Much of the academic and policy discourse on the African informal sector assumes that the people who populate the informal economy have a distinct set of economic and political interests. The sector's participants are supposed to support policies different from those advocated by governments that seek to tax informal enterprises, by smallholders who seek higher prices for the crops they grow and thereby contribute to rising food prices, and by modern sector manufacturing that sells inputs used by informal enterprises for high prices and buys goods and services at low prices. This research suggests that patterns of interest group formation vary according to the extent to which entrepreneurs diversify their income portfolios and according to the perception of mobility within and between sectors. It uses this understanding to explain differences in patterns of interest formation between entrepreneurs in capital cities and in secondary towns. It offers data from a survey administered in three Kenyan secondary towns.


ABSTRACT 'Will, preferences and rights' is the new guiding principle for all support for or exercise of decision-making under the Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities, but its meaning is disputed and practice implications are poorly understood. This article explores key debates across disciplines and draws on grounded theory fieldwork findings to bring greater clarity to the principle within law, policy and practice settings. It is argued that the principle calls for a nuanced understanding which cautions against expectations that mere enactment into law or adoption within programs of support will prove to be a panacea.


In recent year, there has been a shortage of the bed-logs used for cultivation of Shiitake mushroom in many districts of Japan. In this paper, we discussed the changes of chemical components for saw-dust medium in Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis Riv.) and Tabunoki (Machilus thunbergii S. et Z.) during the period of incubation, and the possibility for utilization as culture medium of Lentinus edodes of Bamboo sawdust. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The pH of the medium declined at the first stage of cultivation, and then increased


Purpose: The study aims to clarify the rulings on the issue of subleasing, and to elaborate on the disagreement of scholars in that relation and as to its terms, as well as the resulting liability. Methodology: The researcher followed the comparative, inductive, and analytical methodology. He touches on the issues related to the substance of the subject of the study, and then mentions the disagreement between Islamic jurists while mentioning the weighted opinion in the light of evidence. The study includes an introduction, six sections and a conclusion. The first section covers the linguistic and terminological definition of subleasing. The second covers the jurisprudential ruling on leasing of an item, while the third examines the jurisprudential ruling on subleasing to a tenant. Furthermore, the fourth section touches on the jurisprudential ruling on subleasing to a subtenant, while the fifth deals with the terms of subleasing. Finally, the sixth section explains the matter of liability in a sublease agreement. Findings: The study concludes that a sublease contract is deemed valid provided that the subtenant is trustworthy, that his/her use of the asset is equivalent to or less than that of the original tenant and that there is no clause in the contract limiting the use of the asset solely to the tenant. A sublease contract is deemed valid if the first tenant is trustworthy before the owner and is not held liable unless he/she transgresses or is careless with the asset and the sub-tenant is trustworthy before the original tenant, and is not held liable unless he/she transgresses or is careless with the asset. Originality: It lies in the study's reconsideration of the weighting of some opinions expressed in previous studies, by fully presenting the opinions and evidence of Islamic Jurists as well as clarifying the conditions for subleasing, giving proofs and supporting them from opinions of contemporary jurists.


Process involves feeding a synthetic precorinted multifilament (POY) yarn at a first speed to a pin and guiding the yarn between 270 and 360 deg. (pref. 360 deg.) round the pin. The yarn is subsequently withdrawn at a second speed. The pin is unheated and has a dia. of under 10mm. The yarn is heated to 180-240 deg. C for 0.01-10 s immediately after being routed round the pin. The multifilament yarn is pref. made of polyester or poly polyamide.


To determine the effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor linagliptin on postprandial glomerular hyperfiltration compared with the sulphonylurea glimepiride in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).


The study investigated the effect of venture capital instruments and control mechanisms on the growth of venture capital fund for 100 venture capital firms in Ghana by employing a stepwise multiple linear regression. We found a positive and significant relationship between growth of venture capital fund and the two-distinct set of independent variables (venture capital instruments and control mechanisms). The variables, convertible redeemable preference, preferred equity and debt, and preferred and common equity contribute significantly as venture capital instruments to the growth of venture capital, while conversion control right, performance option and warranty option were identified as control mechanisms that significantly affect the growth of venture capital.


Ureteral nerves have been dissected, described, photographed and successfully stimulated. Acceleration of peristalsis by sympathomimetic drugs has been easily demonstrated. Critical experiments have a


This work explains the origin, sources, and evolution of Islamic international law (Siyar). It attempts to locate the role and place of Islamic International law (Siyar). It argues that Abu Hanifa was the first jurist to treat Siyar as a separate legal science and who systematically explained the rules of Siyar. This works discusses the role of Siyar within the domestic law in Pakistan. It concludes that since Islamic law is not only one of the principal legal systems in the world but also that Islam is one of the main forms of civilizations; therefore, Islamic law must be one of the sources of international law. Finally, it argues that since public international law is not secular in nature, but rather 'neutral' so as to 'accommodate' Muslim states. Siyar only strengthens the obligations of Muslim states and does not impose Islamic law on non-Muslim states.


The values of bending stiffness of a connection between two elements built with bamboo fiber Angustifolia are reported in this paper. Fifteen column-beam connections at real scale were built and tested under static loading and unloading cycles. The Moment-slope curves were plotted since experimental data, for anyone of the samples, and the stiffness of connection was determined such as the slope of these figures. Beside, three frames with two levels and one bay were tested under horizontal loads applied at second floor. Experimental results were used for fit a mathematical model built using matrix analysis software.


Dielectron production in p+d and p+p collisions at the beam kinetic energy of 4.9 GeV has been measured with the Dilepton Spectrometer(DLS). Features of the dielectron cross section have been studied with cuts on the mass and transverse momentum of the pairs. The spectra for several regions of phase space are presented as a function of the pair mass and transverse momentum. PACS numbers: 25.40.Ve, 13.75.Cs


Here the authors investigate the impact of new technology on employment at country, industry and firm level using evidence from a study of the Turkish chemical and engineering industries. They conclude by attempting to outline policy considerations related to the long term negative impact of technology on employment in developing countries.


The investment on real estate companies has a direct impact on the competitiveness of their future markets; therefore there is an urgent need for investment portfolio optimization. The paper analyzes the characteristics of various types of real estate investment in the next run, using niche genetic algorithm with improved the probability of crossover and mutation. In addition, adding the budget constraints in the classic portfolio model, so that the process of calculating is more to meet realistic requirements. Finally, an example is used to prove the method is effective.


We analyze the continuous monitoring of a qudit coupled to a cavity using both phase-preserving and phase-sensitive amplification. The quantum trajectories of the system are described by a stochastic master equation, for which we derive the appropriate Lindblad operators. The measurement back-action causes spiraling in the state coordinates during collapse, which increases as the system levels become less distinguishable. We discuss two examples: a two-level system and an N -dimensional system and meter with rotational symmetry in the quadrature space. We also provide a comparison of the effects of phase-preserving and phase-sensitive detection on the master equation, and show that the average behavior is the same in both cases, but individual trajectories collapse at different rates depending on the measurement axis in the quadrature plane.


How do a state's political regime type and power status influence leader's mediation attempts? This study develops an explanation as a response to this question derived from the democratic peace theory which underlines the role of democratic norms in motivating state leaders to play a third party role in peace processes. Based on this approach, the expectation is that democratic country representatives are more likely to mediate especially in the early stage of their careers. In addition, I argue that the frequency and timing of leaders mediation attempts are influenced by the state's regime types and power status. To conduct this research, I analyze the mediation activities initiated by state leaders between 1933 and 1999. The findings suggest that leaders of both democratic and anocratic regimes attempt for mediation sooner than the leaders of autocratic regimes. The study also found that major powers have the highest number of mediation attempts only if the mediator is representing a democratic state. The main finding is that effect of regime type may change based on power status.


Since the genus Botrychium was last revised (Clausen, 1938), much research on it has been done, and many of our taxonomic ideas concerning the use of infraspecific categories (subspecies, variety, form) have changed (Wagner, 1960). Many Botrychium species can be distinguished only by subtle differences, and there is often a high level of variability, even in single populations. In the little Moonworts, Botrychium subg. Botrychium, taxonomic difficulties are exacerbated by the small size of the plants and the tendency for the segments to become folded when pressed. To gain an idea of the distinctness of the species, careful field studies of sizeable populations are needed, and the specimens must be pressed so as to spread out the segments. Finding these usually rare and local plants requires "a labor of love." Together with colleagues and students, we have spent an extaordinary amount of time exploring for Moonworts over the past several decades. Some of the fruits of this quest are described here. In making our taxonomic judgments, we have adhered to a strict requirement of consistency. Plants from one locality to another must display the same characteristics. Likewise, the differences from other species must be consistent; there should be no connecting forms. We have emphasized the ability of two critical taxa to occur together in the same habitats without intergrading. Mixed populations have thus been of value in making decisions. We also have used the method of mutual associations-the ability of two taxa to maintain their differences in their separate habitats, even though their mutually associated relatives stay alike. Thus if taxon A grows with taxon C in one habitat, and taxon B grows with C in another, and if taxon C remains uniform in both habitats, then the differences between A and B are probably genetically fixed. The four new Moonworts described here have been studied in wild populations, and in all cases the evidence upholds their validity as discrete species. We treat each only briefly, but we hope that the description and comments will give other workers a preliminary idea of their distinctions and also will lead to finding new populations. More detailed reports on all of these plants will be made in the future. The measurements are based upon the best-developed and most distinctive specimens from each of several collections. Small specimens may be hard to identify, and all of these species include tiny fertile individuals less than 3 cm tall. Spores were mounted in Hoyer's solution (Beeks, 1955) and measured along the largest diameter. The ranges represent the averages of several different collections.


ABSTRACT Based on analyses of the migration policies of Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, and Morocco, the overall idea behind this themed issue is to present a comparative study of responses by Arab Mediterranean states to EU foreign and security policy incentives. The themed issue draws on a historical institutionalist line of thought analysing how the given state-to-EU relationships develop or change over time and how institutions form part of and respond to new developments. Taking its point of departure in different dimensions of resilience attributed to the states analysed, this themed issue aims at shedding light on processes of institutional developments in the context of cooperation between the Arab states Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, and Morocco, and the EU.


This thesis studies the possibility of conserving natural resources in different ways. The main objective is to create an architectural object that generates the least impact on the environment, and respond to the site and its different climatic and natural conditions.
Ilalo is a mountain in natural state that is in danger of degradation because of the high urban growth in our city. On the other hand, the adventure sports or outdoors sports are sports that encourage conservation of places in natural state, because nature is the protagonist.
Therefore, the project goal is to preserve Mt Ilalo through an architectural object that gives a sporty character to ensure its conservation.


A comprehensive numerical study between randomly shifted lattice rules and Fibonacci based lattice rule for computing multidimensional integrals has been done. The methods have not been compared before and both are recommended in case of smooth integrands. The two stochastic methods are completely different thus it is not trivial of which one of them outperforms the other. We consider a case study with smooth integrand functions of different dimensions.


A rootzone liquid applicator developed at the Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India, was evaluated for applying carbofuran in rootzone of rice under puddled field conditions. Single rootzone application of carbofuran suspension (@ 0.75 kg a.i./ha) with the applicator was at par with single mudball placement or three granular broadcasts in controlling the whorl maggot and stem borer, and resulted in greater net profit (Rs. 2491/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (5.74) as compared to three granular broadcasts. Other advantages of rootzone applicator viz., low cost of manufacture, utility in random and line transplanted conditions, ease of operation, and feasibility for combined placement of compatible chemicals such as urea and carbofuran are emphasized.


Poster: "RANZCR-AOCR 2012 / R-0051 / Radiation dose reduction of ultra-low-dose chest CT for lung cancer screening using Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction Algorithm on 640-slice MDCT" by: "W. S. Chung, T.-J. Hsieh, Z. M. Jiang, C. W. Yu; Kaohsiung/TW"


A new rearrangeable nonblocking photonic multi- log2N network DM(N) is introduced. It is shown that DM(N) network simultaneously possesses many good properties, including those of existing rearrangeable nonblocking multi-log2 N networks and new ones such as O (log N) -time fast parallel self-routing and nonblocking multiple-multicast.


In this brief note, we reanalyze the analytic expression for the horizontal horopter. We ask the fundamental question if the analytic plot is the best way to describe horopter data. We have analyzed the formalism and give an expression for the empirical horopter in terms of a new equation. This expression will also give us the curvature of the horopter. The derivation of this expression is given in the paper.


The aim of this work is a comprehensive assessment of the avalanche risk within the Kráľova hoľa area in the Low Tatra Mountains in Slovakia by the modeling of trigger areas, and the simulation of avalanche movements and their maximum impact using GIS and the RAMMS simulation model. Within the environment of geographic information systems, we created a layer of trigger areas using a digital elevation model and a vector layer of a land cover as input data. This layer was added together with the digital elevation model to the RAMMS simulation model, where cartographic outputs were created, focusing on snow cover height, avalanche flow speed, and pressure exerted by a falling avalanche. Based on these documents, we were able to develop an updated map of the avalanche cadastre of the examined area. In the given territory, we mapped a range of trigger areas within an area of 2.6 km2 and the total range of avalanche run-outs within 14 interconnected areas. Of all the high mountains in Slovakia endangered by avalanches, this is the lowest range. The results are a suitable basis for the proper management and optimal use of the territory, which is part of Low Tatras National Park.


Aviation is one of the critical modes of our national transportation system. As such it is essential that new technologies be continually developed to ensure that a safe mode of transportation becomes even safer in the future. Data analyses in aviation improve safety. Analyzed air crash details plays very important role to avoid further unforeseen accidents. Air crash details of data's are classified based on the parameters like longitude, latitude and country, which helps to analyze the flight departing. After analyzing the data of flight details will be analyzed based on clustered classes using cart algorithm. The data pertains to accidents involving flights within database were analyzed against accident databases and the results were compared. Decision tree drawn  to get the analyzed data in increasing order ranked the findings by the factor support ratio, the result are displayed revise in text format.


Objective To establish a simple and reliable method in isolation and primary culture of rat hepatic stellate cells. Methods The liver of adult male Sprague|Dawley rat was routinely perfused through a portal vein catheter with Ca+{2+}|free D|Hanks solution. Then perfused with pronase E and type Ⅳ collagenase dissolved in Ca+{2+} containing D|Hanks solution. The liver was homogenized and incubated with pronase E, type Ⅳ collagenase and DNaseⅠ dissolved in Ca+{2+} containing D|Hanks solution for 20 minutes at 37 ℃ with constant stiring. This suspension was centrifuged by 11% nycodenze density gradient centrifugation for 15 minutes at 1500 g then filtered. The cells were collected, washed, resuspended in DMEM containing 20% calf serum and plated at density of 1×10+6 mL+{-1} in tissue culture glasses. The cells viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion staining. The purity of HSC was identified by the expression of desmin by immunocytochemistry SP method. Results The method of isolation for HSC in vitro by homogenization with pronase E, type Ⅳ collagenase and density gradient centrifugation was successfully established. The yield of the HSC was (1 2~2 3)×10+6 g+{-1}liver tissue, with viability over 90% and purity above 90%. The cell viability and yield rate were reliable and available for further research. Conclusion The method of isolating and primary culturing HSC in this study is simple, economic and reliable.


2-Vinyl- (2) and 3-vinyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]furan (3) react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, methyl propiolate, maleic anhydride, or acrylonitrile endo-selectively as dienes to afford new [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzofuran derivatives 7-20. cis-Anhydrides 13 and 18 were transformed into dimethyl esters 21 and 22, respectively. It was shown that the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of 13 and 18 is accompanied by rearrangement of double bond in 13 and cis/trans isomerization of carboxylic group. Diesters 21 and 22, and nitriles 20 and 24 were aromatized by treatment with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone. Selective monodecarboxylation of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzofuran-8,9-dicarboxylic acid (26) and [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzofuran-6,7-dicarboxylic acid (27) afforded [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzofuran-8-carboxylic acid (28) and [1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzofuran-7-carboxylic acid (29), respectively.


e23249Background: Elevated COX-2 expression has been correlated with inferior outcome in NSCLC. COX-2 catalyzes the transformation of PG to PGE-2. We and others have demonstrated that PGE-2 induces...


As a necessary complement of the direct description,the indirect description can not only remove the monotony caused by the sheer direct description so as to make it easier for readers to accept,but also create more space of imagination for readers'appreciation.It can inspire the readers more curiosity and imagination,and reinforce the readers'initiative to"re-create"more satisfactory characters according to their own aesthetic inclination,thereby achieve some artistic effects that is difficult to get with direct description.


The development of increasingly complex financial products requires the use of advanced stochastic and numerical analysis techniques that pose challenging problems to mathematicians. In this field, the scientific skills of the MATHFI research team are focused on • the modeling of the price of assets by stochastic processes (diffusions with jumps, stable processes, fractional Brownian processes, stochastic volatility models), • probabilistic and deterministic numerical methods and their implementation (Monte-Carlo methods, Malliavin calculus, numerical analysis of linear and nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations), • Stochastic control, with applications to calibration of financial assets, pricing and hedging of derivative products, dynamic portfolio optimization in incomplete markets (transaction costs, discrete time hedging, portfolio constraints, partial observation). with jumps, local volatility and stochastic volatility. Some calibration algorithms have been implemented. reward function is the maximum of two functions which are also the value functions of two optimal stopping time problems. We give a characterization of the optimal stopping times and prove their existence under some regularity assumptions. In the Markovian case, the value function is a solution of a PDE system. We study two examples: First, we consider the case of an investor who can invest in two risky assets. At time 0, he holds one asset S 1 and one asset S 2 . Then, at time θ 1 ( ∈ T 0 ), he can sell the first asset and invest the remain amount in the second asset, or either sell the second asset and invest the remain amount in the first one. At time time θ 2 , he transfers his wealth into a bond until time T . The problem is to determine the optimal strategy which maximizes the expected utility of terminal wealth. Second, we study the problem of pricing a call option on this financial instrument and show that in the Markovian case, the price is associated to a system of PDEs. We also consider some options like digital options on two or more assets. In this case, the reward function is not regular and we can not apply the previous results. This problem is under study. We study the regularity of the viscosity solution of a quasilinear parabolic partial differential equation with Lipschitz coefficients by using its connection with a forward backward stochastic differential equation (in short FBSDE) and we give a probabilistic representation of the generalized gradient (derivative in the distribution sense) of the viscosity solution. This representation is a kind of nonlinear Feynman-Kac formula. The main idea is to show that the FBSDE admits a unique linearized version interpreted as its distributional derivative with respect to the initial condition. If the diffusion coefficient of the forward equation is uniformly elliptic, we approximate the FBSDE by smooth ones and use Krylov's estimate to prove the convergenceof the derivatives. In the degenerate case, we use techniques of Bouleau-Hirsch on absolute continuity of probability measures. that E t ⊆ F t for all t ∈ [0 , T ] . The general problem is to maximize a given performance functional of this system over all admissible controls. This is a partial observation stochastic control problem in an anticipating environment . Examples of applications include stochastic volatity models in finance, insider influenced financial markets and stochastic control of systems with delayed noise effects. Some specific cases from finance, involving optimal portfolio with logarithmic utility, are solved explicitly.


The author puts forward the following suggestions for the development of Guangxi national cultural industry:firstly,depending on the unique resources of Guangxi,different strategies should be taken in order to form late-mover advantages of regional economic development;secondly,with the integration of initiative ideas and modern science and technology,we should promote the Guangxi national cultural resources re-creation and deep development,so as to turn the potential resources advantages into real industrial advantages,and then promote the development of cultural creative industry;lastly,cultural industry development in national regions will be in pace with the farmers' income raising and with the adjustment of national industrial structure,then ensure the rights of national culture with the main body culture and economic interests.


More than 20 years after the fall of the Iron Curtain, scholars and educators continue to engage with histories under socialism and re-evaluate the consequences of those education systems for everyday lives then and in the present. This article develops an understanding of how kindergarten teachers understand their historical work in the socialist system. It does so by using the memories of five teachers who taught before 1989 in socialist Hungary. I consider memory as discourse that teachers produced during their interviews to reason about their practices. My research question is: In what ways did the interviewed teachers see themselves as ideologues representing the state? To answer this question, I use Foucauldian discourse analysis informed by the concept of governmentality to examine the organised practices and rationalities through which political subjects are governed. I discuss three rationalities: (1) constructing children's needs and generating their interests through play; (2) collective engagements; (3) teachers as experts; and then move on to analyse the ways in which explicit socialist ideology is understood by the interviewed teachers. From the interviews it emerges that the teachers understand their own historical position as not being 'in the service of the state' but as experts looking after the interests of children to learn so that they can become useful members of society. The analysis also offers some insights into the interconnectivities of politics, history and culture across localities.


A series of alpha-amino acids were identified as ligands which compete with gabapentin for binding to the alpha(2)delta subunit of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels. Potent analogs were identified. Their activity in an in vivo pain assay is described.


This research paper aims to identify the part that literary discourse plays in promoting writing skills and influencing thoughts on ESL learners. It has a bearing on both the writing of the learners and making them more thoughtful, critical, and analytical. The literary language is beneficial to both vocabulary growth and sentence structure and expression at the macro and micro levels of writing. Prosaic discourse makes learners argumentative, while poetry inspires their imagination. While they may be doing it consciously or unconsciously, the words used are rhythmic and flowery, as well as with alliteration. However, when it comes to academic writing, dramatic discourse introduces deviations and introduces dramatic devices, and when it comes to storytelling, fictional discourse introduces techniques. This research has found that these genres lead to an appreciation of literary language. It makes learners better writers. This is purely qualitative research, where data has been collected using the observation method in the classroom. As a participant, the researcher has also played the role of the observer. The data was collected from college-level Literature and Creative Writing students.


This article deals with the problem of necessity to introduce a new term of «real inflation» in scientific terminology. The essence of different approaches to the real inflation is considered. The authors also analyses a scientific approach, according to which real inflation is a set of observable and latent inflation. This problem is actual because there is significant divergence between real and observable inflation so that it forms a negative price «gap» the difference between equilibrium and factual price level.


INTRODUCTION: In order to conduct decommissioning safely and reasonably, evaluation of radioactive inventory is necessary information. According to previous studies [1], the accuracy of the activation of concrete included in biological shielding was obtained within an error of 20 or 70 percent. On the other hand, that of the reactor pressure vessel in Fugen in particular Co was overestimated within an error of 270 percent [2]. This indicates that the activation estimation of metallic elements can be significantly improved. This study is focused on activation evaluation of metals, considering the difference of neutron flux and elemental composition data.


The wireless sensor network (WSN) technology have been evolving very quickly in recent years. Sensors are constantly increasing in sensing, processing, storage, and communication capabilities. In many WSNs that are used in environmental, commercial and military applications, the sensors are lined up linearly due to the linear nature of the structure or area that is being monitored making a special class of these networks; We defined these in a previous paper as Linear Sensor Networks (LSNs), and provided a classification of the different types of LSNs. A pure multihop approach to route the data all the way along the linear network (e.g. oil, gas and water pipeline monitoring, border monitoring, road-side monitoring, etc.), which can extend for hundreds or even thousands of kilometers can be very costly from an energy dissipation point of view. In order to significantly reduce the energy consumption used in data transmission and extend the network lifetime, we present a framework for monitoring linear infrastructures using LSNs where data collection and transmission is done using UAVs. The system defines four types of nodes, which include: sensor nodes (SNs), relay nodes (RNs), UAVs, and sinks. The SNs use a classic WSN multihop routing approach to transmit their data to the nearest RN, which acts as a cluster head for its surrounding SNs. A UAV moves back and forth along the linear network and transports the data that is collected by the RNs to the sinks located at both ends of the LSN. We name this network architecture a UAV-based LSN (ULSN). In addition, three different UAV movement approaches are presented, simulated, and analyzed in order to measure the system performance under various network conditions.


Counterfeiting is a significant and growing problem in both growing and well developed countries. Since the promotion of counterfeits cannot use public media, it is interesting to investigate how people exchange information and finally affect the sales of counterfeit. Although role of word-of-mouth (WOM) has been studied for many years for brand or well known products, limited attention has been given to explore its role in counterfeiting. To further the understanding of this issue, the present study developed a self-report scale measuring consumer motivations for opinion seeking and giving in counterfeiting. We surveyed Indian and Taiwanese customers and found the following results: 1) WOM has significant role in locating counterfeit products; 2) WOM cannot considered as best purchasing driver; 3) referral marketing does work and people share their opinion among strong tie; 4) the impact of PWOM is generally greater than NWOM; and 5) most consumer share opinion that it is unethical to purchase counterfeit products. The authors then discuss the implications of this research and offers recommendations for marketers of brand products.


Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the way in which derived words are stored in the mental lexicon. The experiments were designed to reveal the criterial feature or features responsible for lexical definition. Four word classes and a range of storage modes were considered. The chosen word classes involved contrasts in pronunciation and stress between the base word and the stem of the derivative. The storage modes could be distinguished on the following features: (a) use of common or separate storage for base and derivational forms, (b) whether, in models which include separate entries for base and derivational forms, derivational access is achieved via the base, or independently, and (c) whether, in models which involve separate entries and independent access, morphologically related items form linked sets, distinct from a general semantic network. Predictions concerning the relationship between the word class features and storage modes were tested by comparing the word classes in two ...


The purpose of this article is the optimization of piezoelectric patch positioning for reducing the radiated sound power of thin plates. To this end, an aluminium plate equipped with a set of piezoelectric patches connected to a passive circuit is considered. The difficulties in designing a smart structure are not only related to the conception of the electric circuit used as controller, but also to the choice of how the circuit itself is coupled with the structure. The selection of the number of transducers to be used, and their positioning, is a crucial step in the designing process. In this work the entire design process of a smart structure is proposed, with the goal of obtaining the best efficiency in terms of reduction of radiated sound power, while using a lightweight optimization procedure in terms of computational costs. To this end, classical instruments of vibrations mechanics are used together with acoustic concepts, such as the modal radiation efficiency. The introduction of this acoustic characterization of the structure in the optimization process is done by using a new utility function, the acoustic controllability, which will be used for the optimization of transducer positioning. The proposed optimization process is applied to the case study of an aluminium plate with nonstandard boundary conditions, and experimental results confirm the validity of this novel procedure.


All too often, educational research and commentaries are excessively obsequious. As a result, the implications of this work are barely noticeable and its impact destined to be minor. The present ar...


Rapid growth of infrastructure has led to the use of concrete almost everywhere, and one of the main products required in manufacturing concrete is cement, with the increase in the amount of cement used, with the increase in the amount of cement used, heat of hydration increases which will lead to the formation of cracks in concrete accompanied by shrinkage effect. In order to control this, palm oil fuel ash, an agro waste which contains some amount of silica act as a pozzolanic material is being used as cement replacement and its strength is compared with conventional concrete of grade M25. Palm oil fuel ash which is obtained by burning palm fruit and dry leaves of palm oil tree in palm oil mills is also used to control heat of hydration effect on concrete, after pulverizing and making it into a fine powder. In this study cement is being replaced with pal oil fuel ash by 0%, 2%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and the strength tests like compressive strength test, tensile strength test, flexural strength test and Sorptivity are performed and are compound with the results of conventional concrete of grade M25 for 14 and 28, 56, 90 days. Satisfactory results have been found at a percentage of 12%. Increase in strength is found at


The author points out that, regarding efficient planning of a career, individuals as well as organisations have to take into account the laws of a bio-social life cycle and the features of a career cycle which can generally be applied to any profession. She describes the traits of a biosocial cycle based on Erikson's evolutionary theory of a personality, and the traits of a career cycle with the definitions of nine career stages. Summing up the characteristics of a career cycle at early stages of career development is less demanding; later on, such an attempt is rather risky, since specific problems and life tasks at later stages of a career strongly depend on coordinating and managing former career decisions and the career path as a whole. The author also points out that it is necessary to create materials for planning a personal career within regular curriculum from primary school to university.


Recently, the performance of binaural hearing aids is rapidly improved with the technology advancement of wireless communication, digital signal processing, and integrated circuit design. However, the previous hearing aids developer platforms can`t be applied to binaural hearing aids developing, because it has no consideration for wireless communication and binaural hearing control. Also, the previous developer platforms are not easy to use for the algorithm development, because programming languages are limited. In this paper, we designed and implemented the open platform board for binaural hearing aids developing. The designed board can be programmed by general programming language and can be used wireless communication module. In order to verify the designed open platform board, we used the volume control algorithm using two open platform board. As a result of experiment, we verified the performance of designed and implemented open platform board that was successfully operated the binaural hearing control and the wireless communication.


Main defnitions of special theory of relativity and electrodynamics are covered in the article. With the help of simple hydrodynamic model it is showed that Maxwell equations can be interpreted as the consequence of feld lines mechanics.


With the local bedding materials as coarse and fine aggregates and portland cement grade 32.5 as the cementitious materials,a mixing experiment is carried out for the replacement material of weathered layer in Xilongchi Upper Reservoir.The mixing ratio of the replacement material,meeting the requirement of deformation modulus between 1000~2000 MPa,is obtained by 40~50 kg/m~3 of cement,60~65 kg/m~3 of water and 2 150~2 200 kg/m~3 of bedding materials.By backfilling the replacement material with rolling method,the construction cost can be lowered significantly.


The number of connections and / or the number of requests required to obtain or provide an image content in the electronic environment, when you need to meet the request, can be reduced by dynamically combining the content. If multiple images are transmitted over the network, the image is determined at the time of the transmission request, are combined into one master image. Position information of the image is stored, it is sent to the device requesting to send along with the master image. By using the position information together with the size information of the image, apparatus, CSS using an application such as (cascading Style Sheets) sprite extracting each of a plurality of images, in this way, one request and one it is possible to get all the image using the connection. If necessary, it is possible to use a plurality of master images.


Abstract We examined the predictive relationship between pre-competition state anxiety and subsequent race performance among male and female professional athletes participating in the Tour de France and Tour de France Feminin bicycle races. Our results differed for men and women. Male cyclists reporting high self-confidence and low state anxiety performed better than their competitors reporting high state anxiety and low self-confidence. Female cyclists who reported high self-confidence performed worse than their competitors reporting low self-confidence. Departure of pre-race state anxiety, from a self-reported anxiety level experienced prior to a previous best performance, was predictive of poorer performance independently of each female athlete's absolute level of pre-race anxiety. Our results are partly consistent with a relaxation model of enhanced performance for the men and Hanin's Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning model for the women. Experimental and applied interventions for managing anxiety with top athletes in cycling should consider gender differences, self-confidence, and the anxiety-performance history of each athlete.


European countries need to start thinking of what to do with windfall tax revenues from multinationals. We argue that there is a need to create a structure addressing the risks relating to potential windfall tax revenues. One solution could be the creation of sovereign venture funds.


Correction for 'Dissociative recombination of H3+: progress in theory' by A. E. Orel, I. F. Schneider and A. Suzor-Weiner (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 358, 2445–2456. (doi: 10.1098/rsta.2000.0659)). On p. 2453, figure 1 was printed in place of figure 4. The correct figure 4 is reproduced below.


In this work, the effects of nitrogen addition on the properties of a-C:H:F films produced by rf plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at different temperatures are reported. The structural and optical properties were investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible transmittance and ellipsometry measurements. The dependence of both fluorine and nitrogen incorporation in the carbon matrix on the deposition temperature was analyzed. The main effect of progressive nitrogen incorporation is a decrease of transmittance and optical band gap of the samples grown at room temperature and at 400 °C. Raman spectra evidence that for films deposited at 400 °C a sudden loss of sp3 carbon bonding occurs. In particular, at fixed plasma composition, the decrease of the optical band gap is interpreted as a clustering of the existing sp2 carbon sites. Ellipsometry characterization indicates that nitrogen incorporation for the samples deposited at room temperature induces an incr...


Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been proposed as a means to reduce the greenhouse emissions from the transportation sector. Despite the obvious benefits of zero tail pipe emissions, EVs have a wide variety of environmental effects which must be taken into calculation before a verdict can be passed on their effectively. The systems used to generate and run these EVs also play a part in determining the effect that they have on the environment and the market in which they are introduced. Studies, however, show that despite the emissions due to the electricity produced to run the EVs are still less than those due to burning fuel in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles. These studies use a Well-to-Wheel equation to determine the efficiency of each vehicle type. We argue that this method is over optimistic, provides only a general analysis, and is inadequate to answer questions about environmental feasibility for different energy source mixes used in different countries. We perform a country specific analysis for India. Additionally we provide a forecast, according to four hypothetical energy scenarios, as to when it would be environmentally feasible for India to introduce EVs into the market. We find that EVs can be used as a means to reduce greenhouse gasses only after the year 2035 in the energy scenario where carbon prices have begun to strongly effect energy decisions.


Background and objective: The use of technology has become the norm in nursing education. While technology has opened up for more flexible, active, student-focused teaching methods, its introduction has also brought challenges regarding its use and implementation. Recent literature has concentrated on how to best implement technology, but little attention has focused on observing student practices during technology use. Therefore, it is unknown how to optimize technology use within clinical skills training. The objective of this study was to investigate how groups of nursing students utilize a technology-based learning tool. Methods: An observational study with an exploratory design was implemented using video recordings as the data material. Results: The results indicated a high level of variability in nursing students' performance and ability to utilize a technological tool while working in groups. The variability during clinical skills training was associated with four factors: level of competence, motivation to learn, role clarification, and collaborative problem-solving skills. Conclusions: The results of the study indicated variability in groups of nursing students' ability to employ a technological tool during a selected procedure—namely, wound care and dressing. These findings suggest that a set of implications for faculty members should be developed. Specifically, staff and students should be prepared prior to using technology by focusing on group dynamics, group composition, development of collaborative problem-solving skills, and role modeling.


The contamination of marine and freshwater ecosystems with the items from thermoplastics, including polystyrene (PS), necessitates the search for efficient microbial degraders of these polymers. In the present study, the composition of prokaryotes in biofilms formed on PS samples incubated in seawater and the industrial water of a petrochemical plant were investigated. Using a high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, the predominance of Alphaproteobacteria (Blastomonas), Bacteroidetes (Chryseolinea), and Gammaproteobacteria (Arenimonas and Pseudomonas) in the biofilms on PS samples exposed to industrial water was revealed. Alphaproteobacteria (Erythrobacter) predominated on seawater-incubated PS samples. The local degradation of the PS samples was confirmed by scanning microscopy. The PS-colonizing microbial communities in industrial water differed significantly from the PS communities in seawater. Both communities have a high potential ability to carry out the carbohydrates and amino acids metabolism, but the potential for xenobiotic degradation, including styrene degradation, was relatively higher in the biofilms in industrial water. Bacteria of the genera Erythrobacter, Maribacter, and Mycobacterium were potential styrene-degraders in seawater, and Pseudomonas and Arenimonas in industrial water. Our results suggest that marine and industrial waters contain microbial populations potentially capable of degrading PS, and these populations may be used for the isolation of efficient PS degraders.


An algorithm for calculating system mean time between critical failures (MTBCF) when two sections of a system with redundancy have unequal period maintenance times is discussed. The algorithm can be expanded to calculate system MTBCF for systems having more than two sections of redundancy with unequal periodic maintenance times. The algorithm can be modified to calculate system MTBCF when a portion of a system with redundancy has no periodic maintenance.<<ETX>>


To focus light through scattering media, time-reversing light is generated to reconstruct both the phase and amplitude of a simulated diffused wavefront by using a single phase-only SLM.


The purpose of the study is to study the potential of a culturological approach to the professional culture of information security in modern conditions. The subject of the study is the socio-cultural aspects of professional competencies in the context of the formation and development of the general civil culture of information security. The object of the study is the previous and ongoing evolution of the professional culture of information security in Russia. The materials used are scientific, research and scientific-practical publications on the research topic in the Russian journals of the list of the Higher Attestation Commission and in the international database Scopus (categories Q1 and Q2) for 2021-2023. The evolutionary and structural-functional methods are applied, the subject of the study is considered from the point of view of the cultural paradigm − the dynamic system model. The novelty of the research lies in the application of the conceptual apparatus and methods of cultural studies to study the professional culture of information security. Previously, the formation and development of an information security culture was considered within the framework of technical scientific disciplines, and then law, management, pedagogy, psychology and linguistics. The result of the study is the identification of socio-cultural factors as components inherent in the professional culture of information security at the present stage. These include traditional values, identity, resistance to manipulation of consciousness, as well as psychological and pedagogical competencies of training non-professionals in information security of employees of organizations and citizens, customers and users of services. The conclusion is made: the culturological approach is highly in demand in information security, which is due to its transformation into a general civil culture, which must include more and more significant socio-cultural aspects.


The article is devoted to the problems of neology in «Alice's Adventures in Wonderland» by Lewis Carroll's. The author of this article carries out the analysis of individually-copyright neologisms in the work and the methods of translation by L.Yakhnin.


This paper intends to investigate the presence of oriental traces in the literary works of Brazilian writers who are the children or grandchildren of Arab immigrants. The strong presence of the mother figure, the departure followed by the return of a family member, the space of the home, incestuous relationships, a memorial vein and linguistic experimentation are some of the aspects discussed in the present article.


PURPOSE: A device and a method for configuring an IP(Internet Protocol) address, and a service method using the IP address are provided to automatically configure a unicast address and a multicast address of an IPv(Internet Protocol version)6 host using regional information. CONSTITUTION: A number extractor(102) extracts a number including the regional information. An address generator(104) generates the IP address of the host by inserting the number extracted from the number extractor into a section except a prefix field. If the IP address is the multicast address, the address generator combines with a prefix, the number, and the defined values in order to insert the extracted number after excluding more fields inserted by the values defined when the multicast address is generated.


This paper presents four fan‐shaped antennas: U.S.‐FAN, CROSS‐FAN, CROSS‐FAN‐W, and CROSS‐FAN‐S. Each of these antennas stands upright above a ground plane, and has edges expressed by an exponential function and a circle function. The four antennas are investigated using frequencies from 1.5 GHz to 11 GHz. The CROSS‐FAN is found to have a lower VSWR over a wide frequency band compared to the U.S.‐FAN. The CROSS‐FAN‐W and CROSS‐FAN‐S are modified versions of the CROSS‐FAN, each designed to have a stop band (a high VSWR frequency range) for interference cancellation. The stop band for the CROSS‐FAN‐W is controlled by a wire (total length 4Lwire) that connects the fan‐shaped elements. The center frequency of the stop band fstop is close to the frequency corresponding to a wire segment length Lwire of half the wavelength. It is also found that the stop band in the CROSS‐FAN‐S can be controlled by four slots, one cut into each of the fan‐shaped elements. The center frequency of the stop band fstop is close to the frequency corresponding to a slot length Lslot of one‐quarter of the wavelength. Experimental work is performed to confirm the theoretical results, using the CROSS‐FAN‐S.


A new type of isotherm equation is presented for mobile molecules adsorbed on a heterogeneous surface of random topography. The basic idea of the adsorption model is that molecules moving around on the surface spend more time on sites interacting with lower energy; the probability on each site is determined from the energy term that pulls the system toward more stable states and the entropy term that maximizes the number of combinatorial configurations on sites. The hybrid isotherm equation was applied to single- and mixed-gas adsorptions on MS-13X and on H-mordenite by assuming two sites. The site fractions were found to be important quantities for correlating the single-gas isotherms, while the assignments of sites were crucially important for the interpretation of mixed-gas adsorptions. This theory suggests that the large negative deviations from Raoult's law observed for systems of C3H8 + CO2 and C3H8 +H2S on H-mordenite are due to the negative site correlations, which means that the lower-energy sites do not compete with each other.


Severefarmer's lung following a workplace challenge. Scand J Work Environ Health 1992;18:327-8. A severe attack of farmer's lung developed in a dairy farmer after a workplace challenge. The patient showed full recovery after corticosteroid therapy. If a workplace challenge is considered necessary in the diagnosis of farmer's lung, care should be taken to avoid unnecessarily heavy exposure to the offending antigens.


In recent years, the Department of Defense (DoD) has focused increasing attention on ways to attract and retain highly skilled personnel at greater rates. Specifically, DoD is seeking to develop management strategies that will improve the quality of life of its officers, thereby competing more effectively with the civilian job market and creating a more flexible personnel system to prepare the military for the future. One area under active consideration is the increased and strategic use of extended leave programs, also known as sabbaticals. Long a feature of private-sector employment, paid and unpaid leaves of absence enable employees to attend to a family crisis, undertake professional development, work in social service, take time for personal renewal, or even help their company through a financial crisis. Extended leave programs also exist in varying forms in the civilian sector of the U.S. government and in foreign militaries. Within the U.S. military, however, extended leaves are primarily restricted to educational sabbaticals, during which time officers receive only basic pay and certain benefits and after which they must "pay back" one month's service time for every two months away. The services also offer return-to-service programs, with returns contingent on service need. Still, for officers seeking a leave of absence for noneducational reasons and who hope to receive some compensation or maintain their benefits during their time away, no full-scale option exists. But are the more expansive and flexible extended leave programs offered in the civilian world a viable option given the unique demands of the U.S. military? Would a targeted introduction of new leave options be an advisable—and cost-effective—personnel tool for military planners?


The homophones and allophone is the very important phenomenon in Manchu nationality writing physique.It contains inherent regularity,rich expressions and profound cause.Among these,the system is the most important internal factors of formation.


FIELD: food industry. SUBSTANCE: peach compote (with kernels) sterilisation method implies heating in an air flow at 140°C at a speed of 6.5-7 m/s during 14 minutes with following maturating in an air flow at 100°C during 15-20 minutes and cooling down in atmosphere air flow 25-28°C at a speed of 7-8 m/s during 10 minutes. During heating and cooling processes, the tin is turned upside down with frequency of 0.133 s -1 . EFFECT: proposed method ensures significant thermal energy saving.


British Nova Scotia in the early eighteenth century had overlapping geographic identities. French officials and settlers called the region Acadia, while Native polities inhabited their homelands as they had for thousands of years. The Mi'kmaq lived in Mi'kma'ki, the Wulstukwiuk and Passamaquoddy were sustained by the Wulstuk River, and the Abenaki Dawnland stretched across what is now Maine. During a period of relative peace from 1726 to 1744, these Native and non-Native groups monitored settlements, movements, and borders to prevent any unacceptable displays of territorial authority. In so doing, they created shared spaces of interaction: economic (fishing and trading), diplomatic (negotiating and gift-giving), and religious (worshipping and communing). Sovereignty remained elusive and European settlements were pales, but exchanges took place at various seasonal or temporary sites that allowed various groups to maintain peace, air grievances, and balance territorial control. These sites were created, supported, and allowed to dissolve as necessary. British officials did not always employ these sites effectively, whereas the French benefited from a longer history of interaction with the Native groups, who remained the dominant force in the region. Imperial claims to sovereignty were tempered locally by officials who recognized that their limited authority was a boon to peace.


The present work investigates the chaotic vibration of the nonlinear quarter vehicle model with two degree-of-freedom through the excitations caused by rough road surface.The nonlinear dynamic property of vehicle model under the sinusoid excitations is explored through numerical simulations.Furthermore,the dynamic response in chaos field is analyzed by setting up the vehicle suspension experimental model.Both of numerical and experimental results confirm that chaotic vibration exists in the nonlinear quarter vehicle model with two degree-of-freedom.


In the context of digital transformation and the use of big data technologies, this study shows the potential and possible applications associated with using big data, depending on the respective logistics area. The evaluation of this potential follows a logistical target system, which has been expanded to include ethical and sustainable aspects in line with the challenges of the 21st century. Furthermore, the status quo of the degree of digitization is determined, problems in understanding the terminology are shown, and cognitive and technical prerequisites and recommendations for action concerning the use of big data technologies (e.g., cobots) are derived. The survey methodology was based on a quantitative research method in the form of a survey. The article aims to provide the building blocks for a holistic approach (economic, ecological, and social) for politics and companies and to derive recommendations for action in logistics. The challenge is to find an alternative to conventional research, which examines big data almost exclusively for growth targets and optimization potential. Ecological and social goals should also be included here as an unchangeably fixed point and a normative limit as a value compass for business decisions. To close this research gap, it is necessary to evaluate the potential of logistics in connection with big data solutions to derive specific applications, their applications, and recommendations for action. This article presents an excerpt of the results.


Based on geophysical data obtained by R/V "Science 1" of Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS) and R/V "Xiangyanghong No.9" of State Oceanic Administration (SOA) in a 200 km long area of Okinawa Trough Miyoko Section recent years, we show the topography and distribution of central graben in great detail for the first time. Central graben within Miyoko Section is separated into 9 discontinuous segments by strike slip faults, from north to south namely Laoshan, Huangdao, Jiaonan, Jiaozhou, Pingdu, Jimo, Laixi, Chengyang and Licang Segment respectively, and shows a dextral echelon pattern in general. By cross shapes, three types of central graben can be distinguished, namely U type, V type and half graben. U type is the most common central graben among those found in our study area. The depth of central graben is from 40 m to 250 m, wide from 6 km to 14 km, length from 17 km to 33 km. The largest water depth of Miyoko Section is 2244.4 m, found at the east side of north end bottom of Chengyang Segment (125°19.3′E, 25°49.8′N). Within the dextral echelon pattern, Huangdao, Chengyang, Licang Segment moves to the west relatively to Laoshan, Laixi and Chengyang Segment respectively, showing a local sinistral echelon pattern. The striking direction of central graben is N60°E roughly, that is 15°more to the east comparing to the striking of the Okinawa Trough. There is 6 km long overlap distance between Laixi Segment and Chengyang Segments, simile with an overlap spreading center in the Mid-Ocean Ridge. The topography and distribution of central graben we show in this paper is simile with that of low spreading mid-ocean ridge, but the shallow graben depth and overlap graben indicate that they are simile with the fastest end of low spreading mid-ocean ridge. Based on the shallow central graben and high topography of Laixi, Jimo and Pingdu Segments and the development of overlap graben, we believe that those segment are simile with fast spreading axis high, and probably are places where magma is developing, and sea floor spreading is possibly on going along the central graben of Okinawa Trough.


During southward Bz periods the open field line region in the ionosphere (polar cap) expands due to increased dayside merging. Ionospheric plasma flow patterns result which can be classified by the sign of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component. In this paper we construct a time-dependent ionospheric convection model to simulate these flows. The model consists of a spiral boundary with a gap in it. The sign of the IMF By component determines the geometry of the gap. A potential is applied across the gap and distributed around the boundary. A flow results which enters the polar cap through the gap and uniformly pushes the boundary outward. Results of the model show that By effects are greatest near the gap and virtually unnoticeable on the nightside of the polar cap. Adding a day-night ionospheric conductivity gradient concentrates the polar cap electric field toward dawn. The resulting flow curvature gives a sunward component that is independent of By. These patterns are shown to be consistent with published observations.


Outer space is heavily loaded with high-energetic particles contributing to high risks for
space travelers, which could lead to lethal health problems. To protect astronauts from
radiation-induced immediate and late effects, countermeasures need to be developed.
This requires improved knowledge on damage response pathways and possible
pharmacological interaction.
DNA double-strand breaks are the ultimate damages caused by radiation. This
stimulates the cellular response, which aims at repairing the damaged DNA and
ensuring the survival of the cell. One of such cellular responses is the activation of the
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and its pathway.
The role of NF-κB in cellular survival and proliferation has been well studied (Baldwin,
1996b). Recent studies also suggest a possible of role of the NF-κB activation in DNA
repair (Volcic et al., 2012). Using this knowledge, the role of NF-κB in sensitizing cells by
X-irradiation was studied by colony formation assay and cell cycle analysis. With the
help of the reporter cell line, the NF-κB activation kinetics was clearly studied. Lastly, the
role of NF-κB in X-irradiation-induced DNA damage and its repair was also investigated.
The study was performed using a HEK NF-κB reporter cell line (HEK-pNFκB-DDtdtomatoC8)
and HEK cells with a knockdown NF-κB subunit, RelA (HEK shRNA RelA).
A pro-survival role of NF-κB in the survival of the HEK cells after X-irradiation was
confirmed. The different phases of the cell cycle were analyzed after X-irradiation and it
was observed that NF-κB regulates the G2/M arrest. Further, the NF-κB subunit, RelA
was found to be involved in the phosphorylation of the H2AX foci, which is a known
marker for DNA damage and repair (Sharma et al., 2012).
This project reflects the potential of the NF-κB pathway as a target in modulating the
cellular radiation response during space missions and aims at finding its role in
radiosensitization of cells, which could be beneficial for medical purposes as well.


This research evaluates the use of Empowerment to improving the Colombian financial sector, this sector has grown by leaps and bounds since the financial crisis of the 80s; and then, from the liberalization trade in Colombia in the 90s the financial sector is one of the fastest growing due to foreign investment that has come, and because of this, these institutions have been in the management parameters need to establish and promote continuous improvement at all levels, Empowerment theory is relatively new to financial institutions, since its function passes delegate tasks and power, have leaders capable of motivating and developing their junior teams identification capabilities to the success of the institution or organization.
The Colombian financial sector there have been significant changes in improving the sector, such as technological changes, bank mergers, among others; but most significantly through the leadership exercised by the top and middle management of financial institutions, covering decisions motivated to competition and market conditions, so discard the participation of workers and limit their integration.


PURPOSE: To manufacture surface-coated cardboard usable as exterior materials by using a printing machine having plural printing stations and coating the cardboard with a specific coating material. CONSTITUTION: The printing machine having at least two printing stations is used and a web of unbleached cardboard having smooth, dense and high strength surfaces is selected. The web is introduced to the first station of the printing machine and coated with the coating material on at least one surface, and then at the second station, the printing is performed on the coated surface of the web. Such a coating material is used as contains 20-25 parts low thermosensitivity binder and 100 parts pigments, and has the viscosity showing 7-11 seconds as the measured value by No.3 Zahn-cap and 50-60% solid content by percentage. COPYRIGHT: (C)1991,JPO


The paper relates the value of information in a Polya process to the duration of the process and to the age of the most recently observed data set. A decision process is constructed to measure the impact of obtaining information concerning the true state of the system p periods earlier. The value to the decision-maker of decreasing the age of the observation is studied. A numerical example is presented.


: This study examined the effect of Yunnan's ethnic minority college students' acculturation on their academic achievement under the risk of the Matthew effect. Additionally, the role played by learning motivation in the relationship between ethnic minority college students' acculturation and academic achievement was explored. A total of 403 valid questionnaires were collected from four areas in Yunnan province, China. Consequently, the Acculturation Scale, Academic Achievement Scale, and Learning Motivation Scale were used for measurement materials. These items of scales were evaluated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). SPSS (statistical package for the social sciences) and AMOS (analysis of a moment structures) softwares were used for data analyses. In addition, items were analyzed through item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis and regression analysis. These results indicated that ethnic minority college students with low acculturation and learning motivation or high acculturation and low learning motivation can become objects of the Matthew effect. However, this study also observed that in certain students, high acculturation and high learning motivation can prevent the Matthew effect. Thus, high acculturation is crucial for improving academic achievement in ethnic minority college students. A level of high learning motivation is a powerful moderator promoting the academic achievement of students with high acculturation.


Abstract This article explores learning experiences utilized in an adolescent literacy course to facilitate preservice teachers' development of knowledge and dispositions to teach critical literacy for social justice. The analysis is conducted through self-study methods and the theoretical construct of third space. Findings indicate that engaging preservice teachers in self-selected inquiry topics about social inequities can enhance their knowledge for and dispositions toward teaching for social justice. The article concludes with implications for teacher educators, which include interrogating one's pedagogical practices in relation to teaching for social justice, maintaining dialogues with preservice teachers about teachers' agency and responsibility to teach for social change, and examining with preservice teachers examples of K-12 educators who teach for social justice.


We present an algorithm for fast computation of discrete generalized Voronoi diagrams. Given a set of geometric primitives, and a distance metric, our algorithm efficiently computes the Voronoi diagram along a uniform grid by evaluating distance fields. We use a multipass approach and divide the computation into intervals along each dimension. We present an efficient culling algorithm to reduce the region for distance-field computation and use conservative bounds on Voronoi regions in 2D and 3D to cull away primitives. We have implemented our algorithm on programmable graphics hardware and applied it to compute the discrete Voronoi diagram of complex 2D and 3D datasets. We compute the discrete Voronoi diagram of 20, 000 primitives on a 2D grid of size 1200× 1200 in less than 1 second. Our experimental results indicate a two to four times improvement over prior algorithms and implementations.


During most of his lifetime, Baffin Island artist Parr survived as a hunter. This, and his experience with shamanism and the supernatural were the primary factors shaping his graphic art. Brief essays and reproductions of works dating from 1961 and 1962 are included. Biographical notes. 17 bibl. ref.


Roving survey was conducted during Kharif, 2018-19 in three major groundnut growing districts of Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh to know the status of collar rot (caused by Aspergillus spp.) incidence under field conditions. Effect of variety, seed treatment, farming situation, soil type and cropping pattern on disease incidence was studied. Maximum collar rot incidence was observed in Anathapuramu district (17.24%) followed by Chittoor district (15.90 %) and Y.S.R. Kadapa district (12.56%). Even though fungicides were reported to be effective against collar rot of groundnut, there is limited data available on biological control of collar rot. Hence, a study was also conducted to isolate and test Trichoderma spp. that is effective against the collar rot pathogen. Eight Trichoderma spp. isolates were evaluated against six virulent Aspergillus spp. isolates (i.e., two isolates of A. niger, two isolates of A. flavus and two isolates of A. terreus) using dual culture technique. From the results it was revealed that, Trichoderma spp. isolate GT2 (88.64 %) exhibited highest overall mean per cent inhibition followed by GT1 (85.17 %) and GT7 (84.20 %). Whereas, the lowest mean per cent inhibition was recorded in GT3 (45.59 %).


A five parameter non-central force model which considers the electron-ion interaction term of Krebs' model for the Clark-Gazis-Wallis type angular forces is considered to calculate the Debye-Waller exponents at different temperatures for two bcc metals tungsten and molybdenum and compared with the available x-ray measurements in terms of the temperature parameter Y of the Debye-Waller factor. The theory is found to be in reasonably satisfactory agreement with the experimental observations.


1. Introduction: history and concept of fraud. 2. Criminal liabilities of directors to the creditors of the company. 3. The prospectus. 4. Share transactions. 5. Insider dealing. 6. Accounts.


Structure engineering has proven to be an effective strategy for improving the catalytic performance and reducing the cost of ruthenium oxide‐based catalysts toward oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Herein, a polyhedron‐shaped yolk‐shell structure composed of zinc‐cobalt‐ruthenium ternary metal alloy oxide (ZnCo‐RuO2/C) is prepared, by taking advantage of the Kirkendall effect. The yolk‐shell frame and the ensembled metal oxide nanoparticles are 116.9 ± 25.9 nm and 3.1 ± 0.7 nm in diameter, respectively. The porous yolk‐shell structure of ZnCo‐RuO2/C exposes abundant active sites and facilitates mass transfer for OER. Theoretical calculations indicate that ZnCo‐RuO2 may break the linear scaling relationship for the OER intermediates and dramatically reduces the energy barrier of the potential determining step, which may be one of the factors that are responsible for the enhanced OER performance of ZnCo‐RuO2/C. In 1 m KOH aqueous electrolyte, ZnCo‐RuO2/C delivers an overpotential of only 180 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 63 mV dec−1, superior to that of single metal‐doped, pristine and commercial RuO2. As an anode catalyst of zinc‐air batteries, ZnCo‐RuO2/C exhibits improved power density and durability relative to commercial RuO2, very promising for practical application.


This is a study of the fundamental theologies and doctrines of world religions and viewing these from the Islamic perspective. Although there are similarities in the theologies and doctrines of the other religions, but these however are not identical to the Islamic theology and doctrines and therefore cannot be regarded as Islamic. The very premise of each theology is different and therefore also the theological doctrines. The differences are subtle and this study extracts these subtle differences and analyzes them from the Islamic perspective so that Muslims will not regard these teachings as parallel to Islamic teachings and therefore consistent with the Islamic 'aqīdah (عقيدة); they are not. Each religion defines and interprets the theological and doctrinal items in its own ways and therefore has its own worldview-views and value systems. Thus, each religion has its own unique characteristics, and has its own identity and as such, each religion is a wholesome entity on its own.


accommodating intraocular lens for implantation in a generally circular eye, comprising surface: (a) an optic (34) (b) at least two haptics (36) extending from opposite edges of the optic and having inner ends attached to the optic and adapted to be connected to the inner surface generally circular eye for holding the lens in the eye; (C) generally each haptic is T-shaped with a pair of relatively thin at the outer end thereof resiliently flexible fingers (36b), substantially flush with the edge of the radially outer end of the haptic to form a "cross" horizontal haptic T-shape (36b) with a surface adapted to engage with the inner surface generally circular eye being configured at least part of said fingers to extend beyond the diameter of the inner surface generally circular eye surface when said portion external is in its unstressed state, being flexible said outer portion not to conform to the inner surface generally circular eye until subjected to compressive forces so that the outer surface can conform generally to the shape of the inner surface of the eye when it subjected to said compression forces upon implantation; and (d) the haptics are flexible along at least a portion of their respective lengths and adapted to move the optical above and / or later with respect to the outer ends of the haptics in response to the constriction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle .


Objective To explore the immune state of T lymphocyte subgroups, natural killer cell(NKC) and immunoglobulin(Ig) in children with tic disorder(TD). Methods The proportion of lymphocytic subsets,NKC,IgA,IgG and IgM in peripheral blood were measured in 30 cases of TD and 20 healthy children. Results The levels of CD4+,CD4+/CD8+ and NKC in children with TD were (26.89±9.08)%,(0.88±0.35)%, (9.61±6.45)%, which showed significantly depressed, as compared to that in healthy controls[(38.31±6.95)%,(1.58±0.29)%,(14.83±4.16)%]. The levels of CD8+[(32.58±9.04)%] in TD were significantly increased, as compared to that in healthy controls[(24.82±5.54)%]. But the levels of IgA, IgG, IgM in patients with TD were not significantly different from the healthy children. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that the cell immune functional state of T lymphocytes and NKC in children with TD were at low level underlying the disease.


Purpose: We analyzed the outcomes of single-agent phase II clinical trials in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to determine trial parameters that predicted clinical activity. Exoerimental Design: Data on response rate (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) from all English language, single-agent phase II trials in advanced/metastatic NSCLC indexed by PubMed (January 2000 through December 2009) were abstracted. Results: A total of 143 single-agent phase II trials (7,701 patients) were identified. The median RR was 10%, PFS 2.8 months, and OS 7.6 months. RR and PFS correlated with OS (r = 0.46, P < 0.001, r = 0.52, P < 0.001, respectively) and RR correlated with PFS (r = 0.61, P < 0.001). Treatment arms enriched for patients with molecular targets had a higher median RR (48.8% vs. 9.7%, P = 0.005), longer median PFS (6 vs. 2.8 months, P = 0.005), and OS (11.3 vs. 7.5 months, P = 0.05) as compared with those of unselected patients. In multivariate analysis, only studies enriched for patients with molecular targets or including drugs that eventually gained FDA/EMA approval were associated with a higher RR, and longer PFS/OS. Conclusions: In phase II trials in NSCLC, RR and PFS correlated with OS. Studies enriched for patients with putative molecular drug targets were associated with higher therapeutic benefit as compared with those of unselected populations. Clin Cancer Res; 18(22); 6356–63. ©2012 AACR.


(57) Abstract: The present invention comprises an accelerometer (10), to a method for measuring the rotational speed of the rotational axis (2) Automobile wheel that rotates around (4). Accelerometer (10) is perpendicular axis to sense the force to the axis of rotation (2), and acting on the accelerometer during rotation of the rotation axis (2) around the motor vehicle wheel (4) (10) as is perpendicular to the centrifugal force, are disposed on a vehicle wheel (4) at a distance (r) in the radial direction with respect to the rotation axis of the motor vehicle wheel (4) (2). Rotational speed of the motor vehicle wheel (4) is an automobile wheel (4) is oriented horizontally, and is thereby determined by periodically changing the measurement signal is generated in the accelerometer (10) by gravity. The frequency of the measurement signal corresponds to the rotational speed of the rotational axis (2) around the motor vehicle wheel (4). The present invention further relates to a pneumatic check device the rotational speed of the motor vehicle is measured.


The molecular structures of the two lowest melting odd- and even-numbered α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids—(E)-hept-2-enoic acid (C7) and (E)-oct-2-enoic acid (C8)—are herein reported. The title compounds were crystallized by slow evaporation of ethanolic solutions at −30 °C. C7 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ¯ with two molecules in the unit cell and C8 in the monoclinic space group C2/c with eight molecules in the unit cell. The unit cell parameters for C7 are: a = 5.3049(2) A, b = 6.6322(3) A, c = 11.1428(5) A, α = 103.972(3)°, β = 97.542(3)°, γ = 90.104(3)°, and V = 376.92(3) A3 (T = 150(2) K). The unit cell parameters for C8 are: a = 19.032(10) A, b = 9.368(5) A, c = 11.520(6) A, β = 123.033(11)°, and V = 1721.80(16) A3 (T = 200(2) K).


uan Dynasty blue and white porcelain occupies a pivotal position in the history of Chinese ceramics,marking one of its important turning points,at which a new style was created,and traditional Chinese ceramic aesthetic ideas were changed.It's developed with the transcontinental trade via the land and sea routes of the Silk Road as a result of the cultural exchange between the East and the West.This paper analyzes the Islamic elements in Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain so as to capture a glimpse of the encounter between the East and the West.


Sparse regression techniques have been popular in recent years because of their ability in handling high dimensional data with built‐in variable selection. The lasso is perhaps one of the most well‐known examples. Despite intensive work in this direction, how to provide valid inference for sparse regularized methods remains a challenging statistical problem. We take a unique point of view of this problem and propose to make use of stochastic variational inequality techniques in optimization to derive confidence intervals and regions for the lasso. Some theoretical properties of the procedure are obtained. Both simulated and real data examples are used to demonstrate the performance of the method.


It is established in this paper that an arbitrary operator algebra of the quantum conformal field theory admits the strict representation by matrices, whose elements belong to the special operator algebra−the algebra of the vertex operators in the model of the Verma modules over the Virasoro algebra.


Pakistan is blessed with the largest naturally flowing irrigation system in the world, with total inflow of about 150 MAF. Out of which only about 103 MAF is available for irrigation. This available quantity is not sufficient for sustainable crop production. However, the efficiency of the system is quite low resulting in lower CWP. Keeping in view the future projection of climate change it is necessary to enhance/increase crop water production at field scale, which can be achieved through deficit irrigation. In this study, the experiment was conducted at the experimental fields of the Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad With three different treatment of deficit irrigation (0% deficit, 20% deficit, 40% deficit) under RCBD with 3 replicates. Irrigation was applied after 3 days, 5 days, 7 days irrigation interval. Crop growth model was used to simulate water yield relationship and transpiration efficiency under control and deficit condition.


Based on SolidWorks API interface and Visual Basic,a set of calculation software for an embedded metal-wire grain was developed.The calculation and experiment results show that the sofware has high accuracy and meets engineering calculation demands;at the same time,there exists thrust peak during one-step burning process of the embedded metal-wire grain.In order to obtain better internal ballistic properties,the effects of main design parameters on grain calculation were analyzed.The results show that some parameters including the width of groove,the length of uncoated grain and array diameter of metal wires have great effects on stability of grain performance,but the effects of groove length and the ratio of burning rate are relative small.In addition,the effect of conical boss on stability is also great.The conclusion can give a reference for design of the embedded metal-wire grain.


A report is made of the application of the classic transportation model to the problem of evaluating alternate geographical locations for retail coal yards within West Virginia. The coal yards would serve as transhipment points between the mine mouth and the eventual consumer, in this case West Virginia public buildings. Briefly discussed is the establishment of market zones and the formulation of the transhipment point model. Discussed in greater depth is the data assembly, including forecasts of zonal monthly coal demand and the development of the transportation network, incorporating rail, barge, and truck. Also presented are the results of four case studies. The cases differ based on the assumed mode or combination of modes used to deliver coal to the transhipment points. Truck is always the assumed mode for delivery to the public buildings. The results presented include the recommended location of transhipment points, their estimated peak monthly inventory in terms of tons of coal storage area required, and comparison of transportation costs between the four case studies. The conclusions cite assumptions made and the limitation of both the methodology and the suggested use of coal yard transhipment points.


– There is a need for multi-agent system designers in determining the quality of systems in the earliest phases of the development process. The architectures of the agents are also part of the design of these systems, and therefore also need to have their quality evaluated. Motivated by the important role that emotions play in our daily lives, embodied agents researchers have aimed to create agents capable of producing affective and natural interaction with users that produces a beneficial or desirable result. For this, several studies proposing architectures of agents with emotions arose without the accompaniment of appropriate methods for the assessment of these architectures. The objective of this study is to propose a methodology for evaluating emotional agents' architectures, which evaluates the quality's attributes of the design of architectures, besides to evaluation of human-computer interaction, the effects on the subjective experience of users of applications that implement it. In assessing the quality of architectural design, the attributes assessed were: extensibility, modularity and complexity. In assessing the effects on users' subjective experience, which involves the implementation of the architectures in applications, and we suggest the domain of


Since 1959 there have been over thirty articles in the Bulletin on educational topics. This testifies both to a dissatisfaction with existing conditions and to the interest shown in physics education by physicists whether or not directly concerned with teaching. In January 1962, Mr. Norman Clarke wrote summarizing the position as follows: 'What seems to be needed in this country is a vigorous policy designed to produce a course, as distinct from a syllabus, which will be a suitable general education in physics for all children.'


The author describes an overview of the TRON human interface design guidelines and the course of their development. The guidelines apply to human-machine interface design, with a view to the coming of computerized environments.


A closed‐form analytic time‐domain expression is obtained for the scalar wave function associated with the reflection of a point‐source excited impulsive spherical wave by a planar boundary with absorptive and dispersive properties. The physical properties of the boundary are modeled as a local Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann boundary condition in the form of a time‐convolution integral, the kernel function in which (denoted as the boundary's time‐domain admittance) meets the conditions for linear, time‐invariant, causal, passive behavior. Parametrizations of the boundary admittance function are put forward that have the property of showing up explicitly, and in a relatively simple manner, in the expression for the reflected wave field. The partial fraction representation of the time Laplace‐transform domain boundary admittance and the plane‐wave admittance representation are shown to serve the purpose. The expression for the reflected wave field is constructed through an appropriate combination of the modified Cagn...


Cooking is an art,ordinary people can not make a good delicacies if they have no experience and skills.The Study found that there are 3 cooking tips:heat control,evenly stir-frying?tossing out.Cook can make good delicacies,precisely because they have mastered these 3 tips.The purpose of our research is to design a pan base on these 3 cooking tips,which allow you to cook a elicacies without training and skills.Moreover,this pan can meet today's requirement: low-carbon,energy saving,environmental protection.


The next generation of mobile network _ also known as 5G network, is targeted towards machine to machine connectivity and Internet of Things. In order to support IoT, 5G networks have to not only provide a higher bandwidth at access points but also support low latency. As the number of devices to be connected is very large, 5G is expected to be a an ultra dense network with a huge number of small cells facilitating connectivity to homes and vehicles as well as humans. This requires robust fronthaul and backhaul connectivity. This review paper explores the architecture evolving for 5G networks with a special focus on Free Space Optical links «FSO). It looks at the challenges in the FSO communications with a focus on weather and alignment parameters for 5G networks. The paper also explores solutions for overcoming these challenges and supporting IoT and machine to machine applications over 5G Networks.


In a mudharabah investment profit sharing transaction, both parties can enter into a business agreement, where one party becomes the capital investor and the other party becomes the capital manager. From the management of investment funds, investment profits (profit) will be obtained and will then be divided into two according to the agreement (al-ittifaq). The implementation of the principle of investment profit sharing does not only apply in Sharia Financial Institutions, but also in Conventional Financial Institutions in the form of mudharabah and musyarakah savings and loans referring to the dual banking system regulations in Law no. 10 of 1998 concerning Banking. The agreement pattern in LKS is more tied to the principles and principles of muamalah which are profit and social oriented, whereas in LKK it is solely profit oriented. The profit and loss sharing pattern in LKS is based on the margin fee from profits (profits), while in LKK it is based on the level of interest rate fluctuations on principal savings and loans. The level of effectiveness in implementing investment profit sharing in LKS is more likely to enable efforts to accelerate the level of economic growth than in LKK.


Should Americans eat less salt? "Yes" has been the advice from several professional organizations. But are such sweeping public health recommendatations based on good science or are they based on an overzealous extrapolation of limited data? Currently, the average consumption of sodium (Na) in the United States is about 3.5 g/day. Some guidelines recommend reducing the Na consumption of the entire US population to <2.3 g/day, and some to even 1.5 g/day. Is this 35%–65% reduction in Na consumption in millions of Americans necessary, safe, and feasible?


The method of backpropagation is used to estimate the range between two planar surfaces. This method is shown to be more tolerant in a noisy environment than another method that uses the spatial derivative of the measured wave field to estimate the range.


Abstract : The thermal stability of nineteen degraded JP-6 type jet fuels was improved to a level in excess of the present MIL-J25656B specification requirement by a filtration treatment. The improved thermal stability of these reclaimed fuels was retained for more than six months of ambient temperature storage. The ASTM-CRC Coker was used to measure thermal stability. The coker ratings could not be correlated quantitatively with the chemical and physical analyses because of the minute quantity of the contaminants. However, with the use of filter media these contaminants were concentrated sufficiently to show some degree of correlation with the coker ratings. Many of the additives present in these military fuels as well as those considered as possible future additives were moved in varying degress by reclamation filtration. The generation of static electricity, filter media life, process economics, and design variables were other parameters which were investigated.


Background Dysautonomia denotes an alteration in the autonomic nervous system that can significantly lead to multiorgan failure. Conversely, depression not only affects cognitive functions but also poses a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. In our study, the Composite Autonomic Scoring-31 (COMPASS-31) is used to quantify the autonomic symptoms present if any in patients with depression.


AbstractA comprehensive experimental program that consists of consolidation and hydraulic conductivity tests has been conducted on mature fine tailings (MFTs) dewatered with super absorbent polymer (SAP) as well as MFTs dewatered with SAP and subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. The consolidation behavior and hydraulic conductivity of MFTs dewatered by using recycled SAP are also investigated. The obtained results indicate that dewatering by using SAP or a combination of dewatering by using SAP and a freeze/thaw process can significantly increase the solid content and decrease the initial void ratio and compressibility of the MFTs. Moreover, the freeze–thaw process can significantly increase the hydraulic conductivity of the MFTs, which, in combination with reduced compressibility, will improve the MFT consolidation.


A method for rapidly heating an exhaust gas purifying apparatus in an engine exhaust used over an air introduction device in the exhaust additionally introduced excess air. After a cold engine start, the engine is operated such that the exhaust manifold is increased to a first predetermined value by the engine with a lean air / fuel ratio and a retarded ignition timing is operated. When the exhaust temperature reaches the predetermined value, the motor is so changed that it operates fat, and additional air is introduced via the air introduction device. This additionally introduced air and the rich exhaust gas burn in the exhaust, which generates heat and the catalyst temperature is increased even faster. The rich operation and the excess air will continue until either the engine air flow rate increases beyond a preselected value addition or the emission control device reaches a desired temperature value. After the exhaust gas purification device has reached the desired temperature, the engine is operated substantially at the stoichiometric ratio around. Furthermore, a method for the adaptive learning of the pump air stream using feedback from an oxygen sensor is described.


Some Basic Physics, From Atoms to Nuclear Reactions Thermonuclear Reactions Plasmas for Fusion Some Features of Magnetic Confinement Principles of Tokamaks and Typical Devices ITER and Satellite Programs Some Features of Inertial Confinement and the Role of Lasers Big Drivers for Inertial Fusion, Lasers, Ion Beams and Pulsed Power Off the Main Trails Including Fusion-Fission Hybrids Paths Towards Fusion Reactors, Magnetic Inertial and Hybrids.


The implications of the hidden, spontaneously broken symmetry for the properties of the sound waves of a solid are analyzed. Although the discussion does not go beyond standard wisdom, it presents some of the known results from a different perspective. In particular, I argue that, as a consequence of the hidden symmetry, the equations of motion for a sound wave necessarily contain nonlinear terms, describing phonon-phonon-scattering and emphasize the analogy with the low energy theorems valid for ππ-scattering. Dedicated to Klaus Hepp and Walter Hunziker Work supported in part by Schweizerischer Nationalfonds


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a communication controller, a communication control method and a communication control program, for providing a conference with presence while considering the loads of a communication line. SOLUTION: A communication form is switched on the basis of the delay of a network. When a communication state is a second level or below (S12:YES), the control command of an avatar image is transmitted to a terminal device of an opposite party (S15). When the delay exceeds a first level (S20:NO), a photographed image is transmitted (S24). Since the communication form is switched corresponding to the communication state of the network, difficulty of having a conversation because of the delay of images is dissolved, and the photographed image with the presence is displayed corresponding to conditions. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT