The Paper examines/analyzed the factors contributing exchange rate vitality in Pakistan. The study was conducted on some major factors contributing to exchange rate volatility, and their relative importance. Annual data for the period 1975-2010 is used, taken from Economic Survey of Pakistan (various issues) and International Financial Statistics. The main variables used to check variability are inflation, Growth rate, imports and exports on exchange rate volatility. Simple Linear Regression model with ordinary least method (OLS) is used to analyze the results. The study revealed that inflation is the main factor affecting exchange rate in Pakistan. The study further show that the second important variable which bring more variation in exchange rate is economic growth, while order of export and import in variation lies at third and fourth position. Based on the finding of the study it is recommended to harmonize fiscal policies with monetary policy first and then make effective link of both these policies with trade policy. For most of the twentieth century, exchange rates have been fixed by government action rather than determined in the marketplace. Before World War I the values of the world's major currencies were fixed in terms of gold, while for a generation after World War II the values of most currencies were fixed in terms of the U.S. dollar. However, some of the world's most important exchange rates change frequently. Equilibrium in exchange rate is determined in the foreign exchange market at a point where demand for and supply of foreign currency equates. Demand for a currency comes from net export while supply of the currency comes from net foreign investment. Any change in demand for and supply of currency effect its value just like a good market that is if demand for a currency increases its value (exchange rate) will be increased while increase in supply of the currency will reduce its value(exchange rate) in the foreign exchange market. Pakistani rupee was linked with British Pound Sterling till 1970 but in 1971 it was linked with US dollar because of the increasing influence of US in the region. Until 1982, The Pakistani Rupee was pegged to the US Dollar. The currency depreciated by 38.5% from 1982-1988, when the government of General Zia-Ul-Haq convert it to Managed float, and again depreciated as a result of bad relationship with donors agencies and trade partners due to nuclear test in 1998. The empirical studies relating to the link between exchange rate variability and its factors are not conclusive. Exchange rates are basically the prices of one currency in terms of other currencies driven by the normal forces of supply and demand. There are a fixed number of Euros, Dollars, Yen, etc issued at any given time (although governments can and do print extra money to buy other currencies and impact their currencies value). As the demand increases or decreases for any single currency, it drives the clearing price for that currency. Zada (2010) studied the factors affecting exchange rate of Pakistan for the period 1979 to 2008. The study used multiple regression model in which exchange rate was taken as dependent variable while Inflation, interest rate, Foreign exchange reserves, trade balance, money supply and Gross Domestic Product were the independent variables. The study showed that Inflation, interest rate and foreign


The paper explores the macroeconomic effects of three public pension reforms, namely an increase in retirement age, a reduction in benefits and an increase in contribution rates. Using a five-region version of the IMF's Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal model (GIMF), we find that public pension reforms can have a positive effect on growth in both the short run, propelled by rising consumption, and in the long run, due to lower government debt crowding in higher investment. We also find that a reform action undertaken cooperatively by all regions results in larger output effects, reflecting stronger capital accumulation due to higher world savings. An increase in the retirement age reform yields the strongest impact in the short run, due to the demand effects of higher labor income and in the long run because of supply effects.


In the framework of PVS eradication from breeding materials of Czech potato cultivars, the systematic research was devoted to: susceptibility of cultivars, occurrence of PVS in imported and domestic materials, and to maintenance of virus-free basic grades potatoes on breeding stations. In the field-exposure trials was proved high level of susceptibility of most cultivars to PVS and by contraries, gradualy increased proportion of maintained virus-free cultivars of foreign, as well as domestic origin. Nevertheless severe infestation still persist in some of them. The contemporary situation with maintenance of virus-free basic material in CR was demonstrated.


A rain water roof outlet for a building for conducting rain water from a roof as an airless flow, i.e. as a full water flow. The arrangement includes a vertical pipe which at its upper end is connected to a wider trough mounted at the level of the roof. In the trough, above the mouth of the vertical pipe, is mounted a lid, which by special formation of its shape or by means of additional elements is adapted to increase the friction against the water flowing towards the mouth of the vertical pipe. This friction counteracts the tendency of creating whirls in the water stream and thereby contributes to producing full water flow in the vertical pipe by preventing air entry. The lid is preferably a net.


Background/Aim: In this study, the treatment outcome and risk factors for recurrence in patients undergoing surgery with or without adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast (MPTB) were analyzed. Patients and Methods: Forty-three patients (61.4%) underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and 27 (38.6%) underwent mastectomy. Fifteen patients (21.4%) received adjuvant RT. Results: With a median follow-up of 76 months, the 7-year local control (LC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and cause-specific survival (CSS) rates were 90.7%, 85.2%, 80.3%, and 87.1%, respectively. Either the extent of surgery or treatment with adjuvant RT did not affect the outcomes. On multivariate analysis, the presence of tumor necrosis was associated with inferior DFS (p=0.017), while infiltrative tumor border showed a marginal significance (p=0.078). When stratified using these two adverse pathological features, the 7-year DFS rates were 100%, 54.9%, and 55.6% in patients with 0, 1, and 2 risk factors, respectively (p=0.002). Conclusion: MPTB patients undergoing surgery with or without adjuvant RT had a favorable outcome. Although there was no local recurrence in patients treated with adjuvant RT, the effect of adjuvant RT failed to reach a statistical significance. Risk-grouping based on pathological features might help design a clinical trial for MPTB.


Character education is a concern to many countries in order to prepare the next generation of quality, not only for the benefit of individual citizens, but also for members of the community as a whole. Character education can be defined as the deliberate us of all dimensions of school life to foster optimal development character (we deliberate effort of the whole dimension of the life of the school/ madrasah to help the formation of character optimally).


Non-muscle Myosin-IIA has varied functions in T cell contractility, migration and cytokinesis. Evaluation of non-muscle Myosin-IIA in CD4+ T cells from the elderly, demonstrated not only altered association of the Myosin heavy chain with the chaperone HSP90, but also increased basal levels of protein expression, and constitutive phosphorylation of the myosin light chains. These alterations manifested as increased actomyosin complex formation in cells from the elderly, as opposed to those from young donors. Additionally, chemotactic migration in response to agonist SDF1, demonstrated increased migration index in CD4+ T cells from the elderly, when compared to those from young donors. As SDF1-mediated migration is clearly dependent on the expression of CXCR4 on T cell surface, we assessed CXCR4 levels in CD4+ T cells from young and elderly human donors. Our results for the first time demonstrate a significant increase in CXCR4 levels on the surface of T cells from the elderly, when compared to those from young donors. As Myosin-IIA regulates both the motility and endocytosis of CXCR4, we hypothesize that alterations in Myosin-IIA may underlie endocytosis of CXCR4 by SDF1 in the elderly. Thus, combined alteration in Myosin-IIA and CXCR4 levels in T lymphocytes may underlie increased motility observed during aging and may impact the strength and duration of interaction with antigen-presenting cells.


57.4200 General requirements. 57.4201 Inspection. 57.4202 Fire hydrants. 57.4203 Extinguisher recharging or replacement. 57.4230 Surface self-propelled equipment. 57.4260 Underground self-propelled equipment. 57.4261 Shaft-station waterlines. 57.4262 Underground transformer stations, combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas, pump rooms, compressor rooms, and hoist rooms. 57.4263 Underground belt conveyors.


This letter deals with estimation of LAI for a wheat crop using physical and semi‐empirical BRDF models and IRS‐1D LISS‐III sensor data. NDVI was computed for both the models with LAI as a free parameter. The model‐computed NDVI was compared with corresponding atmospherically corrected LISS‐III NDVI. The estimation of LAI was carried out on the basis of a look‐up table approach and minimum root mean squared deviation between model computed and observed NDVI. The estimated LAI was validated against field measurements carried out during the months of February and March 2003, at the Central State Farm, Rajasthan, India. It was found that LAI was underestimated in both physical and semi‐empirical models. Results show that inclusion of multiple scattering in physical models may not always lead to a more accurate estimation of LAI and that it may be possible to estimate LAI at early stages of crop growth using semi‐empirical models. The coefficient of determination (R 2) between model estimated and measured LAI was 0.57 (standard error of estimate (SE) 0.156) and 0.63 (SE 0.187) for semi‐empirical and physical models, respectively, in the single scattering approximation, for February data. The corresponding values for March data were 0.57 (SE 0.206) and 0.51 (SE 0.216), respectively.


The Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) includes a detailed representation of chemistry throughout the atmosphere in the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model configurations. These model configurations use the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers (MOZART) family of chemical mechanisms, covering the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. The new MOZART tropospheric chemistry scheme (T1) has a number of updates over the previous version (MOZART‐4) in CESM, including improvements to the oxidation of isoprene and terpenes, organic nitrate speciation, and aromatic speciation and oxidation and thus improved representation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol precursors. An evaluation of the present‐day simulations of CESM2 being provided for Climate Model Intercomparison Project round 6 (CMIP6) is presented. These simulations, using the anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions from the inventories specified for CMIP6, as well as online calculation of emissions of biogenic compounds, lightning NO, dust, and sea salt, indicate an underestimate of anthropogenic emissions of a variety of compounds, including carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The simulation of surface ozone in the southeast United States is improved over previous model versions, largely due to the improved representation of reactive nitrogen and organic nitrate compounds resulting in a lower ozone production rate than in CESM1 but still overestimates observations in summer. The simulation of tropospheric ozone agrees well with ozonesonde observations in many parts of the globe. The comparison of NOx and PAN to aircraft observations indicates the model simulates the nitrogen budget well.


The experts in health administration have authored a revised and enhanced edition of the standard text for health services managers! The crisp and readable fourth edition of this widely acclaimed text examines virtually every aspect of health services management, with a new emphasis on health systems, a thorough update of all material, and new or revised cases and questions in every chapter.While providing comprehensive coverage of the conceptual frameworks for managing the organization and delivery of health services, the fourth edition highlights the management challenges presented by the increasingly prevalent systems structure in American health care. This important new emphasis joins a host of improvements to the book including: -- More than 75 new and revised cases-- New discussion questions among the hundreds in the text-- A significantly enhanced problem-solving chapter-- More tables, figures, diagrams and visual aids-- Enhanced sections on managed care and alternate delivery mechanisms-- Attention to nontraditional and alternative medicine-- Expanded and updated bibliographies for each chapter-- Improved instructor's manualThe revision has been extensive. That's why you can be confident that Managing Health Services Organizations and Systems, Fourth Edition, still brings you the same comprehensive information you've come to expect on every aspect of health services management, from managerial problem solving, resource allocation and utilization, management functions and roles, and organizational culture, to continuous quality improvement, human resources, interorganizational relationships, and facilitation of change.Over 200 colleges anduniversities trust this text to teach their students how to tackle the challenging issues facing today's health services managers. Hundreds of thought-provoking discussion questions and intriguing case studies let students apply what they learn. Plus, the issues featured are thoroughly contemporary, including: -- health system dynamics-- administrative and biomedical ethics-- legal issues-- influential new management theories, including emotional intelligence and competencies-- implications of technology changes.


We use the sample of emission-line nuclei derived from a recently completed optical spectroscopic survey of nearby galaxies to quantify the incidence of local (z ≈ 0) nuclear activity. Particular attention is paid to obtaining accurate measurements of the emission lines and reliable spectral classifications. The resulting database contains the largest collection of star-forming nuclei and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) currently known for nearby galaxies. It consists of 420 emission-line nuclei detected from a nearly complete, magnitude-limited sample of 486 galaxies with BT ≤ 12.5 mag and declination greater than 0°; the equivalent width detection limit of the brightest emission line, usually Hα, is ~0.25 Å. As is consistent with previous studies, we find detectable amounts of ionized gas in the central few hundred parsecs of most galaxies (86%); emission lines are present in essentially every spiral galaxy and in a large fraction of ellipticals and lenticulars. Based on their narrow-line spectra, half of the objects can be classified as H II or star-forming nuclei and the other half as some form of AGN, of which we distinguish three classes: Seyfert nuclei, low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs), and transition objects that we assume to be composite LINER/H II-nucleus systems. The population of AGNs is consequently very large; approximately 43% of the galaxies in our survey can be regarded as "active," although, for a number of reasons, this fraction is still rather uncertain. Most of the objects have much lower luminosities than commonly studied AGNs; the median luminosity of the narrow Hα line, after correcting for extinction, is only 2 × 1039 ergs s-1. Our sample therefore occupies the extreme faint end of the AGN luminosity function. We detect signatures of a broad-line region, as revealed by visible broad Hα emission, in ~20% of the AGN sample. Seyfert nuclei, both type 1 and type 2, reside in ~10% of all galaxies. LINERs make up the bulk (1/2-3/4) of the AGN population and a significant fraction (1/5-1/3) of all galaxies. A nonnegligible subset of LINERs emit broad Hα emission, furnishing direct evidence that a least some LINERs are indeed physically related to the AGN phenomenon. The dominant ionization mechanism of the nuclear emission depends strongly on the morphological type and luminosity of the host galaxy. AGNs are found predominantly in luminous, early-type (E-Sbc) galaxies, while H II nuclei prefer less luminous, late-type (Sbc and later) systems. The various AGN subclasses have broadly similar host galaxies.


The surface morphology of thin YBa2Cu3O7−δ films grown on LaSrAlO4 (001) and SrTiO3 (001) by pulsed laser deposition was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM was carried out in ultra high vacuum without prior exposure of the films to air. In the STM images, stacks of terraces which are separated by steps of various heights were observed. Some steps were shorter than the YBa2Cu3O7−δ unit cell height c≊1.2 nm. We present evidence of the fact that the YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film surface exhibits different terminations. The microstructure revealed from the STM images implies a non‐unit‐cell growth mechanism.


Citizen participation from its consideration for public management and its immersion in the development of each place has been widely disseminated by public entities and international organizations, however, this will have generated a true participation with interest in political, public, social life and within the management of projects in various sectors as an actor that leads and contributes to the sustainable development of cities or districts. This paper presents important considerations on citizen participation in project management as a fundamental part where decisions, observations and contributions must be taken into account in the impact of each project executed by a municipal entity, public and private entities. In this way, it will be possible to transmit to every official and professional that the citizen is the most important actor in the growth and development of their locality.


This research aims to demonstrate the concern of the Sunnah in general with strategic plans for crisis management, especially the preventive and curative strategic plans for the management of health crises, as shedding light on the rooting of health crisis management in the Prophetic Sunnah has become a necessity with the large number of epidemics and global health crises, and the research works on editing: The Sunnah took care of developing strategic plans for the prevention of diseases, and the Sunnah also took care of explaining the strategic plans for treatment in the midst of health crises. So this research came as an objective modern study on: "Strategic plans for managing health crises in the Sunnah of the Prophet," to arrive at that the Prophetic Sunnah was distinguished by prominent landmarks in crisis management. And istikhaarah before making a decision, and thinking about the consequences, and resorting to God in supplication while taking the reasons. And that the Sunnah drew the features of preventive strategic plans to manage health crises, such as reminding the importance of health and self-preservation, spreading nutritional and environmental awareness, and integrated care for mental health, physical sports and personal hygiene; Because of its impact on immunization in the face of health crises.The Prophetic Sunnah included strategic treatment plans for managing health crises, decided medical responsibility, called for the search for treatments and vaccines for epidemics and diseases, and promoted optimism for recovery and the introduction of the causes of treatment, as well as confirmed the concept of quarantine, approved the creation of diverse and integrated health care, and facilitated medical rehabilitation after diseases and epidemics.


In recent years,it has been a trendency for cyclic sewage to be reused as boiler make-up water in thermal power plants.However,the changes of water sources affects the normal operation of reverse osmosis(RO) membrane systems seriously.As an important part of controlling the microbe concentration level of the whole RO membrane systems,the shutdown protection of RO membrane systems is pointed and effective for restraining the growth of microbia in RO membranes.The shutdown protection using isothiazolinone as the main sterilizing protector has been applied to Beijing Gaojing Thermal Power Plant.The results show that after the implementation of protection,the running time of the RO system can be prolonged and the water quantity yielded can be increased.


The us car producer, General Motors, has ordered from Selcom of Sweden 40 units of the new, non-contact Optocator system based on a linear, position sensitive photodetector that makes it possible to measure dimensions and vibrations with an accuracy of 0.1 % of the measurement range. The measurement is made within 0.5 ms. An infrared beam is emitted in pulses by a laser diode in the gauge probe. The light impinges on the object to be measured and the position of the displaced light spot is registered by the photodetector. With the purchase of 40 systems, General Motors has adopted the new technology in two principal areas. The previous randomised measurement inspection of car bodies is now being replaced by a 100% on line control. In addition, the system is being used at GM's styling division for the designing of new car bodies. The third and perhaps most promising area is measurement inspection of car body parts directly after pressing. In the steel industry the new technology is being tested for several applications. At a steel exhibition in Pittsburgh, USA, a report will be presented on 10 months use of the first installed system for flatness measurement of hot steel strip at Svenskt StiH AB, which has thereby succeeded in


Technologists have long wanted to put robots in the home, making robots truly personal and present in every aspect of our lives. It has not been clear, however, exactly what these robots should do in the home. The difficulty of tasking robots with home chores comes not only from the significant technical challenges, but also from the strong emotions and expectations people have about their home lives. In this paper, we explore one possible set of tasks a robot could perform, home organization and storage tasks. Using the technique of need finding, we interviewed a group of people regarding the reality of organization in their home; the successes, failures, family dynamics and practicalities surrounding organization. These interviews are abstracted into a set of frameworks and design implications for home robotics, which we contribute to the community as inspiration and hypotheses for future robot prototypes to test.


Inclusive education, that is, the inclusion of learners with special educational needs and disabilities into regular schools is now one of the most significant core pillars in the New Bachelor of Education (Basic Education) Curriculum for teacher education in Ghana. In order to address this issue, pre-service teachers in their first year per the curriculum are introduced to inclusive education as a subject. The study aimed at finding out the attitude and concerns of pre-service teachers towards inclusive education in Ghana. The study employed mixed method approach with the sequential explanatory strategy. The sample population composed of 562 students from six (6) colleges of education in Ghana under one mentor university. The quantitative research approach consisted of 10-item questionnaire which was adapted from the Teachers' Attitudes towards Inclusive Education (TAIS) scale. Data was collected using both the questionnaire and interview guide. The analysis of quantitative data involved the use of multiple statistical procedures; frequency counts, simple percentages, and standard deviation, while the thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The study revealed that pre-service teachers has positive attitude towards the implementation of inclusive education in Ghana. About eighty percent (80.1%) stated that children with special educational needs can be effectively supported to learn in regular classrooms in Ghana (1.30, SD=.64). However, the current regular schools in Ghana cannot accommodate children with special needs education (1.25, SD=.62) due to inadequate space. It is therefore recommended that the government of Ghana and the Ghana Education Service should work together to ensure that there is the availability of adequate facilities in all schools for teachers to effectively implement inclusive education in the new Bachelor of Education (Basic Education) Curriculum


This paper shows that the whole forecast function of ARIMA time series models, and not just the eventual forecast function, may be updated each time an observation is received. The paper also shows that the coefficients in the updating equations for the forecast function may be expressed in exactly the same form as the Kalman filter updating equations for canonical time series DLMs. Moreover, the adaptive factors in the updating equations are shown to be a simple function of the ARIMA model parameters. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract Moving pieces to become black alternation with white (MPBBAW)is a game in which black and white pieces are continuously arranged by moving. This article traces the problem of MPBBAW and points out the possibility and necessity of computer calculation and commercial application of the problem. Using the non- recursive algorithm based on dimensionality reduction, this article deals with the problem of n-order MPBBAW. The special-order problem is solved and resubstituted. Thus, the computer processing and rule exploration of n-order and n-order MPBBAW are realised. As an auxiliary card, C++ is used to provide 20 black and 20 white pieces as an example. This article lays a foundation for the computer calculation and commercial application of MPBBAW.


Iteration and increment is one of the best practices in modern software development processes in which activities are grouped into workflows.More artifacts are integrated into software systems with each iteratively performing the workflows until the final systems are completed.Three type of metrics for UML-models are proposed to quantitatively guide and control iterative software development.UML is a visual modeling language with well-formed syntax and formal semantics,and uniformly describes artifacts in various development stages.Based on these features the three metrics measure the amount of information,visual effect and complexity of different UML diagrams.The effectiveness and usefulness of the metrics are analyzed by comparing with other software metrics and validated in a case study.


ly. Difficulties with language and motor planning may also thwart a child from developing elaborate symbolic sequences during play. Expressing ideas symbolically requires longer sequences of actions (Greenspan & Wieder, 1998) and the capacity to sustain the object in thought (develop an image or cognitive map of the object in its physical absence).


It was refreshing to see the St Paul's Way transformation project covered in The BMJ .1 But there are several things worth pointing out. I am in no way belittling the great work described in this excellent short article: I've not a doubt it is transformative.

Firstly, the concept of community development, or …


This study aimed to identify and assess the edaphic invertebrate macrofauna associated with cassava crop in succession to different soil coverages. The experimental design was randomized blocks as 6 x 3 factorial design with four replications. The first factor was soil cover cultivated from December 2014 to April 2015 (fallow, pearl millet, forage sorghum, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Urochloa ruziziensis and Corn+Urochloa ruziziensis). The second factor was sampling periods (March/2015, October/2015 and June/2016). We sampled four blocks of 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.20 m in each system, following the TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility) collection method. The taxonomic composition and abundance of organisms, richness of groups and the diversity indexes of Shannon, Pielou equitability and Simpson dominance were evaluated. There was no interaction between the factors (soil cover x season) for the variables studied. There was difference in the dominance of organisms according to the soil cover (isolated), being the highest index (0.44) obtained by previous cultivation of forage sorghum. The abundance of organisms, group richness and diversity index were influenced by sampling period, demonstrating the influence of seasonality on the invertebrate macrofauna community of the soil


List of Illustrations Introduction 1. Other Worldly Desires: The Jailer's Daughter and Emilia in Fletcher and Shakespeare's The Two Noble Kinsmen and Davenant's The Rivals 2. No Woman Is an Island: Female Roles in Dryden and Davenant's The Tempest, Or The Enchanted Island and Shakespeare's The Tempest 3. Silence and Sorcery, Sexuality and Stone: Absent Parts to Understanding Hermione and Paulina in Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale and Garrick's Florizel and Perdita 4. Transformation, Transvestism, and Lost Text: Violante's Rape and Cross-Dressing in Lewis Theobald's Double Falsehood and Fletcher and Shakespeare's Cardenio Conclusion Bibliography Index


Chantal and the first Visitandines were eventually prevented from continuing their charitable activities in the world (222–4). Although Evangelisti is aware of the limitations of nuns' agency, she underscores their cultural creativity, religious ingenuity, and active resistance in the face of male ecclesiastics' efforts to control them. In a broad survey directed at general readers, more could have been said about the less heroic aspects of convent life in the age of Catholic reform. Nuns sometimes initiated reforms within their orders, but they often had to comply with what they perceived to be arbitrary decisions termed 'reforms', which completely altered the way of life that they had willingly embraced. The imposition of monastic reforms, and especially of strict enclosure, led not only to determined resistance by resolute nuns, as Evangelisti's account suggests, but also to the outbreaks of mass possession. The well documented cases of demonic possession, which swept entire convent communities in post-Tridentine Europe, are not mentioned in Nuns. Finally, it is regrettable that Evangelisti's impressive study did not undergo a more thorough proofreading. Typos, missing words, and inconsistencies of spelling abound, both throughout the text and in the scholarly apparatus. Notwithstanding these criticisms, Nuns is a valuable addition to the field of women's religious history, and should be welcomed by anyone interested in pre-modern gender, religious or cultural history.


An evaluation was carried out by applying a load to the underframe of the freight car to determine the structural strength of the carbody of a newly manufactured freight car for transportation. This study is aimed at evaluating the safety of the underframe of the freight car under the maximum load conditions. The freight car for use in rail freight was designed mainly with SM490A steel and ASTM A441 steel for production. The carbody for rolling stock is a principal structure supporting major underframe equipment and freight. Thus, strength evaluation of this structure is very important. Both structural analysis and loading test were performed under the loading condition. Prior to evaluating structural strength, finite element method software was used for structural analyses of stress distribution in a carbody of freight car. The strain gages were attached on the carbody based on the FEM results. A vertical load test, compressive load test, measurement of deflection amount and a natural frequency measurement test were conducted.


Background: Patient safety has become a central focus for the most medical institutions which generate new programs to monitor safety and prevent medical mistakes. The use of new technologies, the employment of automated systems, the introduction of system redundancies, the use of event simulation, and staff training are all strategies that have been put in place in an attempt to reduce the rate of errors. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of implementing electronic safety program using the Health Services Executive (HSE) change module on patient safety in intensive care unit at Istishari Hospital. Materials and Methods: Health Services Executive (HSE) change module was used as a guidance to change the workflow process in the safety management at Istishari Intensive Care Unit (ICU) department. Results: The results of this study showed that implementing electronic safety program within Health Services Executive (HSE) change module would protect patient safety, and help health care providers to be aware of patient's condition and quality of care. Conclusions: It is very important to adopt electronic safety program in the health care centers and hospitals that contribute to improvement in the quality of services that are provided for patients. To cite this article [Muhsein, A. S., Al-Slehat, M. A., Bani Ghurra M. F., Al-Shnaaq, A. A., Salman, S. Z., & Saleh, A. M. (2017). The Impact of Implementing Electronic Safety Program on Patient Safety in Intensive Care Unit, Istishari Hospital. The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, 3(2), 35-40]. (P-ISSN 24129763) (e-ISSN 2412-8937).


In this paper, we demonstrate the effects of rotating machinery shaft misalignment on its dynamic behavior which is characterized in the form of an Operational Deflection Shape (ODS). In this approach, an ODS derived from multiple accelerometer signals acquired at various points on the machine is used to diagnose shaft misalignment. Tests are performed on a machinery fault simulator under various operating conditions. Operating data is simultaneously acquired using a multi-channel data acquisition system. Since misalignment produces dominant motion at the rotor running speed and its harmonics, this data is used to construct an ODS. The emphasis is on correlating the ODS of the machine when properly aligned with its ODS following induced shaft misalignment. The results of this work will provide a new perspective of machinery fault detection. The aim is to develop a more reliable tool for determining shaft misalignment and other machine faults from operating data.


An existing technique in stereo image coding is the subspace projection technique(SPT), which combines disperity estimation(DE) and disperity compensation(DC) with 2D low order approximation. In this scheme, projection coefficients must also be encoded, resulting in an increase of bitrate. In this paper, a wavelet based subspace projection technique is proposed to reduce bitrate without degrading the image quality.


Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) is a powerful technique for imaging dynamic membrane events in living cells. However the information gained from TIRFM may be limited by the intensity of the florescence signal and by background noise emanating from the inner part of the cell. Here we describe how Surface Plasmon Mediated Fluorescence Microscopy (SPMFM) can enhance TIRFM by increasing the fluorescence signal 5-6 fold and by reducing background noise dramatically. The imaging configuration is that for TIRFM except that the coverglass is coated on one side with a nanometre film of silver. For SPMFM (as in TIRFM), a high numerical aperture (N.A.) objective is essential for achieving required illumination angles.


The influence of the shape of the electrode-indentor (cylindrical and parallelepiped with a rounded shape of the contact surface) on the stress-strain state of the plate made of aluminum alloy AMg6 after their impact interaction at a speed of 10m/s was evaluated by the method of numerical modeling. Features of creation and use of developed mathematical models are described. The distribution along the thickness of the plate of the values of the main parameters and components of the stress-strain state, as well as the dimensions and shape of the zone of plastic deformations, the location of zones with compressive and tensile stresses, the depth and width of the dent in the plate, were determined. In particular, it was established that the interaction of an axisymmetric striker with a plate compared to the interaction with a flat striker leads to an increase in the duration of their contact by 20% and, as a result, the dimensions of the dent in the plate increase: the depth by 21%, and the width by 23 %. It was also established that such an interaction leads to an increase in the size of the plastic deformation zone in the plate by almost two times, with its exit beyond the overall dimensions of the striker with a simultaneous transformation of its shape from trapezoidal to rectangular; occurrence in the plate of almost 2 times higher maximum values of effective plastic deformations, which are formed mainly on the contact surface.As a result of the simulation, it was shown that the dynamic processing of a plate with a cylindrical (axisymmetric) indentor with a rounded head, in comparison with a flat elongated shape, leads to the formation of an almost uniform distribution of both components of the stress state (axial and radial) as compressive stresses, which make it possible to combat residual stresses in the material, such as those arising after welding, and this fight against the axial stress component will be less effective (almost 4 times) compared to the fight against the radial component.


Food insecurity continues to be a huge problem in Nigeria, despite the various strategies put in place by the government to combat the situation. The cost of living remains high while the standard of living is perpetually low in numerous states of the country. The food insecurity in the country has been attributed to negative macroeconomic indices, decades of neglect of the agricultural sector, massive rural to urban migration by able bodied youths, poor road and transportation networks among various others. The situation is now exacerbated by dwindling oil revenues, which remains the main stay of Nigeria's economy. The study aimed at documenting the food security, cost of living, compensatory feeding pattern/coping strategy, quality of life as well as socio-demographic variables of undergraduates and postgraduates in a University of Uyo in Akwa Ibom State. Random sampling was used to select 8 Departments from the various Faculties in the university. Forty students were selected from each of the departments through simple random sampling. A total of 320 respondents participated in the study. Most of the respondents were male (60.3%), between the ages of 21-34 years (60.3%), in their third/fourth year in school (35.5%) and in faculty of basic medicals (16.1%). Male respondents (2.9%) and postgraduates were also more food secure (2.6%) than females and undergraduates, respondents whose mother are senior civil servants and have attained tertiary institution are more food secure (2.3% and 3.5% respectively) than respondents whose mother has a lower qualification. Most of the respondents feel frustrated because of insufficient funds, academic stress and hence are not satisfied with their quality of life even though academic achievement is accepted to be the most important determinant of accomplishing future prospects. It is hence recommended that student live with their parents/guardian and universities should ensure that their expectations of the students are within par. KeywordsCoping strategy, Food security, University, Quality


Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major insect pest constraining onion production in the Central Zone of Tigray. Therefore, field experiment was conducted at Axum Agricultural Research from November 2015 to April 2016 to manage onion thrips using multiple techniques. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement and replicated three times. Onion varieties Bombay Red and Nasik Red were used as main plot treatments and intercropping onion with one or two other vegetables including, cabbage, carrot and lettuce, as subplot treatments. Treating onion with the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Karate) 5% EC and untreated sole onion were included as standard and control checks. Results showed that intercropping onion with cabbage, onion with cabbage + carrot and onion with cabbage + lettuce significantly reduced T. tabaci population by 58.47, 63.81 and 50.51%, respectively at higher infestations. Similarly, intercropping onion with cabbage, onion with cabbage + carrot and onion with lettuce + carrot showed a better effect in reducing thrips damage severity by 23.37, 23.09 and 17.66%, respectively, at higher infestations. Predatory thrips were observed on onion intercrops except the Karate 5% EC treated check. The highest marketable onion yield (35.52 t/ha) was obtained from onion intercropped with carrot and lettuce, though not significantly different from the untreated check. The lowest (23.54 t/ha) was obtained from onion intercropped with cabbage + lettuce. However, onion intercropped with lettuce gave the highest gross income (307344 ETB/ha). The lowest gross income was recorded from the insecticide treated plot (194583 ETB/ha). The study clearly showed that intercropping onion with other vegetables reduced the number of onion thrips and their damage on onion in the central zone of Tigray and hence can form an integral component in the integrated management of thrips on onion.


textabstractToday, as the last natural resources are located in first nation people's land, it seems that the ecological frontier coincides with an epistemic human frontier. For example, the resource war we are facing is one in which first nations are struggling to preserve their lands, their rivers and mountains, dignity, and their right to self-determination (Icaza and Vazquez 2017). What can we learn from these ongoing social struggles resisting violent forms of power destroying land, women's lives and hope? This question inspires the steps taken in this chapter.


The paper argues that the failure of western diplomacy on Zimbabwe's land issue was responsible for the breakdown of mutual trust which triggered the Land Revolution in 2000. Starting from the Anglo- American Proposals of 1977 to the Lancaster House diplomatic initiatives which revolved around the land issue, to the various proposals on the land issue by the Commonwealth, the European Union and the United Nations Development Programme in 1998 at the International Donors Conference on Land Reform and Resettlement, the West exhibited elements of dishonesty, intransigence, unreasonableness and reluctance to stick to the pledges made by the UK and the US governments at Lancaster House Conference to fund the land acquisition processes in Zimbabwe as a way of supporting the new political dispensation that emerged in 1980. The delays and frustrations that build-up as a results of western countries' procrastination, the continuous change of goal posts and conditions for assistance convinced the Zimbabwe government and intended beneficiaries that the solution lay in their hands and not the West. A Zimbabwean solution was therefore adopted to solve a Zimbabwean problem through the land revolution.


Accessions of Tunisian wheats, comprising 203 durum wheats, Triticum Turgidum L. var. durum (2 n = 4 x = 28), and 10bread wheats, Triticum aestivum L. (2 n = 6 x = 42), were evaluated in a greenhouse for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Quantitative damage ratings based on the amount of leaf rolling and chlorosis showed that 18 of the accessions had the highest levels of resistance to the aphid. Additional tests of seven resistant accessions showed that antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance were involved in various combinations.


The traditional roles and mission of higher education institutions (HEIs) as teaching and research providers have been broadened in order to accommodate activities with various stakeholders in the community (education, research and third-stream services as the OECD promotes). The third-stream services provided by the university refer mainly to knowledge transfer of research outputs, and to the involvement of HEIs in innovation production. Still, through specialized training courses, targeting the specific needs of various non-traditional learners, the university may contribute to the development of new mechanisms for professional development of both university alumni and newcomers. This article aims to highlight the contribution of Babes Bolyai University in the community, as a lifelong learning programmes provider, as a form to capitalize the relevant expertise of teachers and trainers and to validate it on the training market. From the project University in the community: granting access to Lifelong Learning (LLL) programmes, to the new initiative of open courses targeting the development of transferrable competencies and niche specialization, Babes Bolyai University is developing new forms of community engagement as a professional training provider for the business environment and local communities as well. Babes Bolyai University initiatives will be disseminated to the participants in the conference, in order to benefit from experts' feedback, in order to exchange views and practices, and to encourage future partnerships in lifelong learning projects. CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES FOR UNIVERSITIES Universities are facing so many challenges that need to be addressed in a highly competitive international environment: • the need for excellence in teaching activities (the student-centred approach in teaching and learning to offer a genuine improved student experience for a generation of digitally literate millennials) 1 • the need to innovate in research and to facilitate knowledge and technological transfer in the business community (universities are more and more present as relevant actors in innovation clusters, generating both radical and incremental innovation, becoming innovative organizations) • the need to respond properly to the accountability pressure coming from various stakeholders: students and their families, public bodies, taxpayers, politicians, business environment, as well as local communities • the need to continuously adapt to the dynamics of national educational policies • the need to diversify funding sources (the scarce governmental funding per student capita to be complemented with national and international funding schemes, based on educational and research projects) etc 1 Dzuiban et al., (2005) Blended learning and the Generations, available at: https://cdl.ucf.edu/files/2013/10/Online-blended-generations-presentation.ppt eucen 50 conference Bergen and eucen 2018 Autumn Seminar ISSN 2616-6674 72 HEIs AND THEIR MULTIPLE ROLES Universities are relevant actors performing on three interconnected stages: education, research and third-stream services. As far as education is concerned, the last decades have been dominated by efforts to reach ambitious objectives, such as: promoting active learning based on both teachers and students' commitment to perform better; developing blended learning as an effective tool to integrate ICT in tertiary education; fostering continuous curriculum updating relevant to labour market needs; developing highly attractive programmes for the new generations of students (they "place a high value on opportunities for interaction, collaboration and active learning and [...] the majority work part-time, asking for a decreased average study load" ). Currently, academic research is facing many challenges, among which we have identified the following: • difficulties in accessing national and international funding for research projects, in the never-ending race to make the most of the shrinking resources • difficulties in recruitment and retention of highly recognized researchers (tough competition from corporations with performing R&D departments) • designing transferrable research results – research results as outputs in technological transfer • the increasing pressure for excellence and relevance, coming from different stakeholders – funding bodies, business environment, local communities, public authorities, etc • the need for multidisciplinary national or international research teams and for collaborative networks to foster radical innovation The demographic evolution and the skill shortages need also to be addressed, and diversifying the student base represents one of the main mechanisms to contribute to labour market needs. The fast-changing fields of expertise, the constant pressure to meet and indeed exceed performance indicators, the search for excellence in various niches require authentic commitment to lifelong learning for both medium and highly skilled employees. The university as a lifelong learning programmes provider should address: • the need for new skills and competencies required by the new business models (IT skills, intercultural communication, technological culture, entrepreneurship and social skills) • the new types of employees (more results-oriented, agile, holistic, eager to enjoy both professional and personal fulfilment) • the focus on transferrable competencies as a must for the great majority of the new occupations • the valuable offering mix between formal, non-formal and informal learning • the need to focus on brand recognition – university as high-quality training provider in the community • the challenge of designing sound financial models for the training programmes 2 National Science Foundation (2009), Current challenges in University Teaching & Learning: Building Excellence in Undergraduate STEM students, available at: https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/content_files/2009.pdf eucen Studies – Journal of ULLL | Vol 2 No 01 (2018) The university in the community – lifelong learning initiatives at Babes Bolyai University, Romania CRAMARENCO & VEREȘ (RO) 73 Third-stream services are most often associated with all the activities that generate, use, apply, and / or exploit knowledge outside the academic environment . Business counselling and consultancy as well as business-oriented research have represented the main activities that connected the HEIs to the business environment. However, in-house training programmes on fine-tuned topics based on authentic need analysis and customized training models have gained more and more relevance to the complex partnership between academia and the business community. LIFELONG LEARNING IN ROMANIA – FACTS AND FIGURES Promoting lifelong learning through a well-articulated mechanism should represent an important priority for Romania, in order to better address the low participation of the adult population in lifelong learning programmes (5 times lower that the EU average). Lobbying activities by NGOs have finally led to the adoption of the National Strategy for Lifelong Learning, aimed at improving participation in LLL programmes and increasing the labour market relevance of those programmes. The most relevant active measures are meant to broaden access to lifelong learning opportunities for people who are usually underrepresented (i.e. older workers , low-skilled people, Roma, women, rural residents, young people in transition from school to work, persons with disabilities), but also to provide opportunities for other target groups such as teachers and professors, adult learners, training providers, employers, etc. According to the National Strategy on Lifelong Learning (issued in 2016): ... the LLL service providers operating in Romania include public and private training institutions, employer associations, chambers of commerce and industry, unions, nongovernmental organization, and popular universities. At present, more than 2,000 training providers are offering training programmes across the country. Around 60% of them are private providers, 20% are NGO and 20% are organizations financed by public funds. More than 1.3 million certificates have been issued by authorized providers since 2004. Nowadays, the participation of higher education institutions in the market of LLL service provision is limited, despite plunging enrolments in the past years and the opportunities of the LLL market. In line with the EU target, Romania's main strategic objective for 2020 is that at least 10% of the adult population (aged 25-64) should participate in lifelong learning activities. This objective is covered by three strategic pillars that include coordination, funding and regulatory actions: Pillar 1: Access and incentives for participation Pillar 2: Quality and relevance Pillar 3: Partnerships for better information According to the National Institute of Statistics, in 2011 only 1.6% of the total working-age population in Romania participated in lifelong learning programmes, versus 8.9% in the EU-27. Five years later, in 2016, the rate had dropped further to an alarming 1.2 %! In Romania, the concept of continuing education has not as yet been fully embraced (only in 1995 was adult education defined as a separate educational activity in the Law of 3 Molas-Gallart, J. and Castro-Martinez, 2007, Ambiguity and conflict in the development of "Third Mission" indicators, Research Evaluation, 16(4), 321-330. 4 ANC – Istoric EFP, available at: http://www.anc.edu.ro/documente/Istoric_EFP.pdf 5 Available at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/944481496304564701/The-National-Strategy-forLifelong-Learning-mare.pdf eucen 50 conference Bergen and eucen 2018 Autumn Seminar ISSN 2616-6674 74 Education). Many actions need to be taken: from awareness campaigns targeting employees (according to a Eurostat study carried out in 2011, the top three obstacles to participation in education and training for Romanian respondents were: 1. No ne


On August 8, 2017, a devastating mega-earthquake of magnitude 7.0 struck the Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province, China, resulting in significant casualties and property damage. Actually, before an earthquake occurs, a lot of abnormal information often appears suddenly. For example, the thermal infrared radiation suddenly increased in a short time. However, it is hard to identify and analyze valuable anomalous information from large-scale data. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a random walk method to analyze the outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) anomaly before an earthquake. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data are used to process and analyze the OLR data before and after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. In order to prove the effectiveness of our algorithm, we use this method to analyze the OLR data of Jiuzhaigou region from 2006 to 2017, and compare the OLR anomaly difference between the year of earthquake occurrence and a normal year. Experimental results show that there are obvious abnormal changes in OLR data in the year of earthquake. In order to further verify the applicability of this algorithm, we also used this algorithm to analyze the OLR data of another 10 earthquakes with magnitude 5.0 or above in western China in 2017. The results show that the proposed algorithm can extract OLR anomaly information in most earthquakes. Therefore, our algorithm can effectively extract the pre-earthquake abnormal information in OLR data.


The invention relates to a metal buckling constraint support for a rear-mounted sleeve and a construction method thereof. The constraint support comprises an inner core profile; the inner core profile adopts a seamless steel tube or a round steel tube or an H-type steel; two end parts of the inner core profile are respectively welded with end plates and longitudinal stiffening ribs; a constraint sleeve is arranged outside the inner core profile; the constraint sleeve is formed by two L-type composite members in interlocking connection; the L-type composite member comprises an angle steel with equal legs; and inner sides of two legs of the angle steel with equal legs are welded with channel steels respectively. According to the construction method, two L-type composite members are welded along the overall longitudinal length, or adopt tensile material for overall length encrypted bundling, or adopt bolt connection through uniformly-distributed multiple L-type hoop plates. The buckling constraint support ensures the support deformation ability and has large section bending-resisting rigidity, and requirements on an external sleeve can be reduced, the processing amount is small, and the constraint sleeve can be conveniently mounted and replaced.


Title The Impact of University Reform on Research Performance : Evidence from the Partial Privatization (Corporatization) of Japanese National Universities Author(s) Kikuchi, Yuta Citation 地域経済経営ネットワーク研究センター年報 = The annals of Research Center for Economic and Business Networks, 6: 75-77 Issue Date 2017-03-29 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/66541 Type bulletin (article) File Information 071Kikuchi.pdf


Objective To investigate the incidence and the correlation between HBcAg and HBV immunological markers,HBV-DNA in population;to discuss the cause and the clinical significance about them in patients with chronic hepatitis type B;and to provide a laboratory basis for predicting the infectivity and diagnosis of hepatitis B in clinical practice. Methods Six serological markers were detected by radiated immunity method in 1,460 patients,among them,HBV-DNA of 133 patients was simultaneously determined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Results The positive rate of HBcAg antigen was 86.94% in 421 cases of the HBsAg positive group.The positive rate of HBcAg antigen was 65.31% in 98 cases of the HBeAg positive group.The positive rates of HBcAg antigen and HBV-DNA were identical in 133 cases of different infection detected at the same,and there was no statistically significant difference between them(P0.05). Conclusions HBcAg antigen coincides with HBV-DNA which is an index of virus copies.HBcAg and HBV-DNA antigen may reflect the replication and infection of hepatitis B virus,especially when HBsAg or HBeAg is negative.


Through advanced research activities on ultra/nanoprecision and high-quality surface machining processes, required for the fabrication of advanced functional devices, we launched the research and development of a new field of nanoprecision mechanical fabrication technologies for optical elements together with on-machine measurement and evaluation techniques, aiming at a wide variety of materials, and precision and scale ranging from micrometer to nanometer level, to meet scientific, practical and applied industrial needs. This paper introduces their activities for optical elements.


This modeling study evaluated the aquatic environment affected by the Chernobyl nuclear accident and the effectiveness of remediation efforts. The study results indicate that radionuclide concentrations in the Pripyat and Dnieper rivers were well above the drinking water limits immediately after the Chernobyl accident but have decreased significantly in subsequent years due to flushing, burying, and decaying. Because high concentrations of Sr90 and Cs137 , the major radionuclides affecting human health through the aquatic pathways, are associated with flooding, two earthen dikes were constructed along the Pripyat River. The left-bank dike alone was successful in reducing the Sr90 concentration in the river by half. The 100-m -high, movable New Safe Confinement (NSC), which will cover the current Chernobyl Shelter, will reduce radionuclide contamination further in these rivers and nearby groundwater. If the Chernobyl Shelter should collapse before the NSC is built, the resulting peak radionuclide concentra...


Three problems in the field of engineering seismology; spatial variation of seismic motions, two-dimensional modelling in seismic simulation, and local generation of surface waves, are investigated through spectral ratios, correlation coefficients, propagation directions, and phase velocities which are estimated from array data of four moderate-sized earthquakes. As for the first problem, spectral ratios manifest that spatial variation at frequencies above 2 Hz is primarily influenced by the inhomogenity near ground surface. Correlation coefficients show they decrease with distance and frequency and, in particular, seismic motions separated over 70 m are uncorrelated at frequencies above 6 Hz and those over 150 m are uncorrelated at 3 Hz. As for the second problem, large variation of propagation direction means that seismic simulation based on two-dimensonal modelling does not reproduce recorded seismograms satisfactorily in amplitude and duration. Finally, as for the third problem, phase velocities show that just one of four events contains locally generated surface waves in large quantities, which suggests local generation of surface waves occurs on some limited conditions.


The invention provides an experiment method for a liquid level switch of a dehumidifier. The experiment method comprises the steps that S1) an initial reference roller of a buoy structure of the dehumidifier is selected, and the diameter of the initial reference roller is D0; and S2) under the condition that there is no water in a water tank of the dehumidifier, different rollers whose diameters form a degressive arithmetic progression are successively used, the diameters of the different rollers are all lower than the diameter D0 of the initial reference roller, the minimal diameter D1 of the roller of the buoy structure, which can abut against the liquid level switch of the dehumidifier so that the dehumidifier is normally started and operated, is obtained, a first motion allowance of the buoy structure is Y1, and Y1=(D0-D1)/2. The experiment method for the liquid level switch of the dehumidifier can be used to rapidly measure the motion position and motion allowance of the buoy structure of the household dehumidifier, rapidly compare a roller object structure with a 3D simulated design structure, and thus provide accurate data for design adjustment.


Introduction Based on the assessment of the problems and effectiveness in the use of the induced membrane and bone transport techniques, a new technological solution was proposed. It combines the methods of Masquelet and Ilizarov for restorative treatment of patients with bone defects and nonunion. Materials and methods The combination of the technologies was successfully applied for filling bone defects in the conditions of active purulent infection and its remission in 24 patients. Patients of the first group (n = 17) had bone defects in the conditions of the osteomyelitic process remission. In the second group of patients (n = 7), the osteomyelitic process was active. The combined technology of bone grafting included segment reconstruction in two stages. At the first stage of treatment, a sanitizing treatment of soft and bone tissues in the area of the defect and nonunion was performed followed by spacer implantation and transosseous fixation of bone fragments with the Ilizarov apparatus. During the second operating session, the spacer was removed, and after osteotomy (corticotomy), the fragment(s) were transported according to Ilizarov. Empirical antibiotic therapy against a wide range of pathogens was started after the verification of the microbial tests of the biomaterial and the determination of sensitivity to antibiotics, the correction of antibiotic therapy was carried out. Results The postoperative wounds in the area of the implanted spacers healed by primary intention in the first group. In two patients of the second group (29 %), purulent fistulas were formed by the time the spacers were removed, and the wounds healed by secondary intention. The duration of distraction in the first group was 45.4 ± 9.8 days. Bone transport in the patients of the second group continued 52.8 ± 5.3 days. The duration of fixation of the segments with the device was 195.1 ± 9.9 days in the first group and 181.8 ± 11.4 days in the second group. Discussion At the initial stage of the combination of the Masquelet technique and non-free Ilizarov bone grafting, the risks of the activity of a purulent process remain if the debridement of the infection nidus is not radical, implanted spacers with a prophylactic dose of antibiotics are massive, and the antibiotic therapy is empirical. The formation of an induced membrane with bactericidal activity at the second stage of surgical treatment, the creation of favorable conditions for bone transport, adequate sanitation of the purulent focus, and targeted antibiotic therapy ensure a stable suppression of the activity of the purulent process. Conclusions Surgical rehabilitation of patients with segmental infected defects results in bone defect filling with distraction regenerates undergoing complete organotypic restructuring, which eliminates the likelihood of deformities or fractures at the level of newly formed bone areas and reduces the risk of recurrence of the osteomyelitis process.


This article presents a contactless measurement method for antenna radiation efficiency estimation within reverberation chambers (RCs). This method does not require to connect any analyzer to the antenna under test (AUT). The AUT radiation efficiency is obtained from the differential measurement of the RC composite <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${Q}$</tex-math></inline-formula>-factor estimated for two AUT load conditions, namely an open circuit and a 50 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega$</tex-math></inline-formula> load. Remotely controlled RF switches are used in order to keep the setup identical for both measurements. The method is experimentally validated in two RCs of different volumes (1 m<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf {^3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and 19 m<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf {^3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>) with a wideband patch antenna in the 1.8 GHz to 2.8 GHz frequency range. The estimated efficiency is found to be in a very good agreement with the one obtained through a conventional invasive RC measurement technique. This new method is suitable for miniature and buried antenna characterization without access to its port.


Studied on the growth of young and parental care of the raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus TEMMINCK, in captivity. Offspring weaned at 30 days old and developed their behaviour from 30 to 80 days old under parental care. Body weights of offspring reached adult size at 150 days old. They lived relatively independent at this time. The male took part of pup caring up to 80 days from delivery, but the female played a greater part of it.


In this master's thesis, I am considering the problem of two superconducting electrodes connected by a weak link. In such systems, a phenomenon known as the Josephson effect occurs. The Josephson effect is the flow of the direct electrical current through the non-biased system or the flow of the alternating current through the system which is biased by a constant voltage. That current is called the Josephson current and systems like those are known as Josephson junctions. In this thesis, the weak link between the superconducting electrodes consists of one or two quantum dots. In such cases, the Josephson current is carried by the discrete states known as Andreev bound states, formed through the Andreev reflection mechanism: electrons impinging on the interface between the superconductor and the normal metal are reflected back into the normal metal as holes, while pairs of electrons (the Cooper pairs) are formed in the superconductor. The Andreev bound states are visible as resonant peaks in the density of states of quantum dots. Here I search for those states in three different approximations: the case of no Coulomb repulsion between electrons in the dots, the case of electrons interacting through an infinite interaction and the case of infinite superconducting gap.


Nuclear spin hyperpolarization techniques, such as dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP), have revolutionized nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. In these methods, a readily available source of high spin order, either electron spins in DNP or singlet states in hydrogen for PHIP, is brought into close proximity with nuclear spin targets, enabling efficient transfer of spin order under external quantum control. Despite vast disparities in energy scales and interaction mechanisms between electron spins in DNP and nuclear singlet states in PHIP, a pseudo-spin formalism allows us to establish an intriguing equivalence. As a result, the important low-field polarization transfer regime of PHIP can be mapped onto an analogous system equivalent to pulsed-DNP. This establishes a correspondence between key polarization transfer sequences in PHIP and DNP, facilitating the transfer of sequence development concepts. This promises fresh insights and significant cross-pollination between DNP and PHIP polarization sequence developers.


The purpose of this study was to examine the sociopsychological stress of dental hygiene students, any possible gaps among them according to their general characteristics and the most influential factor for their stress. The subjects in this study were the dental hygiene students who were selected by convenience sampling from three different colleges. After a survey was conducted for about a month between March and April, 2011, the answer sheets from 561 students were analyzed. As for the sociopsychological stress of the dental hygiene students, economic stress was the heaviest sociopsychological stress that the students suffered(3.17). Regarding differences in each stressor according to general characteristics, they were more stressed out about their economy, families, interpersonal relationships and studies when they had a less conversation with their families. And they had more stress about their economy, families, interpersonal relationships and studies when they found themselves to be more unhealthy. The gaps between them and the others were statistically significant. As a result of analyzing the influential factors for their stress, they had more stress when they had a less conversation with their families(p


BZThe problem of solving a certain kind of first order quasilinear PDE systems is discussed.The process of reducing order by Lie group method is given.The reduced equation is a first order quasilinear PDE,so there is a hope of solving this equation by using eigenline method.


Various X-ray spectra and fluxes of supernova remnants (SNR's) are calculated to demonstrate the importance of particle acceleration in shock waves. By this process kinetic energy of the shock wave is converted to high energy particles and not to the thermal plasma. The spherical models of SNR's are followed numerically up to 10 6 years including particle acceleration, injection of particles in shock waves, heating of the gas by dissipation of Alfven waves as well as radiative cooling. As a consequence the thermal history of the remnant and the radial structure of the hot gas depends on the efficiency of the non-linear acceleration process. In the case where an important fraction of the explosion energy is transferred to cosmic rays the X-ray fluxes can differ by a factor of 20 compared to the case of low cosmic ray production


Rong Jiang Stated Normal School existed for ten years. It educated a lot of persons with ability and moral integrity for the adjacent districts of Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi three provinces, writing down a new historical page in the history of the minority education. The comments to this, the purpose is to enlighten the later minority education and educate more talented persons.


This research is motivated by the background that business development from the beginning of the month has increased gradually, until the month of Ramadan and holidays arrives, but after the holidays there is also a gradual decline, this is influenced by various factors, including: People's purchasing power decreased due to the Covid-19 pandemic which affected economic development, Promotion of SME companies to be stagnant because the T-shirt model was a little not up to date,  The company's reputation was also disrupted by the covid-19 pandemic, customers/buyers wanted to always be the latest models, while the production of House of Plain T-shirts was a bit monotonous in models and colors. Based on this information, that Instagram can be the most strategic social media to become a marketing medium, Instagram content can be said to be very important because it can influence someone's behavior or interests.
This study aims to determine the influence of instagram social media and company reputation partially on the buying interest of consumers of House of Polos T-shirts.
This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method and uses a causal associative method using a quantitative approach. The population studied was 100 respondents. The data collected is in the form of secondary and primary data. Data analysis in this study used Multiple Regression Analysis using SPSS software version 24.
Based on the discussion and the results of the study showed that: 1) Instagram social media and company reputation simultaneously have a significant effect on the interest in buying House of Polos Brand T-shirts in Tasikmalaya City. 2) Instagram social media partially has a significant effect on the interest in buying House of Polos Brand T-shirts in Tasikmalaya City. 3) The company's reputation partially has a significant effect on the interest in buying House of Polos Brand T-shirts in Tasikmalaya City


Body water content was determined on groups of Cyprinodon variegatus after sequential acclimation to ambient salinities in the range from fresh water to 100%. A multiple linear regression model applied to the data included body mass (M) of individuals and acclimation salinity (S) as independent variables, and body water content (W) as the dependent variable. The model that described the relationship was W(g) = 0·059 + 0·723 M (g)–0001 S (%). Converting values of body water content to percent of wet body mass produced a range of values from 74·5% in fresh water to 72·0% at 100%, only a 2·5% difference in body water content over this wide range of ambient salinities.


Objective:To assess the transfection efficiency of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 mediated enhanced green fluorescent protein(rAAV9-EGFP) to rat cardiac fibroblasts and the impact on growth of rat cardiac fibroblasts.Methods:The rat cardiac fibroblasts were cultured and dissociated.The rAAV9-EGFP was transfected into rat cardiac fibroblasts at different multiplicities of infection(MOI=1×104,1×105,1×106).EGFP expression in the cells was observed under inverted fluorescence microscope,and the EGFP-positive cell percentage was determined by flow cytometry.AlamarBlue assay was used to assess the proliferation of the transfected cells.Results:The cells with rAAV9-EGFP transfection at MOI of 1×106 began to exhibit EGFP expression 24 h after transfection and the cells transfection at MOI of 1×105 and 1×104 began to exhibit EGFP expression 48 h after transfection.The cells growth was normal in all three groups under inverted fluorescence microscope.EGFP expression reached the maximum at 120 h,at the point of which the transduction efficiency of rAAV9-EGFP in rat cardiac fibroblasts cells was(2.6±0.2)%,(7.3±1.4)% and(45.1±2.7)% corresponding to MOIs of 1×104,1×105 and 1 ×106,respectively.The fluorescence intensity increased with the MOI and time increasing.AlamarBlue assay did not reveal significant difference in the absorbance between the transfected cells and the control cells.Conclusion:rAAV9-EGFP gene can be stably and efficiently expressed in rat cardiac fibroblasts without inhibiting cell growth,suggesting the potential of rAAV9 as a safe and efficient vector for gene therapy of heart disease research.


Teachers' qualifications are vital for vocational colleges to survive fierce competition in the educational industry and to succeed in the reform.As one of the approaches to enhancing staff's strengths,in-service training provides vocational education with sustainable drive for further development,and facilitates the Teacher-Expert program,which aims to nurture a teacher to be an expert in his/her relevant field.This paper exams the Project of Vocational Teachers' Training in Guangzhou in terms of its subjects and implementations etc.,and summarizes such methods as attaching great importance to the result assessment to improve the program's effects.


Present energy trends reveal that the energy demands are growing at faster rate. Increased demands due to growing population. Thus, comes into action the need of hour i.e. uses of several forms of renewable energy. These days the recent trend is to focus on sustainable ecofriendly development. Outcome is to increased load demands and rapidly declining conventional sources like fossil fuels including coal, natural gas and petroleum, there comes the alarming need of introducing interest in development of sources that can be refreshed including sun, wind power and many more. Among these the major development and scope lies in the field of using photovoltaic in multilevel inverters to obtain voltages at various levels as compare to the conventional traditional inverter. This paper provides an overview of technical, economic and policy aspects of multilevel inverters with various topologies. This paper also provides an overview of the recent trends in the arena of power quality including the present scenario, available sources and potential, ongoing projects are designed for a better and efficient output with reduced harmonics


A lattice-gas Automata two-dimensional program was developed for analysis of single and two-phase flow behaviors, to support the development of integrated software modules for Nuclear Power Plant mechanistic simulations. The program has single-color, which includes FHP I, II, and III models, two-color (Immiscible lattice gas), and two-velocity methods including a gravity effect model. Parameter surveys have been performed for Karman vortex street, two-phase separation for understanding flow regimes, and natural circulation flow for demonstrating passive reactor safety due to the chimney structure vessel. In addition, lattice-Boltzmann Equation two-dimensional programs were also developed. For analyzing single-phase flow behavior, a lattice-Boltzmann-BGK program was developed, which has multi-block treatments. A Finite Differential lattice-Boltzmann Equation program of parallelized version was introduced to analyze boiling two-phase flow behaviors. Parameter surveys have been performed for backward facing flow, Karman vortex street, bent piping flow with/without obstacles for piping system applications, flow in the porous media for demonstrating porous debris coolability, Couette flow, and spinodal decomposition to understand basic phase separation mechanisms. Parallelization was completed by using a domain decomposition method for all of the programs. An increase in calculation speed of at least 25 times, by parallel processing on 32 processors, demonstrated high parallelization efficiency. Application fields for microscopic model simulation to hypothetical severe conditions in large plants were also discussed.


ABSTRACT Immigration policies have a considerable impact on the influx and settlement process of immigrants, including ways and routes of immigration, regularisation, access to public services (such as education, housing and medical services), entry into the labour market, family reunification and access to citizenship. Consequently, changes in immigration policy determine the pace and direction of migrant integration and status mobility in host countries. Drawing from 64 semi-structured in-depth interviews with Indian immigrants in Spain, this paper explores the perceived effects of changes in immigration policies in Spain on immigration conditions, status mobility and integration of Indian immigrants, and strategies adopted by them to deal with these policies, during the period between 1985 and 2018. Results show that the Spanish immigration policies had several unintended negative effects on immigration conditions, regularisation, family reunification and access to Spanish citizenship, which in turn have slowed down their pace of integration and upward social mobility.


The present invention provides a tension control method for controlling the winding tension for winding the mandrel with the machined billet in the hot rolling process, the first step to set the winding tension according to the characteristics of the steel plate; A second step of estimating a drive torque of the mandrel according to the set winding tension; A third step of measuring the temperature of the iron plate; A fourth step of comparing the temperature and the reference temperature of the steel plate measured at the third step; And in consideration of the temperature difference obtained in the fourth step and a fifth step of correcting the drive torque of the mandrel. The tension control method, so adjusting the drive torque of the mandrel according to the tension of the steel plate to measure the temperature of the iron plate to be wound can produce a steel plate coil of high quality.


It's an old saying that "dead men tell no tales" which means that dead people will not betray any secrets. However in this case, the secret could not be held in the depths of water and criminal intent lost battle to the laws of physics. Archimedes' principle, the physical law of buoyancy, discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes, states that a body completely or partially submerged in a fluid at rest is acted upon by an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. The buoyant force on a body floating in a liquid or gas is also equivalent in magnitude to the weight of the floating object and is opposite in direction; the object neither rises nor sinks. This long found principle found application in Forensics in the context of flotation of dead bodies after submersion in water bodies which led to revelation of crime.


The aim of this paperis to evaluate the aspects of knowledge, attitude, and practices about food hygiene and safety issues among food handlers who are working in food courts. A cross-sectional study was conducted at four randomly food courts in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia during June and July 2017. It involves 108 respondents that match the inclusion criteria among food handlers. The guided self-administered questionnaire; were divided into three sections which are knowledge, practices, and attitudes. After the complete questionnaireswere collected, data were entered and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 23.0. Positive correlations were seen between mean knowledge score and mean attitudes score (p-value=0.0240, r=0.217), between attitude score and practices score (p < 0.001, r=0.559) and between knowledge score and practices score (p value=0.049, r=0.190). The strongest correlation being between mean attitudes score and mean practices score. Respondents with low knowledge score also had the higher practices score. This paper serves as an eye-opener for policy makersas they can review and improve the knowledge, attitude and practices in food safety among food handlers in food courts and they can also help raise food safety awareness campaign and organize more targeted training in related fields of concern.


Objective:To discuss the feasibility of determining the contents of trace element in Fructus cnidii by spectrophotometry,and to expound the potential relationship between the sorts and contents of the elements in crude drugs and the pharmacological function of Fructus cnidii.Methods:Different metal ions can be colored with specific color reagent,engendering visible light absorption,so spectrophotometry was adopted to determine the contents both of the Fructus cnidii and the standard substance of human hair.Results:The results showed that the Fructus cnidii was rich in trace element,the content of Fe was especially higher.Fe in Fructus cnidii is highest to 136.69mg/kg,Zn is highest to 51.72mg/kg,Cu is highest to 33.49mg/kg.Conclusion:Spectrophotometry was simple,high-speed and accurate,which could be popularized widely.The relationship between the sorts and contents of the elements in Fructus cnidii and the pharmacological function of them is so consanguineous that the further research is needed to ascertain.


BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence of serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in blood donors with HCV antibodies and persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty‐nine anti‐HCV‐positive donors with normal ALT on four determinations at 3‐month intervals were further tested monthly for 6 months, and they had normal ALT values. The presence of HCV RNA was determined in these 39 donors. RESULTS: Serum HCV RNA was detected in 16 of 39 donors, 14 of 14 who reacted on second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA‐2) and 2 of 15 who were indeterminate. None of the 10 RIBA‐2‐nonreactive donors had evidence of viremia. The 15 RIBA‐2‐ indeterminate samples were tested with third‐generation RIBA (RIBA‐3); the results showed reactivity in 5 (including the 2 HCV RNA positive), an indeterminate pattern in 7, and nonreactivity in 3 (all RNA negative). Among HCV RNA‐positive subjects, mean age (p < 0.05), mean ALT (p < 0.001), signal‐to‐cutoff (S:CO) ratio on second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (p < 0.001), and gamma globulin levels (p < 0.05) were higher than those among HCV RNA‐negative subjects. During 6 additional months of ALT monitoring, completed by 36 of 39 donors, increased values were detected in 6 (5 HCV RNA positive). In 4 of those 6, however, ALT levels were less than 1.5‐fold the upper normal limit. HCV RNA results were unchanged at the end of 1‐year follow‐up. CONCLUSION: Forty‐one percent of anti‐HCV‐positive donors with persistently normal ALT had active HCV infection. Long‐term ALT monitoring allowed the detection of significantly increased enzyme values in only 2 of 16 viremic donors. Reactivity on RIBA‐2 or ‐3, greater age, mean ALT levels in the upper range of normal, higher S:CO ratio on second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and higher gamma globulin levels were predictive of viremia.


opted for a structural analysis approach, which is described in this article, along with the other image-processing steps that precede and succeed it. We have focused our study on molar stages D through H. we Present a semi-automatic system of dental age evahation from digitized X-ray pictures. The image segmentation, contour extraction and coding, structural pattern recognition, and qualitative criteria analysis modules implemented are described. 11. Preprocessing of X-ray images We have worked on the most developed molar stages. The results, based on a limited set of 30 radiographs, show that we can achieve better performance than human experts.


We report the deflagration behavior of several HMX-based explosives at pressure from 10-600 MPa and temperatures from 20-180 C. We have made laminar burn rate measurements with the LLNL High Pressure Strand Burner, in which burn wires are used to record the time-of-arrival of the burn front in the cylindrical sample as a function of pressure. The explosive samples are 6.4 mm in diameter and 63 mm long, with ten burn wires embedded at different positions in the sample. Burning on the cylindrical surface is inhibited with an epoxy layer. With this direct measurement we do not have to account for product gas equation of state or heat losses in the system, and the burn wires allow detection of irregular burning. We find that formulation details are very important to overall deflagration behavior - the presence of 10% or less by weight of binder leads to physical deconsolidation and rapid deflagration at high pressures, and a larger particle size distribution leads to slower deflagration. High temperatures have a relatively minor effect on the deflagration rate until the beta-to-delta phase transition temperature is reached, beyond which the deflagration rate increases approximately 40-fold.


[1] The effect of climate variability on the phytoplankton community was assessed for the tropical and sub-tropical Pacific Ocean between 1998 and 2007 using an established biogeochemical assimilation model. The tropical and sub-tropical phytoplankton communities exhibited a wide range of responses to climate variability, from radical shifts in the Equatorial Pacific, to changes of only a couple of phytoplankton groups in the North Central Pacific, to no significant changes in the South Pacific. In the Equatorial Pacific, climate variability represented by ENSO dominated the variability of phytoplankton. Here, nitrate, chlorophyll and all of the 4 phytoplankton types (diatoms, cyanobacteria, chlorophytes and coccolithophores) were strongly correlated (p < 0.05) with the Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation Index (MEI). During La Nina events, diatoms increased and expanded westward along the cold tongue (correlation with MEI, r = −0.87, p < 0.05), while cyanobacteria concentrations decreased significantly (r = 0.69, p < 0.05). El Nino produced the reverse pattern, with cyanobacteria populations increasing while diatoms plummeted. In the North Central Pacific, the MEI was significantly correlated with diatoms (r = −0.40) and chlorophytes (r = −0.43). Ocean biology in the South Pacific was not significantly correlated with MEI. The phytoplankton composition from the assimilation model was compared to that from a new empirical algorithm using satellite data. Despite differences in the absolute concentration, the relative abundance from the model and the satellite-derived approach showed a similar shift in phytoplankton community in the Equatorial Pacific. These results highlight the spatially variable nature of the relationship between phytoplankton community structure and climate variability within the Pacific Ocean.


Objective To study the blood pressure level and incidence of relative high blood pressure among students, and to provide a basis for the early prevention of hypertension. Methods Height, weight, chest circumference and blood pressure were surveyed among 7200 students aged 7-18 years according to The Manual of the 2000 Constitution and Health Survey of Students in China. Results Blood pressure level increased with the increase of age. Male students and students came from rural areas had higher blood pressure level than female students and students came from cities. Compared with data collected in 1985, the deviation of blood pressures of students became larger. The incidence of relative high blood pressure was higher in students who came from rural areas than in those who came from cities. Blood pressure level was significantly correlated with height, weight,chest circumference and BMI. Conclusions The individual difference become larger in blood pressure level among Hubei students and a higher incidence of relative high blood pressure is found among students living in rural areas. The early prevention of hypertension is of great urgency.


Washington, DC—The CustomCornea (Alcon Laboratories Inc.) or CustomVue (VISX) platforms seem to offer excellent outcomes in wavefront-guided LASIK for myopia. However, induced aberration appears to be less with CustomCornea treatment, especially after nomogram adjustment for the CustomVue procedure, and that difference is apparent clinically in terms of contrast sensitivity results, according to Stephen G. Slade, MD.


In this article, we consider secure communication over asymmetric dual-hop simultaneous wireless information and power transfer system having one free-space optical (FSO) link followed by one radio frequency (RF) link. We assume that the optical transmitter conveys secure information to the RF receiver through an intermediate relay, which exploits the decode-and-forward relaying technique. The FSO link encounters Málaga (M) distributed turbulence with pointing error, and RF link suffers double shadowed Rician fading. We investigate the consequences of pointing error, atmospheric turbulence, and energy harvesting on the performance of the proposed mixed FSO/RF SWIPT framework. Specifically, we derive the analytical expressions for statistical characteristics such as probability density function, amount of fading, average bit error rate (BER), outage probability (OP), and ergodic capacity. The asymptotic expression for OP is also derived to obtain the diversity order of the system. Based on these results, the physical layer security analysis is carried out, and the analytical expressions for secure OP and strictly positive secrecy capacity are derived. Herein, the two eavesdroppers are considered. In the first scenario, it is assumed that only the FSO link is overheard, while in the second scenario, both FSO and RF links are under simultaneous eavesdropping attack.


The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between the problematic use of mobile phones and marital satisfaction in couples in Los Olivos district. The Mobile-Related Experience Questionnaire - CERM and the Diadico Adjustment Scale (EAD) were used. The methodology followed the quantitative approach, type of non-experimental research, descriptive design, comparative and cross-sectional correlation, using a non-probabilistic sampling of intentional type composed of 284 people of both sexes, married or cohabiting from 21 to 64 years of age. age. The results indicate that there is an inverse correlation between problematic mobile phone use and marital satisfaction (rho = -0.436, p = 0.001). It was found that 44.7% had a problematic use, 29.6% had moderate problematic use and 25.7% had a high problematic use of the mobile phone. Likewise, 58.10% of the sample reported having a high marital satisfaction, 26.06% low marital satisfaction and 15.85% moderate marital satisfaction. It was also found that there are differences in the problematic use of mobile between men and women (U = 8448.500, p <.05). And finally there were no differences in marital satisfaction between men and women.


This study aims to present the species of Bromeliaceae that occur at canga vegetation of Serra dos Carajas, in the state of Para, Brazil. Six genera and 13 species of Bromeliaceae are recorded for the area. Aechmea was the most representative genus with five species, followed by Bromelia, Pitcairnia, and Tillandsia, with two species each. None of the Bromeliaceae species registered in the region are threatened.


The effect of soil temperature on melon collapse induced by Monosporascus cannonballus was studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, ascospore germination and hyphal penetration into melon roots were enhanced by increasing the temperature from 20 to 32°C. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of five isolates of M. cannonballus was 30°C. In the field, the effect of temperature was studied in experiments conducted during the winter and autumn cropping seasons from 1995 to 1998. Disease progress was much faster in the autumn than in the winter crop seasons. Disease incidence reached 100% in the three consecutive autumn seasons studied. In the winter seasons, however, planting date influenced disease incidence. Early planting, at the beginning of January, resulted in a low disease incidence (6–26%, 125 days after planting), whereas planting at the end of January resulted in higher disease incidence (72–88%, 95–119 days after planting). In plots in which the soil was artificially heated to 35°C during the winter season, disease incidence reached 85%, as in the autumn season. Plants grown during the winter in unheated soil, or in artificially heated soil disinfected with methyl bromide, did not collapse. Root colonization by the pathogen was higher in the autumn and in heated soil than in the winter season in nonheated soil. Fifty per cent of root segments were colonized 35, 42 and 67 days after planting in the winter-heated, autumn and winter-unheated plots, respectively. A high correlation was found between soil temperatures above 20°C during the first 30 days after planting and disease severity. It is suggested that soil temperature during the early stages of plant development is an important factor in disease development and the expression of melon collapse caused by M. cannonballus.


This study aims to examine the predictors and consequences of a fair psychology contract. There are relationships between the degree of reciprocal trust and fair psychological contracts, reward mechanisms for fair psychology contracts, assessment of actual performance to a psychological contract of justice, intrinsic motivation to equitable psychology contracts, equitable psychological contracts on job satisfaction and Intrinsic motivation and Job satisfaction. The population of this study is 205 staff at Perum Damri Regional Division II and data was collected using a purposive sampling technique. The criteria of the respondents chosen were staff or employees who had worked in Damri's general company for at least 1 year. Data analysis techniques in research using software smart PLS 2.0 M3. This study contains 6 hypotheses and from the research, the results of reciprocal degrees of trust influence the fair psychology contract, but the progressive reward mechanism, the assessment of actual performance and intrinsic motivation have no effect. While fair psychology contracts and intrinsic motivation affect employee job satisfaction.