Abstract Percutaneous selective laser amygdalo-hippocampectomy (SLAH) procedure is a new minimally invasive alternative to surgical amygdalo-hippocampectomy that involves targeted, controlled laser energy deposition under real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring within a dedicated "interventional MRI" suite. Technical feasibility, safety and initial efficacy results from our program are encouraging and indicate a potential for paradigm shift in future treatment of patients with exclusively or predominantly focal unilateral seizure onsets within the mesial temporal lobe. Several institutions are currently employing this technology and more long-term follow-up results on larger cohorts of patients are expected in the near future. This article reviews the principles of MRI-guided SLAH, procedure set-up and equipment, the detailed phases of intra-procedural MRI guidance and treatment monitoring, and the MRI appearance of the resultant thermal ablation zones. We conclude with a discussion of our institutional experience at Emory University with MRI-guided SLAH as one of the leading sites offering this state-of-the-art technology.


Background: An ideal restorative material for primary molars must have several properties. Moderate to high success rates are reported with glass ionomer cement however, it fails to meet many of the criteria for an ideal restorative material as compare to composite restoration. Because of composites good physical chemical and mechanical propertie they are well recommended for posterior restorations. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to know about longevity of composite restoration in primary molars and clinical success rate of composite resin as a restorative material. Data sources: Databases used for the search were PubMed and Google scholar from 1st January 2000 to 1st September 2016. In addition, hand-search of dissertations and journals on pediatric dentistry related to the topic of interest was performed in the institutional library. Contact to authors and colleagues working on similar subjects in the field were made through e-mails. Articles published between 1st January 2000 and 30th September 2017 in English with in vivo studies that provide information for composite as a restorative material in primary molars reporting follow up period of 6 months or more, clinical success rates were selected for the review. Participants and Intervention: Primary molars undergoing restorative treatment with composite as a filling material. Results: 647 articles in total were retrieved. After removal of duplicates 25 articles remained which were screened through abstracts. Of these, 10 full text articles were analysed for eligibility; out of which 5 were selected for the systematic review. Each article shows maximum success rate with composite restoration. Conclusion: The longevity of composite restoration and clinical success rate is also higher for composite restoration. Keywards : Pulmonary Molar, Pubmed


Qualitative analysis method by using ATR-FTIR technique were used to analysis the chemical composition of three kinds of several layers polymer complex,the results were confirmed by using Scanning Electron Microscope and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,The result showed: 1.The chemical composition of each layer of the HNP flim are polypropylene,ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and polyamide;2.The structure of adherence layer material of fibrous flim was polytetrafluoro ethylene;3.The polymer composition of metal-polymer flim was vinylidene flouoride-acrylate copolymer;The experiments showed that the advantage of ATR-FTIR's application on analysis of polymer surface composition is obvious,it simplifies the complexity works on sample's separation and purification,the method is simple and easily operate.Some technical problems on ATR experiment are discussed.


Primary Phase.-That phase of the morbid process which follows directly and uninterruptedly the first implantation of tubercle bacilli. It may occur at any age and may be symptomless. There may be no clinical or radiological signs, but, on the other hand, the infection may be grave. Reinfection Phase.-This follows the primary phase usually after a latent period, and comprises the lesions which develop after reinfection with tubercle bacilli, which are derived from five potential


In the study, structural features of flowers of the following allergenic plant species were analysed: Betula verrucosa , Secale cereale , Rumex acetosella , Plantago major and Artemisia vulgaris . Pollen production was established by calculating the number of pollen grains produced by the stamen, flower and inflorescence. The dates of occurrence and pollen grains concentration in the air of Lublin were determined. A positive correlation was found between the length of anthers and the number of pollen grains produced. The largest number of pollen grains per anther is produced by Secale cereale (22 360), whereas the smallest one by Plantago major (5 870). The other species produced intermediate numbers of pollen grains in the anther: Betula verrucosa - 11 160, Rumex acetosella - 10 850, Artemisia vulgaris - 9 580. The birch pollen season in Lublin lasts about a month, and pollen of this taxon reaches the highest airborne concentrations among the studied taxa. Low values of pollen concentrations are characteristic for rye and plantain, whereas slightly higher values are recorded for sorrel pollen. Mugwort pollen reaches high concentrations which are noted at the beginning of August.


In this paper, we propose a VHDL based design of a frequency analyzer that implements a Fast Fourier. The module had been developed using radix-2 decimation in time algorithm of n-point samples. Structural and Behavioral modeling was implemented using VHDL to describe, simulate, and perform the design. The resulting design was simulated using Xilinx ISE 9.1i and Modelsim SE 6.3f and can be synthesized on Spartan 3E DSP development board. The simulation results are presented in this paper.


This study compared the staff perceptions of the organizational climates which existed in selected middle schools and junior high schools in Ohio. A selected, representative sample of middle schools and junior high schools from city, suburban, and rural districts were chosen. Teachers and principals of the selected schools responded to the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire. A total of nine hundred sixty-five respondents from nineteen middle schools and sixteen junior high schools were used in the study. Employing a principal component factor analysis, the subtest items representing the dimensions of climate were established. They were identified as Thrust, Disengagement, Intamacy, Hindrance, Production Emphasis, Consideration, Esprit, Logistical Support, and Aloofness. A one-way analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences in subtest items. Fisher's "t" test was employed to determine levels of significance between groups. The organizational climates of the middle and junior high schools were compared in four major areas: (1) by the total mean scores on the OCDQ, (2) by the total mean scores on those dimensions of organizational climate which pertain to teacher behavior, (3) by the total mean scores on those dimensions of organizational climate which pertain to principal behavior, and (4) on the total mean scores for the openness profile. Additionally, the selected variables of age, experience, degree, undergraduate preparation, position, sex, and type of district were examined to assess their influence on staff perceptions of climate. No significant differences were obtained between the two subject organizational groups in staff perceptions on teacher behavior and "openness" scores. Significant differences in one or more dimensions of organizational climate were found in the areas of: total mean scores on the OCDQ favoring the junior high school, perceptions of principal behavior favoring the middle school, and all the selected variables. While the findings indicate areas of statistically significant differences, they do tend to emphasize the similarities in the staff's perceptions of climates which exist in middle and junior high schools. By nearly a two-to-one ratio, no discernible differences were discovered between the perceptions of climate which exist in the types of organization. There are implications for the building administrator, for the district personnel officer, for the superintendent, and for the board of education in staffing patterns for school organizational arrangements. The evidence was most convincing for the variables referring to type of district, age, and years of experience. The suburban districts were much more positive in attitude than their urban or rural counterparts. Age and years of experience tend to parallel one another in the tendency of the younger, or less experienced staff members to be more critical of the organizational climate. The other variables examined were less influential in their impact on staff perceptions. The results found in this study will not end the middle school-junior high school controversy but the conclusions and implications tends to remove the factor of organizational climate from debate.


Medical library patrons and their information needs are analyzed in this article. And the constructin of digital reference system in medical libraries is also discussed,with some suggestions given.


AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY, THE 3 leading causes of death in the United States were infectious diseases—pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea—which in combination claimed 539 lives per 100 000. Lurking in the background as the fourth leading cause of death was heart disease (137 deaths per 100 000). But this would change. With life expectancy of only 47 years at the beginning of the century, people did not live long enough for heart disease to claim many lives. Without a means for accurate diagnosis, many deaths from heart disease went unrecognized. With the advent of the electrocardiogram to facilitate the diagnosis of heart disease, antibiotics to treat infectious diseases, and increasing life expectancy, the number and proportion of deaths due to heart disease soared. During the Great Depression, the number of deaths due to heart disease was twice that of the next leading cause of death (pneumonia). In 1945, at the time of President Roosevelt's fatal brain hemorrhage due to decades of uncontrolled hypertension, heart disease accounted for more deaths in the United States than the next 3 causes combined. Deaths due to heart disease peaked in 1968 at 374 per 100 000. Necropsy studies of soldiers killed in the wars in Korea and Vietnam provided an opportunity to define the prevalence of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in young people. In 1953 Enos et al described coronary lesions discovered at autopsy in 300 male soldiers (mean age, 22 years) killed in the Korean War. Gross evidence of coronary disease was present in 77% of the decedents: 35% with fibrous thickening, 26% with a coronary artery narrowed by 10% to 49%, and 15% with a coronary occlusion of 50% or more. In 1971, McNamara et al reported evidence of coronary atherosclerosis in 45% of 105 Vietnam War combat deaths (mean age, 22 years), with 5% having severe coronary disease. In their concise descriptive narratives, these studies provided unequivocal evidence of the silent burden of coronary atherosclerosis in young, otherwise healthy adults, and in finding a "reservoir" of carriers of disease, they helped explain the emergence of heart disease as a 20th century epidemic among middle-aged and older adults. In this issue of JAMA, Webber and colleagues report on the prevalence of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in 3832 US service members who died from combat or unintentional injuries from 2001 to 2011 while serving in support of military operations in Iraq or Afghanistan. With a mean age of 27 years, the service members' prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis of any degree was 8.5%, a value considerably lower than reported by Enos et al (77%) and McNamara et al (45%). Minimal, moderate, and severe coronary atherosclerosis were present in only 1.5%, 4.7%, and 2.3% of the recent decedents, respectively. The large sample size of the study provided robust estimates of the low burden of subclinical atherosclerotic disease and permitted an exploration of differences in prevalence of disease across various demographic strata. The prevalence of atherosclerosis increased with age and was greater in those with lower education levels but was not associated with occupation, ethnicity, service branch, or military rank. Taken together, the reports by Enos et al, McNamara et al, and Webber et al offer cross-sectional perspectives on subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy young military service members, but unlike standardized, population-based, cross-sectional studies (eg, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES], for example), these studies are not directly comparable and also might not be generalizable to the US population of young adults. Unlike NHANES, the 3 autopsy studies were conducted at irregular intervals and were restricted to military personnel who were likely to be healthier than the US population as a whole. The restrictive criteria used by Webber et al to establish the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, along with the "healthy warrior effect," may have resulted in low measures of prevalence of key risk factors. Specifically, the prevalence of obesity (4%), smoking (3%), hypertension (1%), dyslipidemia (0.7%), and impaired fasting glucose (0.2%) were markedly lower than among comparable age groups in the US population or compared with published estimates of risk factor prevalence in the military. The methods used for ascertainment of several risk factors likely underrepresented their true prevalence and limited the authors' ability to draw conclusions about risk factor associations with


Abstract. The Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve has the highest biodiversity in the Northern Vietnam, has an important role in protecting environment and natural resources and socio - economic development. In recent years, study area has been increased vulnerability by negative human activities (e.g., agriculture, aquaculture, transportation and industry) and climate change. Using ArcGIS 9.3 and Expert Choice 11 software, this article presents the results of vulnerability assessment map of environment and natural resources. Based on vulnerability assessment of environment and natural resources, several solutions aimed at sustainable use of natural resources, environmental protection, disaster prevention and mitigation, and adaptation to climate change have been proposed such as planning for sustainable use of environment and natural resources (eco-agriculture, eco-aquaculture and eco-tourism), environmental protection, raising awareness of community. Research results have significant roles particularly in establishing policies and strategies to protect natural resources and environment, mitigating hazards, adapting to climate change.Keywords: vulnerability assessment, sustainable use, climate change.


A microfossil assemblage consisting of abundant multicellular algae,large spinose acritarchs, cyanobacteria and bacteria, large spheroidal microfossils and some epigenetic animal remains found from the phosphate rocks of the Doushantuo Stage of the Late Neoproterozoic at Weng'an-Fuquan and Kaiyang areas, Guizhou province was named Weng'an Biota and presently it well preserved very abundant older biota for earlier stage biosphere on the earth. The actualities of studies on Weng'an Biota are generalized by the writer, a set of new data of the animal remains available in present years, including unicellular protozoan, multi-cellular sponge animals and similar brachiopodous epigenetic animals, are firstly reported with the preliminary studies, they provide very rare demonstration of the fossils for origin of earlier stage animal, differentiation of earlier biology tissues, adaptation of radiation and biologic variety, and ecosystem of earlier marine biology. In addition, the significance treatment of Weng'an Biota is carried out.


A method of characterizing the quantum dot charge buildup in a magnetic field is proposed based on the far-infrared magneto-optical response properties. The inherent topological symmetry of the nanostructure and several optical configurations are analyzed as key factors determining the appropriate use of intraband transitions as a probing tool for the quantum dot charge buildup.


The play is defined as a memory as it looks back at the painful experience of a young girl named Li'l Bit. The play is also contained in the drama book entitled The Mammary Plays as the girl's breasts are exceptionally big. Because of her big breasts, she looks more mature and attracts the attention of her aunt's husband but she is teased by her family as well as her classmates. When she is 11, her uncle Peck suggests to teach her how to drive and while he gives her driving lessons, he sexually abuses her. However, her family turn a blind eye to his paedophilia. She cannot stand his molestation, but she starts to manipulates him as he clings to her. However, Peck inspires her to go to college and see the world, so she leaves home for college. Having gained an upper hand, she rejects his proposal to marry him when he comes to see her on her eighteenth birthday. Since then she never goes home to visit her family. Disappointed, Uncle Peck drank too much and dies by falling off the stairs. Li'l Bit recollects about Peck's abuse and it is through the memory that she is reconciled with her painful past.


Background:  Intellectually‐disabled patients with acute abdominal conditions are susceptible to late diagnosis and adverse outcome due to impaired communication, altered behaviour, neurological impairment, associated congenital anomalies, variable reaction to pain and drugs and various difficulties in perioperative management. The present study aims to present the experience of surgery for acute abdominal conditions in intellectually‐disabled patients. Various difficulties encountered during the management are highlighted and measures to overcome these problems are discussed.


This paper presents a comparative study of different control design methods applied to a nuclear reactor model. A nuclear reactor temperature controller is designed using the H-infinity (H∞) control. This advanced controller is compared with a conventional Proportional–Integral–Derivative controller (PID) controller and a traditional optimal controller design using Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) method.


IT has been given to few men in our generation to exercise so wide and decisive aii influence on theological thought as that which has been exerted by the subject of our present sketch-Albrecht Ritschl. Ritschl's independent activity, indeed, began as early as the middle of the century, but it is only within the last twenty years or thereabouts that the breadth and force of the movement proceeding from him have become fully apparent. Now it is seen that a quiet power was going forth all the while from that Gottingen class-room, which


A digital elevation model and a topographic map of an archaeological site in Syria were created from a field topographic survey with a handheld laser range finder and data post-processing using a notebook personal computer with Geographical Information System software. The method enabled rapid on-site topographical mapping even under technical and political restrictions in the country. In an area of about 1 km2, coordinates of random points on the land surface were measured, and a DEM with a 10 m interval grid was generated from the point cloud using Kriging interpolation. The DEM enables various topographic representations to be constructed, such as contour lines, cross sections and slope distribution maps. The DEM-derived contour lines with a 1 m interval were combined with vector data showing roads and buildings to provide a topographic map. Topographic cross sections created from the DEM generally agree with sections surveyed with a hand level and a measurement tape. The obtained DEM and map are useful for preliminary field research.


Prednisone treatment was started. The figure shows the patient's course of recovery. A relapse occurred after 45 days, which also responded to prednisone. Before the onset of paresis and throughout the course of the disease diffuse headache was prominent and sometimes debilitating. Chlorothiazide and hydralazine were ineffective in relieving the symptoms. The patient's hypertension and concomitant headache were controlled with propranolol. Plasma renin activity was raised throughout the course (range 13-0-14-8 nmol/l/h (16 9-19 2 ng/ml/h)) and eventually returned to normal (1-5 nmol/l/h (2-0 ng/ml/h)) after high doses of propranolol. Serum catecholamine concentration (150 ng/ml) and urine excretion of vanillylmandelic acid (<5 0 mg/g creatinine) were normal. During this period propranolol was stopped for 12 hours and severe headache and hypertension recurred. Six months after admission the patient had a normal vital capacity and no signs of residual muscle weakness or hypertension.


Introduction: Destruction of elastin in the media layer is thought to play an important role in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). It has been reported that a major component of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), enhances the stabilization of elastin and facilitates the regeneration of elastin in vitro. However, it is unknown whether EGCG attenuates AAA development in vivo. Hypothesis: We aimed to prove the hypothesis that administration of EGCG can attenuate AAA development. Methods: We divided 48 male SD rats into two groups: the control group (n=24) and the EGCG group (n=24). A 1.0 mmol/L EGCG solution was administered orally for 2 weeks prior to the induction of AAAs in the EGCG group until sacrifice, while tap water was given to the control group. AAAs were induced by administration of intraluminal elastase and extraluminal calcium chloride. Immediately before the induction of the AAAs (on day 0) and on day 7 after their induction, 6 rats were sacrificed in each group. In ...


The dam site valley of Hongjjiadu Hydropower Station is high and precipitous, a face rockfill dam with height of 179 5 m will be built here.In order to meet the requirement of insert deep of the plinth, a rock high side with height of over 300 m has been formed. Stability and safety of abutment side can insure that the project could be smoothly built, and the dam could be operated after built up. In design of the high abutment side, stability of the side had been demonstrated used many methods. As result, some set supports measures and safety supervision measures had been presented such as pre-stress anchor cable, bolt and pneumatically placed concrete, etc.


At the annual Conference of Pennsylvania State Normal Schools, held at West Chester, March 26-27, 1923, the teachers of speech made an effort to get some acceptable, uniform foundation for the speech requirements of the fourteen Normal Schools of the State. The present course, required of all students, is set down in the catalogues as follows: "Oral Expression, 2 periods, 2 hours credit. This course is designated primarly to insure (1) a good teaching voice and (2) effective address with facility and ease in oral expression."


Stefan Zweig's influential adaptation of Ben Jonson's Volpone has given rise to a significant number of journal articles and reviews that have highlighted its most outstanding features. The new version's improved structure and its amiable tone have been repeatedly noted as Zweig's most prominent achievements. A thorough analysis of his adaptation, however, often provides evidence to the contrary and suggests reappraisal of these previous conclusions may be advisable.


Two representative sample images of Band 4 of the Landsat Thematic Mapper are compressed with the JPEG algorithm at 8:1, 16:1 and 24:1 Compression Ratios for experimental browsing purposes. We then apply the Optimal PSNR Estimated Spectra Adaptive Postfiltering (ESAP) algorithm to reduce the DCT blocking distortion. ESAP reduces the blocking distortion while preserving most of the image's edge information by adaptively postfiltering the decoded image using the block's spectral information already obtainable from each block's DCT coefficients. The algorithm iteratively applied a one dimensional log-sigmoid weighting function to the separable interpolated local block estimated spectra of the decoded image until it converges to the optimal PSNR with respect to the original using a 2-D steepest ascent search. Convergence is obtained in a few iterations for integer parameters. The optimal logsig parameters are transmitted to the decoder as a negligible byte of overhead data. A unique maxima is guaranteed due to the 2-D asymptotic exponential overshoot shape of the surface generated by the algorithm. ESAP is based on a DFT analysis of the DCT basis functions. It is implemented with pixel-by-pixel spatially adaptive separable FIR postfilters. PSNR objective improvements between 0.4 to 0.8 dB are shown together with their corresponding optimal PSNR adaptive postfiltered images.


Objective:To observe the effect of national simvastatin(Simcor)in treatment of patients with hypertension and hyperlipidemia.Methods:To evaluate the effect and safety by auto-control method.59 patients was administrated Simcor 20mg per night for continuous 8 weeks.The administration of antihypertensive drug was stable in whole observation interval.Result:TC?TG?LDL-C in serum were all lower significantly after 8weeks(P0.01).The whole effective rate was 88.1%,61.5% and 66.1%,respectively,HDL-C did not markly change.Simcor did not significantly affect hepaic and renal function as well as blood and urine routine.Mild side-effect related with Simcor occurred in a few old patients and disappeared after downing dosage in whole treatment interval.Conclusion:National simvastatin(Simcor)is effective and safe in treatment of hyperlipidemia in patients with hypertension.


Specific psychotherapies bring specific challenges with them. Engagement with cognitive behaviour therapy and its success depends upon how the individual's cognitions are affected by cultures and how amenable these are for therapy. Similarly, family therapy carries with it different roles of different members across cultures, and not everyone's role will be the same. Minority therapists may face potential difficulties while looking after patients from majority cultures. General principles of psychotherapy across cultures will apply but they may carry different meanings for each individual. It is essential that therapists are flexible enough to ensure the best patient engagement, and additional modifications may be required. Each of these therapies can be reductive, reconstructive, or supportive, and a mixture of more than one approach can be utilized. Assessment must explore very carefully needs and indications for therapy. In many cultures these words have very different meanings with personal and social expectations.


After the re-Catholization of the Free Imperial City of Aachen (1611–16), Protestant congregations were forced to operate underground until the Reformed Church – openly supported by the Dutch States General – found a new place of refuge in the neighbouring Dutch village of Vaals. Ca. 1680, Vaals developed into a multiconfessional site of religious freedom where Roman Catholics, Germanand Frenchspeaking Reformed, Lutherans, and Mennonites lived peacefully side by side. With the exception of everyday controversies in the early decades, the preachers of different Protestant congregations worked together. Violence on religious grounds was not part of daily life in Vaals, although it did at times intrude from the outside. Examples of this were the violent attacks on Protestant churchgoers in the middle of the eighteenth century, which were carried out by lower-class Catholics from Aachen. The Catholic clergy, on the other hand, did not engage in hate sermons. Moreover, the presence of Jews did not cause problems in Vaals and the only documented action against Jewish property was not motivated by anti-Judaism. For the Protestants of this distinctly Catholic area, Vaals became an important place of refuge for the public exercise of their faith. The diverse congregations that worshipped in Vaals knew how to cope with each other's presence in a peaceful manner during everyday life.


ABSTRACT The DataStreme Earth's Climate System (DataStreme ECS) course implementation has been built on 20 years of American Meteorological Society (AMS) in-service K–12 teacher professional development experience, and is supported by educational research. Using the Targeting Outcomes of Programs model, DataStreme ECS was evaluated over a three-year, six-semester (spring 2011–fall 2013) study period through content and pedagogical focused pre- and posttests, a postcourse assessment, and an environmental literacy evaluation. During the NASA and NSF-supported study period the course prepared 1,027 teachers, via 25 Local Implementation Teams serving 35 states, to lead and assist their students and peers in understanding climate and global change issues. Notable evaluation results include an average 28% grade increase for teacher participants from pre- to posttest, as well as an average of 98% of participants reporting that their environmental literacy had increased (some or much) as a result of the course. There was a 99% completion rate for registered participants, demonstrating the value teachers placed on the course. Additionally, in a spring 2011 evaluation of peer-training workshops given by a specialized group of DataStreme ECS-trained teachers, 94% of attendees gave the highest possible response when assessing workshop content, and 98% recommended that the workshop be offered to others. DataStreme ECS can serve as a curriculum and instruction model for those designing long-duration teacher professional development courses to work with a network of educators and scientists to increase program reach and build public scientific literacy.


The Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FDTD)method for unequal length multiconductor transmission lines(MTL)with nonlinear loads is presented.Firstly,the MTL equations and their difference equations are introduced.Then,simulation model for unequal length MTL is discussed.Based on this,the transmission line's voltage response is analysed through building model for MTL with nonlinear loads.The simulation results show that the proposed method is correct and efficient.The work of this paper lays the foundation for further research of unequal length multiconuctor transmission lines.


There are difficulties in performing synchronized sampling and integral period truncation for the harmonic analysis in the power system with the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT),the result is disturbed by the frequency leakage,and some efforts are made,such as the utilization of window functions and interpolation algorithms to correct the measured frequency,phase and amplitude by FFT.The poly-cosine window and double spectral lines interpolation algorithm are discussed in this paper,the disturbance of the frequency leakage and the noise is reduced and the accuracy of the harmonic analysis is improved.The simulation results have verified the effectiveness and practicability of the algorithm.


Taking ultra-supercritical once-through boiler of 1000 MW unit in Huadian Zhouxian Power Plant as an example,the strategy of water-level control in boiler with start-up system having internally positioned steam-water separater for allocated boiler-water circulating pump has been presented and analysed.The water-level control in water storage tank of the separator is similar to that in boiler drum,but the process is more complicated,thus,an approach to the technical features of thermal power control for ultra-supercritical units has been carried out.


. The term big data has come into use in recent years. It is used to refer to the ever-increasing amount of information that organisations are storing, processing and analysing. Owing to the growing number of information sources big data based file systems are necessary. Due to the explosion growth of digital information, automatic document clustering or categorization has become more important. Document management and clustering is more important for content management systems. It is a necessary to mine and store web documents in CMS. In this study online document based content management with automatic URL indexing is dealt with. It's highly possible that the content in CMS will be redundant over the web as most of the time the content will be gathered from already existing websites. Back tracking the source of such content will become obsolete and also changes to the source are difficult to be tracked. So to solve this problem document based content management (DCMS) is very much essential. Stored documents in DCMS comprises of huge amount of data so there is need for document clustering. Previous works on clustering documents have no consideration for the semantic information as they consider only the structural information. In this study, a novel semantic and similarity measure based technique is proposed that concurrently considers both structural and semantic information of document. Semantic analysis based clustering is applied to the text documents and then similarity measure is devised among the documents based on machine learning algorithms using Apache hadoop. In order to achieve accurate clustering and efficient retrieval, initially the documents are stored in hadoop distributed file system and they are clustered using K-means algorithm.Then the clustering is also done using concept matching technique and time for formation of clusters were plotted and compared.


Abstract This work is devoted to the existence of solutions for a system of nonlocal resonant boundary value problem x″=f(t,x),x′(0)=0,x′(1)=∫01x(s)dg(s), $$\matrix{{x'' = f(t,x),} \hfill & {x'(0) = 0,} \hfill & {x'(1) = {\int_0^1 {x(s)dg(s)},} }} $$ where f : [0, 1] × ℝk → ℝk is continuous and g : [0, 1] → ℝk is a function of bounded variation.


The Institute of Medicine (IOM) notes that equity is fundamental to the quality of health care (1). In this issue Thamanna and colleagues (2) present us with an important and challenging paper. They undertake careful analyses to document racial/ethnic inequities in liver transplant outcomes. As with any empirical analysis, the optimal conclusion relates both to the methods and to the underlying conceptual frame. This paper reports differences in outcomes and shows that several variables may attenuate the magnitude of such differences. How best should we understand this important contribution?


In this study we present callus-grafting - a method for reproducibly generating tissue chimeras from callus cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana. In this way, callus cultures of different genetic backgrounds may be co-cultivated such that cell-to-cell connectivity is achieved as a chimeric tissue is formed. To track intercellular connectivity and transport between non-clonal callus cells we used transgenic lines expressing fluorescently tagged mobile and non-mobile fusion constructs. Using fluorescently-labelled reporter lines that label plasmodesmata, we show that secondary complex plasmodesmata are present at the cell walls of connected cells. We use this system to study cell-to-cell transport across the callus graft junction and show that different proteins and RNAs are mobile between non-clonal callus cells. Finally, we take advantage of the callus culture system to probe intercellular connectivity of grafted leaf and root calli and the effect of different light regimes of cell-to-cell transport. Taking advantage of the ability of callus to be cultivated in the complete absence of light, we show that the rate of silencing spread is significantly decreased in chimeric calli cultivated in total darkness. We propose that callus grafting is a fast and reliable method to analyse the capacity of a macromolecule to be exchanged between cells independent of the vasculature.


Hypothesis / aims of study Ultrasonographic scan shows synthetic mesh used in vaginal cystocele repair. Pelvic position and contraction of the mesh can be followed up after surgery 1, 2 . Dislodgement and contraction are pointed to be a part of mesh complication repair, for prolapse recurrence. However, timing for ultrasonographic scans must be standardized. Surgical procedure influences multi parameters to localize the mesh. The main objective was the evaluation of the mesh contraction after surgery by defining witch measurement and which period can notice information.


By analysing the restrictions that ensure the existence of capital market equilibrium, we show that the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the subjective discount factor cannot be high simultaneously as they are supposed to be to make the standard asset pricing consistent with financial stylised facts.


Tietze's Syndrome: A Case Report Tietze syndrome (TS) is a rare inflammatory arthropathy characterized by tenderness, pain, and non-purulent swelling of the costosternal, costochondral and sternoclavicular joints. It often involves the costosternal joints and sternoclavicular jointinvolvement is rare. In this case report, we present a 72-year-old female patient suffering from pain and swelling in the right upper chest wall fo rabout 2 years. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the right sternoclavicular joint and an approximately 2x2 cm moderate swelling. Ultrasonic imaging of the swelling area revealed increased echogenicity and edema in the right sternoclavicular joint area. Laboratory findings were normal. The patient was diagnosed with TS and a local injection of a corticosteroid and local anesthetic mixture was administered. The patient's complaints decreased significantly after the infiltration. In this case report, we present a TS case with sternoclavicular joint involvement that we treated with local injection. Keywords: Tietze's syndrome, sternoclavicularjoint, costochondritis


By now everyone is familiar with the recent accomplishments of the Human Genome Project. Accomplished in ten, rather than the initially expected fifteen, years, the human genome has been fully sequenced. Genetics is in its golden age. A product of the technology era, genetics has, in a short time, offered vast amounts of information. This increased knowledge promises potential benefits for our understanding of the disease process and, ultimately, treatment and prevention. The rapid flow of information, however, presents complications and challenges. It can complicate the decision making process for those involved in genetic testing, not only because our knowledge of genetics is more complex, but because there is so much more potential information to obtain. The sheer quantity of information for both researcher, clinician and especially patient, can be overwhelming. In addition, our ability to glean predictive or susceptibility information has vastly exceeded our ability to develop cures for diseases; patients can increasingly identify risks for conditions that they can do little to avoid.


Since reform and opening-up of China, economic of the Yangtze River Delta has grown in high speed, and the status as the economic center of the whole country has been conformed. On industrial structure, the proportion of the modern service industry has been increased, and the primary industry and secondary industry has been decreased, the trend to the post-industrial age is obviously; on the spatial structure, the driving force of the central city enhanced, and the economic development axis along the railway is transformed into the economic development belt along the Yangtze River and the Sea, the axis of development is changed from the form of "Z" to "K"; Companied with the rapid development of economic, the pressure to resource consumption and accommodation is increased obviously, and the environmental pollution become more severely. It is necessary to transform the economic growth mode, optimize the industry structure and spatial structure, increase the international competitiveness in the way to further development.


This article presents a method of determining whether the output value structure, the soil structure, and the labor force structure are relatively balanced in an agricultural region of a Chinese province. Topics covered include several rational agricultural production structures for different types of soil, and several problems in setting up a rational agricultural production structure. A rational agricultural production structure is a consequence of the integrated development of farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline occupations, fisheries, and industry. The Tai Region has nine distinct types of soil. It is indicated that the level of grain production directly bears on the size and speed of development of economic diversification. Tables are presented on the output value structure of several representative communes and brigades, and soil nutrient content.


ABSTRACT In this paper, based on remote sensing image processing and SWMM simulation, we evaluate the effectiveness of a coupled LIDs system for the watershed scale. The main content and contributions include: 1) the extraction and classification of historical and recent LULC data (in 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009, 2017) of the study area and an analysis of the characteristics of the LULC change; 2) a watershed-based SWMM applied to the simulation of the runoff and an analysis of the runoff change characteristics; 3) the proposal and design of three coupled LIDs scenarios which treat runoff change as evaluation metric to systematically discuss the effectiveness of LIDs in the watershed. The results show that the combination structure and scale can significantly affect the coupled LIDs effectiveness. A system with multiple LIDs is more effective than one with only single LIDs. With the increase of spatial scale, the effectiveness of the coupled LIDs gradually weakens. Our research enriches the application scale of LIDs and SWMM, and can be beneficial to the construction of the "Sponge City", storm management and urban planning.


This exploratory study examined college students' personal information management behaviors in three contexts from a perspective of information horizon theory. Findings suggest that students show different density and activeness in information behaviors in different context. Academic context was most active for all activities while health was the least.


The aim of this research is to understand the influence of leadership style, included partisipative, delegative and style of democratic leadership on work motivation in working field in Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Amal Ilmiah Yapis Wamena, either partially or simultantly. This research is analysed by using descriptive correlational analysis method. The result of this research is partisipative, delegative and democratic leadership style have an effect on work motivation either partially or simultantly. Key words: Leadership Style, Work Motivation, Civil Servant


The two‐switch flyback DC‐DC converter is an extended version of the conventional single‐switch flyback converter. An additional switch and two clamping diodes serve as a simple, but an effective way to limit the switch overvoltages, which occur in the conventional single‐switch flyback converter due to the ringing of the resonant circuit formed by the transformer leakage inductance and the transistor output capacitance. The clamping diodes in the two‐switch flyback topology clamp the maximum voltage across each switch equal to the DC input voltage. This paper presents a detailed steady‐state analysis and design procedure of the diode‐clamped two‐switch flyback converter operated in continuous‐conduction mode (CCM). The power loss in each component of the two‐switch flyback converter is compared with those of the single‐switch flyback converters with and without RCD clamp, and is presented in a tabular form. The two‐switch flyback converter was bread‐boarded to validate the theoretical analysis. Experimental results from a 10 V/30 W, 100 kHz laboratory prototype verified that the maximum switch voltage is limited to the DC input voltage. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Community Technology Centers (CTCs) and Telecentres provide critical access to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) resources where inequities exist. Additionally, a range of examples exist in which such centers are used by those who may have access elsewhere, but especially value the social interactions found at these community centers. Indeed, these facilities sometimes become meeting places for citizen professionals to participate in Communities of Practice working towards common goals. But while numerous paid professionals find laptops and mobiles the platform of choice for their daily work lives, many CTCs are still built using an impersonal closed room model which is restricted to mass implementation of non-flexible technology directed at no more than basic bridging of the digital divide. Emerging technologies such as low-cost ultra mobile personal computers and smartphones, cloud computing, geographic/neighborhood information systems, and personal webs are revolutionizing how professionals work. High functioning communities are finding ways to take advantage of the mass amateurization brought about by these emerging technologies to engage community members in community development goals, using the diversity of input to enhance the overall quality of outcome. The challenge remains how to empower more communities through access to, and training with, citizen professional ICT. This paper will describe our early experiences using customizable citizen professional toolkits to empower members from economically disadvantaged communities to work as citizen journalists and citizen planners.


This paper addresses the following three questions: is it possible to grasp an essential core of the analyst's inner attitude which can be transposed to non-analytic situations? Once this core is grasped, can it be circulated within the institutional group without it being destroyed? And, lastly, what is the function of leadership – particularly if it is provided by a leader who is also a psychoanalyst – in promoting such a process? The paper identifies 'diffused groupality' as the method that allows this transposition and analyses some leadership functions capable of promoting such a process. In particular, the leadership function is considered as mainly oriented to sustaining the idealization processes of the group, without entering into the realm of false hopes and impostors. It is affirmed that no institutional group can live without this modulation between idealization and self-reflection.


This work presents analytical solutions for the effective axial mechanical properties of the active fiber composites with different geometries, e.g., circular and rectangular cross-sections, and while the properties of the constituent materials are considered to be generally orthotropic. Analytical exact solutions of the effective longitudinal Young's moduli and major Poisson's ratios are obtained for two different geometries of a 2-phase composite model composed of orthotropic materials. Finite element analyses (FEAs) are also performed to verify the obtained analytical exact solutions. Excellent agreements are achieved between the results obtained from both techniques. Finally, the effective mechanical properties calculated from analytical solutions for the modeled geometrical configurations are compared.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


The ordered mesoporous material V-SBA-15 was prepared by hydro-thermal method under the acidic conditions using P123(tri-block copolymer) as template,tetraethoxysilane(TEOS) as silicon source,and citric acid vanadyl complexes as precursors. The influence factors for the preparation of mesoporous molecular sieve V-SBA-15,including the different crystallization time and the dosage of template agent,were investigated. The results show that,under the optimum conditions of crystallization time 96 h and dosage of template agent n = 1. 0〔n(P123)/n(V + Si) 〕,V-SBA-15 remains a highly ordered two-dimensional hexagonal pore structure of SBA-15,and the load of active ingredient metal vanadium oxide was uniformly distributed on the surface of mesoporous. The structure of V-SBA-15 was characterized by means of XRD,BET,FTIR,SEM and TEM,respectively. Meanwhile,its catalytic performance was verified by the selectivity and yield of acetophenone in the oxidation of ethyl-benzene to prepare acetophenone. The results show that,under the optimum conditions for the catalyzation oxidation of ethyl-benzene to prepare acetophenone,the selectivity and yield of acetophenone were82. 0% and 38. 60%,respectively.


Purpose – The purpose of this article is to critically review some interventions made in Portugal through Commercial Urbanism Programmes. These public interventions, with the objective of revitalizing city centres and modernizing the retail sector, culminated with the development of town centre management schemes. The paper also intends to analyze how these interventions have been evaluated.Design/methodology/approach – The paper contains a brief literature review which clarifies why city centres went into decline and why we should apply positively discriminatory policies in order to revitalize them. Second, the paper describes the main aspects of the public programmes and town centre management in the Portuguese context. After, the paper identifies the main aspects that concern the evaluation of impacts. The paper approaches the difficulties, gaps and importance of evaluation. In the last point the paper draws some final considerations.Findings – This research identifies the main measures implemented in ...


The article presents a prototype wearable device that corrects inaccurate GPS readouts during pedestrian travel. The electronic circuit consists of a microcontroller, an accelerometer and a digital compass. The accelerometer readouts are filtered to detect the steps of the pedestrian and are also used to estimate the stride length. The digital compass provides the direction of motion. When the GPS parameters warn of a high dilution of precision, the location of the pedestrian is corrected by data provided by the accelerometer and the digital compass.


Language and Literacy Development in Early Childhood provides educators with an integrated approach to language and literacy learning in early childhood. Written by a team of leading academics in the field, it explores how children learn to talk, play using language, become literate and make meaning – from birth through to preschool and the early school years. Emphasising the importance of imagination, play and the creative arts in language learning, the authors address a wide range of contemporary issues, including digital literacies and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives. Taking a broad and inclusive world view, the book highlights the impact of diverse socioeconomic, language and cultural backgrounds on young children's language and literacy development, and shows how early childhood teachers can effectively partner with parents and caregivers to help children learn through and about language. The book connects theory and current research to practice by providing case studies, interviews, reflective questions, clear links to the Early Years Learning Framework and the Australian Curriculum, and a rich array of practical and creative activities for use in early childhood environments. Illuminating and accessible, this is an invaluable resource for preservice and practising early childhood teachers alike. Additional resources are available online at www.cambridge.edu.au/academic/ ECliteracy.


The 2011 Solutions in Perception Challenge presented an international collection of teams with the opportunity to develop algorithms that could accurately detect, recognize, and locate in space an arbitrary collection of artifacts. Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) generated a series of artifacts synonymous with parts found in industrial settings, a modular fixturing system capable of accurately and precisely positioning the artifacts within a work volume, and a relative pose scoring metric to quantify an algorithm's performance. Teams were presented with training and validation data sets consisting of red-green-blue color images and 3D point cloud data of the artifacts, and the top performers achieved over 70 % accuracy in translation and pose estimation. In this paper we discuss the design of NIST's contributions, and present the teams' results from the Challenge.


Deep generative approaches have obtained great success in image inpainting recently. However, most generative inpainting networks suffer from either over-smooth results or aliasing artifacts. The former lacks high-frequency details, while the latter lacks semantic structure. To address this issue, we propose an effective Frequency-Spatial Complementary Network (FSCN) by exploiting rich semantic information in both spatial and frequency domains. Specifically, we introduce an extra Frequency Branch and Frequency Loss on the spatial-based network to impose direct supervision on the frequency information, and propose a Frequency-Spatial Cross-Attention Block (FSCAB) to fuse multi-domain features and combine the corresponding characteristics. With our FSCAB, the inpainting network is capable of capturing frequency information and preserving visual consistency simultaneously. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate that our inpainting network can effectively achieve superior results, outperforming previous state-of-the-art approaches with significantly fewer parameters and less computation cost. The code will be released soon.


The purposes of the present investigation were the analysis of aggressive behaviors and their relationship with performance according to the person-context interaction model. All squads that participated in the soccer World Cups for U-17, U-21 and adults were selected. Predictor variables were squad characteristics including players' body mass index, age, number of tournaments participated in, squads' place, and play round, and criterion variables were aggressive behavior as reflected by cards, fouls, and performance. The results of path analysis and MANOVA mixed factorial design revealed that the aggressive behaviors are associated with number of tournaments participated in and play round. In addition, the preliminary performance is related to aggression, but these results didn't show for knock-out performance. In conclusion, the aggressive behavior in the elite level of soccer is related to the interaction of squad characteristics and stress and aggression causes deterioration in the performance.


The matching factors influence of public toilets in city has long been ignored,by empirical research,the paper analyses and comparison of several worth considering factors,from the toilet,efficiency, urban public toilets proportion problems,etc,and by reference to Hong Kong's experience,suggestions are giving to meet people's physiological needs.


Chemical‐mechanical weathering of waste rocks from metallic mineral deposits leads to reduction of their strength and deformability. This is of great importance if there is intention to use these rocks as construction material for large structures such as rock fill dams, high embankments or levees. Thus, determination of rock durability is essential in avoiding disintegration of the structures with time. The paper presents the outcomes from procedure with modification of the slake durability test that was applied to several types of waste rocks from a sulfide copper deposit. In addition, an overview is presented of time‐dependant weathering correlations for soft rocks, and possibility to develop similar correlations for hard rock resistance properties based on this research. Suggested methodology for durability testing of hard rocks is also presented. It is believed that application of such methodology will provide more realistic information about the long‐term weathering behavior of the waste rock construction materials.


Summary form only given. We present a recursively indexed vector quantizer with the following properties: (1) it is simple to implement with low computational overhead; (2) it is an adaptive algorithm and therefore is well suited for applications where the source is non-stationary; (3) the output rate can easily be changed making it suitable for applications requiring rate control, such as transmission over packet switched networks; and (4) the input vectors can be quantized to within a user specified distortion on a per vector basis rather than on average. We have called the algorithm forward adaptive even though this algorithm also use the past outputs for adaptation. We have tested this algorithm on a number of synthetic hidden Markov sources, and on a video sequence. The results of both tests compare favorably with existing results in the literature.


The article represents a plea for the return to rationality in law by approaching the fundamental aspect, the material aspect of rationality in law, that rationality which allows the identification of criteria for evaluating the legitimacy of law and the relationship between Law and Act. In this context, a historical retrospective of the evolution of the concept of rationality in law is carried out, which demonstrates the need to continue this theoretical approach until it becomes a reality in the conditions in which we aim to overcome the gap between the theoretical and applied framework, and the getting out of the crisis of law. Also, the vital necessity to return to rationality in law is justified, including through practical but also scientific arguments. At the same time, the study represents an appeal, a call to return to rationality and responsibility in the knowledge and application of the law and to continue efforts in order to achieve this desideratum.


In this paper the outlet water temperature control of the shell and tube heat exchanger was implemented in real
time system with the Generic Model Control (GMC) and adaptive control technique in simulation. The steady state model of the heat exchanger is used for the GMC and the dynamic model of the shell and tube heat exchanger is used for the adaptive control technique. MATLAB-2010-Simulink was used as a tool to implement the control algorithm in hardware loop


The paper proposes a novel approach to the semantics of communication of self-interested and autonomous agents in open systems. It defines the semantics of communicative acts primarily as the observable effect of their actual use in social encounters, and differs thus fundamentally from mentalistic and current objectivist approaches to the semantics of agent communication languages. Empirical communication semantics enables the designer of agent-oriented software applications as well as agents to reason about social structures on the level of dynamically formed expectations, which we consider to be a crucial capability especially for social reasoning within and about open systems with truly autonomous blackor gray-box agents.


S-7 DIABETES MELLITUS is a serious metabolic disorder that places patients at increased risk of coronary and vascular disease, as well as debilitating conditions such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (Table 1).1–3 The attainment of tight glucose control can reduce the occurrence of deleterious long-term complications associated with the progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.4–9 This relationship has been most convincingly demonstrated with microvascular complications (i.e., retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy). In the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), intensive therapy reduced the risk of developing retinopathy by 76% in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.4 The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) showed a 25% risk reduction in microvascular endpoints with intensive therapy for type 2 diabetes,8 and every 1% decrease in HbA1C correlated with a 37% reduction in the risk of microvascular complications.10 Data are less definitive for macrovascular complications such as coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease, but current evidence suggests that hyperglycemia is associated with negative cardiovascular outcomes.10–12 In turn, improved control of blood glucose can reduce the costs associated with the treatment and long-term management of the common complications of diabetes. In the DCCT, the annual cost of therapy aimed at intensive control was $4,000–5,800 per patient—approximately threefold the cost of conventional therapy—but it was estimated that intensive treatment would begin to show savings within 5–7 years by decreasing the incidence of future complications.13 A retrospective study of a large HMO population determined that patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (n 5 8,905) experienced higher incidence rates of various complications than ageand sex-matched controls without diabetes (n 5 36,520), which translated into excess costs (Fig. 1a,b).14 Similarly, a retrospective analysis of a large type 2 diabetes population (n 5 11,768) enrolled in an HMO found that per-person costs increased above baseline by 360% after a major cardiovascular event, by 195% for those with advanced renal disease, and by 771% for those with end-stage renal disease.15 In essence, long-term intensive treatment is cost-effective, a particularly important point given the size of the patient population and the clinical magnitude of the disease. Approximately 16 million Americans—or 5.9% of the U.S. population—have diabetes. However, 5.4 million are unaware that they have the disease.1 The economic impact of diabetes is staggering. For 1997, the direct and indirect costs of diabetes care were estimated to be $98 billion.16 The direct costs were $44 billion, including $27.5 billion for inpatient hospital care and $5.5 billion for nursing home care. The indirect costs were $54 billion, including $37.1 billion for disability and $16.9 billion attributed to mortality.


Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate.


Vapor-to-liquid growth on various solid nanoparticle configurations was studied by classical molecular dynamics. Earlier studies have shown a curvature effect to exist in the initial growth process, which increases the growth rate around one order of magnitude between a sphere and cube. In this study, two cuboids in different supersaturation ratios were used to see if the aspect ratio influences growth. Based on the current results, there is no clear evidence that the change in aspect ratio affects the growth of nanoparticles at all even though there is a large difference in the surface areas. No supersaturation ratio effect could be observed, which coincides with previous studies.


International nonprofit organizations are the world's new "super brands," their brand values are on par with major international corporations and they command unprecedented levels of trust. Yet brand building activities within these organizations appear relatively limited, perhaps because no brand equity models exist specifically for them. This study explores the drivers of brand equity for international nonprofit organizations by developing a model using a combination of a system dynamics approach and grounded theory development. This model proposes that four key variables drive brand equity in these organizations: consistency, focus, trust and partnerships, and advances eleven specific recommendations for nonprofit brand managers. These recommendations are based on the causal loop diagrams for the four key variables which offer a deeper understanding of what influences these four key variables and how they interact.


Abstract Self-Verification Theory (Swann, 1987) predicts that people want others to see them as they see themselves. But does this theory hold for the (often irrational) self-views held by women with body dissatisfaction or eating disorders? To test this application of Self-Verification Theory, we investigated: (1) whether body dissatisfied women reported both seeking and receiving negative feedback from their relationship partners; (2) whether male partners who were willing to provide negative feedback were more likely to be body dissatisfied themselves; and (3) whether receiving self-consistent (negative) feedback was associated with relationship satisfaction. Forty-one couples in relationships that had been established for six months or more completed a set of anonymous questionnaires. Results demonstrated that, after controlling for body mass index (BMI), depression, and length of relationship, females' body dissatisfaction and eating problems were associated with desires for appearance-related negati...


The difference in the dissolution of calcium was compared between extracted erupted first premolars (30 teeth) and unerupted first premolars (30 teeth). They were coated with parafin wax and two windows, 3mm in diameter, were made on the buccomesial and bucco-distal surface. One window was treated with fluoride and the other was used as a control. They were examined by biopsy 5 times during 30, 60, or 120 seconds using filter paper discs containing 2μl of 0.1M HCIO4.The dissolution of calcium from erupted teeth gradully increased with the passage of time whereas the dissolution from unerupted teeth was shown to reach a plateau after a few seconds.The influence of fluoride treatment was more significant in unerupted teeth than in erupted teeth.When the enamel surface was observed with SEM, a generally flat appearance was observed on erupted teeth. In contrast, a regularly arranged crater appearance was observed on unerupted teeth.The observation that the reactivity of the enamel surface was higher in unerpted teeth than in erupted teeth suggests the existance of post-eruptive change (maturation) of the enamel surface of erupted teeth.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is still burdened by high mortality in a subset of patients, such as those affected by hematological malignancies. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety and carry out preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of polyomavirus JC (JCPyV)‐specific T cell therapy in a cohort of hematological patients with PML.


Content analysis of Bundestag debates, historical analysis and interviews with 350 journalists and politicians are used to examine the interrelationship between foreign- policy making and the media in 1969 and 1970. This was a time in which Germany and Poland were involved in intense negotiations. The relationship between politicians and journalists emerges as a "latent partnership" in which both sides take the initiative and influence each other. Press activity is found to have an effect on foreign-policy making but this effect is limited.


EASUREMENTS of the form, diameter, and volume of the heart and great vessels, of the thickness of the cardiac or vascular wall and of the fluctuation of the intracardiac structures during a cardiac pulsation in a living human subject are of great significance for the accurate diagnosis of heart diseases as well as for the study of cardiovascular physiology. Thus, several clinical methods have been developed, such as angiocardiography, cardiac catheterization, electrokymography and so forth. However, these methods are not always adequate for measuring the fluctuations of the cardiac structures for the following reasons: 1) Since the heart and great vessels consist of soft tissue, roentgenographic methods often give insufficient information concerning the functions and structure of these organs. 2) The duration of the examination is limited to only a very short time. 3) These methods are often uncomfortable for the patient and require physician's experience. 4) They cannot be repeated frequently for follow-up studies. Hence the present authors have tried to use the ultrasonic reflection technique by means of pulsed ultrasound to visualize the intracardiac structure and other mediastinal organs. Methods using pulsed ultrasound, by which a cross sectional pattern of the heart and great vessels in living human subjects can be obtained, have been investigated.1)-7) In the ultrasonic heart-tomography, the Plan-Position-Indication (hereafter it will be called as PPI) scanning method from the inside of the esophagus2),4),7) and the Compound or PPI-Sector scanning method on the anterior chest surface3),6) have been applied. The authors succeeded in obtaining cross


THE INTRACRANIAL LESIONS associated with neurofibromatosis of von RecklinghausenlJ include nerve sheath tumors of the optic, trigeminal, and acoustic nerves, solitary or multiple meningiomas, piloid astrocytomas, diffuse gliomas, glioblastoma multiforme, hamartomas, angiomas, and glial heterotopias. The occurrence of such lesions in a patient with other stigmata of neurofibromatosis is usually called the "central type" as opposed to patients exhibiting skin and visceral lesions which constitute the "peripheral type" of the disease. The present autopsy study discloses three features of interest: [l] an unusually high incidence and diversity of cerebral lesions, [ 2 ] the occurrence of cranial vascular anomalies-a hitherto undescribed association of neurofibromatosis, and [ 3 ] areas of neuronal heterotopia in the brain of a patient with gross congenital mental deficiency.


Nutrient quality in a feedstuff is the concentration of that nutrient in quantities that are sufficient for normal metabolic activities of a particular animal. Hence the study was carried out to determine nutrient quality of various locally available concentrate poultry feeds in the market and compare determined feed contents with nutrient values on labels. The samples were obtained from broiler farmers in Gaborone region. Mean analysis values from manufacturer A feeds were 19.64, 3.29, 0.19 and 0.43 for starter, 16.39, 3.98, 0.11 and 0.57 for grower, and 16.94, 4.27, 0.16 and 0.48 for finisher in g/100g on dry matter basis, crude protein, fats, phosphorus and calcium respectively. Feed label stated 22, 2.5, 0.6 and 8 for starter, 20, 2.5, 0.55 and 0.8 for grower and 18, 2.5, 0.5 and 0.8 for finisher in g/100g on dry matter basis for crude protein, fats, phosphorus and calcium respectively. Grower feeds from manufacturer B contained 18.33, 2.65, 0.24 and 0.66 in g/100g as compared to feed label values of 18.0, 2.5, 0.55 and 0.7 in g/100g on dry matter basis for crude protein, fats, phosphorus and calcium respectively. Manufacturer C finisher feed also contained 18.16, 4.1, 0.17 and 0.52 in g/100g on dry matter basis for crude protein, fats, phosphorus and calcium respectively. The quantity of minerals was found to be lower in all feeds from all manufacturers with manufacturer A lower in almost all other organic nutrients (except fats) compared to values stated on feed labels.


ABSTRACT
Young women aged 10-16 years will experience menarche (first menstruation). This will cause physical tension, anxiety in the bad things that will happen when menarche. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of parenting parents with the level of anxiety of adolescent girls in facing menarche in class V and VI students at SDN Bojong 1 Tangerang District in 2019. The research method used in this study was descriptive correlation with cross sectional approach. The population in this study amounted to 62 respondents with the technique used for data collection is total sampling by distributing questionnaire sheets that have been valid and reliable. Univariate and bivariate data analysis using Chi-Square and Correlation. The results of the study are based on the Chi-Square test and produce a p value = (0.001 <0.05) then it is stated that there is a relationship between parenting patterns and the level of anxiety of adolescent girls in dealing with menarche. Conclusions and suggestions based on the results of the study there is a significant relationship between parenting parents with the level of anxiety of young women in dealing with menarche in class V and VI students at SDN Bojong 1 Tangerang District. It is recommended that young women be more open to problems with parents in order to get the right information and knowledge.


Space-filling fractal curves are discussed, both classical and new. Techniques are discussed for rendering space-filling curves in an aesthetically pleasing fashion, in opposition to the traditional manner of black lines on white backgrounds. These techniques use color, line weight, and curved shapes, and can be applied to a wide variety of space-filling curves. Introduction Space-filling curves are those curves that, while having zero thickness, are sufficiently contorted that they completely cover an area or volume. Originally considered pathological, they have been part of the fractal family for over 100 years. In 1890, Giuseppe Peano first discussed the plane-filling curve [1], a fractal curve that literally filled a region of a plane. The next year, David Hilbert published the first image of a fractal, the two-dimensional square-filling curve bearing his name [2]. Since then, many other types of space-filling curves (as they are now called) have been discovered (or invented), such as Cesaro's 1905 modification cifthe Koch curve [1]. Like other fractals, space-filling curves are generated in stages, or iterations. In Figure 1, the first few stages of the Peano curve are shown. The initial stage is a single line segment, and the generator is a nine-segment curve (the angles are actually 90°, but are shown as 89° for clarity). At each iteration, every segment in the current curve is replaced by a small copy of the generator.


Deng Xiaoping on democratic legal education discussion appears in different speech. He emphasizes the necessity to carry out the democratic legal system education,and expounds the dialectical relationship between strengthening democracy and improving the legal system complement each other. Finally,with a view to enhance the education effect,leading cadres from the first,establish the scientific standard of education,improve the education reality in many aspects including,has been clear about the new idea to promote the democracy and the legal system of education.


A method for aseptic manufacture of wound dressings comprising the steps of (A) is prepared, a drug carrier, (B) the drug support is subjected to a sterilization process and (C) the active substance carrier is equipped with at least one active ingredient under aseptic conditions, characterized in that a growth factor is used as said active ingredient, and that the loading of the active agent carrier takes place with active ingredient under clean room conditions, wherein the active ingredient is present in a sterile solution dosed onto the surface of the drug carrier.


An optical character recognition (OCR) system recognizes either printed or handwritten text. Hence it is required to seperate machine printed text from handwritten text in scanned documents before feeding it to a OCR system. We can discriminate these two types of text word images by their visual impression and shape structures. The intensity values distribution features gives us the visual impression and the shapes can be represented by the structural features. This paper proposes an approach for machine print and handwritten text classification at word level using intensity and shape structural features of scanned text. The proposed method achieved impressive classification efficiency on IAM dataset.


Interpretation of precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) will require a detailed understanding of the recombination era, which determines such quantities as the acoustic oscillation scale and the Silk damping scale. This paper is the second in a series devoted to the subject of helium recombination, with a focus on two-photon processes in He i. The standard treatment of these processes includes only the spontaneous two-photon decay from the 21S level. We extend this treatment by including five additional effects, some of which have been suggested in recent papers but whose impact on He i recombination has not been fully quantified. These are: (i) stimulated two-photon decays; (ii) two-photon absorption of redshifted He i line radiation; (iii) two-photon decays from highly excited levels in He i (n1S and n1D, with n>=3); (iv) Raman scattering; and (v) the finite width of the 21Po resonance. We find that effect (iii) is highly suppressed when one takes into account destructive interference between different intermediate states contributing to the two-photon decay amplitude. Overall, these effects are found to be insignificant: they modify the recombination history at the level of several parts in 10^4.


Eve Krakowski's Coming of Age in Medieval Egypt artfully uses sources from the Cairo Geniza to reconstruct the crucialmoment of girls'andwomen'sfirstmarriage, a period that she defines as "adolescence." This study is a refreshing reexamination of some of the ideas and arguments about medieval Jewish society that S. D. Goitein (1967–93) initially presented in his monumental Mediterranean Society. For instance, Krakowski reinterprets Goitein's conclusion thatmedieval Jewish familieswere composed of "cohesive patriarchal clans whose members lived together in extended households" (3). Using the concept of female adolescence, she reveals the importance of kin support for women and corrects previously held narratives about marriage, including the idea that there were preferences for cousin marriage and marrying female virgins. As Krakowski states in her introduction, "This book considers how such ordinary Jewish women fit into the social order of the tenthto thirteenth-century Islamic eastern Mediterranean, both aswomenandas Jews, andhowtwo institutions central to their social order—kinship and law—shaped their lives" (2). Her study contends that a girl's or woman's first marriage had significant social and economic importance and that women's experiences more broadly reframe our understanding of Jewish family structure, because families should be "understood as fluid social networks frequently disrupted and reconfigured by travel, divorce, remarriage, and death" (3). In addition, Krakowski's juxtaposition of Jewish legal literature and sources from the Cairo Geniza, which encompass a variety of genres, including letters and marriage documents, allows her to detail the "complicated 'fault lines' " between rabbinic legal practice and social practice (4). Krakowski compares the medieval Jewish community in Egypt to Muslims and Christians, asserting that "Geniza Jews," as she terms the individuals found in the Geniza corpus, and


That some of the shark tribe do not lay their eggs, but hatch them within the body, and that others lay them in the same manner as the skate, has long been known; but nothing seems to have been accurately made out upon either of these subjects, I am therefore induced to lay before the Society the following observations. In my examination of the squalus maximus, an account of which is published, I found that it closely resembled in its internal structure, the squalus acanthius of Linnaeus, a fish common on the Sussex coast, which made me pay particular attention to the anatomy of all the parts of this species of dogfish.


This paper deals with reliability assessment of the repairable two-unit cold standby system when the first, main unit has the better performance level than the second one. Therefore, after its repair, the main unit is always switched into operation. The new Laplace transform representation for the system's lifetime is obtained for arbitrary operation and repair time distributions of the units. For some particular cases, the Laplace transform of the system is shown to be rational, which enables the use of the matrix-exponential distributions for obtaining relevant reliability indices. The discrete setup of the model is also considered through the corresponding matrix-geometric distributions, which are the discrete analogs of the matrix-exponential distributions.


1 Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria 2 Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria ABSTRACT. Food insecurity remains a major challenge worldwide, especially among the rural areas of developing nation. Women and children are most vulnerable to this phenomenon. However, while many studies have assessed farming households' food security status in general, there is dearth of information on vegetable farmers', who are mostly women, food security status in particular. This study, therefore, investigated the food security status of vegetable farming households, its drivers and coping strategies in Kwara State, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics, food insecurity index and logistic regression were used to analysed data collected from 180 respondents. The findings showed that food insecurity remains a major challenge in rural areas as only 45.55% were food secure. The food secure group surpassed the food security line by 17%. Food insecure group fell below the food security line by 36% with a daily average calorie intake of 1581.35 kcal. Annual income (p< 0.1), cooperative membership (p< 0.1), vegetable production (p< 0.05) and access to credit (p< 0.05) were the significant factors enhancing their food security status, while household size (p< 0.01) negatively influenced it. The widely used food insecurity coping mechanisms by the households were eating less expensive food, eating wild fruits, reducing rational consumption, allowing children to eat first, borrowing money to buy food, buying food on credit and skipping meal within a day. The study recommends encouragement of vegetable production through provision of credit facilities to the farmers as this would enhance their food security status.


The article considers legal aspects of corporate governance in an important sector of the Russian economy - agriculture. The author concentrates his attention on state companies. Today there are much less state agricultural companies then 10 or even 5 years earlier. The most famous are JSC "Rosagroleasing", JSC "United grain company" and JSC "Head center for reproduction of agricultural animals". The biggest state agricultural companies are in federal property. Russian regions are owners of agricultural companies too. Every owner (the Russian Federation or Russian regions) establishes its own rules for the functioning of companies. Some regions have special regional laws on governing state companies. Others adopted government resolutions. There is a big difference between legal regulation on corporate governance in state and private agricultural companies in Russia. Sate companies are highly regulated by different kind of legal acts.


Objective: This study was done to determine and detect causes influencing family's refusal of organ donation. Methods: This study was done by interviewing families whose beloved was brain dead and they had not consented to organ donation. Information was collected by phone interviews with the family and using patient's files by trained research. Among all them, 53 with completed phone interviews and patient files were entered in SPSS21 and analyzed. Results: The most brain dead cases were male with a number of 37 (69.8%). Graph 1. Causes of brain death Most causes affecting the family's refusal included social, emotional, cultural and cognitive factors respectively. Those refusing organ donations were mostly second-degree relatives. Graph 2. Organ donation refusers' relationship with the brain dead cases As admitted by the families, 79.2% did not agree with organ donation because they couldn't accept to disconnect their loved one from the machines (not accepting brain death as dead).The second cause of refusal was the negative influence of relatives, 60.4%. Believing in miracles, lack of knowledge about the purpose of organ donation, and needing support for decision making were at the third rank, 58.5%.It is notable that only 3.8% of the families reported that their beloved had previously announced their disagreement with a donation and no family member expected financial compensation in return for organ donation. Conclusions: The most influential people in the family's refusal are seconddegree relatives. It seems that an important cause of family's refusal especially in large families are the negative influential people and It is necessary for the coordinators to be able to determine the negative influential people in the family and to learn how to approach them. Family's refusal of disconnecting their loved one from the ventilator, believing in miracles and distrust in doctors' diagnosis show unacceptance of brain death as dead that confirms the need for educating the interview techniques to the coordinators. The following is suggested to increase the family's consent of organ donation: Training all interviewers on how to face the negative influential people. Not requesting organ donation consent before the assurance of acceptance of death Cultural awareness and educating the society to value organ donation and encourage it Explaining the society that organ donation is a good deed and that no money is traded for it. 343.1


Understanding the application resilience in the presence of faults is critical to address the HPC resilience challenge. Currently, we largely rely on random fault injection (RFI) to quantify the application resilience. However, RFI provides little information on how fault tolerance happens, and RFI results are often not deterministic due to its random nature. In this paper, we introduce a new methodology to quantify the application resilience. Our methodology is based on the observation that at the application level, the application resilience to faults is due to the application-level fault masking. The application-level fault masking happens because of application-inherent semantics and program constructs. Based on this observation, we analyze application execution information and use a data-oriented approach to model the application resilience. We use our model to study how and why HPC applications can (or cannot) tolerate faults. We demonstrate tangible benefits of using the model to direct fault tolerance mechanisms.


Quotations are invited for printing and supplying 60 lakh TB Seals and for every subsequent 1,00,000 Seals for our 67 TB Seal Campaign. The Seals are of 3 cms x 2 cms size horizontal/vertical from perforation to perforation similar to the one used in the postal stamps or as in samples sheets are to be printed on quality gummed imitation chromo art paper. They are to be printed from transparencies or from four colour illustrations/photographs, as instructed when placing the order. The last date of receiving sealed quotations in our office is 15 June, 2016. The detailed terms and conditions can be seen and downloaded from our website. Sample seals of yesteryears for quality of paper, etc. you may contact the undersigned in person on any working day from 9 am to 5 pm or send a written request.


There is immense pressure across the world to adopt green technology and green practices in order to reduce the pollution level of urban and cosmopolitan areas. While, the adoption of green technology depends on several social and relative factors, there was so reluctance on the part of many to adopt it. Contextualizing the area of concern to the Tuk-Tuk, drivers in the city of Bangkok, Thailand, a study was conducted to assess the factors influencing adoption of green technology. The study followed qualitative research initially to explore unique factors and then confirmed those factors through qualitative research. Factor analysis was conducted to analyze the reliability of the instruments and data collected from the "tuk tuk" drivers. Almost 176 auto drivers were interviewed (informally) with a structured schedule and data collected. To analyze this data, study followed statistical tools like correlation and regression. The results clearly indicate that socioeconomic factors which are moderated by the green technology factors that influence the "TukTuk" drivers intention 'not to go green', even though they have the keen interest towards environmental concerns.


New opportunities for creating and exchanging messages between political actors, the media and the audience/voters are to some extent the effect of the dynamically developing technological sphere. The advent of online media (including social media) has changed politics. At the same time, political communication is also changing. On the one hand, this is an inspiration and, on the other hand, a challenge for the scientific exploration of this research area. The interdisciplinarity of media science, which includes the study of political communication, prompts researchers to look for new research tools, especially in the field of data collection, analysis and visualisation. This leads to the incorporation of previously non-specific methods into the field of media studies. The aim of the article is to present social network analysis (SNA) as a method popular in American and European research, although still rarely present in Polish analyses of political communication. The article presents the characteristics of the method, its main indicators and the current state of research in Poland.


The chitinase activity of sugarcane was determined with DNS method for the determination of reducing sugar.The reaction conditions were optimized.The results indicate that the optimum concentration of DNS reagent was 1.89mg/ml,heating time was 10min;the optimum time of chitinase of sugarcane was 1h,the temperature was 60℃,and the optimum pH was 7.0.


This study uses the complementary role of crop modeling and QTL mapping to analyze the physiological parameters in a crop phenology model in order to make the prediction of the development duration built directly on the identified QTL. Based on the data of a photo-sensitivity experiment using barley recombinant inbred lines (RIL), the corresponding four model parameters for developmental period from sowing to flowering are obtained. The position of QTL for each of these four parameters on the marker map and their additive effects are estimated. A QTL-based model is conducted for predicting the flowering time of RIL in different field environmental conditions.


Numerous specimens of the small water-striders of the genus Rhagovelia have been received from Dr. H. B. Hungerford, of the University of Kansas, during the past year, for determination. The material, which includes individuals from South and Central America, Mexico and the West Indies, contains a new species and several new distribution records. In addition, the writer has had an opportunity recently to collect these water-striders in several localities in the central part of the United States. It was thought that these records might be of interest.


This paper is concerned with the direct energy conversion of waste heat into electricity using pyroelectric materials. It reports detailed numerical simulations of a prototypical pyroelectric energy converter assembled experimentally and previously reported. The device consisted of a hot and cold source separated by a series of microchannels supporting pyroelectric thin films. A piston was used to vertically oscillate a working fluid back and forth between the thermal sources. The experimental device was fully instrumented with thermocouples and pressure sensor. The transient two-dimensional mass, momentum, and energy equations were solved numerically to determine the local and time-dependent temperature at various locations inside the device for operating frequency varying from 0.025 to 0.061 Hz. Excellent agreement was found between the simulated and experimentally measured local temperatures at all operating frequencies considered. These results confirm our previous numerical results and the simulation tool can now be used to design the next generation of pyroelectric energy converters.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


X-type Barium-Zinc hexaferrite powder with chemical composition Ba2Zn2Fe28O46 has been prepared using citrate gel auto combustion technique. The combusted powder waspre-heated at 550 °C for 4 hours followed by final calcinations of 1100 °C and 1250 °C for 5 hoursrespectively. Prepared hexaferrite samples were characterizedusingdifferent instrumental techniques such as FTIR and XRD. XRD analysis of the sample calcined at 1250 °C revealed formation of mono phase of X-type hexaferrite; while the sample calcined at 1100 °C shows multiphases of M, W and X-type hexaferrites. FTIR spectra of both samples show stretching of metal-oxide bands.


This article is grounded in the premise that educators of out-of-school activities ought to build environments in which children can enjoy science and have positive experiences. The idea is backed by a broad consensus on learning science in early childhood. However, how can it be validated that a child really has had a positive experience in a given activity? What evidence would allow us to confirm that an educational proposal has truly been experienced in a positive way? The article addresses these questions through a specific case analysis of the activity 'Can I touch?', offered by the Natural Science Museum of Barcelona for children aged 2 to 6. The analysis identifies three areas to validate children benefiting from a particular experience in a positive way, and leads to the identification of operational factors relevant for the design and creation of new proposals


There are many methods for attenuation of end effects in finite length line Hertz contacts. A new one is proposed herein by using an even polynomial generatrix for the equivalent rigid roller. The elastic contact between high order polynomial surfaces is used to get a nearly flat maximum pressure along the line contact. According to a reversed method, contact half-axes and central pressure are imposed. The longitudinal roller profile found numerically is indeed an even order polynomial. The method is validated numerically by a GC-DCFFT method.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


As " traditional " prototyping is based on assumptions that are not – or only partially – valid for the development of e-Business, e-Commerce, and e-Government applications: will this method survive in the world of networked and distributed systems? And if so, what modifications would have to be made to the management of software development projects? Do we need 'e-prototyping'? In this paper, the " traditional " approaches of prototyping are recalled and the new conditions, difficulties and challenges of involving and communicating with the relevant actors as a way of gathering sound requirements are examined. The authors outline an approach for e-prototyping including frequent releases of software versions (based on short development cycles) as well as gathering feedback from users and other relevant actors in " productive mode " by offering various communication channels and systematically sorting out the stream of feedback to create sound requirements for evolutionary software process and release management.


There are many studies on the reaction and chemical property of carbon dioxide , and carbon dioxide is practically used in various fields. In this paper, the carboxylation of alkali phenoxides with carbon dioxide is reviewed and the chemical behavior of carbon dioxide in the reaction is discussed from the viewpoint of the use of carbon dioxide in industrial organic chemistry. The production of hydroxybenzoic acids from alkali phenoxides and carbon dioxide is one of some examples in which carbon dioxide is used as raw materials in industrial organic chemistry. A large portion of salicylic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid prepared by the process have been used for preparation of pharmaceuticals. Recently, bifunctional p-hydroxybenzoic acid was polymerized and the characteristic properties of the polymer have stimulated investigation of polymerization using p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The carboxylation of alkali phenoxides with carbon dioxide is carried out in a heterogeneous system which consists of the solid phenoxide and carbon dioxide under a pressure. The mechanism of the carboxylation of sodium and potassium phenoxides in the heterogeneous system and the chemical behavior of carbon dioxide in the system are reviewed. The improvements of the procedure and method of the carboxylation are also described . Since the remarkable solubility of alkali phenoxides in polar and aprotic solvents such as DMF , DMSO and HMPA was found, it has become feasible to undergo the carboxylation at a homogeneous system . The carboxylation of alkali phenoxides with carbon dioxide in the solutions undergoes at mild conditions . Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the predominant carboxylation at p-position of the phenoxide is observed even in the case that sodium phenoxide is used. The reaction of carbon dioxide and the alkali phenoxides in DMF is discussed in connection with an activation of carbon dioxide , and it is suggested that the remarkable feature of the carboxylation in the solution may be caused by the solvation of the alkali phenoxides with the solvent and the activation of carbon dioxide by the solvated alkali phenoxides . Alkali alkylcarbonates are regarded as reagents fixing carbon dioxide . The usefulness of the alkali alkylcarbonates in the carboxylation of alkali phenoxides is described . Furthermore, a convenient preparation method of the alkali alkylcarbonates from alcohol , alkali phenoxide and carbon dioxide is also described.


The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new type of weakend fuzzy continuity called fuzzy almost precontinuous and investigate properties of it.