Oscillations and other rhythmic patterns of neuronal activity arise throughout the central nervous system. Such oscillations have been implicated in the generation of sleep rhythms, epilepsy, parkinsonian tremor, sensory processing, and learning. Oscillatory behavior also arises in such physiological processes as respiration, movement, and secretion. Researchers have made tremendous efforts to understand the cellular mechanisms responsible for these activity patterns. Numerous mathematical models have been developed, often based on the Hodgkin–Huxley formalism. Some of these models exhibit a rich mix of dynamic behaviors. (See, for example, the review articles [2,3].) The behavior of even a single cell can be quite complicated; an individual cell might fire, for example, repetitive action potentials or bursts of action potentials separated by silent phases of nearly quiescent behavior. Populations of cells can produce synchronized or partially synchronized oscillations, or spatially localized bumps of asynchronous activity. More complex population rhythms are also possible. For example, activity might propagate through a network in a wave-like manner or might show chaotic dynamics. Mathematical modeling of neuronal networks has relied mainly on computational studies, with little mathematical analysis. This is so because realistic models typically consist of very large systems of nonlinear differential equations. As pointed out above, even a single cell can have very complicated dynamics. In addition, the synaptic coupling between cells can be either excitatory or inhibitory, and can include dynamics on multiple time scales. Because a neuronal system can involve combinations of different types of cells and different types of coupling, it is easy to understand why models for these systems lead to extremely challenging mathematical problems. To describe how mathematical modeling and analysis have been used to address issues arising in neuroscience, we consider a concrete system: the basal ganglia [1]. The basal ganglia lie deep inside the brain and comprise several nuclei thought to play an important role in the control of movement. The basal ganglia have also been implicated in cognition, motivation, and emotion. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia is associated with movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease. Experiments have revealed complex firing patterns for neurons within the basal ganglia; moreover, patterns of neuronal activity, both spatial and temporal, differ between normal and pathological states. During normal resting conditions, neurons in the basal ganglia typically discharge in a tonic and irregular mode; little correlation is seen in the spiking patterns of different neurons. In parkinsonian states, these neurons display higher degrees of rhythmic bursting activity. Experiments have also demonstrated that resting tremor is associated with synchronous activity among neurons within the basal ganglia. Neither the origins of these firing patterns nor the specific neuronal mechanisms that cause them to change in pathological states are understood. As experiments have continued to demonstrate the importance of temporal and spatial dynamics for function and dysfunction of the basal ganglia, the need for realistic, biophysically based models has become increasingly clear. Working closely with experimentalists, we constructed a mathematical model for neurons within the so-called indirect pathway of the basal ganglia [5]. Our focus on the indirect pathway was motivated in part by experiments demonstrating a drastic increase in correlated activity within the indirect pathway both in parkinsonian animal models and in human subjects with Parkinson's disease. Experiments also indicate that the pathological rhythms seen in PD may originate from abnormal interactions within the indirect pathway. In computer simulations, our model exhibits a very rich set of dynamic behaviors. In particular, the network generates both correlated rhythmic activity and irregular uncorrelated spiking, depending on the tuning of certain network features. Mathematical analysis of the model, based on dynamical systems and, specifically, geometric singular perturbation methods, has elucidated mechanisms underlying these firing patterns. This has led to hypotheses about an important puzzle: How can the depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine, as occurs in parkinsonian states, lead to an increase in correlated, burst-like activity? We have extended our model to test hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS), a therapeutic intervention for PD and other disorders featuring pathological tremors. In DBS, an electrode is surgically implanted in a carefully targeted area of the brain, where it provides continuous delivery of high-frequency stimulation. DBS has come into wide use in the treatment of PD and other neurological disorders, but the basic mechanisms responsible for its effectiveness remain mysterious. Researchers continue to explore one fundamental issue: What is the primary effect of DBS on neuronal activity in and near the site where it is applied? Various arguments support the idea that DBS primarily suppresses neuronal activity. According to one such argument, because the clinical effects of DBS are similar to those of ablative surgeries, in which areas of the brain are actually removed, the mechanisms underlying Neuronal Dynamics and the Basal Ganglia


The quality control,cost control,schedule control,and safety control are the "four control"in the project construction management.Understanding and grasping the "four control"as well as their relationship are very important to reach the basic target of "low cost,short construction period,high quality,and safety".


In order to make higher domestic self-sufficiency ratio of energy resources, these are required to purchase the producing oil & gas fields through the investment of oversea petroleum development, to make M&A, and to enhance recovery in the existing oil & gas fields. For this purpose, it is essential to acquire the core technology regarding the evaluation, design, and management of oil & gas fields. The accumulation of technology of the evaluation, optimal design, proper management of production fields by the help of the continuous R&D program will make great contribution for higher domestic self-sufficiency ratio by the increased number of purchase of foreign producing fields, the increase amount of produced petroleum out of existing fields, and the effective management of the oil and gas fields.


Aby M. Warburg (1866-1929), the famous art historian, critic and great promotor of cultural history collected a unique research library which became a semi-official part of the newly founded University of Hamburg called "Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg" in 1920. At the end of 1933 the library and its staff left Germany in order to prevent the Nazis from destroying this Jewish foundation. Great Britain gave home to it and at the end of 1944 London University incorporated the library now named The Warburg Institute. The Warburg Institute has efficiently helped to promote art history as an academic discipline in Great Britain though its actual aims are of an interdisciplinary nature and go far beyond art history and this has been the case since the days of Warburg. Not only art history but also the American artist R. B. Kitaj living in Great Britain for many years has been deeply influenced by Warburg and Warburgian studies.


We theoretically and experimentally study of the four-wave mixing (FWM) between co-propagated pump and signal in a distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) over a 25 km of non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF) with zero dispersion wavelength of 1495 nm. The 100 mW pump Fabry-Perot (FP) spectra centered at 1440 nm is reproduced via FWM around the single-wavelength probe signal around 1550 nm. The maximum FWM generated power ratio is found in the matching of the group delay between the signal and the two adjacent modes with larger powers in the pump Fabry-Perot laser diode. The zero-dispersion wavelength of NZDSF can also be determined at the middle of the center wavelength of pump and signal waves where maximum FWM occurs at minimum phase mismatching between two 14xx nm FP pump wavelengths and two 15xx nm signal wavelengths.


From September 1997 to January 1998, minimally invasive harvesting of the long saphenous vein was carried out on 30 randomly selected patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Two to 4 small skin incisions were made for subcutaneous dissection of the vein. The mean ratio of skin incision length to conduit length was 0.29 ± 0.01. The mean time for conduit preparation was 55 ± 2.6 minutes. Mean hospital stay was 9.2 ± 0.2 days. Morbidity in these patients was significantly lower than that of a control group of 100 patients who underwent the conventional open technique. The method was simple and effective in providing good quality venous conduits at low cost with improved patient satisfaction.


Generalized Measure Theory is an excellent monograph bringing the state-of-the-art overview in generalised measure theory (games, set functions vanishing at the empty set) and the corresponding integration theory, including numerous original results of authors. This monograph has expressively extended the previous book of the authors (Wang and Klir 1992), which is restricted to non-decreasing monotone measures (fuzzy measures, monotone games). Note that the last mentioned monograph was the first one in the field. It was succeeded by monographs by Denneberg (1994), in which a prominent role was given to the Choquet integral; Pap (1995), which focuses on null-additivity of measures and related concepts; an edited volume by Grabisch et al. (2000), which contains overview chapters in fuzzy measures and integrals; and a two-volume handbook on measure theory edited by Pap (2002), which covers in several independent chapters major topics of the reviewed monograph. It should be mentioned that the time was ripe for a summarisation of the current state-of-the-art of generalised measure theory and the associated integration theory in a single book. Both authors are prominent and distinguished scholars in the field, and thus the community of measure theorists had welcomed the news that they started the work on a new monograph, Generalized Measure Theory. The result of their efforts is worth careful reading not only by any researcher and student in measure and integral theory, but also by scientists and students in game theory, multicriteria decision support, aggregation theory and engineering areas dealing with measures and integrals. Formally, the book consists of 15 chapters, 2 appendices, an exhaustive bibliography and subject and name indexes. In general, the book is written in the textbook style, including numerous examples and exercises. Each chapter concludes with remarks useful for further study (historical, bibliographical and other notes) and relevant exercises. Chapter 1 brings historical development notes on measure and integral theory, while Chapter 2 brings preliminaries from the classical set and measure theory, as well as some basics from fuzzy set theory. Basic ideas of generalised measure theory are introduced in Chapter 3. Several special classes of measures are also discussed here, such as monotone measures, superadditive or subadditive measures and signed measures. More specific classes of measures are discussed in Chapter 4. Namely, capacities, lambda-measures, quasi-measures, belief measures with their dual plausibility measures, possibility measures and their dual necessity measures, etc. Chapter 5 is devoted to extensions of different kinds of generalised measures, mostly from a ring or semi-ring to the generated sigma-ring. This chapter covers such extensions of quasimeasures, lambda-measures, possibility and necessity measures, semi-continuous monotone measures, etc. Structural characteristics of set functions such as null-additivity, autocontinuity and uniform autocontinuity are discussed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 deals with the measurability of functions on monotone measure spaces. The concepts 'almost' and 'pseudo-almost' are introduced here for monotone measures. Several kinds of convergences of measurable functions sequences are also introduced and their relationships are discussed.


Editor, T he coronavirus disease (COVID19) was first found in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. It swept through China and worldwide. It can cause severe acute respiratory infection with an incubation period of 1–14 days (Chen et al. 2020; Huang et al. 2020), and mainly spread by respiratory droplets, although spreading by discharges, faeces, aerosol, conjunctiva, etc. was also suspected (Li et al. 2020). Ophthalmologists often contact with patients closely and are exposed to risk of cross infection. It is important that the ophthalmologists get acquaintance with strategy of protection during clinical practice. Personal protection of ophthalmologists: since the safe distance of droplets transmission is ≥1.5 m, we suggest ophthalmologists taking different levels of protection according to clinical practices (Table 1). Management of hand hygiene should always be strictly complied with. Disinfection of inspection equipments: SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to UV and heat. It can be inactivated at 56°C for 30 min or by lipid solvent such as ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine disinfectant, peracetic acid and chloroform. A shield plate should be installed on the slit lamp to prevent droplets transmission. Slit lamp, automatic refractor, corneal topography, OCT, fundus camera and fluorescein angiography should be cleaned with 75% ethanol or 3% hydrogen peroxide tampon. Appliances directly contacting with patients' ocular surface, such as Goldmann applanation tonometer, gonioscope, specular microscope, ultrasound probe and UBM probe, should be soaked by 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, washed by flowing water and then cleaned by 75% ethanol or 3% hydrogen peroxide tampon (Rutala 1996). Since microaerosol might be formed due to tear film dehiscence, the non-contact 'air-puff' tonometry should be placed in ventilated place, and the probe should be well disinfected every time after use (Britt et al. 1991). Outpatient care: a triage system should be run by experienced nurses. The nurse should measure body temperature and inquire contact history of all the patients. Patients with fever or contact history of COVID-19 patients within 14 days were guided to the fever clinic for further evaluations. Only patients without fever or contact history are allowed to enter the eye clinic. The patients should put on masks as well. The clinic should be well ventilated, disinfected with UV of 250–270 nm for 30–60 min. The staff are encouraged to follow the precautions listed above and discard gloves, wash or alcohol-rub the hands and then put on new gloves in-between case. In-patient care: during the epidemic period, diseases admitted to the eye ward should be arranged accordingly. Only ocular emergencies such as eye traumas, acute glaucoma, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and central retinal artery occlusion are considered for admission. The patients of new admission should be arranged one person in one room and be monitored attentively. Ophthalmic operation care: non-urgent interventions such as barrier laser, YAG: Nd laser capsulotomy, pan-retinal photocoagulation, incision and curettage should be suspended or performed only when necessary. While ruptured eyeball, intraocular foreign body, acute glaucoma, rheugmatogenous retinal detachment and central retinal artery occlusion could be arranged for operation. Operation should be performed in well-ventilated or negative pressure environment. The operating room is regarded as a highrisk area, and universal precaution measures with barrier apparels should be strictly taken. The SARS-CoV-2 is one of the viruses against which we need protection in ophthalmic setting. The measures we mentioned here may help protect from COVID-19 and reduce the risk of its further spreading within hospital.


Using data contributed by national vital statistics offices and the statistical services of the European Community information is presented on cancer mortality by cancer site and geographical region within selected countries. The data concern the late 1970s and the countries that were members of the Community at that time. Annex 2 published in a separate volume contains the information in map form. (ANNOTATION)


The CUCO's (Citizens Utilities Company of Colombus (Ohio)) community education program is making the grade, earning an 'A+' in crime prevention.


Seed science and technology: proceedings of a train-the-trainers workshop 24 April to 9 May 1993, Amman, Jordan , Seed science and technology: proceedings of a train-the-trainers workshop 24 April to 9 May 1993, Am... , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی


The preferential tax treatment of enterprise income tax is the biggest difference between the two systems of enterprise income tax in China. With the beginning of a new round of tax reforms, unifying the two systems of enterprise income tax is ready to go. This paper emphatically analyses the unbalance of the preferential tax treat of enterprise income tax. And I hope that it will be helpful for the reforms of enterprise income tax.


Susceptibility of 983 isolates of Staphyloccus aureus to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline was determined in vitro. Minocycline was shown to be more active than doxycycline, which in turn was shown to be slightly more active than tetracycline. 77% of the isolates which were resistant to tetracycline were also resistant to doxycycline, whereas only 4% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates were resistant to minocycline. The in vivo use of tetracycline correlated with increased in vitro resistance of S. aureus to tetracycline and doxycycline. A correlation between use of tetracycline and in vitro resistance to minocycline was not demonstrated.


Temperature, the most commonly measured physical property, is usually measured with ground based thermocouples that produce signals both above and below ground. This high accuracy, single-supply, converter introduces a synchronized substrate pumping technique which enables the measurement of below ground signals without corruption by substrate noise. Using a 4th order delta-sigma (DS) modulator, this 20 bit converter delivers an SNR of 108.67 dB and S/D of 110.19 dB, while consuming only 7.194 mW. An integrated instrumentation amplifier is used to get the signal to a level acceptable by the DS. A digital filter is used to eliminate the DS quantization noise. The whole chip is controlled via a 3 wire serial interface.


The utility model discloses a power shunt type hydraulic hybrid power loading machine power transmission system which is composed of an engine, a first hydraulic pump/motor, a second hydraulic pump/motor, a hydraulic working system, a planetary line, a transmission gear, a first transmission shaft, a second transmission shaft, a locker, a clutch, a high-voltage energy accumulator, a low-voltage energy accumulator and a hydraulic control one-way valve. According to the power shunt type hydraulic hybrid power loading machine power transmission system, a planetary gear train compact in structure and stable in transmission is adopted to serve as a power coupling element, and power shunt type transmission of a loading machine is achieved; a compound planetary gear train reversing mechanism is adopted, only one clutch and only one locker are arranged, automated control is easy to achieve, the integration degree is high, and the vehicle speed requirement for forward and backward driving of the loading machine can be better met; by means of the power shunt type hydraulic hybrid power loading machine power transmission system, hydraulic stepless speed change can be achieved, the engine is made to work in an efficient region, fuel consumption is lowered, and emission is improved; a hydraulic torque converter is canceled, the efficiency of the transmission system is improved, and the fuel consumption of the loading machine is lowered.


The authors have implemented seven data-parallel primitives on the hybrid dataflow/von Neumann parallel computer EM-4. To evaluate the performance of these primitives, the authors compare them to identical primitives running on a CM-200 SIMD (single-instruction multiple-data) parallel computer. For integer arithmetic element-wise operations, EM-4 is faster than the CM-200 when two or more operations can be combined. For communications operations, EM-4 has significantly higher performance. EM-4's distinguishing feature in running data-parallel codes is its exceptional communications performance in terms of network bandwidth and latency, and processor/network interface. Additional special-purpose hardware for barrier synchronization and scan-like operations is not necessary. Dataflow-style token synchronization is helpful, but not necessary in implementing data-parallel primitives.<<ETX>>


The hydronium salt (H3O)2[Cu(N7–acv)2(H2O)2(SO4)2]·2H2O (1, acv = acyclovir) has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectral methods. Solvated Cu(OH)2 is a by-product of the synthesis. In the all-trans centrosymmetric complex anion, (a) the Cu(II) atom exhibits an elongated octahedral coordination; (b) the metal-binding pattern of acyclovir (acv) consists of a Cu–N7(acv) bond plus an (aqua)O–H···O6(acv) interligand interaction; and (c) trans-apical/distal sites are occupied by monodentate O-sulfate donor anions. Neutral acyclovir and aqua-proximal ligands occupy the basal positions, stabilizing the metal binding pattern of acv. Each hydronium(1+) ion builds three H-bonds with O–sulfate, O6(acv), and O–alcohol(acv) from three neighboring complex anions. No O atoms of solvent water molecules are involved as acceptors. Theoretical calculations of molecular electrostatic potential surfaces and atomic charges also support that the O-alcohol of the N9(acv) side chain is a better H-acceptor than the N3 or the O-ether atoms of acv.


Nanosized TiO 2 particles have been prepared in a microemulsion by hydrolysis of TiCl 4, The crystallization process was characterized by TG DTA and XRD analyses. The results show that the characteristic temperatures of crystallization peaks on DTA curves increase as the heating rate rises. The crystallization apparent activation energy was correlated to be 79.23±3.5?kJ/mol from Kissinger equation plots. It is confirmed that the nanometer scale effects decrease the nanocrystallization temperatures and activation energy. A simplified Johnson Mehl Avrami model was pertinent to determine the kinetics of the nanocrystallization reaction at 450?℃.


To investigate the effects of ATIS(advanced traveler information system) on PR(park and ride) behavior,a multi-class network equilibrium formulation was proposed in a stochastic multi-modal network.The formulation is based on the following assumption that commuters can complete their journeys by three approaches,i.e.,auto mode,walk-metro mode and PR mode,and make their travel decisions following a Probit-based stochastic manner whether they are equipped or unequipped with ATIS.A variational inequality model equivalent to the equilibrium conditions was established and solved using a simulation-based heuristic algorithm.Numerical results show that the quality of information has a significant influence on PR behavior,PR facility usage and ATIS market penetration.


TV receiving devices are increasingly equipped with additional functions, such as the ability to receive in the form of so-called "push services", the corresponding "push data" on their radio connection to cache and parts thereof to be transmitted to mobile phones on request. The technique is known, "pull-data" to refer via a mobile phone connection, or to use the cellular connection as a return line, the transmitted data can be related to the current TV program. However, these techniques require a basic knowledge of the operation of the relevant equipment and the operation is associated with a certain effort to make the not every television viewer is willing or able. The inventive solution provides to integrate essential elements of a mobile phone into the remote control of a television receiver, this remote control is connected to the television receiver device in bidirectional data exchange. The proper procedures, a convenient solution is created in such a way that enables a user-friendly way to process push and pull data together and display. Accordingly, the transmitter push and pull services can use (for example, for a fee or no charge) in connection with each other without the ease of operation suffers. It is particularly advantageous that the transmitter allocates the data to be transmitted, depending on the frequency of their request, the push-pull data or the data. The assignment can then be changed by the sender dynamically.


The core in the measurement of human capital is the value rather than the costs, judging from either its consequences or its information relevance. The object of human capital measurement is the management and key technical personnel instead of the whole staff. The key for stock option to become a popular incentive is that the value of human capital is dynamically reflected through capital market. Stock option can effectively realize its stimulating function only when is takes on the properties of enterprise ownership. The issue of incentives in state owned enterprises is also addressed.


Quality of learning depends much on classroom management, and instructional supervision always helps to alert the teacher in managing class. Instructional supervision practices engage teachers and their principals in a mutual relationship for the sole purpose of developing, maintaining and improving a school's instructional programme, especially its curriculum and teaching personnel in attaining quality of education. This study intended to explore the best practices of instructional supervision management in selected secondary schools in Kinondoni Municipality. Specifically, it was aimed at examining the perception of teachers about instructional supervision practices and identifying exemplary/best practices of instructional supervision techniques practiced in secondary schools and lessons drawn from them for other institutions. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches and a descriptive survey design. It relied on a sample size of 159 participants, including parents, heads of schools, heads of departments, teachers and students from five selected secondary schools. The data were collected through interviews, questionnaires, document reviews, and observation and were analysed through descriptive statistics and content analysis. The findings of this study revealed that the majority of teachers had negative attitudes towards instructional supervision as a result of unfriendly supervisory practices by heads of schools and heads of departments. The supervisors failed to create a friendly environment with their supervisee to the extent that the teachers perceived instructional supervision as a mere implementation of the stipulated policies. The study further observed that the supervisors lacked adequate training apart from being too occupied by administrative roles and hence forgetting supervisory activities. The study established that teachers in secondary schools perceive instructional supervision as more fault finding rather than supporting them in improving their teaching practices. The focus of school-based supervisors ought to be on assisting teachers in enhancing their teaching and learning processes to better administer instructional supervision. Instructional supervision must place more emphasis on improving than on proving.


Defence of brassinolieles(BR 120) on cool injury at booting stage in rice about 5 varieties with different cold tolerance is studied.The results are as follows:(1) Using of BR 120 can increase the fertility rate of rice under low temperture by 40 1%.(2) Used concentration of BR 120 vary with different origin of varieties,the best concentration is 1∶2000 on the varieties from Japan, while on the varieties from Yunnan 1∶1000 is the best.(3) Different effect on the defence of cool injury in rice are made by the using of BR 120 at different growing phases of young ear.It is the best effect when the auricle distance is -2cm to -3cm in rice.


The efficacy and safety of everolimus in 10 recipients of liver in the post-transplant period with simultaneous reducing the dose of calcineurin inhibitors are analyzed. After conversion of immunosuppression the duration of monitoring of patients ranged from 4 to 18 months. Episodes of acute cellular rejection were not observed. Already in the first month after inclusion of everolimus in the scheme of immunosuppressive therapy, there was observed an improvement in renal function, which persisted at follow-up of patients. No serious adverse events were observed.


Sulfuric acid cross-linked chitosan membranes filled with a different amount of magnetite, were prepared. The permeation behavior of ethanol and water vapors in vapor permeation experiments were studied. Permeation rates were measured. Mass transport coefficients were evaluated. The study has been carried out to determine the influence of magnetic powder dispersed inside of the chitosan membrane on ethanol-water separation. The diffusion, fluxes, and permeation coefficients increased with greater amount of magnetite content. The separation factor increased with increasing flux and the best results were achieved for the membrane containing 15% w/w magnetite. The research allows optimizing the preparation procedure of chitosan magnetic membranes cross-linked by sulfuric acid with the best permeation properties.


Pepper (Capcicum annuum. L) belonging to the plant family 'Solanaceae' is the most frequently consumed plant species throughout the world. The pepper is widely used not only as a food material but also as a spice. Especially in Korea, the pepper is the most important spice in food because it is one ...


Objective To discuss the effect of refined products of Bupleurum saikosaponin by alcohol elution on mice's acute toxicity.Methods Make the study on mice's acute toxicity of the refined products of Bupleurum saikosaponin by alcohol elution in accordance with classical acute toxicity test methods.Results Caculated by total saikosaponin,the LD50 of the refined products of Bupleurum saikosaponin by alcohol elution is 446.7 mg·kg-1·d-1,and the 95% confidence interval is 386.13~513.66 mg·kg-1·d-1.The main acute toxicity symptoms and signs of dead mice are negligent action,then arising from unsteady gait,abdominal lying sleeping,rapid heart rate,shortness of breath,continuous convulsions,neurological inhibition,and eventually to death.The surviving mice's weight gainings are slow in 14d obervation period and there are noother obvious abnormalities.Conclusion The acute toxicity of refined products of Bupleurum saikosaponin by alcohol elution is bigger than the total Bupleurum saikosaponin extracts,and we further confirm that the total saikosaponin is mainly toxical material basis of Bupleurum.The "dose-time-poison" relationships of accumulated toxicity are to be further studied.


Draft tube is an important part of reaction turbine which is used to convert kinetic head available at exit of runner into pressure head, thereby, increasing the overall output. Turbines need to have a minimum amount of water to propel them in order to produce enough energy. Without these tubes, the pressure could drop because of lack of water, and in turn, the entire turbine could fail to work and power could be lost. In this study, we have discussed different types of draft tubes with detailed study of the problems which are encountered in the reaction turbines. Few researches that were carried out earlier have been discussed. The basic design parameters which govern the working of draft tube have been discussed along with the effects of cavitation.


The new heuristic method generalizing the classical construction of v−function from first integrals is described. There is shown the generalized method keeps the feature of the classical one. It means v−functions are constructed as solutions of some completely integrable partial differential equation. The form of this equation and its order are defined by nondegenerate multiparameter function V(x,a)+αq, x ∈ R , α ∈ R (α−vector of parameters) identically. Function V is the generalization of classical linear integral sheaf. The representations of v−functions are described. Classical representations (method of Chetaev integral sheaf, the construction of these functions as non-linear functions of the integrals) are supplemented by geometric structures of v−functions as envelopes of some subsets of function V(x,a) + αq. The most of the investigated stability problems from classical mechanics are covered and put in order by a new method. By this method, some algebraic unsolvable stability problems of ordinary differential equations are investigated. 1. The classical method of the construction of v−functions. It is well known that the investigation of the stability problems of ordinary differential equations needs the construction of v−functions. The classical method of the construction of these functions from first integrals is the more effective one. The basis of it have been put by J. Lagrange [1], A.M. Lyapunov [2], E. J. Routh [3,4]. If the system with known sign definite integral is investigated, it is the simplest case. The stability of the system is followed from the first Lyapunov theorem. The Chetaev method of integral sheaf is used in other cases as a rule. It closely connects with Routh−Lyapunov theorem which is used for the investigation of the stationary motions of mechanic systems. By that classical method, ample hamiltonian systems are researched (for example, [5−16]). Received May 20, 200


I. INTRODUCTION C REDIT has without question become the American way of life.' It should stand to reason, therefore, since credit partially determines access to such matters as home ownership, education and consumer goods, that all who apply for credit should be accorded an equal opportunity.' For some, however, the inability to obtain credit is not based on any lack of individual creditworthiness,' but rather on their membership in a particular class." Denying credit on the basis of an immutable characteristic impedes an individual's ability to function fully within the stream of commerce. This inability may be accompanied by a sense of personal humiliation and frustration, the implication of which may extend far beyond the economic sphere.' While credit is considered a privilege rather than a right, those who cannot obtain credit may be on their way to becoming second-class citizens. The availability of credit may have a profound impact on an individual's ability to exercise the substantive civil rights guaranteed by the Constitution.'


The aim of the presented work is to demonstrate a new family of additives for propylene carbonate-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries, as a means of overcoming the inherent incompatibility of propylene carbonate and graphite. The additives belong to the class of silicon podands, macromolecular compounds having two or three polyoxaethylene chains of variable length attached to the silicon atom and capable of coordinating alkali metal cations. It is proved that when only 10% by weight of certain silicon podands is added to propylene carbonate, the mixture thus formed can be successfully employed as electrolyte solvent in Li-ion cells with highly graphitic anodes. Several silicon podands are presented, differing in length of the polyoxaethylene chains as well as in the nature of the terminating functional group. Special attention is devoted to vinyl podands. Factors affecting the applicability of podands as electrolyte components as well as mechanisms of passivation are discussed on the basis of the collected electrochemical data. Introduction Electrolyte composition is believed to be one of the crucial factors as far as performance of lithium-ion batteries is concerned. During the first charging of the Li-ion cell the electrolyte components are reduced on the carbon anode and the decomposition products form a passivating film, often called solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Structure of passivating film is a matter of decisive importance for the efficient work and good cycleability of the cell and depends greatly on the nature of chemical species forming the electrolyte solution. Early works have proved that propylene carbonate (excellent solvent for most lithium salts, successfully employed as co-solvent in primary lithium batteries) is not a suitable electrolyte component for Li-ion batteries with graphite anode. This is caused by the fact that upon first charging of the cell propylene carbonate (PC) molecules are co-intercalated together with lithium ions into the graphite interplanar spaces followed by its decomposition [1]. Gaseous propylene which is evolved in this process causes the graphite particles to exfoliate thus making the passive layer unstable. Many attempts have been made in the past to overcome the inherent incompatibility of PC and graphite in the Li-ion system. An obvious approach is to replace PC by other organic compound having the property of forming a stable passive layer on the graphite surface. A typical example is ethylene carbonate which is widely applied in Li-ion technology. This is Corresponding author: Mariusz Walkowiak E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 6 Advanced Batteries and Accumulators – ABA-2005 Lithium Polymer Electrolytes in spite of the fact that melting point of ethylene carbonate is relatively high, therefore it is always used in mixture with other low-viscosity solvent, typically diethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate. However even in such configuration EC-based electrolytes have limited applicability for low-temperature work. Since the main problem in PC-based electrolytes is that its molecules tend to cointercalate into the graphite lattice together with the lithium cations, another possible approach is to introduce to the system molecules that would compete with PC for coordination of lithium. Such effect is well known in the case of crown ethers [2]. Very recently compounds possessing vinyl functional groups have been proposed as additives for PC as a cure against its incompatibility with graphite anodes. The beneficial effect of vinyl additives was attributed to their ability to electropolymerise upon reduction on graphite [3,4]. In the present work a new family of film-forming additives for PC-based electrolytes is presented. The family comprises certain silicon podands, compounds having a general formula RSi[(OCH2CH2)nOR]3, where three polyoxaethylene chains form a cage capable of complexing alkali metal cations [5-7]. The presented compounds belong to a wider class referred to as supramolecular complexes of host-guest type and can be regarded as openchain analogues of such macrocyclic compounds as crown ethers. On the other hand, some of them can also be regarded as a members of a large family of vinyl additives for the electrolytes. Experimental Silicon podands were synthesized according to the procedure described in [8]. If not stated otherwise, electrolytes were prepared by dissolving LiPF6 (Aldrich, reagent grade) in a mixture of propylene carbonate (Merck, used without any additional treatment) and a silicon podand (10 % by weight). The electrolytes were prepared in a glove box filled with a dry argon (water content less then 20 ppm). For examination of electrolytes' performance during cathodic reduction a highly crystalline UF2 (Kropfműhl) graphite was used. The electrodes were prepared by applying a slurry consisting of the graphite, acetylene black (10%) and PVdF binder (10%, Fluka) onto a copper foil current collector, followed by drying overnight in the vacuum at 120 oC. The graphite electrode and lithium foil counter electrode were sandwiched with a polypropylene separator (Celgard) and the whole stack was placed in a two-electrode Swagelok-type cell, followed by filling the cell by an excess of the investigated electrolyte composition. The cells were cycled galvanostatically at 10 mA per gram of active electrode mass in the voltage range 0 – 2 V vs Li/Li. Results and Discussion Several compounds were chosen as representatives of the studied class. They were selected in a way enabling examination of the two principal characteristics of those compounds, namely length of the polyoxaethylene chains and chemical nature of the terminal functional group. Symbols of silicon podands and the respective structural formulas are presented in the Fig. 1. 6 Advanced Batteries and Accumulators – ABA-2005 Lithium Polymer Electrolytes


DOI: 10.21276/sjams.2018.6.12.65 Abstract: Fungal infections are very common in man. Dermatophytoses is worldwide in distribution; however, it is more prevalent in tropical countries due to relatively high humidity and temperature. This study was conducted to rule out the clinical forms and etiology of dermatophytoses. Skin scrapings, nail clipping and infected hair stubs from the suspected cases were screened from clinically suspected cases were collected as per standard protocol. Specimens were examined in 10% KOH mount kept at room temperature for a suitable period. Cultures were done using SDA and DTM. Dermatophytes were isolated and identified by standard mycological methods. Out of 135 clinically infected cases, 62.96% and 37.03% were male and female respectively. Dermatophytoses was highly prevalent in the age group 16 to 30. Among all clinical types T.cruris was most predominant followed by T.corporis and T.unguium. In KOH examination,Fungal hyphae were seen in 89 samples. And out of 89 KOH positive samples, only 16 samples were positive by culture. Here 9 species of Epidermophyton floccosum, 4 species of Tricophyton, and 3 species of Microsporum were isolated. Most prevalent dermatophytic fungi is Epidermophyton. Dermatophytosis is more common in male than the female. The maximum clinical manifestation is Tinea cruris.


The dynamic portfolio construction problem requires dynamic modeling of the joint distribution of multivariate stock returns. To achieve this, we propose a dynamic generative factor model which uses random variable transformation as an implicit way of distribution modeling and relies on the GRU network for the dynamic modeling. The proposed model captures the dynamic dependence among multivariate stock returns, especially focusing on the tail-side properties. We also propose a two-step iterative algorithm to train the model and then predict the time-varying model parameters (includ-ing the time-invariant tail parameters). At each time, we can easily generate new samples from the learned generative model, and we further perform CVaR portfolio optimization with the samples to form a dynamic portfolio strategy. Numerical experiments on stock data show that our strategy using the proposed model leads to a wiser investment that promises a higher reward while presenting lower tail risk and smaller maximum drawdown.


Brillouin/erbium doped fiber lasers (BEFLs) have recently been demonstrated as a novel mode of operation of fiber lasers, using both the gain of an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) and Brillouin gain in single-mode optical fiber. BEFLs can be configured to produce laser combs, with potential applications in dense wavelength-division multiplexing. In this paper we present a different regime of operation of a BEFL, in which a signal is injection locked in a ring resonator, which then seeds the BEFL modes.


Abstract : The effects of ether, chloroform, and halothane at anesthetic levels were studied in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation to minimize possible 'neurogenic' factors in the production of liver injury from these agents and to facilitate investigation of early biochemical and physiological reponses. Generally similar effects produced by all three anesthetic agents were: reduction in O2 uptake, decrease in bile secretion, increase in perfusate glucose, and a decrease in blood pH. The order of relative potency in eliciting a standardized response in each of these parameters was highly variable, but characteristically, it was chloroform > halothane > diethyl ether. A qualitative difference between diethyl ether and the two halogenated hydrocarbons was the production of vasoconstriction by the former, vasodilatation by the two latter. The administration of dihydroergotamine before halothane infusion eliminates the glycogenolytic effect, greatly diminishes the reduction in oxygen uptake rate, but has no measureable effect upon the decrease in vascular resistance characteristic of halothane. (Author)


Several biological dressings and artificial skin currently applied in the process of coagulant were reviewed,and the type,structure,performance,application and development trend of them were also illustrated.


The characterization of coatings utilizing thermal extraction/gas chromatography followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and/or mass spectrometry is a very powerful hyphenated technique capable of providing definitive answers to questions of QA/QC during the development of a paint formulation, during its manufacture, during its application, or during its investigation after a coating failure. Small recovered paint chips reveal a portion of their past history. Positive identification of generic binder types, solvent entrapment, unreacted monomer, and improper catalyzation are demonstrated. Plastic type and degree of degradation may be identified. An introduction to the versatility of the instrument is presented


Librarians falling short in their outreach efforts can improve by examining their assumptions of their patron base, learning more about their campus community, being open to the need for revision and by welcoming feedback from your population. This column explores the true importance of knowing the library's users and how doing so can make for successful outreach. Examples of outreach materials are included.


Large‐scale massively parallel molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein HLA‐A*0201 bound to a decameric tumor‐specific antigenic peptide GVYDGREHTV were performed using a scalable MD code on high‐performance computing platforms. Such computational capabilities put us in reach of simulations of various scales and complexities. The supercomputing resources available for this study allow us to compare directly differences in the behavior of very large molecular models; in this case, the entire extracellular portion of the peptide–MHC complex vs. the isolated peptide binding domain. Comparison of the results from the partial and the whole system simulations indicates that the peptide is less tightly bound in the partial system than in the whole system. From a detailed study of conformations, solvent‐accessible surface area, the nature of the water network structure, and the binding energies, we conclude that, when considering the conformation of the α1–α2 domain, the α3 and β2m domains cannot be neglected. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1803–1813, 2004


A new class of wide energy gap benzotriimidazole materials have been synthesized by a two-step condensation reaction. All of the benzotriimidazole compounds have π-π* absorption bands in the range of 250–400 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency of each benzotriimidazole depends strongly on the presence of electron withdrawing groups. PL quantum efficiencies of benzotriimidazoles without electron withdrawing groups were less than desirable (40–43%), while molecules with electron withdrawing groups displayed much stronger PL with efficiencies in the range of 73–75%. The electron withdrawing groups shift the emission to a longer wavelength, towards a more "true blue" color. This new class of benzotriimidazole optical materials could be used as electron-injecting and electron-transporting blue luminescence materials for potential organic light-emitting diode (OLED) applications.


ABSTRACT Learning difficulties from the students is influenced by several factors, such as internal and external factors of the school. The aims of this research to know the factors that cause learning difficulties of the students in the biology subjects. This research is a descriptive research. The population in this research was students of class X, XI IPA, IPA XII Senior  high school 1 Padang gelugur Pasaman who registered in 2012/2013 academic year that amounted of 475 students. The members of the population that used as sample were 25 % of the 475 students, who amounts 120 students, and implemented in February 2013. From the result of the research, the percentage of data obtained from internal factors on intelligence indicators of students in learning, the student's attitudes in learning, the talent of students to develop their hobby in learning, the students interest give priority to their desire in learning, the students motivation in learning, with a value of 54.52 % with criteria quite influential. While the percentage of external factors that influence the students in learning difficulties on biology subjects with indicators of how the parents educate the children , the relationship between the family , the situation of house , economy of the family , the teachers' teaching methods , curriculum , library , the condition of school buildings , school discipline , playmate , mass media with a value of 52.12 % with criteria quite influential. From the research it can be concluded that the internal and external factors enough to affect learning difficulties of the students.


Objective To evaluate the clinical application of fractionated 3-dimensional stereotatic radiotherapy in the treatment of patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).Methods From July 1997 to December 2000,23 patients with locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated with fractionated 3-dimensional stereotactic radiotherapy using 6MV X-rays.The irradiation was performed at one to three centers on the 80% isodose curves normalized to the isocenter.The total dose was 24~64 Gy(median dose:52.5 Gy) with a fraction dose of 4~8 Gy(median dose 6.4 Gy).Results The overall rate of survival was 78.3% at 1 year,69.6% at 2 year.39.1% of the patients were died during the follow-up period due to local recurrence(1 case),distant metastases(5 cases),and fatal nasopharyngeal hemorrhage(3 cases).Conclusion Fractionated 3-dimensional stereotactic radiotherapy is safe and effective in the treatment of patients with recurrent nasopharyngreal carcinoma at the primary site,but the fraction and total doses require further investigation.


.............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xiii Chapter I: Introduction .........................................................................................................1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................6 Hypotheses ...............................................................................................................7 Limitations ...............................................................................................................7 Delimitations ............................................................................................................8 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................8 Chapter II: Review of Literature ........................................................................................11 Section 1: Human Locomotion and the Phases of Gait .....................................................12 Section 2: Anatomy of the foot and lower leg ...................................................................22 Section 3: The Foot Arches...............................................................................................28 Section 4: Influence of Footwear on Gait ..........................................................................31 Section 5: Summary of the Literature ................................................................................53 Chapter III: Methods ..........................................................................................................55 Participants ............................................................................................................55 vi Setting ...................................................................................................................56 Instrumentation .....................................................................................................57 Design and Procedures ..........................................................................................70 Experimental Design and Data Analysis ..............................................................72 Chapter IV: Results ............................................................................................................74 Section 1: Participant Demographics ....................................................................74 Section 2: Normal Arch and Gait Kinematics ......................................................75 Section 3: Footwear Arch and Arch Foot Type Kinematics .................................83 Section 4: Normal Arch and Surface Electromyography ...................................104 Chapter V: Discussion .....................................................................................................108 Section1: Footwear and Gait Kinematics ...........................................................109 Section 2: Footwear Arch and Foot Arch Type ..................................................121 Section 3: Surface Electromyography (sEMG) ..................................................130 Section 4: Summary ...........................................................................................132 Section 5: Conclusions and Future Research ......................................................141 References ........................................................................................................................149 Appendix A: ANOVA Table for the Effect of Footwear on Gait Kinematics ................155 Appendix B: ANOVA Table for the Effect of Footwear and Arch Type on Gait Kinematics ..................................................................................................156 Appendix C: ANOVA Table for the Effect of Footwear on sEMG ................................157 Appendix D: Raw Surface Electromyography Signal of Tibialis Anterior for One Stride Length ...............................................................................................158 Appendix E: Peak Dorsiflexion During Swing Phase .....................................................159 Appendix F: Eversion at Midstance .................................................................................160


Using wave packet molecular dynamics simulations we calculate the dynamic structure factor S(k, ω) of a two-component plasma (TCP). The results are compared with corresponding classical molecular dynamics simulations of a model TCP with effective interactions. Both approaches agree well in the low frequency part of S(k, ω) but increasingly deviate for high frequencies. This clearly demonstrates a restriction of the method of effective potentials to static properties and low frequency phenomena.


Sewage sludge resulted from urban wastewater treatment plants is generally accepted as a valuable source of nutrient and soil conditioner for agricultural usage. Analysis of amount of heavy metals in sewage sludge is essential previous to utilization of the sludge to agriculture considering the inevitable risk of heavy metal toxicity to soil, vegetation and humans. The present paper aims to analyse the characteristics of the sewage sludge resulted in an urban area for 5 years. Sewage sludge generated from five wastewater treatment plants in the South and South Est part of Romania were analysed.


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a friendship skills training program on an inpatient alcoholic population. Male veterans, who were inpatients of the Alcohol Dependency Treatment Program at a Veterans Administration Hospital, served as research subjects. The specific aims of this study were to determine if there were any differences between the experimental and control groups on (1) self-report of friendship attitudes, self perception of friendship skills, positiveness of verbal response choices; (2) observed interpersonal behavior changes (or affects) in-hospital; and (3) self-report of interpersonal contact and drinking behavior following hospital discharge. Forty-five male alcoholic subjects were recruited through requests for volunteer subjects. Approximately every two weeks, ten new clients were admitted into the VA alcoholic unit and continued together as a subgroup throughout the VA six-week treatment program. Three of these subgroups were utilized in the study as the control group and contained a total of twenty-one volunteer subjects. Three different subgroups were utilized as the experimental group and contained a total of twenty-four volunteer subjects. Subjects from both the control and experimental groups received the current treatment components offered by the VA Alcohol Dependency Treatment Program. Only the three experimental subgroups were additionally exposed to training in friendship skills.


Summary.  Background: Multiple‐detectors computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has a higher sensitivity for pulmonary embolism (PE) within the subsegmental pulmonary arteries as compared with single‐detector CTPA. Multiple‐detectors CTPA might increase the rate of subsegmental PE diagnosis. The clinical significance of subsegmental PE is unknown. We sought to summarize the proportion of subsegmental PE diagnosed with single‐ and multiple‐detectors CTPA and assess the safety of diagnostic strategies based on single‐ or multiple‐detectors CTPA to exclude PE. Patients and methods: A systematic literature search strategy was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. We selected 22 articles (20 prospective cohort studies and two randomized controlled trials) that included patients with suspected PE who underwent a CTPA and reported the rate of subsegmental PE. Two reviewers independently extracted data onto standardized forms. Results: The rate of subsegmental PE diagnosis was 4.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5–7.6] and 9.4 (95% CI: 5.5–14.2) in patients that underwent a single‐ and multiple‐detectors CTPA, respectively. The 3‐month thromboembolic risks in patients with suspected PE and who were left untreated based on a diagnostic algorithm including a negative CTPA was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.4–1.4) and 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7–1.4) for single‐ and multiple‐detectors CTPA, respectively. Conclusion: Multiple‐detectors CTPA seems to increase the proportion of patients diagnosed with subsegmental PE without lowering the 3‐month risk of thromboembolism suggesting that subsegmental PE may not be clinically relevant.


In this paper,a receiving technique integrated radar and radar with countermeasure reconnaissance based on signal reconstruction is proposed to resolve the problem of different characteristics between radar and radar countermeasure reconnaissance receiver.First,the intermediate frequency bandwidth is split to several sub-bands by using complex-exponential modulated filter banks.Then a nonuniform dynamic channelization is realized by using the technique for spectrum sensing and signal reconstruction.Finally,the echo of radar and radiation of emitter can be received respectively by using the technique of nonuniform dynamic channelization.A method for designing a high-complexity prototype filter is introduced to satisfy the requirments of the integrated receiver such as instantaneous dynamic range,sensitivity,surveillance bandwidth and frequency resolution.Theoretical analysis and computer simulation have illustrated the validity of this integrated receiving technique.


A new negative differential resistance (NDR) effect is reported for the first time in cryogenically-operated SiGe HBTs. A physical explanation based on heterojunction barrier effect (HBE) is presented, and confirmed using calibrated 2-D TCAD simulations. The ac consequences of this NDR effect and the impact of technology scaling on the phenomenon are also addressed


Use this guide to find UNO library resources and other helpful research tools. Journal articles, eBooks and databases for Bioinformatics research


Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using total body irradiation (TBI) continues to be an important treatment for children with recurrent/high risk acute leukemias. Previous studies in children examining the impact of TBI have been limited by small numbers and short length of follow-up. This study compares global health status in a large cohort of long-term survivors after HCT for acute leukemia (cases) that received TBI and compares them to patients treated for leukemia who did not receive HCT (controls). Methods: Participants were part of the CCSS, a large multi-institutional study of over 14,000 long-term survivors of childhood cancer (diagnosed Results: In a multivariate model (adjusting for age at interview, sex, and race), HCT/TBI cases were 2.1 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–3.5) more likely to report adverse general health, functional impairments (odds ratio [OR] 3.6, 95% CI 2.4–5.6), activity limitations (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.9–5.5), and pain related to their cancer diagnosis or treatment (OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.3–5.8). HCT/TBI cases were not more likely than controls to report adverse mental health or anxiety related to their cancer diagnosis. Participants were also asked about health concerns and HCT/TBI cases were 1.8 times (95% CI 1.1–2.9) more likely to report concerns about future health, 2.0 times (95% CI1.4–3.0) more likely to report concerns about fertility, but were not more likely to have concerns about their ability to obtain health or life insurance. Conclusion: Survivors of childhood leukemia who received HCT with TBI do not report more anxiety or adverse mental health status compared to survivors treated without HCT/TBI. They do, however, report an increased adverse perception of general health, functional impairments, activity limitations, pain, and more concerns regarding their future health and fertility. HCT survivors should have ongoing long-term follow-up and be monitored closely so that appropriate interventions may be provided.


We study how the reputation and status of resource providers affect the two organizational outcomes of product quality and revenues, hiring decisions, and prices paid to resource providers. We argu...


The Sobat contributes about half the flow of the White Nile and about a sixth of the whole Nile; its flow is therefore almost equal to the outflow from the Sudd. The basin derives most of its runoff from the Ethiopian mountains and in the absence of lake storage provides the seasonal element to the flows of the White Nile. It also receives occasional contributions from the Pibor which drains a wide area to the south. During years of heavy rainfall on the Baro and other Ethiopian tributaries, high flows are spilled from the river system to the Machar marshes and other wetlands. For this reason the river was studied for one of the early water-saving or conservation schemes to reduce evaporation losses in these wetlands. However, the hydrology of the basin is relatively little known as the river straddles the border between Sudan and Ethiopia, and access has not been easy to determine the flows at key points of the river network and in particular the spills from the main rivers into adjoining wetlands. In this chapter a description of the river network and the climate of the basin is followed by an account of the flow regime as indicated by the existing hydrological records. This leads to an analysis of the interaction of the inflows, spillage and storage within the wetlands and the channel of the main Sobat. Sources of information include The Nile Basin, vol. I (Hurst & Phillips, 1931), with a chapter illustrated with photographs describing the Sobat basin, and vol. VIII (Hurst, 1950), discussing the hydrology of the Sobat and White Nile. Other accounts include the Jonglei Investigation Team (1954) on the Machar marshes and the hydrology of the Sobat, the analysis by El-Hemry & Eagleson (1980) of the water balance of the Machar marshes, and recent analysis by Sutcliffe (1993) of the hydrology of the area. £.._ Ba»


This paper shows a resistorless BiCMOS voltage reference with isolated substrate potential for an inductively powered biomedical implant. The reference voltage source has been designed in a 350nm High Voltage BiCMOS process. The reference voltage is used as part of an biomedical implant system to generate the positive supply voltage VDD and the substrate potential VSS used as negative supply. Therefore the reference voltage has to be highly insensitive and independent on substrate variations. The proposed design shows 1.4% accuracy over process variations and mismatch. The line sensitivity was measured to be 4mV/V. Measurements have proven that the isolation of the output of the reference voltage from the substrate potential is working properly. The power supply rejection ratio without any filtering capacitor at 10Hz and 10MHz is lower than -60dB and -35 dB, respectively.


This paper researches a Web-based distance teaching system, giving an introduction on the functions and structure of this system, as well as the technology realizing of modern distance teaching system. In the paper, we put forward using the system implementation scheme of Java Servlet/JSP and XML's technology based on the new network issued frame, and stress to expound the key technology to realize the distance teaching system.


Surface texturing has emerged as a viable option for enhancing the surface properties. The present study analyzes the effect of full and partial micro-textured surface, at different locations and different kinds of dimple geometries, on the dynamic characteristics of hydrodynamic journal bearings and made a comparative study with the non-textured bearings. Three different kinds of dimple geometries, namely, circular texture, square texture, and densely distributed square texture have been adopted for study. The important dynamic characteristics of bearings were evaluated and stability charts were plotted. Location of the texture was found as an important parameter for improved dynamic characteristics though the extent of improvement depends largely on the geometry of texture. The partial textured bearing with proper geometry and location was found to be more stable. Stability margin of such bearings was more in comparison to the plain journal bearings and the relative improvement was found to be the maximum for circular texture and minimum for square texture. The study also shows the potential of surface texturing to make contribution in the accomplishment of the objectives of green tribology.


Nippon Bunri University (NBU) has established " Oita construction information management seminar" last year to bring up young civil engineers with IT skill. This organization is incooperation with the local construction company which introduces IT management strategy actively. Our main purposes are to develop an educational program including the budgeting, the cost and the time managements through IT based approach, and to educate college and high school students using this program, which belong to the department of civil engineering. This note introduces the efforts of this seminar and proposes an idea to develop the educational program that students are able to understand a relation between construction field and construction management through IT skill.


Four tropical lucinids, Codakia orbiculata, C. pectinella, Linga pensylvanica, which inhabit sea-grass beds, and Lucina pectinata, which inhabits mangrove swamps, harbor sulfur-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria within bacteriocytes of their gill filaments. To elucidate the symbiont transmission mode in these bivalves, symbiont-specific oligonucleotides were designed and used in polymerase chain reaction amplifications (PCR). For all species investigated, each primer set was unsuccessful in amplifying symbiont DNA targets from ovaries and testis, whereas successful amplifications were obtained from symbiont-containing gill tissue. These data suggest that the transmission mode is environmental, independently of the lucinid habitat, as it is in the other tropical lucinid Codakia orbicularis.


Most pharmaceutical companies are multinational, operating across many different markets. But what are the practicalities of maintaining brand consistency while, at the same time, taking into account local cultural environments. Over-the-counter marketing is at a nascent stage in India, which continues to be prescription-driven. Even as pharma companies grapple with strict legislation and preference for home remedies, there is need for greater brand promotion.


Obesity is a Chronic Non-Transmissible Disease (CNCD), understood as a multifactorial disorder that assumes the condition of an epidemic, affecting individuals of different age groups and with great prevalence in different countries of the world, having a great relationship with the emergence of several other diseases and high rates of morbidity and mortality [1,2]. The terms overweight and obesity are used to describe an excess of adiposity (or fat) above the ideal for good health. The use of anthropometric indicators, assist in the classification of cutoff points of the Body Mass Index (BMI), being used in the prediction of the weight status [3]. It is possible to point out several factors that can contribute to the development of obesity, among them are diets with positive caloric balance, physical inactivity, reduced basal metabolic rate, genetic and hereditary factors [4]. The interaction of these factors is complex and has been the focus of several studies. The increase in consumption of foods rich in sugars and fat and the decrease in the practice of physical exercises are the main factors related to the development of obesity [5]. The impacts that overweight and obesity have on the quality of life of children, adults and the elderly are the targets of several studies. The data found in the literature demonstrate significant reductions in quality of Review Article


Leading up to the 2012 Olympic Games the demands for transparency and correctness in referee decision making in the sport of taekwondo increased dramatically to the extent where differing technologies were implemented for the first time at the Olympic level in London. This post Olympic research examines the impacts of those technologies on one sector of the sport's stakeholders – referees. The study was conducted through discussion groups and interviews with elite level international referees (n=31). The findings present that via the diligent use and application of the technologies, provided mechanisms to greatly improve the correctness of decisions by being an effective aid to the referee's decision making process, which contributed to the success of the event. Further it can be seen that with the implementation and use of these technologies, competition can now be provided on a fairer platform, in turn leading to a greater improvement in player performance and providing a more attractive competition. These findings provide a platform for further studies including trials utilizing more advanced technologies to further increase the transparency and correctness of referee decision making.


In order to achieve the crop rotation of the protection land,solve the continuous cropping obstacles of vegetable production in the greenhouse,repair soil effectively and utilize fertility fully,we have planted vegetable soybean in spring and aquatic vegetables in summer in plastic greenhouse.This method has significantly improved per unit area production and the efficiency.The net benefit of planting beans is 82 996.4yuan·hm-2,while that of vegetable soybean-cress rotation pattern is 145 680.6yuan·hm-2 in the greenhouse.The net benefit of the latter is 62 684.2yuan·hm-2 higher than that of the former.It not only increases the efficiency,but also improves the utilization of land.


Long period (10-20,000 s) magnetotelluric (MT) data are being acquired in a series of temporary arrays deployed across the continental United States through EMScope, a component of EarthScope, a multid isciplinary decade -long project to study the structure and evolution of the North American Continent. MT deployments in 2006-2010 have so far acquired data at 272 sites on an approximately regular grid, with the same nominal spacing as the USArray broadband seismic transportable array (~70 km), covering the Northwestern US, from the Oregon-Washington coast across the Rocky Mountains, into Montana and Wyoming. Preliminary 3-D inversion results (Patro and Egbert; 2008) were based on data from the 110 westernmost "Cascadia" sites collected in the first two years. These revealed extensive areas of h igh conductivity in the lower crust beneath the Northwest Basin and Range (NBR), inferred to result from fluids (includ ing possibly partial melt at depth) associated with magmatic underplating, and beneath the Cascade Mountains, probably due to fluids released by the subducting Juan de Fuca slab. Here we extend this study, refining and further testing the preliminary results from Cascadia, and extending the inversion domain to the East and to the South, to include all of the EarthScope data.


We show how to construct the familiar heterotic NS5 brane as a topological soliton in a supercritical version of heterotic string theory. Closed string tachyon condensation removes the extra dimensions, leaving the NS5 in 10d, in a process highly reminiscent of the K-theoretical description of type II D-branes, but linking non-trivial gauge bundles and geometry. The construction requires a modification of the anomalous Bianchi identity for $H_3$ in supercritical heterotic string theory. We give various proofs for the existence of this modification.


Bronchial asthma (BA) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a variety of symptoms in the form of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and/or cough, as well as variable exhaled airflow limitation, with both the combination of symptoms and airflow limitation changing with time and intensity. Asthma is associated with both airway hyperresponsiveness to direct or indirect stimuli and chronic airway inflammation. Therapy for BA in accordance with national guidelines and clinical recommendations successfully controls asthma symptoms in most patients. However, there are several problems. Firstly, up to 5% of patients with asthma have a refractory course, respond inadequately to traditional therapeutic approaches and, therefore, are at greater risk of life-threatening asthma exacerbations. Secondly, a significant number of patients, even with mild to moderate asthma, have poor symptom control and may experience severe exacerbations. Low vitamin D levels are associated with decreased lung function, increased asthma exacerbations, and drug use, although it is not clear whether there is a causal relationship between these observations, and whether asthma patients may benefit from vitamin D supplementation. The authors present in this literature review the mechanisms by which vitamin D can reduce the severity of inflammation in BA. The research is focused on studying the mechanisms of chronic respiratory inflammation and their exogenous and genetic regulation involving genetic variants of the VDR gene and vitamin D metabolites. Keywords: children, vitamin D, 25(OH)D deficiency, asthma, inflammation, VDR


Suitable age of shoots, at the time of introduction of the lac insect on them, is necessary for the latter's successful colonization and the ultimate increased yield of lac. Systematic trails of the culture on ghont ( Zizyphus xylopyra Willd) in Uttar Pradesh were carried out for the first time. Results indicate that (i) for raising Katki crop (June-July to October- November cycle), the trees should be pruned in May for introducing lac insects on them in June-July of the following year i.e. on 13-14 months old shoots. (ii) for raising Baisakhi crop (October-November to June-July cycle), the trees should be pruned in April for introducing lac insects on them in October-November the same year i.e. on 6-7 months old shoots.


OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the efficacy of donepezil treatment on activities of daily living (ADLs) and social functioning in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the possible benefits of this treatment on caregiving time and stress levels.


Metasurfaces offer the ability to control optical dispersion with large bandwidth and high resolution. Here, we demonstrate temporal polarization pulse shaping within a single femtosecond pulse by controlling the spectral phase using dielectric metasurfaces.


As a consequence of historical damming and channelization, most large rivers are disconnected from their floodplains, which therefore endure severe deficits in fluvial dynamics. Regaining some degree of lateral connectivity can lead to improved geomorphological and biological interactions. Yet, it is necessary to take into account limitations posed by current uses and legislation. This study presents a methodological approach to the selection of a realistic restoration target for a heavily modified large river segment, the free‐flowing Upper Rhine River downstream of Iffezheim dam (France–Germany border), based on the analysis of the existing biogeomorphic deficits, constraints set by human uses, and previous restoration experiences. To achieve the selected restoration target, proposed scenarios include embankment removal, bank lowerings, and side channel widenings with the aim of increasing lateral hydrological connectivity and promoting morphodynamics (bank erosion in lateral channels) that allow for the renewal of floodplain habitats. Results from 2‐D hydraulic simulations allow for a sensitivity analysis, comparing the current situation with the proposed scenarios, through parameters such as shore length of side channels actively connected at both ends to the main channel (eupotamon), and shear stress as a proxy for initiation of gravel erosion. Outcomes indicate that the two proposed restoration scenarios would succeed in reconnecting side channels and in increasing areas prone to substrate erosion, while maintaining flood protection and the heaviest navigation use among European rivers. The presented approach aids in the assessment of potential large river restoration scenarios and, thus, in the discussion of water management strategies.


In this paper, a new processing scheme for compensating the liftoff effect is proposed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of measurements carried out when a duralumin plate with artificially manufactured defects was scanned with eddy-current probes. The mathematical algorithm is based on the spatial frequency behavior of the output signals with the liftoff distance (the distance between the probe used for inspection and the sample) and its equivalent form (deconvolution) in the spatial domain. Results are presented for measurements performed at three different distances for the same defect of the duralumin plate.


We assess bioenergetic costs and overheating risk of five artificial roost designs. For endothermic bats, energy expenditure was lower for solar-exposed locations and our enhanced thermal mass box design. Shaded landscape placements reduced energy expenditure for heterothermic bats. Increasing ventilation, surface reflectance, thermal mass and decreasing solar exposure decreased overheating.


Violation of hormonal homeostasis in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) causes a number of changes in the body of a woman in the postmenopausal period. One of the clinical features of the climacteric syndrome in PCOS is the presence of rare and weak hot flashes, a decrease in the menopausal peak of gonadotropins, and a distinct appearance of local urogenital symptoms. With age, in women with PCOS, a history of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia predisposes them to early onset of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Pathogenetic treatment of women with a history of PCOS in the postmenopausal period should be carried out in order to prevent atherosclerotic and metabolic complications.
Keywords: postmenopause, polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance


This research is an approach to the different types of governance in 16 National Parks of Colombia , based on a methodology and conceptual framework to develop a policy analysis and public intervention before and after highlighting the Political Constitution of Colombia of 1991 laws and management Plans for each park , showing the generation of different types of governance (centralized, co - governance closed or open , self- management and mixed) .


The present paper reflects on the experiences of (in/ex)clusion of migrants and ethnic minority persons in the health system, in particular in the domains of mental health and psychological well-being. It defends that, in a social context that is increasingly diverse from a cultural and ethnic perspective, clinicians and other health professionals have to be competent in providing care to people from different backgrounds, in line with ethical international guidelines (APA, 2003). A theoretical model of multicultural competencies (Sue et al., 1992; Arredondo et al., 1996) is presented, recently reviewed in order to include individual and cultural diversity competencies (Daniel et al., 2004; La Roche e Christopher, 2010), as a foundation for the development of specific training programs for professionals, including psychologists, and of culturally sensitive services. A few empirical studies and ongoing projects we have developed are briefly presented, both at a national and a European level. Studies of (in/ex)clusion of migrants and ethnic minorities in the health system 23 Actas do Seminário Geografias de Inclusão: desafios e oportunidades


Cloud computing is an interesting paradigm that is making computing and other related activities easy for consumers. The cloud infrastructure is not new, but it is working on new technology based on various services offered. The cloud provides application software online for users to conduct common activities like word processing. Cloud computing also enables consumers to leverage on cloud infrastructure by designing and deploying their application on the cloud. A unique feature of the cloud is the provision of scalable storage for data which are usually spread across several geographical locations. A core technology used on the cloud is virtualization. This allows virtual machines to be hosted on physical servers. This provides great benefits to users on the cloud. This paper presents the state of the art from some literature available on cloud virtualisation. The study was executed by means of review of some literature available on cloud virtualisation. The study was performed by means of review of some literature using reliable methods. This paper examines present trends in the area of cloud virtualisation and provides a guide for future research. In the present work, the objective is to answer the following question: what is the current trend and development in cloud virtualisation? Papers published in journals, conferences, white papers and those published in reputable magazines were analysed. The expected result at the end of this review is the identification of trends in cloud virtualisation. This will be of benefit to prospective cloud users and even cloud providers.


The addition of the naturally occurring Buton rock asphalt (BRA) into the asphalt mixtures should be more desirable not only for stiffening the base asphalt but also for the future perspective of pavement recycling. The aim of this article is to evaluate the engineering characteristics of the rock-modified asphalt concrete (RMAC) using comprehensive laboratory tests. Test results showed that the RMAC produced by the wet process generally had better performance in all engineering properties as compared with the RMAC prepared by the dry modification process. The high-temperature performance for the RMACs appeared to be better than that for the unmodified asphalt concrete, but the resistance to raveling of the asphalt mixtures was slightly sacrificed after the addition of the rock asphalt. In addition, it is found that the addition of the rock asphalt stiffened the asphalt to reduce the total viscoelastic response of asphalt mixtures, whereas the polymer modifier increased the elastic component to reduce the viscous component of the asphalt. It is recommended that the percentage of pure rock asphalt (PRA) be no more than 15 % on a weight base of the blend. The BRA content should not be more than 30 % by weight of the RMAC.


OBJECTIVE: Evaluate alemtuzumab efficacy/safety over 3 years in the patient subset with highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) despite prior therapy.
 BACKGROUND: In the 2-year, phase 3 CARE-MS II study (NCT00548405), alemtuzumab significantly reduced relapses, disability, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with highly active disease at baseline (蠅2 relapses in the year before randomization and 蠅1 baseline gadolinium [Gd]-enhancing lesion).
 DESIGN/METHODS: Patients received alemtuzumab 12 mg infusions at baseline and month 12, and retreatment if indicated in an ongoing extension study (NCT00930553). Improved Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score defined as 蠅0.5-point decrease from core study baseline. Sustained accumulation of disability (SAD) is 蠅1-point EDSS score increase (蠅1.5-point if baseline EDSS=0). MS disease freedom was defined as absence of MRI (new Gd-enhancing lesions and new/enlarging T 2 lesions) and clinical (SAD and relapse) disease activity.
 RESULTS: Of 103 patients with highly active disease in the CARE-MS II alemtuzumab arm, 92 entered the extension study; 17 (18.5[percnt]) received a third treatment course in Year 3. Annualized relapse rate decreased from 0.33 in the core study to 0.08 in Year 3. EDSS scores were improved (46.2[percnt]) or stable (24.2[percnt]) in 70.3[percnt] of patients through Year 3; 83[percnt] were free from 6-month SAD at Year 3. The majority (64.7[percnt]) was free of MRI activity at Year 3. Yearly median percent change in brain parenchymal fraction slowed from -0.263[percnt] in Year 2 to -0.006[percnt] in Year 3. In Year 3, 19.6[percnt] of patients were MS disease activity-free. No new safety signals emerged in the study group.
 CONCLUSIONS: Alemtuzumab demonstrated durable improvements in clinical and MRI outcomes in patients with highly active disease at Year 3, despite most patients receiving their last treatment course 2 years prior.
 Study Supported by: Genzyme, a Sanofi company, and Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Disclosure: Dr. Singer has received personal compensation for activities with Acorda Therapeutics, Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Biogen Idec, EMD Serono, Genentech, Inc., Genzyme Corporation, Novartis, Pfizer Inc., and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Fox has received personal compensation for activities Acorda Therapeutics, Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Biogen Idec, Eli Lilly & Company, EMD Serono, Genzyme Corporation, GlaxoSmithKline, and Novartis. Dr. Krieger has received personal compensation for activities with Acorda Therapeutics, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen Idec, EMD Serono, Genzyme, Questcor Pharmaceuticals, and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant and/or advisory board member. Dr. Hartung has holds stock and/or stock options from Opexa Therapeutics. Dr. Amezcua has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neuroscience, Biogen Idec, Novartis, Acorda, and Genzyme. Dr. Amezcua has received research support from Novartis and Acorda. Dr. Margolin has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme as an employee., Dr. Kasten9s employer has received research support from Genzyme. Dr. Coles has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme as a speaker.


This paper presents the comparisons of the latest subjective video sequence quality assessment methods versus objective quality assessment using H.261, H. 263+ and H.264 advanced video coding (AVC). A Simultaneous Double Stimulus for Continuous Evaluation (SDSCE) method was used for subjective quality assessment. T he Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) method and the-state-of-the art Structural SIMilarity index method (SSIM) were used for objective quality assessment. The reconstructed video sequences are obtained using H.261, H.263+, H.264 standards encoded to different bit rates ranging fr om 512 kbit/s through 4096 kbit/s. Results show tha t the methods SSIM and PSNR are better for high bit rate video as sessment and SDSCE for low bit rate video assessment. The SSIM method gives more realistic results than PSNR method. Also compared are H.261, H.263+ and H.264 which is new generation codec and is superior to the olde r standard codecs.


On the basis of Combining actual standards with level of education and educational situation in Qinghal concerning assessment's targets of education at home and abroad.This article made a study of constructing the system of educational evaluation and assessment's targets.


This paper reports the experimental study of a new actuation system that couples a braided artificial pneumatic muscle (BAPM) with a metal hydride driven hydrogen compressor to create a compact, lightweight, noiseless system capable of high forces and smooth actuation. The results indicate that the metal hydride–BAPM system has relatively good second law efficiency average of 30% over the desorption cycle. The thermal efficiency is low, due mainly to the highly endothermic chemical reaction that releases the stored hydrogen gas from the metal hydride. The force to metal hydride weight is very high (∼14 000 NForce/kgMH) considering that this system has not been optimized to use the minimum amount of metal hydride required for a full actuation stroke of the fluidic muscle. Also, a thermodynamic model for the complete system is developed. The analysis is restricted in some aspects concerning the complexity of the hydriding/dehydriding chemical process of the system and the three-dimensional geometry of the reactor, but it provides a useful comparison to other actuation devices and clearly reveals the parameters necessary for optimization of the actuation system in future work. The system shows comparable work output and has the benefits of biological muscle-like properties for potential use in robotic systems.


Purpose: The use of port
catheters is well accepted in the management of patients with malignancy. In this
study, we compare the technical success and the complication rates of
ultrasound guided Port-A-Cath implantation with doing this procedure by using
the anatomical landmark method. Methods: In a retrospective study, from 2006 to
2009, medical files of 104 patients who had undergone Port-A-Cath implantation
were reviewed. The indication for port catheter implantation was malignancy in
all cases. Among our patients, Port-A-Cath implantation
was done in 63 patients by using landmark method and in 41 patients by guidance
of ultrasound. All patients had been observed for complications
including pain, port infection, and port thrombus, thrombus of central veins,
skin necrosis, and success in using of Port-A-Cath for at least one month
following the procedure, in the vascular clinic. Results: in landmark method
group, 2 catheters were non-functional just after placement (3.2%)
while all Port-A-Caths in ultrasound-guided group were functional. Ten patients
(15.9%) in land mark group and 1 patient (2.4%) in ultrasound-guided group were
complicated. The difference between complication rate in
anatomic landmarks method and ultrasound-guided method was statistically
significant (p There was no significant
difference in two groups in duration of port placement (p


We consider a bilevel program involving a linear lower level problem with left-hand-side perturbation. We then consider the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker reformulation of the problem and subsequently build a tractable optimization problem with linear constraints by means of a partial exact penalization. A semismooth system of equations is then generated from the later problem and a Newton-type method is developed to solve it. Finally, we illustrate the convergence and practical implementation of the algorithm on the optimal toll-setting problem in transportation networks.


S INCE MY edition of The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe' was published in 1948, nine additional letters by Poe have appeared. Three of these have already been printed in publications of the university libraries where the original manuscripts were deposited; four are unpublished and available for this supplement; two others are extant but unavailable. There have also come to light new data in the form of additional text, notes on location of manuscripts, a new letter to Poe, and so forth. This supplement is provided so that The Letters may, for the moment at least, be brought up to date. All entries are identified according to the plan adopted for the volumes. A former entry, for which additional material is available, is cited by its old number; a new entry is given a new number and letter so as to fit into the proper sequence. New letters that have been printed elsewhere are not reprinted, but pertinent information about them is given. Letters printed herein for the first time are supplied with two groups of notes: critical, like those that accompany the letters in the volumes; and bibliographical, like the numbered Notes that appear at the end of the text in Volume II. Abbreviations are those used in The Letters.


The corporate world has been satirized on the stage and pilloried in the theatre, but for sheer drama little compares to the true-life scenes played almost daily by an ever-changing cast of directors, officers, shareholders, attorneys, investment bankers, and others engaged in pursuing or defeating hostile tender offers. 1 The conflicts created by such offers provide a direct and highly visible confrontation between an acquiror seeking support from target shareholders and an embattled target management fearing the consequences of the takeover effort. 2


ABSTRACT The objective of the project is to implement compressed domain audio streaming capability to the Yima Personal Edition (Yima PE) streaming system. This project aims to implement application layer streaming components based on Request for Comment (RFC) 2250 and 3119 profiles for Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) Audio layer – III. The components are then integrated with the Yima streaming server architecture and the performance of the system is evaluated for robustness to transmission losses and jitter.


In recent years, power electronic energy storage systems using super capacitor bank have been widely studied and developed for the electronic vehicles. In this paper, a full-bridge/centertapped push-pull circuit-based bidirectional DC-DC converter and its control method are proposed and discussed. From the results of detailed experimental demonstration, the proposed system is able to perform adequate charging and discharging operation between low-voltage high-current super capacitor side and high-voltage low-current side with drive train and main battery. Furthermore, conduction losses and voltage/current surge are drastically reduced by ZVS operation with lossless snubber capacitor in high-voltage side as well as the synchronous rectification in low-voltage high-current super capacitor side.


This work was sponsored by the Portugal Incentive System for Research and Technological
Development. Project in co-promotion no 002797/2015 (INNOVCAR 2015-2018).


Objective To investigate the causes and experience of treating of acute intestinal obstruction.Methods Reviewing and analysing clinical data of 92 cases of acute intestinal obstruction which was cured by author's hosptial from January 2010 to February 2013.Results 41 cases of adhesive intestinal obstruction,28 cases of intestinal obstruction caused by neoplasm,12 cases of abdominal external hernia.And 30 cases of emergency operation,2 cases of operative mortality.Conclusion Intestinal obstruction has acute onset and the condition changes quickly,so it is need to make accurate judgment and treatment early.In addition,an operation should be had before intestine strangulation occurs.


Abstract:
Objective: Identify and analyze the reasons why people with Multiple Sclerosis don't do or give up the practice of physical activities. Methods: Was performed a Coorte study using an objective questionnaire with a sample of 30 randomly chosen patients. Results: 30% of patients reported not practicing exercise, the main reasons for this number is the worsening with high temperatures and fear of diseases complications. Conclusion: It is important to spread of information about the benefits of physical activity in Multiple Sclerosis, and then create new ways to adapt these people in the practice of exercises.
Keywords: Multiple sclerosis. Physical activity.