Vocalizing species of teleost fish have a simple repertoire of species‐typical signals central to their social and reproductive behavior. Male midshipman fish (''the California singing fish'') acoustically court females using ''hums'' that are long duration (secs 1h) and spectrally simple. Individual hums exhibit an essentially flat envelope consisting of a low fundamental frequency (90–100 Hz) and several harmonics. By contrast, naturally occurring acoustic beats show envelope modulations: the hums of neighboring males overlap to produce a beat with a difference frequency (0–8 Hz) in which amplitude and phase modulations result from the continual shifting of the two fundamental frequencies. Behavioral playback (phonotaxis) studies show that individual midshipman can use multiple signal parameters including hum duration, gap duration between successive hums, fundamental frequency, and intensity to distinguish hums from each other, while the effectiveness of beats as playback signals depends upon both beat...


Merit of service sires for Holstein cows designated as genetically elite for yield in January 1990 was calculated to determine the contribution of these cows to genetic progress. Service sires were determined from sires of registered female progeny because male progeny were selectively registered. Primary data were 1295 elite cows (top 1%) that had a daughter produced from a mating in the 6 mo following the January 1990 evaluation and 209 service sires for those elite cows. Seven percent of the elite cows were mated to bulls that not only lacked an evaluation but also had generally low pedigree promise. The average economic index of evaluated service sires based on their genetic evaluations for milk, fat, and protein yields was at percentile 91 (ranking based on active AI bulls). Five percent of these bulls were below percentile 50. Although 71% of the bulls were at or above percentile 90, only 13% were at or above percentile 95, which was only slightly greater than the 12% for service sires of all registered cows. The lack of emphasis on yield traits was partially explained by a low or missing final score for type for the elite cow, which may have made her unacceptable as a bull-dam. The number of service sires and the modest service sire merit suggest that elite Holstein cows are underutilized. However, dependence on elite designation for selection of bulldams is decreasing, as evidenced by the many young cows without evaluations that were mated to produce sons for sampling.


Objective:To evaluate the association between premature delivery and its risk factors.Methods:The results of 10 case-control studies from 1989 to 2004 were analyzed by meta-analysis method in this study.The cumulative cases and controls were 1257 and 1511 respectively.The calculation method of the merged OR and 95% Confidence Interval were decided by the result of homogeneity test.When H_0 was rejected,fixed effect model was adopted.When H_0 was accepted,random effect model was adopted.Results:The merged OR values and their 95% CI were 4.11(3.22,5.23)、3.14(1.45,6.79)、13.02(5.71,29.72)、3.94(1.91,8.11)and 21.85(6.38,74.80)respectively.Conclusion:Premature rupture of the membranes,pregnancy induced hypertension,placental presentation,idiopathic cholestasis of pregnancy and multiple birth were considered risk factors of premature delivery.


Objective To investigate the effect of Simethicone combined with propofol anesthesia on the pain-free gastroscopy.Methods 207 patients underwent the pain-less endoscopy in July 2010,who were randomLy divided into two groups:the study group and the matched group.Before undergoing pain-less endoscopy,the The patients who were in the study group drunk 20 water which contains 200mg Simethicone;While the patients who belonged to the matched group who drunk 10mL Lidocaine Hydrochloride Mucilage.Then we observed whether patients who were in different groups are comfort or not,whether the vision were clear or not through the gastroscop.Also we compared the examination time and the dose of PROPOFOL between the two groups.Results The patients' comfort degree who belonged to the study group was 100% after the drunk the drug,which was better than control group(P0.001).the vision was more clear than control group(P0.01),the dose of observation group were less than those of control group(P0.01) and the examination time is less than control group(P0.01).Conclusion Before undergoing the pain-less endoscopy,the patients took the Simethicone can improve the patients' comfort,the quality of the vision through the gastroscopy,refuce the PROPOFOL and examination time.Simethicone can take place the deleted foam mixture for block as the normal water drug before undergoing the pain-less endoscopy.


General Preface.- Preface to Volume II.- Acknowledgments.- Contents of Volume I.- Part II Yang-Mills Theory: General Theory.- 1 Abstract Yang-Mills Theory.- 2 Moduli Spaces of A-Connections of Yang-Mills Fields.- 3 Geometry of Yang-Mills A-Connections.- Part III General Relativity.- 4 General Relativity, as a Gauge Theory. Singularities.- References.- Index of Notation.- Index.


Objective
To compare the clinical efficacy of two surgical methods for the treatment of anal fissures in elderly patients.

Methods
A total of 138 elderly patients with anal fissures treated at our hospital from January to December 2016 were randomly divided into the conventional method group(69 cases) and the modified method group (69 cases). Patients in the conventional method group were treated with lateral sphincterotomy, while patients in the modified method group were treated with modified longitudinal sphincterotomy with transverse suture. Outcomes of treatment, VAS scores, incision wound infection rates, postoperative voiding dysfunction rates and recurrence rates were compared.

Results
There was no significant difference in overall effectiveness between the modified method group(98.6%)and the conventional method group(94.2%) (χ2=1.8677, P=0.1717). The rates of incision wound infection, moderate postoperative urinary retention and recurrence in the conventional method group(8.7%, 42.0% and 10.1%, respectively)were significantly higher than those in the modified methods group(0.0%, 15.9% and 0.0%, respectively)(χ2=4.3561, 11.4061 and 5.4177, respectively, P=0.0369, 0.0007 and 0.0199, respectively). At 12 hours after operation, favorable VAS scores and incision healing times were observed in the modified method group, compared with the conventional method group, and the differences were statistically significant(each P<0.05).

Conclusions
Modified longitudinal sphincterotomy with transverse suture produces about the same overall effectiveness as does lateral sphincterotomy in the treatment of elderly patients with anal fissures, but it is superior in reducing incision wound infection, moderate postoperative voiding dysfunction, recurrence and pain intensity, and in promoting incision healing.

Key words:
Senile anal fissure; Lateral sphincterotomy; Modified longitudinal sphincterotomy with transverse suture; Clinical effectiveness


This article discusses how Greeks perceived Salvador Allende's overthrow, Pinochet's military dictatorship, and US interventionism in Chile. By the end of Greece's dictatorship (1967–1974), left‐wing militants emotionally identified with the 'Chilean tragedy' through their own experiences of military authoritarianism. Indeed, the Greek Colonels' Junta amplified the 1973 Chilean coup's local impact. Subsequently, during the early Metapolitefsi period (1974–1981), a wide variety of Greek political, social, and cultural actors used the Chilean 1970s as a key reference in the crucial debates that ultimately redefined Greece's collective political and cultural identities.


The results of X-MCD measurements of the A2FeReO6 double perovskites (A is alkaline earth – Ca, Ba and Sr) at L2 and L3 edges of rhenium are reported. The compounds studied belong to the family of materials exhibiting a high field magnetoresistance, which is usually termed "colossal magnetoresistance" (CMR). The effect corresponds to a huge decrease of electrical resistivity at the applied magnetic field in the vicinity of the magnetic ordering temperature (TC). The values of TC in compounds studied are above room temperature, i.e. 540K, 400K and 315K for Ca2FeReO6, Sr2FeReO6 and Ba2FeReO6, respectively [1], making them good candidates for applications in magnetoresistive devices at room temperature. Double perovskites studied exhibit also a low field magnetoresistance (GMR – giant magnetoresistance) related to intergrain tunnelling of spin polarized carriers which makes them promising candidates for spintronic applications.


AS A RESULT of regulations recently adopted by the Federal Communications Commission which govern radiation from radio-frequency heating equipment, there has arisen a need for information on practical methods of dealing with this problem. In order to make information available to industry, committees of the AIEE and the Institute of Radio Engineers have undertaken an investigation of good engineering practices which will reduce radiation from such apparatus. This article summarizes the work of these committees.


The article considers the doctrine of N.A. Bernstein on hierarchically organized levels of motor construction and concludes that the symbol is fully associated with the content of the lower levels of activity. It proves that inversion relations may be developed in the hierarchy of human activity. Inversion relations constitute a universal property of hierarchical systems, but only in the system of «man» they get the most complete expression.


PurposeDrawing on servant leadership theory, this study aims to investigate whether the presence of royal family members on boards of directors impacts corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting.Design/methodology/approachCSR scores from a Bloomberg database are used and royal family data are collected from annual reports. The required analyses to test the hypotheses of this study have been performed.FindingsThe findings demonstrate a positive relationship between the presence of royal family directors and CSR reporting.Originality/valueThis study seeks to contribute to the literature on servant leadership theory and CSR by highlighting the impact of royal family directors on CSR reporting. This study may also contribute to an understanding of royal family leadership as a predictor of CSR reporting.


From the Publisher:
Seize the power of information across your company to compete and win! For years, executives and IS managers have sought to integrate multi-vendor hardware and software across an enterprise to drive critical business strategies. Now, as competitive stakes increase and the advantages from conventional automation diminish, successful companies must harness the power of its information resources by transforming existing computer data into a vital business asset. This pathfinding book gives you a bold, yet practical, approach for achieving this long sought-after goal. Written from both a managerial and a technical perspective, it shows the current state of the art, explains how enterprise information technologies work and how they relate to each other, and demonstrates how any company can use existing computer data to tame tough information problems, enhance key business processes, improve management control and decision-making, and liberate the potential of your firm's greatest asset - your employees. Enterprise Information Technologies explores break-through solutions to meet today's tough competitive pressures - and puts them in a realistic framework that allows you to build upon an expanding information infrastructure that improves with use. You'll find powerful ideas and practical solutions covering real-world prototypes and designs for performing insightful and precise information transformation supported by a general information infrastructure; detailed checklists and a conceptual framework to help you better appreciate the opportunities and risks of "automating information"; the most attractive opportunities for exploiting existing data to enhance critical programs, re-engineer procedures, boost tactical responsiveness, and increase management effectiveness; a comprehensive systems integration model, based on large-scale client server architecture, for creating a coherent processing environment; the most promising vendor visions that address information's t


A correction method for distortions induced by ionospheric scintillation effects on P-band quad-pol synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired in polar and high latitude regions is presented. For this the estimation of the Faraday rotation (FR) is converted to ionospheric phase and used for the correction of the scintillation. The correction is performed on partially focused SLC data in order to compensate the ionosphere-induced phase and the distortion of the time-Doppler history. The degree of defocusing depends on the altitude of the ionosphere. The performance of the new correction method is tested on P-band simulated data for various ionospheric scenarios.


The so-called self-other correspondence problem in imitation demands to find the transformation that maps the motor dynamics of one partner to our owns. This requires a general purpose sensorimotor mechanism that transforms an external fixation-point (partner's shoulder) reference frame to one's own body-centered reference frame. We propose that the mechanism of gainmodulation observed in parietal neurons may generally serve these types of transformations by binding the sensory signals across the modalities with radial basis functions on the one hand and by permitting the learning of contextual reference frames on the other hand.


The existence of the world is getting older impact to the vulnerability of  natural structure that ultimately ended the catastrophic events known. But, consciously or not, natural disasters are not always started from the already fragile condition of the world, but it was related to human intervention in the process. Morality is the basic for the creation of a harmony, not only between man and man but a man by nature, started to abandoned and forgotten, made worse by the existence of religion is often only seen as mere appendages identity. Impact, the stability of the world that has been designed in such a way by God became unstable and fragile, that lead to the occurrence of damage and natural disasters. In order to repair and restore the world's harmony, people are required to understand the values of morality and the nature of religion, because it should be the value of morality and religion become the main reference in behaving.


Bombus terrestris L. is reared extensively today on a year-round mass scale and widely used commercially in many countries including Turkey as a pollination agent. The current worldwide sale of B. terrestris has reached some 1 000 000 colonies per year. In Turkey, some 100 000 commercially produced colonies of B. terrestris have been used for the pollination of a number of crops, mainly of tomatoes (95 %) in greenhouses every year. Although the use of bumblebee in the greenhouse vegetables shows rapid expansion in Turkey, there are many factors affecting bumblebee pollination activity in the greenhouse such as greenhouse construction, overheating, use of pesticide. The aim of this paper is to describe the main factors affecting the performance of B. terrestris colonies in the greenhouse.


Coenosia wulpi Pont, 1972 (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae) is the only Coenosia Meigen, 1826 species recorded from Mexico. It is known only from the holotype male deposited at "The Natural History Museum" collection (London, United Kingdom). A series of five males and seven females was found at California Academy of Sciences collection (San Francisco, California), which enabled the redescription of the male, and the description of the female and the male and female terminalia, for the first time.


The maintaining craft characteristic of brush-electrodepositing for lather axles and main factors that influence brush-electrodeposition quantity were analyzed according to the technique request of lather axles and technological rule of brush-electrodeposition,and the technological process of maintaining lather axle in electrodeposition was established.


Connected linear graphs are introduced as symbolic models of communication systems. Their nodes of rank one, two, and larger symbolize terminal stations, repeater stations and exchanges of different sizes, respectively. Their branches symbolize circuits, lines or trunks. Connectivity between these system elements imposes a quantitative relationship between the types and numbers of system elements. Matched sets of system elements are sets which meet specific requirements regarding the number of terminal stations which must be interconnected, the number of circuits which can be used or the desired degree of invulnerability of a communication network. From these relationships an algorithm has been developed for the tabulation of matched sets of symbolic system elements (i.e., nodes), and tables of matched sets of nodes have been prepared both manually and with an automatic computer. The use of these tables is explained by practical examples dealing with synthesis problems of communication systems, which have to meet such requirements as described above. An algorithm is presented which permits the direct computation of matched sets of nodes of different ranks for: 1) trees containing specified numbers of terminal nodes; 2) trees containing a specified total number of nodes; and 3) networks with specified indexes of connectivity. Tables are given of matched sets of nodes computed with a 220 Burrough's computer and corresponding networks are shown. Applications of these tables to the synthesis of communication systems are discussed and practical examples using these tables.


the country. Failure to address these situations is likely to result in massive displacements, as can be seen not only in the former Yugoslavia but also in the former USSR and parts of the developing world. During the post-Cold War era, refugee and migration policy, once a low-policy issue in the West, has become a high-policy issue and is now a regular subject for discussion at the level of heads of states and foreign ministers and at G-7 meetings. Clearly, we need more multidisciplinary immigration and refugee research such as International Migration Systems and Refugees from Revolution to understand how these issues will affect the course of international and regional politics in the years ahead.


The effects of sampling and short-term storage of blood samples on the blood parameters of rainbow trout were evaluated by comparing values obtained from resting fish sampled via cannulae and from fish sampled by cardiac puncture. Sampling stress causes an increase in haematocrit value and a decrease in mean cellular haemoglobin concentration, indicating red cell swelling. These changes are aggravated by consecutive storage of samples. Also, blood ionic balance is affected. The K+ concentration of plasma increases and plasma Cl− concentration decreases owing to sampling. During storage the plasma K+ concentration decreases far below resting levels in samples taken by cardiac puncture, whereas plasma Cl− level returns to pre-stress levels. Owing to the sampling- and storage-induced changes in blood parameters, care must be taken to ensure that similar sampling procedure is employed throughout to allow reliable comparisons between groups to be made.


Bridge health monitoring is an important bridge safeguard,and is also one of the popular researches in the engineering and academia.A new design for bridge health remote monitoring system based on SMS(short messaging service) and LonWorks is brought forward.Aiming at the demand of using the bridge health monitoring system,the design and implementation of wireless remote moni-toring is emphasized.


Aesthetics as an art-historical concept has evolved through the hands of many scholars in diverse fields. It is important to shed light on the historical evolution of the concept from its inception and the relationships that exist between the concept and its other related terms and disciplines. This study adopted a theoretical perspective in discussing the literature through a scoping review and the historical evolution of the concept of aesthetics. Finally, a write-up based on a scholarly thematic narrative analysis was produced. Through the comprehensive review of the roots of Aesthetics, a nuanced understanding of the changes, similarities, and influences that have shaped this captivating field of study has been discussed. The exploration of the historical trajectory of the concept of aesthetics, the recurring themes, enduring ideas, and transformative movements that have propelled aesthetics into the present day, has been discussed. The review contends that interdisciplinary approaches that bridge aesthetics with fields such as Sociology, psychology, neuroscience, and cultural studies hold great potential for advancing the understanding of aesthetics in diverse contexts.


This study analyzes urban regeneration of local cities through the establishment of compact city in Japan The population of most local cities in Japan has been decreasing due to low fertility and aging, which has caused a so-called `hallowing out` phenomenon in the central area of cities as well as urban economic recession. In addition, administrative costs per resident and maintenance costs of the infrastructure have increased due to a population decline in urban outskirt areas, where such costs used to be externalized in the past when a city was undergoing development. In order to solve the problem of declining local cities, the Special Act on Urban Regeneration was revised in 2014. The implementation of this Act institutionalized urban regeneration of local cities through the establishment of a compact city. This study undertook a comparative analysis of urban regeneration through the establishment of a centralized compact city in Aomori and the establishment of a network type multi-core compact city in Toyama. which were implemented in Japan. As a result, the following conclusions were obtained. First of all, in the case of urban regeneration in local cities through the establishment of a centralized compact city, the central area of the city is activated by attracting large-scale commercial facilities to the central area of the city. However, due to the population size in local cities and high land value of the central city area, it is difficult to attract private capital that can lead to the development of large-scale commercial facilities. Secondly, in order to develop large-scale commercial facilities in such cases, the local government often cooperate with the private sector in the form of the third sector, which can cause a large increase in the financial burden. Thirdly, it was concluded that reintegrating the population to the central area of the city is not much effective, unless the housing cost burden in the central city area and basis of the livelihood are not taken into consideration. On the other hand, the network type multi-core compact city, distributes major facilities and population in several major local areas as well as the central city area, which can take into account the present circumstances of the local city without forcefully integrating existing urban structures into one central city area. Secondly, if a traffic network is formed between the central city and major local cole area by utilizing public transportation, it will increase the floating population and vitalize central city areas as well as major multi-cores. Thirdly, it was concluded that network type multi-core compact cities can be developed faster than centralized compact cities because the former utilizes existing major multi-cores rather than integrating the existing facilities into the central city areas.


Based on the decision of the Monetary Council of 6 September 2010, the MNB began publishing its HUF liquidity forecast. The central bank has been preparing forecasts on the liquidity of the banking system for internal use for a long time, but from now on it will share these with market participants on a weekly basis, before the MNB bond auction on Tuesday. With this publication, the central bank tries to ensure – by supporting the liquidity planning of credit institutions – that the volume of the base instrument, the two-week MNB bond is as close to the ideal quantity as possible, i.e. to reduce the reliance of participants on the availability of the overnight loans and deposits of the central bank. The latter may divert the market interest rates from the level close to the base rate of the central bank. Publication may also reduce the uncertainty of liquidity managers in the banking system and encourage them to use the interbank markets more actively. The MNB's information advantage, which is the result of the existing institutional relations and the greater resources than those of the market actors, is another factor supporting the publication of the forecast. Although the central bank's forecast cannot project the HUF liquidity of the banking system accurately, it still contains a considerable amount of additional information for credit institutions. With this publication, the MNB will disclose, at 10 o'clock on Tuesdays, before to the central bank bond auction, the average inter-bank HUF liquidity expected over the next week based on Tuesday.


Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease driven predominantly by a TH2 immune response to environmental allergens. IL‐4Rα‐signaling is essential for driving TH2‐type immunity to allergens. Anti‐TH2 therapies have the potential to effectively reduce airway obstruction and inflammation in allergic asthma.


Yong le Canon is a book which is read exclusively by the emperor,so all of the recorded books from many precious books collected in Wen Yuan Ge of early Ming Dynasty.These precious books are from Song Jin and Yuan Dynasty or from civil rare,preserve the original appearance of the ancient books almost no change.With the existing yongle of gynecological literature material as the research object,the article details gynecology clinical diagnose characteristics and clinical application from five aspects about dosage form,single herb,similar drugs,remove lump,and toxic drugs accumulated.The author thinks that increasingly diversified clinical gynecological diseases,the treatment should also larger and refinement,so some of the development can be much more beneficial.


This research examines these two important concepts in terms of their evolution, functions and current development and further explores the relationship between them and their development trend, finally this paper proposes several suggestion to the problem whether choose ERP or SCM about enterprises in China.


The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) had been popular around the world and the peasant began to use UAVs to transport bags of crop, spray pesticides or herbicides manually causing the uncertainty and difficulty in path planning. Inspired by the simplified form of expressions and better performance of the Aquila optimizer (AO), a simplified AO with multiple updating principle (SAOMUP) was proposed to improve the capability of the AO algorithm and applied in UAV path planning in this paper. Simulation experiments were carried out to test and verify the capability of the proposed algorithm. And finally, the SAOMUP was applied in UAV path planning for transportation over some mountain field with trees or stones being simulated by cylinders, and better results were achieved.


To develop a clinical device for monitoring FBM with a simplified mechanism, the multichannel pulsed Doppler device was achieved by modifying the ultrasonographic module and probe of a cardiotocograph. A new algorithm of signal processing with a high‐accuracy displacement estimation technique produced real‐time and continuous displacement calculations. In vivo measurements demonstrated that real‐time output produced commendable quality in FBM tracking. The displacement of a few hundred micrometers because of FBM was measured successfully. The results suggest that quantitative assessments of FBM should be possible with this technique.


The significance of the research of the photochemistry in solid ice phase was described and the present work about the photodegradation of organic pollutants in solid ice phase was reviewed.The photochemical reaction and mechanism of chlorofluorocarbons and aromatic compounds in solid ice was introduced chiefly.


In the past, there have been several listings1 of the capital crimes in the forty two states that still stand by the institution of capital punishment.2 A look at the statutes, however, leads the author to believe that the lists have been somewhat misleading, and it is the purpose of this note to present more accurate information of the number and types of capital crimes in the states. It appears from a search of the statutes that there are more capital offenses in existence than one might be led to believe by previous lists. The following remarks should be made before the presentation of the main table of capital crimes. Under the "Murder" column, those states that have the crime divided into degrees are designated by "M(1)", and those states that do not have degrees of murder are designated simply by "M". The act of kidnaping alone, without additional elements to the offense, is made a capital crime in only three states; Delaware, Maryland, and Mississippi. The rest of the states that have made this crime a capital offense require other elements, the most common of which is that the kidnaping be committed for ransom. Seventeen states have this one extra requirement. The remaining states have even more necessary components of the crime in order for it to be capital, the most usual of these are that the victim be injured, either seriously or not, and/or that he is not released either before the trial or the sentence. Virginia makes kidnaping for ransom a capital offense, but also considers kidnaping a girl with intent to defile her, or kidnaping a girl under sixteen years of age for the purposes of prostitution, capital crimes. The latter two elements are unusual.


We describe a new approach for constructing patient-specific vascular geometries suitable for isogeometric fluid and fluid-structure interaction analysis of blood flow in arteries. We use solid NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines) to define vascular geometries as well to perform analysis. It is argued in this paper that this new approach is a viable alternative to the finite element method, which is a standard tool for analysis of vascular systems. Advantages of the new approach are discussed and the technique is demonstrated on a variety of patient-specific arterial models.


Microparticles comprising: (a) a biodegradable polymer selected from a poly (alpha-hydroxy acid), a polyhydroxy butyric acid, a polycaprolactone, a polyorthoester, a polyanhydride and a polycyanoacrylate; (B) a cationic surfactant; and (c) a first molecule containing polynucleotides adsorbed on the surface of the microparticles, wherein the first molecule containing polynucleotides adsorbed constitutes between 10 and 30 percent of the total weight of the microparticles.


The ac Stark shift, or light shift, is a physical phenomenon that plays a fundamental role in many applications ranging from basic atomic physics to applied quantum electronics. Here, we discuss experiments testing light-shift theory in a cold-atom cesium fountain clock for the Cs ${D}_{2}$ transition (i.e., $6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}$ at 852 nm). Cold-atom fountains represent a nearly ideal system for the study of light shifts: (1) The atoms can be perturbed by a field of arbitrary character (e.g., coherent field or nonclassical field); (2) there are no trapping fields to complicate data interpretation; (3) the probed atoms are essentially motionless in their center-of-mass reference frame, $T$ \ensuremath{\sim} 1 \ensuremath{\mu}K; and (4) the atoms are in an essentially collisionless environment. Moreover, in the present work the resolution of the Cs excited-state hyperfine splittings implies that the ${D}_{2}$ ac Stark shift contains a nonzero tensor polarizability contribution, which does not appear in vapor phase experiments due to Doppler broadening. Here, we test the linearity of the ac Stark shift with field intensity, and measure the light shift as a function of field frequency, generating a ``light-shift curve.'' We have improved on the previous best test of theory by a factor of 2, and after subtracting the theoretical scalar light shift from the experimental light-shift curves, we have isolated and tested the tensor light shift for an alkali ${D}_{2}$ transition.


Packet capture technology is the basis for network data analysis and processing. The rapid development of network applications, the speed of network transmission, and the speedy increase in the number of network users put forward higher requirements for packet capture technology. Some high-performance network packet capture technologies come into being. This paper first analyzes the inherent defects of the traditional Linux data capture method, and then introduces and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the current high-performance packet capture technologies and framework from the technical principle, application flow, packet capture rate and resource occupancy.


Lead (Pb) is one of common heavy metal that has been shown to be very useful tracers of environmental pollution. The consequences of urbanization process can cause not only economic growth but also negatively impact on the quality of water and soil. Therefore the objective of this research is to know the potential contamination of lead in soil of urban area. The soil samples were conducted by batch leaching experiment. In surface soil, lead in soil of Pakem area varies from 2.01ppm to 5.13 ppm with average value of 3.02 ppm and Merapi area ranges from 1.84 ppm to 3.41ppm with average value of 2.42 ppm. In urban area, lead varies from 4.18 to 14.88 ppm with average of 9.93 ppm. Lead in urban soil is higher than Pakem and Merapi soil. The potential contamination of lead in urban soil is occurred with respect to urbanization and human activities. The value of lead is shown with the average of 3 ppm for Caturtunggal, Depok District, 6.53 ppm in Mantrijeron District and 9.82 ppm for Kotagede District in Yogyakarta city. The result of lead distribution in Kotagede District is the highest concentrated and it is followed by Mantrijeron District and Caturtunggal, Depok District.


Preface and Acknowledgments 1. The Study of Latin American Politics The Fall and Rise of Democracy Sociological Laws and Historical Processes The Program to Be Developed 2. Tensions in the Class Structure: From Social Mobilization to Autonomous Organization The Social Pyramid Social Mobilization and Mobilizationism Factors Triggering a Mobilizational Coalition Populism as a Type of Mobilizational Coalition Populism as a Stage in the Development of a Party Bipolarity 3. Actors and Coalitions Social Actors as Collective Entities Political Weight The Church and Armed Forces: Effective and Normative Noninvolvement The State as an Autonomous Actor Intellectuals and Political Elites Coalitions Multiclass Integrative Parties: The Mexican Case 4. Violence and Revolution The Motivational Structure at the Level of the Individual The Structural Approach: Violence and Revolution Mass Society Violence, Repression, and Legitimacy The Level of Menace: Historical Comparisons 5. Military Interventionism The Military Role: Omnipotence or Illusion? Aristocratic Control: Nineteenth-Century Brazil Military Reformism: Tenentismo and Ibanismo The Military-lndustrial Convergence in Argentina From Moderating Role to Transformative Intervention 6. Socialist Labor Parties: The Early Experience The Problem of Organization: Militants and Bureaucrats Socialist Labor Parties The Contrast between Chilean and Argentine Social Structures The Peculiarity of the Impact of Immigration in Argentina The Intellectuals of the Labor Movement The EarlyArgentine Political Party System Authoritarian Populism in Chile: The First Ibanez Experience 7. Varieties of Populism and Their Transformative Tendencies "Aprista" or Middle-Class Populist Parties Social-Revolutionary Parties "Peronist" or Populist Labor Parties The Co-optation of the Labor Movement in Argentina The Changed Cultural Milieu of the Working Class Argentine Industrialists and the Peronist Elite Peronism and Varguismo Contrasted The Relevance of the Party System 8. A Modeled Historical Sequence: Argentina, 1938-2000 Period 1. Stable Situation before "Times of Troubles" (1938-1939) Period 2. Tensions and Menaces on the Increase (1942-1944) Period 3. Rise of Peronism and Its Access to Power (1944-1946) Period 4. Breakup of the Peronist Coalition (1954-1955) Period 5. The "Impossible Game" (1958-1976) Period 6. Unstable Dictatorship (1976-1982) Period 7. Breakup of the "Proceso" Coalition, Rise of Alfonsinismo (1982-1984) Period 8. The Menemista Transformation of Peronism (1991-1998) Period 9. Breakup of the Menemista Coalition, Alianza Access to Power (1998-1999) Period 10. Right-Left Bipolarity: The End of "Argentine Exceptionalism"? (2000-?) Notes Bibliography Index


A 4-month-old baby girl with Down syndrome (DS) attended the General Paediatric clinic for routine follow-up. She had commenced her routine vaccination schedule. The Registrar asked, as children with DS are at increased risk of infections, should this baby have any extra vaccinations?

In children with DS (population), do additional booster vaccinations (intervention) as well as routine improve outcome (outcome)?

### Primary sources

MEDLINE was searched via PubMed up to January 2018; the advanced search mode was used including the terms 'Down syndrome' or 'Trisomy 21' and 'immunisation' or 'vaccination' or 'booster immunisation' or 'booster vaccination' or 'antibody titres' or 'antibody response or 'vaccine titre' or 'vaccine response'. The articles were selected based on the 'most relevant' search mode.

### Secondary sources

A search of the Cochrane Library using the search terms 'Down syndrome', 'Trisomy 21', 'vaccinations' and 'immunisations' were performed. No significant results were found.

### Introduction

Children with DS are at increased risk of infections such as pneumonia and mortality from sepsis secondary to altered immune function. In DS, there are reduced numbers of T and B lymphocytes, a dysregulation of cytokines and often a suboptimal antibody response to vaccination.1 Furthermore, there is a defect in the generation and …


The Reliability of a working system has been realized generally by probability functions, Mathematical Expectation and simulation Processes based on Weibull's Failure Laws and other Failure Laws. But to trust a working system in anticipation of good performance process, the Mathematical computations can be transformed to computerization methods for which a detailed analysis both on the mathematical and software applications, are preferred. A Hazard model for initial failure but late working in a good condition with no further failure on a hardware system has been proposed and mathematically the complex valued expression for Mean time to Failure and Variance are derived for experimental execution and the outputs prove and concur with Data-Mining results.The paper under the present proposal contains the above contemplation based on real Topology regarding initial failure and late picking up of many working set ups and the real and complex valued functions are derived for MTTF and variance parameters for due transfer to Dynamic and continuous processes like Manual Learning, Operating on Computer, Internet and Network with other Physical conditions. These transformations are coordinated with simulation of probability functions and the Data of performance are evaluated through Data Mining Techniques and the prediction of performance} {Reliability, A mathematical application promises better working conditions of the system. The above deliberation could be extended for estimation of Remedial effects in the fields of physical conditions, like sleeping status, convalescing conditions etc. there is little scope for other consideration like bath tub curve regarding the present proposal submitted in this paper.


With the further application of cloud computing technology, there are more and more application systems running on the cloud platform, which will produce all kinds of effective data everyday. Among those data, there are a lot of equivalent data item value (or equivalent data item value within the system error). If those effective data is compressed directly, the effect of compression is always not good. In order to solve those problems, a new method occurs. Firstly, the valid data on the cloud platform is divided into lots of data blocks, from which some data blocks are selected, then the records in these data blocks are classified and recombined. Finally, the new records are compressed with the Huffman coding. The experiment shows that this method has the advantages of fast compression speed, high compression ratio and lossless recovery.


Abstract : Report developed under contract FA8718-04-C-0029. Microelectromechanical (MEM) switches have already been developed that demonstrate exceptional RF performance but have been plagued by poor reliability. In this work, two new MEM switches were developed with the goal of increasing reliability. The first is a miniature switched capacitor that is 150-300 times smaller than typical RF MEMS switches. The bridges on these switches are 21 micrometers long by 8 micrometers wide and have a switching time of less than 250 ns. Reliability of over 20 billion cycles of 0.5 W of RF power at 13 GHz was demonstrated. The second design is a switched capacitor that is a cantilever type of device. The switch showed a Q of more than 250 at X to Ku-band frequencies, and a reliability of more than 11 billion cycles at 1 W of RF power at 8 GHz. Finally, a tunable filter covering 5.1 and 5.7 GHz (two states) was designed, fabricated and tested. The loss was 1.4dB, the bandwidth was 5%, and the tunable Q was over 150. These novel designs will be very useful for high reliability RF MEM switches and circuits in the coming years for commercial and defense applications.


The synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic features of a bimetallic cyanogen complex obtained from the reductive coupling of cyanide by a niobium(IV) precursor are described, and a mechanism for the coupling reaction is proposed based on DFT calculations.


In view of the present education reform, this paper discusses teaching contents, teaching methods and some specific teaching steps to be taken in the reform of information retrieval teachings.


Preliminary results are reported of field studies 1955-56 by the U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Center, the Hydrographic Office and SIPRE on the general physical properties of sea ice; methods of measurement are described. Characteristics of sea water during the freezing period are outlined: formation, structure, and salinity of the initial ice cover, formation and characteristics of infiltrated snow-ice, growth of the ice and influencing factors, density of the ice at various periods, and crack formation are discussed. Data on the salinity of sea ice formed during during wave action and that of sheet-ice, hourly averages of air and ice temperatures at various levels, snow and slush density and thickness, observed slush levels and theoretical water levels are shown. Salinity of ice before and after the slush layer froze, and that of deteriorating ice , salinity of ice vs. ice thickness, thickness of ice versus degree-days, the density of the ice, and measured ice densities vs. theoretical density of air-free sea ice at -15 C are figured and discussed. The orientation of sea ice c-axes and of infiltrated snow-ice c-axes are diagrammed.--From SIPRE.


The convolution of galaxy images by the point-spread function (PSF) is the dominant source of bias for weak gravitational lensing studies, and an accurate estimate of the PSF is required to obtain unbiased shape measurements. The PSF estimate for a galaxy depends on its spectral energy distribution (SED), because the instrumental PSF is generally a function of the wavelength. In this paper we explore various approaches to determine the resulting `effective' PSF using broad-band data. Considering the Euclid mission as a reference, we find that standard SED template fitting methods result in biases that depend on source redshift, although this may be remedied if the algorithms can be optimised for this purpose. Using a machine-learning algorithm we show that, at least in principle, the required accuracy can be achieved with the current survey parameters. It is also possible to account for the correlations between photometric redshift and PSF estimates that arise from the use of the same photometry. We explore the impact of errors in photometric calibration, errors in the assumed wavelength dependence of the PSF model and limitations of the adopted template libraries. Our results indicate that the required accuracy for Euclid can be achieved using the data that are planned to determine photometric redshifts.


On the basis of AMI and INDO/CI methods, according to the sum-over-states expression, we devised a program for calculating nonlinear second-order optical susceptibilities βijk and performedrelevant study of molecular design, i. e. , on the basis of we examined theeffect of different substituents introduced into the phenyl and quinonoid rings, on the second-order optical nonlinearity. It was concluded that introducing a donor into the phenyl ring leads to the increase of β and introducing an acceptor into the phenyl ring leads to a reduction of β; in contrast with this, in troducing a donor in the quinonoid ring leads to the reduction of β and introducing an acceptor in quinonoid ring leads to the increas of β. The regularity summarized from above results has been explained micromechanically. Finally, two molecules having larger nonlinear second-order optical susceptibilities have been designed.


The idea of inclusion in the sense of participatory access to educational opportunities is widely acknowledged and implemented within the pedagogical discourse. Nevertheless, ensuring social participation of students with and without special education needs in learning situations continues to be challenging. The present study examines promoting and hindering factors for social inclusion with a focus on students with special educational needs. Therefore, semi-structured interviews regarding students' (n = 12 students with SEN, 12 students without SEN), parents' (n = 24), and teachers' (n = 6 regular teachers, 6 special need teachers) perceptions of promoting educational characteristics that might influence students' inclusion in everyday school life are analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings provide a wide range of pedagogical interventions that have the potential to promote inclusive education processes on educational, intrapersonal, and interpersonal levels as well as regarding different actors who are involved.


Accidental transmission of lymphoma by bone marrow transplant is a rarely reported event [1–5], since candidates are only accepted for hematopoietic stem cell donation after a work-up that routinel...


We compute the virtual (αs2) fermionic contributions to the charm quark mass dependent matrix elements of the → Xsγ decay. In the case of a massless quark loop insertion into the gluon propagator, our result obtained as an expansion in z = mc2/mb2 and an exact expression in terms of multi-fold MB integrals, confirms the findings of Bieri, Greub and Steinhauser [22]. In the case of a b-quark loop insertion, we observe large differences between the actual massive case and the massless approximation. These turn out, as expected, to be less pronounced for the charm quark.


Three cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide, propylene glycol and glycerol) and two diluents (sucrose based and saline based) were mixed (9 parts diluent–1 part cryoprotectant) factorially to produce six extenders that were tested to develop an effective sperm cryopreservation protocol for winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum). Sperm were diluted 1:3 with each extender and frozen by flotation on liquid nitrogen before being submerged and stored for 30 days. Sperm left unfrozen in each extender for 20 min showed no toxic effects on motility. Extenders containing propylene glycol (PG) as cryoprotectant yielded higher post-thaw sperm motilities than those containing dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) or glycerol. The sucrose-based diluent performed better than the saline-based diluent when DMSO was used as cryoprotectant, but there were no differences in post-thaw motility between diluents for the other cryoprotectants. Activating sperm with ovarian fluid and sea water instead of sea water alone had no effect on post-thaw motility. In fertilization trials, no differences were observed between any of the extenders and fresh milt when milt, eggs and sea water were left in contact for 1 h. When sperm were forced to compete for eggs by reducing contact time to 20 s, fertilization results followed those of sperm motility rates. Percentage hatch and morphology of larvae at hatching did not differ for eggs fertilized by cryopreserved and fresh sperm. This study represents the first reported successful attempt at cryopreserving winter flounder sperm and should improve gamete and broodstock management protocols for this species.


This study investigated the interaction effect of pre drying treatments and using hydrocolloids mixture as an edible coat, as a packaging material and for better frying results for fried potato. Pre drying treatments used were heating samples at 69°C for 3 and 25 min. Hydrocolloid system used was MA-1 type, Hydrocolloid GENU® texturizer contains; methylcellulose, carrageenan and potassium chloride. Treatments were evaluated by measuring oil content, moisture content, cutting force, color and mold growth. The result showed a great effect for the hydrocolloid system in combination of pre drying treatment (69°C for 25 min) in both prolonging the fried product shelf-life through retarding and decreasing mold formation and in enhancing the frying characteristics; oil-uptake (reduced by 39.33%), moisture loss (reduced by 25.83%) and texture. The treatments did not significantly affect the color of fried potato samples.


The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for multi-agent-free certificate signature, relates to communication technologies, to solve the problem of using a large amount of calculation to be no signature bilinear multiple proxy certificate. The method of the present invention may specifically include: a computing device according to the proxy signature public parameters proxy signature device public and private keys, public and private keys correspond; obtaining standard signature verification result is determined according to the standard signature verification result is valid; if after sending the partial proxy signature proxy signature to the device administrator, in order to calculate a partial proxy signature multi proxy signature proxy signature device administrator; verification result for characterizing the standard signature is valid, the signature device according to the private proxy computing portion proxy signature , multi-proxy signature verification device for multi-proxy signature verification. No certificate can be applied to multi-proxy signature.


The aim of this study was to clarify the current status and role of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients without sustained ventricular arrhythmias and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).


In a recent paper [1], Gardner described a new timing-error detector for sampled receivers. The detector derives timing information without decision direction from a BPSK or QPSK signal sampled at rate 2/T (symbol interval T ). We will show how this detector can be derived from the maximum likelihood principle, and thus give insight into the nature of the algorithm.


The electrochemical responses of Pb and Pb-3.4% Sb electrodes in 5 M H2SO4 were examined combining potential sweep and potential step techniques. The presence of antimony prevents the complete blockage of the electrode active surface by PbSO4 crystals during electro-oxidation, changing the composition and structure of the passive layer. The electro-oxidation of Sb was interpreted in terms of an adsorption-dissolution mechanism where in the rate-determining step one electron is transferred. The growth kinetics of the PbO inner layer was also studied. On the Pb-Sb electrode, the growth rate of PbO decreases because of a change in the transport mechanism of ions through the anodic layer.


Pair of primers and a TaqMan probe were synthesized according to M gene conservative sequence of Newcastle disease virus.The positive recombinant plasmid containing M gene of NDV ZJ1 strain isolated from goose was used as a positive quantitative template to establish a standard curve.And then a rea1-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR assay was established.The method has a good linear relationship within the 106 to 101 copies,with which 3 copies·μL-1 of the virus nucleic acid can be detected in the initial template,and has similar sensitivity with traditional virus isolation methods.The conforming rate of positive sum and negative sum with traditional virus isolation method was 90.0% and 99.8% respectively in detecting 500 clinic cloacal swab samples.The result showed that the constructed method paved the way for the early and rapid detection of NDV as well as quantitative analysis for the infection degree of NDV.


Abstract The focus was on the childcare arrangements made by a sample of white married couples who were parents of children up to the age of twelve years old. Some sample wives were employed full time, some part time and others were full-time housewives. Couples were asked who cared for their children in the morning, afternoon, evening and when they were both out for the evening. The aim was to find out what arrangements white dual-earner and male-breadwinner couples made for childcare and whether husbands were more likely to share childcare in the evenings if their wives were employed. Common beliefs about who ought to be responsible for childcare and some policy issues are discussed initially to provide a social context for the research. It is argued that the provision of childcare is important for at least two key reasons: formal childcare of good quality benefits children and the position of parents generally, and of mothers in particular, would be improved if they had access to affordable childcare f...


The most frequent usage (11 ⁄16, 69%) of face validity in this sample of papers indicated some property that made the assessment appear to be valid, or look like it measured what was intended, or appear to be content relevant – all of which somehow made the assessment acceptable to the proper constituency. This look and feel validity is what Mosier identified as validity by assumption, common-sense validity, or simply the appearance of validity, denouncing this type of face validity as a pernicious fallacy . This is validity on the face of it and makes the weakest of all possible arguments for interpretive meaning. The Medical Education authors using the term in this meaning discussed assessment characteristics such as relevance, appropriateness, authenticity, and realism , each of which is an excellent assessment trait, but which may have little or nothing to do with scientific validity evidence.


This paper describes an approach for estimating unsteady flow rate through oil hydraulic pipelines and components in real time. In this method, unsteady flow rate is estimated by using the hydraulic pipeline dynamics and the measured pressures at two distant locations along the pipeline. Unsteady flow rate in the time domain is obtained by convolutions between the weighting functions and the measured values of pressure.The weighting functions are obtained from the transfer functions by application of the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). By scheming the high-speed operations of convolutions, data processing in a microcomputer is achieved in real time, using exclusive precalculated tables. Under unsteady laminar oil flow conditions, the good agreement between the estimated and measured flow rate waveforms illustrates the validity of the method proposed here.


The growing rate of poor academic achievement of students at the secondary school level, the contradictory results on the influence of grit on academic achievement from previous studies, and the dearth of study on the predictive validity of grit on academic achievement of students in Nigeria necessitated the study. The study assessed grit as a predictor of students' academic achievement in science. The study adopted a correlational survey research approach. 385 SS3 students drawn by using multi-stage sampling procedures (simple random and proportionate stratified sampling technique) participated in the study. Grit Questionnaire adapted from Duckworth and Quinn (2009) and Science Students' Score Proforma (PSSP) were used for data collection. The instruments were face-validated. The internal consistency of the questionnaire items was determined using Cronbach Alpha, which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.83. Data collected were analyzed using regression analysis and t-test for the significance of two samples correlation coefficients. The results showed that 66% of the variation in students' academic achievement in science is attributed to or predicted by grit. Grit significantly predicts students' academic achievement while gender and location do not moderate the predictive validity of grit on students' academic achievement in science. These findings have implications for educational foundations in the sense that students will have a solid educational foundation when they have high grit for science learning. The study recommended, among others, that students must be made to understand that persistent hard work, desire, and interest over years despite a series of failures, difficulties, challenges, setbacks


Dukes is likely to have significant effect on the way antitrust class actions are litigated. William L. Monts III (Hogan Lovells)


Ada is the language of choice in the computer science curriculum at the Air Force Academy. Its richness, complexity and strong typing are ideal for teaching abstraction, encapsulation and object-oriented programming in the context of good programming practices.Specifically, the Department of Computer Science teaches Ada in its introductory course required of all students at the Academy. Those cadets majoring in computer science then take an additional Ada programming course in the Fall of their sophomore year, followed by a course in programming languages in the Spring semester. It is this third course, Computer Science 359, that gives cadets their first experience programming a problem of significant complexity in Ada, while introducing them to a wide variety of topics and language capabilities.Computer Science 359 has the following goals and objectives:1. Gain a basic understanding of the four programming language paradigms: imperative, object-oriented, functional and logic-oriented.2. Gain a broad knowledge of the Ada programming language.3. Gain a working knowledge of object-oriented programming.4. Gain familiarity with a functional and logic-oriented programming language.5. Gain a working knowledge of recursion.This paper discusses the type and scope of projects that have been used to teach the Ada programming portion of the course.


Various quantum gravity approaches that extend beyond the standard model predict Lorentz Invariance and Charge-Parity-Time Violation at energies approaching the Planck scale. These models frequently predict a wavelength dependent speed of light, which would result in time delays between promptly emitted photons at different energies, as well as a wavelength-dependent rotation of the plane of linear polarization for photons resulting from vacuum birefringence. Here, we describe a pilot program with an automated system of small telescopes that can simultaneously conduct high cadence optical photometry and polarimetry of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in multiple passbands. We use these observations as a proof-of-principle to demonstrate how such data can be used to test various Lorentz Violation models, including special cases of the Standard Model Extension (SME). In our initial campaign with this system, the Array Photo Polarimeter, we observed two AGN sources, including BL Lacertae at redshift z = 0.069, and S5 B0716+714 at z = 0.31. We demonstrate that optical polarimetry with a broadband Luminance filter combined with simultaneous $I_c$-band observations yields SME parameter constraints that are up to ~10 and ~30 times more sensitive than with a standard $I_c$-band filter, for SME models with mass dimension d = 5 and d = 6, respectively. Using only a small system of telescopes with an effective 0.45-m aperture, we further demonstrate d = 5 constraints for individual lines of sight that are within a factor of ~1-10 in sensitivity to comparable constraints from optical polarimetry with a 3.6-m telescope. Such an approach could significantly improve existing SME constraints via a polarimetric all-sky survey of AGN with multiple 1-meter class telescopes.


1. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twenty First Informational Supplement. CLSI Document M100-S21. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2011. 2. Hornsey M, Phee L, Wareham DW. A novel variant, NDM-5, of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase in a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST648 isolate recovered from a patient in the United Kingdom. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:5952-4. 3. Nordmann P, Naas T, Poirel L. Global spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:1791-8. 4. Poirel L, Castanheira M, Carrër A, Rodriguez CP, Jones RN, Smayevsky J, et al. OXA-163, an OXA-48-related class D ß-lactamase with extended activity toward expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:2546-51.


This paper is directed to the goldexchange world which existed before the advent of the two-tier gold market in March 1968. It considers the choice between dollars and gold as international reserves and views the economic forces underlying the substitution of dollars for gold as significant in determining the viability of a dollar-exchange standard. Gold and dollars are both viewed as nonsterile assets with an expected return on gold and a certain return on dollars. In the case of dollars and gold, gold is often labelled as the "sterile" asset. This is incorrect since a substantial and variable forward dollar premium on gold futures has been paid in an active Zurich market, indicating a positive expected return on gold. This market quoted a price of gold six months forward, in terms of an annual premium on the market price, from 1961 to 1968. An individual willing to pay a premium in order to purchase "sterile" gold at about $35 an ounce six months in the future indicates that he attaches a positive probability to the chance of a rise in the dollar price of gold. Otherwise, why forego the opportunity to invest in interest-yielding assets? The average premium, from the second quarter of 1961 through the first quarter of 1968 was 6.39 percent. The forward premium on gold as an index of the expected return on gold is a crucial factor, in the empirical analysis below, of the choice by central banks between dollars and gold. It proves to be a significant independent variable. If we restrict consideration to short-term dollar liabilities (ninety days) then we have an asset (dollars) with a certain positive return (neglecting capital gains on ninetyday dollar assets) compared with an asset (gold) with an expected positive return. The choice between dollars and gold is cast in terms of independent, utilitymaximizing portfolio behavior. This is contrary to the view expressed by Fritz Machlup among others, that the holdings of reserves by officials are entirely politically determined:


Robots are increasingly expected to go beyond controlled environments in laboratories and factories, to act autonomously in real-world workplaces and public spaces. Autonomous robots navigating the ...


0.05), as well as between dif-ferent RPR titers (P>0.05). (3) After therapy, the level of IL-2 decreased markedly (P0.05). (4) A significant correlation was found between the serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 (r=0.5385 P


Abstract:Historians have neglected the reorganization of the Sharia courts in nineteenth-century Egypt, a process that paralleled the reorganization of the Ottoman imperial Sharia court system, and which coincided with the introduction of secular law codes that reduced the jurisdiction of the Sharia courts mainly to family law. New regulations introduced a hierarchical court structure, detailed the qualifications of personnel and the manner of their appointment, set fees, and defined legal procedures. Judges were restricted to Hanafi jurisprudence, insuring greater uniformity in their rulings, and an emphasis on the production of and reliance upon legal documents all but required Ottomans and Egyptians to bring their affairs—especially their family affairs—to the Sharia courts. These regulations affected the substance of Muslim family law as applied, even though it was not codified until the twentieth century. Hanafi law put married women at a disadvantage when seeking to collect arrears of maintenance or to dissolve their marriage due to non-support, desertion, or a husband gone missing. The Ottomans mitigated these disadvantages by allowing the application of Shafi'i and Maliki law, which offered relief to women in these situations. However, in Egypt this was not done until the 1920s.


The article examines the national legislation of Ukraine. international legal acts, according to which the rules of state regulation of combating acts of unlawful interference with the activity of civil aviation are introduced. It has been found  that a sufficiently strong basis was created in the field of aviation law for the further creation and improvement of legal and technical norms regulating the issue of unlawful interference in the activities of civil aviation and ensuring aviation security. However, without the introduction of international legal standards in the field of aviation security and their implementation in the domestic flight safety system, it is almost impossible to carry out and arrange air freight. Keywords : the instances of unlawful interference in operation of civil aviation, aerospace, aviation security, international agreements, civil aviation


The invention discloses a container data center, which comprises a container, at least one group of server systems, a hot air passage, a cold air passage, a fan system and a heat exchange system, wherein the container is capable of being carried by a vehicle; the server systems are arranged in the container; the fan system and the heat exchange system are arranged above the at least one group of server systems; the fan system is used for guiding a hot air flow in the hot air passage to the heat exchange system; the heat exchange system is used for converting the hot air flow into a cold air flow and feeding the cold air flow into the cold air passage through a plurality of air inlet pipe orifices; a plurality of rectification regions are formed above the cold air passage corresponding to the air inlet pipe orifices; each rectification region comprises a flow guide element and a plurality of blades; the flow guide element is connected with the air inlet pipe orifices; the blades are positioned below the flow guide element and cover the rectification region; and each blade is used for controlling the opening angle of the blade according to the flow rate of the corresponding cold air flow, so that cold air which passes through the rectification region is of an equal flow.


The significant increase in COVID-19 cases in Indonesia in May-July 2021 overwhelmed health workers. One of the efforts to monitor the spread of COViD-19 disease is collecting data on patients and proper monitoring. For example, the Sukorame Community Health Center, Mojoroto Kediri, does not yet have an application to record and monitor COVID-19 patients. Data collection is currently done manually by writing in books and excel. This study designed and built a data collection and monitoring application for COVID-19 patients to help Puskesmas staff obtain more accurate patient data and monitor the related patient data. This study implements the waterfall method, including system requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance. The results of this study are the applications that can help and facilitate Community Health Center in collecting data on COVID-19 as a form of effort in overcoming and preventing the spread of COVID-19 in the work area of Sukorame Community Health Center, Kediri City. Based on the user satisfaction questionnaire results, 75% of users consisting of staff and heads of community health centers were helped by this application.


An Emotional Nerve Intelligence module for second year mathematics undergraduates is presented. This is a new concept that extends Emotional Intelligence by including psychotherapy practices used to control nerves (anxiety and stress). This is delivered within a mathematics STEM setting with the aim of releasing the undergraduates' potential. Results show development in self-awareness of the students by capturing pre- and post-comments, and anecdotal observations indicating the success in students developing their ability to think for themselves are also given.


Statistics and stained glass may seem an odd combination, but the windows of Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge, say otherwise. Anthony Edwards explains.


A method of transmission-reception over a serial bus placed, when idle, in a first state at a first Voltage, including: a transmit circuit capable of coding a transmission according to a first protocol in which the respective states of the bits are condi tioned by time periods offixed levels, indifferently in the first state or in a second State at a second Voltage Smaller than the first one; a receive circuit capable of interpreting a commu nication according to the first protocol; and a protocol con verter, interposed between the bus and the transmit and receive circuits, to convert the signals to be transmitted to a second protocol in which the respective states of the bits are conditioned by respective time periods of fixed levels in the first state, and to convert the received signals from the second protocol to the first protocol.


SiC power DMOSFETs offer significant reduction in switching and conduction losses over silicon IGBTs in the 1200 V or higher voltage range. However there are significant challenges in commercializing SiC power DMOSFETs. Some of these challenges will be discussed in this paper. A typical forward characteristics of a 1200 V SIC DMOSFET at 25degC are shown. The active area of this chip is 10.05 mm2 and the on-resistance with a gate voltage of 15 V is approximately 100 mohm. Therefore the specific on-resistance is about 10 mohm-cm2. The threshold voltage, VT, is approximately 3 V measured at 1 mA and VDS = 10 V. The VT will reduce to approximately 1.5 V at a junction temperature of 150degC which is too low to reliably keep the device in off state with VGS = 0 V. Fig. 2 shows the variation of RDSON with temperature the RDSON reduces with increasing temperature (25-50degC) due to the improvement in the effective inversion layer electron mobility. This presents a significant challenge for paralleling these devices.


Numerous cases have shown that insight appears to occur when inventions were induced by heuristic prototypes in the scientific community. From the Chinese legend of Luban invented the saw which drew inspiration from acrodont couch grass to the classical story of Watt invented the steam engine inspired by looking at a pot of boiling water, too many such cases suggested that 'prototype heuristics' might be an important way of thinking in inventions. However, the neural basis of creative thinking is still stuck in researches of solving unscientific problems due to the complexity of the processing of the scientific innovation. Based on the latest scientific inventions in which scientists drew inspiration from heuristic prototypes, our group of this project has complied the material database of creative problem for experiments. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP), the present project aims to explore the cognitive neural mechanisms of insight induced by heuristic prototype in invention. Specifically, we plan to investigate the cognitive neural basis of influences on heuristic prototypes, such as activation of prototype, application of heuristic information, catching inspiration under the problematic consciousness, prototype representation, motivation and emotional state, working situation of brain etc. So it has important theory significance to understand the essence of human creative thinking as well as practical significance to stimulate and nurture human creativity to carry out this project.


In this paper, the containment control problem in second-order multi-agent systems for static and dynamic leaders under directed and undirected topologies are studied. We propose the periodic intermittent containment control algorithm, which both reduces the load of updating rates of controller and cuts down the working time of the controller in each sampling interval. Some necessary and sufficient conditions depending on the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix associated with the communication graph, the communication width, sampling period and the gain parameters, are obtained to guarantee the containment control. Finally, some simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.


The influence of Hispanic parental processes on daughters' intimate relationships have been widely studied in the psychology literature. However, although skin color values have been found to directly inform dating preferences, research examining the influence of parental skin color beliefs is non-existent. Thirty-four emerging adult Hispanic women participated in this qualitative study which examined their beliefs about parental skin color beliefs on dating preference decision-making processes. The study revealed that parents encouraged daughters to select partners with lighter skin. Significant differences between the ways parents and daughters constructed skin color meanings were noted, although daughters' potential partner skin color preferences were mixed. Results indicate that cultural competency training for clinicians should include understandings of meanings and values given to skin color. Therapeutic considerations for addressing skin color concerns with Hispanic female clients, including parental influences, within group differences and validation of skin color values, are addressed.


Dual Fuel (DF) combustion can help to reduce the environmental impact of internal combustion engines, since it may provide excellent Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) combined with ultra-low emissions. This technique is particularly attractive when using biofuels, or fuels with a low Carbon content, such as Natural Gas (NG). Unfortunately, as engine load decreases and the homogeneous NG-air mixture tends to become very lean, the high chemical stability of NG can be a serious obstacle to the completion of combustion. As a result, BTE drops and UHC and CO emissions become very high. A possible way to address this problem could be the addition of hydrogen (H2) to the NG-air mixture. In this paper, a numerical study has been carried out on an automotive Diesel engine, modified by the authors in order to operate in both conventional Diesel combustion and DF NG-diesel mode. A previous experimental characterization of the engine is the basis for the CFD-3D modeling and calibration of the DF combustion process, using a commercial software. The effects on combustion stability and emissions of different NG-H2 mixtures (six blends with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% by volume of hydrogen) are numerically investigated at a low load (BMEP = 2 bar, engine speed 3000 rpm). The results of the CFD-3D simulations demonstrate that NG-H2 blends are able to decrease strongly CO, UHC, and CO2 emissions at low loads. Advantages are also found in terms of thermal efficiency and NOx emissions.


Urosalpinx cinerea Say is a West Atlantic temperate gastropod which is distributed on the North American coast from Nova Scotia to Nassau Sound, Florida. The species also occurs in the British Isles where it was probably introduced with consignments of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Orton, 1927). U. cinerea preys on a wide variety of marine invertebrates (Carriker, 1955; Wood, 1968) and in localities where the oyster is cultured, destruction of young oysters may be a serious commercial problem. This species has been the subject of much research but information on its growth and longevity is incomplete, particularly for populations in North America. Information on the size of U. cinerea from different localities is available, notably the work of Cole (1942), Stauber (1943), Walter (1910), Federighi (1931a) and Myers (1965) and certain workers have attempted, unsuccessfully, to correlate size with temperature (Federighi, 1931b; Fraser, 1931). The problems involved in this type of correlation have been discussed by Carriker (1955) and Chestnut (1955). The only detailed studies of growth of U. cinerea are based on populations from English waters (Cole, 1942; Hancock, 1959). Both authors assessed growth by size frequency analysis and Cole made use of growth interruption marks on the siphonal canal in evaluating the individual components of his polymodal size frequency curves. Andrews (1955) and others have commented that no evidence was provided to support the assumption that the interruption marks on the siphonal canal were annual growth marks (annuli). Andrews also noted that Cole's analysis lacks data on young U. cinerea, up through two years, owing to the difficulty in using an oyster dredge to collect small snails. Furthermore, Cole failed to provide evidence supporting his contention that the smooth curves fitted to the size frequency distributions represent year classes. Hancock's (1959) investigation included an analysis of size distribution of a population from the River Roach (Essex) as well as measurements of snails hatched and reared in the laboratory. By combining both sets of data, he was able to propose a cumulative growth curve for the population. This investigation was undertaken to provide information on the age structure and growth of a North American population of U. cinerea (Southern New England) as a basis for future comparison with populations from other locations and ecological situations.


OBJECTIVE: To analyze the work environment in intensive care units from public and private hospitals. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 66 nurses in four intensive care units. Two questionnaires were used for data collection, one for the socioeconomic profile and the other composed by the subscales of the validated Brazilian version of the Nursing Work Index-Revised (B-NWI-R). RESULTS: The nurses reported a favorable work environment for the exercise of professional nursing practices in the intensive care units (overall mean = 1.95 and SD = 0.40). By comparing private and public hospitals it was observed that the overall score of the B-NWI-R reached values of 1.91 (SD = 0.39) and 1.99 (SD = 0.42), respectively, with a p-value of 0.459. CONCLUSION: The four intensive care units analyzed in this study presented favorable work environments for nursing practices. The fact of belonging to private or public hospitals was not significant in the analysis.


Using nanoporous ceramic composite membranes to remove sulphur dioxide and to recover water vapor in flue gas is a new method, and this paper studied the effects of sulphur dioxide on the water recovery process. In this study, the outer‐side coating of hollow nanoporous ceramic composite membrane is selected as the study object. In the membrane module for desulphurization, one end of membrane is closed to create the high‐pressure environment inside membrane to ensure that the cooling water in the membrane penetrates the outer surface of the membrane to form a stable water film which can absorb sulphur dioxide from flue gas. In the membrane module for recovering water, using a vacuum pump to create micro‐negative pressure environment inside membrane, and then water vapor and condensate can penetrate through the membrane under pressure difference. Based on the ceramic composite membrane module, an integrated experimental platform for desulphurization and water recovery is constructed, and the mathematical model for predicting water recovery performance is established. According to the experimental and theoretical results, the mathematical model can predict the water recovery performance of the ceramic composite membrane.


The combustion behaviors of liquid energetic materials, HY91 and OTTOII, were investigated by using their droplets in the high temperature range of 700850. The ignition delay, lifetime, ignition temperature and average mass burning rate of the droplets were measured by a highspeed camera and two thermocouples. The results show that OTTOII is ignited earlier than HY91, but its burning rate is much slower than the later. These data obtained are of practical references for improving the igniter and injection device of the regenerative liquid propellant gun(RLPG).


The invention discloses a time synchronization method and a time synchronization system. The method comprises that: a slave device constructs a delay request message with the length consistent with that of a synchronous message sent to the slave device by a master device, and sends the delay request message to the master device; and the slave device calculates time deviation between the slave device and the master device according to the sending and receiving time of the synchronous message and the sending and receiving time of the delay request message so as to achieve time synchronization with the master device. By adopting the invention, a problem of phase asymmetry caused by inconsistency of lengths of event messages can be avoided in a delay request response mechanism.


A pixel array layout generation method of the image sensor, each of which includes a plurality of unit pixels including a plurality of transistors in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the unit pixel is the lower P-WELL region of each of the plurality of transistor gates, comprises a STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) region formed between the source region and the drain region and the DTI (Deep Trench Isolation) region, the region is filled with DTI at least two materials.


Our study targets recent (Plio-Pleistocene) faults and young (Tertiary) petroleum fields in southern California. Faults include the Refugio Fault in the Transverse Ranges, the Ellwood Fault in the Santa Barbara Channel, and most recently the Newport- Inglewood in the Los Angeles Basin. Subsurface core and tubing scale samples, outcrop samples, well logs, reservoir properties, pore pressures, fluid compositions, and published structural-seismic sections have been used to characterize the tectonic/diagenetic history of the faults. As part of the effort to understand the diagenetic processes within these fault zones, we have studied analogous processes of rapid carbonate precipitation (scaling) in petroleum reservoir tubing and manmade tunnels. From this, we have identified geochemical signatures in carbonate that characterize rapid CO2 degassing. These data provide constraints for finite element models that predict fluid pressures, multiphase flow patterns, rates and patterns of deformation, subsurface temperatures and heat flow, and geochemistry associated with large fault systems.


Results with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory magnetic‐mirror experiments over the past year and a bit are encouraging ERDA to push much harder in that direction, so that mirrors might share some of the funds tokamaks have been attracting. The results on 2XIIB are showing how to stabilize the mirror plasma, increase its value of beta and raise nτ, the product of density and confinement time, considerably. Now Livermore has proposed building a new, $94‐million Mirror Experiment, MX for short. It is rumored that ERDA has requested the Office of Management and Budget to include MX in the FY 1978 budget.


FIELD: construction. SUBSTANCE: design of barrier is proposed, which acts as a noise-attenuating screen for railway or a barrier preventing passage, and comprising at least several barrier elements placed in series end to end relative to each other. Barrier elements are connected hingedly with the help of sections available at their lower edges and serving to tilt elements of the barrier down from the vertical position. Barrier elements are placed within maximum width of cars or load space of rolling stock with the possibility of their tilting with the help of hinged areas below the car or goods located below the standard position and/or is bulky. EFFECT: improved design. 12 cl, 10 dwg


With one single phase earthing,the IT power distribution system with faults can operate with good continuity.However,if many faults are removed within the stipulated time,the safe power supply will be seriously affected.Based on the ARM technology which is growing fast at present,this paper studies the technology of the selective abscission of the single phase earthing for the IT power distribution system to remedy the disadvantages of the system.This technology can remove faults selectively while keep its inherent advantages to ensure the safety of the power distribution system.


The construction of college English ecological classroom is related to the stimulation of students' interest in learning, the establishment of harmonious relationship between students and teachers, the exertion of students' initiative, and the entertainment included in teaching, which is the mainstream teaching concept at present. From an ecological perspective, it analyzes the relationship between students and teachers and discusses the impact of classroom environment on students' learning, expecting to create a harmonious and comfortable learning environment and realize the friendly interaction between teaching and learning, which is also the focus of education reform in the era of big data. Based on the background of big data, this work actively discussed the construction of college English ecological classroom, and put forward effective construction ideas and measures based on discussing its teaching advantages and present situation, which will promote the effectiveness of college English teaching.


To solve the high speed train rescheduling problem, a mathematical model is constructed and a cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. The train rescheduling model takes the on-schedule rate and total delayed time of all the trains' arrival at the related stations in the railway dispatching section as the optimization objectives. Minimal intervals between arrivals and departures, arrival and departure tracks, minimal running time in the railway sub-section are considered as the operation constraints. We design two swarms to ensure the global optimum and local optimum respectively when improving the computing performance of particle swarm optimization algorithm. The computing case is based on the actual data from Shanghai-Hangzhou high speed railway. Computing results validate the model and confirm the efficiency of the algorithm. The method proposed in this paper can improve the on-schedule rate of the trains and reduce the total delayed time when rescheduling trains on railway dispatching sections, which can be embedded in the novel train dispatching system.


Introduction 1 The natural sciences 2 The arts 3 Mathematics 4 Rationalism: the use of reason 5 Feelings, emotions and intuition 6 Ethics 7 The human sciences 8 History 9 Empirical knowledge 10 Paradigms and culture 11 Language 12 Politics 13 Religion 14 Truth 15 Where do we go from here? Assessment


Objective: The aim of this study was the societal evaluation of the knowledge and acceptance for 3 dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography (3D CBCT) being used as a mode of imaging for human bite mark image acquisition and a future biometric repository of bite mark images among general public of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a self-administered survey questionnaire was conducted comprising 15 multiple choice questions. The knowledge and acceptance related to the usage of 3D CBCT in human bite mark imaging were assessed with 10 questions which were oriented on knowledge of 3D CBCT and 5 questions on the acceptance of 3D CBCT imaging procedures from the bite mark imaging point of view. The responses were assessed based on demographic factors and the relationship between knowledge and acceptance are statistically defined. Results: A total of 743 surveys were initially collected, but after the exclusion of those with >20% missing responses to statements, 559 (75.23%) were analyzed. More than half of the study participants (61.5%) agreed that 3D CBCT imaging can be an accurate and a sensitive means of obtaining human bite marks. In addition, 52.23% of study participants believed that a national level 3D CBCT based bite mark registry could assist with law enforcement. The mean positive response rate regarding the participants' acceptance of a 3D CBCT bite mark imaging was 64.7 ± 25.5%. Conclusion: This research suggests that although 3D CBCT is a promising imaging modality for bite mark imaging in forensic odontology a gap in knowledge and awareness was found among general public. So, efforts should be made to increase the awareness and knowledge regarding 3D CBCT and its imaging benefits outside the typical clinical uses. The knowledge, awareness and benefits of three dimensional CBCT based bitemark images can be imparted in general public through printed, film and social media, and dental care facilities. 3D CBCT Imaging for Human Bite Mark Imaging.


An apparatus for homogenizing a glass melt (3) with at least one stirring device (1) in a molten glass receiving (3) mixing vessel (2) is arranged, having an inlet (4) and an outlet (5), wherein the stirring device ( 1) has a (in the direction of circulation U) rotatable agitator shaft (10) and a plurality of stirrer blades (11) (along the agitator shaft 10) are spaced apart from each other, wherein at least most of the plurality of stirrer blades (as paddle-shaped members 11) formed is that exhibit displacing each case an end-side, the glass melt (3) paddle surface (11A) and a rear paddle surface (11B), and in that on each one of the paddle surfaces (11B) at least one mounting member (11E) is disposed, which (from the paddle surface 11B) (to the agitator shaft 10) extends towards, characterized in that the at least one mounting element (11E) has an edge (11K), which (from the agitator shaft 1 0) in the radial direction (R) along the paddle surface (11B) extends with an edge length by a predetermined distance (X) ...


Introduction: forensic science involves diverse scientific disciplines that apply their particular expertise to the legal and judicial system. However, in the last decades this science has been linked to humanitarian actions and human rights proceedings. Forensic dentistry plays a vital role in personal identification. The lip print analysis is a relatively a simple procedure used in this discipline. It consists of patterns evaluation of cracks in the elevations and depressions on the labial mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the lip print patterns of a southern Colombian population in order to add evidence of preconditions for forensic issues as part of a humanitarian forensic action. Methods: a total of 384 participants ≥ 35 years old were included in this study. The lip prints were analyzed through Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification in order to identify the predominant lip prints in males and females. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the sample characteristics and a χ2 test was performed to analyze independence according to sex variable for these categorical data. Results: the analyses showed that Type I and I' together were the most commonly lip prints seen in this sample, followed by Type II. There were not statistical differences between males and females. Conclusions: the evaluation of lip prints is a cost-effective method, and it could be an alternative in developing countries, especially in those that address massive violations of human rights.


1. Determining the extent to which coastal oceanographic processes facilitate connectivity of marine organisms underpins our understanding of the ecology and evolution of marine communities. Continental boundary currents are a dominant physical influence on marine connectivity, but determining their effect has proved elusive because of difficulties in achieving replication of currents within the distribution of a single species.


This chapter serves as the introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, second edition. The first half of the chapter responds to two questions. First, the chapter addresses the question, What is qualitative research? In answering the question, the chapter reviews the major elements of research: paradigm, ontology, epistemology (which together form the philosophical basis of research), genre, methods, theory, methodology (which operate at the level of praxis), ethics, values, and reflexivity (which merge the philosophical and praxis dimensions of research). Second, the chapter addresses the question, Who are qualitative researchers? The chapter explains qualitative research as a form of bricolage and qualitative researchers as bricoleurs. The remainder of the chapter reviews the contents of the handbook, providing a chapter-by-chapter summary.


Received 7/23/2005; revised 7/29/2005; accepted 8/3/2005. For correspondence or reprints contact: Yeh-You Shen, M.D., Division of Nuclear Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital. 95 Wen Chang Road., Shih Lin District, Taipei 111, Taiwan. Tel: (886)2-28332211 ext. 2280, Fax: (886)2-28389489, E-mail: email@example.com A 52-year-old man with history of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) received total thyroidectomy and left neck lymph node dissection six years ago and then received wide excision for right chest wall metastases one month later. After operation, he received Tc-MDP bone scintigraphy and F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) for follow up. The bone scintigraphy revealed only a limited number of metastatic bony lesions. However, in contrast with bone scintigraphy, FDG PET showed wide-spread multiple metastatic bony lesions, much more than that shown by bone scintigraphy. The difference of imaging mechanism and morphologic characteristics of bony metastasis from MTC might attribute to the discrepancy in diagnostic sensitivity in MTC with bone metastasis between FDG PET and bone scintigraphy. As compared with bone scintigraphy, FDG-PET scan showed higher sensitivity for the detection of bony metastasis from medullary thyroid cancer.


A brake control device for vehicles includes a master cylinder, a plurality of wheel cylinders, and an anti-lock control apparatus disposed between the master cylinder and the wheel cylinders of at least one hydraulic circuit. The anti-lock control apparatus includes a hydraulic pump, a reservoir and a changeover device which is selectively changed over at least between a first condi tion which permits an increase in the hydraulic pressure of the wheel cylinders of at least one hydraulic circuit and a second condition which permits an decrease in the hydraulic pressure of the wheel cylinders of at least one hydraulic circuit in response to the locking condition of the road wheels. The hydraulic pump includes a hous ing, a slidable piston device for defining a pump cham ber which is communicated with the reservoir and the changeover device at a side of one end thereof in the housing, an inlet check valve disposed between the pump chamber and the reservoir for permitting fluid communication from the reservoir to the pump cham ber and for interrupting fluid communication from the pump chamber to the reservoir, an outlet check valve disposed between the pump chamber and the change over device for permitting fluid communication from the pump chamber to the changeover device and for interrupting fluid communication from the changeover device to the pump chamber, and a piezo element for reciprocating the piston device disposed at the other end of the piston device.


In this report, Laos' challenges encountered as part of the WTO accession process will be surveyed. Subsequently, the linkages between Laos' domestic reform processes and WTO accession will be analyzed, with a particular focus on certain key sectors and institutional arrangements. Based upon foregoing, policy recommendations for the Lao PDR government and regional and international organizations, particularly, UNESCAP will be presented in the conclusion to this report. Throughout this report, the status of Laos as a landlocked country and a least developed country (LDC) are stressed as giving rise to special considerations and policy responses.


Zusammenfassung The paper deals with several perfect formations in Sabellian languages. A key feature of the Sabellian perfect was the use of secondary endings, as opposed to the primary endings of the present. Many formations, especially in Oscan, did not contain a specific suffix, but were characterised as perfects through the gemination of the final stem consonant and the proper secondary ending. Other perfects, mainly in Umbrian, involved the present suffix *ye/o- and were marked as perfects only through the use of the secondary endings.