The absorption cross sections of dimethylzinc, dimethylcadmium, and dimethylmercury are measured from 3000 to 1750 A using a computerized spectrometer with 0.6 A resolution. Structured continua with long progressions of vibrational peaks are observed for all three molecules. This vibrational structure, which is explained by a direct, asymmetric dissociation process resulting in a methyl radical and a metal–monomethyl molecule, is identified with vibrational modes in the fragments. A discussion of the electronic states of metal–alkyl molecules is given.


abstract:This essay will focus on three kinds of practice that help structure Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra (BCA): (1) practices of faith and devotion, (2) practices for cultivating compassion, and (3) practices for cultivating the nondual wisdom of emptiness. We will explore how these three types of practice, as explained in the BCA text, function synergistically to inform and empower each other on the path of a bodhisattva. I will draw on selected verses of the BCA to illustrate this point, and then relate it to recent writings on Śāntideva by Christian theologians Perry Schmidt-Leukel and Mark Heim.


The Jiaokengwu fluorite ore block,located in the southeast of Bamianshan fluorite orefield in Zhejiang Province,is a new type of fluorite deposit discovered recently.The No.17 orebody is the main orebody,occurring in the contact with granite and the carbonate rock in the exocontact.Based on the study of geology and ore-controlling factors of the orebody,the characteristics of intrusion,wall rock and structures are discussed.It is concluded that the deposit was formed by the filling of post-magmatic hydrothermal fluid,accompanied by alteration.The prospecting indicators are put forward.


By means of interview, literature review and on-the-spot research etc., this paper studied on the origin of the sponsorship and the characters of IOC's sponsor program, TOP, specifically discussed the various aspects of the sponsorship in marketing the intangible assets of the Chinese Olympic Committee( COC). The results showed that the current sponsorship in marketing the intangible assets of the COC should be that the corporation offers the COC and Chinese Sport Delegation some payment, Value in Kind or service for sponsorship right. This step is just the beginning of commercial activities. The corporation should cost 2~3 times money than the fee of sponsorship right to enlarge the influence as a sponsor of the COC. The COC should offer the sponsors an evaluation report of sponsorship effect as a return to the sponsors. Sponsorship is not only selling name right or selling the advertisement to the corporation, it should be a close cooperation between the COC and the corporation, a double win relationship.


Objective To explore the clinical, histopathological features of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder with emphasis on its differential diagnosis. Methods Clinical data and image findings were reviewed, and histopathological and immunohistochemical changes were observed in a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Results The tumor, measuring 5cm×4cm×3cm, was located in the right wall of the bladder, cauliflower_like shape. Histologically, the tumor was characterzed by biphasic proliferation of malignant epithelial and stromal elements. The epithelial component showed spuamous elements. The stromal component was largely a hypercellular spindle cells element and partly showed rhabdomyoid differentiation. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the epithelial component was positive for CK, CK17 and the sarcomatous component was positive for vimentin,desmin,actin (α-sarcomeric), and both were negative for S_100, CK20. Conclusions Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a rare, highly aggressive and malignant neoplasm characterized by an intimate admixture of carcinoma and malignant soft tissue neoplasm. The morphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of the tumors vary. The initial biopsy of this patient is critical to diagnosis.


The size of banks is examined as a determinant of bank risk. A wide range of banks are examined across four regions, including Australia, Canada, Europe and the USA. Four risk metrics are considered including Value at Risk (VaR), Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR, which measures risk beyond VaR), Probability of Default (PD) using Merton structural methodology, and Conditional Probability of Default (CPD, the author's own model which measures risk based on extreme asset value fluctuations. Daily equity and asset value fluctuations are included in the analysis, including pre-GFC and GFC periods. In addition to examining size in isolation as a determinant of bank risk, the paper uses fixed effects panel data regression to examine the significance of size as a risk determinant in conjunction with a range of other independent variables. The study finds mixed results among the four regions with no conclusive evidence of significant association between size and risk.


International trade is an integral part of the growth of a state and globalization has made it easier for states in the United States to do business with nations outside their main spheres of influence. This study analyzes the relationship and impact of international trade on economic development in New Hampshire. Since states can easily buy from or sell products to another country, the trade has contributed to the economic growth of New Hampshire. In this study, a regression analysis was employed to evaluate data from the United States Census Bureau and other agencies from 2010 to 2019. Results show that these trade factors have a positive correlation on New Hampshire's economic development. The understanding of the behavior of these factors can provide useful information to New Hampshire government and policy makers as they seek to improve export promotion, encourage domestic investment and attract new investors to the state. Keywords: International trade, Foreign trade, Economic growth, Economic development, Export, Import, Exchange rate DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-20-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2020


This text aims to present how the notion of fixed and flows formulated by the geographer Milton Santos, is concretized in the materiality of a chosen place. It intends to verify how the pair, later defined and denominated object systems and action systems, is expressed in the social relations and in the physical constitution of a road crossing in the centrality of the region of Butanta, West Zone of Sao Paulo and how mobility works as determining flow of actions and spatial dispositions.


Characterization of the snow-pack is fundamental for several applications in hydrology, such as modelling and forecasting of snow melt runoff, water resource management and risk analysis. Thanks to its night/day capabilities and weather conditions independence, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) represents a valuable tool for snow monitoring, especially in mountain areas often covered by clouds. The goal of the research project presented in this communication is to investigate the sensitivity of fully polarimetric Cband satellite SAR data to different conditions of the snow-pack. The work is based on the use of RADARSAT-2 C-band SAR data and collocated in-situ measurements acquired during two ground campaigns over an area located in the Catalan Pyrenees, that took place between February to October 2011. The main outcome of this study is the definition of two new polarimetric parameters sensitive to the snow presence, able to distinguish between dry-snow and non snow cover, allowing a qualitative remote sensing with C-band polarimetric space-borne SAR data. The importance of developing an application based on remote sensed data will be discussed. Results of the activity scheduled during the first year of the project will be highlighted. Observed deviations between SAR measurements and in situ measurement shall be analyzed and discussed.


Abstract : This report collates and reviews the results of an eleven-year project on the icing of fishing trawlers. Initially the factors causing the icing of ships at sea are presented and some aspects of the physics of the icing process are discussed. Some simple icing tests on cylinders of various diameters are described. These were made in an icing wind tunnel and demonstrated the effects of air temperature and cylinder size of the resulting ice formations. Later, a number of possible methods for reducing the icing hazard were tested in the wind tunnel and at an outdoor test rig. Of the methods tested the most effective was an inflatable rubber de-icing blanket. Throughout the project, icing report forms were distributed to vessels operating out of Canadian east coast ports. The data obtained by this means has helped to establish the types of weather systems responsible for icing conditions, the geographical extent of the occurrence of icing, and statistics on the severity of icing encounters in the study area. Appendices present simplified formulae for the droplet collection efficiency of cylinders and rectangular bodies, the derivation of an analytical expression for the rate of ice build-up on fishing trawlers, and a bibliography of ship icing. (Author)


A human case of European Bat Lyssavirus (EBL) 2 infection in Scotland in November was confirmed by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency in November 2002 (1). This is the first confirmed human infection of EBL 2 in the United Kingdom (UK), and the first human rabies-like infection acquired in the UK since 1902 (2).


Purpose Aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare benign bone neoplasm. The most common affected anatomical sites are vertebral column and long bones. We report two uncommon cases of orbital aneurysmal bone cyst.


Virtual enterprise(VE)is regarded as the most competitive management model of enterprises that face the resource of the globe.Through rapidly establishing dynamic alliance,virtual enterprises achieve agility and flexibility.How to select partners is the key problem in the creation of VE.Firstly,the distributed object technology for supporting the creation of VE is presented.Secondly,the attributes of the required agents is described and the selection process particularly is emphasized on.Finally,a proposed infrastructure of remote manufacturing system supporting dynamic alliance for VE with the multi-agent technology is proposed.


The importance of automated negotiation has increased in recent years, because the growing interest in many fields. The aim of such interactions is to reach agreements through exchanging the offers and counteroffers. From these historical offers, mining methods pays special attention for two issues, first because its ability discover and extract knowledge about the opponent preferences, second, its ability to repeat the above process as many times as deemed necessary. As a result it can increase the sensitivity for the opponent, arriving to the agreement in minimum time due to fewer rounds in competitive, win-win relationship. The proposed algorithm uses a non-parametric method, kernel density estimator (KDE), with trade-off to generate offers which are suitable for both agents. Experimental studies have been performed for comparing this algorithm with human and many other algorithms.


In this paper,the control method for rapid maneuver of TDRS was studied.Adaptive control law based on the characteristic model of MIMO system,with logic derivative control law and logic integral control law,was designed and used for satellite rapid maneuver and antenna point tracing.The simplified dynamics of multi -body satellites with flexibility based on Newton-Euler method and expressed in hybrid coordinate equations were used in numerical simulations.The results of simulations were given to show that the adaptive control law based on the characteristic mode can satisfy the maneuver and stability of satellite and antenna.Compared with traditional PD controller,the designed controller has better performance and very strong robustness when parameters of system are changed.


This article describes populations of people that misuse substances, who often face barriers into treatment services or who may find that traditional service delivery models do not always meet their needs. There are a number of groups within the substance misuse population who often require enhanced treatment experiences, joint working with other providers and adjunctive treatment options. Equitable provision of treatment forms part of modern healthcare delivery. This paper will discuss some of the groups that face barriers into mainstream substance misuse services. Specialist treatment pathways will be discussed, as an attempt to meet additional treatment needs.


The invention discloses a separation technology for L-carnitine and an inorganic salt in an L-carnitine production process. The separation technology is characterized by comprising the following steps: regulating pH of a crude carnitine product containing carnitine and the inorganic salt to be 3-8, and performing chromatographic separation to obtain two products: L-carnitine and the inorganic salt, wherein the chromatographic separation is carried out by adopting a chromatographic column or a continuous chromatographic separation system. According to the separation technology for L-carnitine and the inorganic salt in the L-carnitine production process, by adopting a separation method taking chromatographic separation as a core, the separated L-carnitine with high purity can be used for food production, and the obtained inorganic salt can be recycled; in addition, the chromatographic resin can be recycled without the need of regeneration, the production cost is low, and the separation technology is a truly low-carbon and environment-friendly pollution-free separation method with simple operation and low cost.


Studies on mergers and acquisitions have in recent years taken more into consideration the crucial role middle managers have in the integration process and how that role can be taken into account to improve the success of the integration. Middle managers are important in implementing change especially during post-merger integration, since they are both recipients and deployers of the change plans. Additionally, individuals faced with a change, such as a merger or acquisition, use sensemaking when attempting to understand the meaning of the announced change as well as its effect on them and their role in the organization. The objective of my research is to study the sensemaking of middle managers in a merger of two Finnish restaurant industry companies. Literature on sensemaking, post-merger integration as well as the role of middle managers in organizational change will form the framework of the thesis. Through this research, I hope to understand better how middle managers experience post-merger integration. Thus, helping in planning better integration processes in the future. The empirical research is conducted by a single case study of a merger in the integration phase. Empirical material is gathered through in-depth interviews, with observation and internal written material acting as additional data sources. My findings illustrate that in post-merger integration, middle managers make sense of the situation in many different ways, tend to remain neutral to the overall process instead of straightforward acceptance or resistance, but are very adamant on aspects that threaten their identity.


Myomas are the most common benign tumors of the uterus; however, only 1% to 4% of women were diagnosed with myoma during pregnancy. Although a majority of myomas do not cause any problems during pregnancy and rarely present with torsion or necrosis, myomas might lead to an acute abdomen, which then indicate need for an urgent myomectomy. There are various causes for an acute abdomen during pregnancy, and it is not always easy to make the definitive diagnosis with non-invasive diagnostic tools such as ultrasonography. Because the uterus displaces the intra-abdominal organs during pregnancy, diagnosis of a surgical emergency may be delayed and, consequently, increase maternal morbidity and mortality. If a surgical emergency is indicated, laparoscopy is a safe alternative to laparotomy during pregnancy, requiring a shorter hospital stay and less analgesic; therefore, all surgeons and gynecologists should be able to perform a laparoscopy when needed in each trimester of pregnancy. Herein, we report a 31-year-old primigravid woman presented with an acute abdomen at 16 weeks gestation. Ultrasound examination revealed a nearly 10 cm myoma at the right side of the uterine fundus. Suspecting a torsed myoma, an urgent diagnostic laparoscopy, which revealed a large, torsed, subserous myoma with a 2cm base, was performed. Laparoscopic resection and morcellation was done successfully. No intra-operative or post-operative complications were encountered, and the woman gave birth to a healthy infant at term. By presenting this case, we suggest the safe use of laparoscopic myomectomy of a relatively big myoma even in the second trimester of pregnancy.


Heidi Reeder Communication Seung Youn Chyung Organizational Performance & Workplace Learning Lynn Lubamersky History Pat Pyke STEM Station Cheryl Schrader Chancellor, Missouri S&T Leslie Madsen-Brooks History Janelle Brown EXPLORE Magazine Thanks to Boise State University College of Social Sciences and Public Affairs for funding. BACKGROUND: For at least forty years, women's history scholars have investigated who is responsible for advances in science and technology. Their findings have dismantled assumptions that have excluded women's scientific contributions. While the role of women in the history of science has been recovered, it is uncertain whether this information has made its way into the classroom and into cultural consciousness.


AbstractThe impact of climate change on wind power generation potentials over Europe is investigated by considering ensemble projections from two regional climate models (RCMs) driven by a global climate model (GCM). Wind energy density and its interannual variability are estimated based on hourly near-surface wind speeds. Additionally, the possible impact of climatic changes on the energy output of a sample 2.5-MW turbine is discussed. GCM-driven RCM simulations capture the behavior and variability of current wind energy indices, even though some differences exist when compared with reanalysis-driven RCM simulations. Toward the end of the twenty-first century, projections show significant changes of energy density on annual average across Europe that are substantially stronger in seasonal terms. The emergence time of these changes varies from region to region and season to season, but some long-term trends are already statistically significant in the middle of the twenty-first century. Over northern and ...


To overcome the limitation of current evaluation model of transit coverage rate,which has only paid excessive attention to traffic supply index but ignored the obvious difference in traffic demand between different people,a new concept of humane transit coverage rate was put forward and its index system was established based on several important features of transit service,such as supply,demand,universality and efficiency.Then the calculation method was established with choosing different humane factors.The results show that humane transit coverage rate is more effective than the current rate in reflecting the level of transit service.Human transit coverage rate added into the evaluation system of transit is helpful to improve the efficiency of transit,and to avoid the blind pursuit of high coverage rate only.


Objective To study the therapeutic effect of CpG-ODN,an agonist of Toll-like receptor 9(TLR9),on irradiation injury of bone marrow hematopoietic system in mice.Methods Mice were treated with intraperitoneal injection of CpG-ODN(50 μg each) at 30 min,24 h and 48 h after irradiation.The survival rates of animals were observed after irradiation with different doses,the numbers of white blood cell(WBC) and bone marrow nucleated cells within a certain period of time were observed,the bone marrow was pathologically studied,and the number of endogenous colony forming unit-spleen(endoCFU-S) was counted.Sesults Our results showed that intraperitoneal injection of CpG-ODN significantly improved the survival rate of mice and increased the numbers of peripheral WBC and bone marrow nucleated cells(P0.01);moreover,it also ameliorated the pathological injury of the bone marrow and reduced the death of bone marrow stem cells.Conclusion Intraperitoneal CpG-ODN injection can ameliorate the irradiation injury of bone marrow hematopoietic system in mice.


Even after the consolidation of the Open Government Data (OGD) movement and the existence of successful initiatives all around the globe, the dissemination of report-like documents as a primary way to information disclosure is still a concern. In this context, transparency web sites appear as distributed silos of documents with heterogeneous and often unstructured data, in which the information provided is mainly through HTML and PDF formats. Although they seem to be the preferred formats to disclose data, they lack the machine-readability feature advocated by OGD. This concern is easily addressed with the use of current OGD portals which provide a straightforward manner to fully implement public openness with data; thus, government work processes should be redesigned to consider the OGD principles from data creation. However, some time will lag until cultural transformations make data really open. This paper proposes an architecture composed of a collaborative-oriented middleware for structuring information in the "as is" format while governments are prepared to fully comply with OGD. We describe all the main components through an implementation point of view. With the likely use of this architecture, we provide society with a way to press for opening data before governments do.


Abstract. In general, sorting networks can be used as interconnection networks in that the input messages are simply sorted according to their target addresses. If the target addresses form a permutation of all addresses, this is obviously correct since then the sorting algorithm routes each message to its target address. However, if not all inputs need a connection to one of the outputs, then some output addresses do not appear as target addresses, and thus, partial permutations have to be implemented. In this case, sorting networks work no longer correctly as interconnection networks since all messages with target addresses larger than the smallest missing target address will be routed to the wrong outputs. For merge-based sorting networks, there is a well-known general solution called the Batcher-Banyan network. However, for the larger class of radix-based sorting networks this does not work, and there is only one solution known for a particular permutation network [28]. In this paper, we present three general constructions to convert any binary sorter into a ternary split module which is the key to construct a radix-based interconnection network that can cope with partial permutations. We compare the sizes and depths of the circuits obtained by our constructions for six known binary sorters and show this way that the obtained circuits are of practical interest.


The present trials aimed to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with plant proteins in diets for cod, using a regression design where fish meal constituted the control. The plant protein diets were formulated to meet the amino acid requirements according to NRC (1993) and contained corn gluten meal, soybean meal, a mixture of these, or a mixture of wheat gluten meal and soybean concentrate. The plant protein fraction constituted up to 440 g kg )1 of the extruded diet. Two feeding experiments were conducted, one at high (11 � C) and one at low (6.5 � C) temperature. High growth and feed utilization were obtained in all diet groups at both temperatures. However, only in Exp.1 (11 � C), growth and feed utilization were linearly reduced by increases in dietary soybean and corn gluten meal, while no such effect was detected in Exp.2 (6.5 � C). Reductions in protein retention were seen at both temperatures with use of all evaluated plant protein sources. Due to large amounts of plant protein ingredients in diet, differences in diet amino acid composition were seen. These were partly reflected in the muscle free amino acid pool. Dietary plant ingredients did not affect whole body, liver or muscle proximate compositions, or liver indices. In both experiments, blood parameters were within the range of earlier reported normal values and indicated, together with low mortality, good fish health status. The results show that there is high potential to use protein-rich plant ingredients in diets for Atlantic cod.


Virtually all activities which involve sensitive explosive / flammable materials will contain some of the elements necessary for an electrostatic ignition. More often than not, the activities run trouble free - the generation and accumulation of electrostatic energy is unseen and discharges if they occur may be low in energy and remain unnoticed. A simple change in the process or operating procedures however may be all that is necessary to complete the chain between charge generation and ignition. The consequence of an ignition is of course often catastrophic. History has demonstrated that a plant may run trouble free for decades and then for no immediately apparent reason experience a series of fires. There is a need to look in to the aspects of expertise, knowledge and practice in dealing with ESD hazards. It is strongly recommended that all operations on or involving explosive devices, and/or propellants shall be analyzed for applicability of the mitigation techniques.


The single $\pi^0$ production rate in neutral current neutrino interactions on water in a neutrino beam with a peak neutrino energy of 0.6 GeV has been measured using the P{\O}D, one of the subdetectors of the T2K near detector. The production rate was measured for data taking periods when the P{\O}D contained water ($2.64\times{}10^{20}$ protons-on-target) and also periods without water ($3.49 \times 10^{20}$ protons-on-target). A measurement of the neutral current single $\pi^0$ production rate on water is made using appropriate subtraction of the production rate with water in from the rate with water out of the target region. The subtraction analysis yields 106 $\pm$ 41 (stat.) $\pm$ 69 (sys.) signal events, which is consistent with the prediction of 157 events from the nominal simulation. The measured to expected ratio is 0.68 $\pm$ 0.26 (stat.) $\pm$ 0.44 (sys.) $\pm$ 0.12 (flux). The nominal simulation uses a flux integrated cross section of $7.63\times{}10^{-39}$ cm${}^2$ per nucleon with an average neutrino interaction energy of 1.3 GeV.


Method of making a parasiticidal composition comprising: - at least 40% by weight of alkali metal bicarbonate, and - at least 1% of silica, characterized in that: - at least 35% is ground by weight of alkali metal bicarbonate of the composition in the presence of silica in order to obtain a mixture of particles, and - if necessary, the rest of the alkali metal bicarbonate is added to the particle mixture to form the parasiticidal composition, and - said parasiticidal composition has a particle size distribution such that at least 50% weight of the particles have a diameter less than 100 microns.


One of the most pressing issues confronting Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) at this point in time is the prescribing of Buprenorphine by these health care providers for the treatment and management of patients dependent on prescription and non-prescription opioids. The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000) omitted APRNs from prescribing Buprenorphine for the detoxification and management of patients dependent on heroin and other opioid drugs. APRNs have been able to prescribe Buprenorphine for chronic pain management, but not for the management of substance use of opioids. DATA 2000 permitted physicians the right to prescribe Buprenorphine for detoxification and management of patients, who are dependent on opioids, in their offices (OBOT—OfficeBased Opiate Treatment) after the physician completes an 8 hour certification course on prescribing Buprenorphine. Physicians also have to obtain a waiver from the Drug Enforcement Agency in order to prescribe and dispense approved opioid medications in their office (Fornili & Burda, 2009). Buprenorphine, specifically Suboxone and Subutex, schedule III medications, became the first approved medications for office based treatment of opioid dependency (Fornili & Burda, 2009). Physicians were permitted to have no more than 30 patients in their practice, who were receiving Buprenorphine, at any given time. Those physicians, who treated substance use disorders, found this legislation rather restrictive as there were many more patients seeking treatment. Physicians then mounted an effort in 2006 to have the initial legislation amended. Amendments to DATA 2000 then permitted physicians to have no more than 100 patients in their practice. This legislative revision again failed to include APRNs. This legislation fails to include APRNs and furthermore, anyone practicing in the field of addictions as a nurse or an advanced practice nurse has seen non-qualified physicians prescribing these medications. All of a sudden certain physicians in family practice or practice fields other than addictions are prescribing Buprenorphine. There is even a gynecologist in my geographic region who is now prescribing this medication. DATA 2000 and its revision in 2006 has created scope of practice issues that medicine fails to address, yet APRNs certified in the field of addictions and practicing in this subspecialty cannot prescribe this medication. It should also be noted that since the DEA has been more closely monitoring OBOT centers, the number of physicians prescribing Buprenorphine has decreased since 2009 (IntNSA Fact Sheet, 2011). The prescribing of Buprenorphine by qualified APRNs working in the field of addictions has been a practice issue discussed at the International Nurses Society on Addictions since DATA 2000's inception. Strobbe & Hobbins (2011) created a position paper for IntNSA on this issue. Finally our collective voice has been heard! Congressman Dutch Ruppersberger (D-MD) recently introduced H.R. 1729, Opiate Addiction Treatment Act of 2011. This legislation will amend DATA 2000 to authorize qualifying practitioners to dispense certain narcotic drugs in schedule III, IV, and V for maintenance treatment of detoxification treatment (IntNSA Fact Sheet, 2011).


Poorly differentiated chordomas (PDCs) represent a rare subset of notochordal neoplasms, affecting primarily children and associated with an aggressive outcome. In contrast to conventional chordomas, PDC show solid growth and increased cellularity, cytologic atypia, and mitotic activity. Recent studies have shown that PDCs are characterized by recurrent deletions encompassing the SMARCB1 locus, resulting in consistent loss of nuclear SMARCB1 expression. Thus PDC joined the expanding family of SMARCB1‐deficient tumors characterized by various SMARCB1 structural abnormalities, ranging from large homozygous deletions to small intragenic mutations. In the present study, we investigate the SMARCB1 abnormalities in a group of nine well‐characterized PDCs and to establish the sensitivity of the FISH method in detecting these changes in the clinical setting. We further assessed the pathologic features and clinical behavior of this cohort managed at our referral center over a 20‐year period. The mean age at diagnosis was 10 years‐of‐age. All except one case occurred in the cranial region. All demonstrated strong nuclear expression of brachyury and loss of SMARCB1 expression. FISH identified homozygous SMARCB1 deletions in all except one case; additionally two cases revealed a heterozygous EWSR1 locus co‐deletion. Clinical follow‐up information was available in five patients. Two patients presented with distant metastases at initial diagnosis. Two of the three remaining patients with primary disease failed both locally and distantly after multimodality therapy. We conclude that PDCs are highly aggressive tumors and the dominant mechanism of loss of SMARCB1 expression is through large, homozygous SMARCB1 deletions that can be readily detected by FISH.


Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by moulds and may be present on all types of vegetal raw materials used in feeds, at a very low dosage. The common concentrations are in parts per million or ppm. Mycotoxins are well-known for their effects on monogastric animals but ruminants, until recently, were considered "protected" owing to the detoxification action of rumen flora. However, recent scientific studies have shown that only 20 to 30% of mycotoxins are really detoxified in the rumen.


Less than 1% of the literature on El Salvador's biodiversity is about terrestrial invertebrates, which limits our knowledge of this group's diversity, richness, and distribution in the territory. Scarabaeoidea are megadiverse in multiple ecosystems and perform many functions. This work aims to catalog the Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador. We conducted an exhaustive review of published literature and reviewed numerous entomological collections with relevant material. Maps were constructed to visualize the known distribution of each species in the country. There are 295 scarab beetle species (including 19 new country records) representing 106 genera in 7 families in El Salvador. Six precinctive species are known. Twenty-two species are discarded as occurring in El Salvador, either because they are not valid species or because of misidentifications or dubious records. This work is the first approach to knowing the Scarabaeoidea in El Salvador, a territory that is usually considered of no importance for the conservation of regional biodiversity due to its small area, high rate of deforestation, and overpopulation. The results of this work reinforce the need for biological prospecting in the territory to know, conserve, and protect the remaining biodiversity.


In the title compound, C15H11NS, the dihedral angle between the thiophene and 1-naphthyl rings is 31.42 (11)°. The molecule adopts a trans configuration about the central C=N bond. In the crystal, the molecules are connected via weak C—H⋯π interactions.


Detailed experimental results and model caclulations for the evolution of the x-ray fluorescence in the vicinity of the {ital L} absorption edge of titanium in metallic Ti and TiO and insulating TiO{sub 2} and BaTiO{sub 3} are presented. Behavior characteristic of x-ray Raman scattering was found in all samples. We develop a model that describes the valence band emission below the L{sub 3} absorption threshold in terms of the calculated partial density of states and the Kramers-Heisenberg x-ray scattering formalism. Linear muffin-tin orbital band structure calculations were used for the projected density of states in the model. In the region below the L{sub 3} absorption edge very good agreement between experiment and the model was found for all compounds. We propose a mechanism for the energy shift of the emission spectra for TiO{sub 2} and BaTiO{sub 3}. An explanation of the Raman energy loss in terms of the excitation of a valence electron into localized states of {ital d} symmetry in the conduction band is also provided. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}


The extraordinary case of Covid-19 has made health workers the front line in handling it. To prevent the risk of contracting, health workers must use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as protection. PPE that must be worn for at least 5 hours a day and is waterproof makes users experience much sweating. If not prevented, health workers can be exposed to dehydration and even death. Based on the explanation above, PPE has been designed that can cool IoT-based health workers. Also, all activities can be monitored remotely via the WEB, accessible via a smartphone or computer. In addition to WEB, data can be displayed via the LCD. The DHT22 sensor and the airflow sensor will detect the hazmat's temperature, humidity, and airflow. Furthermore, the tool is also equipped with UVC rays that can clean the air from microorganisms. Activity data will be stored in cloud storage, which is helpful as an evaluation material and reference for health workers' health progress. From the tests' results, the tool will function when the temperature and humidity follow the setpoint.


A mathematical model of the steady-state temperature field of the road pavement has been proposed. The results of numerical calculation have been given.


Objective: To improve the preoperative diagnosis accuracy of cerebellopontine angle tumors through analyzing MRI findings.Methods: Collecting 120 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors which confirmed by pathology and surgery,all cases underwent MRI scan plus enhanced MRI.Results: In 120 cases,acoustic neuroma in 45 cases,meningioma in 37 cases,6 cases of trigeminal neuroma,epidermoid cyst in 8 cases,arachnoid cyst in 7 cases,glioma in 6 cases,6 cases of angioreticuloma,cavernous angioma in 5 cases.Tumors located in the left cerebellopontine angle accounted for 64 cases,located on the right cerebellopontine angle accounted for 59 cases.Preoperative localization accuracy was 100%,qualification accuracy rate was 97.5%.Conclusion: MRI has a high value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors,which can be used as a preferred preoperative examination method in cerebellopontine angle tumors.


Atlantic Canadian coast. The purpose of the dataset is to address data and knowledge gaps in temperature fluctuations in intertidal regions that are influenced by seasonal factors, daily tidal oscillations, as well as large and small scale atmospheric processes. In this way, the dataset can be used to help advance our understanding of the processes affecting the ecology rocky intertidal zones, and how these processes are influence by broader climate change. Overall Comments: The manuscript describing this dataset is very well written. The authors do a very nice job of explaining why the data are important and relevant and how the field data were collected. I also believe the authors do a good job of interpreting their dataset to the audience. In particular, I like that the data are presented in terms of temperature variability across a range of spatial and temporal scales. For instance, for the temporal dimension, the authors use the data to show the general variation in temperature due to seasonal Earth-Sun relationships (i.e. peak temps occurring slightly after the summer solstice), and the hourly variations arising from the push and pull of the tides. Spatial variability is also highlighted by the data with regional variations due to upwelling and the small-scale effects of local weather. Furthermore, the authors use the data to highlight the broader effects of global atmospheric circulation processes (i.e. ENSO; NAO) on rocky intertidal zone temps. This adds broader impacts of the dataset in that it can help move forward modeling studies to address, for instance, the effects of climate change on these ecosystems. I do not know of any other dataset quite like this one, so I do believe it is new. However, the methods are not necessarily novel. But, that is OK I think. The quality of the dataset are good and the links are accessible. The authors use replicate loggers and run statistics across the datasets with high correlation between sites over the study period. Figures and table look good and are appropriate. Rating: Uniqueness: 1 – Again, I do not know of any other dataset like this one, and I do believe that it "provides data on a variable that is supposed to reflect changes in the Earth system". Usefulness: 1 – I believe that this data could be used alone to compare to future trends to assess changes in the Earth system, and can also be combined with other datasets (such as those from a coastal zone observatory) to develop numerical models to predict such


PURPOSE: A seal pattern formed substrate and a method for forming the seal pattern are provided to easily cut each panel by reducing the size of the seal pattern. CONSTITUTION: A substrate comprises a seal pattern(330) which is placed on a first mother substrate(300) using a dispenser. The first mother substrate is defined by a plurality of panels. The seal pattern is formed about two or more panel domains through one time dispensing. The seal pattern comprises a first seal pattern unit(333) and a second seal pattern unit. The first seal pattern part is formed along the edge part of two or more panel regions. The second seal pattern is formed between panel regions.


The effect of birth weight and childhood body mass index (BMI) on adolescents' bone parameters is not established. The aim of this longitudinal, population‐based study was to investigate the association of birth weight, childhood BMI, and growth, with adolescent bone mass and bone density in a sample of 633 adolescents (48% girls) from The Tromsø Study: Fit Futures. This population‐based cohort study was conducted in 2010–2011 and 2012–2013 in Tromsø, Norway. Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal BMD (aBMD) were measured at total hip (TH) and total body (TB) by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and converted to internal Z‐scores. Birth weight and childhood anthropometric measurements were retrospectively obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and childhood health records. Associations between birth weight, BMI, and growth were evaluated by fitting linear mixed models with repeated measures of BMC and aBMD at ages 15 to 17 and 18 to 20 years as the outcome. In crude analysis, a significant positive association (p < 0.05) with TB BMC was observed per 1 SD score increase in birth weight, observed in both sexes. Higher rate of length growth, conditioned on earlier size, from birth to age 2.5 years, and higher rate of weight gain from ages 6.0 to 16.5 years, conditioned on earlier size and concurrent height growth, revealed stronger associations with bone accrual at ages 15 to 20 years compared with other ages. Compared with being normal weight, overweight/obesity at age 16.5 years was associated with higher aBMD Z‐scores: β coefficient (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.78 (0.53, 1.03) and 1.08 (0.85, 1.31) in girls, 0.63 (0.42, 0.85) and 0.74 (0.54, 0.95) in boys at TH and TB, respectively. Similar associations were found for BMC. Being underweight was consistently negatively associated with bone parameters in adolescence. In conclusion, birth weight influences adolescent bone mass but less than later growth and BMI in childhood and adolescence. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research


Objective To construct food safety and nutrition information collection, analysis platform with new IT technologies including big data, improve the ability of analysis, and do the deeper data-mining, providing the more accurate and overall food safety and nutrition information for government, business, consumers,and social media. Methods The big data features of the nowadays food safety and nutrition industry,then a cloud computing and big data-based service platform with four layers was proposed. The key technologies and main functions were discussed, and the service model for 4 kinds users—government, business, consumers, and social media was proposed. Results The food safety and nutrition cloud(www.fsnip.com) based on the proposed method had attained periodical achievements. Conclusion The research of this paper can be used as the reference of the platform design and information service model for the big data industry for public service.


The extent of this study is to evolve a new analytical approach to determine optimal sizing and siting of distributed generation (DG) unit(s) within a power distribution network considering the power loss minimization. The developed analytical model is based on curtailing the real and reactive power losses with respective branch components of currents by allocating the DGs at discrete places. The proposed method first, sequentially recognizes the possible nodes, where DGs can be sited. Afterwards, the best DG sizes are estimated using the expressions of loss saving for active and reactive DG's components. In order to find out, the optimal locations for DG placement a computational algorithm is developed. Moreover, analytical expressions have been derived and formulated considering three cases for power loss minimization and voltage profile improvement with and without integration of DGs. The IEEE 69-test distribution network is used to test and validated the method. Results of each case are compared and demonstrated the best case for highest loss saving obtained by DG unit's allocations in the system.


For many people and institutions in Egypt, the messy appearance of informal settlements codes for its inhabitants' supposed immorality and thus illegality. Little is known, however, about how the subjects of such accusations interpret the relationship among built form, morality, and legality in so-called formal urbanism. When a group of urban poor from central Cairo is resettled into Haram City, a private development subsidized by the state as "affordable housing" but operating as a budget gated community, disemployment and the developer's hypocrisy provoke them to occupy vacant homes and gardens. As the squatters modify properties to create jobs, and as middle-class homeowners disparage them, the squatters appropriate "informality" to articulate their own vernacular position on the immorality of formal planning. This ethnography shows how squatters develop a notion that the just city binds morality and economy together when buildings manifest labor relations: people and places that are "practiced" (mugarrab, also experienced or tested) as virtuous. It then shows how squatters instrumentalize this concept as informal expertise to persuade formal city staff, managers, and homeowners of squatters' legitimacy: They demonstrate divisibility within property rights to protect productive urbanism's use value and challenge speculative urbanism's exchange value. To this end, I introduce two literatures rarely applied to southern urbanism: the "moral economy" as an innovative lens for geographers exploring embedded economies (Thompson 1991) and legal geography critiquing a "single owner model" of ownership (Singer 2000a).


Compounds represented by formula (I) useful as a preventive agent and / or therapeutic agent for thrombotic diseases shows the inhibitory effect of activated blood coagulation factor X (FXa), a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof or a solvent a pharmaceutical composition comprising a hydrate, is provided a pharmaceutical composition which exhibits good dissolution properties are demanded. The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I), a pharmaceutical composition of the solid containing a pharmacologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof containing a compound represented by the formula (I) amounts to a pharmaceutical composition is less than 0.5 wt% to 15 wt% relative to the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.


Genotyping of mice relies on isolation of DNA from tissues typically involving painful procedures, such as tail snipping, digit removal or ear punch, and the use of expensive kits. Although harvesting of hair has been proposed in the past as a source for genomic DNA, there has been a perceived complication because of low DNA yields and fear of contamination. We tested an adapted, simplified, fast and cheap version of a common forensic method used for fingerprinting human samples and compared the results against tissue-based enzymatic commercial kits. Chelex (Cross-linked iminodiacetate styrene divinylbenzene copolymer beads) resin was first promoted in aiding in forensic identification of DNA in 1991. 1 It has several advantages including simplicity, high efficiency and low usage of solvents, and the DNA produced contains fewer PCR inhibitors. We did side by side comparison of tail samples comparing PCR results for Qiagen, a conventional DNA extraction kit, and Chelex. We then tested hair follicles using Chelex. The results demonstrate that our procedure provides specific and accurate genotyping results in less than 4 hours at a cost per PCR of one tenth of commercially available kits.


This paper establishes accurate mathematic model of fighting vehicle Fire Control System and constructs a synthetic and opening man-in-the-loop simulation platform based on HLA.The platform can evaluate the battle efficiency of new FCS,modify the tactics thought and method,establish battle principle and training criterion facing new equipment,study on technology of virtual prototype.


Abstract Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv GP‐10, SC283, SC574, and Funk 6522DR seedling root tips (1 cm) absorption of calcium (45Ca2+) in the presence of 0.1 mM ruthenium red (RR) and verapamil (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mM) was evaluated at pH 5.5. Verapamil was not inhibitory in Funk G522DR, significantly inhibited 45Ca2+ absorption at 1.0 mM verapamil in GP‐10, SC283, and SC574 by 35, 65, and 55%, respectively. Genetic variation is documented. Additionally, as yet unrecognized physiological parameters seem to induce changes in response by the various cultivars.


The conference of the above title was held on October 24 to 26 in Kyoto. The conference chairman is Prof. Sin Hitotumatu, RIMS, Kyoto University, and the conference organizer is Dr. Tateaki Sasaki, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. Presented were twelve papers on algorithm study, application to pure and applied mathematics, etc., and system implementation. The number of attendees is 56, from the fields of pure mathematics, applied mathematics, physics, and computer science. The papers presented and their abstracts are given below.


DC-biased magnetic properties of powder cores made of pure iron powder have been investigated using a nonmagnetic grain boundary (NMGB) model taking into account the distribution of gap width between particles. Three kinds of powder were prepared by water atomization (a), sphericalization (b), and gas atomization (c). Various amounts of additives were added to (a) to investigate the gap width effect between the particles on the powder core (aa). B-H loops were measured, and differential permeability (μdif) was calculated at each magnetic field. They were compared with the value calculated from the NMGB model taking into account the gap width distribution. The more spherical particles were, the lower the μdif was at low magnetic field, and the smaller the fall rate of μdif was at high magnetic field. That indicated the DC-biased magnetic properties improved. From the calculation using the NMGB model, the geometric average value (δgave) of the gap width increased, and the geometric standard deviation(σg) decreased. The effect of μdif on DC-biased magnetic properties was also investigated. The greater the amount of aluminum oxide added to (a), the larger δgave became, the smaller σg became, and the smaller decreasing ratio of μdif at 6 k A/m against 0 k A/m became. However, the decreasing ratio of μdif(C) was smaller than that of (b). Relative inaccuracies for all samples between measured and calculated μdif were under ±6.20% at a magnetic field 0.6-17 k A/m .


R E A D I N G and thinking about this topic has produced in me, as it produces in others, a dangerous certainty as to the rightness of my ideas despite an uneasy appreciation of the necessarily restricted viewpoint upon which they are based. Those at this Conference have a highly specialized viewpoint, usually a sub-specialty of medicine or the law, and have all had personal experience of pornog raphy in the past or the present. Wi th a topic which, by its very nature , cannot be scientific, I regard personal experience as valid data . This paper has three main sections: first, pornography is considered from the socio logical point of view and from the viewpoint of individual psychology. Secondly, sexual arousal is differentiated from sexual behav iour. Sexual arousal I relate to the concept of stimulation potential ; sexual behavioiuto the concept of vulnerability potential. In the third section, an a t tempt is made to relate pornography to other potentially damaging experiences and to consider it in the general context of individual freedom and control in society.


GIANT GUTTER FROM OUTER SPACE was born from the encounter of two musicians driven to the execution of experimental instrumental music and the urge to ...


This paper demonstrates the feasibility of combining adaptive kinematics and multiscale constitutive relations to reduce the computational effort of finite element modeling of progressive failure in fiber-reinforced composite laminates. In the present context, adaptive kinematics refers to the selective use of different types of macroscopic laminate models for different regions of the computational domain, based on the solution complexity within each region. The various macroscopic laminate models can be distinguished by the manner in which the displacement field is assumed to vary through the thickness of the laminate. In the present study, kinematic adaptivity is made possible through the use of variable-kinematic finite elements (VKFE) that are developed by hierarchically combining two or more types of assumed displacement fields in a single finite element domain. The hierarchical data structure of the VKFE greatly simplifies the process of connecting elements that represent different types of laminate theories, thus facilitating adaptive analysis. The adaptive kinematic concept is demonstrated for a simply supported cross-ply laminate that is loaded to failure via a uniform distributed transverse load. The results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate that the use of adaptive kinematics can significantly reduce the overall computational effort of progressive failure solutions without compromising solution accuracy.


Checking the compliance of the specifications is a key issue in the post-production process of analog circuits. Thus, in analog test, where it is fundamental to be able to measure the actual value of OpAmps performance parameters, it can be very interesting to be able to get a fast and accurate estimation of these values. One of the most popular estimation techniques is the oscillation-based test, where the analog circuit is mapped into an oscillator, and the oscillation frequency is used to get an estimation of some key value. When OBT is applied to OpAmps, the main problem is that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to get an actual circuit to behave outside the saturation region. In this paper we present a technique that allows direct calculation of an OpAmp unity-gain bandwidth and the gain using the oscillation frequency of slightly saturated oscillators. Results show that we can estimate the actual values with errors less than 10%, using only two frequency measurements.


The Southern Society was established in the last period of the Qing dynasty and the School of Mandarin Duck and Butterfly rose in the initial period of the Republic of China.Most scholars emphasized their differences without noticing their connnection.In fact,their membership overlapped,their cultural personality and behavior were similar,and their novels were surprisingly related.All these similarities can be traced back to their common identity as traditional intellectuals and cultural conservatives.


ABSTRACT In the United States, nonprofit organizations are the primary vehicle through which wealthy patrons nurture arts and culture. They provide support for theatres, orchestras, operas, and ballet troupes of all sizes, as well as museums, galleries, zoos, and public radio and television stations. The survival of this subsector is dependent on the ability of individuals and foundations to raise and funnel money to the almost 7,000 nonprofit arts and cultural organizations in the United States. Nonprofit arts organizations have historically fared well during periods of financial constraint, in part because they have not depended heavily upon government subsidies. But another explanation for this stable funding picture may be the networks of overlapping board member and interpersonal ties of collegiality and friendship which characterizes the world of nonprofit arts organizations. We began our research with the idea that network position, particularly as measured by network centrality, is an important re...


: Chemical kinetics is mainly concerned with studying the factors that change the reaction rate and the response mechanism. The present paper investigates the rate law for the reaction, order of the reaction of secondary alcohols(menthol) and compares it to other secondary alcohols like Borneol and Isoborneol. Diagnose the product of the oxidation reaction. The kinetics of oxidation of perfumery secondary alcohols [menthol], [Borneol], and [Isoborneol] by NDC have been studied in the aqueous acetic acid medium at 303K. The secondary perfumery alcohols were converted to the corresponding carbonyl compounds. The order concerning [Subs], [Oxi], and [H+] ions concentration is found to be one. The decrease in the dielectric constant of the medium enhances the rate of the reaction. The ionic strength of the medium has no significant effect on the reactivity of the response; it does not induce the polymerization of Acrylonitrile, indicating the absence of free radical pathway. The added Mn 2+ ions show the reaction rate was slightly increasing order. The reaction has been studied at four different temperatures Eyring equation is used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy change ( Δ G#), entropy change ( Δ S#), and enthalpy change ( Δ H#). On increase in the temperature of the reaction, the rate of reaction increased abruptly. There was a decrease in entropy ( Δ S#) of the system indicated by the value of entropy which showed some restriction in the freedom movement of the molecules. It was observed that the reactivity follows Menthol<Isoborneol<Borneol. Based on steric factors, structure, and isomeric characteristics of the alcohols under investigation.


Financial reforms initiated in most transitional socialist economies do not yet adequately provide many of the financial services associated with market-oriented financial systems. Such services - mobilizing resources, selecting firms and allocating capital, monitoring firm managers, and facilitating the management of transactions and risk - are a necessary condition for economic reform to improve living standards. This article envisages four central strategies to guide reforms of the financial sector: (a) building an infrastructure based on clear and enforceable property rights, modern accounting and auditing standards, reliable payments systems, sound prudential and enforcement regulations, and professionals trained in finance; (b) ending the shell game of trying to hide the losses of state-owned enterprises, and separating government decisions to finance priority firms from the allocation decisions of independent financial institutions; (c) privatizing some financial institutions early - although not necessarily precipitously - in concert with the privatization of firms and supervisory capabilities, meanwhile cleaning up bank loans to maximize the changes that firms and banks will succeed as private entities; and (d) improving the tax system and stressing a prudent interest rate policy to reduce uncertainty, distortions, and excessive repression of the financial sector.


Studies reevaluating the effects of estrogen in treating prostatic carcinoma have shown that while estrogen usually increases the duration and quality of survival, it appears to be associated with an increase in fatal and nonfatal thromboembolic complications. Findings also show that 1.0 mg of diethylstilbestrol daily is probably as effective against metastatic cancer of the prostate as 5.0 mg, and is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular complications.


The ceramics collected in archaeological excavations are usually objects with a long and complex life cycle. As noted by M. Tite (1999), the life cycle begins with the production of the artefact and its subsequent use, maintenance, reuse and amortization processes developed by individuals in the past. Afterwards, once their useful life is complete, the ceramics are discarded and deposited. Pottery vessels can remain in this depositional state throughout long periods of time, until archaeologists dig the sites and recover the objects. During this burial process many agents can potentially produce significant alterations on the original contexts directly related to the behaviours that people carried out in the past. Closely related to the existence of these diverse processes, authors such as M. Schiffer (1976) distinguished some decades ago between systemic contexts, resulting directly from past human actions, and archaeological contexts. The latter are understood as the records on which archaeologists work and whose formation is influenced by many other processes that take place after the human actions were undertaken in the past. Besides these two contexts and within the life cycle of ceramics, we propose to consider also the actions undertake in the context of heritage management. This context implies, among other aspects, actions for recovering, storing and management of ceramics performed by archaeologists, researchers, restorers and any other professional involved in the chain of actions associated with the processes of excavation, research, conservation and dissemination of the cultural heritage. Following the proposal referred to above, we must consider that the life cycle of ceramics does not end with the deposition of the pottery in the past but that this cycle of changes continues once the vessels are buried as well as during the management of the materials in present times. Thus, in materialistic terms, pottery is subject to successive physical, chemical and mechanical changes during the several phases involved in their life cycle, from the day the potter selected the clay to the instant the archaeologist recovered the pottery and the curator stored it. Thereby, the study of the composition of ceramic fabrics and a correct interpretation of the data obtained through the methods discussed requires reflection on the origin of such data. This means to consider the possible alterations that may occur in the various phases of the life cycle of ceramics. These alterations take place during the processes of manufacture, use, deposition, recovering, storage, management and analysis of the ceramics (Buxeda, 1999; De La Fuente, 2008; Tite, 1999, 2008). Therefore, some chemical, mineralogical and textural alterations that may take place in the vessels are addressed in the following paragraphs according to the three main contexts listed above.


The first chapter of this thesis is concerned with measure and probability theory from a Nonstandard Analysis point of view. First we give an overview of general facts in Nonstandard Analysis. The second part of the first chapter is about internal measure spaces. Then we apply these results to the Brownian Motion and show that the Brownian Motion can be obtained as an infinitesimal random walk. In the next part we show for a big class of functions and processes on probability spaces in the nonstandard universe that they in a certain sense correspond to standard entities. In the second chapter we give some applications of nonstandard stochastics in mathematical finance. First we look at European call options in the Cox Ross- Rubinstein model and in the Black-Scholes model. Then we introduce the hyperfinite Cox-Ross- Rubinstein model, where we use random walks with infinitesimal time steps. The hyperfinite Cox-Ross- Rubinstein model extends the ordinary Cox-Ross- Rubinstein model and inherits many of its properties. Then we show that the Black- Scholes model is precisely the standard part of the hyperfinite Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model.


The semileptonic decays τ-→μ-P0 could be sensitive probe for new physics scenarios with lepton flavor violation(LFV).These decays have been investigated.The results show that |λuu|,|λdd| have almost no significant effects on the values of Br(τ-→μ-P0).Br(τ-→μ-π0) could not reach the experiment upper limit.While Br(τ-→μ-η(η′)) could reach and even exceed the experimental data.With the current experimental constraints,The research has obtained the correlation of |λτμ| and |λss| ∶|λτμ|-(10-210),|λss|-(1-21).


A method is described for determining recirculation of blood in a vascular access of a patient undergoing dialysis treatment using a dialysis machine with an arterial line for withdrawing blood from the patient's body, a dialysis filter, and a venous line for returning blood to the patient's body. The method induces a disturbance in the blood flowing in the venous line. The disturbance is of a magnitude capable of bringing the system into a transient state and determining blood recirculation in the vascular access during the transient state as a function of the magnitude of the disturbance induced in the arterial line. In particular, the disturbance relates to the variation of the hemoglobin concentration in the blood flowing in the venous line. The variation is caused by controlling a change in the ultrafiltration flow in the dialysis filter.


natalizumab and the integration of the TOUCH program to be a straightforward addition to our current biologic infusion practice. In our experience, natalizumab is well tolerated and is an effective treatment option. METHODS: A total of 204 infusions (range 3-22) as of January, 2012 were given to 18 patients. All had seen and failed previous biologics and immunosuppressant therapy. Length of disease averaged 11.2 years (range 3-28). RESULTS: Only one patient had to discontinue treatment secondary to an adverse reaction severe recurrent headaches. (Patient had clinical response.) Extensive neurologist guided evaluation was negative. One patient had temporary cessation of treatment after an incidental colon cancer was found within a resected chronic fibrotic stricture. Natalizumab was resumed postoperatively without sequelae after oncologist approval. Four patients had no response, two eventually went to surgery. Currently 14 patients are on chronic maintenance therapy. All patients have been tested for the JC virus, 2 of 18 were positive. Of the JC positive patients, one discontinued therapy secondary to lack of response. The other has elected to continue treatment (12 months) secondary to previously unobtainable steroid-free response. All patients remain enrolled in the TOUCH program and have been counseled on the risk of PML and death.Of those that continued on treatment the clinical response has ranged from mild (5) to moderate improvement(3), to deep sustained remission(4), along with closure of persistent draining fistulae(2). The time to full response and remission ranged from 3 to 9 months. The most rapid response occurred in a 15 year-old male with refractory Crohn's colitis, who after three infusions, had accelerated return of normal growth curve, 15lb weight gain and normalization of all biochemical parameters. Corticosteroids were weaned in all patients except one. CONCLUSION(S): In our community practice we have found that natalizumab to be an effective and well tolerated treatment option for patients with Crohn's disease who have failed anti-TNF agents. Serious side effects were minimal and easily managed. The delivery of the medication and integration of the TOUCH program into our busy infusion practice was straightforward. The addition of JC virus antibody testing has allowed the identification of patients who can safely receive natalizumab. Our experience demonstrated that natalizumab can be safely and effectively delivered in a community-based practice and can enhance the outcome in our most difficult to treat Crohn's disease patients.


The effect of 4,7 or 10-day periods of high air temperatures on the sexual behaviour and semen characteristics of mature Large White crossbred boars was determined in three experiments. In experiment 1, boars kept at 40¦C for 8 hours and 30¦C for 16 hours each day for 7 days had lower courting behaviour activity when tested at 40¦C than control boars tested at 7 days) is necessary.


A new species, Folsomia wanxianensis, from China (Chongqing) was described in the present paper. The new species shares some characters with F. albens Kaprus' & Potapov 1999, such as the absence of ommatidia, sensillar formulae and small body size. However, it could be easily distinguished from F. albens by the number of laterodistal setae on the ventral tube and the number of setae on furca. It is also easily distinguished from all known species in the genus by the combination of the following characters: 4+4 laterodistal setae on the ventral tube, 10+10 dorsal setae on manubrium, 10–11 ventral and four dorsal setae on dens, and other features.


This article presents a methodology for the time-frequency characterization of switching losses in Gallium nitride field effect transistors used in power electronics applications, particularly in dc–dc converters. Typically, switching losses are measured in the time-domain through the integration of the instantaneous power, that is, the product of the voltage multiplied by the current, during the turn-on and turn-off transients. Nonetheless, as novel power transistors allow for switching times in the nanosecond range, the accuracy of such measurements is compromised by the limitations of the probe-oscilloscope systems in terms of bandwidth and dynamic range. Here, we analyze the time-domain switching loss measurement method, and then, through a complementary setup we demonstrate how to validate the results in the frequency domain. A dc–dc half-bridge buck converter circuit based on the EPC2001C was used as a representative test sample. Less than 1% of difference in critical parameters such as rise-time, pulse width, state-levels and, switching frequency, is encountered between the time- and frequency-domain approaches. Moreover, the measurement uncertainty was analyzed and estimated to be between ±1% and ±8%. This article allows for highly confident switching loss measurements, a better understanding of the switching phenomena and of the measurement system performance.


Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) interpolymer complexes were prepared, in ethanol or dimethylformamide (DMF), by template polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of PVP (MW: 42.5 or 1100 K) used as the template. FTIR analysis showed that the complexes were formed through hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl groups of the PAA and the carbonyl groups of the PVP. The glass-transition temperature (T g ) of the complex, prepared in ethanol, was higher than that of the component polymers, whereas the T g of the complex, prepared in DMF, was located between that of the component polymers. The dissolution rate of the complex was affected by the molecular weight of the PVP and the reaction solvent. The release rate of ketoprofen from the complexes showed a pH dependency, and was slower at a lower pH. The ketoprofen release rate from the complex was controlled animist by the dissolution rate of the complex above the pK a of PAA (4.75) and by the diffusion rate below the pK a .


Giant planets are thought to form by runaway gas accretion on to solid cores. Growth must eventually stop running away, ostensibly because planets open gaps (annular cavities) in their surrounding discs. Typical models stop runaway by artificially capping the accretion rate and lowering it to zero over an arbitrarily short time-scale. In reality, post-runaway accretion persists as long as the disc remains. During this final and possibly longest phase of formation, when the planet is still emerging from the disc, its mass can more than double, and its radius contracts by orders of magnitude. By drawing from the theory of how gaps clear, we find that post-runaway accretion luminosities diverge depending on disc viscosity: luminosities fall in low-viscosity discs but continue to rise past runaway in high-viscosity discs. This divergence amounts to a factor of 102 by the time the disc disperses. Irrespective of the specifics of how planets interact with discs, the observed luminosity and age of an accreting planet can be used to calculate its instantaneous mass, radius, and accretion rate. We perform this exercise for the planet candidates embedded within the discs orbiting PDS 70, HD 163296, and MWC 758, inferring masses of 1–10 MJ, accretion rates of 0.1–10 MJ Myr−1, and radii of 1–10 RJ. Our radii are computed self-consistently from the planet's concurrent contraction and accretion and do not necessarily equal the value of 2RJ commonly assumed; in particular, the radius depends on the envelope opacity as R ∝ κ0.5.


Studies in arid and semi-arid regions have shown that isolated trees play an important role in reducing the negative effects of climate and soil aridity. They strongly influence the environmental conditions under their canopies by changing soil moisture, soil nutrients, microbial activity, light availability and temperature in these sites. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Acacia raddiana trees on soil hydraulic properties and the near-surface water content (0-10 cm) in a pseudo-savanna ecosystem in the Bou-Hedma National Park in central Tunisia. Acacia trees are considered as keystone species persisting spontaneous on the edge of the desert. Two sub-habitats were distinguished: tree-covered areas and open areas respectively located underneath and outside the canopy of Acacia trees. Samples were taken in each major wind direction at 0.5 m and 10 m from stem, respectively underneath and outside the canopy. Preliminary results show that the water-holding capacity of the near-surface soil underneath the canopy was significantly higher (p<0.05) than outside the canopy (26.9 ± 4.0 vs. 21.6 ± 2.5 %). The evolution of near-surface soil water content in time for both sub-habitats after rainfall events during the wet season will be followed to evaluate the effect on the soil water balance in the ecosystem.


Single bulb black garlic is a fermented product of single-bulb garlic for 30 days with a certain temperature and humidity. It experiences a Maillard reaction and has an increased content of active compounds. Single bulb black garlic contains secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins which have the potential as antioxidants so that they can inhibit free radicals and can be used as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants. Single bulb black garlic is formulated as an antioxidant lotion to facilitate its use. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal antioxidant activity in a lotion preparation containing single bulb black garlic on DPPH, to find out the concentration of single bulb black garlic which is effective as an antioxidant in a lotion preparation and to find out the best physical properties as a lotion preparation. This type of research is experimental research. Single bulb black garlic is formulated in four lotion formulas with concentrations of FI (0%), FII (1%), FIII (5%), and FIV (10%). Then, the antioxidant activity was tested on DPPH and IC50 values were calculated on the formula of 250.59 ppm, 118.77 ppm, 96 ppm, and 70.17 ppm, and physical evaluation was tested to discover results that met the physical requirements of lotion preparations (adhesion, organoleptic, homogeneity, lotion type, spread ability, viscosity, and pH). Statistical test results showed a significant difference in each group on antioxidant activity (p<0.05). The conclusion of this study found that a single bulb black garlic concentration of 10% had optimal antioxidant effectivity; the four formulas produced showed optimal antioxidant activity and the FII formula showed the best physical properties of the lotion.


This research used synthetic ethology to investigate the evolution of simulated organisms that communicated information about their environment. Synthetic ethology involves creating a complete environment and simulated organisms which evolve in that environment. Since these simulated organisms exist as data structures in a computer program, their evolution can be studied more closely than the evolution of organisms in the natural world. The main goal of this study was to demonstrate the evolution of simulated organisms that used signals consisting of two symbols to communicate. After creating a new environment for the simulated organisms, several factors affecting the evolution, such as population size and the learning rule used by each simorg, were investigated. It was concluded that the simulated organisms did successfully evolve the use of two symbol signals to denote situations within their environment.


With the depletion of easily accessible deposits and the transition of the industry to the Industry 4.0 principles the need for more than just increasing production volumes and applying new technologies including automation and modern digital technologies, but also for solutions to a number of organizational and socio-economic problems faced by this sector. All these problems are in one way or another related to the change in the business model of extractive companies. Under these conditions, studying the features of the business models of the major Russian companies in the extractive sector under the transition to the Industry 4.0 is a relevant research task. The purpose of this article is to characterize the features of business models of large Russian extractive companies operating in the fuel and energy complex and to describe the possible directions of their transformation under the influence of Industry 4.0. Our analysis of the business models of the major Russian mining companies and comparison to their foreign counterparts showed a certain conservatism in Russian companies and the lag in the implementation of digital platforms, despite the interest of companies' management in using digital technologies. This is largely due to the low willingness of most companies to complicate their business models and to implement digital transformation. Such trends can be explained by the fact that companies tend to choose a vertically integrated model. They are in the early stages of digital transformation and mainly focused on operational aspects. In most Russian mining companies, the level of automation of production and administrative processes is low, and the use of digital technologies is still limited mainly to pilot projects. To achieve a systemic effect from digitalization, it is necessary to combine the efforts of all interested parties – the government, companies, the innovation community, and academic circles.


How well do people share risk? Do non-market institutions – charity, progressive taxes, transfer payments – make up for the lack of complete insurance markets? Or is risk sharing far worse than what complete markets could achieve? Standard risk-sharing regressions assume that any variation in households' risk preferences is uncorrelated with variation in income. I combine administrative and survey data with a simple model of imperfect insurance to show that this assumption fails; risk-tolerant workers sort into jobs where earnings carry more aggregate risk. The correlation makes previous risk-sharing regressions too pessimistic. I provide techniques that eliminate the bias, apply them to U.S. data, and find that the welfare losses from uninsured shocks are practically small and statistically difficult to distinguish from zero. In addition, because more risk-tolerant people bear more aggregate risk, the welfare costs of macroeconomic fluctuations are small even for arbitrarily risk-averse households. There is little room to improve households' welfare by smoothing idiosyncratic or aggregate shocks unless smoothing shocks also raises mean output.


Korea has constructed various knowledge contents by state initiative. Having solely placed its objective in initial construction, its utilization and usability has been reduced and its awareness is quite low. However, traditional culture-based knowledge contents with the growth of culture contents industry, the trend now is on an increasing demand as a creative material. Now, on the strategic side of utilizing public knowledge contents, it has come to a point to consider it more keenly. Thus, the research aims to analyze existing utilization cases of public knowledge contents and present aspects needed in improving utilization and its prospects in expansion and development into the industry. Going beyond the existing database construction phase and to take a leap towards global contents to meet the contemporary demand, it has to expand its breadth, activate its utilization, and pursue spreading of information. If this kind of public contents is developed by utilization of the people and simultaneously achieve improvement in both academics and industry, it can contribute greatly to maintaining and utilization of 'Hallyu'.


This paper analyses the variation in language at the lexical level and how the lexical choice of the speaker(s) affects in shaping their identity by obtaining primary data from the lexicon of the Mappila dialect of Malayalam spoken by the members of Mappila (Muslim) community of Kerala. Borrowings from Arabic, Persian and Urdu helped in shaping their identity as Mappilas because of the correlation between these languages and the Muslim religion. The paper shows how a variation in the lexical choice of the speakers could be socially motivated and involve in shaping and changing identities and lexical items or vocabulary clearly project the group identity and personal identity.


150 women participated in a double-blind clinical trial comparing 2 dosages of an oral contraceptive agent: 250 mcg d-norgestrel + 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg d-norgestrel + 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol. The 150/30 combination resulted in shorter cycles, longer menses (p.001), shorter latent period (p.001), and a higher instance of breakthrough bleeding and spotting (p.05 and p.001). The 250/50 dose caused a significantly higher incidence of breast discomfort (p.001), leg cramps (.02), and nausea (.001). More 250/50 dose women dropped out for more than 1 reason than in the lower dose group.


I am going to attack a particular type of undergraduate Criminal Law course. I do not have in mind any particular course currently taught. I do not assume that it is the textbooks which provide the model from which courses proceed. The sort ofcourse upon which I want to make an attack has many features, amongst which the following are to be found: (i) It is a 'blackletter law' subject. The course concentrates upon statutes and reported cases. Social scientists' work is not used, nor is it relevant to the issues considered. This tends to encourage the view that the All England Reports are a mirror of life. The standard exam question is of the 'problem' type, in which the student is called upon to isolate the legal issues arising out of a set of hypothetical facts.


Document workflow and management, be them scanned documents, computer-generated e-documents or complex file formats, are critical elements for the success of an organization. Delivering the correct information to the right person, at the right moment is a fundamental element of daily activity. In the Internet era, documents have a new format; and what is more important: completely new functions. Paper is replaced by electronic formats such as .html, .xms, .pdf or .doc. The price for this progress is the increasing technological complexity, and with this complexity comes the need for more efficient techniques of management and organization such as a document management electronic system. This paper aims to present document management not as a separate software category on the IT market, but as an element integrated with any software solution, maximizing its capacity of making business more efficient.


Searches for scalar top and scalar bottom quarks, as well as for mass-degenerate scalar quarks of the first two families are performed at 189 GeV centre-of-mass energy with the L3 detector at LEP. No signals are observed. Model-independent limits on the scalar top production cross sections are determined for the decay modes tj cy'i' and tj bZv. For scalar quarks of the other flavours q qy° decays are considered. Within the framework of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model mass limits are set at 95% C.L. for these particles. Indirect limits on the gluino mass are also derived. © 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


Radio control of mechanical systems and robots in interference-limited environments has been very challenging issue. An interference-limited environment could be described as to be an environment where reception of desired radio signals is disturbed mainly by other radio signals in the environment, instead of noise in conventional links. Then, design of a radio controller for interferencelimited environment should include a study on the environment (so-called the radio channel), choice of transmitter and receiver modules, controller modules and power supply scenarios. This study presents some of the design and development stages of a radio control system for dense interference environments. All design and development stages were conducted by undergraduate students, with an undergraduate research project sponsored by a local company. The study starts with an overview of the system including choice of main components and modules. Then, it discusses the design stages of the system from analog to digital conversion to driving circuit of the targeted mechanical system (crane), and provides some preliminary results and conclusions. One of the design criteria in the project was minimization of the cost and size, and the preliminary results have shown that the prototype could compete with many commercial equivalents.


This paper investigates the efficacy of lean-burn NO x reduction catalysts using hydrocarbon as the reductant. A system was constructed to deliver diesel fuel ahead of a monolith catalyst treating the exhaust from a late-model diesel engine loaded with an engine dynamometer. One of the three prototype catalysts showed significant NO x reduction capability of about 15% during steady-state and transient conditions. Another catalyst showed reduction only under steady-state conditions, and the third catalyst showed no reduction under either condition. The system was not optimized so the observed 9 to 13% fuel economy penalty should be regarded as an upper limit.


This article investigates the fault detection problem of a roller bearing system, through monitoring the variation of proper orthogonal values of the covariance matrix developed from the highest frequency component, i.e. the IMF of signals decomposed by EMD. All the measured bearing vibration signals are de-noised through a wavelet-based thresholding function, before carrying out fault detection. For comparison, the kurtosis value of a fault signal is also presented, to substantiate the feasibility of an IMF-based fault detection approach.


In the middle school mathematics teaching process,the presence of less advanced students can not avoid and urgent need to address the real problem.In view of this,the paper analyzes the reasons for students of less advanced production,on this basis from their teachers,their own family of three junior high school mathematics are put forward to do their humble to slow student strategies for middle school mathematics for its less advanced students.


This text is intended to identify, clarify and resolve the most frequent examples of methodological inconsistencies found in the current literature by Serbian and foreign researchers, and to point to their conceptual, methodological and factual inconsistencies. This work follows the basic line of conceptual delimitation concerning the phenomenon of the breakup of Yugoslavia, on one hand, and of the violent conflicts in certain Yugoslav republics, on the other. It is based on the interdisciplinary analysis of the findings in the field of international relations and historical analysis, while relying primarily on the fundamental sources of historical material. Henceforth, this paper will address the issues of correct determining of the main and secondary actors, temporal determination and elements for making a clear and unambiguous definition of the armed conflict in Croatia.


A large number of works have been devoted to the mechanism of action of the Matsesta baths on cardiovascular patients, and at present there is no doubt that under the influence of Matsesta baths, significant hemodynamic changes occur in the body of a healthy person and a cardiovascular patient.


The goal of this study was to describe fraction-calculation errors among fourth-grade students and to determine whether error patterns differed as a function of problem type (addition vs. subtraction; like vs. unlike denominators), orientation (horizontal vs. vertical), or mathematics-achievement status (low-, average-, or high-achieving). We specifically addressed whether mathematics-achievement status was related to students' tendency to operate with whole-number bias. We extended this focus by comparing low-performing students' errors in 2 instructional settings that focused on 2 different types of fraction understandings: core instruction that focused on part-whole understanding versus small-group tutoring that focused on magnitude understanding. Results showed students across the sample were more likely to operate with whole-number bias on problems with unlike denominators. Students with low or average achievement (who participated only in core instruction) were more likely to operate with whole-number bias than students with low achievement who participated in small-group tutoring. We suggest instruction should emphasize magnitude understanding to sufficiently increase fraction understanding for all students in the upper elementary grades.


One goal of the Earth Observing Systems (EOS) is to measure concentrations of key atmospheric gases on a global scale in order to understand biogeochemical cycles in both the natural, unpolluted atmosphere, and in regions where anthropogenic activities have perturbed concentrations of gas-phase species. A particular concern in tropospheric chemistry is that increasing levels of carbon monoxide (CO) may lead to a decrease in atmospheric hydroxyl (OH) which would reduce the atmosphere's ability to scavenge other trace gases.


Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TW,United Kingdom(Dated: Auguest 14, 2011)We study random number expansion protocols based on the n→1 quantum random access codes(QRACs). We consider them in the semi-device independent scenario where the inner workings ofthe devices are unknown to us but we can certify the dimensions of the systems being communicated.This approach does not require the use of the entanglement and makes the physical realization ofthese protocols much easier than in the standard device independent scenario. We calculate thedependence of the effectiveness of the randomness generation on n and find it optimal for n = 3.We provide the explanation for this fact.


Too much emphasis has been placed on statutory appointments in local government and not enough on the performance-based general management option. This statutory process, has led to a 'discipline' style of organisation wherein 'process' has often been prioritised above performance and associated management principles. Keith Goodwin and his Alliance Team brought to Council a vision and a new performance oriented concept and implemented it by a system of internal review, supported by selected advisers. This paper outlines the concept of the review process and its results. It also serves as a tribute to a visionary thinker who, along with one of his 'Alliance Team' Aldermanic colleagues, were so tragically killed in the Mount Emerald air disaster.


arrest The Last Supper According to Martha and Mary -would be welcome. In addition it is very good-powerful, moving, original and well written. Having written 'fictionalized' (and I am not sure what other adjective I could have used), I become horribly aware that many people will see this as derogatory (which is part of theology's cultural problem.) I do not mean 'made up', I mean 'treated as though it were fiction'. Beattie brings both the techniques and the perceptions of mod-


The 2004-2008 Zapatero's government EU policy combined continuity of former socialist policies in the 1990s with some new additions in the form of a commitment with domestic constitutional reform including a reference to the EU in the Spanish constitution. The use of referendum to ratify the EU constitution, even though decided by the socialist government, had a large domestic consensus but it fitted easily with Zapatero's proclaimed republican preferences. Even though change happened, it would be difficult to argue that it was a second transition.


Rotating machinery parts, e. g. roller bearings or turbine engines, are present in many industrial applications. Within this paper, a metrology system for determining the out-of-plane and in-plane deformation and vibration of rotating objects is presented. The system consists of an optomechanical image derotator, which is combined with a high speed camera and a scanning Laser-Doppler-Vibrometer (LDV). The image derotator is used to measure deflection and vibration in a coordinate system fixed to the rotating object. To demonstrate the capability of this measurement system, examples of high relevance in industrial applications are considered.


A new MuCool test area (MTA) is under construction at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. This facility will house a cryo-system composed of a liquid hydrogen absorber enclosed in a 5 Tesla magnet. The total volume of liquid hydrogen in the system is 25 liters. Helium gas at 14 K is provided by an in-house refrigerator and will sub-cool the hydrogen system to 17 K. Liquid hydrogen temperature in the absorber is chosen to satisfy the requirement of a density change smaller than +/- 2.5 %. To accommodate this goal and to remove the heat deposited by a beam, a pump will circulate liquid hydrogen at a rate of 450 g/s. The cooling loop was optimized with respect to the heat transport in liquid hydrogen and the pressure drop across the pump. Specific instrumentation will permit an intrinsically safe monitoring and control of the cryo-system. Safety issues are the main driver of the cryo-design.This paper describes the implementation of the liquid hydrogen system at MTA and the preliminary results of a finite element analysis used to size the LH2 absorber force-flow.


We investigate Linear and Inverse seesaw mechanisms with maximal zero textures of the constituent matrices. We first consider the minimally parametrized charged lepton mass matrix `$m_e$' through texture zeros that gives rise to the non-singular determinant of $m_e$ with distinct masses. Following we consider analogous textures of the Dirac neutrino mass matrices `$m_D$'. In Linear seesaw mechanism, in the diagonal basis of matrix $M$ it is seen that 5 is the maximum number of zeros that can be accommodated in `$m$' to obtain viable effective neutrino mass matrices ($m_\nu$) and the form of the emerged $m_\nu$ is same as one of the 7 allowed two zero textures specified in the existing literature. In Inverse seesaw, considering diagonal structure of `$m$' we show that 3 is the maximum number of zeros that can be inserted into $\mu_S$ to obtain the remaining 6 viable two zero textures of $m_\nu$. Thus one can realize all the allowed two zero textures of neutrino masses through the methodology presented in this paper.


Many studies on escalation of commitment observe only a single decision following negative feedback, although theoretical approaches to escalation behavior depict escalation as a progression over time. The present paper builds on Brockner and Rubin's (1985) "tunnel vision" account that suggests a distinction between early and late stages of the escalation process. We used a dynamic paradigm, observing repeated decisions following negative feedback and manipulated choice and accountability in order to examine effects of justification on the progression of escalation behavior. Furthermore, reading times are used as a measure of effortful processing to investigate the mediating cognitive processes that lead to escalation behavior. Results show that the combination of choice with accountability leads to escalation behavior at later stages of the escalation process and that effortful processing mediates this interaction of choice, accountability, and escalation behavior.


Taxation is the sector that produces the most in an effort to increase state revenue. Through taxation, Indonesia is better able to submit requests for national development and other sector allocations. The appropriate method used in the special tax sector is a tax collection system that memebri for taxpayers, collect, deposit, and report the tax payable to the state treasury. The purpose of this study was to study the Evaluation of the Implementation of Collection, Depositing and Reporting of Income Tax Article 22 Obligatory SOE Levies at PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Manado Branch. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research system. The results of research at PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Manado Branch, can be accessed by collecting, depositing, and reporting income tax PP 22 mandatory SOE levies using a self-assessment system that is a tax collection system that authorizes taxpayers in the regulation of applicable tax invitations.