The book "Ilmu Kewarganegaraan (Civics)" is a book for further development and refinement of the book entitled "Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia: Tinjauan Historis". According to the author, this development and refinement aim to enrich the study and discussion so that readers can better understand the purpose of writing this book. This development and refinement are symbolized by adding 2 (two) new chapters that discuss Citizenship from several perspectives and the relationship between the state and religion in Indonesia. The addition of this chapter is considered important because it shows things that deserve more attention, especially in the context of defending the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.The existence of this book is intended for all people in society because the contents of this book must be well understood by all citizens of the Republic of Indonesia. This book can also be used as a reference in understanding Citizenship Science and the intricacies of Indonesian citizenship, including the relationship between state and religion in Indonesia. The author tries to broaden the readers' insights regarding sensitive matters (around religion in Indonesia) even more deeply.This book contains about the Science of Citizenship and the intricacies of citizenship and all its perspectives, as well as the relationship between state and religion in Indonesia as an addition to perfecting and developing the book. The chapter on the relationship between state and religion in Indonesia outlines how the state responds to religion and to what extent the state can participate in every religion in Indonesia.The knowledge contained in this book is the basic knowledge that becomes a good and true citizen of the Republic of Indonesia so that it must be mastered by every citizen. Moreover, religious affairs in Indonesia are still sensitive now, so it is hoped that the future generations of the nation can broaden their minds and insights. Besides that, the importance of the knowledge contained in this book can be used as a reference to deepen the knowledge of citizenship. That simple reason is what makes this book worth reviewing.


Reports are given on selected experiments about flow-induced-vibration phenomena. These experiments were performed in very different facilities including low-speed-, transonic- and high pressure windtunnels. The projects span from a Tacoma section in a small low-speed windtunnel via flutter tests with generic wings (2D and 3D), performed in a transonic windtunnel to bluff bodies investigated in a high pressure windtunnel. The last mentioned facility is especially designed for very high Reynolds number simulation.
Firstly these tests serve as examples for the discussion of the fundamental aspects that are essential in applying piezo balances, which are predestinated for the investigation of unsteady phenomena like flow induced vibrations. Secondly different manifestations of limit cycle oscillations will be presented, observed in flow around wings and bluff bodies, respectively.


In late 2012 the Dutch biodiversity center Naturalis published a tender for the mass digitization of herbarium sheets. Picturae proposed a solution with an industrial approach consisting of a conveyor belt construction with a fully automated processing workflow. From checking the technical parameters of the digital images to cropping and making all the derivatives. The digital images can be delivered to the network right after scanning. This approach makes it possible to produce high quality digital images without expertise of the operator.


Boundary tracing from irregular point clouds is a primary function for irregular point analysis.An edge length ratio based algorithm for complex shape tracing using irregular point is proposed,which can adaptively trace boundary with concave shape and hole.The ratio of edge is considered as constrains that can greatly reduce the influence of threshold to the final results even with different points density.Experiments have been given to prove effectiveness of the method.


The relative permeability curve is an important basic data for the preparation and dynamic analysis of oilfield development ( adjustment ) schemes. Due to the different types of relative permeability curves in different water cut stages, there is a large deviation in the prediction of oilfield development indexes in the ultra-high water cut stage according to the relative permeability curve in the early stage of development. In order to study the change of relative permeability curve in the development process, based on the analysis of the morphological characteristics of 118 relative permeability curves in the ultra-high water cut stage of 28 coring wells in Xingbei development area after more than 50 years of water injection development, the influence of injection multiple on the relative permeability curve, and the influence of long-term water injection development on the average pore radius, the changes of morphological characteristics and characteristic parameters of relative permeability curves after entering the ultra-high water cut stage were studied, and a correction method for the changes of oil phase and water phase of relative permeability curves according to the changes of relative permeability curves in different water cut stages was proposed to better reflect the changes of relative permeability curves in the whole process of water injection development. It provides a basis for accurately predicting the index of water injection development oilfield.


The paper provides the results of the research into the influence of pine forestry trees on the adjacent space in a dump of overburden rocks. Essential influence of trees on the distribution of a forest laying, subgrowth, moss cover and the general projective covering of herbage depending on remoteness from the trunk is established. The space influenced by a tree is its phytogeneous field. The three-zone structure of a phytogeneous field with allocation of under-tree, near-tree and external zones is defined. Characteristic features of the ground cover for each zone are defined. Indicator dominant species for each zone are revealed.


A comprehensive process-modeling language framework is a valuable instrument for managing evolving organizations. An OPM-based formal framework has been developed and applied to the modeling and assessment of organizational capability maturity. Specifically, this paper applies OPM as a practical instrument for supporting processes within evolving organizations. To this end, OPM has been enhanced to reflect the nature of decision-making processes and to effectively manage vague and uncertain information. To adequately represent organizational decision-making, game theory and evolutionary theory are integrated to provide a formal quantitative analysis framework, with CMM concepts serving as the ontological infrastructure. Incorporating fuzzy logic and probability theory into the OPM language kernel enables consistent treatment of vague and uncertain information. With the extensions developed and illustrated in this paper, OPM becomes an effective instrument for organizational process knowledge management. Equipped with such knowledge management infrastructure, evolving organizations will be able to make prudent process migration decisions along the lines of CMM while minimizing unexpected negative impacts. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Benjamin Koo System Design and Management Acknowledgement The author wants to thank the following people for their generous help and encouragement for completing this thesis. First, I need to present my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Dov Dori, for his guidance and brilliance in supporting my research as well as giving invaluable advises throughout this research project. I also need to mention various System Design and Management (SDM) Fellows who spent countless hours discussing ideas. These SDM fellows are Christine Miyachi, Peter Panetta, John Woods, David Sharman and Ray Chou. I need to point out that my research was particularly influenced by Christine's prior research results. During the writing of this paper, I also had my friends and colleagues providing their critical views and editorial changes to my writing. Their inputs made this paper much more presentable. Carl Steadman, who spent a significant amount of time to proof read and point out structural flaws in this paper. Penju Kang, who also shed his knowledge on control theory and process management with me. He also spent a lot of time prove read this paper. Finally, I need to thank my parents for their support and caring. Their love is the ultimate motivating force that brings this research project to life. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Benjamin Koo System Design and Management TABLE OF CONTENT 1 IN TR O D U C TIO N .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 WHERE DOES CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL COME FROM? ........................................................................ 4 1.2 CMM REACHING BEYOND THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY.................................................................................. 5 1.3 ENHANCING C M M W ITH O PM ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 O bject P rocess M ethodology .................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 MANAGING INHERENT VAGUENESS AND UNCERTAINTY IN ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES .......................... 7 1.5 ESTABLISHING A CONSISTENT MENTAL MODEL FOR CMM PARTICIPANTS..................................................... 8 2 RESEARCH APPRO ACH............................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 OPM AS A GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE............................................................................ 10 2.2 CMM AS A GENERALIZED MODEL OF PROCESS MATURITY EVOLUTION.................................................... 11 2.3 PROJECT MODEL AS A FRAMEWORK FOR PROJECT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION........................................ 11 2.4 A CMM-BASED PROCESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .............................................................. 13 3 OBJECT PROCESS METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 14 3.1 LANGUAGE AS A MEDIUM FOR INFORMATION SHARING.............................................................................. 15 3.1.1 Using OPM to Improve Comm unication............................................................................................... 15 3.2 LANGUAGE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR PROCESS PLANNING ......................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Representing Process Dynamics and Organizational Structures in OPM........................................... 18 3.2.2 Visualizing the Interactions between Structural and Behavioral Patterns .......................................... 19 3.3 LANGUAGE AS A MEDIUM FOR KNOWLEDGE ACCUMULATION.................................................................. 20 3.3.1 OPM as a Tool for Knowledge M anagement....................................................................................... 21 3 .4 W H Y N O T U M L ? ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1 3 .4.1 M o d el M u ltip licity ................................................................................................................................... 2 1 3.4.2 Inflexible D efinition of Language Constructs ....................................................................................... 22 4 CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL ............................................................................................................ 23 4.1 CMM AS A MODEL FOR ORGANIZATIONAL EVOLUTION ............................................................................. 23 4.1.1 The Optimized Maturity Level may not be Optimal............................................................................ 25 4.1.2 An Evolution model Governed by Business Objectives........................................................................ 26 4.2 THE STRUCTURE OF PROCESS A REAS .......................................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 The Interactions between Process Areas .............................................................................................. 29 4.2.2 CMM provides Key Measurements for Each Process Area................................................................. 30 4.3 SUMMARY FOR CMM'S CONTRIBUTION TO FORMAL ORGANIZATIONAL MODELING ................................ 30 5 SIMULATING PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS BASED ON FORMAL CMM MODELS.. 32 5.1 REWORK GENERATION IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF PROJECT DELAY AND FAILURE ....................................... 32 5.1.1 Expressing Differential Equations in Stock and Flow Diagrams ....................................................... 34 5.2 USING OPD TO VISUALIZE PROJECT DYNAMICS ..................................................................................... 35 5.3 M ANAGING M ODEL REUSE W ITH OPM ....................................................................................................... 36 5.3.1 Model Partitioning: Composition and Decomposition....................................................................... 37 5.3.2 M odel Reuse: G eneralization-Specialization....................................................................................... 38 5.4 ORGANIZE SIMULATION MODEL BASED ON CMM PROCESS ARCHITECTURE .............................................. 39 5.5 CMM-OPM AS A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO REDUCE REWORK GENERATION .............................................. 40 6 MANAGING VAGUENESS AND UNCERTAINTY................................................................................ 42 6.1 SOURCES OF IMPRECISE M ODEL INFORMATION......................................................................................... 42 6.2 IMPROVING THE SEMANTIC FIDELITY OF DYNAMICAL PROCESS MODELS................................................ 43 6.3 VAGUENESS AND UNCERTAINTY AS TWO DISTINCT SOURCES OF INACCURACY....................................... 43


A cross-module priming experiment was conducted to address issues concerning the morphological processing mechanism of Japanese verbs by Chinese-speaking learners. The results indicate that Japanese learners distinguish Japanese verbs mainly via a morpheme-based representation. Morphological regularity and orthographical similarity are two important factors in morphological processing of Japanese verbs. In highly orthographically similar conditions,the "morphological blocking"effect,whereby irregular past tense forms inhibit their corresponding stem forms in the lexeme level,inhibit morpheme-based representation and make the learners prone to choose a wholeword representation based on associative-memory. The results may contribute to the theory of Japanese word cognition,and shed important light on the area of morphological education for JFL.


Objective: Traffic crashes are a significant cause of health expenditure, mainly considering disability and death. Driving skills are key when it comes to traffic crashes, and older drivers may be unfit to drive. The statistics of traffic crashes involving older drivers can contribute to planning actions that reduce accidents. This study aimed to present statistical data on traffic crashes among older adults in a Brazilian state. Methods: This is an epidemiological study performed with data from the Traffic Accident Information System of the Federal District Traffic Department, Brazil, ranging from 2008 to 2017 and comparing the incidence of injury crashes between older drivers and adult drivers. Results: Although the system recorded 60 705 drivers involved in injury crashes, a 24% reduction was seen in the overall crash incidence during the studied period (2008 – 2017); within the older drivers group, this reduction was two times smaller (12%). Despite the smaller drop in incidence, older car drivers presented around three times less risk of crashes when compared to adult drivers, along with a lower risk of accidents on urban, low-speed streets, and were mostly involved in collisions during the day. Conclusion: We found that the risk of older drivers being involved in injury crashes was three times smaller than that of adult drivers. The behavior of older drivers can influence the occurrence of accidents.


Abstract Aims To assess the long‐term safety of subcutaneous buprenorphine (CAM2038) weekly and monthly depots. Design Phase 3, open‐label, observational, multi‐centre 48‐week trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02672111). Setting Twenty‐six out‐patient sites (United States, United Kingdom, Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Australia) between 14 December 2015 and 12 April 2017. Participants Two hundred and twenty‐eight adults with opioid use disorder; 227 received CAM2038 (37 initiated onto CAM2038 and 190 converted from sublingual buprenorphine). Interventions CAM2038 weekly (8, 16, 24 or 32 mg) or monthly (64, 96, 128 or 160 mg) with flexible dosing and individualized titration utilizing multiple CAM2038 weekly and monthly doses. Measurements Safety variables, urine toxicology samples and self‐reported illicit opioid use were collected at each visit. Participants were administered a patient satisfaction survey at months 6 and 12, completed by 162 of 227 (71.4%) participants. Findings The study treatment period was completed by 167 of 227 (73.6%) participants. At least one treatment‐emergent adverse event (TEAE) was reported by 143 of 227 (63.0%) participants, of whom 60 of 227 (26.4%) reported as being drug‐related. Most of the TEAEs, reported by 128 of 227 (56.4%) of participants, were mild or moderate in intensity. Injection‐site reactions were reported by 46 of 227 (20.3%) participants, with most [45 of 46 (97.8%)] reported as mild to moderate. Five participants (2.2%) discontinued the study drug due to a TEAE, two cases (0.9%) of which were injection‐site‐related. No serious adverse events were attributed to the study drug. Among those remaining in the study, the percentage of opioid‐negative urine tests combined with self‐reports was 63.0% (17 of 27) in new‐to‐treatment participants and 82.8% (111 of 134) for those converted from sublingual buprenorphine. Participants reported high levels of satisfaction with CAM2038. Conclusions Subcutaneous buprenorphine delivered weekly or monthly (CAM2038) was well tolerated, with a systemic safety profile consistent with the known profile of sublingual buprenorphine. CAM2038 weekly and monthly was associated with high retention rates and low levels of illicit opioid use throughout this study.


In the special issue on 'Educational Assessment in Latin America' the guest editors, Swaffield and Thomas (2016), comment upon Chile as the first country in Latin America to introduce national testing, which eventually led to the establishment of 'Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación', or SIMCE (Gysling, 2015). Our introductory article in this regular issue, written by Helman, Delbridge, Parker, Arnal and Mödinger (2016) Measuring Spanish orthographic development in private, public and subsidised schools in Chile, describes the current testing situation in Chile, where pupils are evaluated and tested in years two, four, six and eight, by sitting the standardised national assessment, SIMCE. Pupils are tested in different subjects depending upon their year, but all students are tested in reading comprehension. Helman, Delbridge, Parker, Arnal, and Mödinger (2016) designed a study investigating the reliability of a tool for assessing orthographic development in Spanish, and they further investigated differences in pupils' performances across different school types in Chile. With reference to the achievement gaps between low and high SES groups in Chile the authors focus on what they call 'a significant and persistent problem' in the education system, where the average scores in low SES schools are 'dangerously close to the inadequate range'. In their article, they report on a study involving 340 students from grades one to five, from (a) public, (b) subsidised and (c) private schools. Pupils were given a spelling test of 25 dictated words, and the test results were scored and analysed according to protocols. The authors present results demonstrating variation in individual pupils' access to education, which they claim is unequal and problematic. Using both quantitative results and six case studies of pupils, the authors show how disparities in progress between students at under-resourced and well-resourced school types in Chile continue to be a challenge. If equal opportunity for all is the goal, there is a need to investigate further how the current school system prevents some children from reaching their full potential. The next three articles in this issue focus on formative assessment from different theoretical and empirical perspectives. Hopfenbeck and Stobart (2015) addressed the challenges of implementing assessment for learning (AfL) on a large scale, based upon work involving empirical studies in eight different countries. It documented that such challenges are related to several factors which hinder better learning for students: teacher resistance to peerand self-assessment practices; changes in teacher and student roles; a lack of commitment from senior staff; shortcomings in teachers' disciplinary knowledge and assessment skills; superficial understanding of AfL; a lack of understanding in how to put AfL into practice in a busy classroom (Hopfenbeck, Tolo, Florez, & El Masri, 2013). It is further well documented that high-stakes testing systems put pressure on teachers to cover what is expected to come up in tests (Box, Skoog, & Dabbs, 2015), while a recent review of the implementation of AfL stressed the importance of 'a school-wide culture that facilitates collaboration and encourages teacher autonomy' to enhance


We have designed and developed a non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring system. The electromagnetic spectrum of both visible and infrared region has been used for the study of absorption, refraction, and reflection of bio-molecules. In this article, we have shown the system model and data acquisition platform based on Android user interface. The system model includes a proposed multi-sensor signal processing sub-system, an embedded platform, and a Bluetooth wireless transmission subsystem. The proposed system has been investigated on normal and diabetic patients. The stability of the device is tested using a one-way ANOVA test. The result of the hypothesis test has shown in favour of acceptance of the datasets provided by the device.


In safety critical applications there is a demand for estimating defect coverage in order to meet stringent quality levels. However, defect simulation of complex AMS-RF circuits is computationally expensive since achieving good confidence interval requires sampling many defects. In this paper, we show on a practical case of study that it may be beneficial to complement defect coverage with fault coverage and assess the severity of defect escapes to get a complete picture of test quality.


We have recently proposed a new acoustic model based on probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) which enjoys the flexibility of using higher dimensional acoustic features, and is more capable to capture the intra-frame feature correlations. In this paper, we investigate the use of bottleneck features obtained from a deep neural network (DNN) for the PLDA-based acoustic model. Experiments were performed on the Switchboard dataset — a large vocabulary conversational telephone speech corpus. We observe significant word error reduction by using the bottleneck features. In addition, we have also compared the PLDA-based acoustic model to three others using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), subspace GMMs and hybrid deep neural networks (DNNs), and PLDA can achieve comparable or slightly higher recognition accuracy from our experiments.


To realize high precision servo control for the extension pneumatic muscle (E-PM), the nonlinear dynamic model of the E-PM is established and the effect parameters of the nonlinear dynamic model are analyzed, according to the phenomenological dynamic modeling theory. Firstly, an E-PM is designed based on the basic principle of PMs. Secondly, based on the dynamic characteristics of the E-PM, the nonlinear dynamic model of the E-PM is established. Thirdly, the parameters of the nonlinear dynamic model are identified by the elasticity test. Lastly, in the Matlab\Simscape environment, the nonlinear dynamic model of the E-PM is simulated and the effect parameters of the nonlinear dynamic model are analyzed. The result shows that the nonlinear dynamic model by phenomenological dynamic modeling theory can accurately reflect the dynamic characteristics of the E-PM. In addition, when the damping parameter changes in the range of 0.35-0.55, the biggest difference between the rise time is 1.5s and the biggest difference between the stable time is 3.1s. It indicates that the damping parameter has a great effect on the dynamic characteristics of the E-PM.


. The Grand Duke of Osuna is the protagonist of two plays, Las moce-dades del duque de Osuna , by Monroy and Más vale el hombre que el nombre by Bances, which respectively stage his adventurous youth and later deeds in Flan-ders. Although written at two different dates, they were performed in the Corrales de Comedias in the same year and with the same purpose: the promotion of the new VI Duke of Osuna.


In this paper, we study the generation of entanglement in a double-Λ system. Employing a standard method of laser theory, we deduce the dynamic evolution equation of the two-mode field. We analyse the available entanglement criterion for the double-Λ system and the condition of entanglement existence. Our results show that, under proper parameters, the two-mode field can be entangled and amplified.


Objective To investigate the CT manifestations of follicular thyroid adenomn.Methods CT manifestations of follicular thyroid adenoma proved by operation and pathology in 12 cases were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of 12 cases, 3cases were male and 9 cases were female. There were single focus in 11 and multiple focus in 1. All lesions were round or round-like. The lesions were homogeneous low density with smooth clear edges on plain CT scans. 2 eases showed calcification in tumor. All cases had higher or slight enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT scan. Conclusion CT manifestations of follicular thyroid adenoma were typical which displayed as round or round-like, with clear smooth edges and most of them can be correctly diagnosed.


While users can easily bookmark, search, link to, or tag the WHOLE of an educational recording they cannot easily find, or associate their notes or resources with, PART of that recording. Synote is a free web-based application that enhances student-centred learning allowing synchronisation of transcripts and slides and student or teacher created notes with educational recordings. Notes/'tweets' taken live on mobile devices using Twitter can be synchronised with the recordings of the class. Teachers and peers can give feedback linked to appropriate moments for recorded tasks. Synote's synchronised transcripts enable the recordings to be searched while also helping support non-native speakers and deaf and hearing impaired students as well dyslexic students while the use of text descriptions of video or images helps blind or visually impaired students. Synote has been used successfully in schools, colleges and universities worldwide with students with a wide range of languages, abilities and disabilities.


Youth unemployment in Spain remains very high (over 53 %) and the early school leaving rate is one of the highest in the European Union. Government is implementing labor and educative reforms in order to increment the labor-market relevance of vocational education institutions. The most important decision in order to this aim is extend the dual vocational training; in this article, we analyze the impact of recent policy reforms and the experiences in other countries (especially, Germany, Netherlands and Switzerland) with a long history of vocational and educational training.


I Introduction Much of what is wrong with sentencing law and practice relates to the use that is made of prior convictions.(1) They are the primary cause of disproportionate sentences; in fact, rarely does so much turn on so little. In some jurisdictions they can be the sole difference between a small fine and life imprisonment. The impact can be so great that the price paid for stealing a pizza can be as great as that for rape or child molestation.(2) Prior convictions also perpetuate existing social injustices by leading to harsher penalties for offenders from deprived social backgrounds. Not surprisingly, they are the feature of sentencing practice which offenders resent most.(3) Broadly, there are three approaches that can be used to deal with prior convictions. First, they can simply be ignored.(4) Second, at the other end of the spectrum, they can be used as a basis for imposing progressively more severe sanctions for each new offense. This is called the cumulative principle(5) and was the dominant approach to sentencing recidivists during the second half of the nineteenth century.(6) Third, and in the middle, there is what is termed the progressive loss of mitigation theory, which is the view that a degree of mitigation should be accorded to first time offenders or those with a minor criminal record. This mitigation is used up by offenders who repeatedly come before the courts, thereby resulting in increased penalties for recidivists.(7) However, unlike the case of the cumulative principle, there is a limit, set by the principle of proportionality, to the extent to which recidivists can be punished more harshly. This paper examines the use that ought to be made of prior convictions in sentencing. First, the current legal position is examined. The legal and philosophical arguments regarding the relevance of prior convictions are then evaluated. It is contended that imposing harsher penalties on offenders for what they have done in the past not only violates the proscription against punishing people twice for the one offense, but also amounts to the unacceptable view that people should be punished for their character in distinction from what they have done. A solution is offered regarding the relevance that prior convictions should have--that is, that their significance should be naught. This may at first seem too revisionary, but a closer look at the workings of the criminal justice system reveals that the bulk of prior convictions are already dealt with in this way. Finally, it is argued that ignoring prior convictions will significantly reduce the inherent bias of the current sentencing practice against people from deprived social backgrounds. II The Relevance of Prior Convictions to the Sentencing Process (a) Australia Common Law In Australia, at common law, there is "no principle of sentencing that demands increasingly more severe sanctions be administered to persons who persist in their criminality."(8) However, recidivists are treated more harshly because their prior convictions are said to disentitle them from the leniency that is normally accorded to a first offender.(9) In Veen (No 2) the High Court set out three other grounds for imposing harsher penalties on recidivists: The antecedent criminal history is relevant ... to show whether the instant offence is an uncharacteristic aberration or whether the offender has manifested in his commission of the instant offence a continuing attitude of disobedience of the law. In the latter case, retribution, deterrence and protection of the society may all indicate that a more severe penalty is warranted. It is legitimate to take account of the antecedent criminal history when it illuminates the moral culpability of the offender in the instant case, or shows his dangerous propensity or shows a need to impose condign punishment to deter the offender and other offenders from committing further offences of a like kind. …


In the process of on-orbit servicing, chasers achieve approach and contact with target spacecraft are via a series of orbital transfer and motion control. However, most target spacecraft are non-cooperative targets. As a matter of fact, mainly technical difficulty of non-cooperative targets still lies in unable directly obtaining their motion parameters, thereby, it is impossible to realize their autonomously rendezvous and capture. Thus, measure motion parameters of non-cooperative targets from outside is significant for research on-orbit service. In this paper, a pose measurement method coupled initial pose measurement with model-based tracking is put forward for space non-cooperative targets. Specifically, an algorithm based on SIFT matching to measure initial pose of target tracking is proposed to start subsequent target tracking. Afterwards, a target tracking algorithm is presented, which is via a priori information and the combination of edge features and point features. As well as, an $M$ estimator is introduced to improve the accuracy and robustness of target tracking algorithm. Finally, an experimental platform is constructed to fulfill experiments to validate the effectiveness of proposed method. Also, the experimental results demonstrate that our approach has highly precision and robustness in vary illuminations. Simultaneously, our method could satisfy the real-time requirement of pose measurement for non-cooperative targets.


Wheat leaves need to be scouted routinely for early detection and recognition of rust diseases. This facilitates timely management decisions. In this paper, an integrated image processing and analysis system has been developed to automate the inspection of these leaves and detection of any disease present in them. Disease features of wheat leaves have been extracted using Fuzzy c-means Clustering algorithm and disease detection, recognition of its type and identification algorithm has been developed based on artificial neural network (ANN). Through the use of ANN and more specifically multilayer perceptrons, detection of the presence of disease in wheat leaves have been successful in 97% of the cases, after analysis of about 300 test images of wheat leaves. Also, identification of type of disease, if present, in wheat leaf has been successful in 85% of the cases.


Summary 1. A simple method has been developed for the recovery of FSH from residues resulting from the acid acetone extraction of swine pituitary glands. 2. The biological activity of the preparations obtained compare favorably with those of other investigators.


Relatively advanced, naturally occurring parthenogenesis in the eggs of Beltsville Small White turkeys was first observed in 1952 at the United States Department of Agriculture Research Center, Beltsville, Md. These findings were confirmed in 1953. A selective breeding program initiated in 1954 has resulted in substantial increases in the incidence of parthenogenesis and, more significantly, in the incidence of advanced embryonic development and of parthenogens hatched. A summary of results through 1960 has been published elsewhere.' I t may be of some interest to add that 121 parthenogens were hatched out of some 10,000 eggs set during 1961, as against a single parthenogen (hatched in 1954) out of approximately the same number of eggs incubated in 1954 and 1955. The nature of the physiological stimulus for spontaneously occurring parthenogenesis in turkeys is not known. However a considerable body of evidence indicates a quantitative relationship between the presence of certain live avian viruses and the incidence or level of parthenogenetic development attained in eggs of unselected inoculated Whether selection has operated to increase sensitivity to viruses or through other mechanisms (such as the elimination of lethals) in increasing the incidence of parthenogenesis remains to be determined. Some information is available on the genetic constitution of the parthenogens. They have the diploid number of chromosomes,6-~ although Sato and Kosina have noted the haploid number in some cells. The diploid complement may be established by chromosomal doubling in the haploid gamete or as a result of nondisjuction at the second maturation division? All parthenogens have been maleslg and some have sired progeny which have exhibited the usually expected sex ratio.1° Since all the parthenogens have been males, it must be assumed that the YY combinations were lethal. With all genetic material having been inherited from the dam, the parthenogen cannot exceed the genetic endowment of its dam. Thus no histocompatibility factors should be present in the offspring that were not also present in the dam, and tissue grafts from the parthenogen to the dam should be accepted invariably. By the same token homografts from dam to parthenogen should be rejected promptly and regularly unless only an extremely small


A high-repetition-rate oscillator, based on a flashlamp-pumped Q-100-clad athermal phosphate glass rod in a stable cavity, was developed to act as the driver for a high-repetition-rate Nd:glass laser system. Although the athermal properties compensated to a large extent for thermal lensing, birefringence losses in a conventional linear cavity containing a polarizer, as required for Q-switched operation, reduced pulse energy by up to a factor of 3 when the repetition rate was increased from single shot to 50% of fracture-limit pump conditions. Several birefringence compensation techniques were evaluated with the best results obtained in a reentrant (Y-cavity) design, with a Faraday rotator to partially compensate for birefringence and a mirror to reinsert polarizer-rejected light, so that the light quadruple passed the laser head per cavity round-trip and egressed through the output mirror (the only oscillator exit port). Birefringence losses were then reduced to 20%. High-repetition-rate TEM 00 operation was obtained by using a long (223-cm) cavity, and by placing the Faraday rotator/laser head together with a large mode selection aperture next to the curved back mirror.


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are 1D nanostructured materials with unique mechanical, optical, and electrical properties which can be potentially exploited for fabricating wide variety of devices. In addition, the biocompatibility of CNTs makes it attractive for wearable and implantable technology applications. Well‐aligned CNT structures show enhanced properties such as superior electron mobility, strain sensitivity, better mechanical property, and enhanced performance and reproducibility that are absent in their disordered counterparts, thus allowing more promising applications in various fields. With aligned CNTs, devices can be optimized to exhibit better performance with lesser materials and more miniature designs. This review summarizes the landscape of CNTs alignment, either during the growth or post‐growth processing. This paper delineates various CNTs alignment mechanism, process parameters, and challenges of each technique. A comparative discussion on the advantages, disadvantages, and degree of alignment of each technique is presented. A detailed discussion on the various applications that utilize properties of aligned CNTs devices is presented. The advent of 3D printing techniques for printing CNTs for novel and futuristic applications is also discussed.


Using a second-year geography course, 176 students were exposed to a set of assessment and instructional approaches using the Graded Response Method (GRM). Unlike traditional testing, especially multiple-choice testing, the GRM requires students to organize the choices provided in a manner that ranks the responses from best to worst. The ability to explore the underlying rationale for an answer requires higher order thinking skills that reflect the higher cognitive levels that comprise Bloom's taxonomy. Preliminary results indicate that the GRM approach is able to target higher order thinking skills, which effectively reach beyond traditional multiple choice (MC) testing. Qualitative and quantitative evidence supports the GRM methodology as a tool capable of encouraging critical thinking. However, although the GRM is an improvement on MC testing, the approach currently being used to design the GRM assessment questions can prove challenging, as students surveyed were split on the assessment's degree of difficulty.


Theoretical background : The issue of automatic dividend reinvestment programs is rarely discussed in Polish literature, there are no comprehensive studies on automatic dividend reinvestment programs. This issue most often appears when discussing the tools of dividend policy. Purpose of the article : Presentation of the assumptions of automatic dividend reinvestment programs (plans), which can be an instrument of the dividend payment policy in a joint stock company, as well as analysis of the automatic dividend reinvestment programs offered by 30 American companies representing Dow Jones Industrial Average Index. Research methods : The study is based on a literature review and a documents (brochures) analysis describing dividend reinvestment programs. Main findings : Dividend reinvestment programs have been implemented by all companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index. A significant part of the analyzed programs belongs to the group of the so-called No-Fee Dividend Reinvestment Programs. The observations made show that often dividend reinvestment programs are supplemented by additional share purchase programs called Optional Cash Purchase Plans (OCPs) or Stock Purchase Plans (SPPs).


Emerging technologies are set to provide further provisions for computing in times when the limits of current technology of microelectronics become an ever closer presence. A technology roadmap document lists biologically-inspired computing and quantum computing as two emerging technology vectors for novel computing architectures [43]. But the potential benefits that will come from entering the nanoelectronics era and from exploring novel nanotechnologies are foreseen to come at the cost of increased sensitivity to influences from the surrounding environment. This paper elaborates on a dependability perspective over these two emerging technology vectors from a designer's standpoint. Maintaining or increasing the dependability of unconventional computational processes is discussed in two different contexts: one of a bio-inspired computing architecture (the Embryonics project) and another of a quantum computational architecture (the QUERIST project).


In this paper, the theories of the proportional limit and yielding based on the small deformation mechanism in glassy state, discussed in the earlier issue, are formulated and compared with the experimental results obtained in part I.A theory of proportional limit is formulated in connection with the following two cases.First, it is assumed that the proportional limit is observed on a load-elongation curve when the average rotational angle or average strain of the segments reaches a critical value.Second, it is assumed that the secondary bond supporting the segment, in which the strain or rotational angle has reached a critical value, begins to break, the proportional limit is observed when the proportion of the broken segments reaches a certain value.Next, it is found that the following equations are applicable to the explanation of the yield point in the small strain region. where ezp is the strain of proportional limit; eszy the yield strain in the small strain region; σys the yield stress in this region; k a constant, s the average inter-molecular slip at the yield point, and E Y'oungs modulus.To the yield stress in the small strain region, another theoretical equation is introduced. This treatment is based on the following assumptions:1) All the segments in which strain has become larger than a critical value, eay have an equal tension, pay.2) The yield point is observed, when the proportion of these segments reaches a certain value. Finally, the yield stress in the large strain region (the primary yield stress of high orientation samples) is approximately expressed by the equation given below. where c0 is a constant, θ the angle between the fiber axis and segmental axis, and py the average yield strength of molecular chains and is experimentally given by a exponential function of orientation factor.In addition, the experimental relationship between the logarithmic primary yield stress and the Young's modulus is linear, and the elastic limit and the yield point in glassy state fairly depend upon the orientation of amorphous molecular chains.


The E × B drift instability is studied in Hall thruster using one-dimensional particle in cell (PIC) simulation method. By using the dispersion relation, it is found that unstable modes occur only in discrete bands in k space at cyclotron harmonics. The results indicate that the number of unstable modes increases by increasing the external electric field and decreases by increasing the radial magnetic field. The ion mass does not affect the instability wavelength. Furthermore, the results confirm that there is an instability with short wavelength and high frequency. Finally, it is shown that the electron and ion distribution functions deviate from the initial state and eventually the instability is saturated by ion trapping in the azimuthal direction. Also for light mass ion, the frequency and phase velocity are very high that could lead to high electron mobility in the axial direction.


Purpose

The paper aims at dealing with the role of users in the creation (or curation) and distribution of digital contents. User generated contents (UGCs) refer to a variety of media such as Wikis, question-answer databases, digital video, blogging, podcasting, forums, review sites, social networking, social media and mobile phone photograph. It attempts assessing their potential role as co-innovators. The paper follows the progressive creation of a new space for users, tracking its specific forms in each subsector of the media and content industries. Each subsector reveals a disruption in the production and circulation of new content.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on desk research, a review of literature, review of the technical journals, and analysis of annual reports. The paper is part of an on-going research project on media and content industries.

Findings

The paper argued that since 2007 (release of iPhone and Kindle) the landscape went through a dramatic change, scaling up. It illustrates how the entire value chain of content (production/distribution/consumption) has opened up. The amount of UGC produced triggered a qualitative jump, ushering in new modes of interaction between the customers and creators, without necessarily turning the consumer into a full-fledge producer. The UGC model adds another source of production, thereby increasing diversity, ushering in new ways for talent scouting. It reveals various forms of co-creation and the role of a community model while also showing its limits.

Research limitations/implications

This paper concentrates on digital media and does not deal with any other aspect such as knowledge sharing (Wikis). The paper does not cover the reactions of traditional industry players to UGC (some elements are given for newspaper), neither possible policy and regulatory responses The paper relies mostly on reports from news agencies, consultancies or annual reports from companies so as to delineate the main trends.

Practical implications

It shows that the role of customers did change within this context. The new channels offer novel ways to produce, curate and disseminate contents. It offers a range of examples from different industries.

Social implications

The paper documents the participation of consumers in the production of content. it hints at the evolution of labour, alludes to the issue of diversity and of creativity, but does not address other societal issues.

Originality/value

Some reports were devoted to UGC in 2007 (OECD) and 2008 (Idate-IVIR-TNO) but in spite of the major changes that took place over the past decade, the research has been scarce, or has concentrated on a specific segment of the media industry. The paper is trying to offer a comprehensive overview of the various segments. Each sub-segment of the media industry illustrates a specific dimension.


SUMMARY This paper analyses a sequence of independent normal random variables in which the precision (inverse of the variance) may have been subjected to one change at an unknown point in time. Posterior distributions are found both for the unknown point in time at which the change occurred and for the magnitude of the change. Two examples are given.


Empirical studies on covered interest arbitrage suggest that the interest rate parity condition does not always hold during times of turbulence in the foreign exchange markets, implying market inefficiency. This paper considers two different approaches [Taylor (1989) and Clinton (1988)] to measuring deviations from interest rate parity for a period of turbulence in the foreign exchange markets and for a control period. The different procedures yield results which conflict with earlier studies.


Antibacterial RBS@Cu:ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by decorating Cu-doped ZnO NPs with Roussin's black salt (RBS), a nitric oxide (NO) precursor. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS)...


Despite recent investigations (Bisby, 1932; Lohman, I933), a number of species of hysteriaceous fungi, described as new in the earlier literature on the fungi of temperate North America, have not been studied critically either in regard to the accuracy of diagnoses and the validity of names or in regard to the probable affinities as shown by their imperfect stages. One such species, Glonium velatum., was described by Ellis and Everhart (I892) on specimens collected (Langlois) in Louisiana. This species, since then, has been reported only by Underwood and Earle (I897) for Alabama. That it is more widely distributed than the two records would indicate is shown by the present'report 2 which extends the range of the fungus to South Carolina, Florida, and Georgia.3 This report is concerned with the development of the fungus in culture and with the characteristics of its perithecial, pycnidial, and hyphomycetous stages. It presents certain necessary revisions in the description of the perithecial stage, the consideration of which has resulted in the inclusion of the fungus in the Lophiostomaceae rather than the Hysteriaceae. It records for the first time the features of the pycnidial stage and presents the evidence which reveals that the conidial development mentioned by Ellis and Everhart in their description and referred by them to Dendryphiumn is only another aspect of the fungus which they described and is the same as the Hyphomycete, Septonema multiplex B. & C. (Berkeley, 1874).


In this article, we investigate the Intellectual Property (IP) mapping problem that maps a given set of IP cores onto the tiles of a mesh-based Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture such that the power consumption due to intercore communications is minimized. This IP mapping problem is considered under both bandwidth and latency constraints as imposed by the applications and the on-chip network infrastructure. By examining various applications' communication characteristics extracted from their respective communication trace graphs, two distinguishable connectivity templates are realized: the graphs with tightly coupled vertices and those with distributed vertices. These two templates are formally defined in this article, and different mapping heuristics are subsequently developed to map them. In general, tightly coupled vertices are mapped onto tiles that are physically close to each other while the distributed vertices are mapped following a graph partition scheme. Experimental results on both random and multimedia benchmarks have confirmed that the proposed template-based mapping algorithm achieves an average of 15% power savings as compared with MOCA, a fast greedy-based mapping algorithm. Compared with a branch-and-bound--based mapping algorithm, which produces near optimal results but incurs an extremely high computation cost, the proposed algorithm, due to its polynomial runtime complexity, can generate the results of almost the same quality with much less CPU time. As the on-chip network size increases, the superiority of the proposed algorithm becomes more evident.


Current definitions of documentary struggle to parallel the ability of the viewer to easily demarcate documentary from fiction. This is because these definitions generally attempt to distinguish documentary from fictional films based on the premise that documentaries are factual representations of reality. Here we argue that the two genres can be more clearly defined by focusing on the intent of the communication by the producer, rather than the content of the communication. Specifically, documentary versus fictional films may be best distinguished by the fact that one is produced as a statement of fact while one is focused on the art of storytelling. Notably, a story and a statement differ in the extent to which the intention for how the communication is interpreted is predetermined. Thus, a documentary may be understood as a series of visually and/or audibly expressed statements connected by narrative, and communicated from the author/authors to the viewer with the intention that it be received as fact.


This paper deals with the study of how men are portrayed and perceived in television commercials in electronic media. After reviewing existing literature on gender stereotypes and in advertisements, a research gap has been identified in the field of gender stereotype studies in electronic media: male gender stereotypes and their utilization in advertisements. Hence, this research combines these aspects in an attempt to fill the aforementioned gap. Content analysis is chosen as a method to evaluate male gender stereotypes, if any. The analysis of the study is comprised 60 ads which were further coded for nine distinguished categories and sub-categories. The outcome of this study supports the proposed hypothesis. Stereotypes of male gender roles exist today in our society and dominate the overall portrayal. Key words: Gender stereotypes, traditional stereotypes, masculinity, advertising, society


We have investigated the influence of anisotropic exchange on the micromagnetic domain structure. Three‐dimensional simulations based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation were performed incorporating a generalized tensor representation of the exchange following a phenomenological approach. In comparison to isotropic exchange, which is usually used in micromagnetic simulations, anisotropic exchange significantly affected the equilibrium distribution of the magnetization. The formation of slanted domain walls aligning in the direction of stiffest exchange and the deformation of edge domains were the most prominent consequences. In general, we found that anisotropic exchange may have profound effects on magnetic nanostructures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


NERAC, Inc., Tolland, CT, aided Paul Monroe Engineering, Orange, CA, in the development of their PC1200 Series Fire Protection Jacket that protects the oil conduit system on an offshore drilling platform from the intense hydrocarbon fires that cause buckling and could cause structural failure of the platform. The flame-proof jacketing, which can withstand temperatures of 2000 degrees Fahrenheit for four hours or more, was developed from a combination of ceramic cloth (similar to the ceramic in Space Shuttle tiles), and laminates used in space suits.


An account is presented of the focus properties, commongroundeffectanddialogue behaviour of the accented German discourse marker doch and the accented sentence negation nicht. It is argued that doch and nicht evoke as a focus alternative the logical complement of the proposition expressed by the sentence in which they occur, and that an analysis in terms of contrastive focus accounts for their effect on the common ground and their function in dialogue.


An exact perturbation expansion, to the order 1/S2, is derived for the Heisenberg ferromagnet. The equivalence of the Dyson-Maleev (DM), Holstein-Primakoff (HP) and matching-of-matrix-element (MME) transformations is proven. They give identical T5/2 and T4 coefficients. For the planar ferromagnet, an exact expansion in anisotropy against exchange field proves the equivalence of the HP and MME transformations. Several explicit results and numerical estimates are given.


A detailed study is presented of two groups of recidivistic drinking drivers in New Zealand, namely those disqualified for a drinking-driving offence and those involved in a fatal road accident after having been previously convicted for a drinking-driving offence. Disqualified drivers are divided into two groups, distinguished by whether they drive while disqualified. Some thirty percent of the sample of disqualified drivers were recidivists, and multiple reoffences were common. Drivers who have been convicted of driving while disqualified reoffend more frequently than the remaining drivers. (TRRL)


To improve the governance effect of public communities and protect community security, combined with the basic principles and network structure of CNN network in deep learning, a community security risk prediction model based on improved single-channel CNN network and decision tree is constructed. The experimental results show that expanding the single channel to the multichannel network greatly extends the receptive field of CNN network. Simultaneously, the accuracy of the prediction model is improved, which is as high as 87.7%. After inputting the output values of every single model into the comprehensive model, the prediction accuracy of the comprehensive model is improved by 4.8%. The feasibility and effectiveness of this method are further demonstrated.


Summary: The priority of description of chromomycosis is a controversial matter. Different specialized texts give credit to different authors. It is generally accepted that Lane & Medlar and Pedroso & Gomes were the first to describe the disease. In this article the authors show that the German doctor Max Rudolph was the first to describe and publish a report on the disease in 1914.


With the expansion of seaweed culture and changes in the global climate, large quantities of new seaweed germplasm are urgently needed. It is important to elucidate the process of reproductive development and its regulatory mechanism in seaweed. Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) has an essential economic and ecological value, for example, as a raw material for agar extraction and abalone feed. Here, four phases (I to IV) of G. lemaneiformis tetrasporophyte development were analyzed using physiological assays and transcriptome technologies. The results showed that photosynthetic capacity increased during the period from tetraspore formation to the release (Phase II, III and IV). According to transcriptome results, the expression levels of genes associated with light harvesting, photosynthesis, and carbon fixation pathways were significantly upregulated during tetraspore formation and release. Meanwhile, the expression levels of genes encoding starch and trehalose synthesis enzymes in starch and sucrose metabolism were enhanced during tetraspore formation and release, suggesting that G. lemaneiformis requires more energy supply during reproductive development, and that trehalose-6-phosphate may also act as a signaling molecule to induce tetraspore formation. In addition, genes encoding antioxidant enzymes (APX, TRX, GR, TR, PRX, and CAT) were significantly upregulated during tetraspore formation. These results may help us to understand the transition from nutritional to reproductive development and the molecular mechanism of G. lemaneiformis tetrasporogenesis, which is vital for the development of new germplasm and promoting the growth of the seaweed culture industry.


Anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) are highly specific and sensitive markers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There are also suggested to have a more severe rheumatoid arthritis.The aim of this study was to assess the influence of ACPA on disease activity, radiological severity, and functional disability in Algerian patient with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Consecutive early RA patients (symptom duration ≤24 months) recruited were included in the descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study. Demographic, biological, immunological and radiographic data were collected at the time of inclusion in the study. Disease activity as determined by the Disease Activity Score 28-CPR (DAS28- CPR: 4 variables), functional handicap as calculated by Heath Assessment Score (HAQ), and bone and joint damage as evaluated by Sharp-Van der Heijde (SVDH) erosion and narrowing score.One hundred and sixty-one patients with RA were recruited. Patients mean age 43.71±14 years and mean symptom duration at inclusion was 10.48±7 months. Small and larges were affected in 64,3%. The mean ESR was 23,53±15,2 mm/1st hour, and the mean CRP level was 19,42±39.8 mg/l. Rheumatoid Factors (RFs) and Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies (ACPAs) were present in 74% and 88% of patients, respectively. The presence of ACPAs was significantly associated with DAS28 (p=0,004) and HAQ (p=0,002). There was no significant difference in inflammatory markers and radiographic SVDH score between patients with and without ACPAs. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the presence of ACPAs was independently associated with localization when RA affected smalls and larges joint in the same time (OR=5,24; IC 95% 1,224-22,483; p=0,026).These data show that in patients with early RA, ACPAs positivity was significantly associated with articular manifestations, activity disease and functional handicap, but not with structural damage.[1]Nikiphorou E, Norton S, Young A, et al. Association between rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, progression of functional limitation and long-term risk of orthopaedic surgery: combined analysis of two prospective cohorts supports EULAR treat to target DAS thresholds. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(12):2080-2086. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208669.[2]Karimifar M, Salesi M, Farajzadegan Z. The association of anti-CCP1 antibodies with disease activity score 28 (DAS-28) in rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Biomed Res. 2012;1:30. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.98156.[3]Boman A, Brink M, Lundquist A, et al. Antibodies against citrullinated peptides are associated with clinical and radiological outcomes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective longitudinal inception cohort study. RMD Open. 2019;5(2):e000946. Published 2019 Sep 3. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000946.None declared


Like his contemporaries, Charles II, King of Navarre and Count of Evreux (1349–1387), controlled a household, whether in his own kingdom or in his French lands. Except for the chamber, with chamberlains at its head, it was governed by masters of the household, and consisted of five offices, a stable, a fruit store, a kitchen, and a buttery or cellar (with the marshalcy being attached to the stable), each directed by masters or esquires. Eighty-eight men holding these offices have been identified during the course of his reign, the majority of them nobles. However, their common social origin does not mean a common geographic source as Charles's household included a much higher number of Frenchmen than Navarre men down to the end of his reign, even after his definitive settling in Navarre in 1361. However, this geographic heterogeneity did not result in the creation of distinct groups. While some French officers serving in Navarre later returned to their own estates, others settled in the kingdom, bringing their family with them or marrying Navarre wives. Meanwhile, other factors encouraged cohesion. Like the French, Navarre's people shared their master's destiny. They were his companions in arms in his wars in France in 1358 and 1359 and even earlier. At least ten of them helped


Lensed gravitational waves will offer new means to probe the distribution of matter in the universe, complementary to electromagnetic signals. Lensed continuous gravitational waves provide new challenges and opportunities beyond those of transient compact binary coalescence. Here we consider continuous gravitational waves emitted by isolated neutron stars and lensed by Sgr A$^*$, the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy, a system observable by the next generation of gravitational wave detectors. We analyze the signatures of this system in detail, addressing parameter estimation and model selection. Future detectors can distinguish lensed continuous waves and measure their parameters with precision $\sim 1 - 10\%$ for sources within $2-4$ Einstein radii of Sgr A$^*$, depending on the source distance, thanks to the relative motion of the observer-lens-source system. The chances of observing strongly-lensed neutron stars increase by one order of magnitude relative to previous estimates, thanks to the possibility of detecting lensed systems at several Einstein radii. Multiple images can be resolved with an angular accuracy $\sim 10$mas, comparable to the best optical telescopes. Image localization probes deviations from axial symmetry and the existence of companions to Sgr A$^*$ in regions complementary to stellar orbits and black hole imaging. Our methods and many of our results extend to other lenses (e.g. galactic substructure) and sources (e.g. long-lived inspiralling binaries), rendering lensed continuous gravitational waves into versatile probes of astrophysics and fundamental physics.


High‐resolution x‐ray analysis of Si delta‐doped GaAs grown by molecular‐beam epitaxy at a low substrate temperature (230 °C) is presented. Superlattice satellite peaks in the rocking curve are observed for the sample annealed at 700 °C for 10 min. The peak intensity increases with increasing postgrowth annealing temperature and reaches the maximum value for the 900 °C annealed sample. The evolution of the x‐ray rocking curves can be explained consistently by the formation of a GaAs/As superlattice during the annealing period based on the transmission electron microscope observations.


Urban areas generate large amounts of stormwater and non-point source (NPS) pollutants during rainfall events. These are caused by various land use runoffs, vehicular and human activities and increased impervious cover. The increased runoff and NPS pollutants cause water quality deterioration in the receiving waters and adversely affect the aqua-ecosystem. These environmental impacts could be reduced through the application of low impact development (LID) techniques. In Korea, more than 80% of the total rainfall occurs in summer and most of these were 10 mm or less. Therefore, if the LIDs developed were able to cope with rainfall of 10 mm and below, NPS management could be efficiently conducted. This research was performed to determine the effect of varying amounts of rainfall on the performance capability of an established infiltration and filtration facility (IF facility) that can be applied to Korea's common rainfall ranges. The IF facility area was 1.75% of the catchment area, however the facility treated more than 40% and 60% runoff volume and pollutant reduction respectively for a 10 mm rainfall. Lastly, higher volume and pollutant reduction could be attained when the LID area was at least 2% of the entire catchment.


Abstract The complex perovskite Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 [PMN] is just one of many relaxor ferroelectncs having the general formula Pb(B1B2)O3. PMN, and solid solutions thereof with PbTiO3 [PT] and Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 [PZN], as well as other relaxor compositions, are excellent materials for use in a wide range of applications including electrostrictive actuators,1 multilayer capacitors,2 and pyroelectric bolometers.3 For any of these applications it is imperative that dielectric aging be minimal. Past studies4–13, on aging in relaxor ferroelectrics (primarily PLZT and PMN) have shown the aging rate depends on many variables including processing parameters, microstructure, dopant content, point defects, etc. Though great strides have been made with respect to modelling dielectric properties of relaxors, the lack of detailed information concerning defect structure, conduction, and ordering still hinders theoretical interpretation of aging results.


This study aimed to compare parents' knowledge and attitudes of children with special needs and normally developing children about child sexual abuse. The study was cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational design, and the sample consisted of 228 parents, including 153 parents of normal children and 75 parents of children with special needs. Personal Information Form and Child Abuse Knowledge/Attitude Scale for Parents were used to collect the data. The only independent variable with explanatory power on the level of Child Abuse Knowledge and Attitude was found to be educational status. In the model created with this variable, educational status explained 2.9% of the variation on the total score of the Child Abuse Knowledge and Attitude Scale. Ninety-four point eight percent of the parents had no previous education about sexual abuse against children but were informed about it. Parents' knowledge and attitudes towards sexual abuse were significantly affected by the educational status of the parents. In this context, awareness should be increased through school-based programs organized by mental health professionals.


BACKGROUND
To simultaneously evaluate the relative efficacy of multiple pharmacologic strategies for preventing contrast-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).

STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review containing a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

SETTING & POPULATION
Participants undergoing diagnostic and/or interventional procedures with contrast media.

SELECTION CRITERIA FOR STUDIES
Randomized controlled trials comparing the active drug treatments with each other or with hydration alone.

INTERVENTION
Any of the following drugs in combination with hydration: N-acetylcysteine (NAC), theophylline (aminophylline), fenoldopam, iloprost, alprostadil, prostaglandin E1, statins, statins plus NAC, bicarbonate sodium, bicarbonate sodium plus NAC, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), α-lipoic acid, atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, and carperitide.

OUTCOMES
The occurrence of contrast-induced AKI.

RESULTS
The trial network included 150 trials with 31,631 participants and 4,182 contrast-induced AKI events assessing 12 different interventions. Compared to hydration, ORs (95% credible intervals) for contrast-induced AKI were 0.31 (0.14-0.60) for high-dose statin plus NAC, 0.37 (0.19-0.64) for high-dose statin alone, 0.37 (0.17-0.72) for prostaglandins, 0.48 (0.26-0.82) for theophylline, 0.62 (0.40-0.88) for bicarbonate sodium plus NAC, 0.67 (0.54-0.81) for NAC alone, 0.64 (0.41-0.95) for vitamins and analogues, 0.70 (0.29-1.37) for natriuretic peptides, 0.69 (0.31-1.37) for fenoldopam, 0.78 (0.59-1.01) for bicarbonate sodium, and 0.98 (0.41-2.07) for low-dose statin. High-dose statin plus NAC or high-dose statin alone were likely to be ranked the best or the second best for preventing contrast-induced AKI. The overall results were not materially changed in metaregressions or subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

LIMITATIONS
Patient-level data were unavailable; unable to include some treatment agents; low event rates; imbalanced distribution of participants among treatment strategies.

CONCLUSIONS
High-dose statins plus hydration with or without NAC might be the preferred treatment strategy to prevent contrast-induced AKI in patients undergoing diagnostic and/or interventional procedures requiring contrast media.


Studies of food and interaction webs are often simplified by combining different species of predator into guilds, especially predators that are closely related. Such combinations require the assumption that predators are functionally redundant or at least have similar effects on prey abun- dances and community structure. However, few studies have rigorously tested this assumption, par- ticularly with exploited species of marine predators. Moreover, fishing can strongly alter the relative abundances of different predatory species, further highlighting the need to examine the top-down effects of different predators on lower trophic-level species within marine communities. Throughout the greater Caribbean, intensive fishing has depleted populations of Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus, while populations of the less-targeted coney Cephalopholis fulva have proliferated. In the present study I experimentally tested the effects of these different grouper species on recruitment of other coral-reef fishes to spatially isolated reefs. Recruitment to reefs occupied by Nassau grouper was similar to that on predator-free control reefs, and both treatments accumulated higher relative recruit abundance and diversity than reefs occupied by coney. Thus, even closely related predator species can have substantially different effects on lower trophic levels. Shifts in dominance of preda- tory species may therefore lead to dramatic changes to prey communities. These findings underscore the importance of addressing both the direct and indirect effects of fishing on marine communities.


The physical environment has been investigated at the northern area of Wando and Gogeumdo receiving effluents from land and Tarnjin River through four seasons in 2002. The vertical profile of water temperature in March appeared to reflect the effect of effluents from land while it was nearly uniform all over the area in December. Time series of temperature observed near the sluice and at the north channel of Wando tended to harmonically respond in accordance with tides. Horizontal gradient of salinity appeared sharp at the waterway and the salinity in September was even lower than in March and in June through the whole layers. Transparency was low near the sluice and mouth of Tamjin River while it was high at the channel between Wando and Gogeumdo. Tidal currents in this region were flowing northward or northeastward at the flood tide while they were flowing south or southwestward at the ebb tide. A tidal ratio was 0.31~0.32 so that semi-diurnal tides were dominant. Tidal ranges tended to increase toward Maryang from the north of Wando.


rectus sheath is not separated from muscle in the usual way but the recti are pulled apart and the peritoneum opened transversely. Not all will want to adopt every one of Cohen's suggestions, but in the abdominal operation, besides the different incision, his method of clamping the vaginal angles and the positioning of the theatre sister are worthy of trial. This is likely to prove a popular book and will be studied minutely by aspiring gynecologists. A few of its shortcomings should be mentioned. It could not be expected that Cohen's literary style should match his operative skill, but in the next edition grammatical infidelities should be corrected, and frequent changes from second to third person avoided. Why should a master of operative gynecology need a foreword, even if written by the President of a College? Advertising should be kept to the dust cover. Although the diagrams are accurate they look rather scruffy. Somewhat mysteriously, a pamphlet on 'The Role of the Operating Nursing Sister' is tucked discreetly behind the back cover; this is in fact a very valuable chapter on her duties before and during the operation. It is most refreshing to read the work of a surgeon whose chief satisfaction lies not in the 'frightfully interesting case' but in the enjoyment of a superb operative technique and his patients' welfare. I hope I shall have an opportunity to see him at work. DAVID WILLIAMS


According to the survey data of the floating population dynamic monitoring from national population family planning committee,the paper firstly establishes a linear regression model and a covariance model of separate region,professional background,household characteristics and migrant worker's income level.Then it analyzes the regional characteristics,factors of floating population's household,the income difference of migrant worker with different occupational background,which help scientifically judge on the destination of the migrant work and the development trend.At last,the paper proposes the countermeasures,such as making efforts to achieve public welfare security consistent,exploring the migrant workers' human resources structure and the interactive mechanism of industrial structure upgrading,and etc,which tend to improve migrant worker's income level.


At each age stage of personality development, the process of socialization is due to the influence of socio-cultural factors and has its own specificity. The elderly people preparing to retire and complete their professional activities are experiencing a peculiar crisis that directly affects the adaptation to new living conditions. The reduced adaptive capacity makes it difficult to respond to new challenges associated with living conditions in the information society. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to identify the key features of the third age people socialization in the modern society to determine the content of their socio-pedagogical support. The main methods used in the given study are analysis, synthesis, systematization, and generalization. The determined characteristic features of the elderly people socialization are the following: the success of this process, depending on the way of life in youth; the attitude of large and small social groups and institutions to this age group of persons; the attitude towards oneself, to others, to aging; the availability of an adaptation resource and opportunities for self-realization of the elderly in conditions of the fluidity of society. The analyzed «Strategy of the state policy on the issues of healthy and active longevity of the population for the period up to 2022» as well as its Action plan confirmed the interest of the state, the urgency and necessity of introducing the social and pedagogical support of the elderly in the present day information society. The definition of the peculiarities of this age group socialization provides grounds for the development of the content of social and pedagogical support, which involves creating conditions for improving this process, using art as a means that provides opportunities for implementing unmet needs, achieving emotional stability, getting rid of negative psychic states, activating artistic endeavor, extension of the range of social ties under current circumstances, etc. The prospect of further research lies in substantiating the peculiarities of social and pedagogical support of the elderly people in the information society and to prove the necessity of using art to improve their socialization process.


Software evaluation is needed to determine the usability level of the software. Good usability is having the following characteristics: effective to use (effectiveness), efficient to use (efficiency), safe to use (safety), having good utility (utility), easy to learn (learnability) and easy to remember how to use (memorability). Analytical evaluation is one evaluation approach that does not involve users. The evaluation is conducted by experts associated with the product. One method used in the analytical evaluation is GOMS, a method to analyze a task related to human computer interaction. GOMS does not provide accurate calculation of how users interact with the system, yet it estimates the time need to do a task dealing with the system. With the evaluation of UML users are expected to be able to use UML tools that appropriate to particular needs based on open source.


Abstract : The report supplements a previous report with new material on shielding physics. It contains newly published data on the passage of neutrons and gamma-quanta through shielding with heterogeneities. Considerable attention is devoted to using these data for practical calculations of shielding. The sections pertaining to calculation of the yield of secondary gamma-radiation formed in the shielding and to calculations of the space-energy distributions of neutrons in various media have been expanded.


Continuing education through Staff development activities meant to enhance skills,
knowledge, abilities, and beliefs are inextricably linked to effective teaching and
learning. This study sought to determine the attitude of basic education teachers in
Ghana toward staff development programmes. Two hundred and twenty-two (222)
basic school teachers from Upper Primary and Junior Secondary Schools (JSS) in the
Central Region were selected using stratified random sampling methods for the study.
The main instrument used for the collection of data was a researcher-designed
questionnaire following the principles of the Likert Scale to ascertain teachers' personal
characteristics and attitudes towards staff development programmes. The data obtained
was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study showed
that Basic school teachers in the Cape Coast Municipality have a positive attitude
towards staff development programmes. However, a more positive attitude is possible
if staff development programmes are organised on regular basis and teachers are
encouraged to appreciate the importance of staff development activities to the teacher
and the school as a whole. The study also revealed that there is no systematic evaluation
of the impact of staff development activities on the teaching practices of the individual
teachers as well as the gains in students learning. There is, therefore, the need for
organizers of staff development activities especially the Ghana Education Service
(GES) to enforce proper supervision and evaluation of the impact of such programmes.
Some recommendations are suggested on the basis of the findings. International Journal of Educational Research Vol. 3 (2) 2007 pp. 161-171


The addition of MeLi to boron enolates produced by the 1,4-addition of Ar2Cu(CN)Li2 to BF3·OEt2-activated enones was followed by the reaction with ClP(O)(OEt)2 to afford the corresponding enol phosphates in moderate to good yields. The scope of this method was examined with sterically hindered or electronically biased enones and/or reagents. This activation of boron enolates was successfully applied to the synthesis of the methyl ether of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol.


This paper lies in the field of teacher training of Biological Sciences and it is devoted to discussing topics related to the presence of Environmental Education (EE) in undergraduate courses. The objective of the study is to interpret the speeches of future teachers on EE from the analysis of texts authored by them in the context of an evaluation of the compulsory subject "Teaching Laboratory I" of a  degree course in Biology at a public university in Brazil. Therefore, the Discourse Analysis is used as the theoretical and methodological framework of the research in order to understand the contexts of production and constitution of the speeches of the research subjects. The results point to the existence of speeches relayed to a traditional conception of EE highlighting the size of the transmission of information and ecological knowledge especially aimed at changing individual behaviors from your awareness. On the other hand, there is a predominance of a hybrid discourse on EE in which students enter aspects conservationists, facing a view of problem solving, but also reflect on the economic and political structure of the consumer society, which would be more turned to a critical approach to environmental education.


The medical ultrasonic imaging technology has become an important assistant means of diagnoses and therapy for doctor, with the good qualities, like safety, fast speed, real time,low price and wide application range. But the ultrasonic imaging "speckle" noise make it difficulties to distinguish between normal tissue and pathological tissue. According to the character of noise in the medical ultrasonic image, in this paper an new method combine mathematics morphology with adaptive filtering is proposed after study noise and some filters. The method is first we adopt adaptive median filter preprocess the contaminated image, then apply mathematics morphological way to filter again and to enhance image contrast. Finally we compare the new method with others. The experimental result prove that this method can effectively improve imaging quality.


AND KEYWORDS Abstract Real-time railway operations are subject to stochastic disturbances. However, a railway timetable is a deterministic plan. Thus a timetable should be designed in such a way that it can absorb the stochastic disturbances as well as possible. To that end, a timetable contains buffer times between trains and supplements in running times and dwell times. This paper first describes a stochastic optimization model that can be used to find an optimal allocation of the running time supplements of a single train on a number of consecutive trips along the same line. The aim of this model is to minimize the average delay of the train. The model is then extended such that it can be used to improve a given cyclic timetable for a number of trains on a common infrastructure. Computational results show that the average delay of the trains can be reduced substantially by applying relatively small modifications to the timetable. In particular, allocating the running time supplements in a different way than what is usual in practice can be useful. Availability The ERIM Report Series is distributed through the following platforms: Classifications The electronic versions of the papers in the ERIM report Series contain bibliographic metadata by the following classification systems: Abstract. Real-time railway operations are subject to stochastic disturbances. However, a railway timetable is a deterministic plan. Thus a timetable should be designed in such a way that it can absorb the stochastic disturbances as well as possible. To that end, a timetable contains buffer times between trains and supplements in running times and dwell times. This paper first describes a stochastic optimization model that can be used to find an optimal allocation of the running time supplements of a single train on a number of consecutive trips along the same line. The aim of this model is to minimize the average delay of the train. The model is then extended such that it can be used to improve a given cyclic timetable for a number of trains on a common infrastructure. Computational results show that the average delay of the trains can be reduced substantially by applying relatively small modifications to the timetable. In particular, allocating the running time supplements in a different way than what is usual in practice can be useful.


In order to obtain the optimal engineering ceramics-metals pair with the best tribological performance, the tribological orthogonal tests for engineering ceramics such as Si3N4, SiC, ZrO2 and representative metals such as 45steel, CCr15 bearing steel, tin bronze QSn4-3 and tin-based babbit ZChSnSb8-4 with oil-less lubrication were carried out by using UMT-3 wear machine and SEM. Single factor analysis of load on friction and wear properties of Si3N4- babbit pair was performed. The results indicate that ceramic-metal pairs possess excellent tribological performance. Si3N4- babbit pair has the lowest friction coefficient and SiC-babbit pair is best in attrition. The friction coefficient varies sharply on low loads and the wear rate monotonous rises with the increase of load.


AbstractWeirs and notches are efficient devices for measuring flow rates. Banks of slit weirs forming multislit weirs allow both precise discharge measurements in a very large range of flow rates and permit a good flow regulation. V-shaped weirs are traditionally used as precise laboratory flow measuring devices, especially in the low discharge ranges. In the current investigation, the method of images was used to form the V-shaped multislit weir system to allow measurement and regulation of flows in a large range of flows that includes very low flow rates. Experimental studies were conducted to determine the discharge coefficients of V-shaped multislit weirs over a wide range of weir Reynolds numbers. The study provided a single relation between the weir discharge coefficient and the weir Reynolds number for both the rectangular and V-shaped multislit weir systems.


As a result of the new EC guidelines the coverage of the German occupational health and safety regulations will be extended. This means that practitioners will need much more ergonomic knowledge, and here lies a great opportunity for the science. This paper discusses future options and identifies tasks for the science of ergonomics.


A method is proposed for designing an x‐ray spectrometer which can scan a limited wavelength region without movement of the concave grating or the electronic counter. Spectrometers widely used in the past have consisted of a fixed x‐ray source and a movable counter. This method is to use a fixed counter and a scanning x‐ray source to avoid undesirable movement of the sensitive electronic counter with its delicate and complex cooling system. The scanning x‐ray source will be obtained by scanning the cathode ray beam of an x‐ray tube. Two cases are analyzed theoretically; the Rowland circle (or Paschen‐Runge) mounting, and a new arrangement which will be designated as the Sawada mounting. In the latter, the concave grating and the middle point of the scanning region of the x‐ray source lie on the circumference of a circle with the same radius as that of the grating. It will be useful for constructing an x‐ray grating spectrometer in the future. The length of a spectral line is shorter in the case of the Saw...


Based on data of forest resources investigation in second class in 2006 and 1995,the status and changes in the growth and decline of forest resources in Chaihe Forestry Bureau were analyzed and discussed.


Described herein is the clinical presentation of a patient from Bangkok, with fever, petechial rash, history of a tick bite, and a diagnosis of spotted fever rickettsiosis.


Introduction -- Pt. I. A bioethics for women -- Ch. 1. An egalitarian overview -- Diverse approaches to bioethics -- Verities, variables, and maxims -- Conceptions of justice -- Standpoint theory and its implications for just caring -- Privileging women's standpoint in our health care -- Ch. 2. Distinguishing features of women's health care -- Some sex and gender differences -- Models of the practitioner-patient relationship -- Possible modifications of principlist and casuistic methods -- Who is the patient? -- Patients and "dependent moral status" -- Guidelines and regulations -- Ch. 3. Different starting points, standpoints, end points -- Key terms -- Meaning and significance of moral status -- Moral relevance of the gestational tie and other relationships -- Personhood and potential for personhood -- Thresholds of development and moral status -- Intermediate positions about moral status -- Pt. II. Topics, issues, and cases -- Ch. 4. Preconception and prenatal decisions -- Preconception counseling -- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis -- Prenatal testing -- Misattributed paternity and carrier testing -- Sex selection -- Ch. 5. Medically assisted reproduction -- Criteria for patient selection -- Gamete "donation" and "surrogacy" -- Disposition of in vitro embryos -- Multiple gestations -- Ch. 6. Noncompliance during Pregnancy -- Refusal of hospitalization -- Dietary noncompliance -- Refusal of cesarean section -- Ch. 7. Decisions at parturition and birth -- Mode of delivery -- Cesarean sections for nonmedical reasons -- Decisions for impaired or very premature newborns -- Sex assignment at birth -- 8. Treatment of minors -- Teenage pregnancy and motherhood -- Confidentiality issues -- Ritual female genital surgery -- Eating disorders -- Ch. 9. Preventing pregnancy and birth -- Contraception and sterilization -- Abortion -- Ch. 10. Violence and discrimination toward women and children -- Child abuse and neglect -- Elderly abuse and neglect -- Violence against women -- Gender discrimination and sexual harassment -- Ch. 11. Nonreproductive health issues -- HIV testing and AIDS -- Breast and gynecological cancers -- Menopause and hormone replacement therapy -- Ch. 12. Care of the elderly and end-of-life care -- Health-related issues -- Caregiver issues -- End-of-life decisions -- Ch. 13. Research Issues -- Women as research subjects -- Maternal-fetal surgery -- Cloning and stem cell research -- Pt. III. An egalitarian deal -- Ch. 14. Virtue and gender justice in health care -- Recapping the perspective -- Obligations, virtues, and ideals -- Individual decision-making and an egalitarian ideal -- Virtue in women's health care -- Notes -- Index


Introduction: Studies have shown that lower extremity kinematics is affected during running at exhaustion due to fatigue (1, 2). However, it is unknown whether running kinematics is altered over the course of running prior to exhaustion, in particular, the transition from the commencement of running to steady state. Subsequently, the purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity kinematics between running conditions prior to and following the obtainment of steady-state at various running speeds.

Methods: Fourteen trained and moderately endurance trained runners (age 22.6 ± 3.5 years, height 1.8 ± 0.1m, weight 75.0 ± 8.0 kg) undertook a running economy (RE) test consisting of two 10-minute stages at an intensity of 70- and 90% of anaerobic threshold, respectively. There were two minutes rest between each stage. During the RE test, oxygen consumption was collected to ascertain whether the subjects reached steady-state. Lower extremity joint kinematics were recorded for 10 strides using 8 Vicon cameras (Oxford, UK, 100Hz) at 30 seconds (T30) and at 9 minutes 30 seconds (T9:30) of each stage. Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected immediately following motion capturing of each stage. Running gait parameters included hip range of motion (HROM), peak knee flexion during swing phase (KFS), peak knee flexion after foot strike (KFAS), and ankle range of motion (AROM). All variables were compared between T30 and T9:30 of each stage of the RE test using Paired-Sample T Tests.

Results: All subjects reached steady-state within three minutes of each stage. At T9:30 of the second stage, RPE was less than 17, indicating the subjects did not reach exhaustion. When compared from T9:30 to T30, RPE and HROM were significantly greater during the first and second stages whereas KFS and AROM were significantly greater during the second stage (p 0.05).

Discussion and conclusion: The increase in joint ROM may be the result of improved joint mobility due to an increase in the visco-elasticity of the musculo-tendinous unit. Unlike previous findings (1, 2), the changes in kinematics during the transition from the commencement of running to steady state appear to be the result of optimising running technique and not the impact of fatigue.


What are the political pathways to the dual earner/dual caregiver model? Are most countries likely to attain only a partial transformation of policies and societies, rather than a full embrace of this model? This article examines the development of work-family policies in Western Europe to probe the politics and consequences of these programs. In many countries, the political context frustrates efforts to enact a unified, comprehensive vision like the dual earner/dual caregiver model. Rather than achieving gender-egalitarian arrangements for work and care, countries may stall halfway there. Advocates should be careful in what they ask for and be aware of the challenge of keeping gender-egalitarian goals at the center of a policy-making process over which they will not have full control.


This paper is prepared for a design of a small scales crocodile skins tanning factory, to produce leather for leather goods. The capacity of it will be 10 pieces/day wet salted crocodile skins. This factory will be profitable in the view of techno – economical aspect. The economical calculation are as follows : the total capital is fixed capital + working capital Rp. 138.149.750,78 the total production cost is variable cost a year + fixed cost a year = Rp.140.115.913,40 the variable cost for a year consists of labour salaries, maintenance, capital interest, depreciation and general expences ; the manufacturing cost is the total production cost divided by production capacity = Rp.48.651,36/piece. The profit calculation before taxing is Rp.49.964.086,60 after taxing is Rp.39.971.269,30. The pay out period calculation consists of the percentage of profit to return the capital (rate of return) before taxing is 36,17% and after taxing is 28,93%; the pay out period before taxing 2 years 8 months, after taxing 3 years 3 months. The break even calculation consists of the break even point is Rp.77.306.648,33, the percentage of break even point is 40,67% and the capacity of break even points is 1.171 pieces.


Abstract By adopting a longue durée approach this paper aims to move the debate on Italy's foreign policy under the leadership of Silvio Berlusconi beyond the presentism and personalization currently dominating it. It argues firstly that the equation of Italian foreign policy with Berlusconi – irresistible as it may be – does not ultimately hold, and secondly that Berlusconi's 'new course' in foreign policy has to be put in a broader context. A more historically informed reading of the subject can on the one hand confer meaning and substance to what otherwise could appear to be a supremely ephemeral foreign policy, and on the other help illuminate its current trajectory and future implications. Far from being the product of 'one man alone' and his surreal quirks, the recent change in Italy's foreign policy results from a particular dialectic interplay between structural and contingent developments, which have come to intersect at this particular time.