Social cash transfer is a vital tool for poverty reduction, it cushions the adverse shocks associated with lacking basic needs. Social cash transfer is implemented in many countries around the world and Zambia is not an exception. In Zambia the government assists the needy by providing unconditional social cash transfer schemes through the ministry of community development and social services. The ministry has a department of social welfare which is mandated to implement the scheme. The scheme is aimed at helping the vulnerable individuals and households in society and these include; the aged, People living with disabilities and other vulnerable individuals identified by the department of social welfare. The main objective of the research was to assess the effects of social cash transfer on the livelihood of people living with disabilities in Lusaka district. The research had four specific objectives and these were: (1) To assess if the programme reduce food insecurity and increase diet diversity, (2) To examine whether the scheme is conditional or unconditional, (3) To find out how the funds are used by the recipients, and (4) To find out how much is given and the mode. Additionally, the research had five research questions that help in the collection of much needed information of respondents and these were: (1) Does the Social Cash Transfer Programme improve consumption, reduce food insecurity and increase diet diversity? (2) Does the Social Cash Transfer Programme affect economic productivity and wealth accumulation of recipient? (3) Does the Social Cash Transfer Programme affect health and nutrition of the recipients? (4) Is the Social Cash Transfer Programme affective? (5) What is the nature of scheme, conditional or unconditional? The research design used in this research was descriptive, and the sampling procedure applied was purposive, this was so due to the nature of the research and the target group. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20, excel was also used to generate pie charts. The research revealed that social cash transfer is a useful tool used to uplift the living standard of the vulnerable people in society. It improves nutrition and health of the children, it improves and increases consumption, reduces food insecurity and promotes diet diversification. Finally, the research recommends that there is need for more partners to come on board and supplement government's efforts in its quest to alleviate poverty among the marginalized group in society. Keywords-Disability; social;cash, tranfer, Zambia The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research ISSN: 3471-7102, ISBN: 978-9982-70-318-5 Paper-ID: CFP/1143/2019 www.ijmdr.net I. 1.1 BACKGROUND According to ODI (2007) there is growing interest in the potential of cash transfers to promote and protect livelihoods in the contexts of both international development and humanitarian assistance. In several countries, governments, with donor support, are seeking to deal more effectively with chronic food insecurity by moving from regular deliveries of emergency food aid to cash-based social protection. The institution indicates that Ethiopia, Afghanistan and Kenya are current and contrasting examples. These ongoing experiences raise urgent research questions about the feasibility, appropriateness, effectiveness and impact of cash-based assistance. There is a pressing need for actionfocused research to inform and feed into ongoing implementation. Conditional cash transfers in Latin America have been carefully documented, and the attention they have commanded demonstrates the importance of investing in processes of evidence-based learning from ongoing programmes. Starnfold (2015) states that what started as an 'experiment' on the desirability and feasibility of a social cash transfer programme in Zambia has now changed into the national flagship social protection programme. Starnfold further explains how this happens and he says, in 2003 the Ministry of Community Development and Social Services decided to start implementing the Social Cash Transfer Programme in Kalomo district in Southern Province of Zambia, targeting about 159 labour constrained and poor households. At this time, the population of the southern province had been experiencing high levels of hunger as a result of a drought and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDs. The main objective of the programme was to reduce hunger and the intergenerational transmission of poverty in various households. Many stakeholders were apprehensive because this was a new concept; thus, the programme roll out and expansion were conducted carefully. In 2005 the scheme was expanded to Kazungula district in southern province and later in 2007, the programme was extended to Monze and about 1000 households at this stage were reached. According to The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2013) the implementation of social cash transfer programme started in 2003 with the introduction in the Kalomo District of the 10 percent targeted transfer on a pilot basis. This was expanded into three additional pilot districts (Kazungula, Monze, and Chipata) between 2005 and 2007. The way in which these schemes have been implemented has varied, thus generating useful information on the feasibility, costs and benefits, and impact of different modes of implementation. The schemes are administered by the ministry of community development and social services through the District Social Welfare offices, District Welfare Assistance The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research ISSN: 3471-7102, ISBN: 978-9982-70-318-5 Paper-ID: CFP/1143/2019 www.ijmdr.net Committees, Community Welfare Assistance Committees (CWACs), and Pay Point Managers to select beneficiaries, pay benefits, and manage household changes. The PWAS is severely understaffed, hence the reliance on community committees to implement the schemes. All of these committees at the community, ward, and district levels consist of volunteers. The ministry of community development and social services was assisted in Kalomo and Monze districts by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation until 2007 and in the other districts by CARE until the end of 2008. Form that time, the ministry has taken on full responsibility for the scheme, although it still receives support from cooperating partners mainly DFID and UNICEF through a joint financing arrangement to strengthen the monitoring, evaluation, and capacity building. Pedro and Laura (2018) explain that moving away from the southern part of Zambia, the programme arrived in eastern province, Katete district in particular through the implementation of a pension model. The pension model is a universal model that targets older persons who are 60 years old and above regardless of their socioeconomic status. Despite the scheme being still under implementation by 2013 in 19 districts and reaching about 61,000 households, calls from many stakeholders, especially Members of Parliament, to expand to other districts were getting louder by the day. Thus, in 2013 the new government of the patriotic front which was elected on a pro-poor agenda, increased funding by an unprecedented 700 per cent (from USD2.7 million to USD23.8 million), to undertake a massive scale-up (Ibid, 2015). The scale-up aimed at increasing geographical coverage, the number of beneficiaries and to implement a harmonized scheme targeting the incapacitated households. Previously, the scheme was implementing four different targeting models, namely: labour-constrained, universal old-age pension, child grant and multi categorical models. The targeting categories of each model as indicated by (OPM et al., 2015) indicated that the incapacitated (labourconstrained) model had a higher correlation with poverty. Therefore, the targeting was streamlined to focus only on the incapacitated household model. In addition, an ambitious plan was set out to cover an additional 31 districts and a target of 145,000 households in a period of six months. Nevertheless, the major challenges faced during the scale-up process included poor terrain and poor road conditions after heavy rains, which made it difficult for the teams to reach certain towns. Furthermore, the limited mobile phone network coverage made communication even more challenging in terms of arranging meetings at short notice in the communities. The institutional landscape in terms of vision, strategic plan and policy allowed for the scaleup. After six months, the scale-up increased The International Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Research ISSN: 3471-7102, ISBN: 978-9982-70-318-5 Paper-ID: CFP/1143/2019 www.ijmdr.net from 19 to 50 districts, while the number of beneficiaries increased from 61,000 to 145,000 households. Moving forward in 2015, the Ministry hoped to consolidate its gains and would focus its attention on the use of mobile data capture technology, the design of the scheme and linkages to other sectors, such as health and education. According to Chileshe (2018) in 2018, the number of Social Cash Transfer beneficiaries will be further increased to 700,000 from the previous 500,000 in 2017. This indicates an increase in budgetary allocation by government towards the social cash transfer programme from 552 million in 2017 to K721 million in 2018. Besides this, there was a country wide roll out of the programme to beneficiaries in different districts in every province. In terms of a long-term financial sustainability of the programme one of the most effective and key sustainability measures which would ensure continuous support for the programme is; effectively and efficiently resource mobilization by government. Additionally, the nature of the selection criteria (incapacitated households) of Zambia's social cash transfer (SCT) scheme naturally doesn't allow for a form of graduation except other members of the household with the ability to improve the general livelihood is taken into consideration


Abstract Dissimilar lap joints of aluminium and stainless steel were first friction stir welded by the tool with a cutting pin. The results showed that sound joints could be obtained by this method. When the pin was inserted into the lower steel sheet, macrointerlocks were formed by the steel flashes plugging into the upper aluminium at both sides of the nugget bottom. At the aluminium/steel interface, a thin intermetallic compound (IMC) layer and the mechanical bonding of microinterlocks were formed. In addition, the aluminium near the interface was also strengthened by grain refinement and IMC particles. Therefore, the beneficial effect of the macrointerlocks provided by the steel flashes was removed, the shear strength of the joint reached 89·7 MPa, which was even higher than that of the base metal of aluminium.


The investment of German Pension Funds (Pensionskassen) in AIF is difficult by the fact, that the supervisory and tax legislation concerning them contradict each other. Their permissible investments under the supervisory law are restricted by the current reading of their tax exemption. The Pension Fund loses its tax exemption if the investments of the Pension Fund are generating commercial income for German tax purposes. This puts Pension Funds at a disadvantage when it comes to investments. At the same time, this reading does not find support in the interpretation of the corresponding tax legislation.


N spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optical technique that noninvasively provides continuous assessment of tissue oxygenation. This technology has emerged as an effective surrogate for systemic venous oxygen saturations. This article focuses on the role of NIRS in pediatric critically ill patients. A review of the components of oxygen transport balance and the physiologic responses to low cardiac output are described. Timely recognition and appropriate treatment of inadequate oxygen delivery are imperative to prevent end-organ hypoxia and ischemia. The criterion standard for monitoring patients at risk or experiencing inadequate oxygen delivery has been venous oximetry. Unfortunately, this type of monitoring requires centrally placed catheters either in the pulmonary artery or in the superior vena cava. Complications associated with venous oximetry are well described. As we strive to adopt new practices and evaluate new technologies, NIRS has emerged as an alternative to invasive venous oximetry.


Striker Tommy Wright (28) has become Harrogate Town's forth summer signing after joining us from Blue Square Bet Premier side Tamworth. The highly ...


Electromobility is a set of activities related to the use of electric vehicles, as well as technical and operational EV solutions, technologies and charging infrastructure, as well as social, economic and legal issues pertaining to the designing, manufacturing, purchasing and using electric vehicles. The article presents results of the survey on e-mobility infrastructure in the GórnośląskoZagłębiowska Metropolis, Poland, and potential for development.


This study explores an internal enterprise big data business broadly categorized as enterprise data economy. It investigates some basic concepts and components of this enterprise big data endeavor, and proposes a Hadoop-based business model and strategy for this new economy.


Objective To investigate the reasons of misdiagnosis and missing diagnosis in blunt abdominal trauma (BAT), and to put forward effective preventive measures. Methods Literature on BAT diagnosis in recent years was reviewed. Results Misdiagnosis and missing diagnosis, which can take place in every segment of BAT patients, were still quite common nowadays. Conclusion Detailed case history collecting, faithful medical examination and making good use of assistant examinations can efficiently decrease the misdiagnosis and missing diagnosis rates of BAT patients.


S evere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) originated in the Guangdong province in southern China and spread by way of Hong Kong to the rest of the world in the spring of 2003. According to the most widely accepted theory at the time of this writing (July 2003), the likely culprit is a novel coronavirus that ''jumped'' from animals to humans. Thousands around the world have been infected and hundreds have died. Numerous papers have been published since the outbreak of the epidemic that address technical aspects of SARS. In this editorial, however, I would like to provide a chronology of the transmission by the index cases in the early stage of the epidemic in Guangdong and Hong Kong, describe briefly the two major occupations at risk of infection, and pay tribute to the courageous healthcare workers who treated SARS patients. Guangzhou (the capital of Guangdong province) and the surrounding area (the Pearl River Delta) are densely populated. The corridor between Guangzhou and Hong Kong (some 120 km to the south) are lined with industrial and commercial developments as well as small towns and residential communities. The region is known among tourists and locals alike for the variety and number of restaurants that it has to offer, including many that serve exotic cuisine of wild game (such as rabbits, pheasants, deer, badgers, civets, snakes, turtledoves, and raccoon dogs). Researchers at the World Health Organisation (WHO) and in Hong Kong have subsequently reported the finding of a coronavirus very similar to the one believed to cause SARS in humans in saliva and faecal material from civet cats, long considered a culinary delicacy in the region. In animal farms, live animal markets, and restaurants in Guangdong, animals and humans live, work, and eat in close proximity. Animals are kept in wire cages, sold, and slaughtered in plain view. It is not uncommon that counters of raw meat and slaughtered animals are only a few metres away from where workers eat. The living conditions, crowded and unhygienic, are ripe for the spread of infection. In November 2002, several cases of ''atypical'' pneumonia (later renamed as SARS) surfaced in Guangdong. All three earliest documented cases were chefs who specialised in game animals. Of particular interest was a 33 year old chef in Shenzhen, a bustling city on the border of Hong Kong and Guangdong. The 33 year old chef became ill in late November 2002 and returned to his hometown of Heyuan near Guangzhou. He was treated at the Heyuan Municipal People's Hospital in early December 2002, where he infected eight healthcare workers, including the ambulance driver. His condition continued to deteriorate and it was soon realised that he was suffering from a new disease. He was later transferred to a hospital in Guangzhou. The 33 year old chef was admitted to the Zhongshan Memorial Hospital in Guangzhou in January 2003, where he infected another 13 healthcare workers. Professor Liu Jianlun, a 64 year old lung specialist at the hospital and one of those who treated the man, was among the infected. Professor Liu became ill in mid-February. On 21 February 2003, Professor Liu went to Hong Kong to attend a wedding; by then he had all the SARS related symptoms, including a fever. In Hong Kong he stayed on the ninth floor at the Metropole Hotel. (Incidentally, he stayed in Room 911! There is now suggestion to turn this ''ground zero'' into a museum.) Professor Liu died on 4 March, but not before he infected other hotel guests on the ninth floor, including three Singaporeans, two Canadians, an American en route to Hanoi, and a 26 year old local man who visited a friend at the hotel. With the outbreak at the Metropole Hotel, SARS, no longer confined to Mainland China, had become a global epidemic in a matter of days. The Singaporeans returned to Singapore and set off the epidemic there. One of the Canadians infected was a 78 year old diabetic woman who returned to Toronto on 25 February and died on 5 March 2003 at home before being admitted to a hospital. Her 43 year old son was infected, treated at the Grace Hospital in Scarborough, a suburb north of Toronto, and died on 15 March 2003. Toronto soon became the worst infected area outside of Asia. The infected American went to Hanoi, became ill, and was treated at a hospital there but later returned to a hospital in Hong Kong and died. A large number of healthcare workers at the Hanoi hospital where the American was treated were infected, including a WHO epidemiologist from Italy, Dr Carlo Urbani, who immediately alerted the medical network of the outbreak of the new disease. Dr Urbani died on 29 March 2003. Less than four years ago, he accepted the 1999 Noble Prize for Peace on behalf of Doctors Without Borders (Medicine Sans Frontier, MSF). Dr Urbani was 46 years old, survived by his wife and three children. Back in Hong Kong, the 26 year old local man who was infected at the Metropole Hotel became ill in late February and sought treatment as an outpatient at the Prince of Wales Hospital, the primary teaching hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. His condition, however, did not improve and he was admitted as an inpatient on 4 March 2003. He stayed in Ward 8A, which instantly became an epicentre where other patients, orderlies, nurses, physicians, and medical students were infected. One of the patients infected was a 33 year old man who lived in Shenzhen but went to the Prince of Wales Hospital for kidney dialysis. While he was in Hong Kong, on several occasions in mid-March he visited his younger brother who lived at Block E at the Amoy Gardens, a 33 storey residential building. He had diarrhoea at the time and used the toilet during his visits, thus contaminating the sewage lines. It has been reported that the coronavirus can survive several hours in open air, up to a day in normal faeces, but up to several days in diarrhoea, because of the difference in acidity (survival inversely proportional to acidity). Each building at the Amoy Gardens has eight vertical sewage pipes for waste from toilets, bathtubs, sinks, and floor drains. Each drain has a U-shaped trap that prevents odour from coming back into the residential unit. Unfortunately, as most residents cleaned their bathroom floors by mopping instead of flushing with water, the water in the U-shaped traps in many units had since long evaporated, allowing droplets containing the virus from the contaminated sewage pipe into the units, especially when bathroom exhaust fans were turned on. More than 300 residents at ELECTRONIC EDITORIAL 1


Recently the synthesis of a new high intrinsic coercive force, iHc=38.5 kOe at 293 K, Sm‐Fe‐Ti phase in film form was reported. Films with Al additions have now been made, and the preparation conditions are better defined. The addition of 2.3–4.5 at. % Al helped to sharpen the x‐ray patterns of the high iHc samples. The iHc values for Al concentrations less than 4 at. % did not fall below 30 kOe for proper preparation conditions. The nominal composition for the high iHc phase samples spanned from 17 to 22 at. % Sm, and Ti/Fe ratios from 0.09 to 0.14 when related to Sm‐Ti‐Fe. The high iHc samples are reported to be composed of two Ti‐substituted phases. The high iHc phase is found to be a SmCo5‐related hexagonal structure with a nominal formula of Sm7(Fe,Ti)30. The Ti addition allows Ti to form dumbbell pairs in replacing Sm atoms. The semihard phase component is reported as a cubic Sm(Fe,Ti)2 phase. The iHc values were most sensitive to the Ti/(Ti+Fe) atomic ratio and rose at the rate of +6 kOe/%[Ti/(Ti+F...


HIGHLIGHTS • One out of every five Nebraskan adults and more than 1 in 10 high school students currently smoke tobacco. • At 64 cents per pack, Nebraska's cigarette tax is lower than the national average by nearly one dollar. • A one dollar increase in the cigarette tax would avert 3,842 smoking-related premature deaths. • The tax increase is predicted to result in $27.5 million in medical cost savings. • The state economic impact from reduced absenteeism and improved work productivity from workers who quit smoking after the tax increase is estimated to be $6.8 million annually. • A one dollar increase in the cigarette tax is predicted to increase annual state revenues by $80.5 million and decrease annual state expenditures on the Medicaid program by $2.8 million.


(1) Approximately 15 000 ha of mixed coniferous forest in the northern Sierra Nevada of California were burned during the Donner Ridge Fire in 1960. (2) Two areas were compared in the burnt forest that had received different management: one area was planted with Pinusjeffreyi Grev. and Balf. and sprayed with 2,4,5-T for shrub control; the other area was allowed to follow a natural post-fire succession. (3) Similar numbers of P. jeffreyi occurred on both sites, but shrubs and herbs were greatly reduced on the planted area and grasses increased. (4) Only Ribes cereum Dougl., which is normally a minor component of the natural shrub community, flourished in the planted area. (5) The ecological effects of conifer plantations in the northern Sierra Nevada are discussed.


Born in Tomar in 1864, graduated in medicine from Escola Médico Cirúrgica de Lisboa, José Vieira Guimarães died in Lisbon in 1939. During his life performed several actions to enhance cultural heritage from Tomar. He had participated in archaeological projects, publications and contacted with scholars like the archaeologist José Leite de Vasconcelos. José Vieira Guimarães was involved in associations and academies, was a member of Association of Portuguese Archaeologists, had participated in excavations, investigated, published articles and books, participated in congresses, confirmed the hypothesis of Seilium romana being located in Tomar. We present unprecedented content about his participation in a congress in 1923, as well as, we consider that he had fault with the potential proof of his work


A limiting amplifier for the STM-4(622 Mbit/s) optical receiver in the SDH system is realized by native CMOS technology.The direct coupling technique is used to increase the voltage gain and reduce power dissipation,the multilevel coupling technique is used to increase the voltage gain,and active inductors are employed as loads to expand the bandwidth and get the stable DC operation point.Simulation of the circuit is carried out by adopting the software Smart Spice and CSMC-HJ 0.6 μm standard CMOS technologic parameters.Simulation results show that the amplifier exhibits an input dynamic range of 42 dB(from 4 mV to 500 mV) and an approximately constant double-end output voltage swing of 680 mV over a load of 50 Ω.


Police work creates unique marital difficulties. There are many factors that add stress to police officers' marriages, including shift work, long hours and unconventional schedules, divided commitment between work and family roles, and perceived personality changes among officers. When police officers carry work-related stress and behaviors into the home, they may experience difficulties in their family relationships. Unfortunately, relatively few researchers have investigated the impact of police work on spouses. In this study, we administered a needs assessment to police officers and their spouses to determine the types of difficulties evident in their marriages. Results indicated that officers and spouses generally agreed on stressors and sources of support. Although spouses reported feeling pride about being married to an officer, they also noted financial concerns, work–family conflict, and law enforcement-specific stressors, such as negative public attitudes toward police. Officers and spouses reported relying on friends and family for support more than on professional sources. Implications for prevention and intervention when working with police officers and their spouses are discussed.


It is not best to swap horses when crossing streams. --Abraham Lincoln (New York Times 1864) Seeing it through in Vietnam cost me 20 points in the polls. --Lyndon Johnson, 1968 (Mueller 1973, 196) "Wartime election" sounds like an oxymoron. Many countries do not give voters the opportunity to vote under wartime conditions. Even an established democracy like Britain suspended elections during both world wars. Wartime conditions impose unique constraints on the general public, just like on the economy, that are absent in peacetime. So when elections are being held in wartime, as has been the case in the United States throughout its history, voters may be expected to follow a different calculus than in peacetime. As Lincoln's admonition suggests, voters would not be wise to change leaders in the middle of a war. Going to war is expected to generate a "rally 'round the flag" effect. Faced with an external enemy, the adversaries of domestic politics suspend their disputes and close ranks behind the country's leader, designated by the U.S. Constitution as commander in chief of the armed forces. It would seem unpatriotic for citizens safely out of harm's way not to do so. Yet in recent years, politics has not stopped at the water's edge. The party that got the United States into war has not fared especially well at the polls. To wit, Republicans lost the White House in 2008, as well as the Congress two years earlier, in large part because of voter discontent with the war in Iraq. A generation or so earlier, Lyndon Johnson saw his popularity decline and his party lose the White House in the 1968 election amidst widespread opposition to the war in Vietnam. To observers with even longer memory, this recalled the fate of Harry Truman during the Korean War and the Democrats' loss of the White House in the 1952 election. Is the folk wisdom cited by Abraham Lincoln mistaken about wartime voting? This article examines the first wartime elections in the age of survey research. The data come from an October 1940 Gallup poll and a 1944 election study conducted by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC). Technically, of course, the United States was not at war in 1940, but war in Europe, as well as Asia, loomed large as an issue in American politics then. Both of those surveys have languished in undeserved obscurity. Note that they picked Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) as the winner in the respective elections with uncanny accuracy, avoiding the pitfalls of the notorious 1948 election. Each of these surveys offered respondents a counterfactual choice touching on the wartime aspect of those elections: What if there was no war, whom would you vote for (have voted for)? The surveys also queried respondents about war-related policies and FDR's handling of the war. To complement the survey evidence, a time series analysis of the vote in presidential elections is conducted to determine how the White House party fares in wartime elections throughout American history, and especially during World War II. Political Behavior in Wartime Folk wisdom aside, the key rationale for voter reluctance to change leaders in wartime is the "rally 'round the flag" phenomenon (Mueller 1973). Military interventions form the top tier of rally events, defined by Mueller as an event that "(1) is international and (2) involves the United States and particularly the president directly; and it must be (3) specific, dramatic, and sharply focused" (1973, 209). (1) A wealth of studies has probed the surge in leader approval in the wake of rally events (Callaghan and Virtanen 1993; Edwards and Swenson 1997; Kernell 1978; Lai and Reiter 2005; MacKuen 1983; Nickelsburg and Norpoth 2000; Ostrom and Simon 1985). Not all rally events, to be sure, pack an equal punch (Lian and Oneal 1993). It takes front-page coverage in the New York Times for an event to generate substantial gains in presidential approval (Oneal and Bryan 1995). …


The article presents the results of comparative studies of the microelement composition of samples of high-carbon carbonate-siliceous rocks from the Semiluki-Mendym (Domanic) deposits of the Romashkino, Pervomaisky and Muslimovsky deposits, which differ in mineral composition, organic matter (OM) content and spatial location in the territory of Tatarstan. The OM content in the rocks varies from 4.19 to 11.73%. The mineral composition of the rocks is represented mainly by quartz and calcite, the content of which varies from 24 to 61% and from 17 to 54%, respectively. Using the method of mass-spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma in the composition of rocks, extracts from rocks, asphaltenes and carben-carboids isolated from them, the presence of three groups of microelements (ME): biogenic, radioactive and rare-earths was established, and also the features of their composition and distribution in the studied objects, depending on the spatial location of the deposits and the material composition of the rocks.


Because dental benefits differ in many ways from medical benefits, benefits managers must look at potential plans from a different viewpoint.


Thermal and non-thermal technologies used in food processing should be not only effective in terms of decontamination and preservation but also minimize undesirable losses of natural bioactive compounds. Arabica (Coffea arabica) is the most cultivated variety of coffee, making it a valuable source of phytonutrients, including antioxidants. In the present study, green and roasted Arabica coffee beans were treated with slow freezing (SF), fast freezing (FF), microwave radiation (MWR) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). Moisture content (MC) of coffee beans and antioxidant activity (AOA) of aqueous extracts were measured. Green coffee showed a decrease in MC after MWR treatment, and roasted coffee showed an increase in MC after freezing. After SF and FF at −19 °C for 24 h, all extract samples showed an increase in AOA by 4.1–17.2%. MWR treatment at 800 W for 60 s was accompanied by an increase in the AOA of green coffee extracts by 5.7%, while the changes in the AOA of roasted coffee extracts were insignificant. Sequential combined treatments of SF + MWR and FF + MWR resulted in an additive/synergistic increase in the AOA of green/roasted coffee extracts, up to +23.0%. After CAP treatment with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) parameters of 1 μs, 15 kV and 200 Hz for 5 and 15 min, green coffee showed a decrease in the extract AOA by 3.8% and 9.7%, respectively, while the changes in the AOA of roasted coffee extracts were insignificant. A high positive correlation (r = 0.89, p < 0.001) between AOA and MC was revealed. The results obtained indicate that SF, FF, MWR and combined treatments may be applied at the pre-extraction stage of coffee bean preparation in order to increase the yield of antioxidant extractives.


A direct agglutination test with serum flat on mycoplasma galliseptieum has been used in an intensive chichen farm in JiXi city. The result showed the positive proportions were 5%.


An analytical study on propagation characteristics of longitudinal electro-kinetic (LEK) waves is presented. Based on multi-fluid model of plasma, we have derived a dispersion relation for LEK waves in colloid laden GaN semiconductor plasmas. It is assumed that ions are implanted to form colloids in the GaN sample. The colloids are continuously bombarded by the plasma particles and stick on them, but they acquire a net negative charge due to relatively higher mobility of electrons. It is found from the dispersion relation that the presence of charged colloids not only modifies the existing modes but also supports new novel modes of LEKWs. It is hoped that the study would enhance understanding on dispersion and absorption of LEKWs and help in singling out the appropriate configurations in which GaN crystal would be better suited for fabrication of microwave devices.


The patient was a 21-year-old male weighing 102 kg and 185 cm tall with no known comorbidities, who was undergoing removal of left knee implant. The preoperative biochemical and laboratory parameters as well as vital signs were normal. The patient was placed in sitting position. Under sterile conditions, the L3–4 level subarachnoid space was accessed with a single puncture, using 25-G Whitacre spinal needle. The accurate placement was confirmed by the free flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after injecting 2 cm3 of hyperbaric 0.75% bupivacaine with 25 mcg of fentanyl and 200 mcg epinephrine. Initial post-placement vitals were stable. A T6 level of anaesthesia was achieved and surgery commenced. Propofol infusion was started at a rate of 10 μg/kg/min, increasing up to 50 μg/kg/min. After the incision, patient received a single dose of 10 mg ephedrine to counter a sudden fall in BP to 80/50mmHg. The patient maintained haemodynamic stability throughout the procedure which lasted about an hour.


Curriculum21 — Glossary of Curriculum Mapping Terms In education, a curriculum (/ k ə ˈ r ɪ k j ʊ l ə m /; plural: curricula / k ə ˈ r ɪ k j ʊ l ə / or curriculums) is broadly defined as the totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process. The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of the student's experiences in terms of the educator's or school's instructional goals.


The hereditary motor and sensory neruopathies (HMSNs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders, Causing significant neuromuscular impairment (Dyck et al., 1993). HMSN type I or CharcotMarie-Tooth type 1 (CMT1) is the most common form and is clinically characterised by the presence of symmetrical progressive muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, with decreased motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCV<38 mh), a marked decline, or even absence, of the sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP), and histological evidence of segmental deand remyelination on nerve biopsy (Thomas et al., 1990). CMTl patients usually develop clinical symptoms in the first or second decade, although these can often demonstrate considerable clinkal variation, ranging from a mild, or even asymptomatic expression, to severe muscular weakness and atrophy leading to limb deformities (Thomas et al., 1990). Linkage analysis and positional cloning have shown that CMTl is genetically heterogeneous, with causative disease genes mapped to at least four distinct loci (Chance and Fischbeck, 1994). The majority of CMTlA patients are associated with a 1.5-Mb tandem duplication of 17pl1.2-pl2 (Lupski et al., 1991; Raeymaekers et al., 1991). The CMTlA duplication has been shown to be the most common mutation (70.7%) in CMTl in a large European study (Nelis et al., 1996a). The other subtypes include CMTlB, which is linked to chromosome 1q22-23; CMTlC, whose location is unknown; and CMTX1, which is located on the X chromosome at Xq13 (Chance and Fischbeck, 1994). Recent studies have demonstrated that abnormalities in three different peripheral myelin genes underlie these disorders and are also involved in other inherited diseases of the peripheral nervous system (Pate1 and Lupski, 1994). The peripheral myelin protein 22 gene (PMP-22) has been mapped within the CMTl A-duplication region, and it has been established that its overexpression resulting from the 1.5Mb common duplication, or a point mutation within it, can both result in the CMTlA disease phenotype (Valentijn et al., 1992; Roa et al., 1993a,b; Nelis et al., 1994a; Navon et al., 1996). Point mutations within the myelin protein zero (MPZ) gene, located on chromosome lq22-23, and which co-segregate with the disease phenotype, have now been identified in a number of CMTlB families (Hayasaka et al., 1993a,b,c; Himoro et al., 1993; Kulkins et al., 1993; Nelis et al., 1994b,c; Latour et al., 1995; Blanquet-Grossard et al., 1996). Connexin 32 (Cx32), a gap junction protein gene, located at Xq13.1, has also been shown to have mutations in several X-linked CMTl families (Bergoffen et al., 1993; Fairweather et al., 1994; Ionasescu et al., 1994; Orth et al., 1994; Nelis et al., 1996b). Interestingly, point mutations in both the PMP22 and the MPZ gene, have also been found in patients with Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS), also known as HMSN type 111, a disorder characterised by early onset of a severe peripheral neuropathy (Roa et al., 1993c; Hayasaka et al., 1993d; Rautenstrauss et al., 1994; Silander et al., 1996; Bellone et al., 1996). These finding suggest the DSS probably represents the severe end of the CMTl disease spectrum, rather than being a distinct HMSN subtype. By contrast, a deletion of the 1.5-Mb CMTl A-specific region,


I review the current status of FDR, the recently introduced Four-Dimensional Regularization/Renormalization approach to ultraviolet divergences in Quantum Field Theory. FDR also regulates infrared and collinear infinities in the intermediate steps of the calculation.


The work discusses the optical turbulence structure and dynamics at the Baykal Astrophysical Observatory (BAO) site. The characteristics of the optical turbulence including Fried radius, isoplanatic angle are analyzed. Estimates of the variations of the height profiles of the air refraction index turbulent fluctuations at the Baykal Astrophysical Observatory are given. Using the mean height profile of the structure characteristic of the air refraction index turbulent fluctuations, diurnal variations of the Fried radius at the BAO site are estimated.


--Research in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has accomplished a notable growth in recent years. One topic of remarkable interest is the use of WSNs in the detection of forest fire as it is a day to day disastrous occurrence that constitutes a serious threat. Countless detection implements are available for forest fire in the literature using wireless sensor networks and other methods. The work done in this paper expresses the idea of applying Fuzzy Logic on the information collected by sensors. This collected information will be passed on to the cluster head using Event Detection mechanism. Thus, numerous sensors are used for detecting probability of fire as well as direction of fire. Each sensor node consists of several sensors that will sense temperature, humidity, light and CO density for estimating probability of fire and azimuth angle for determining the direction of fire. It will boost accuracy of the detection system, as well as decrease the false alarm rate.


PQLYSPECS is an acronym from Polymer NMR Spectral Database system and consists of H and 13C NMR spectra of commercial polymers all of which are originally obtained for the system. With the objective to help NMR specialists and polymer chemists elucidate molecular structures of organic polymers, 1H spectra were measured at 500MHz and 125MHz, respectively, for 206 different polymers, together with 13C at the corresponding frequencies. They were recorded with related information such as experimental conditions as well as assignment of peaks in a CD-ROM of 540M-bytes This system has functions to process spectra graphically, to analyze them quantitatively and to retrieve spectra via polymer names, structures, substructures, polymer classification codes, chemical shifts etc. and has been developed on a personal computer. The assignment were given to as many NMR signals as possible that correspond to main structures of homopolymers, as well as to copolymer sequences, stereoregular tacticities, branch structures, irregular bonds, end groups, and so on. The system has been designed to allow for users to develop their own elaborated functions such as estimation of chemical shifts and structural elucidation for advanced research of polymers. Although additivity rules for 13C chemical shifts are useful for those purpose, parameters in the rules are not always easy to obtain, especially for polymers which have long range interaction among subgroups in main chains and side chains. Parameters in additivity rules are easily decided by using appropriate sets of data in the databases. This is an example of sophisticated application of POLYSPECS, to which infrared spectra will be added in the next version to be issued soon.


The drug epidemic, driven in large part by the ongoing opioid crisis, continues to ravage tens of thousands of families and communities across the United States. The latest provisional data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, released in September 2018, estimated that more than 71,500 drug overdose deaths occurred nationally between January 2017–January 2018, an increase of 6.6 percent during the same period the previous year, and 31.4 percent higher compared to January 2015– January 2016.1 In the Southern region, drug overdoses were responsible for more than 24,000 deaths in 2017, approximately one-third of the national total.


This essay explores the late engagement of music research with the long-standing yet overlooked association between music, violence and terror. In mapping this new field, it seeks to understand this latency as a disciplinary trauma. It examines music's integral role in new technologies of terror emerging during the Cold War, the cultural biases that have turned it into an elusive means of torture, and the effects stemming from the overshadowing of its damaging potential. Focusing on the notion of witnessing, it highlights the need for more nuanced soundscapes of detention that explore the entanglement of negative and positive uses of music as they are imposed from above and reclaimed from below.


Objective: is to study the relation between morphometry and kinematics in different species of grasshoppers. Materials and methods: Six species of grasshoppers collected in the Mysuru city during 2016-2017. The morphometry carried out by digital caliper and kinematics estimated by measuring tape and stop watch. Results and discussion: Among three species of grasshopper nymphs, Phlaeoba panteli was fastest with highest velocity but least body length and hind leg length. Gastrimargus africanus was with highest body weight, body length and hind leg length but with least distance covered per hop. Oxya nitidula was with lowest body weight, speed, velocity but highest distance covered per jump.Among four species of adult grasshoppers, Phlaeoba panteli was fastest with highest length of hind leg, speed and velocity. This indicated that the length of hind leg might have increased the speed, velocity and the distance per hop. Aiolopus thalassinus was with highest body weight but least speed, velocity and distance per hop. This result suggested that the body weight may decrease the speed, velocity and hop distance in grasshoppers. Conclusion: In grasshoppers decrease in the body weight, increase in the body length and hind leg length may increase the speed, velocity and hop distance.To bring more precise correlation between morphometry and kinematics further study should be carried out in different species of grasshoppers


The motion of pedestrian crowds can be described as if they are subject to "social forces". Grouping, as a common phenomenon in pedestrian behaviors, plays a decisive role in affecting evacuation efficiency. Here we propose two different group evacuation (GE) regimes, namely the leaderless GE and leadership GE, to explore the evacuation dynamics of group-structured pedestrians. Simulation results show that elevating sizes or numbers of these groups can promote evacuation efficiency when individuals all try to move fast, in contrast to the case of small desired velocities. More importantly, with the same group size and group number, leadership GE outperforms leaderless GE, implying the positive effect of adopting appropriate community leaders. We hope that these observations could provide some insight into pedestrians' collective action during the evacuation process.


Dresser Waukesha's 275GL engine family released in 2009 consists of a 214 liter (13,048 in3 ) 12 cylinder, and a 285 liter (17,398 in3 ) 16 cylinder engine derived from Waukesha's ATGL family. These 1000 RPM engines are typically used in mechanical drive applications for natural gas compression at 2500 to 3300 kWb (3400–4500 bhp). Through market analysis and voice of customer (VOC) interviews, it was determined that lower Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) output is essential for future engine sales in North America. Meeting this requirement with a minimal impact to fuel efficiency, fuel tolerance, turndown range, and altitude capability were also desired. To meet the lower NOx requirement, combustion was improved using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling and Design of Experiments (DoE) tools. To assure the low NOx emissions were maintained throughout the desired operating regime, an NOx sensor based air/fuel ratio control system was developed. This new NOx control capability is an enhancement to the Dresser Waukesha ESM™ engine control system. The result is an engine family that consistently meets stringent 0.5 g/bhp-hr NOx levels while maintaining fuel efficiency, fuel tolerance, and turndown range. Reduced combustion pressure in the 275GL Low NOx engine has also allowed a power increase over the original 275GL engine. This paper will discuss the testing and results of this development.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


This paper discussed the phase and meaning of retribution brought out in 〈Somunrok〉 and its transformation. The retribution of 〈Somunrok〉 is based on faith of the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy, especially it looks like that of the human nature novels. And also, it is distinguish the retribution of 〈Somunrok〉 and that of human nature novel by the stress point. The present life is mote important than that of the past. The plot of retribution brought out in 〈Somunrok〉 is like the transmigration of souls, and it is briefly presented by the heroin's dream. The retribution of 〈Somunrok〉 substituted to the concept of the Confucian heavens. The concept of the Confucian heavens is based on the ontology. Viewing the world as dual, the earth and the heavens, brought out in long Korean novels after the 〈Somunrok〉. This mean the readers were inclined to the value of the present based on the Confucian morality. This shows the fact that early long Korean novels adapted to their own figures according to reader's inclinations. And also, it shows that long Korean novels free themselves from influences of Chinese human nature novels.


The cows suffered from acute mastitis in the farm of Anhui.The milk samples of two cows were chosenand their pathogens were isolated and identified respectively. By experiment of bacteriology,the results showedthat the cow's acute mastitis was caused commonly by Staphylococcus aureus and Gram positive hemolytic S.dysgalactiae and Gram negative anhemolytic E.coli.


The article introduced experience of class teaching of neurology from attending a lecture and preparing lessons,actively making use of multimedia teaching,applying combina-tionly many kinds of teaching methods and thoroughly stimulating learning interest.It is key point for improving teaching quality that the teacher strengthen their mixed ability.


This paper describes a super-small-scale MHD power system, which can generate 4-10 W pulse power with a plasma produced by explosives or combustion as a working substance. Heat shielding material was made and tested, with the result that the property of electrical insulation is desirable. This power generator can be used as an electrical power source of rocket or missile fuses. >


To develop the utilization of pasture fibers and waste tire rubber powder, the effect of different blending levels of modified pasture fibers (2 kg/m3, 3 kg/m3, and 4 kg/m3) on the loss rate of compressive toughness and softening characteristics of rubber powder concrete was studied. In addition, RapidAir457 system imaging analysis and microscopic electron microscope photo analysis were carried out to analyze the distribution pattern of modified pasture fibers and rubber powder in concrete. The results show that the peak load of concrete is higher than other pasture fiber dosing test groups when 3 kg/m3 is incorporated in 20 mesh and 60 mesh rubber powder. With the increase of pasture fiber content, the compressive toughness loss of MC60 group and MC80 group increased first and then decreased. The softening curve analysis showed that MC-3 was more capable of absorbing damage energy in the strain range of 0.0005–0.0009 than the MC-2 group. According to the RapidAir457 system imaging analysis, the pasture fibers form a web-like organization inside the concrete when the pasture fiber is mixed at 3 kg/m3.


Extended Abstract
 Sustaining Open Innovation Communities (e.g., Open Source Software, Scientific Commons for Open Science) requires better understanding how collaborative efforts yield collective creativity. One of the significant problems in understanding emergence of collective creativity involves how collectives govern and coordinate the actions of individuals to maximize innovation output. Yet, relatively little is known about desirable organizing processes in open innovation communities. To this end, we examine the impact of governance mechanisms and conflict management styles on collective creativity in open source ecologies. Systems model of creativity and proxy metrics for measuring potential for collective creativity are utilized to conduct a simulation study of open innovation socio-ecologies. Findings suggest that decentralized coordination schemes such as emergent selection such as found in utility communities and moderate degrees of assertiveness and cooperation for conflict management result in higher incidence of innovation.


In a region, cattle farming systems are heterogeneous in size and production, and various between-herd interactions such as animal movements (MV) and neighboring contacts (NB) exist. In order to explore pathogen spread and evaluate control strategies at a regional scale, modeling is a pertinent approach, especially when complicated heterogeneousness and interactions should be incorporated and biological mechanism of the system is not sufficiently acknowledged.
Bovine Virus Diarrhea is a widespread endemic disease of cattle that is recognized as a significant economic burden in the majority of countries throughout the world. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is transmitted through both horizontal and vertical pathways. Animals exposed to BVDV are either persistently (PI) or transiently (TI) infected. PI animals are the most important sources of the virus because they continuously shed BVDV throughout their lifetime [1]. Infected animals in one herd could spread BVDV to other herds when between-herd interactions exist. Thus, interacted herds might be repeatedly infected, leading to high prevalence and long persistence of virus at both herd and regional scales. Therefore, a better understanding of BVDV spread mechanism at a regional scale is crucial for guiding eradication of BVDV. And the evaluation of collective control schemes before applying them to farms is expected by animal health managers and authorities. Both aspects motivated this study.
To achieve our intentions, a novel stochastic multiscale epidemiological model in discrete time including both within and between-herd transmission processes was developed. The within-herd dynamics consisted of horizontal and vertical transmissions, diseases progression and herd specific demography. BVDV vertical transmission parameters were calibrated based on limited information from field data. Parameters required for demography such as birth and outgoing rates were calibrated on a comprehensive database on French cattle life trajectories. MV which was entirely data-driven and NB were taken into account when modeling between-herd transmissions. NB were defined within circular neighborhoods of fixed radius and contributed to the infection process during pasturing seasons. The model was developed in C++.
Intensive simulations of BVDV spread in a metapopulation of 12,750 dairy herds (with more than 10 female adults) located in Brittany (France) were carried out from the developed model. We initially introduced one PI cow into 10% randomly selected herds, and ran the model for 9 years of observations by using moderate epidemiological parameters and neighbor contacts. It was found that NB and MV contributed to BVDV spread with different perspectives. NB brought periodic effects to both regional prevalence (number of infected herds in the region) and incidence (number of newly infected herds) over time, with higher values during pasture seasons. NB contributed more than 70% to the cumulated incidence over 9 years. The within-herd infections caused by NB tended to extinct faster and lead to a lower number of infected animals. The developed model was highly sensitive to between-neighbor transmission rate, and the sensitivity to neighborhood radius varied with the between-neighbor transmission rate, being weak for small between-neighbor transmission rates.
Additional study will be carried out within the proposed model framework addressing fitting the developed model to epidemiological data of BVDV


When the faults of electronic components in DC-DC Converter exist, they will harm the converter and produce unpredictable electromagnetic emission. To locate those faults, a new method is proposed to identify the structural faults of electronic components in DC-DC converter based on their electromagnetic emission in this paper. In this method, an equivalent circuit model with considering the parasitic parameters of the converter is firstly constructed. Therefore, this model is more accurate than the traditional ones, which does not consider the effects of parasitic parameters on electromagnetic emission. Then, to extract the faulty features, the voltages at three special nodes in the circuit model were analyzed, diagnosing more types of singular faults and their combined faults of components. Last, the BP neural network was used to train the fault model and then used to identify the faulty electronic components in DC-DC converter. The results show that more types of fault can be effectively identified and the accuracy is higher than 98% in this method.


The library industry has entered the application of Big Data Age. On the premise of the traditional publishing inevitably transformed to digital publishing,domestic future publishing mode can provide what worth learning model and industry chain for the development of the industry of domestic library,it is the thing that the publishing industry and library industry have to face.


Magnetic topological insulators (TIs) are an ideal playground for the study of novel quantum phenomena building on time-reversal symmetry broken topological surface states. By combining different magnetic TIs in a heterostructure, their magnetic and electronic properties can be precisely tuned. Recently, we have combined high-moment Dy:Bi2Te3with high transition temperature Cr:Sb2Te3 in a superlattice, and found, using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), that long-range magnetic order can be introduced in the Dy:Bi2Te3 layers. Accompanying first-principles calculations indicated that the origin of the long-range magnetic order is a strong antiferromagnetic coupling between Dy and Cr magnetic moments at the interface extending over several layers. However, based on XMCD alone, which is either averaging over the entire thin film stack or is surface sensitive, this coupling scenario could not be fully confirmed. Here we use polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR), which is ideally suited for the detailed study of superlattices, to retrieve the magnetization in a layer- and interface-resolved way. We find that the magnetization is, in contrast to similar recent studies, homogeneous throughout the individual layers, with no apparent interfacial effects. This finding demonstrates that heterostructure engineering is a powerful way of controlling the magnetic properties of entire layers, with the effects of coupling reaching beyond the interface region.


Conventional inverters have many limitations in high-voltage and high-power applications like poor power quality, high voltage stress, EMI/EMC issue etc. In recent years, multilevel inverters (MLI) are becoming alternatives for high-power applications due to their good power quality. Many attractive features of this modern power electronic converter topology have been told in the literature on multilevel inverters types, modulation techniques, and applications. In this paper three and seven level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter fed induction motor drive is simulated, analyzed and compared with conventional two level inverter drives. Speed of the motor is controlled by open loop v/f method. All inverters topologies are modulated by Sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique.


This study investigated whether workers who followed strategies for preparing and coping with the demands of shift work had more positive attitudes, and better physical and mental health. One hundred and twenty-two nurses completed a questionnaire measuring sleep, eating, fitness, and socializing strategies, as well as satisfaction with sleep, social life, shift work, and physical health and psychological well being. Nurses who followed the recommendations relating to socializing rated themselves more positively in terms of psychological well being, had fewer sleep problems, and were more satisfied with shift work and their social life. Physical fitness was also related to better health and psychological well being. In contrast, sleep and eating strategies did not significantly predict attitudes or behavior ratings. Explanations for the findings and their implications for shift workers are discussed. Shift work is a way of life for millions of full and part-time workers around the world including a sizeable proportion of the New Zealand work force. Unfortunately, many problems can result from shift work including sleep disturbances (Akerstedt, 1984; Aschoff, 1981; Kogi, 1982; Monk, 1987; Rutenfranz, Colquhoun, Knauth & Gnata 1977; Rutenfranz, 1982; Tepas & Monk, 1987), dietary or digestive problems (Rutenfranz, 1982; Stewart & Wahlqvist., 1985), difficulties structuring family and social interactions (Knutson, Akerstedt & Orth-Gomer, 1986; Simon, 1987; Tepas, 1985; Walker, 1985; Weiss, 1981), and more frequent accidents (DeVries-Griever & Meijman, 1987). Various strategies have been offered which suggest ways to avoid and cope with the problems associated with shift work (e.g., Jung, 1988; Monk, 1988; Monk & Folkard, 1992; Simon, 1990; Siebenaler & McGovern, 1991; Wedderburn & Scholarios, 1993,Williams, 1995). However there has been relatively little empirical validation of the effectiveness of these strategies (Tepas, 1993). The objective of this study was to examine the effects of shift preparation and coping strategies on shift worker's attitudes and health. A correctly set biological clock is arguably the single most important factor in ensuring a shift worker has good sleep and fewer jet-lag type symptoms (Monk & Folkard, 1992). Strategies designed to reduce disrupted sleeping patterns typically attempt to synchronize the body's biological clock as quickly as possible with the pattern of work activity and sleep required by a shift. Strategies suggested to aid adjustment of the biological clock to a night orientation include a routine of going to bed and rising at a set time for each particular shift (Jung, 1988; Monk, 1988; Simon, 1990; Siebenaler & McGovern, 1991; Williams, 1995), having meals at set times (Jung, 1988; Monk, 1988; Simon, 1990; Williams, 1995)and regular exercise (Jung, 1988; Simon, 1990). It is also recommended to have a 3 to 4 hour block of sleep time on days off which overlaps with the time the shift worker will be sleeping during the next working day (Siebenaler & McGovern, 1991). This strategy of `anchor sleep' can stabilize the circadian rhythms (Minors & Waterhouse, 1981), and result in less desynchronisation of circadian rhythms (Raymond, 1988). Shift workers should also ensure that their sleeping environment affords a good sleep by using curtains to ensure that the bedroom is as dark as possible (Monk, 1988; Simon, 1990; Shearer, 1991; Williams, 1995), that it is as quiet as possible (Monk, 1988; Simon, 1990; Siebenaler & McGovern, 1991; Monk & Folkard, 1992), and that the room temperature is cool but comfortable (Williams, 1995). To aid sleep onset, research suggests that the stimulant caffeine should be avoided within four hours of bedtime (Buysse, 1991). Sleeping pills should also be avoided wherever possible because they do nothing to rectify the chronic circadian misalignment problem which is the cause of sleeping problems (Smolensky & Reinberg, 1990). …


Brief development process of the finite element method,foundation of quasi conforming element has been analyzed from weak formulation generalized compatibility equations and its weak continuity condition.The quasi conforming element methods are the exact solution of generalized compatibility equations and satisfy the weak continuity requirement naturally.The quasi conforming element methods do not satisfy the stress equilibrium conditions and they can simplify the calculating process of matrix's athwart.The discrete precision can be predicted in prior. It also extends space of original finite element method and is a landmark in computational mechanics.


The invention discloses a sulfonated polyetheretherketone/amino-functionalized TiO2 hybrid membrane, as well as a preparation and applications of the hybrid membrane. The hybrid membrane is formed by sulfonated polyetheretherketone and amino-functionalized TiO2. The preparation of the hybrid membrane comprises the following steps: adding TiO2 microspheres into a hydroxymethyl aminomethane-HCL solution containing dopamine, for chelation reaction, to obtain dopamine modified TiO2 microspheres; adding the dopamine modified TiO2 microspheres into a polyethyleneimine solution for grafting reaction to obtain amino-functionalized TiO2; mixing the amino-functionalized TiO2 with a sulfonated polyetheretherketone solution to obtain a membrane casting solution and performing membrane making to obtain the hybrid membrane. The hybrid membrane and the preparation method have the advantages that the preparation process is simple and convenient, raw materials are easy to obtain, conditions are moderate, and the prepared sulfonated polyetheretherketone/amino-functionalized TiO2 hybrid membrane can be used for CO2/CH4 gas separation and has high selectivity and high permeability.


Cucurbit bacterial wilt, caused by Erwinia tracheiphila, is a damaging disease of cucurbit crops in the Midwest and Northeast U.S. Current management of bacterial wilt relies primarily on insecticide applications to control striped and spotted cucumber beetles (Acalymma vittatum and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, respectively), which vector E. tracheiphila. Development of alternative management strategies is constrained by a lack of understanding of bacterial wilt etiology. The impact of host age on rate on symptom development and extent of bacterial movement in the xylem of muskmelon (Cucumis melo cv. Athena) was evaluated following wound inoculation of 2to 8-week-old plants in growth chamber experiments. Wilting occurred more rapidly in plants after inoculating E. tracheiphila into 2or 4-week-old plants than 6or 8-week-old plants. Recovery of viable cells from stem segments revealed that vascular spread of E. tracheiphila was more extensive below than above the inoculation point. These findings provide experimental evidence that host age impacts the rate of symptom development in cucurbit bacterial wilt and that movement of the xyleminhabiting pathogen E. tracheiphila within muskmelon plants occurs primarily in the downward direction.


Abstract Bismuth silicate (Bi4Si3O12, BSO) and bismuth silicate–germanate (Bi4Si3(1−x)Ge3xO12, BSGO) crystals were grown with the modified Bridgman technique. The fluorescence and thermoluminescence (TL) of the crystals were investigated. An additional excitation peak around 297 nm was found in the fluorescence excitation spectra of BSGO by comparison with that of BSO, and the relative height of this peak increases with the increase in Ge content in BSGO. The emission spectra of BSGO crystals almost share the same spectrum shape of BSO, and tend to shift towards longer wavelength with the increase in Ge content. TL glow curve's shapes of BGSO are similar to each other but show a great difference to that of BSO.


This book, from Winslow's Practical Sourcebook series, is aimed at speech and language therapists wishing to run social skills groups for children with autism and adolescents. It contains information on social skills which may be useful to teachers, but the format and style of the book make it unsuitable for sharing with most parents. The authors state the approach is suitable for children of normal or near-normal cognitive abilities, with a minimum of three-word language understanding and the ability to function without one-to-one supervision. These latter prerequisites are mentioned in the text rather than clearly stated on the cover or in the introduction. The intervention guidelines are organized by age level, i.e. preschool, infant (4–7 years), junior (7–11 years) and older children and adolescents. The central premise of the book is that autism is a cognitive disorder, with neurobiological associations, affecting all aspects of social development. There is some reference to theoretical issues – in particular, 'theory of mind' and 'central coherence' are frequently mentioned – but these are not described in great detail and specific activities are not necessarily related to these ideas throughout the book. The authors clearly have extensive experience of working with children with autism.The book often reads as a collection of highly pertinent observations about the behaviour, skills and learning style of these children, with pointers to useful summaries of research in this area. However, these points are often made in dense text, which is poorly laid out. Aarons and Gittens state that 'speech and language therapists in the United Kingdom have presented a somewhat low-key image of what they have to offer'. Unfortunately the style and format of this book does little to redress the situation. book reviews


We investigated the effects of salinity on egg hatching and the survival of larvae of the tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes to improve the productivity during early stage in seed production used low salinity. Eggs were incubated in water having nine different salinity levels of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 psu. Hatching rates of eggs were 68.0 to 81.7% at salinity 8 to 32 psu, 19.7% at 4 psu and there was no hatching at 0 psu. The durations to hatch half of the eggs were 11.0 days at 32 psu, 11.7 to 12.3 days at 8 to 28 psu, and 14.0 days at 4 psu. It tended to take longer to hatch as the salinity lowered. Larvae hatched at 8, 16, 24 and 32 psu were reared under the same salinity condition without feeding until all the fish died, and the some larvae hatched at 32 psu were transferred and reared at 8, 16 and 24 psu. Survival activity index (SAI) ranged from 60.6 to 80.4 with the highest value for larvae transferring from 32 psu to 8 psu and 16 psu. An optimum method of egg incubation and larval stock for seed production of the tiger puffer used low salinity can be incubating eggs in the normal seawater, and then putting newly hatched larvae in lower salinity water.


The present study analyses and compares the cortical brain proteomic profiles of two different models of cerebral hypoxic insult in rats (HH: hypobaric hypoxia and HHI: ischemia followed by hypobaric hypoxia) in an attempt to describe the alterations of the early molecular hypoxic adaptive response underlying each one.


An attempt was made to show the possibility of nu -e scattering produced by the direct fermion interaction. The cross section of the scattering could prove to be of the same order or even of higher order. (R.V.J.)


v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Discussion of Key Terms 3 Globalization 3 Migration 4 Dual Citizenship/Dual Nationality 4 Sovereignty 6 Theoretical Framework 8 Methodology 9 Limitations of the Research 11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 12 Globalization 12 Definition 12 A New Phenomenon? 14 Relevance of Globalization to Migration Research 16 Migration 17 Brief History of Migration 18 The Migrant and Migration 19 The State and Migration 19 State Sovereignty and Migration 21 Economic Interests 24 Dual Citizenship/Dual Nationality 26 The Nation 26 Nationality 27 The State and Citizenship 28 Dual Nationality/Dual Citizenship 29 Political Benefits and Dual Citizenship 35 Economic Benefits and Dual Citizenship 36 Immigration Countries 36 Emigration Countries 37


The use of Petri net languages in supervisory control theory is discussed. It is shown that the trimming of an unbounded Petri net is not always possible. A class of Petri net languages, which may be generated by nonblocking generators, is defined. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Petri net supervisor, under the hypothesis that the system's behavior and the legal behavior are both Petri net languages, are derived.<<ETX>>


The pseudospin symmetry (PSS) is an important physical concept in atomic nuclei. The relativistic point-coupling model is first used to explore the origin and breaking mechanism of PSS in real nuclei with 208Pb as an illustrated example. PSS observed in the single particle spectra of heavy nuclei is reproduced in the present calculation. The influences of the different point-coupling interactions on PSS are investigated, it is found that the four-fermion scalar and vector couplings play a dominate role at PSS. The quality of PSS depends on the competition of four-fermion scalar and vector couplings. Those the PSS is better for the weakly bound levels and the energy splittings are more sensitive to the interaction strengths for the deeply bound levels are well explained in terms of the derivative of Σ potential with r. In combination with the similarity renormalization group, the origin and breaking mechanism of PSS are clarified.


Industrial adoption of software engineering practices can take years and academia needs to help speed up this process. The challenge that industry faces in widely adopting just one of these practices software inspections is traced through over 15 years of company-wide experience at Hewlett-Packard. Four historical stages give insight into many lessons learned within HP and elsewhere. Each period is illustrated with some of the most successful techniques learned so far, as well as some of the mistakes that were made and the lessons learned. Finally, a model that HP is currently using to measure and track adoption is given and it shows our current approach to accelerating continued inspection process improvements. The final challenge is: what do these industrial lessons mean to educators and what should they do to heip speed up the adoption of the best practices?


The relationships between crop canopy variables such as leaf area index (LAI) and their multispectral reflectance properties were investigated along with the potential for estimating canopy variables from remotely sensed reflectance measurements. Reflectance spectra over the 0.4 to 2.5 micron wavelength range were acquired during each of the major development stages of spring wheat canopies at Williston, North Dakota, during three seasons. Treatments included planting date, N fertilization, cultivar, and soil moisture. Agronomic measurements included development stage, biomass, LAI, and percent soil cover. High correlations were found between reflectance and percent cover, LAI, and biomass. A near infrared wavelength band, 0.76 to 0.90 microns, was most important in explaining variation in LAI and percent cover, while a middle infrared band, 2.08 to 2.35 microns, explained the most variation in biomass and plant water content. Transformations, including the near infrared/red reflectance ratio and greenness index, were also highly correlated to canopy variables. The relationship of canopy variables to reflectance decreased as the crop began to ripen. the canopy variables could be accurately predicted using measurements from three to five wavelength bands. The wavelength bands proposed for the thematic mapper sensor were more strongly related to the canopy variables than the LANDSAT MSS bands.


In mid 2000 first discussions took place to plan an increase in melting and casting capacity of the existing Pechiney Rhenalu cast house at Neuf-Brisach. A lot of work went into detailed planning so as to clarify the production requirement before finalising an order. Extra melting capacity had to be installed in a restricted space. From the charging side the new melting furnace was limited by the existing rail-guided charging machine and the holding furnace had to fit into the prepared foundation outlines to ensure the IRMA process (injection rotatif mecanisee et automatique) by an overhead machine. - This problem gave all competitors involved an outstanding opportunity to demonstrate their capability and engineers' capacity.


is being concluded is scanty. Though the editor has taken care to bring coherence to the presentation, some chapters still have certain gaps in the form of missing links. On the whole, however, the book provides a rich flavour of current issues and emerging perspectives on the financing of education in India. It makes a significant contribution to wider discussions on the subject, and would surely be useful in the formulation of more sound and effective policies.


The roof of the prestressed inclined stay cable is a new type of structural form. Through adopting a series of measures in the construction of the roof of the prestressed inclined stay cable in the students' action center of a certain university, the losses of the stay cable's prestress and the bad influence caused by the cable stretching on the roof are reduced.


Many kinds of fiber access systems are being used to offer various services economically. They are based on different transmission technologies and fabricated by different vendors. A fiber access network operation system (OpS) must achieve common management of different type transmission equipment to offer all services efficiently. Since the network termination equipment called Optical Network Unit (ONU) is placed in or near the customer's premise, the fiber access network OpS must utilize a remote operation mechanism to manage the ONU. This paper proposes the assignment of management functions for the equipment of fiber access systems, from the view point of OpS efficiency. An NE (Network Element) has a management portion and manages different types of equipment in a common manner. This paper also describes the interface between management portion and network element body in the transmission equipment, which allows us to use the same management block between different vendor equipment sets. We show the efficiency of this management function assignment by discussing the alarm surveillance function of the NE. Additionally, we describe a remote control mechanism that achieves ONU operation in the management portion of the central office.


The invention relates to an environment-friendly degradable cleaning agent and a preparation process thereof. The cleaning agent is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 20-25% of alkyl glycoside, 5-10% of sodium gluconate, 3-8% of active protease, 5-10% of ethanol, 2-5% of plant extracting solution, 1-5% of additives and 46-55% of deionized water. The cleaning agent provided by the invention contains no hazardous substance, for example, strong acid, strong base and the like, is non-toxic and harmless to the environment, completely biodegradable, free of carcinogenic chemical, harmless to such surfaces as rubber, plastic and paint, free of irritation to human skin, low in cleaning cost, wide in cleaning range, strong in cleaning capability, free of workpiece damage and reusable.


Foot-operated vehicle parking brake control device which comprises the following components a support bracket (11) which is fixed to a vehicle body; a pedal (17) which is rotatably mounted about a generally horizontal axis on the support and is connected to a parking brake control cable (20); are provided a plurality of ratchet teeth (23a) on the pedal (17) along an arc about the axis of rotation of the pedal (17); a pawl (25) which is rotatably mounted about a rotation axis, said rotation axis generally parallel to the axis of rotation of the pedal (17) to switch between a first rotational position in which the pawl (25) with any of the ratchet teeth (23a) is engaged, and to be a second rotational position pivoted, is solved in which the pawl (25) from the ratchet teeth (23a), said pawl (25) slidably in a direction of rotation of the pedal (17) is attached to the first between a sliding position and a second sliding position to slide; a ...


A silicon-based uni-planar CBCPW-fed CBCPS ring resonator is introduced for the first time. The simulated Q-factor of CBCPS ring is higher than that of the microstrip line (MSL) ring and a weak parasite resonant phenomenon is existed in spectrum response of the CBCPS ring resonator due to the crosstalk of the PP (parallel plate) modes. The micromachined fabrication process is employed to fabricate the designed planar resonator. The measured unloading Q-factors of the CBCPS ring resonator are 53.5 at 10.62GHz, 45 at the second resonant frequency 20.93GHz.


Qualitative rapid tests for isocitrate lyase activity were positive for all of 1,695 Yersinia pestis cultures tested but for none of 382 cultures of other gram-negative species. The test is simple, required only commonly available, easily prepared reagents, and provided clear-cut positive or negative results within 20 min.


This paper aims at proposing the strategies and methods of the integrated implementation of ERP and BPR on the basis of theoretical analysis of related problems emerging in enterprises' carrying out activities of BPR and ERP. The strategies and methods refer to that enterprises can apply BPR to gain an ideal process model, with which enterprises adopt ERP to match its functions. Then, according to the existing BPR model and ERP, they can build a set of consistent management information system, develop a reasonable implementation plan, apply the related computer technology to achieve integration of ERP and BPR and form a complete enterprise computer management system in the end. Only in this way can the enterprises optimize or re-construct a scientific and efficient management information system to manage themselves well.


A formation control strategy with collision avoidance and obstacle avoidance mechanisms is proposed for second-order continuous multi-agent systems (MAS) under a directed topology. The control objectives can be achieved by introducing artificial potential field (APF) methods and the leader-follower formation methods. The leader-follower formation methods are employed to assist follower agents to obtain the coordination of positions and consensus of velocities with the leader-agent, the control objectives of formation generation and formation maintenance can be achieved. In the APF methods, obstacles and agents are regarded as high potential fields. The repulsive forces provided by the potential fields can solve the problems of avoiding collisions among agents and avoiding the extern-obstacles. By using Lyapunov stability theory and graph theory, the fact, the stability of the closed-loop MAS can be guaranteed, is proven. In the end, the simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed formation control strategy.


A three-dimensional simulation method based on the electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EM-PIC) algorithm is proposed for multipactor threshold analysis of ferrite components in this paper. The high-power application under vacuum in spacecraft payload system leads to the great potential risk of multipactor discharge breakdown, which leaves a bottleneck problem for the reliability design of ferrite components. In this paper, based on the full wave EM calculation and particle dynamics evolution, electron motions in the three dimensional calculation domain are tracked, which behave the multipaction evolution. Combined with the secondary electron emission (SEE) properties of the ferrite substrate and the metal cavity, the average SEE is recorded and the threshold predicted. The single-substrate circulator was used for validation. Simulation results match well with experimental results of multipactor and the prediction error is less than 0.8dB.


Bio-inspired artificial intelligence—reinforcement learning, artificial neural network and bio-inspired methods— is used in this paper in order to design an algorithm capable of learning to flight autonomously.In this paper, we introduced and explained about our algorithm called FE-TRPO (Flight Enhanced TRPO) and tested it in Gazebo simulator by an AscTec Pelican simulated model where the multi-rotor shows the capability of learning to fly by learning from its own actions and the rewards receiving from the environment in an autonomous way, where the only controller is the reinforcement learning based algorithm and no conventional controllers such as PID, MPC, etc is used. Finally, our algorithm learns to fly using only the data generated from IMU. As a result, our algorithm can be used by a multi-rotor at any unknown environment where no guiding system such as Vicon exist. A video clip of our work can be viewed in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jj42A5q-YA


As perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are highly efficient, demonstration of high‐performance printed devices becomes important. 2D/3D heterostructures have recently emerged as an attractive way to relieving the film inhomogeneity and instability in perovskite devices. In this work, a 2D/3D ensemble with 2D perovskites self‐assembled atop 3D methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) via a one‐step printing process is shown. A clean and flat interface is observed in the 2D/3D bilayer heterostructure for the first time. The 2D perovskite capping layer significantly suppresses nonradiative charge recombination, resulting in a marked increase in open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of the devices by up to 100 mV. An ultrahigh VOC of 1.20 V is achieved for MAPbI3 PSCs, corresponding to 91% of the Shockley–Queisser limit. Moreover, notable enhancement in light, thermal, and moisture stability is obtained as a result of the protective barrier of the 2D perovskites. These results suggest a viable approach for scalable fabrication of highly efficient perovskite solar cells with enhanced environmental stability.


A previous study of the authors' found that the spectral broadening of sound propagating through weak turbulence varied as the ratio w/L0 of the speed of the transverse wind w to the outer scale of turbulence L0. However, the condition of "weak" turbulence restricts the usefulness of the result to relatively calm atmospheric conditions or short acoustical paths. The present work extends the analysis to spectral broadening of sound by arbitrarily "strong" turbulence. In contrast, the spectral broadening in strong turbulence varies as the ratio w/ρ0, with ρ0 the transverse coherence length of the sound waves. Here we adapt recent optical theory to sound propagation and to the spectral broadening of sound.


Morris L. Barer is the director of the Centre for Health Services and Policy Research at the University of British Columbia. He also holds a faculty appointment at the University as a full professor in the Department of Health Care and Epidemiology. He is an associate of the Population Health Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and during the period in which this paper was written, was a visiting National Health Scientist at the Institute for the Future, Menlo Park, California.


Immune complex-mediated regulation of the immune response has been studied by using T cell lines and monoclonal antibodies (MAb), both specific for the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Rat T lymphocytes bearing the W3/25 phenotype and specific for AChR from Torpedo californica have been propagated in vitro for nearly 1 yr. These T cells proliferate in response to optimal concentrations of AChR presented by irradiated syngeneic thymus cells. At suboptimal concentrations of antigen there is little activation of the T cell line. We report here that the addition of small amounts of anti-AChR MAb produces dramatic stimulation of the T cell lines at suboptimal doses of AChR. Enhanced activation depends on the isotype and not the fine specificity of the MAb that are used. The observed phenomenon is antigen specific, and in fact, the immune complexes may actually suppress the proliferative response of irrelevant T cells to some extent. The MAb plus antigen are rapidly bound to the surface of the antigen-presenting cell, which we have shown is the dendritic cell.


Chemistry tends to be a difficult subject for many students. It is the first time many students will be asked to apply the math skills they have and to then throw in lab skills, Whew! This sets them up for struggle. To combat this struggle, I set out to determine if cooperative groups, arranged around Algebra 1 grades, would help to improve their individual chemistry grades, to develop confidence with the chemistry concepts being taught and improve their attitude towards science. INTRODUCTION


Glechoma hederacea agglutinin (Gleheda) is a novel glycosylated lectin isolated from the leaves of G. hederacea. Like other glycosylated proteins, the detection of Gleheda by immunological methods is often hampered by the cross-reactivity of the polyclonal antibodies with unrelated glycoproteins. Hence a protocol to purify monospecific polyclonal antibodies from a crude antiserum raised against Gleheda was developed. After selective ammonium sulfate precipitation and successive affinity chromatography on columns of Sepharose 4B with immobilized Gleheda and Robinia pseudoacacia agglutinin (RPA), respectively, ion-exchange chromatography on a column of Q Fast Flow was used for further purification. The specificity of the antibody fractions from each step was tested by double immunodiffusion assay and analyzed by Western blot. Results revealed that affinity chromatography of the immunoglobulin fraction on the immobilized Gleheda antigen yielded an antibody preparation that still cross-reacted with many proteins in leaf extracts. Depletion of nonspecific cross-reacting antibodies directed against the glycan part of the glycoprotein by affinity chromatography on immobilized RPA removed most but not all nonspecifically reacting antibodies. Only upon further purification by ion exchange chromatography an IgG fraction of monospecific antibodies that reacted exclusively with Gleheda could be obtained and accordingly was suitable for immunodetection studies. This antibody purification procedure promises simplicity and efficiency. In addition, this method does not require expensive facilities.


Introduction Previous studies on Seoul air pollution focused on finding associations between daily mortality and ambient concentrations of pollutants such as NO2, SO2, CO, O3, and PM10 (see Hong et al., 1999; Lee et al., 2000). There have not been any attempts for identifying pollution sources based on these air pollution data. Identifying important pollution sources that contribute to ambient concentrations of pollutants is essential for developing an effective air quality management plan. Multivariate receptor modeling aims to achieve this goal by unfolding the air pollution data into components associated with different sources. Traditionally, a multivariate receptor model has been applied to the measurements on multiple chemical species (say, p chemical species) collected at a receptor. See Henry (1991) for a comprehensive review of conventional multivariate receptor models such as principal component analysis, exploratory factor analysis, target transformation factor analysis, and self-modeling curve resolution. Assuming that there are q major pollution sources, a basic physical model in multivariate receptor modeling can be written as


We investigated the effect of device thickness on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of thin-film GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which were grown on Si substrates and transferred to other Si substrates with reduced film thickness. It was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurement that the compressive strain is released and the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) is suppressed after reducing the thickness. The best IQE of 62.9% was reached with a large suppression of the band tilting by QCSE, from 7.9 meV in the original structure to 2.4 meV in the thinnest sample, and this value can compete with that of GaN-based LEDs grown on a sapphire substrate.


Teaching science during the last years have been very important because the Science education has become more relevant in the last few years due to advances in science and technology. Education has used different didactic strategies that have evolved throughout time. The importance of theme parks as useful didactic resources to generate positive attitudes in science education is analyzed and it confirms how useful it is for


In this study, we have developed a simple and efficient single-nozzle electrospinning strategy with phase separation of polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to construct cable-like core-shell mesoporous SnO 2 nanofibers. Compare to traditional multi-axial electrospinning for the synthesis of core-shell nanofibers, the synthesis process of the cable-like core-shell mesoporous SnO 2 nanofiber is simple and efficient without many complex multi-axial electrospinning setups or post-treatment, just need to dry and anneal. The obtained SnO 2 nanofibers proved to be a promising sensing material toward formaldehyde ( HCHO ) with low concentration, the detection limit is about 1ppm. And it exhibited good cycling stability and selectivity, with t he response and recovery time to 10 ppm HCHO at an operating temperature of 195 ℃ are approximately 18 s and 196 s, respectively.


This article seeks to challenge the uncritical and often benign way in which interprofessional practice is considered within social work and other social professions. In particular the article highlights issues concerning definitions, structural solutions, interprofessional education, the assumption of consensus, the lost voice of the service user, the potential for unnecessary surveillance and some ideas of what distinctly good interprofessional working might look like. This article is not an attack on interprofessional practice per se but an attempt to go beyond the 'motherhood and apple pie' nature of much of the current debate.


An optical device of the present invention comprises a light-emitting element or a light-receiving element mounted on a support and a cured silicone material unified into a single article onto the support by the sealing of the element with a hydrosilylation reaction curable silicone composition, and is characterized in that the surface of the cured silicone material has been treated with an organopolysiloxane that has at least three silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in one molecule. The optical device is resistant to the adherence of dust and dirt due to an inhibition of the stickiness of the surface of a cured silicone material that seals a light-emitting element or a light-receiving element mounted on a support and has thereby been unified into a single body onto the support.


Readers of Tenso will have become aware of William Merwin's work, The Mays of Ventadorn (Washington, D.C, National Geographic Society, 2002) in an article by John Halbrooks, or they may have already known this very personal voyage of discovery by one ofNorth America's most distinguished poets. There is little need to recount, except briefly, the theme of Merwin's book, which gives an account of the castle ofVentadorn, seen by him as a center of inspiration. There is, however, behind the castle, which dominates the work, a complex network of influences, which start with Ezra Pound and his advice to the young Merwin to go back to the source of poetry, the troubadours. Next, is Merwin's voyage to Europe and his subsequent purchase of a house in a small village in Quercy, and, lastly, the fascination with trobar, on which the Western poetic and musical tradition is based. At the same time, he discovers Occitan, and a village life, almost petrified and marked by its links to a distant past, then, after many years of absence in the United States, his return, when he finds that the civilization ofwhich he had had a last glimpse, had died. It fell to Luc de Goustine, writer and translator, to give this publication to his compatriots. This is no mere literary inspiration, for he had come to know William Merwin some years before, and, knowing the man, was eager to add a French voice to the work of an anglophone who had plunged into the Occitan poetic world and embraced it. But, if Luc de Goustine finds inspiration in this evocation ofVentadorn, it is also because he himself is devoted to the renaissance of the castle and the values which are inherent in it through its history and the poetic inspiration embodied in Bernart de Ventadorn himself. Luc de Goustine modestly claims that he, as the translator, "ne peut faire moins qu'y greffer sa version" (7), but it is true to


The parasites, highlighting the intestinalis were frequently in public students of low aquisity power in developing country like Brazil. The aim of the work was to verify the prevalence of intestinal parasites infections in public students, and help to prevent with an education program. The ludic activities were using in two public schools of Jequie of Bahia-Brazil. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was determinate between 2014 until 2017. The fecal material was concentrated by spontaneous sedimentation. It was examined 352 fecal samples collected from children and teenagers from 7 to 14 of age. The positive results for one or more parasites was 55.97%. The students that had an intestinal infection received medical treatment. The most prevalent parasite was Schistosoma mansoni 79 (22,4%), following by A. lumbricoides 69 (19,6%); T. trichiura 45 (12,8%); Hookworm 28 (8,0%); H. nana 15 (4,3%) and E. vermicularis 09 (2,6%). The highest prevalence of intestinal parasites and commensals protozoan was the Entamoeba coli 59 (16,8%). Following by E. histolytica/dispar 52 (14,8%); G. lamblia 45 (12,8%); Endolimax nana 45 (12,8%), and Iodamoeba butschlii 30 (8,5%). It is concluded that these results show that although the educations programs, there is still a significant environmental contamination with intestinal parasites in periphery of Jequie revealing the importance of prevalence estimation and health education.


Time-domain metrology (TDM) techniques are applied to determine loss and dispersion in microstrip and coaxial cable for possible future use in interconnections in the frequency range of 0.4-10 GHz. After a brief presentation of the method, results are given for microstrip, RG/U 58, and RG/U 188A coaxial cable. Good agreement is obtained between measured, computed, and published values. Major advantages of the technique are that unwanted multiple reflections can be excluded from the measurement time window, and errors from interface discontinuities can be evaluated and removed from the final result.


It would be useful to have a goodness-of-fit measure that would both facilitate comparisons (1) among Tobit equations and (2) between Tobit equations and OLS equations. This paper suggests a number of possibilities and then provides Monte Carlo results that permit comparisons of the values of different measure. Also it is noted that point (2) suggests that a Pseudo-R[superscript]2 be chosen which is best able to mimic the OLS-R[superscript]2. Under this criterion, a modification of a measure developed by R. McKelvey and W. Zavoina is consistently superior. Copyright 1994 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd


Ripartitella brunnea, collected from southern China, is described, illustrated and discussed as a new species based on unique morphological characteristics and molecular data. Ripartitella brunnea is characterized by its light brown to violet brown pileus covered with dark brown squamules, slightly involute margin appendiculate with white to yellowish white veil remnant; white and crowded lamellae; fleeting annulus; echinulate basidiospores 4.5–6 × 3.5–4 µm in size and lageniform pleurocystidia often covered with yellowish crystals at apex. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined datasets ITS and LSU sequences confirmed that R. brunnea is a new member of Ripartitella.