In this paper, we consider chaotic communication using nonlinear filtering techniques. The main contribution of the paper is proposing a novel antipodal chaotic communication scheme, which is implemented with both the Extended Kalman Filter and the Unscented Kalman Filter. Two different previously proposed Extended Kalman Filter based chaotic schemes are also revisited and implemented using the Unscented Kalman Filter for possible performance improvement. Comparative theoretical and simulation studies are provided to show the superior performance of the new chaotic communication technique.


Dr. James Edward Prichard, which took place at his house in Redland Road on February 2nd, 1901. More than a year ago Dr. Prichard suffered from symptoms of a growth in the rectum, but it was not until too late that he sought advice, and then the condition was found not to admit of any radical cure. He went on with his work until last July, when an inguinal colotomy was performed to give him temporary relief. He bore with great fortitude the pain and irremediable discomfort of the last few months of his life, and he died from exhaustion consequent upon the extension of disease in the abdomen. Dr. Prichard was the second son of the late Augustin Prichard, and grandson of Dr. James Cowles Prichard, F.R.S., the ethnologist, and was born at the Red Lodge in Park Row in 1849. He first went to school at Mr. Smith's, in Richmond Terrace; but when Clifton College began, this school was swallowed up in it, as some others


In June 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court held unanimously that key provisions of the U.S. securities laws do not apply to a private suit involving a so-called "foreign cubed" securities case, where a foreign purchaser purchased foreign securities from a foreign seller in a foreign securities market. In an opinion by Justice Scalia in Morrison v. National Australia Bank, the Court emphasized the presumption that U.S. statutes should be read not to have extraterritorial effect, absent contrary congressional intent. Eight justices concurred in the result. Justice Sotomayor did not participate; Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote separate opinions. The Australian plaintiffs in the case bought shares of National Australia Bank (National) on the Australian Securities Exchange. National subsequently had to write down the value of its U.S. subsidiary HomeSide Lending, a mortgage-servicing company headquartered in Florida. The plaintiffs alleged that HomeSide and its officers concocted fraudulent financial results inflating the company's value, and that National knew of this scheme. Plaintiffs sued in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging violations of sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 and Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b–5. The district court dismissed the case for lack of jurisdiction. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed, applying a body of case law that it had developed regarding the extraterritorial reach of the U.S. securities laws. In brief, these earlier cases assumed that Congress had not considered the question of extraterritorial reach when the securities laws were adopted. Accordingly, a court should attempt to discern what Congress would have done had it addressed the issue. Starting from this premise, the lower courts (particularly the Second Circuit) developed tests to determine whether particular foreign conduct would fall under the U.S. securities laws. In a strongly worded opinion by Justice Scalia, the Supreme Court decided that the case should, indeed, be dismissed, but not for lack of jurisdiction. Instead, the Court viewed the territorial reach of the U.S. securities laws as a merits issue and concluded that they did not reach the transaction at issue. The Court stressed in this context that unless Congress indicates a contrary intent, its enactments apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.


Original Research Article Euryale ferox Salisb. (makhana / gorgon nut) is an important annual wetland floating leaf angiospermic macrophyte which grows naturally in wild forms in aquatic bodies. It is also cultivated in ponds, low land stagnant water, fields etc. This plant is especially cultivated in northern Bihar, West Bengal, Manipur and MP for its seeds. Roasted / popped seeds of makhana (puffs) are tasty, light, crispy, fatless, aphrodisiac, spermatogenic and with high carbohydrate, protein and mineral contents. Therefore, makhana puffs have especially become a delicacy in the diet of riches and are in high demand in western and gulf countries.Bihar is the largest producer (90%) of makhana in India and the world too. In north Bihar, Katihar district is known for its fine network of Himalayas' emanating rivers as well as a large number of other natural and manmade aquifers.Euryale ferox (makhana) is the most common aquatic macrophyte grown as cash crop in the non-calcareous belts of Koshi and Mahananda rivers of Katihar. In the initial stage of growth of makhana crop its water bodies are heavily infested with aquaphyte weeds. Hence, a periodic manual, herbal or chemical weeding of aquatic bodies in early stages is essential for the establishment of makhana seedlings. In the present study, altogether 35 macrophyte species belonging to 33 genera of angiosperms and pteridophytes were recorded from makhana crop fields. The imortant macrophytic weeds were Eichhornia crassipes, Monocharia hastata, Ceratophyllum demursum, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea nauchali etc. were recorded in the present investigation. These aquatic macrophytes pose a great threat to the growth of makhana and considerably reduce the crop yield. These aquaphytic weeds also show detrimental allelopathic effects on the cultivation of makhana. However, makhana has the great potentiality as a solution for poverty alleviation and livelihood security especially for economically poor rural people who thrive in wetland areas.


Adding SiC particles to Si3N4 and subjecting the mixture to a sinter-hot-isostatic-pressing process increases both the strength and elastic modulus. It also decreases the hardness but maintains the fracture toughness, which results in a higher resistance to crack initiation and propagation during spherical particle impact. Sinter-hot-isostatically-pressed composites exhibit elastic response as their dominant behavior. They also display a high resistance to Hertzian cone crack initiation and extension. This is due to the increased degree of inelastic deformation of sinter-hot-isostatically-pressed composites.


A double-chamber piezoelectric micropump with three membrane valves is introduced. A prototype double-chamber serial micropump, measuring 38×3.5 mm, is fabricated with the PZT membrane of 0.18mm in thick and diameter of 30mm. The pump is tested with water as the working solution. The testing results show that both the flowrate and backup pressure of two-chamber micropump are about two times of that of single chamber micropump at the same working voltages and frequency, which accord with the theoretical analysis. The maximum flowrate achieved is up to 11.75 ml/min at the applied voltage of 70 V with frequency of 50 Hz, and the maximum backpressure obtained is about 21.9 kPa at voltage of 70 V with frequency of 20 Hz.


Lexical functions were introduced in Meaning-Text theory to account for two interrelated families of lexical relations: semantic derivations and collocations. However, the language traditionally used in Meaning-Text lexicography for encoding lexical functions is not fully specified from a formal point of view. In this paper, we propose a formal foundation for lexical functions based on two complementary encoding devices which we believe are computationally tractable and fill the gaps of the traditional formal language of lexical functions.


This paper explores the analogy between equilibrium under flexible prices and equilibrium under fixed prices in a large decentralised economy characterised by trading uncertainty. To price dispersion in the former there corressponds 'quantity dispersion' in the latter. Specifically, we show that if fixed prices are posited and proposed trades are rationed according to a stochastic rationing mechanism different disequilibrium regimes can coexist in different parts of the system. Such a coexistence has equilibrium properties in the sense that agents (consumers and firms) are indifferent between facing different stylised disequilibrium regimes. The plan of the paper is as follows. Section I discusses the concept of stochastic rationing we employ in conjunction with fixed-price equilibrium theory. Section II introduces the model and indicates how it may be applied to study price dispersion in flexible price equilibrium. Section III presents the main result about the coexistence of the stochastic Keynesian regime and the stochastic suppressed inflation regime and discusses its implications for macroeconomic policy.


An analytical method was developed for the determination of glyphosate and AMPA in water. This method involves derivatization in situ with NBD-Cl reagent at 60 °C. The quantification is performed using liquid chromatography with fluores- cence detection after a separation on an amino column. The limit of quantification was estimated at 1 µg/L level for glyphosate and at 0.1 µg/L level for AMPA.


Background: Many alternative curricular models exist in physical education to better meet the needs of students than the multi-activity team sports curriculum that dominates in the USA. These alternative curricular models typically require different content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical CK (PCK) to implement successfully. One of the complexities of learning to teach these models for pre-service teachers (PTs) is understanding the different CK and PCK required which is compounded by their personal lack of experience of the model. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the PCK enacted by PTs learning to teach an alternative curricular model (adventure-based learning [ABL]) in urban middle schools. Research design: Qualitative methods were used to explore how the PTs demonstrated their PCK while teaching an ABL unit to urban middle school students. The study took place at a major university and in three middle schools in a large urban school district in Midwestern USA. Participants: Thirteen PTs enrolled in the secondary methods course and associated internship agreed to participate in this study. The PTs (five males and eight females) ranged in age from 21 to 26 years and all self-identified as white. Data collection and data analysis: Three methods of data collection were employed in this study: interviews, daily reflections called critical friends, and stimulated recall reflection of teaching an ABL lesson. Data were analyzed using constant comparison. Trustworthiness was established through triangulation of the data using multiple data sources, peer debriefing, member checking, and negative case analysis. Findings: Four themes represented the PTs' demonstration of PCK when learning to teach ABL in urban middle schools. The themes were (a) trusting the sequence, (b) knowing your students, (c) facilitate don't dictate, and (d) processing the experience. The findings provide further insight into the demonstration of PTs' PCK in secondary physical education, and specifically relative to teaching ABL in urban middle schools. To better equip PTs to be able to teach using these models, we recommend the following: (a) they have the opportunity to 'live the curriculum' in their PETE programme, (b) developing the PTs' specific CK and student-centered pedagogical knowledge for specific alternative curricular models is imperative in developing the PCK for such model, (c) developing PTs' knowledge of students relative to the complexities of learning to teach each specific model, (d) observing an expert teach the model to K-12 students, and (e) recognizing that learning to teach these models is a developmental process and providing the PTs with an emotionally safe and caring space to explore teaching such models is crucial.


There are various topics in graph theory. The theory of labelling is one of the topics in graph theory. The theory of labelling was introduced firstly by Alex Rosa in 1967. Alex Rosa introduced the labelling of β which then by Golomb referred to as the graceful labelling. In addition, there is also a ρ^ labelling which is a modification of the graceful labelling. Graceful labelling itself has many variations such as even graceful labelling, odd graceful labelling, and odd-even graceful labelling. In 2009 Lu used Θ(Cm)n to denote the graph made from η copies of Cm (cycle that has m vertices) that share an edge. Θ(Cm)n graph also known as book graph that has η pages and m vertices. In this paper, the researchers discussed about graceful labelling, ρ^ labelling, and odd-even graceful labelling of Θ(C3)n graph.


ABSTRACT Groundwater is widely used in the semi-arid region of Remila plain (Khenchela, Algeria) for urban and agricultural supplies. An integrated statistical and hydro-geochemical approach was performed with 70 water samples in order to identify the main processes and the origin of water salinisation. The results have suggested the dominance of three chemical facies: Sulphato cloruro calcic (SO4–Cl–Ca) in the northeastern part, Sulphato cloruro calci magnisian (SO–4Cl–Ca–Mg) in most of the waters andalkali-earth bicarbonate (HCO3–Ca–Mg) in the southeastern part. Although based on principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis, the statistical approach identified three water groups: (1) saline water (17 %; total dissolved solids >1000 mg l−1 with the dominance of Sulphate (SO42−)); (2) moderately saline water (17 %) with a dominance of bicarbonate (HCO3−); and (3) moderately saline water (66 %) with mixed facies. The binary diagrams confirmed the predominance of three processes: evaporite dissolution and/or precipitation, combined by ionic exchange. In the northeastern part of the area, however, another process was detected – the saline intrusion of Sabkha water, favoured by extensive groundwater use.


Aim study the characteristic of the hemolysin of Edwardsiella tarda. Methods Manner plate assay, contact hemolysis and supernatant assay were used.Result discuss the factors about affecting hemolysis activity and testing have been discussed.Conclusion there are at least two kinds of hemolysins of Edwardsiella tarda, activity of which is different with circumstance changing.


The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of The Anti Bullying and Teasing Program Community Theme to decrease bullying behavior in kindergarten classroom. This study involved two classroom from the same kindergartens with total 27 children in both classroom. Teachers and kindergarten involved in this study all agreed to engage in the research, and also to not apply any other similar programs in their school and classrooms. All of the teachers in both classroom had already had more than three years teaching experience. The untreated control group with removed treatment design was applied in this study to determine the program's influence. The program was conducted based on The Anti Bullying and Teasing Book for Preschool Classroom, had six hours of intensive orientation activities for the teachers and ten sessions of community theme activity to be implemented by the teachers in their classroom. Results suggest that The Anti Bullying and Teasing Prgoram Community Theme did decrease bullying behavior.


Symptoms of primary systemic amyloidosis include neuropathy, myopathy, and cardiac or renal insufficiency; multiple organ systems are often involved. Amyloidosis can involve both the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. Amyloid myopathy is a rare manifestation of primary systemic amyloidosis. It is less well recognized that amyloid can directly infiltrate and weaken skeletal muscle. Like most other myopathies associated with systemic disorders, it is manifest by proximal limb muscle weakness and increased serum levels of creatine kinase.


In this information era, the use of e-resources in the academic world has become fashion of the day. Keeping the importance of scholarly e-resources in view, the Deanship of Library Affairs, University of Dammam has subscribed to a wide range of e-resources. The resources cover most of the domains of science & technology, social sciences and humanities. However, it is noticed that these resources are not extensively used by the faculty and students. Keeping this gap in view, the Deanship of Library Affairs decided to launch series of information literacy campaigns entitled E-resource Campaign-2013" at different campuses of University of Dammam (UD). The basic areas covered in the campaign were introducing the students and faculty to the E-resource Portal and information search skills. The use of mobile solutions for easy and 24/7 access to e-resources was also taught during the campaign. Besides reporting the observation notes of these campaigns, the interview based feedback of the users about the campaigns is also reported in this paper. The target audiences of these campaigns were the students, faculty and other administrative staff of University of Dammam. The campaigns were hosted at different places in the university. The basic objectives of these campaigns were to:1. promote the effective use of e-resources among the students and faculty of UD, 2. teach them smart searching techniques, 3. introduce most relevant resources in different subjects/disciplines, 4. train some of the students from different disciplines and colleges as master trainers, who would promote the use of e-resources among their peers during and after the campaign".


In the field of health care services the responsibility for their delivery is shared by many agencies in the public sector. In addition there are central government ministries each with their own institutions. Each of these agencies provides health care services in Delhi through a variety of outlets like dispensaries and hospitals. These institutions function independently and there is neither proper coordination between the government agencies managing them nor between the institutes themselves at the operational level. This coordination is essential from the point of view of having a structured patient referral system and sharing of resources between institutes in addition to providing feedback to shape government health policies. In this research paper the study focuses on primary health service centres of Delhi Government. The research objectives of this paper are: • Study the working of Primary health centres including services provided. • Study the level of IT usage in these dispensaries • Analyze key problems faced by these dispensaries • Propose an e Governance model to manage these dispensaries • Determine obstacles & challenges in implementation of this model. This research paper uses some technologies that are being used by National health services (NHS) of UK. These technologies include use of call centers for service delivery and Decision support systems (DSS) that are being used in patient interaction.


In view of shortcomings of the test bench for wire rope such as light applying loading,inconvenient adjustment at tightening and poor capacity of simulating actual operation,a new-type test bench for impact fatigue of wire rope was design to overcome the above shortcomings.Hertz contact theory was applied to deduce the normal collision force between the pendulum and the roller as well as impact loading of wire rope,which brought about more scientif ic and reasonable test.


A new approach of a highly efficient counter propagating optical fiber based tweezers using 3D printed Fresnel lenses at the fiber facets will be presented. In contrast to conventional fiber tip tweezers the emitted beams of the Fresnel lens fibers are converging resulting in a significantly enhanced trapping efficiency in both axial and transverse direction. The used polymer diffractive Fresnel lens structures are fabricated by femtosecond two photo lithography using a commercial system. The measured trapping efficiencies are found to be up to 90 times higher than for similar results using chemically wet-etched fiber tips. A short outlook on further concepts of enhanced optical fiber tweezers based on 3D diffractive structures will also be given.


Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) plays an extremely important role in intelligent transportation systems. It enables vehicles equipped with smart devices to communicate with vehicles or available road side units or infrastructure. It has been observed that the security of data and privacy of user are two key challenges for vehicular communication to enable sharing of resources among unfamiliar vehicles. The existing classical cryptography‐based schemes are not secure in the quantum computing world due to Shor's algorithm. To address the challenges in post‐quantum era, we have presented a framework based on short integer solution problem in some lattice that attains all effective identification and authenticity of the user to get authorized access, along with revocation to services. The integrity of proposed framework ensures that information is accurate and can be trusted. This paper ensures conditional autonomous driving and efficient vehicular traffic flow in a VANET. As a result, the presented protocol is suitable for practical applications even in the post‐quantum environment, which can be utilized for reliable vehicular communication.


Artificial metabolic system model was built by analysis for relationship between enzymes and every regulation pattern from the view of biological metabolism law.Many functions such as pattern recognition,fault diagnosis and multi-objective optimization could be realized by the system.An artificial metabolic equation was built according to metabolism mechanism.The substance concentration could be regulated by metabolic operators such as equilibrium factor and the inhibior factor.The metabolic rate could be improved.The substance concentration in metabolic network was balance and traffic flows in every network node was unobstructed by regulating these metabolic operators including equilibrium factor and the inhibior factor.Many kinds of optimal application could be realized through the regulating methods.This paper presented the summary for basic theory and typical application of artificial metabolic system,and also provided the directions for further study.


Controlled reduction of graphene oxide (GO) is a promising method to tune the electronic band gap of this two-dimensional material in the energy range of the visible light spectrum. By means of ab initio calculations, based on density functional theory at the generalized gradient approximation level, we investigated electronic properties of partially reduced graphene oxide, modelled as periodic array of small islands of pristine graphene embedded in an infinite sheet of GO. The calculations demonstrated that, by varying the size of the graphene islands from two to eight carbon atoms, it was possible to tune the electronic band gap in a range from 4.38 to 1.31 eV, which is of great importance to the utilization of graphene-based materials in photonic devices.


As a new system to prevent bank risks, the deposit insurance system is being thought highly in the world. On the basis of analyzing the advantages of the deposit insurance system, compares its characteristics and tendency in different countries, and offers some suggestions to restructure this system in China.


We address the origin of the golden mass and time for galaxy formation and the onset of rapid black-hole growth. The preferred dark-halo mass of ~$10^{12}M_\odot$ is translated to a characteristic epoch, z~2, at which the typical forming halos have a comparable mass. We put together a coherent picture based on existing and new simple analytic modeling and cosmological simulations. We describe how the golden mass arises from two physical mechanisms that suppress gas supply and star formation below and above the golden mass, supernova feedback and virial shock heating of the circum-galactic medium (CGM), respectively. Cosmological simulations reveal that these mechanisms are responsible for a similar favored mass for the dramatic events of gaseous compaction into compact star-forming "blue nuggets", caused by mergers, counter-rotating streams or other mechanisms. This triggers inside-out quenching of star formation, to be maintained by the hot CGM, leading to today's passive early-type galaxies. The blue-nugget phase is responsible for transitions in the galaxy structural, kinematic and compositional properties, e.g., from dark-matter to baryon central dominance and from prolate to oblate shape. The growth of the central black hole is suppressed by supernova feedback below the critical mass, and is free to grow once the halo is massive enough to lock the supernova ejecta by its deep potential well and the hot CGM. A compaction near the golden mass makes the black hole sink to the galactic center and triggers a rapid black-hole growth. This ignites feedback by the Active Galactic Nucleus that helps keeping the CGM hot and maintaining long-term quenching.


Computational intelligence has been widely used in medical information processing. The deep learning methods, especially, have many successful applications in medical image analysis. In this paper, we proposed an end-to-end medical lesion segmentation framework based on convolutional neural networks with a dual attention mechanism, which integrates both fully and weakly supervised segmentation. The weakly supervised segmentation module achieves accurate lesion segmentation by using bounding-box labels of lesion areas, which solves the problem of the high cost of pixel-level labels with lesions in the medical images. In addition, a dual attention mechanism is introduced to enhance the network's ability for visual feature learning. The dual attention mechanism (channel and spatial attention) can help the network pay attention to feature extraction from important regions. Compared with the current mainstream method of weakly supervised segmentation using pseudo labels, it can greatly reduce the gaps between ground-truth labels and pseudo labels. The final experimental results show that our proposed framework achieved more competitive performances on oral lesion dataset, and our framework further extended to dermatological lesion segmentation.


Let A be a sequence of positive integers. Define P(A) to be the set of all integers representable as a sum of distinct terms of A. Note that if A contains a repeated value, we are free to use it as many times as it occurs in A. We call A complete if every sufficiently large positive integer is in P(A), and entirely complete if every positive integer is in P(A). Completeness properties have received considerable, if somewhat sporadic, attention over the years. See Chapter 6 of [3] for a survey.


Groping around in my bag for my keys is a daily ordeal. I'm not going to list the catalogue of junk, but I can distinguish every article by touch until I eventually locate the elusive keys. Our fingertips are exquisitely engineered, deftly detecting the differences between surfaces and shapes, but we are not the only animals that touch objects. 'A whole host of fishes contact the bottom of bodies of water, plants or other animals using their fins', says Adam Hardy from The University of Chicago, USA, leading Hardy and his graduate advisor, Melina Hale, to wonder whether fish may also be able to feel surface differences with their fins. However, before they could begin unravelling the question, Hardy and Hale had to find a fish that seems to spend a lot of time in touch with riverbeds and the bottom of lakes.


Photo- and thermostimulated luminescence (PSL and TSL respectively) of previously X-irradiated CsCdF3 crystal doped with Mn were investigated. After X-irradiation of CsCdF3 crystal at 8 K PSL bands at about 300 nm and 550 nm appear. Several stimulation bands can be revealed for luminescence at 300 nm and 550 nm. The stimulation band at 340 nm is related to an F-type centre absorption band in accordance with the Mollwo-Ivey relation for halide crystals. Subsequent heating of the crystal after X-irradiation at 8 K shows TSL peaks in the temperature regions 8 K – 90 K and 200 K – 300 K. The spectral composition of the TSL involves both bands at 300 nm and 550 nm. Experiments performed allow us to suggest that the PSL band at 300 nm should be the result of electron recombination with self-trapped holes (STH), but the luminescence at 550 nm is related to Mn ions. The mechanisms of radiative recombinations as well as the thermal stability of both STH and Mn ions are discussed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


By using special liquid precipitation method,nano titanium dioxide powder is prepared.Using the dispersing performance of the catalytic performance of TiO2 and activated carbon,the immersion method is used to obtain the nano-titanium dioxide dope with activated carbon. The catalyst for the inquiry process wastewater in natural light—the degradation rate of acid fuchsin solution is explored. Different composite proportions,adding amount of catalyst,catalyst recovery and recycling problems are discussed. The results show that the catalytic effects is the best when the proportion of titanium dioxide and activated carbon is 2:1.For 160 m L acid fuchsin solution with concentration of 10 mg/L,the catalytic effect is the best when adding 1 g catalyst. 50 min later,the degradation rate is 98%. The degradation rate of recovery and recycling catalyst reaches 97% in50 mins,which is similar with the first degradation rate.


Off-farm employment , or transformation of rurallabor force from traditional agriculture to non-agriculture , and from the rural to the urban , is an inevitable phenomenon associating with the economic development that has to be resolved in time. The industrialization and urbanization in the developed countries have led to low proportion of population in rural areas , and of labor force in agriculture. While in the developing countries , a large proportion of population still stay in the countryside , and of labor force is holding the farming as their major occupation , mainly owing' to low level of urbanization and off-farm employment. It is believed that the level of off-farm employment is indicative of the level of economic development. There are two great challenges in the aspects of employment facing the social and economic development of China.First , a large number of rurallabor force remain surplus and underutiliz.d. Second , over 80 per cent of population and labor force still remain in the rural areas and are mainly engaged in farming , which have and will affect adversely the economic development and ecological sustainability of the rural areas. This is particulary so in the western parts of China.


Method for cultivating sporocarp of cordyceps artificially in northern area uses strain C868 that has been stored in Ordinary microorganisms center of China committee for culture collections of microorganisms and has a number: CGMCC No.0193. Said strain is inculated to solid or liquid medium or living silkworm chrysalis to obtain its sporocarp which features nutritive and medicinal value higher than that of natural one and may be used to cure diseases or to produce health-care product and cosmetics.


ABSTRACT Prediction of adsorption equilibria of methane (CH4)/carbon dioxide (CO2) on coal at various feed gas composition is essential for the commercial development of primary and enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery by CO2 sequestration from coal reservoirs. In this article, an attempt is made to determine the adsorption equilibria of CH4 and CO2 mixture over a wide range of pressure and free gas compositions with the help of developed computational approach using the Ideal Adsorption Solution theory (IAST) for multicomponent adsorption. The advantage of the model is that it can predict the adsorption equilibrium of the mixture from the pure gas equilibrium data. Considering the complex adsorption during gas transportation and efficient gas injection modes at constant pressure or constant composition, the two different computational approaches were developed to solve the iterative calculation of IAST, i.e. constant mole fraction with variable pressure (P = 0 to 1000 psi) and constant pressure with mole fraction as a variable (y = 0 to 1). Individual adsorption isotherm of CH4 and CO2 for the two different sub-bituminous coal samples was determined up to a pressures of 1250 psi. Pure gas isotherms reveal that volume wise CO2 has 2.00 to 2.63 times more adsorption capacity than CH4 for the samples respectively. Computational model developed using ideal solution theory can predict the adsorbed gas volume at any pressure on the experimentally studied samples collected from Indian CBM fields. The developed computational code using MATLAB© software was validated using the binary adsorption data for the two coal samples from global CBM fields published in the literatures, with calculated error lying within the permissible limit.


A Transportation industry is a worldwide working system. Water transportation is the biggest known medium to human. In such immense task, many costing variables should be mulled over so as to pick up benefit. Real costs included are fuel utilization, send upkeep and fix, officials' workmanship, port charges, protection inclusion, and some more. These kind of costing are fundamental and can't be stayed away from as it will influence the whole activity. Anyway numerous examinations and inquires about are done every now and then to improve and to have an upgraded activity. As told before fuel utilization is an exceptionally critical viewpoint. It is imperative to advance the voyage activity, or toward the end it will cause a flood in fuel costs. For the duration of the time architects had attempted their best to limit the fuel utilization by having a streamlined ship activity. Be that as it may, in any case it yet still stays as an unsolved astounded. Then again contamination via pollution is an insulting issue which is corresponding to the development of human exercises. An irrefutable truth is this is for the most part brought about by people which are results identified with the quick advancement innovation. Numerous harms had and will happen if the issue isn't visited. Numerous endeavors have been made to turn out with an answer for the issue.[1] Numerous improvements had been done to the waste administration framework where waste items can be recycled and to be utilized in the first structure or in another one. Having an appropriate reusing strategy will guarantee a superior and much productive way of life. This exploration is predominantly expected to tackle both of these issues simultaneously. By utilizing pyrolysis strategy, waste products are thermally treated so as to create three kinds of by-products. These results are char, bio oil, and syngas which are fuel in three states. Later the results can be utilized as an elective fuel source to be utilized in delivery industry. The fundamental result that is engaged in this exploration was the bio oil, which is a bio diesel that can be utilized as fuel source locally available ship. The last decision was to decide an entirely appropriate recommendation of waste item that can be pyrolysed to deliver a superior marine fuel at much lower cost. In the end toward the finish of this exploration a solitary recommendation will be especially helpful in taking care of both the issues referenced previously. An extraordinary commitment to the earth and to the entire transportation industry will be accomplished


The capability to think creatively is essential for human source competencies so that to boost universal competitiveness. Creative thinking is one of the utmost assets in the capability to solve problems. This term paper addresses creativity as an educational style, reviews the associated theories and patterns of creative learning, and compacts with teaching creativity to teachers generally and Iraqi teachers specially. This notion was proposed by the researcher and examined. The pattern of creative growth is the major topic of this study, which covers five essential components of teacher performance: contextual-social, affective-cognitive, mental, educational, and physical aspects. A portion of this research looks at how the program and the pattern of creative development affect instructors' abilities. Teachers' feedback on their shift in classroom results, despite the passage of many years, showed they have used the pattern positively. All of the instructors taking the course indicated that the training helped to make their pupils more excited, moving from teacher-centering towards learner-centered schools.


The electronic display industry is changing in three important ways. First, the dominance of the cathode ray tube (CRT) is being challenged by the development of flat panel displays (FPDs). This will lead to the availability of displays of higher performance, albeit at greater cost. Secondly, the analog interfaces between displays that show data and the computers that generate the data are being replaced by digital connections. Finally, a high-resolution display is becoming the most expensive component in computer system for homes and small offices. It is therefore desirable that the useful lifetime of the display extend over several years and that the electronics allows the display to be used with many different image sources. Hopefully, the necessity of having three or four large CRTs in one office to accommodate different computer operating systems or communication protocols will soon disappear. Instead, we hope to see a set of flat panels that can be switched to show several independent images from multiple sources or a composite image from a single source. The more rapid rate of technological improvements and the higher cost of flat panel displays raise the incentive for greater planning and guidance in the acquisition and integration of highmore » performance displays into large organizations, such as LLNL. The goal of the Digital Display Integration Project (DDIP) is to provide such support. This will be achieved through collaboration with leading suppliers of displays, communications equipment and image-processing products, and by greater exchange of information within the Laboratory. The project will start in October 1999. During the first two years (FY2000-1), the primary focus of the program will be upon: introducing displays with high information content (over 5M pixels); facilitating the transition from analog to digital interfaces; enabling data transfer from key computer platforms; incorporating optical communications to remove length restrictions on data transfer; and optimizing techniques to reduce communications bandwidth. Additional topics that will be addressed include: obtaining greater color control; minimization of seam widths in tiled displays; and the human factors that impact the efficient use of high resolution displays. The scope of the project will include both direct-view displays, for use by individuals and small groups, and projection systems for conference rooms and auditoriums.« less


Abstract : USAFSAM Respirator Quantitative Fit Test methods, procedures, and data analysis capabilities have been reevaluated. Omission of test-tent sampling can result in errors in calculating the protection factor by as much as a factor of 2. The method of averaging protection-factor data over six or more exercises can also result in protection factors greater than those of other laboratories by as much as a factor of 2. An alternate method of averaging protection-factor data is being investigated. (Author)


(R,R)-2,8-diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane was a by-product when producting moxifloxacin.It had a great impact to the quality of moxifloxacin.In order to synthesize it,(8-benzyl-2,8-Diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane used as the starting material,resolved by L-(+)-tartaric,debenzylated using Pd/C catalytical hydrogenation,followed by purified the solvent to give(R,R)-2,8-Diazabicyclo [4.3.0] nonane with 99.5% purity.The total yield of this synthesis can get to 66.5%.Optimization of Preparation technique was studied.


This brief demonstrates a new built-in self test (BIST) scheme designated to improve a testability of digital decimators-commonly used building blocks in digital signal processing (DSP) environment. The proposed solution takes the advantage of operations offered by already existing functional blocks to perform basic testing functions. Thus it drastically reduces the need for an additional testing hardware as well as eliminating the performance degradation usually introduced by traditional BIST schemes. An easy to test implementation of the decimator based on a custom data-path architecture is also analyzed. >


We have developed an integrated giant magneto resistance using not only circuit but also integrating technique with semiconductor for automobile application. It has four elements used for giant magneto resistance sensor. Ni-Fe/Cu multi layers were prepared on a glass substrate by magnetron sputtering. The dependence of magneto resistance on the thickness of the Ni-Fe and Cu layers was investigated. The MR ratio showed a saturated a peak at Cu layer 10Å, Ni-Fe layer 50Å, where the MR ratio is about 8.7% at room temperature. By means of Ni-Fe multi film and specific integrating technique, these new giant magneto resistance sensor showed excellent resistance characteristics.


The use of plants to develop therapeutic functions is a habit inherited from ancient generations, which survived the advent of modernity and gained space today. This


Daleká cesta (Distant Journey, Czechoslovakia, 1949) is one of the most important and explicit early feature films about the Holocaust. The authors draw upon different versions of the script, censorship records, newspaper clippings in five languages, and other archival records to follow the film's genesis, authorship, production history, distribution, and reception, both in Czechoslovakia and abroad. The story both reflects and elucidates the shifting political landscape in liberated, and then Communist, Czechoslovakia.


Financial industry is the core of modern economy and has the trend of spatial agglomeration Based on the data of 286 central cities in 2005 and 2010 and the factor-analysis method,this paper investigated the level and spatial pattern of financial agglomeration on central cities in mainland China.We reduced ten factors measuring financial agglomeration level of each central city into three factors:financial agglomeration scale,agglomeration quality and agglomeration activity.We found that the central cities' factor score could best describe the financial agglomeration level;the city's types of financial agglomeration could be divided into five classes:national financial center,sub-national financial center,regional financial center,provincial financial center and local financial center.We also found that the financial agglomeration level of the Yangtze River Delta,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,and Pearl River Delta were higher,and Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Guangzhou and Shenzhen were the national financial agglomeration service center;the financial agglomeration level had strong relevance with city's economic and population scale,the megacities with the population of more than 2 million were the centers of national financial activities,the capital city and / or deputy center city was the provincial financial agglomeration center;there was the spatial spreading trend of financial activities from the national financial centers to the neighboring areas,the central and the near western regions.


AbstractInversion of potential vorticity density with absolute vorticity and function η is explored in η coordinates. This density is shown to be the component of absolute vorticity associated with the vertical vector of the covariant basis of η coordinates. This implies that inversion of in η coordinates is a two-dimensional problem in hydrostatic flow.Examples of inversions are presented for (θ is potential temperature) and (p is pressure) with satisfactory results for domains covering the North Pole. The role of the boundary conditions is investigated and piecewise inversions are performed as well. The results shed new light on the interpretation of potential vorticity inversions.


This study examined relations between the sex composition of family sibships and measures of family-learning environments. In the sample were 883 Australian 11-yr.-olds and their parents. After taking into account the relations between family social status and the environment measures, the findings indicated that the number of brothers and the number of sisters of the 11-yr.-olds had differential associations with the measures of environment.


Quercetin in Sijihong was quantitatively determined by High Performance Liquid Chromagraphy(HPLC).With ODS2 column,a mixture of methanol and 0.4% H_3PO_4(50∶50,V∶V) is used as mobile phase and UV detection at 360nm. Results showed the linear relationship seemed good(within) the range of 0.04-0.20μg(r=0.999 8).The average recovery of Chinese medicinal plant Sijihong was 101.3% and the relative standard deviation was below 2.5%(n=6).The method is fast,simple,accurate and reproducible.And the method is proposed to be used for quality control of(Sijihong.)


To assess the effects of intestinal cytochrome P450 2C19 on the interaction between tacrolimus and proton pump inhibitors, we examined the concentration/dose ratio [(ng/ml)/(mg/day)] of tacrolimus coadministered with omeprazole (20 mg) or lansoprazole (30 mg) to 89 adult living-donor liver transplant patients on postoperative days 22 to 28, considering the CYP2C19 genotypes of the native intestine and the graft liver, separately. The concentration/ dose ratio of tacrolimus coadministered with omeprazole was significantly higher in patients with two variants (*2 or *3) for intestinal CYP2C19 (median, 6.38; range, 1.55–22.9) than intestinal wild-type homozygotes (median, 2.11; range, 1.04–2.54) and heterozygotes (median, 2.11; range, 0.52–4.33) (P 0.010), but the extent of the increase was attenuated by carrying the wild-type allele in the graft liver even when patients were CYP3A5*1 noncarriers. Conversely, the CYP2C19 polymorphisms both in the native intestine and in the graft liver little influenced the interaction between tacrolimus and lansoprazole, but CYP3A5*1 noncarriers showed higher tacrolimus concentration/dose ratio than CYP3A5*1 carriers. Furthermore, our experiments in vitro revealed that lansoprazole had a stronger inhibitory effect on the CYP3A5-mediated metabolism of tacrolimus than omeprazole, although not significantly (IC50 19.9 13.8 M for lansoprazole, 53.7 6.1 M for omeprazole). Our findings suggest that intestinal and graft liver CYP2C19 plays a relatively greater role in the metabolism of omeprazole than it does for lansoprazole, so that the effects of CYP3A5 on the metabolism of tacrolimus might be masked by the interaction with omeprazole associated with the CYP2C19 genotype. The immunosuppressant tacrolimus is characterized by a narrow therapeutic index and remarkable intraindividual and interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics (Venkataramanan et al., 1995; Kahan et al., 2002). This variability can be attributed to factors such as poor absorption (Masuda and Inui, 2006), extensive first-pass metabolism (Lampen et al., 1995; Wilkinson, 2005), and drug-drug interactions (Christians et al., 2002). Tacrolimus is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 and CYP3A5 in the small intestine and liver (Shiraga et al., 1994; Hesselink et al., 2003). In particular, CYP3A5 plays a key role in the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus (Kamdem et al., 2005; Dai et al., 2006). Several studies of heart (Zheng et al., 2003), lung (Wang et al., 2006), kidney (Haufroid et al., 2004, 2006; Macphee et al., 2005; Kuypers et al., 2007), and liver (Goto et al., 2004; Masuda et al., 2006; Uesugi et al., 2006; Fukudo et al., 2008) transplant patients treated with tacrolimus have shown a significant association between the CYP3A5 polymorphisms and tacrolimus dose-adjusted trough blood levels. Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions have been observed between tacrolimus and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in those with CYP2C19 gene variants, poor metabolizers (PMs) and intermediate metabolizers (IMs), compared with those with no variants, extensive metabolizers (EMs) (Itagaki et al., 2004; Miura et al., 2007). Because CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5 are mainly responsible for the metabolism of PPIs (Andersson, 1996), PPIs themselves inhibit the metabolism of tacrolimus via CYP3A4/5 in patients carrying variant alleles of CYP2C19, thereby increasing the blood concentrations of tacrolimus. Furthermore, the magnitude of CYP2C19-mediated metabolism of omeprazole is greater than that of lansoprazole. We have recently reported the interaction between tacrolimus and lansoprazole in a living-donor liver transplant (LDLT) patient with the CYP2C19*2/*3 and CYP3A5*3/*3 genotypes both in the native intestine and in the graft liver (Hosohata et al., 2008). In liver transplantation, the genetic backgrounds of the native intestine (recipient) and the graft liver (donor) are different in many cases. Furthermore, several studies have assessed the expression or catalytic activity of intestinal CYP2C19 This work was supported in part by the 21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program "Knowledge Information Infrastructure for Genome Science"; a grant-in-aid from the Japan Health Sciences Foundation for "Research on Health Sciences Focusing on Drug Innovation"; and a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of


-A reliable method for dehazing image and video was proposed. The goal is to achieve good dehazed images and videos with proper security at the receiver side. The image was dehazed by dark channel prior. The system based on fast single image dehazing and here the codecs used is joint photographic expert group which is based on key observation model. Then the compressed image is extended to compressed video, by using codecs H.264, the video was dehazed by block matching algorithm which is used to reduce the temporal redundancy between frames in video compression. Then by considering the dehazing effects before or after compression, the coding artifacts and motion estimation were investigated. Before compression produce better dehazing performance with fewer artifacts and better coding efficiency than after compression. By using the two algorithms, the thickness of haze and haze free images and videos can be estimated directly. Then a watermark is added for digital right management and the watermarked image and videos is encrypted with a fast and reliable light weight algorithm. This image and video is transmitted to the receiver side. At the receiver side, the use with correct key can decrypt the image and the image will be watermarked with watermark symbol the watermarked image can be used to trace illegal distribution. Thus this system produces a dehazed image and video with high secure and fast transmission.


Due to its high computational efficiency the Kanade Lucas Tomasi feature tracker is still widely accepted and a utilized method to compute sparse motion fields or trajectories in video sequences. This method is made up of a Good Feature To Track feature detection and a pyramidal Lucas Kanade feature tracking algorithm. It is well known that the Good Feature To Track takes into account the Aperture Problem, but it does not consider the Generalized Aperture Problem. In this paper we want to provide an evaluation of a set of alternative feature detection methods. These methods are taken from feature matching techniques like FAST, SIFT and MSER. The evaluation is based on the Middlebury dataset and performed by using an improved pyramidal Lucas Kanade method, called RLOF feature tracker. To compare the results of the feature detector and RLOF pair, we propose a methodology based on accuracy, efficiency and covering measurements.


Operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in civil airspace is restricted by the aviation authorities which require full compliance with regulations that apply for manned aircraft. This thesis proposes control algorithms for a collision avoidance system that can be used as an advisory system or a guidance system for UAVs that are flying in civil airspace under visual flight rules. An effective collision avoidance system for the UAV should be able to perform the different functionalities of the pilot in manned aircraft. Thus, it should be able to determine, generate, and perform safe avoidance manoeuvres. However, the capability to generate resolution advisories is crucial for the advisory systems. A decision making system for collision avoidance is developed based on the rules of the air. The proposed architecture of the decision making system is engineered to be implementable in both manned aircraft and UAVs to perform different tasks ranging from collision detection to a safe avoidance manoeuvre initiation. Avoidance manoeuvres that are compliant with the rules of the air are proposed based on pilot suggestions for a subset of possible collision scenarios. The avoidance manoeuvre generation algorithm is augmented with pilot experience by using fuzzy logic technique to model pilot actions in generating the avoidance manoeuvres. Hence, the generated avoidance manoeuvres mimic the avoidance manoeuvres of manned aircraft. The proposed avoidance manoeuvres are parameterized using a geometric approach. An optimal collision avoidance algorithm is developed for real-time local trajectory planning. Essentially, a finite-horizon optimal control problem is periodically solved in real-time hence updating the aircraft trajectory to avoid obstacles and track a predefined trajectory. The optimal control problem is formulated in output space, and parameterised by using B-splines. Then the optimal designed outputs are mapped into control inputs of the system by using the inverse dynamics of a fixed wing aircraft.


Abstract There is continuing debate about partnerships in post-compulsory education. This review of progression accords and compact arrangements is based upon action research in the North West region. It is from a further education perspective. The paper briefly examines some of the ideological ideas that have framed compacts and progression accords, and proceeds to propose a typology. The paper seeks to locate the typology in the emerging paradigm focusing upon lifelong learning, widening participation and progression. Finally, this paper provides a personal summary of the nature and purpose of partnerships and concludes by suggesting their potential value for learners.


The present invention relates to Chinese medicine preparation, and is especially one kind of Chinese medicine hair restorer for treating alopecia. The Chinese medicine hair restorer is prepared with American ginseng, prepared fleeceflower root, privet fruit, angelica, wolfberry fruit and other 13 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials in certain weight proportion. It may be used in treating alopecia of different causes, and has high treating effect, high safety, less side effect, low cost and use convenience.


The London congestion charging scheme has been in place since the 17th of February 2003 and there is little doubt that, so far, the objectives set out prior to the introduction of the charge have been achieved. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect the congestion charge have had on the air quality in central London. This was done by studying daily data on a number of pollutants that can be connected to vehicle emissions, both before and after the introduction of the congestion charge. The pollutants studied include nitrogen oxides (nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide), carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons (benzene and 1,3 butadiene). The result of this study show that the levels of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons have fallen significantly while the levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) appear to have risen.


Any discipline needs a specialised terminology and newcomers to the discipline need ready access to an up-to-date glossary. The danger is that in the course of time the terminology expands to become a language and the glossary to become a dictionary, and that the newcomer then has difficulty affording the cost of the dictionary and the time needed to track down the meaning of a word. The BCS Schools Committee wisely established in 1977 a Working Party to maintain an up-to-date glossary, and it has now brought out its fifth edition. In the introduction there is some pleasure implied in the fact that with over 800 defined terms, it is now more than three times the size of the original edition. At 73 pages and a still reasonable price of £1-65 it is perhaps hitting some kind of threshold past which it becomes a dictionary. It does, however, still fit into a jacket pocket or handbag and as such should prove invaluable for those who are continually besieged by terminological queries. Although it is explained that it is not a textbook, the fact that it is organised in fifteen sections is a step in that direction. As a glossary it suffers as a consequence: the student has to find the unfamiliar term in the eight-page alphabetical index and then trace the definition within the two, sometimes three or four level numbering system. Whilst this is well signposted, one wonders whether or not a strict alphabetical system with cross-referencing might not have been more appropriate. For the teacher, the glossary is a valuable aid which, through reference to the syllabus of the Examination Board, provides the basis of an essential terminology. As such I would heartily recommend it and I look forward to the sixth revised but unexpanded edition.


Since 1950, the creation of open woodlands has increased in Canada's northeastern continuous boreal forest and recent studies have demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying their creation are similar to those found in the lichen woodland zone. Since no natural re-densification of open woodlands has been observed to date, afforestation is necessary to counteract an increase of these types of stands in the continuous boreal forest. The aim of this study was to test the operational feasibility and success of afforestation efforts in open woodlands, 10 years after planting. The experimental design included different containerized seedling stocks and site preparation approaches, such as patch and disk scarification, and covered most of the geographical range of accessible continuous boreal forest in Quebec. In open woodlands, regardless of black spruce stock size, disk scarification increased planted seedling survival and growth compared with patch scarification and direct planting, possibly due to a beneficial effect on seedling nutrition. However, even if seedling growth in open woodlands and feathermoss stands submitted to disk scarification was comparable, growth was higher in the latter stands. Nonetheless, we conclude that disk scarification followed by planting is an appropriate method to afforest boreal open woodlands.


This paper describes the results of a study whose goal is to analyze, evaluate and understand the use of semantics in social networks. As a paradigmatic example, the study concentrates on a fairly large portion of the tags used in del.icio.us (more than 5,000 tags). The results show that semantics are pervasively used. In particular, the large majority (in our experiment, 75%) of the tags are subject related and directly codify the semantics of the resource. Furthermore, the number of tags which are effectively used is only a small proportion of the overall tag set (in our experiment around 30% of the tags covers around 95% of the resources), and these tags tend to remain stable in time, despite the continuous growth of the number of tags and resources being indexed. Finally, it is possible to identify an implicit use of hierarchical relationships (i.e., lightweight ontologies) among the concepts denoted by the terms used.


A 49-year-old man presented to his family physician with pain in the third finger that occurred after he tried to grasp a falling heavy object. His finger was forcefully extended from a semi-flexed position. On clinical examination extension was normal. However, flexion was slightly limited and extremely painful at the end point of flexion.


Objective To measure von Willebrand factor(vWF)concentrations and von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease(vWF-cp)activity in plasma of lung cancer patients and to evaluate their clinical significance.Methods The vWF:antigen(vWF:Ag)and vWF-cp activity were measured by using ELISA and residual-collagen binding assay(R-CBA),respectively in 78 patients with lung cancer.The serum and pleural fluid(PLF)of carcino-embryonic antigen(CEA)were measured by radioimmunity assay in 23 patients.Results (1)The level of vWF:Ag in lung cancer patients(107.7±43.7)%was significantly higher than that in benign diseases(71.3±49.5)% and normal controls(82.4±41.3)%(P0.05),while the level of vWF-cp(59.2±21.5)%was significantly lower than that in those with benign diseases(79.4±13.3)% and normal controls(86.6±1.8)%(P0.05).There was significant difference in vWF:Ag and vWF-cp between metastasis and localized tumors.(2)In patients with malignant pleural effusion,both levels of vWF:Ag and vWF-cp were correlated with CEA in PLF.Conclusion The vWF concentration of lung cancer patients is increased,while their vWF-cp activity is decreased,which may have some influence on disease prognosis.


Cytochrome P450 2E1( CYP2E1 ) and myeloperoxidase( MPO ) are two important metabolizing enzymes involved in benzene activation. Some studies showed that genotypes of CYP2E1 and MPO were polymorphically distributed among populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP2E1,MPO and risks of chronic benzene poisoning (BP). A case control study was conducted,156 BP workers as a case group and 152 similarly benzene exposed workers who never suffer from BP as a control group. PCR,DNA sequencing and DHPLC (denaturing high performance liquid chromatography) were used to detect the SNPs of promoter and complete coding region of CYP2E1 and MPO genes. The proportion of male subjects with MPO c. 463 G/A genotype was higher than that of male subjects with MPO c. 463 G/G genotype (22 95% vs 7 14%, P 0 05) with OR of 3 87(95% CI :1 08~15 09, P 0 05). Of the subjects exposed to benzene who frequently smoke,a 3 30 fold increased risk of BP was observed among the individuals with CYP2E1 c. 1293 G/C or C/C genotypes compared with the individuals with the CYP2E1 c. 1293 G/G genotype (95% CI :0 88~12 71, P 0 05). [Conclusion] The result suggested the subjects who carry CYP2E1 c. 1293 G/C or C/C genotype and together with the habit of smoking could be more susceptible to benzene toxicity. The inconsistence of male BP subjects with high frequency of MPO c. 463 G/A genotype may be due to the interaction of the mutated gene and other genes as well as environmental factors,such as exposure and lifestyle etc.


As a consequence of increasing computational power and improved algorithms, Model Predictive Control (MPC) nowadays is becoming applicable to high-dynamic processes. If using nonlinear MPC strategies (NMPC), e.g. Sequential Quadratic Programming-solvers (SQP), it is reasonable, if not mandatory to reduce the prediction model in order to cope with real-time. In this work the Trajectory Piecewise-Linear approach (TPWL) as a Model Order Reduction (MOR) scheme is investigated in simulation on its applicability on controlling combustion instabilities in an open homogeneous reactor using a SQP strategy. The corresponding nonlinear model exhibits, like the experiment, temperature oscillations during combustion. The temperature oscillations are due to chemical kinetics and typical for homogeneous low-temperature combustion. Since chemical kinetics are highly nonlinear, NMPC is a promising approach to damp these oscillations and to control the system in different operating points.


Research on the transition from school to work is increasingly focusing on the horizontal stratification of educational systems, that is on how different educational tracks have an effect on students' occupational chances. In the case of tertiary education, this means analyzing how different fields of study (faculties) make a difference in this transition, and how this difference varies in time. This paper studies how recent economic and social changes affected the role of undergraduate field of study in Italy. Two contrasting hypotheses are considered. The first one comes from the economic literature on "skill-biased technological change" and suggests that contemporary societies should give a premium to scientific and technical degrees, because of increasing competition in technological innovation. The second one, based on sociological theories of the "information economy", suggests that contemporary societies should give a premium to academic degrees because of the increasing economic role of general, social and relational skills. Data come from four surveys of university graduates' occupational careers that the Italian National Statistical Institute (Istat) has conducted from 1995 to 2004. By means of multivariate analyses of the quality of the occupational transitions, the paper will state how the effect of different fields of study on the transition has changed, and which one of the two contrasting hypotheses is better suited to account for this change


The starting point of this essay is the fact of human suffering which resulted from the Covid-19 pandemic, where the faithful attempt to persevere in managing life both in the Church and the society. The paper attempts to find inspiration from The Epistle to the Hebrews that consoles the believers in the time of persecution. Its author uses the word Hypomonē (perseverance) to address the readers in Emperor Nero's time who were suffering for their belief in Christ. The Epistle uses an educational tradition to highlight perseverance known in both Hebrew and Greek societies. The text invites readers to persevere in this suffering like an athlete who must train in face of competition, and like a child who is educated in discipline and love by his father.


Three cases of flush wall injection of helium into supersonic freestreams are simulated using detached eddy simulation with a synthetic inflow boundary layer used to provide a time-varying boundary condition. The synthetic inflow boundary layer only resolves the largest structures of the boundary layer and provides statistically meaningful perturbations to the jet plume. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of each case are used for comparison. Two of the cases involve low-angled injection into a Mach 4.0 freestream, one being a single, circular cross section injector and the other being an array of four circular cross section injectors. The injection in the third case takes place through a circular cross section that is normal to the Mach 3.0 freestream. For the two Mach 4.0 cases, the DES with the synthetic boundary layer is found to reproduce the width of the jet plume well, but overpredict the jet plume height. Mean helium mass fraction contours are compared with experiment at two downstream data planes for the normal injection. At both data stations the DES overpredicts the mean height of the core of the jet plume (location of maximum helium concentration), but captures the overall plume height better than RANS. The DES and RANS are found to predict significantly dierent


Developing online test environments for e-learning on mobile devices will be useful for increasing drill practice opportunities. To provide a drill practice environment for calculus using an online mathematics test system, such as STACK, we developed a flickable mathematics input interface that can be easily used on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. The interface developed using JavaScript and MathDox is mainly for entering mathematical expressions. When the alphabet or number keys on the interface are touched, various candidates of operation appear around the touched key. Flicking in either the leftward, rightward, upward, or downward direction performs the required operation, depending on the selected key. The number of key taps required for entering mathematical expressions on a mobile device using the proposed mathematics input interface is compared with the number of key taps required in direct input; direct input involves using the built-in keyboard of a device. The number of key taps is considerably reduced when using the new mathematics input interface. Furthermore, our new mathematics input interface is compatible with traditional keyboards. The keyboard is automatically selected based on the types of devices being used.


recognition from speech has developed as a recent research area in Human-Computer Interaction. The objective of this paper is to use a 3-stage Support Vector Machine classifier to classify seven different emotions present in the Berlin Emotional Database. For the purpose of classification, MFCC features from all the 535 files present in the database are extracted. Nine statistical measurements are performed over these features from each frame of a sentence. The linear and RBF kernels are employed in hierarchical SVM with RBF sigma value equal to one. For training and testing of data, 10- fold cross-validation is used. Performance analysis is done by using the confusion matrix and the accuracy obtained is 68%.


With the development of the economic exchanges with ASEAN countries,China′s investment in ASEAN began to gradually warming.However,the home has not understood the investment law and the policy in ASEAN countries very well.The article provides discussion regarding investment provisions in ASEAN and other countries at international,regional,and national levels,and attempt to help people who are attempt to invest in ASEAN countries.


results of this study can also be reasonably applicable to specialists outside the US. A secondary aim of the study was to examine the consistency of physicians' practices with the current evidence-based guidelines [7] . The information obtained was signifi cantly more extensive because a list of the 16 more common subacute or chronic diffuse conditions was also added to the questionnaire. The participating pulmonologists were asked to indicate how frequently in their practice they were willing to rely on the HRCT diagnosis of these conditions to begin a treatment, assuming that the HRCT diagnosis, made by an experienced radiologist, was concordant with the clinical presentation. 23% of responders indicated that HRCT always or frequently obviated the tissue diagnosis; 53% that HRCT can sometimes do so, and 24% seldom or never. Most pulmonologists do not believe that HRCT is suffi ciently specifi c to avoid biopsy, with a notable exception of UIP/ IPF (2/3 of responders), coniosis and bronchiectasis. Thus, regarding UIP/IPF, the prevalent opinion was consistent with the more recent guidelines [7] stating that surgical biopsy is indicated only for patients without a typical HRCT and clinical presentation, mainly to differentiate between UIP and NSIP. As a matter of fact, it is well known that the accuracy of a confi dent diagnosis of UIP on HRCT is upwards to 90% for experienced observers [8] . State of the art CT also allows a precise score of honeycombing and consistent In this issue of Respiration, Diette et al. [1] present the results of an interesting analysis, examining whether US pulmonologists are prepared and willing to accept a highresolution computerized tomography (HRCT) diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonitis/idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis (UIP/IPF), instead of a lung biopsy. This idea makes sense because transbronchial lung biopsy presents obvious and important limitations in this fi eld, whereas surgical biopsy is not always feasible and is associated with not trivial morbidity and mortality rates [2] . Furthermore, diffuse lung diseases (DLDs) often present regional heterogeneities which represent problems for the reading pathologist, especially when multiple biopsies of different lobes cannot be performed. For example, according to different authors [3–5] , discordant fi ndings in multiple biopsies can be found in up to 26% of patients affected by idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs). In addition to the sampling error, histology also presents diffi culties related to inter-observer agreement. Nicholson et al. [6] reported that in 18% of the biopsy specimens the diagnosis was given by pathologists with low confi dence; the largest variation (over 50%) was found in the differential diagnosis between UIP/IPF and nonspecifi c interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Otherwise, providing clinical and radiological information to pathologists can lead to a substantial change in the pathological diagnosis in 20% of IIPs. For these reasons, a reliable noninvasive diagnosis of DLDs should be welcomed by all pulmonologists across the pond. We assume that the


A stochastic-spectral finite element method is presented and applied to elastodynamic problems in this research paper. The presented method is a new hybridized numerical method incorporating stochastic finite element and spectral finite element methods. Although spectral finite element is a well-established method for solving elastodynamic problems such as wave propagation, it cannot consider randomness in its standard form. On the other hand, analysis of stochastic engineering systems is undergoing a revolution considering the advances in computers. Therefore, this research proposes a spectral finite element method reformulated by stochastic finite element method to solve linearly stochastic elastodynamic problems. Diagonal mass matrix, accelerated pre-processing stage (Karhunen–Loève expansion) and reduction of mesh number maintaining suitable accuracy are the main advantageous of the proposed method which apart from new abilities, uses the features of the both methods in order to solve stochastically linear elastodynamic problems with suitable computational efficiency and accuracy. Two numerical examples are prepared to demonstrate advantages of the proposed stochastic spectral finite element method. INTRODUCTION Stochastic methods can be applied to many fields including structural mechanics, solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, fluid-structure interaction, soil-structure interaction and so forth. These methods are usually deals with uncertainty quantification and reliability assessment of systems due to randomness of material properties, geometry, loading, and so on. Stochastic finite element method (StFEM) is one of the favorite numerical methods for analysis of engineering systems with uncertain properties. StFEM is a developed version of deterministic FEM for considering the random fluctuation of structural properties, and loadings such as earthquake, wind, and wave loads. There are many studies focused on the StFEM, among which, a few of them are concisely discussed here. Stochastic finite element analysis of elastostatic problems with perturbation based approach was carried out by (Kamiński, 2008). A simulation program for probabilistic structural analysis was developed by (Shang and Yun, 2013). Spectral finite element method (SFEM) is a numerical method originally proposed for wave propagation problems to utilize its high accuracy and excellent convergence properties. The SFEM is fundamentally a combination of two different methods of spectral element method and the FEM. The SFEM was firstly presented by (Patera, 1984) in computational fluid dynamics and was then applied to various types of wave propagation problems. Solution of elastostatic and elastodynamic problems using Chebyshev


Introduction: Enalapril, which inhibits Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE), is a commonly used drug for the treatment of hypertension. Metoprolol, a β-blocker, is widely prescribed for patients with cardiac diseases. Essential hypertension has been identified as an independent risk factor of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Until now, there are few studies and reports on the application of the two drugs in patients with Hypertension and Coronary Heart Disease (HCHD). Aim: To assess the safety and efficacy of enalapril combined with metoprolol in patients with HCHD. Materials and Methods: The present single-centre randomised clinical trial was conducted on 109 patients with HCHD at Jingdezhen Municipal First People's Hospital from April 2018 to January 2020. The participants were randomly divided into into two groups, one group on enalapril (n=58), and the other on enalapril and metoprolol combination (n=51). Patients in both groups were treated for eight weeks. The blood pressure, cardiac function index, serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Homocysteine (Hcy), and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were compared between the two groups, and the adverse drug reactions of the two groups were statistically analysed using independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean age of enalapril group was 64.78±7.29 years, and the gender ratio was 1:1.42. The mean age of enalapril/ metoprolol combination group was 63.90±6.91 years, and the gender ratio was 1:0.96. After treatment, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the enalapril/metoprolol combination group were significantly lower than that of enalapril group (p<0.05). Enalapril combined with metoprolol significantly improved cardiac function and significantly decreased the levels of serum inflammatory markers (CRP 18.57±3.61 vs 27.50±3.60, p<0.001; Hcy 12.14±2.07 vs 13.83±2.17 mmol L-1, p<0.001; MMP-9 372.35±12.34 vs 436.69±13.89 pg L-1, p<0.001; Transforming Growth Factor ALPHA (TGF-a) 8.18±1.38 vs 10.40±1.44 mmol L-1, p<0.001). The overall rate of adverse reactions was not significantly different between the groups (enalapril/metoprolol combination group vs enalapril group, 15.69% vs 10.34%, p=0.406). Conclusion: The combined treatment of enalapril and metoprolol was more effective than enalapril alone in reducing the inflammatory response, reducing blood pressure, and improving cardiac function in patients with HCHD. This combinational therapeutic strategy may be a better choice for patients with HCHD.


With the total cancellation of agricultural tax since 2006,Chinese countryside stepped into post-tax era.The relief of farm-ers' burden but the increase of financial burden of local government influenced the normal operation of public management of Chinese basic political organization.To solve the shortage of public management due to financial trouble of basic political organization based on post-tax era,the government should develop rural NGO greatly,make up its phased defects of public management function,and promote the construction of socialist new countryside with stable rural social and political situation.


Introduction: Monobutyrin (MB) has been shown to be a potent angiogenic factor for adipose tissue. It is one of the many compounds secreted from adipocytes adding to the knowledge that adipose tissue is not merely a storage unit but has an endocrine function. Adipocytes and osteoblasts share a common precursor. In osteoporosis the proportion of fat in bone increases. As both are present at a fracture site the addition of MB may enhance fracture healing by stimulating angiogenesis. Method: 138 Sprague Dawley rodents were ovarect-omised at 12 weeks of age. After a further 24 weeks each animal underwent a right closed femoral fracture stabilized with a retrograde k-wire using a standard model (Walsh et al. 1997). Animals were randomised into control (empty or substrate only) or MB of varying concentrations (2.5μg, 7.5μg, 25μg, 75μg). A percutaneous injection of 0.2mls of each of the above was then injected into the fracture site. Animals were culled at 1, 3 and 6 week time points post surgery. The right and left femurs were dissected out and analyzed using radiographic, mechanical testing, micro computed tomography and histology endpoints. Statistical analysis was perfomed with SPSS for windows. Results: All animals recovered well from the procedure and no adverse reactions were noted following the addition of MB. A progression to union was seen with time in all groups. Mechanical testing did not result in a statistical difference between groups, however the trend showed improved healing in the 7.5μg Monobutyrin group. Radiographic grading again showed no statistical difference however, interestingly micro CT data showed an increasing trend in both trabecular number and bone surface area to volume with increasing concentrations of MB. The histology results implied a potential acceleration in the early stage of fracture healing in the high dose (75 μg) MB group. However progression to union following this initial early phase acceleration was delayed as callus volume increased rather than union according to micro CT and histological data. Discussion: The ability to augment fracture healing has significant clinical implications considering the "greying of society". This study investigated the possibility of improving fracture healing by incorporating the angiogenic factor, Monobutyrin in an estrogen deficient animal model. Although the results do not conclusively demonstrate an improvement in fracture healing, they do imply that MB does affect the early phase of fracture healing in the estrogen deficient model. This study is limited in that the effects of MB on fracture healing in a non-estrogen deficient model was not considered. The ideal release kinetics for Monobutyrin as well as other factors remains unknown.


Recent work has advanced our understanding of human crania found in London's upper Walbrook valley, where skull deposition appears to have peaked during the occupation of the Cripplegate fort, itself probably built soon after London's Hadrianic fire. Although this fire is usually considered to have been accidental, parallels can be drawn with London's Boudican destruction. This article explores the possibility that these three strands of Hadrianic evidence — fire, fort and skulls — find common explanation in events associated with a British war of this period. This might support the identification of some Walbrook skulls as trophy heads, disposed as noxii in wet places in the urban pomerium.


The application of nail connection for part of the structural construction in Indonesia is still become the main choice. Connection type that must be counted on seriously for structural construction, are tension, shear and momen connection. Nangka wood is a type of woods that available in sawing or community woods work around Bogor. Rasamala is endemic and unique woods from West Java. Nails as connection are cheap, available and workable. This research objective is to investigate the effect of diameter and amount of nails to double shear connection strength on two type of woods. The results showed that the increase of diameter and amount of nail will rise the capacity of total allowable load per shear plane (RT) or double shear connection strength of nangka woods and rasamala-steel plate, but this phenomena is different for allowable load capacity per nail per shear plane (R) for both of that type. Design value for nangka wood based on diameter size 4,1; 5,2 and 5,5 mm are 261; 358 and 365 kg respectively, and for rasamala wood the design value is sligthly low, which is 227; 311 and 321 kg respectively. The minimum value becomes fundamental for determining design value of total allowable load per shear plane connection (RT) based on amount of nail (4-10), which is determined by multiply the value of certain type woods with amount of nails used.

Key words: double shear, displacement, allowable load per nail per shear plane (R), total allowable load per shear plane (RT)


The goal of this presentation is to describe the system of spatial reference in Kadorih by illustrating the lexical items and the morphosyntax of the following elements: directionals, intrinsic parts of objects, relative locations/directions, and demonstratives. Kadorih is a dialect of Ot Danum, an Austronesian language which is spoken in the upper reaches of Kahayan River in Central Kalimantan and belongs to the Barito languages. Spatial reference systems in Barito languages have been hardly described to date. This presentation attempts to look into the spatial reference system of one of these languages. In Kadorih, there are two distinct types of directional systems: one is based on the main river, the other is based on the movement of the sun. The river flows along the intrinsic axis of upriver-downriver. This line is used to indicate locational/directional concepts in reference to upriver and downriver position, and it makes further spatial reference in combination with knowledge about the location of a village, 'up away from (the river)' and 'down towards (the river)'. Any description of a position or movement within a confined geographical area along a river involves the river as a reference point. On the other hand, the system involving the movement of the sun makes use of the intrinsic axis of sunrise-sunset. It is mainly used when working the field or finding one's way in the jungle. The language name ot danum 'head waters' illustrates the intrinsic part of an object, that is, ot 'source (of a stream)' is part of a river. In order to express the intrinsic parts of objects, body-part terms like 'mouth' or 'back (anat.)' and relational nouns like 'inside' or 'end/tip' are commonly used. In contrast, in order to express the relative locations/directions, relational nouns, prepositions, verbs, and adjectives can be used. Among these, two notionally different pairs of terms for 'up' and 'down' are described in detail in reference to relative locations/ directions. The dialect name kadorih 'like that' is a kind of manner demonstrative with anaphoric function. This presentation mainly discusses the forms and morphosyntax of exophoric demonstratives. Proximal ih'this' and distal a'that' refer to objects within the immediate sight/reach. In contrast, locational demonstratives ('here' or 'there') must be used when referring to objects or locations out of sight/reach.


Our Own Capabilities is a study (Marsh and Macalpine, 1995) we completed for the King's Fund in 1995, based on eight Nursing Development Units (NDUs) and how they managed the process of creating service improvements. We are organizational consultants who come from outside the health service and have worked with people in organizations on management dilemmas, often encompassing issues of gender and diversity, in different sectors in the UK and internationally. However, the culture and practices of the National Health Service (NHS) were new to us. Since then, we have reflected a great deal on our findings. We were interested in thinking further about the implications of what we had seen, for two reasons:


Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) analysis of micro-filter elements for collection of airborne particles is considered in this paper. Three filter elements with different dimensions were simulated. Boundary conditions were chosen to simulate an array of filters. Our results indicate that, as the filter gets smaller, the slip flow will be critical in determining flow characteristics. The change in the flow rate and the characteristics of the flow in different dimensions are investigated.


Abstract. Andosols are among the most carbon-rich soils, with an average of
254 Mg ha −1 organic carbon (OC) in the upper 100 cm. A current
theory proposes an upper limit for OC stocks independent of increasing carbon
input, because of finite binding capacities of the soil mineral phase. We
tested the possible limits in OC stocks for Andosols with already large OC
concentrations and stocks (212 g kg −1 in the first horizon,
301 Mg ha −1 in the upper 100 cm). The soils received large inputs
of 1800 Mg OC ha −1 as sawdust within a time period of 20 years.
Adjacent soils without sawdust application served as controls. We determined
total OC stocks as well as the storage forms of organic matter (OM) of five
horizons down to 100 cm depth. Storage forms considered were pyrogenic
carbon, OM of −3 density and with little to no
interaction with the mineral phase, and strongly mineral-bonded OM forming
particles of densities between 1.6 and 2.0 g cm −3 or
> 2.0 g cm −3 . The two fractions
> 1.6 g cm −3 were also analysed for aluminium-organic matter
complexes (Al–OM complexes) and imogolite-type phases using ammonium-oxalate–oxalic-acid extraction and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Pyrogenic organic carbon represented only up to 5 wt % of OC, and thus
contributed little to soil OM. In the two topsoil horizons, the fraction
between 1.6 and 2.0 g cm −3 had 65–86 wt % of
bulk soil OC and was dominated by Al–OM complexes.
In deeper horizons, the
fraction > 2.0 g cm −3 contained 80–97 wt % of the
bulk soil's total OC and was characterized by a mixture of Al–OM complexes
and imogolite-type phases, with proportions of imogolite-type phases
increasing with depth. In response to the sawdust application, only the OC
stock at 25–50 cm depth increased significantly ( α=0.05 , 1 - β = 0.8 ). The increase was entirely due to increased OC in the two fractions
> 1.6 g cm −3 . However, there was no significant increase
in the total OC stocks within the upper 100 cm. The results suggest that long-term large OC inputs cannot be taken up by the
obviously OC-saturated topsoil but induce downward migration and gradually
increasing storage of OC in subsurface soil layers. The small additional OC
accumulation despite the extremely large OC input over 20 years, however,
shows that long time periods of high input are needed to promote the downward
movement and deep soil storage of OC.


An educational software developed for the introduction to radio-wave propagation is presented. Based on the HyperCard authoring system, the software is designed around the modelization of a classical radio or microwave link. Used in a continuing education program, organized for technicians and engineers involved more in the practical than in the theoretical aspects of propagation, this software greatly helps for the teaching of very short courses.


The definition of what is the matter is fundamental not only for those supporting a materialist point of view of reality including our mental experiences, but also for those who support an alternative view. Starting from a brief historical overview of the ideas of what is the matter up to the more recent scientific theoretical and empirical contributions to this definition, we will show that the foundations of Materialism and Realism are falsified and must be replaced by an alternative interpretation of reality and, consequently, of who we really are.Western Idealism and Eastern Adavaita-Vedanta fits well with the modern evidence of what is the matter ad suggest Consciousness as the basic stuff of all that exists


We discuss new analysis for neutrinos from neutrino telescopes and the new physics that could be extracted from them. We show that high statistics atmospheric neutrino measurements in the IceCube Deep Core Array can provide useful information about neutrino oscillation parameters and other neutrino properties.


Noise reduction using multiple microphones remains a challenging and crucial research problem. This paper presents a new multichannel noise-reduction algorithm based on spatio-temporal prediction. Unlike many multichannel techniques that attempt to achieve both speech dereverberation and noise reduction at the same time, this new approach puts aside speech dereverberation and formulates the problem as one of estimating the speech component received at one microphone using the observations from all the available microphones. In comparison with the existing techniques such as beamforming, this new multichannel approach has many appealing properties: it does not require the knowledge of the source location or the channel impulse responses; the multiple microphones do not have to be arranged into a specific array geometry; it works the same for both the far-field and near-field cases; and most importantly, it can produce very good noise reduction with minimum speech distortion in real acoustic environments.


Background/Context The current biographic understanding of John Dewey's experience adopting and raising an Italian boy named Sabino emphasizes the theme of finding an emotional replacement for Morris and Gordon, two young sons who had tragically died on family trips to Europe. Lacking is substantive attention to the fact that John Dewey's son had a physical disability who grew up during the early surge of eugenics thought in American popular life. The leading biographer Jay Martin has portrayed John and Alice Dewey as rescuing Sabino from poverty, an experience that gave John Dewey "a special empathy for the second-best, the second-class citizen, the loser in society. " What is missing from all biographic research on the Deweys is their experience of raising a boy with a physical disability during a historical time when disabilities were highly stigmatized. Purpose/Objective/Research The purpose of this historical study is to supplement the current understanding of John Dewey fathering an adopted son with an account that attends to the fact that young Sabino had a physical disability. Working in the disability studies tradition, this analysis explores both how the Deweys contended with Sabino's bone tuberculosis as an illness requiring medical treatment and how they navigated the complex political context of deeply discriminatory attitudes surrounding disabled persons. The conclusion initiates a discussion of the larger questions concerning how the experiences of fathering a boy impacted directly by disability oppression might have influenced John Dewey's political activity and scholarship. Research Design This historical analysis utilizes prior biographic research, published and unpublished works by John Dewey, and primary historical documents such as family letters and medical and popular publications of the era. Conclusions/Recommendations This analysis finds that John and Alice Dewey were very loving and attentive parents who endured many struggles due to their child's disability. They worried about their son's health, and they capably navigated the available medical options. They were troubled by their son's suffering and pain, and they worked together with great consistency to comfort and support him. Further, they directly confronted disability prejudice, including educational segregation, and worked assiduously against the powerful cultural assumption that their disabled son should lead a life of anything less than full participation in the community. The article concludes with a preliminary examination of how these experiences influenced John Dewey's political writings and activities.


The article gives an account of the results of the first census of community radios (CR) in Chile. The official data on these stations and those collected by community radio organizations are not complete or reliable, so it is necessary to know how many radios they are, where they are located territorially and what their characteristics are. The census detects 361 community radios distributed in the country. It accounts for characteristic elements and reaffirms the differences in the development of CR in Chile, in relation to other Latin American countries such as Argentina, Ecuador or Colombia, where radios occupy frequencies of the radio spectrum before the government allows it, negotiating its legalization later. It is determined that in Chile the majority of CRs initiate their transmissions and operate in accordance with the law. They are mostly small radios, since Chilean law allows them a maximum of 25 watts; Its members are mainly volunteers, with low audience participation in their management and with a weak association between them and with existing radio organizations. The article provides data that allows the development of territorial profiles of broadcasters and provides information on their technical, operational and financial characteristics, and helps to know how CRs actually work in Chile.


My paper discusses the empty cross of the Church of the Light (1988) by Tadao Ando in the context of the religious dialogue between Buddhism and Christianity. In interpreting the cultural significance of the cross, what is of utmost importance is its interpretations presented by leading scholars of Zen Buddhism. For instance, Shinichi Hisamatsu (1889-1980), a member of the Kyoto Philosophical School, claimed that, unlike Jesus who suffered on the cross, the image of the Buddha even after mortification was not bloody, but lofty. Hisamatsu illustrated his point with Liang K'ai's Sakyamuni Descending the Mountain. Hisamatsu saw the lean body of the Buddha after enlightenment as well-seasoned and drained of any sensuousness. This desiccated body of Buddha as indicating spiritual maturity marked a great contrast with the body of Jesus that was torn on the cross. A further intriguing interpretation of the cross came with Daisetsu T. Suzuki (1870-1966), the most influential scholar in modern Zen Buddhism. Suzuki asserted that the cross was "the symbol of cruelty or of inhumanity." The crucifixion, or the death in the suspended upright posture, was too much for him to bear, as it evoked a body of excruciating suffering and of bloody persecution. According to Suzuki, Buddhist idea of death was different. Even if there is death involved, claimed Suzuki, "the Buddhist idea of death is rest and peace, not agony." In this regard, the Buddha's horizontal posture in his deathbed is "a great contrast to Christ on the cross."