of 40 countries just getting sadder; and in 2006 ranked 48th out of 56 countries; in 2009 ranked 57th out of 65 countries; while in 2015 Indonesia was ranked 69 out of 76 countries. This research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the GLS in senior high schools in Karawang, Indonesia. This research is an evaluative research with a qualitative descriptive approach and uses the CIPP model (context, input, process, product) developed by Stuffebeam. The School Literacy Movement Program (GLS) has proven to be effective in increasing literacy activities and fostering students' love of reading. This program needs the support of various parties, such as teachers, school principals, school supervisors, local government and central government so that it can continue to run well.

Keywords: [Evaluative Study, Effectiveness, School Literacy Movement]


Abstract The matrix optics formulism for astigmatic systems is applied in aniseikonia, and aniseikonic matrix is defined. The aniseikonic matrix is particularly easy to compute even in the straight forwardness of the matrix formalism as applied to aniseikonia provides a conceptually clearer means of understanding aniseikonic optics.


China Southern Power Grid Company (CSG) and eMIT, LLC recently developed and implemented an online risk-based security assessment system-Probabilistic Security Risk Assessment (PSRA). PSRA calculates the probability of undesirable events in the transmission system and evaluates their corresponding severities. PSRA combines the probability measure of each undesirable event with the consequence measure into a single reliability index-Probabilistic Loss of Load Index (PLLI). When PSRA determines the system condition to be insecure, it optimally re-dispatches the generation to ensure the system goes back to the secure region. Under emergency conditions, when generation re-dispatch alone is not enough, load shedding will be enforced to bring the system back to the secure region. The salient aspect of PSRA is automatic application of program-determined remedial actions inclusive of load curtailment. Weak point analysis is developed and used to identify the buses and branches that are most vulnerable. A novel method is developed to visualize the Probabilistic Loss of Load Index, which makes it easy for the system operators to make decisions within a shorter time period. Online implementation of PSRA is also discussed and it is concluded that the proposed probabilistic reliability analysis is much more accurate than traditional methods and it provides system operators the capability to make faster trade-off decisions between economy and technical constraints.


¥N patients with Crohn's disease of the small .¦¦ intestine the large bowel may be involved in several ways. Large-bowel involvement in continuity with terminal ileitis occurred in 22% of patients with Crohn's disease reported by Saltzstein and Rosenberg.1 The area of large bowel affected was usually the cecum and ascending colon, and there were no patients with diffuse or left-sided colonic involvement. The colon may be involved by fistula formation from


ABSTRACT Preconceived expectations for one's behavior drive how people interact with their communities. Messaging via pop culture is a common source for citizens to learn about one community engagement tool: compulsory volunteering. Compulsory volunteering, like court-ordered community service and school-based volunteering, provides an opportunity to learn and "give back" to one's community. The authors ask, what is the value of compulsory volunteering according to pop culture messaging? Textual analysis is used to identify common themes among 48 episodes of U.S. television about community service and service-learning. Findings indicate that popular culture teaches society that compulsory volunteering is more often a chore to avoid than a way to give back. Volunteers on television perceive power as placed in the wrong hands, and plots center on regaining agency. This power displacement becomes problematic if viewers perceive the volunteer supervisor as an antagonist to defeat. Nonprofits should anticipate misunderstandings when onboarding coerced volunteers.


Objective:To study the effective methods of cardiovascular care after interventional therapy,for reducing complications. Methods:Patients were randomly divided into two groups,one group received intervention care,another group took normal care.To analyze the complications in two groups.Results:In the treatment group,41 patients were complicated by hypotension,12 patients by vagus nerve reflex,22 patients by localized hematoma,9 patients by tension blisters,5 patients by false aneurysm,4 patients by arteriovenous fistula;in the control group,57 patients were complicated by hypotension,19 patients by vagus nerve reflex,30 patients by local hematoma,14 patients by tension blisters,6 patients by false aneurysm,5 patients by arterio venous fistula.Conclusion:The standardized nursing intervention can effectively reduce the complications.


In our present technological age, most manual and semi-automated tasks are being automated for efficient productivity or convenience. In particular, industrial sites are rapidly being automated to increase productivity and improve work efficiency. However, while networks are increasingly deployed as an integral part of the automation of industrial processes, there are also many resultant dangers such as security threats, malfunctions, and interruption of industrial processes. In particular, while the security of business networks is reinforced and their information is not easily accessible, intruders are now targeting industrial networks whose security is relatively poor, wherein attacks could directly lead to physical damage. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to counter security threats through network traffic monitoring, and to minimize physical loss through the detection of malfunctions. In the case of industrial processes, such as in nuclear facilities and petroleum facilities, thorough monitoring is required as security issues Journal of Web Engineering, Vol. 20 1, 1–32. doi: 10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2011 © 2021 River Publishers


Stable supply tank, with volume V = 250 m3 and operating pressure p = 1,5 MPa, of generation unit 6 at thermal power plant 'Nikola Tesla A' in Obrenovac, is designed for water-steam working fluid. It was made of steel Č 1204 as a single-part welded structure with a single wall. Cylindrical tank shell consists of 8 segments, while torispherical deep bottoms consist of 3 segments. The tank is in the horizontal position and it lays on 4 supports. There are five manometers installed at the tank for pressure control, as well as 5 spring-loaded safety valves. In this paper results of non-destructive tests performed on the tank are presented. Mechanical damages on parent material, up to 1.5 mm deep, were detected at the outer surface of the cylindrical section of the right bottom (as seen from the boiler) and on the inner surface of the shell, as well as sporadic pitting corrosion, up to 0.5 mm deep, and 2 mm misalignment of sheet metals in areas where shell segments are joined. Crack type linear indications were detected on the surface of welded joints through the use of magnetic particle testing. Through ultrasonic and radiographic testing it was determined that the homogeneity of welded joints is satisfactory. Hardness testing was performed on all segments of the tank, and obtained values were in the range between 118 and 130 HB. Metallographic examination, performed on specimens of all segments of the tank, showed that microstructure of material is either fine-grained or striped ferrite-pearlite. On the basis of test results the repair technology for shell and bottom segments was made, while on the basis of the analytical calculation of tank strength the integrity evaluation was carried out for the upcoming period of service, depending on the category of the vessel.


An acoustic method to check the validity of Hertz's law and assess the actual collision force law in granular media is proposed. The technique uses a microphone to detect the sound produced by collisions between solid polypropylene balls. The impact is observed to produce an underpressure followed by an overpressure. It can be conjectured that the initial compression of the balls lowers the pressure, followed by an expansion which leads to a sharp pressure increase. The structure following the overpressure peak could be due to the bulk and surface waves produced in the spheres. There is a visible difference between the underpressure and overpressure peaks (of about 9%), which can indicate energy losses. The power spectrum has a dominant peak at ≈7 kHz, accompanied by several smaller peaks, some of which may be intermodulation products. [Work funded by the Louisiana Board of Regents.]


This paper studies the off-policy evaluation problem, where one aims to estimate the value of a target policy based on a sample of observations collected by another policy. We first consider the multi-armed bandit case, establish a minimax risk lower bound, and analyze the risk of two standard estimators. It is shown, and verified in simulation, that one is minimax optimal up to a constant, while another can be arbitrarily worse, despite its empirical success and popularity. The results are applied to related problems in contextual bandits and fixed-horizon Markov decision processes, and are also related to semi-supervised learning.


Four cultivars and 14 clones of potato of the International Center for Potato were selected as test-germplasm to assess their yield under the agro climatic condition of Swat valley, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and a plot size of 4.2 m 2 . The genotype CIP-39007-55 recorded the highest number of stem (4.66) plant -1 , number of tubers (10.5) plant -1 , medium tuber yield (11.67 t ha -1 ), total yield (18.68 t ha -1 ). The genotypes CIP-393574-6 showed the highest small tuber yield (3.93 t ha -1 ) while genotype CIP-966239-131 recorded the highest large tuber yield (6.31 t ha -1 ). While the genotype CIP-394074-120 showed the worst results with minimum small tuber yield (0.48 t ha -1 ), medium tuber yield (0.24 t ha -1 ), total yield (0.73 t ha -1 ). The least number of stems (2.33) plant -1 were recorded in cultivar Simply Red and the lowest yield of large tuber (0.36 t ha -1 ) were recorded in genotype CIP-3962239-111. The lowest sprouting percentage (72%) plot -1 were recorded in cultivar Satilite while the highest sprouting percentage (100%) plot -1 was noted in Karoda. The study showed that the genotypes CIP-39007-55, CIP-393574-6 and CIP-966239-131 are best in respect to growth and yield among the rest of potato germplasm, and are therefore recommended for cultivation in Swat valley. Keywords: Potato, genotypes, germplasm, Swat .


Abstract The low energy electronic states of 9-fluorenone have been investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy at low temperatures. The two lowest 1(ππ∗) states have been found to be of B2 symmetry. The 1(nπ∗) state is expected to be of A2 symmetry and its origin is estimated to be at 4550 A. Vibronic mixing of the lowest 1(nπ∗) state is responsible for the diffuseness of the lowest 1(nπ∗) state even at liquid helium temperatures.


A phenomenological model based on the liquid crystal blue phase is proposed as a model for a late-time cosmological phase transition. Topological defects, in particular thick strings and/or domain walls, are presented as seeds for structure formation. It is shown that the observed large-scale structure, including quasi-periodic wall structure, can be well fitted in the model without violating the microwave background isotropy bound or the limits from induced gravitational waves and the millisecond pulsar timing. Furthermore, such late-time transitions can produce objects such as quasars at high redshifts. The model appears to work with either cold or hot dark matter. 32 refs.


Power assisted wheelchairs are a promising solution to overcome problems associated with manual wheelchair propulsion, such as the incidence of upper limbs injuries and muscle fatigue. However, there are still open questions regarding the most appropriate assistance strategy. The main goal of this paper is to compare three different types of assistance in power assisted wheelchairs: constant force, proportional force and a novel type of assistance inspired on the impedance control theory. The comparison was performed using a simple model and an optimal control formulation that searched for optimal user actuation and controller parameters so as to minimize the user effort. The fairness of the comparison was ensured by imposing an upper bound on the energy consumption by the motors. The results show that the proportional and impedance controlbased strategies are the most appropriate steady state conditions. In typical daily activities such as obstacle avoidance, the impedance control has advantage as it permits a faster system's response.


A study of the near-surface Lagrangian dynamics of the Malvinas Current reports unique chevron features.A study of the near-surface Lagrangian dynamics of the Malvinas Current reports unique chevron features.


By taking a bottom-up "library in the life of the user" perspective rather than a top-down "user in the life of the library" perspective, this paper uses anecdotal evidence from the past and near present to examine the multiple roles the U.S. public library plays and has played as public space in the everyday lives of its patrons. By harnessing "public sphere" theory discussed in Jurgen Habermas's THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE PUBLIC SPHERE (1989) and by the examining the rich literatures on civic life and institutions that have evolved from it, the author argues that Library and Information Studies discourse has to expand its scope to include research and analysis of "library as place" from a user's perspective if it hopes to develop a deeper understanding of what the public library does for means to members of the communities in which they reside.


This paper aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an adaptive artificial intelligence on enhancing the stability of gas turbine-Garri Power Station, which is designed to generate about 38MW. Fuzzy logic method controller was proposed based on stabilizer to enhance the power system stability. Linguistic rules and fuzzy inference mechanism are utilized to tune the controller parameters in different operating states. The proposed controller was applied to a single machine infinite bus system, represented by Gas Turbine-Garri Power Station (GPS). Simulation studies have been carried out using TILLSHELL software. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed control scheme performs well and strongly control the power system under different loading conditions, disturbances and system parameter variations. The proposed controller is robust and more suitable for damping of low frequency oscillation and more effective in improving dynamic stability and voltage profile than the conventional systems.


Numerous, little-studied dikes are exposed in northeastern New Mexico, particularly in the area south of Raton along the eastern margin of the Raton basin. We describe preliminary geochronology, geochemistry, and geographic relationships of a small suite of these dikes and discuss their relationships to two large magmatic centers of northern New Mexico, the distal 28.5-15.5 Ma Questa caldera and the proximal 36.7-20.3 Ma Chico Sill complex. Some of the dikes are radial to both the Questa caldera and Chico Sill complex. In contrast, some of the dikes are only radial to the Questa caldera. Two of the more topographically prominent dikes are the Eagle Rock and Little Eagle Rock dikes, which yield new 40Ar/39Ar ages of 23.58±0.06 and 21.36±0.06 Ma, respectively. Despite their close proximity to each other (~1 km) and some similarities in composition, the new ages indicate the dikes were emplaced during two separate episodes of magmatism. Although these two dikes are radial to both of the larger potential magmatic sources, the new ages closely match the youngest pulses of postcaldera magmatism at Questa. 87Sr/86Sr ratios are similar between some Questa caldera mafic rocks and the Eagle Rock dike, but there are prominent differences in 143Nd/144Nd and 206Pb/204Pb ratios, suggesting that if the dikes are related to the Questa caldera magmatic system, the dikes tapped isotopically distinct reservoirs or acquired different isotopic signatures during magmatic transport. No published isotopic data exists for the Chico Sill complex, hindering the establishment of potential links between the dikes and sill complex. Published ages for a dike west of Raton and along the New Mexico-Colorado border, both of which are only radial to the Questa caldera, are 15.5 and 19.5 Ma, respectively, closely correlating to the timing of Questa magmatism. Thus, preliminary data suggest that some dikes exposed in northeastern New Mexico are possibly distal radial dikes associated with the youngest pulses of magmatism at the Questa caldera. However, additional geochronology and geochemistry, together with field assessment to identify the total number of dikes and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility to determine flow directions, will be necessary to fully resolve potential connections between the dikes of northeastern New Mexico and their relationships to regional tectonics and large mid-Tertiary magmatic systems of the area. 161 New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 70th Field Conference, Geology of the Raton-Clayton Area, 2019, p. 161-168. INTRODUCTION The Eagle Rock dike, or sometimes referred to as the Tinaja dike, is well exposed along I–25 near the Tinaja exit approximately 26 km (16 mi) south of Raton, New Mexico (Fig. 1). The dike is one of a more expansive swarm of little-studied dikes exposed regionally in northeastern New Mexico. These dikes are alkalic (Scott et al., 1990), generally strike in a west to east direction, and can be traced continuously for locally short distances. Some of the larger dikes extend for over 10 km and can be connected by tracing discontinuous exposures across regional low-lying hills and local drainages (Fig. 2A, B). Individual dikes display different compositions and textures (Fig. 2C). Many of the dikes appear composite in that a single dike has multiple internal contacts suggesting pulsed magma flow during emplacement. The Eagle Rock dike, and the nearby Little Eagle Rock dike exposed ~1 km south along I–25, are thicker and more prominent than most of the dikes that are exposed in this region. The magmatic, tectonic, and geochemical significance of the Eagle Rock and Little Eagle Rock dikes in relation to similar surrounding alkalic dikes and larger magmatic centers of northern New Mexico is not well constrained. Regionally, these dikes may be related to alkalic magmatism that generated mid-Tertiary alkalic rocks in the mountains to the east that are loosely referred to as the Chico Sill complex. Alternatively, the Eagle Rock dike and other dikes in the region may result from distal emplacement of magmas associated with the 25.4 Ma Questa caldera (Zimmerer and McIntosh, 2012) located within the Latir volcanic field along the eastern edge of the Rio Grande rift in the southern Rocky Mountains south of the Colorado-New Mexico border. The Eagle Rock and Little Eagle Rock dikes, along with other regional dikes, are radial to both the Chico Sill complex (located ~10 to 30 km away) and the Questa caldera (located ~60 to 90 km away). We briefly discuss preliminary geochronology and geochemistry of the Eagle Rock and Little Eagle Rock dikes in assessing their origins and potential connections, if any, to these two different alkalic magmatic provinces.


In this paper they present the development of an experimental prototype applying the basic principles of electromagnetism through the conceptualization of a simple electro magnet with its corresponding design with this they to cause that the engineering student in computer system at the QueretaroInstitute of Technology pretend in second semester to visualize the different origins of classical physics and one of its applications.


Since the invention of the first IC, designers have been looking for methods to speed up digital circuits and to reduce the area of their design. Recently, advances in VLSI fabrication technology have made it possible to put a complete System On a Chip. The penalty was that power dissipation became a critical parameter in digital VLSI design. This paper puts an insight into the various sources of power dissipation in digital CMOS and the power optimization techniques at circuit and device level. Keywords—lowpower, CMOS,power reduction,circuit,VLSI, device, leakage current, transistor stacking,dynamic power, static power, short circuit power, variable threshold, variable supply, clock gating.


Recently strict deterministic grammars and languages have been introduced [9,10,11]. This family of languages is quite fundamental in the study of the mathematical properties of deterministic languages and in dealing with some classical families of grammars such as LR(k) and bounded right context grammars [7,8,14]. These grammars are closely related to LR(0) grammars [1,12,13,14], in fact each strict deterministic grammar is also LR(0). In the present paper, we consider the question of how to parse strict deterministic grammars. We introduce part of a more general theory called "characteristic LR(k) parsing". This actually produces parsers which are tuned to the characteristics of a particular family of grammars. We apply the theory to the family of strict deterministic grammars and we get parsers which are as fast as canonical LR(k) parsers but are substantially smaller. They are not necessarily minimal but we postpone any discussion of minimality to the sequel.The techniques used in the present discussion are quite general [5]. For instance, the study in [3] is similar in spirit to our technique. The optimization techniques for LR(k) parsers in [2] do not work in the case k = 0 without modification. After modifying those methods for k = 0, it can be shown that our parsers cannot be produced by those techniques. This fact has its positive aspect in that our parsers may be smaller and its negative aspect in that error detection may be delayed.The present paper is divided into the present introduction and three sections. In the remainder of this introduction, some basic definitions of strict deterministic and LR(k) parsing are given. We have tried to follow [1] as much as possible in order to minimize the amount of new material to be absorbed. The order of the results is the order needed to prove that the characteristic parser works. In Section III, we apply the theory of Section II to strict deterministic parsing. A simple example shows that the new parsers can be unboundedly smaller than the canonical LR(0) parser.The present paper is meant to be an extended abstract and no proofs are included.The rest of the introduction is concerned with notational conventions for the technical concepts needed.


In this paper, the structural design of optical Internet is analyzed and by using UNI (User Network Interface) signaling protocol an optical transmission experiment was performed. The hierarchical structure of the basic optical Internet consists of the backbone network, the service network and the access network. The necessary functions for each layer were described as follows: Control structure of the optical transport layer, network operation and management structure, internetworking technology of sub networks, routing and signaling technology. By using UNI signaling protocol from OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum), the optical transmission in the proposed structure of the optical Internet network was experimented. By the traffic generation of LSP (Label Switched Path) data packets along the route-configuration was delivered to UNI. Finally, by showing the value of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) packets the optical transmission was completely and successfully demonstrated.


An updated account of 79 taxa of mosses of Gangetic plains, representing 40 genera and 19 families, is provided. The family Pottiaceae with 17 taxa belonging to 9 genera appears most dominant and diversified family in the area while at generic level, the genus Fissidens (Fissidentaceae) with 19 species shows maximum diversity, followed by Hyophila and Physcomitrium each with five species. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 23 (2): 97-106, 2016 (December)


Objective To investigate the relationship between the levels of aldose reductase(AR) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods The levels of AR mRNA in PBMC was determined by RT-PCR, and the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) in the calf nerve was measured. A total of 32 patients with type 2 diabetes and 35 normal controls were studied. The diabetic patients were divided into 2 groups patients with normal NCV and those with delayed NCV. Results AR mRNA levels in PBMC of type 2 diabetic patients was significantly higher than those of normal controls (0.59±0.56 vs 0.30±0.11, P=0.003). There was no significant difference in AR mRNA levels between two groups of diabetics.Conclusion Type 2 diabetic patients have a significantly higher expression of AR mRNA in PBMC than that in normal controls, but that is not related to the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.


Absolute amplitudes of Paleozoic sea-level fluctuations are poorly known: two major curves show eustatic maxima of +300 m (Vail et al. 1977) and +600 m (Hallam 1984). Based on analysis of the flooding records of thirteen Paleozoic landmasses, the authors estimate that sea-level elevations were substantially lower than previously thought, ca. 50--220 m for most of the Paleozoic. The analysis also shows that: (1) small continents are inherently more floodable than large continents, (2) there is no difference in mean flooding of continents of a given size between the Early and Late Paleozoic, and (3) reduced global flooding during the Late Paleozoic is primarily attributable to the existence of a few large continents, rather than many small ones as during the Early Paleozoic. Global sea-level trends reflect the division of the Paleozoic into two geotectonic subcycles comprising the Cambro-Silurian (terminated by the Taconic/Caledonian Orogeny). Deviations of individual continents from the mean global curve are due to changes in hypsometry associated with tectonic/epeirogenic events. For example, a major Early Silurian regression on Laurentia resulted from the Taconic Orogeny, while large Early Ordovician and Middle-Late Devonian regressions on Gondwana are associated with rifting of the North China and South China/Indochina blocks.


In this paper we study the fractional power series solution around the regular singular point x = 0 of the conformable fractional hyper geometric differential equation. Then, we compare such solutions with that of the corresponding ordinary differential equation.


This paper examines the current position regarding corporate manslaughter primarily in the United Kingdom (with some comparison with the position in Australia), and aims to formulate answers to the following two questions: is the corporate manslaughter legislation enacted in the United Kingdom a success, and is the enactment of corporate manslaughter legislation in Australia warranted? Thereafter, taking into account the information discussed and conclusions reached as regards the initial two questions, the writers put forward their arguments as to what is the correct approach that should be taken generally in relation to corporate manslaughter and the enactment of appropriate legislation.


Evidence is presented by use of radiolabeling and pancreatic and T1 ribonuclease digestion that some of the ribonucleic acid specified by herpes simplex virus contains polyadenylic acid sequences. The polyadenylic sequences are not transcribed from viral DNA.


Law is usually considered a textual phenomenon (Katsh, 1995). For example, from their first steps into a faculty of law students know they will have to prepare for exams on codes and text-books. In their practice lawyers have to formulate opinions, claims or defences in a document or in oral statements. Judges are called on to write decisions which will be read aloud in court and published. Notaries prepare (and confer authenticity on) legal documents and contracts for their clients. Legislators enact laws, decrees and regulations that consist of a series of rules expressed in verbal statements. Legal scholars write books, commentaries, essays and scientific articles starting from the literature review.


Comparative studies of left atrial electrokymograms, left atrial pressure tracings, and pulmonary wedge pressure tracings were made in dogs with experimental mitral insufficiency or stenosis. Typical patterns were found in pure insufficiency or stenosis. A remarkable coincidence was found between pressure tracings and electrokymograms of the left atrium.


Classroom light intensity is one of the essential factors in the learning process. Several factors affect light intensity in the classroom, i.e., determination of classroom design, position of objects in the classroom, window design, shading devices, type of lamp, and type of lamp armature. The research aims to determine the effect of armature lamp type. The results of this research are expected to increase the efficiency of electricity costs and use the classroom optimal lighting system according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Two types of lamp armature used in this research i.e. LED tube armature and LED bulb armature. This research used E11-210 classroom in E11 Building of Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang with the size of 12m x 9m x 3.5m. Simulation in this research used Dialux Evo 9 software. The results of observations and simulations show that E11-210 classroom had not followed SNI yet, in 350 lux. Based on simulation results, it shows that using LED tube armature and LED bulb armature will get light intensity of E11-210 classroom that follow SNI 6197:2011. Simulation results show that the use of LED tube armature (Powerbalance Gen2 RC463B) in E11-210 classroom will increase efficiency of electricity costs by 27.81%. Meanwhile, the use of LED bulb armature (Luxspace Ace Acccent RS750B) in E11-210 classroom will increase efficiency of electricity costs by 33.96%.


This study examines the relationships between types of sponsorship and employment status among three ethnic groups of Indochinese refugees who arrived in the United States between 1978 and 1982. A sample of 1,960 refugees between the ages of 18 and 64 was used. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that refugees who were sponsored by voluntary agencies were more likely to be employed than those who were sponsored by their ethnic relatives. Other factors which had significant effects on employment status were health, education and urban residence in the original country, English proficiency, length of residence in the United States and age. The findings revealed no significant interaction effects between ethnic groups and types of sponsorship.


The Out-of-Service Verification Field Operational Test Project was initiated in 1994. The purpose of the project was to test the feasibility of using sensors and a computerized tracking system to augment the ability of inspectors to monitor and control the status of vehicles that had been placed out of service until the violations were cleared. As such, the system not only required development of new technology for vehicle sensing, but it also required interfacing into an existing inspection computer record system (ASPEN) and a well- developed methodology of inspection that was comfortable for both drivers and inspectors. The project was conducted in Boise, Idaho by a partnership that included the Idaho State Police (ISP), the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD), and the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT). The University of Idahos National Institute for Advanced Transportation Technology (NIATT) is the independent evaluator for the project


A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to investigate the perception of fire risks of university members: faculties and students. The present study statistically compared the risk perception characteristics of the members belonging to chemistry department (Group Chem) with those the members belonging to mechanical department (Group Mech). The results indicated that Group Chem has a greater sense of dread than Group Mech; this work also found that Group Chem perceive a greater magnitude of fires than Group Mech. Language: ja


Abstract:Arrangements of sovereignty in Africa fundamentally shifted during the era of decolonization, temporarily bringing about political possibilities beyond empire or nation-state. The apartheid state drew on this "federal moment" and attempted to save white minority rule by creating ethnically defined self-governing "homelands," or bantustans, that could be fashioned as "independent" nation-states within a Southern African confederation. This article examines the ethnicization of sovereignty in the planning of KwaZulu, a bantustan for Zulu people. Rather than solely focusing on the central state, it explores how bureaucrats, royal family members, and other African leaders made claims to the boundaries of ethnicity and the proper arrangements of power. Initially, the government assumed that the Zulu homeland could be built atop the former Zulu kingdom. The planned bantustan, however, included both territory and populations that never recognized the Zulu monarchy before colonialism. As Zulu royal allies advocated for an expansive bantustan under a re-empowered monarchy, ethnologists and other bureaucrats clashed over the geographic limits of Zuluness and the relationship between the Zulu king and Africans across the Natal province. As the government retreated from its plan to empower the monarchy, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, an influential royal cousin, used competing historical claims to marginalize the royal house and position himself as the rightful hereditary leader of both the future bantustan and the Zulu kingdom. Ideas of a Zulu ethnic sovereignty that would shape the late apartheid period and democratic transition, I argue, initially emerged through these contingent struggles in the 1960s over territory, populations, and authority.


Qualitative Spatial Reasoning (QSR) theories have applications in areas such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), robotics, biomedicine, and engineering. However, existing QSR theories primarily have been applied only to 2D data. Herein we introduce a 3D reasoning system that is based on Generalized 2D Region Connection Calculus (GRCC). Our theory, RCC-3D, supports a priori knowledge of the extent of each object. It also provides occlusion support by considering the projections of 3D objects on 2D space. Further, we demonstrate how this model is applied to a particular domain such as anatomy.


abstract:Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, which are both canonical and popular, are exemplary of how empire is textually embedded in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fiction about urban life. Reading the corpus within the framework of materialist postcolonial theoretical propositions, this article demonstrates how the stories, which link the colonial with the criminal, draw maps of London that locate particular areas of the city as sites in which Asia as colonial threat is hesitantly integrated into the metropolitan landscape. As also contemporaneous nonliterary texts testify, the stories, particularly "The Sign of Four" (1890), recognize the particularly ambivalent role of the Thames and corresponding transportation infrastructures, which both enable the building of the imperial metropolis and pose as a gateway for external threats to enter. The stories depict the city as spaces regulated not only by civic apparatuses but also epistemological conventions, both of which serve as regulatory functions that manage risks of social precarity to ensure civic order and imperial surplus. However, the stories as representative of the detective story genre at the turn of the century also demonstrate ambivalent attitudes toward governmental authority, providing textual spaces for critique of the colonial discourse.


We give a new definition of a L\'{e}vy driven CARMA random field, defining it as a generalized solution of a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE). Furthermore, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of a mild solution of our SPDE. Our model finds a connection between all known definitions of CARMA random fields, and especially for dimension 1 we obtain the classical CARMA process.


The structural differences between bosters of Zhuan K6 bogies and the original Zhuan 8A bogies are compared.The finite element analysis for the static strength is made.The stress levels are compared.And the fatigue damage of the two types of bogies are analyzed.Furthermore,the feasibility of application of Zhuan K6 bogie bolsters for 35-year is discussed.


The present study searched for a function-focused syntax that would reflect actual Korean usage, shifting the focus of the Korean grammatical paradigm away from morphology, category and onto function. The present study first examined the existing literature on syntax research to compare various things, such as current issues in the subjects being studied, research methodologies, and categorical intersections, in the search for a function-focused Korean syntax. Then it probed the possibility of establishing a function-focused syntax.
The current Korean syntax is focused on morphology and category such that the important grammatical units are morphological units such as particles and endings. However, Korean periphrastic construction has various grammatical functions, such as denoting case, tense, aspect, voice, manner, infinitive, and clausal conjunction. Previous research focusing on function mostly concentrated on the functional commonalities of a single grammatical morphological unit, such as a particular particle or ending, and periphrastic construction, but they did not differentiate between the layers. When deciding which grammatical units should be included in a function-centered syntax, single grammatical morphological units and periphrastic constructions must be differentiated. Compared to a single grammatical morphological unit, periphrastic constructions' forms are unstable and, in many cases, their functions cannot be categorized. Therefore, it must be acknowledged that there are many problems in dealing with single grammatical morphological units and periphrastic constructions in the same layer.
One problem in describing function-focused Korean syntax is how to deal with cases in which the same function is fulfilled by two different morphological units. In the existing category-focused syntax, the relationships between morphological units that belong in different categories, even when they have the same function, are not considered to be important. The present paper examines the relationship between morphological units of various categories, such as particles, endings, and adverbs that function as conjunctions, and in this context discusses the grammatical category intersection problem. Conjunctive endings, conjunctive adverbs, and conjunctive particles not only serve as conjunctions, but they can also describe the hierarchical relationship between the two units. Therefore, the commonalities and differences between endings, adverbs, and particles must be examined in more detail. Furthermore, it is also necessary to examine the relationships between morphological units with similar meanings within each category.
Function-focused grammatical systems have been ignored partly because the terminology used to describe these systems and the systems themselves are clearly different than existing grammatical descriptions. Recently, there has been an increasing amount of research that inductively organized the results of corpus analyses. However, the results of such research were excessively inductive and subdivided and so did not converge into a deductive system, causing more confusion. Therefore, the present study proposed that a function-centered syntax must be based on existing categories and systems, rather than on the negation of category- and morphological unit-centered syntaxes.


There are as many measurement values of the true column hold-up volume, V0, as techniques applied to evaluate this most important property in liquid chromatography (LC). The relative errors made on V0 measurements using conventional "non-retained" markers—such as acetone, uracil, or thiourea in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), or benzene or acenaphthene in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)—can be as large as ±30%. This situation is extremely confusing for LC users who wish to classify and predict the retention behavior of LC columns. In this work, along with advances in mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation, the hold-up volume of any LC column—including, but not limited to, RPLC, HILIC, ion exchange chromatography (IEX), and mixed-mode columns—is accurately measured by injecting labeled deuterated acetonitrile (CD3CN) molecules and detecting them selectively by MS-single ion reaction (m/z = 45) using non-labeled and pure acetonitrile (CH3CN) as the eluent. This proposed harmonization of all conventional V0 measurement methods is illustrated and successfully applied to RPLC, HILIC, anion exchange (AEX), and RP-AEX mixed-mode chromatography, irrespective of the mobile phase composition selected.


Acquisition, tracking and pointing(ATP)system is the core of high speed and large capacity of laser communication in atmosphere, spot jitter generated by the disturbances among long distance laser communication has seriously affected the precise alignment between laser communication terminals, and greatly reduces the stability of the communication link and quality. In order to suppress the facula dithering, improve the accuracy of target tracking, this paper proposes an improved fast steering mirror control method. Analyzes the features of self-adaptive control and conventional PID control, and discusses the advantage of composite control with the two algorithms, proposes model reference self-adaptive control algorithm of PID, according to the Lyapunov theory, and makes algorithm simulation analysis with the conventional PID and model reference self-adaptive and PID compound control and do closed-loop tracking experiment of actual facula dithering. The experimental results show that, the adaptive PID controller obtains the overshoot is 2%,rising time is 3ms,trackingaccuracy better than 2 microradian, overall better than the conventional PID control algorithm. Compared with the traditional PID control, control algorithm which is proposed in this paper has better inhibition of spot jitter.


Aim: To determine if the outer membrane (OM) cytochromes OmcA and OmcB of the metal‐reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 have distinct or overlapping roles in the reduction of insoluble manganese(IV) oxide.


In a recent post, Professor Werner Haslehner raised an interesting discussion on the new wording of Article 4.1 (a) of the Parent-Subsidiary Directive ("PSD"), which obliges the Member State of the parent company to tax the dividends received to the extent that the corresponding payment are deductible from the corporate income tax paid by the subsidiary. The declared purpose of this amendment is to tackle deduction and non-inclusion schemes derived from cross-border tax arbitrage with hybrid financial instruments, in situations where the remuneration is classified as dividend at the level of the parent company and as interest at the level of the subsidiary. Within the EU, many countries, such as Denmark,[1. Section 2 B of the Corporate Tax Act, as amended by Law No. 344, of 18 April 2007.] Germany,[2. Section 20, Abs. 1 of the Income Tax Act (Einkommensteuergesetz – EstG). The matching principle for dividends in § 8b(1) of the Corporate Income Tax Act (Körperschaftsteuergesetz – KStG).] Austria[3. Section 10 (7) of the Austrian Corporate Income Tax Act.] and the United Kingdom,[4. Sections 931B(c) and 931D(c) of the Corporate Taxation Act (CTA).] have already implemented anti-hybrid rules even before the amendment of the PSD, for purposes of denying the participation exemption where the correspondent payment was deducted at the level of the subsidiary company in the source state.


*Author for correspondence: Phone: +1 608.263.6934; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Figure 1. Food waste: both a global food system catalyst and by-product (courtesy of David Mcinnes, DMci Strategies). OVERVIEW The Institute for Food Safety and Health (IFSH) and the Food Research Institute (FRI) of the University of WisconsinMadison hosted regulators, academics, and industry experts for a symposium entitled "Meeting Review: Food Waste and Sustainability–Strategies to Improve Food Safety, Food Security" on September 27, 2018, near Chicago, Illinois. The meeting discussed the difficulty of feeding a rapidly increasing global population without compromising food safety or the environmental health of the planet. Food waste intertwines with sustainability: in the words of meeting speaker David McInnes (DMci Strategies), food waste is a by-product of an increasingly unsustainable global food system. Reducing or redirecting food waste can increase food supplies while also decreasing the total resources used in food production and food waste disposal. Meeting speakers discussed reasons why food companies are concerned about sustainability and presented case studies of ways in which the food industry and others are reducing or reusing food waste.


An assessment of the significance and social impact of the quarrying industry in Shropshire in the 19th and 20th centuries

Robert. S. Galloway

This thesis investigates the technological innovations associated with the quarrying industry of Shropshire during the 19th and 20th centuries, from the extraction of rough-cut limestone, to greywacke used as road stone, sandstone flags found in vernacular buildings and finally to dimension stone. Examples of the minerals can be found in Shropshire, so such a breath of geology has made this county unique. Knowledge of geology and minerals is united in the quarrying industry. The inaccessibility and remote location of the raw materials has made the quarrying industry different from and other.

The many methods of transport are also traced up to the 20th century. Access from remote locations to villages, towns and cities was very difficult. Britain's 18th century roads were made in form of causeways, constructed of stone and rubble, so narrow that only one horse-drawn cart could pass at a time. Eventually a network of roads spread across the country, enabling local and national economics to flourish.

The quarrying industry, associated firstly with agriculture, rose to the ever-increasing needs of the industrial revolution by moving from manpower to machinery driven by stream.


If the dynamics of combined vehicles such as tractor-semitrailer varies greatly, it may be very difficult for inexperienced drivers to achieve good handling stability. Moreover, once combined vehicles become unstable, it is very difficult for all drivers to stabilize vehicles. However, if the behavior of actual combined vehicles tracks a designed desired combined vehicle, the good handling property can be maintained even when the dynamics of actual combined vehicles varies large. In this paper, to achieve good handling property even for large variation of vehicle dynamics, a design method for a desired combined vehicle is shown, and then, an adaptive steering controller is developed so that the actual vehicle tracks the desired vehicle. The developed adaptive steering controller has strong robustness for the uncertainties of vehicle parameters. Moreover, a driver model is introduced to show the characteristics of driver. Carrying out numerical simulations, it is shown that the developed adaptive steering controller is very useful for the driver-combined-vehicles system.


Method for transmitting voice information between a mobile telephony terminal (E) and a Bluetooth base station (B), wherein in a first step a connection between the mobile telephone terminal (E) and the Bluetooth base station (B) for a dial-up networking profile (DUN) or a serial port profile (SPP) is set up, and wherein in a second step, voice signals between the mobile telephony terminal (E) and the Bluetooth base station (B) for a product designed for a voice transmission Bluetooth profile are transmitted.


A particular for adjusting a lens (1) provided in an optoelectronic transmitter / receiver device adjusting device has a number of adjusting elements or actuators to (At), which can be changed by local impingement of radiant energy, preferably a laser radiation, in their shape or their length, wherein the actuating elements (at) being connected at its one end to a fixed base plate (3) and at its other end to a movable platen (2). These actuating elements can be arranged so that a rough adjustment and a subsequent fine adjustment by means of the laser beam is possible with them.


The present invention is, switchgear modules for control and monitoring of the electrical load of the delivery in the feeder of low-voltage switchgear - according to Le (1). The module - le, the communication Intafe for connecting to the bus system - the scan, a programmable controller, and a programmable safety functions parameters, and a replaceable components individually. The module - le has at least provided with one central unit (2) and the bus connection unit (6) also comprises a connection location and the input-output unit for receiving a power supply unit (4) (7). It said central unit (2) is the switchgear module - performs the other components of the Le (1) in the communication via the internal bus.


Western advisors of Eastern reform favour outside, stock-market ownership and control of large privatized enterprise. However, Japanese firms and their Western transplants are dominated by employee stakeholders as implicit residual owners. Their success, and political contraints, suggest a majority equity stake for (often-entrenched) Eastern empoloyees, closely linked to bank creditors with majority board membership and remaining equity. Residual-claimant status removes the incentive for redistributive wage claims (that have decimated East German employment) and maximises motivation for cooperative effort, supported by relational banking for efficient intervention, investment, control and restructuring in case of default.


South harbor ship's gate as a part of hinge of the Beixi sluice, its old hydraulic pressure and electric power system exist some back draws and problems. So, PLC was employed as a technical alteration. This paper introduce the function, configuration and flow chart of programs of PLC. From actual practices, the new system is proved to be capable of auto-collection and real-time monitoring for long-distance gate level and water level .It solved the problem of nonsynchronous running of two cylinders of the sluice.


Honey is a concentrated aqueous solution of sugars, especially glucose and fructose, and minor amounts of dextrin, enzymes, volatile oils, organic acids, ethers, and minerals. Honey samples vary in quality according to various factors, such as climate diversity, geographical characteristics, floral supply period, and packaging and storage conditions, which can compromise the quality of the hive's final product. The assessment of honey quality is a major concern that has gained interest internationally because honey has always been subjected to various fraudulent practices which become more sophisticated in the present day. Consumers, beekeepers, and regulatory bodies are interested to have reliable analytical tools and information to allow the detection of adulterated honey. The UV-VIS spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy techniques are two analytical methods used to analyze the honey quality nowadays, with hydroxymethylfurfural being used as a standard for testing honey's freshness. The present study was conducted to assess the quality of some floral honey samples (rapeseed, acacia, and polyfloral honey) produced in Argeș, Călărași, Giurgiu, and Teleorman counties from the south of Romania. Differences between honey botanical and geographical origins were analyzed and highlighted with One-way ANOVA (p˂0.05), followed by Duncan`s Multiple Range Test. Our results indicated that honey is a valuable source of bioactive compounds.


The authors investigate pricing and demand issues for four fresh potato categories (russet, red, white, and minor colored), organic fresh potatoes, and two processed potato categories (frozen|refrigerated and dehydrated) using a nonlinear generalized almost ideal demand system (GAIDS) that is closed under unit scaling (CUUS). The model used regionally aggregated at-home consumption data from 2000 to 2005. Estimated uncompensated own price elasticities for fresh potatoes were highly significant and ranged between −0.5 and −1.6. The study was designed to capture the effects of the aggregate organic market on the prices, expenditures, and demand for each potato category. Organic food market penetration elasticities suggest that specialty potatoes (organic and minor-colored) are particularly well positioned if demands for organic products continue to rise, red potatoes are not well positioned and evidence of the early warning signs of slippage in market share for white and russet potatoes may exist. Producers and promoters of conventional potato products should account for the increasingly important role of organic products in making decisions. As an auxiliary exercise, we also statistically sourced the variance of the organic potato price premium relative to the other four fresh potato prices. At the present time, the variability of the organic potato premium is not much affected by production costs or other supply-related factors: the premium variability was driven largely by demand, and demographic|seasonal factors. Producers should be cautious about shifting to organic potato production until lower cost practices emerge. lJEL Codes: D120, Q130, Q180r. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Material properties, geometry parameters and applied loads are modeled as random variables. Sensitivity of linear vibration is formulated. If displacement vector is not sensitive to a parameter, we regard it as constant. If displacement vector is very sensitive to a parameter, designer should modify its datum and provide a rational tolerance. The numerical example demonstrates the proposed method. Stochastic finite element that does not analyze sensitivity is unreasonable.


The aim of this paper is to present an efficient and accurate detection algorithm for Sleep ApneaHypopnea syndrome (SAHS) based on the single-channel airflow (AF) signal. SAHS is a sleep disorder which happens due to the infrequent breathing during sleep or pauses in breathing. Studies show that 80% of patients remain undiagnosed and untreated, which could lead to stroke, heart attack, hypertension or depression. The nasal airflow signals extracted from polysomnography recordings are obtained from PhysioNet apnea–ECG database. The features of the signals are extracted using wavelet transform method. To derive an optimum set of features with minimum redundancy, a mutual information based feature selection method is applied. The features obtained from 8 recordings are used for classification of SAHS by using two classifiers such as AdaBoost (AB) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Training and testing process have been repeated by using randomly obtained six sequences of whole data. According to the results, the classification accuracies have been obtained as 98.43% and 98.68% respectively. Therefore ANFIS based classification has increased degree of accuracy hen compared to AdaBoost. As well as the use of single channel input makes the real time SAHS detection easier and less complex. So this method can be a valuable solution for saving undiagnosed SAHS patients without disrupting their daily life activities.


Motivated by interesting recent experimental results, we consider theoretically charged-impurity scattering-limited 2D electronic transport in (100), (110), and (111)-Si inversion layers at low temperatures and carrier densities, where screening effects are important. We show conclusively that, given the same bare Coulomb disorder, the 2D mobility for a given system increases monotonically with increasing valley degeneracy. We also show that the temperature and the parallel magnetic field dependence of the 2D conductivity is strongly enhanced by increasing valley degeneracy. We analytically consider the low temperature limit of 2D transport, particularly its theoretical dependence on valley degeneracy, comparing with our full numerical results and with the available experimental results. We make qualitative and quantitative predictions for the parallel magnetic field induced 2D magnetoresistance in recently fabricated high-mobility 6-valley Si(111)-on-vacuum inversion layers. We also provide a theory for 2D transport in ultrahigh mobility Si(111) structures recently fabricated in the laboratory, discussing the possibility of observing the fractional quantum Hall effect in such Si(111) structures.


Abstract Objective: To observe the expression levels of serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) , nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 (α7 nAChR) and nuclear factor kappa-B mRNA(NF-κB mRNA) in colon tissue after electroacupuncture (EA) on Shangjuxu, Zusanli, Xiajuxu,Yanglingquan and Chengjin points, by comparison of the different effects we could thus explore the relative specificity of Shangjuxu on treating its corresponding viscera' s disease. Methods: Seventy SD rats were randomly assigned to seven groups labeled by blank control (A), Model (B), Shang Ju Xu (C), Zu San Li (D), Xia Ju Xu (E), Yang Ling Quan (F), Cheng Jin (G), ten (half males and half females) in each group. Except for the blank control group, animals in other groups were modeled to ulcerative colitis (UC) by lavation of 2-4-6 trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS)/ethanol solution. After successful modeling animals in the five treatment groups were respectively treated with electroaccupuncture at corresponding acupoint for 10 consecutive days. Then histological changes in the colon were observed by light microscopy. ELISA method was used to check models'serum HMGB1 content, and α7 nAChR in the colon were detected by western blot , RT-PCR was used to detecte NF-κB mRNA. Results: ① Compared with the model group, the tissue injury changes in 5 treatment groups improved to a certain extent, and the colon tissue NF-κB mRNA expression of them decreasd signifcantly(P<0.01),as well, the α7 nAChR expression of Shang Ju Xu group, Zu San Li group and Xia Ju Xu group increased signifcantly (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and their serum HMGB1 content made obvious decrease(P<0.01 or P<0.05), the α7 nAChR expression in Yang Ling Quan group was also increased significantly(P<0.01). ② Compared with Shang Ju Xu group, the tissue injury changes of groups including Xia Ju Xu,Yang Ling Quan and Cheng Jin are much severe under light microscope, and the α7 nAChR expression of them decreased with significance(P<0.01),both serum HMGB1 content and colon tissue NF-κB mRNA expression increased significantly as well(P<0.01),the serum HMGB1 content of Zu San Li group also increased significantly(P<0.01). Conclusion: ① Electroacupuncture on all five different acupoints can improve the UC through regulating HMGB1, α7 nAChR and NF-κB mRNA, and effectively inhibiting the immune response, reducing inflammatory response of colon and improving pathological changes of colonic mucosa. ②The effect of treating UC inflammation in rats when electroacupuncture at Shang Ju Xu was better than Zu San Li, Xiajuxu, Yang Ling Quan and Cheng Jin, which demonstrated that Shangjuxu treating UC has some relative specificity.


The aim of this paper is to present a 3D positioning system based on phase measurements of the signals backscattered by the UHF RFID tags of a uniform circular array (UCA). Apart from the location estimations, the system is also able to provide the 2D attitude (azimuth and elevation) of the UCA. This complementary information can be very useful in some applications such as in loading operations at warehouses. The accuracy of the system is validated through simulations using different number of transmitters and several Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values.


Named Chrysalis, the moon could have disintegrated during a close encounter with the gas giant roughly 100 million years ago.


Mood is one of the most popular topics in Spanish and mood alternation occurs when the structure is just an adverb and a verb. Although many studies have addressed this subject, most focus on verbs. Some studies have discussed mood alternation with adverbs of doubt, but only a few use statistical methods. In addition, the existing research on speakers' social factors is insufficient. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to reveal differences between the adverbs of doubt using statistical methods and to elucidate the relationship between mood alternation and social factors. To achieve these objectives, this corpus study extracts data from corpes xxi (2020) and preseea-Madrid ( distrito de Salamanca) and analyses 1,587 examples containing posiblemente, probablemente, quizá, quizás, tal vez, a lo mejor, igual and seguramente using multiple correspondence analysis and decision tree analysis. The results show that adverbs of doubt can be divided into two groups. One includes posiblemente, probablemente, quizá, quizás and tal vez which are more likely to co-occur with the subjunctive. The other includes a lo mejor, igual and seguramente which have tendencies to co-occur with the indicative. Furthermore, for social factors, male, educated people, and peninsular Spanish relates more to the subjunctive.


The Goodenough technique for determining scale error is compared to the Guttman technique and demonstrated to be more conservative than the Guttman technique. Implications with regard to Guttman's evaluative rule of thumb for evaluating a reproducibility are noted.


We present a composite wireless fading model encompassing multipath fading and shadowing based on fluctuating two-ray (FTR) fading and inverse gamma (IG) shadowing. We first determine an alternative framework for the statistical characterization and performance evaluation of the FTR fading model, which is based on the fact that the FTR fading distribution can be described as an underlying Rician Shadowed (RS) distribution with continuously varying parameter $K_{T}$ (ratio of specular to diffuse components). We demonstrate that this new formulation permits to obtain a closed-form expression of the generalized moment generating function (GMGF) of the FTR model, from which the PDF and CDF of the composite IG/FTR model can be obtained in closed-form. The exact and asymptotic outage probability of the IG/FTR model are analyzed and verified by Monte Carlo simulations.


The design of Truss Spar is related to several disciplines such as structural mechanics, hydrodynamics and cost.The traditional design process of a Truss Spar only involves independent design optimization within each discipline. With such an approach, there is no guarantee to achieve the optimum design.In this paper,an introduction of both the traditional design process of Truss Spar and the fundamentals of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) theory is presented and a comparison between the two methods is carried out. To apply MDO in Truss Spar concept design, a collaborative optimization (CO) method using Response Surface Method (RSM) is put forward. Based on this method,a compatible and expansible CO-oriented optimization framework is established for the concept design of Truss spar.Finally, some suggestions on the future improvements are proposed.


The aim of this trial (42 d) was to evaluate the effect of calcium propionate and grain (50:50 corn and sorghum) level on performance, ruminal variables and plasma glucose concentration in 32 finishing criollo lambs (28.14 ± 2.34 kg initial BW). The expiremental design was completely randomized with a factorial arrangement of treatments 2X2 (55 and 65% grain; o and 1 calcium propionate). Data collected over time were analyzed using MIXED procedure (SAS) and treatment means were compared with Tukey test (P<0.05) between treatments for DMI, ADG and feed conversion. Rib eye area was increased by grain (P<0.05) and trend (P<0.06) was observed in carcass yield in lambs feed 65 or 55% grain plus 0 or 1% calcium propionate (52.79 vs 50.62%; 50.06 vs 52.48%). Ruminal pH was decreased (P<0.03) by Ca Propionate. Diets with 65% grain decreased blood glucose (P<0.05) and ruminal acetate concentration (P<0.005). There was a significant interaction for propionate and butyrate (P<0.03) and total VFA (P<0.05). Therefore, it may be concluded that Ca propionate could partially replace the energy from the grain on diets for criollo finish lambs.


To address some of the challenges in modular micro-robotics, we present a new heat-activated bonding method for assembly. This bonding method quickly forms strong bonds through the use of thermoplastic or solder binding sites integrated into each module face, addressing problems of assembly strength and electrical conductivity. The strength of the bonds for each method are compared for different module styles, bonding conditions and breaking conditions in a destructive test. For 800μm modules, bond strengths of up to 500mN are observed with thermoplastic bonds, which indicates that the assemblies could be potentially used in high-force structural applications of programmable matter, microfluidic channels or healthcare. By magnetically functionalizing the modules using embedded magnetic particles, the modules are moved remotely for assembly using a magnetic coil system. In this way, a set of six modules are remotely assembled one-by-one into an arbitrary shape capable of locomotion to demonstrate the scalability and strength of the system.


Indocyanine green (ICG) is a nontoxic, inert, anionic water-soluble tricarbocyanine dye with ability to fluorescence when light of the near infrared spectrum is focused onto it with a customized camera. ICG has been known as a diagnostic agent for decades. As with many diagnostic modalities in the medicine, the use of ICG has slowly expanded to find varied and novel applications in the clinical practice. Its use as an imaging modality in pediatric surgery is only increasingly being recognized. The uses of ICG range from bile duct identification, biliary atresia surgery, bowel ischemia delineation, tumor detection, parathyroid identification, and lymph leak detection to name a few. Its safety profile, property to bind to plasma proteins, and be excreted exclusively in the bile make it ideal for intraoperative pediatric surgical imaging. Data on ICG use in children are limited to a handful of case reports and few case cohorts globally. A broad literature search on the history of ICG use, pharmacology, licensing applications, and clinical reports specifically for pediatric populations was carried out. This review was done with intent to analyze the safety profile and compile the various indications of ICG use in children. The dye finds ever expanding clinical uses in our large tertiary referral unit for children in NSW, Australia, and it was our intent to create a protocol that allows for its safe use in routine clinical practice. This protocol created will benefit not only our patients, but is one that can be adopted for other pediatric surgical services worldwide.


EDWARDS, J. (Biol. Dept., Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267). Spatial pattern and clone structure of the perennial herb, Aralia nudicaulis L. (Araliaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 28-33. 1984.-The spatial pattern of Aralia nudicaulis was determined by mapping all shoots in a 200 m2 area. Morisita's index of dispersion indicates that A. nudicaulis shoots are clearly aggregated in patches of approximately .25 m2. However, partial excavation of clones showed that the above ground spatial pattern does not correspond to the underlying clone structure; shoots within a patch are usually from different rhizome systems. Furthermore, the ramets which are connected are highly dispersed, occupying many different patches. This growth pattern may be an adaptive response to patchy and unpredictable microhabitats and patterns of herbivory.


We make an extensive rigorous study on convergent behaviour of Morse-Feshbach nonlinear perturbation series (MFNPS) to find out energy levels of the anharmonic oscillator (AHO) in both weak and strong coupling limit. We develop a new method of multi step optimal splitting in order to get convergency in MFNPS for ground state of AHO and found that two step optimal splitting is sufficient to provide convergency in MFNPS. Unlike the ground state the optimal splitting parameters for excited states is modified according to their dependency on state in order to achieve convergency in MFNPS.


ABSTRACT The parasitic fauna of reptiles is considered understudied compared to that of other vertebrates and is even less well known than the parasitic fauna of chelonians. Yet parasites are considered one of the main controllers of host populations because they can strongly impact population structure and species diversity. The objective of the present study was to identify the helminth fauna infecting freshwater turtles Phrynops geoffroanus and Mesoclemmys tuberculata, to evaluate the effects of host features (body mass and sex) and seasonality (dry and rainy seasons) on the abundance of parasites, and to compare infection rates in each host species between different biomes (Caatinga and Atlantic Forest) in an area of Northeastern Brazil. We found seven species of helminths that belong to Nematoda (Physaloptera sp., Serpinema amazonicus, Serpinema monospiculatus and Spiroxys figueiredoi), Cestoda (unidentified specimen), Digenea (Echinostomatidae) and Monogenea (Polystomoides brasiliensis). For both freshwater turtle species, we did not find a significant difference in the abundance of helminths related to the maximum carapace length, body mass or host sex; however, males had higher prevalence than females, while females presented greater abundance when infected. We observed significant differences in the infection levels between biomes and between seasons (dry and rainy), where the Atlantic Forest specimens showed higher infection rates compared to the Caatinga and the highest rates occurred in the dry season. The main parasitological parameters observed in P. geoffroanus and M. tuberculata showed that the studied biomes directly influenced the levels of parasitic infection. Variations in habitat characteristics can directly influence patterns of helminth diversity and abundance, and interactions between these characteristics can generate differences in parasitism rates of the same host species in different environments.


The mere interest in vernacular languages as the terminological vehicle for certain medieval philosophical texts opens an interesting field of investigation, because the vast majority of texts recognized as philosophical at that time were written in Latin (or rather, as Ruedi Imbach's works have shown, do we tend to transfer onto these works the criteria of what we recognize today as falling within the philosophical discipline?). But can the history of philosophy take as its own object the opinion that the medieval thinkers themselves had on the vernacular? Is the choice of a language and thus, of a readership, not only a political gesture, but also a philosophical one? This article puts forward the hypothesis –through the examination of the treatment and use of the French medium by Nicole Oresme in his translations of Aristotle in the second half of the 14th century– that linguistic voluntarism (be it translation, spelling reform, lexical innovations) is inseparable from an underlying epistemological conception, which confronts the tension between an eternal truth and a moving and multiple human condition.


Abstract : Brittle fracture with a crystalline appearance may develop in steel owing to the presence of pearlite and bainite in the microstructure or owing to the development of temper brittleness and over heating during hot working and heat treatment. The article deals with changes in the structural appearance of fracture of 3X13H7C2 steel (0.28 percent C, 2.5 percent Si, 0.55 percent Mn, 12.9 percent Cr, 6.95 percent Ni, 0.20 percent S, 0.025 percent P) due to overheating during die forging at 850, 950, 1050, 1150 and 1200 degrees C (degree of deformation 40 percent) and heat treatment (quenching from 1050 degrees in water (40 min) plus annealing at 870 degrees C (7 hr), cooling with furnace plus normalizing at 670 degrees C (70 min), cooling in air plus quenching from 850 degrees C (40 min) in oil. Following this treatment specimens of the steel were subjected to mechanical tests at room temperature. (Author)


The invention discloses a Hall induction type B-ultrasound detection system with an automatic probe switching function. The Hall induction type B-ultrasound detection system comprises a host portion, B-ultrasound probe components and probe supports. The host portion comprises a host, a displayer and an identification signal processing unit. Each B-ultrasound probe component comprises a probe, a plug and a shielding cable connected between the probe and the plug. An ultrasonic generator and an ultrasonic receiver are arranged in each probe and are connected with a control unit. A Hall element connected to the input end of the control unit is also arranged in each probe. Identification signal generation units are connected to the plugs, and the plugs are connected with the host. The identification signal processing unit is connected between the plugs and the host. Inner cavities of the probe supports have magnetic fields with strength higher than environmental field strength. The Hall induction type B-ultrasound detection system has the advantages that automatic and rapid switching among the different probes can be achieved, and medical detection efficiency can be improved.


One of the conditions for the spread of the Russian language is the education of foreign students in Russian universities. Consequently, the search for new approaches to teaching Russian as a foreign language becomes relevant. Practice has shown that literature is a guide to understanding the characteristics of the Russian language and the development of oral speech. The object of the study is a literary text in the system of teaching the Russian language. The purpose of this work is to search for the effective forms and methods of teaching foreign students the Russian language on the basis of literary text. The results of the study showed that the most effective form of training is the use of educational technologies based on practice-oriented aspects of semiotics. On the material of the Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" the technique of working with literary text is shown.


The principal aim in this thematic essay is to identify and discuss three central foci that have influenced the direction of contemporary sociological scholarship on fatherhood issues in North America. These foci include commentaries on the meaning and changing nature of cultural images of fatherhood, efforts to conceptualize and study the social psychological dimensions of fatherhood, and empirical studies that examine resident and nonresident fathers' conduct as it pertains to their children. Discussion of the linkages between these foci is informed by symbolic interactionism and identity theory. The article concludes with suggested avenues for future theory development, research, and social policy relevant to fathers.


Considers trend testing in the context of reliability/survival applications. Suggests that the very common tendency in reliability testing to fit lifetime distributions to reliability/maintenance data might occasionally be invalid. Details the appropriate methods to assess the validity, or otherwise, of such a procedure. More specifically, discusses ROCOF curves and the Laplace test for trend, and demonstrates their use by means of a practical, reliability example.


Directed evolution has become a successful approach to alter ligand binding properties of nuclear receptors. In this study, directed evolution was used to generate a mutant human estrogen receptor α library, which was then used to screen for receptors having enhanced responses to the known endocrine‐disrupting chemical, bisphenol A (BPA). A single round of multi‐site mutation was combined with an efficient positive/negative library screening method in which positive growth‐based selection for the desired activity with BPA was combined with flow cytometric removal of cells having undesired activity with the natural ligand, 17β‐estradiol. The screening steps were performed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain containing a genome‐integrated his3‐yEGFP reporter gene fusion construct. A single round of mutation and screening yielded nine mutants with enhanced responses towards BPA but no detectable induction by 17β‐estradiol (up to 90 nM). These BPA‐specific mutant receptors may prove useful in the field of environmental analytics, where they could be used to monitor and evaluate the proportion of BPA in hormonally active samples. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2526–2534. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This paper highlights the research study conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology on one of the public water transport modes known locally as the 'Express Boat' system. These boats, which have higher capacities than the buses, are providing their daily services to the Bangkok commuters over a stretch of 18 kilometers along the Chao Phraya River. Though the express boat fares are more expensive than the State-owned public bus system, yet majority of the passengers interviewed still accepted that the boat fare is 'reasonable'. They even claimed that the extra fare paid through patronizing the express boats instead of the public buses is worth paying for. They paid for faster and more convenient trips. An overwhelming majority of express boat users are choice riders as indicated by 95% of the total passengers interviewed. These people can avail themselves to travel by other land transport modes. Volume studies employed in this research revealed the increase in passengers demands from 1988 to 1989 by about 34%, resulted in an annual volume of 6,461,491 passengers. This growth in travel demand is expected to continue unless traffic congestion in Bangkok is reduced.


Solid-liquid equilibria at 1750°C and subsolidus phase relations in the system Si3N4−AlN-SiO2−Al2O3 were determined for the composition region bounded by the β-Si3N4 solid solution line and silica-alumina join X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy were used to determine the phases present in specimens cooled rapidly after equilibration. The extent of a single liquid-phase region and the tie lines for the βsolid solution + liquid field at 1750°C were established from quantitative X-ray diffractometry and lattice parameter measurements of βsolid solutions in equilibrium with liquid. The results were corroborated by optical microscopy and melting behavior observations. A new composition, Si12Al18O39N8, is suggested for the x1 phase. The lowest melting temperature in the system is ≅ 1480°C and the corresponding composition is 10 eq% Al-90 eq%O.


We propose and experimentally demonstrate a reconfigurable photonic RF differentiator based on a Kerr frequency comb generated in an integrated nonlinear microring resonator. The RF magnitude and phase responses are experimentally characterized. Systems demonstrations for Gaussian input signals are also performed.


This article mainly analyze actuality of hospital IT application,and also table a proposal to help us to escape from the troubles in hospital information construction,such as HIS product selecting,leadership consciousness,person- nel introducing and cultivating,network safety and departments coordination.


Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is used in the treatment of children with malignant and non‐malignant diseases. However, apheresis of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) represents a challenge in children below 10 kg.


This study aims to answer the problem of the influence of task commitment on work disciplin to headmaster of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah in Deli Serdang. The population of this research is Islamic Elementary School Principal in Deli Serdang regency as many as 156 people with a total sample of 113 people taken to consult with Krejcle –Morgan Table. The research instrument used was a set of questionnare with Likert scale. The research data were processed and analyzed with path analysis. This Path analysis begins with the test requirements include the analysis of normality test, linearity test and significance of  regression. The result of analysis showed that there is direct effect of task commitment on work discipline  with path coefficient 0.086 to the head master of madrasah ibtidaiyah in Deli Serdang Regency. The implication of this research result explains that the improvement of work discipline of Islamic Elementary School Principal in Deli Serdang regency can be done by guaranteeing conducive organization climate, supportive management, effective communication channel and value system that support the fulfillment of creativity and work autonomy besides work environment that fosters mutual respects, helps and trusts in carrying out its duties.


In the oil industry, the processing of vacuum residue has an important economic and environmental benefit. This work aims to produce industrial petroleum coke with light fuel fractions (gasoline, kerosene , gas oil) as the main product and de asphalted oil (DAO) as a side production from treatment secondary product matter of vacuum residue. Vacuum residue was produced from the bottom of vacuum distillation unit of the crude oil. Experimentally, the study investigated the effect of the thermal conversion process on (vacuum residue) as a raw material at temperature reaches to 500 °C, pressure 20 atm. and residence time for about 3 hours. The first step of this treatment is constructing a carbon steel batch reactor its volume about 700 ml, occupied with auxiliary control devices, joined together with an atmospheric distillation unit. The amounts of light fuel fraction products are 2 vol. % for light gasoline, 4 vol. % for heavy gasoline 17 vol. % for kerosene and 24 vol. % for diesel oil. The second step was the treatment the residue matter from first step, in order to separate the petroleum coke matter from asphaltene matter by solvent deasphalting matter (propane) to prepare de asphalted oil (DAO). The amount of de asphalted oil is about 15 vol. %, leaving asphaltene with impurities to precipitate at the bottom of the reactor and these materials consist of the petroleum coke structure. The petroleum coke separate and calcined at approximately (1000 - 1100) °C, to eliminate the reminder of volatile matter from the industrial coke and reach to commercial property.


That social class and family well-being are intricately intertwined is not new information. Not only does a family's social class predict a range of outcome variables, concepts such as the amount of disposable income and relative poverty may be facilitate or hinder a family ability to maintain the desired lifestyle. The beginning months of 2008 suggested that our society was in a gallop toward recession. Compared with 2007, wages were continuing on a downward trend, personal debt was increasing, unemployment was up, and the housing crisis, characterized by foreclosures and bankruptcies, was increasing, resulting in the American dream of home ownership fading. 2007 marked the biggest one-year drop in home ownership as a result of mortgage problems and foreclosure since tracking began in 1965 with 405,000 households losing their homes (http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/29/news/economy/home_ownership_vacancies/?postversion=2008012912). Finally, reality set in and Americans began spending less, but, according to economists, this only continues the downward trends noted above in a domino fashion. Bankruptcy is no longer something that happens to other folks, it is an event that is happening to our friends, family, and possible ourselves. Thus, Richard Caputo's article, ''Marital Status and Other Correlates of Personal Bankruptcy, 1986–2004,'' is most timely. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey, Caputo reports a link between being divorced or separated and personal bankruptcy. The author warns that marital status does not predict bankruptcy, and untangling the cause and effect between these two phenomena


The present invention relates to a tool path generation method in a turning system, (A) the shape offset step (S 10) and, (B) the virtual walls generating step (S 20) and, (C) of the interference area is created and shaped modify step (S 30, S 40) and, (D) shape forming closed (S 50) and, (E) the cut surface forming step (S 60) and, (F) tool path generating step (S 70, S 80) and, (G) and a rough area search step (S 90) and, (H) non-cutting zone tool path generating step (S 110). The present invention may generate a tool path capable of avoiding the interference area caused by the tool, each of the tool as well as in a linear shape made of a circular arc. Further, according to the present invention, the tool also in various kinds of processing methods (inside diameter, outside diameter, the end-face machining, and so on) various processing method by defining the areas of interference and provide a consistent way to avoid for the (inner diameter, outer diameter, face machining, etc.) path because the ability to create effective, increased the efficiency of the tool path generation. Turning, the tool path, the tool angle, the interference area, the shape, the processing


In the last three articles of this series, a materials selection process is described, for which the materials selection template and its 'Notes' addendum form the centrepiece. The process proceeds in three steps. In the first step, discussed in the January/February 1998 issue, information about the process and potential corrosion and degradation phenomena are collected and used to design templates. For complex jobs, a 'Notes' addendum is usually developped. In the second step, published in the March 1998 issue, materials of construction are selected. In the third step, described in this article, the last of the series, the materials selection diagram is used to check for materials selection consistency and to document any special measures needed for corrosion or degradation control.


The purpose of this research was to investigate the strategic planning processes that are prevalent among South Africa's small businesses. In particular, the research aimed to confirm that small businesses in South Africa use emergent strategies over prescriptive strategies. The research also aimed to find out how environmental turbulence, growth and the influence of the business owner impacted the level of formalisation of the strategic planning process in the businesses. The research used qualitative data from a non-probability sample. An online survey questionnaire was used to collect the data and various descriptive and variance statistical tests conducted. The report provides evidence that emergent strategies are more prevalent than prescriptive strategies and that small businesses use strategic planning tools and techniques for management purposes. The research also provides evidence that there is a positive relationship between the growth and the level of formalisation of the strategic planning process in a business. The formal strategic planning process is therefore critical for business success. A positive relationship was also observed between the level of education and the level of formalisation and a lack of knowledge of strategic planning tools and techniques may result in the use of an informal planning process.


This report provides the 1995 status of the Life Management/Aging Management Program and the activities over the current fiscal year. It relates to the Tank Waste Remediation System and to the double shell tanks.


Work engagement is a current issue in the management of Human Resources (HR). Work engagement is considered by all institutions, because high work engagement will increase the progress and productivity of an institution or organization. This study aims to analyze the effect of job demands, job resources, and personal resources on work engagement. The types of data in this study are primary data that has been distributed to employees of the Regional Financial Institution (BKD) of Boyolali Regency as many as 45 respondents who were determined using purposive sampling method by making samples based on research objectives and predetermined criteria. The analytical tool used in this study is validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, t test, and F test. The analysis results show that job demands have a positive and significant effect on work engagement, job resources do not significantly influence work engagement, and personal resources have a positive and significant effect on work engagement.


We isolated bovine complementary DNA clones for the aA-and aB-crystallin subunhts. The aB cDNA clone was used to isolate an aB-crystallin gene. This gene, derived from hamster, occurs as a single copy in the genome and is 3.2 kilobases long. The coding sequences are spread on three exons with a total length of 709 nucleotides. The exon-intron distribution of the hamster aB-crystallin gene is similar to that of the aA-crystallin gene except for the 69 nucleotides that specify the 23 "insert" residues of the aAI`s chain by means ofdifferential splicing. The 3' noncoding region of the aB mRNA (140 bases), which is short compared with the aA mRNA (520 bases), shows a remarkable homology between calf and hamster. Both a-crystallin cDNA clones have been used to assign the chromosomal location of the corresponding human genes with the aid of somatic cell hybrids. It is shown that the single-copy aA-and aB-crystallin genes are located on different chromosomes.


In this article we would like to bring the readers' attention to the techniques involved in X-ray crystallography. Before starting the crystallization trials, it is essential to properly prepare the macromolecule – saving time and ultimately, headaches, as proteins can be unfolded, impure, insoluble or unstable. It is also important to ensure that the proteins are active to perform their biological function, instilling the crystallographer with greater confidence that the crystal structure will actually provide relevant biological significance. Although the crucial step in protein Xray crystallography is to obtain well-diffracting crystals, a pre-crystallization characterisation of your macromolecule would dramatically increase the chance of success with the structural biology project. Purity is, of course, the most essential requirement for continuous and homogeneous lattice growth. Modern recombinant techniques enable the production of massive quantities of protein with useful purification-tags. A simple metal-based elution step can result in protein of more than 95% purity. Cases have been recorded, where using only metal affinity chromatography is sufficient to generate the purity required for growth of welldiffracting protein crystals. However, it is advisable to perform a second purification step, usually by size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration), to obtain a homogeneous pure protein solution. Protein purity can be simply assessed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie-blue staining, where the appearance of a single band is indicative of a pure protein. After concentration, normally by dialysis or ultra-filtration, the purity of the concentrated protein solution should be rechecked by SDS-PAGE, as at this stage it is easier to detect minute amounts of impurities. In addition, the sensitivity in detecting minor bands can be improved using silver staining instead of Coomassie. Apart from SDS-PAGE, the homogeneity of the protein solution can also be assessed by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), a method that measures the polydispersity of the protein sample. Usually, a low polydispersity sample has higher conformational purity and, therefore, possesses higher chances of generating crystals.


For the LHC High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC) the CMS GEM Collaboration is planning to install new large size triple-GEM detectors in the forward region of the muon system (1.5<jh|<2.2) of the CMS detector. The muon reconstruction with triple-GEM chambers information included have been successfully integrated in the official CMS software, allowing physics studies to be carried out. The new sub-detector will be able to cope the extreme particle rates expected in this region along with a high spatial resolution. The resulting benefit in terms of triggering and tracking capabilities has been studied: the expected improvement in the performance of the muon identification and track reconstruction as well as the expected improvement coming from the lowering of the muon pT trigger tresholds will be presented. The contribution will review the status of the CMS upgrade project with the usage of GEM detector, discussing the trigger, the muon reconstruction performance and the impact on the physics analyses.