An experimental design was used to determine whether environmentally responsible behaviors (ERBs) could be promoted by exposing participants to two motivational interviewing techniques-provision of information and engagement in a decisional balance exercise. We hypothesized (a) a main effect of the information manipulation such that provision of basic as well as normative information about the current state ofglobal warming would be more effective than basic information only at promoting ERBs, which would in turn be more effective than a control information group and (b) a main effect of the decisional balance manipulation such that engagement in a decisional balance activity would be more effective than engagement in a control activity at promoting ERBs. We had no basis on which to hypothesize an interaction between the information and decisional balance manipulations. On some of the dependent measures, the predicted main effect for information manipulation was found as well as an unexpected interaction effect. Exploratory analyses were conducted to examine any gender effects as well as the validity of the dependent measures used. Effects on environmental attitudes and behaviors were interpreted in light of existing theory and real-world applications. 3 Motivational Interviewing Promoting Environmentally Responsible Behaviors Using Motivational Interviewing Techniques Overwhelming evidence identifies global warming to be a real, current threat. For example, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC; Pachauri, 2007) reported that the 2005 concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere far exceeded the natural range recorded in the past. Further, since 1880, the earth's average temperature has increased 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit, and most of this increase has occurred in recent years. This temperature increase has led to the rapid melting ofArctic ice, glaciers, and mountain snow as well as a notable increase in extreme weather events like hurricanes and wildfires (National, 2007). Indeed, ice in the Arctic and Greenland could be completely gone by the end of this century (Handwerk, 2004). According to one study, a million species are currently at risk for extinction due to climate change (Thomas, 2007 as cited in Roach, 2007). For example, with the rise in sea temperatures, coral reefs were recorded at their highest death rate in 1998, a rate that is expected to rise in the coming years (National, 2007). Even if fossil fuel emissions ceased entirely, experts predict that there are still enough substantial fossil fuel emissions already in the atmosphere to raise .the earth's temperature one degree Fahrenheit this century (Schulte, 2006). In sum, the effects of global warming are best understood as real and harmful to the earth at both macro and micro levels. Unfortunately, reductions in fossil fuel emissions and elimination of other factors contributing to global warming are unlikely. In reality, scientists identify human behavior as a primary contributor to this climate change phenomenon. 4 Motivational Interviewing According to the IPee (2007, as cited in Roach, 2007), there is a 90 percent probability that human activity is the cause underlying "Earth's wanning temperatures, rising seas, more intense storms, and a host ofother environmental maladies." Koger and Scott (2007) find that the daily business of the billions of people around the globe emits excessive amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Additionally, these gases in such amounts threaten the very survival of humans, not to mention other species. Human behaviors such as industrialization, deforestation, pollution, and carbon dioxide emissions are direct contributors to global wanning (National, 2007). Furthermore, there is no evidence that depicts these hannful human habits to be decreasing nor even staying the same. Given the rate at which fossil fuel emissions are currently increasing, experts predict that the earth's temperature will rise 2.5 to 8 degrees this coming century (Schulte, 2006). In response to the threat of global wanning, scientists from many different academic spheres are attempting to find a solution. The Brundtland Report defines a sustainable society as one operating in a state of sustainable development, or "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Encyclopedia, 2000).It is a relatively new phenomenon to witness personnel from two seemingly different realms such as psychology and sustainability collaborating on the same issues to work towards sustainable development. Scientists in many branches of psychology, however, have applied their training to environmental sustainability and have in this way offered insight into human contribution to the problem ofclimate change. In a call for integration, Koger and Scott (2007) urge psychologists to use their particular 5 Motivational Interviewing expertise to work towards a solution to the climate change crisis. Cognitive psychologists, for example, might recognize environmentally harmful behaviors as resulting from faulty, biased ways of thinking that can be altered through cognitive behavior practices. Social psychologists might stress the influence of society in making environmentally harmful practices ''the norm," while clinical psychologists might emphasize that "healing the planet and healing the self go hand in hand" (Koger & Scott, p. 13). Much of the research so far investigating links between psychology and sustainability has taken a social/cognitive approach in its focus on how people's thinking and behavior relate to the problem. In a study of 101 non-psychology students at a British University, Pahl, Harris, Todd, and Rutter (2005) found a considerable gap between how concerned people said they were about environmental issues and how active they actually were. This means that those who claimed to have very positive attitudes about the environment were not very active in environmentally responsible behaviors (ERBs). These findings demonstrate the phenomenon of the attitude-behavior discrepancy. Pelletier (2002) also reports evidence of this gap, concluding that even those who know they should be more pro-environmental often do not make much of an effort. This discrepancy is dangerous in the struggle to instigate action against global warming, as large-scale action seems to be the only way to combat climate change. Additionally, in a study of 1,250 households, Gatersleben, Steg, and Vlek (2002) found that people hold beliefs that their behavior is no more beneficial or harmful for the environment than is other people's behavior. According to Winter and 6 Motivational Interviewing Koger (2004), women, however, do tend to exhibit more pro-environmental concerns than men. Pahl and colleagues (2005) also found evidence to suggest the existence of this gender difference. Ifpeople feel they can simply "disappear in the crowd," it is difficult to instigate large-scale change. Furthennore, Gatersleben and colleagues found that lack ofknowledge about how people's behavior affects their environment is often a factor in whether or not they take action. Those with a lack ofknowledge about the target problem have no basis on which to fonn attitudes or take action. Thus, bridging the gap between attitude and behavior may be an issue ofproviding infonnation, as well. It is clear that psychology is applicable to climate change in that "a psychological shift" (Koger & Scott, 2007, p. 15) is required to combat global warming. Not only must scientists work to discover the mechanisms that underlie climate change, but they must also consider psychological research and efforts towards changing society's overall way of thinking about the environmental situation. The new movement of conservation psychology has some psychologists now working daily to apply psychological theory and practice directly to environmentally-harmful behaviors. Conservation psychology is made up ofpsychologists from many traditional areas of the science, yet clinical psychology is underrepresented. The application of clinical psychology could potentially lie in the recognition that the harmful effects of global warming can potentially lead to stress-related and other disorders (Koger & Scott, 2007) as well as understanding change and how environmentally harmful behaviors can be decreased or even eliminated. 7 Motivational Interviewing The current study was an attempt to apply techniques from motivational interviewing (MI), a clinical approach used to decrease resistance to behavior change, to the problem ofenvironmentally hannful behaviors. MI is often used in clinical settings to motivate ambivalent clients to resolve that ambivalence for themselves and in this way move towards instituting more healthy, productive behaviors. The current study's application of this technique as it applies to sustainability offers insight into methods for promoting environmentally responsible attitudes and behaviors. To provide a context for the proposed study, the following literature review summarizes the ways in which psychologists understand and conceptualize change ofa problem behavior as well as techniques psychologists use to motivate this change. Understanding and Conceptualizing Change Two related theories that provide a basis for understanding and conceptualizing change are well-represented in the psychological literature. The first, self-determination theory (SDT), focuses on the quality of the motivation to change as it relates to the probability oflong-Iasting behavior change. The second, the transtheoretical model of change, identifies stages of change through which people progress and cycle that are determined by readiness to change a problem behavior. Self-deiermination theory. SDT is a way of explaining motivation to change that rests on the idea that participants must recognize their self-efficacy and


1. The considerable percentage of vertebral fractures in the middorsal region during metrazol convulsions can be reduced to a great extent by appropriate chemical or, better, simple mechanical means. 2. Reexamination of eight patients who had severe multiple fractures two years ago, showed no orthopedic or neurological signs of progressive pathology. 3. In electric shock therapy, even without precautions, these fractures are considerably less frequent. By applying an improved technique of extreme hyperextension, they can be avoided as was shown in 60 cases. 4. Seizures in epilepsy do not produce vertebral fractures in the middorsal region as demonstrated by a series of 42 epileptic patients. Fractures in other regions of the spine occur occasionally but they are of a different type and not comparable to the fractures in convulsive treatment. 5. Vertebral fractures in tetanus have the same localization, about the same frequency and multiplicity as those sustained in metrazol convulsive therapy done without...


The integrity and strength of multi-technique terre st ial reference frames such as ITRF2005 depend on the precisely measured and expre ssed local tie connections between space geodetic observing systems at co-located observator ies. Australia has several geodetic observatories which together host the full variety of space geodetic techniques, including GPS, GLONASS, DORIS, SLR and VLBI. The observational ref e nce point of large geodetic observing systems, such as SLR and VLBI, are genera lly in ccessible. Therefore, Geoscience Australia developed an indirect measurement approac h, using terrestrial observations, to precisely determine the invariant reference point ( IVP) of SLR and VLBI telescopes. The indirect IVP determination technique involves a rig o ous process of three-dimensional circlefitting to the coordinates of targets observed on t he structure during rotational sequences about each of the systems' independent axes (e.g. azimuth and elevation). Geoscience Australia routinely measures millimetre accurate connections between survey monuments and geodetic observing systems at co-located observatories acros s Au tralia. The IVP derivation technique continues to be refined, looking to account for fur the un-modelled systematic errors.


Based on improvement of NDJ 4 type rotary viscometer, apparent viscosity of HTPB was measured.Rheological parameters,including shear stress τ ,shear rate and pseodoplasticity index n ,were estimated.And the rheological behavior of HTPB was characterized as well.All of these provide a basis for the study of rheological behavior of differential effect factors for boron based fuel rich solid propellant.


Summary. Death of euryhaline fish in an aquarium was caused by iodine liberated in seawater by a marine bacterium. The isolation of a pure culture of Pseudomonas iodooxidans sp. nov., highly resistant to iodine, led to the elucidation of the mechanism involved. Iodides were oxidized to free iodine by an extracellular peroxidase system and hydrogen peroxide was generated by the bacteria. The importance of this finding is discussed in the light of current knowledge of the iodine cycle in nature.


Several elution media were examined to evaluate their suitability for recovering seeded poliovirus 1 from return activated sludge. Although there were no distinct differences of virus recovery efficiency among the media tested, 3% beef extract solution at pH 9 seemed to be the most practical eluent for the recovery of the viruses adsorbed from the sludge with an average recovery efficiency of 21%, with a range of 6.1 to 34%. The organic flocculation procedure using beef extract was applied to concentrate the eluted viruses. Its effect depended on the type of eluate, and viruses were not always concentrated well.


Glioblastomas (GBMs) diffusely infiltrate the brain, making complete removal by surgical resection impossible. The mixture of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells that remain after surgery form the biological context for adjuvant therapeutic intervention and recurrence. We performed RNA-Seq and histological analysis on radiographically guided biopsies taken from different regions of GBM and showed that the tissue contained within the contrast-enhancing (CE) core of tumors have different cellular and molecular compositions compared to tissue from the non-enhancing (NE) margins of tumors. Comparisons with the TCGA dataset showed that the samples from CE regions resembled the Proneural, Classical, or Mesenchymal subtypes of GBM, while the samples from the NE regions predominantly resembled the Neural subtype. Computational deconvolution of the RNA-seq data revealed that contributions from non-neoplastic brain cells significantly influence the expression pattern in the NE samples. Gene ontology showed that the cell type-specific expression patterns were functionally distinct and highly enriched in genes associated with the corresponding cell phenotypes. Comparing the RNA-Seq data from the GBM samples to that of normal brain revealed that the differentially expressed genes are distributed across multiple cell types. Notably, the patterns of cell type-specific alterations varied between the different GBM subtypes; the NE regions of Proneural tumors were enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitor genes while the NE regions of Mesenchymal GBM were enriched in astrocytic and microglial genes. These subtype-specific patterns in the molecular and cellular composition of the infiltrative margins of GBM make it possible to infer key characteristics of the tissue left behind after surgery.


[Aims] SYP-9080 is a new type of insecticide which works on ryanodines receptor.The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the control efficiency of insects.[Methods] Laboratory tests and field trials were carried out by using foliar spraying and routine spraying.[Results] The result showed that SYP-9080 had high bio-activity against Chilo suppressalis,Ostrinia furnacnlis(Guenee),Mythimna seperata,Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera exigua Hubner in laboratory tests.And it had good control of Cnaphalorocis medinalis G and P.xylostella in the field trials.[Conclusions] SYP-9080 showed excellent efficacy against lepidopterous larvae.And it has no phytotoxicity on test plants.


Neurological problems such as cerebral palsy, myelomeningocele and others may lead to unstable hips in children and juvenile patients. Major problems may arise due to the inability to treat the underlying condition. Patients may suffer from spasticity, reduced muscular tone, bone loss or bony deformity. Despite these problems several tactics are used to gain long-term reduction of unstable hips. Femoral osteotomies are done alone or in combination with pelvic osteotomies, and/or muscular procedures. The indication of the femoral osteotomy alone is the unstable hip with a normal pelvic anatomy shown in the three-dimensional computed tomography (CT). Long-term follow up (11 to 18 years) of patients with intertrochanteric femoral osteotomy alone resulted in hip centration if patients were younger than four years of age at the time of surgery. In older patients hip centration always improved but femoral osteotomies alone did not result in sufficient coverage of subluxated or dislocated hips. Therefore in these patients with pelvic deformity we perform an intertrochanteric varusderotation and shortening osteotomy to correct the femur deformity in combination with a Pemberton type peri-acetabular pelvic osteotomy, an open reduction of the hip joint and a capsuloraphy.


Fibre composition of the following 13 apple cultivars was studied: 'Cortland', 'Empire', 'Fuji', 'Golden Delicious', 'Gala', 'Granny Smith', 'Jonagold', 'Mutsu', 'McIntosh', 'Delicious', 'Rome', 'Stayman' and 'York'. Fruit samples from each of these cultivars were analysed for non-starch cell wall materials (NSCWM) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). NSCWM was further fractionated into soluble and insoluble fibre fractions. Both NSCWM and NSP content were found to be significantly influenced by cultivar. NSCWM content ranged from 19.1 g kg -1 apple flesh in 'Fuji' to 36.2 g kg -1 in 'York'. Mean (± SD) NSCWM content of all the cultivars was 23.1 ± 45 g kg -1 . NSP content of apple flesh ranged from 13.8 g kg -1 in 'McIntosh' to 287 g kg -1 in 'York' with the overall mean for all cultivars being 17.9 ± 4.2 g kg -1 . Relative amount of monosaccharides found in the hydrolysates of apple fibre also varied among cultivars. The greatest difference was observed in galactose content.


Ethylene oxide (EO) is an important industrial compound and a directly acting mutagen. Human exposure to it can be monitored by the determination of haemoglobin (Hb) adducts. An immunoassay that quantifies the N-terminal adduct N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine in whole blood was developed and its potential usefulness as a tool for biologically monitoring occupational exposure demonstrated. Analytical reliability was confirmed in a comparative study with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (range 0.040–589 nmol g−1 Hb, correlation coefficient 0.98, n=10). The assay was configured as a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to facilitate the rapid throughput of samples. The assay uses a whole blood matrix and has a working range of 10–10 000 pmol N-(2-hydroxethyl)valine g−1 Hb. The assay does not appear to be affected by structurally similar metabolites and has been used to determine adducts in human blood samples. The first results from potentially exposed workers indicate the assay might be a powerful tool for the routine occupational biomonitoring of EO exposure.


The recent discovery of 2D magnets has revealed various intriguing phenomena due to the coupling between spin and other degree of freedoms (such as helical photoluminescence, nonreciprocal SHG). Previous research on the spin-phonon coupling effect mainly focuses on the renormalization of phonon frequency. Here we demonstrate that the Raman polarization selection rules of optical phonons can be greatly modified by the magnetic ordering in 2D magnet CrI3. For monolayer samples, the dominant A1g peak shows abnormally high intensity in the cross polarization channel at low temperature, which is forbidden by the selection rule based on the lattice symmetry. While for bilayer, this peak is absent in the cross polarization channel for the layered antiferromagnetic (AFM) state and reappears when it is tuned to the ferromagnetic (FM) state by an external magnetic field. Our findings shed light on exploring the emergent magneto-optical effects in 2D magnets.


Calls for the introduction of a minimum price for each unit of alcohol have been backed by the RCN, which says the move would reduce pressure on front line health services.


On the regional and rural libraries of the Mari Village in 1966 - 1975. The organization of All-Union competition, the library activities of Krasnooktyabrskiy and Novotoryalskiy regions are described. Special attention is paid to the development of book trade and the activities of consumer cooperatives in rural areas.


Background

Promoting the population's health is a central political goal of both the European Union and the Federal Republic of Germany. Integrated municipal strategies for health promotion (IMS) are an important means for reaching this goal. "Integrated" means that stakeholders at the local level work together in order to coordinate their various activities and services in the interest of the public's health through the …


important class of detection problems: the detection of small, barely discernible, moving objects in presence of correlated fluctuating background and constant background intensity. We assume that ratio of the correlated fluctuating background variance to constant background intensity is not known and the constant background intensity is more than its variance. A comparison of the performance of the well-known and proposed algorithms is included.


Fish has gradually become a very important component in the diet of increasing population of the world. This has necessitated aggressive promotion of initiatives to increase its production. In spite of the various efforts to promote the sub-sector, there is still a gap in the demand and supply of the commodity, which marketing is expected to mitigate. Using proportionate sampling, data were collected from 66 fish farmers/marketers and were analyzed with the structure, conduct and performance (SCP) paradigm model. It was found that fresh fish market in the study area was male dominated with high start-up capital (N720,000) and limited (6%) access to credit; much disparity in profitability (- N37,200 -N 7,183,433) among the firms, had a monopolistic competitive market structure (34.7%); individual farmer was a price giver, that is, set their own price and low operational efficiency (37.8%).
It is recommended that there is need to promote a policy mix that will encourage adoption of new innovations in fish production to encourage efficiency; capacity building on management skills for the operators; and growth enhancement supports capable of improving the market performance in the study area.


The influences of two chemical mutagens, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) on the chloroquine (CQ) resistance in Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain were studied, and totally four 30-fold CQ-resistant lines were established successfully using the mutagens. Both MNNG and EMS were shown to be effective in inducing CQ resistances and increasing the frequency of the appearance of CQ-resistant mutants when erythrocytes with P berghei were treated in vitro at 37 。C for 2 h. By using the relapse technique, one MNNG-mutagenized line developed a more than 30-fold CQ-resistance after 14 drug passages, while the parallel control one did not. EMS also showed mutagenic effectiveness on a sensitive clonal line, which changed into an over 30-fold CQ-resistant one following a single course of CQ therapy consisting of 6 d. The CQ resistance of 30 mg/kg ip for the mutagenized lines were stable after as many as 7 blood passages in the absence of drug pressure over a period of 82 d. All the CQ-resistant lines of the malaria parasites had 3 variations, ie. lack of pigment production, decreased virulence and slowed growth rate. It is concluded that the origin of the CQ resistance may lie in gene mutation and the application of mutagens may be in aid of rapid production of drug resistance in malaria parasites.


The offenses field is assimilated to the criminal one from the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights, in the sense of article 6 of the Convention, the person accused of committing an act regarded in national law as an offense must benefit from the guarantees specific to criminal proceedings.


We provide a complete classification of agents' attitudes in performing actions that are evaluated in a three-valued space with respect to three evaluation contexts: personal advantage, social usefulness and legality. Moreover we found an algorithmical approach to approximatively solve the problem of abducing the agent's attitude by observing the actions she chose among her feasible ones. Knowing agents' behavioural rules is relevant in constituting agents' societies.


Conventional active solar heat system is applying mainly way to make use of heat exchanger. But this system needs wide space and has possibility of trouble by that also become complicated is risen. Also, cost is grown in installation as is complicated. This study wished to reduce these problem by minimum. So, we experimented that measure efficiency of solar heat system that apply spiral-jacketed storage. As the result of the experiment, efficiency is lower than previous system. But, it can do that is affirmative about the practical use possibility when see other advantages.


The aim of present study was to formulation and evaluation of Mucoadhesive buccal tablets of Resperidone. Mucoadhesive buccal tablets of Resperidone were prepared by direct compression method using polymers such as Karaya gum, tamarind gum, carbopol, and Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose. The Buccal tablets were evaluated for various physical, drug content uniformity, in-vitro drug release and drug- excipient interactions (FT-IR). FT-IR spectroscopic studies indicated that there were no drug-excipient interactions. The formulation F9 (containing 30mg of Carbopol) were found to be best formulation, which showed maximum drug release within 8 h. These formulations have showed good bioadhesion strength (18 gm).


[Introduction]. The Eurozone needs reliable statistics. It is important to know whether the policies implemented by Member State produce the intended effects. Since statistics may reveal policy failure, it is also important for the integrity of the system that statistical institutes are protected from political interference. In the recently recommended measures, regarding the independence, integrity and accountability of the national and Community statistical authorities, the Commission should have spelled out the meaning of independence in terms of the needed functional or institutional independence rather than refer to a vague "professional" independence.


This paper describes the geological characteristics and genesis process of Liaoning Xiaodianzi Yinduo metallic deposits.This will provide a reference for prospecting in the mine area and periphery area.


Numerical calculations using the KIVA 3V code developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory are performed to compare the operation of a small bore high speed direct injection engine using biodiesel and diesel fuels. Several modifications to the code are made to improve its capability with biodiesel simulations. These include the KelvinHelmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor model for describing the droplet breakup process and the Shell model, calibrated for biodiesel and low temperature combustion. Formation of nitrogen oxide is described by the extended Zeldovich mechanism. The fuel library is expanded to include properties of soybean biodiesel using BDProp. The modified KIVA code is shown to accurately predict the major combustion characteristics, include the peak combustion temperature, heat release rate and ignition timing, so is nitrogen oxide emission. The simulations show that biodiesel has a longer ignition delay and lower peak combustion pressure. A longer combustion process is observed in conventional diesel. Experimental data shows that diffusion flame may exist when biodiesel is injected at 3° after topdead-center, even though the main combustion process can be described as HCCI from the single peaked heat release curve. Formation of nitrogen oxide is correctly predicted by the modified KIVA code also. The formation of nitrogen oxide, for both biodiesel and petroleum based diesel fuel, are characterized by rapid initial formation, then, frozen at the maximum value as in the extended Zeldovich model. Deferring injection time reduces the production of nitrogen oxide significantly. The combustion process starts in the later part of the cycle with delayed fuel injection. This allows the fuel vapor-air mixture to better mix upon ignition, thus, preventing high temperature flame. The cooler ambient temperature due to expansion also assists in inhibiting formation of the species. Reduction of over 90% is observed when fuel injection is delayed from 335° to 363°. Corresponding author Introduction Biodiesel has been promoted as a promising alternative to petroleum-based fuel as it is renewable and compatible with current engine design, fuel delivery systems and economic infrastructures. Moreover, biodiesel burns cleanly with a low level of particulate matter in its emission, as well as lower emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. The higher flash point of biodiesel makes it safer than diesel fuel in handling and storage. In spite of the advantages, biodiesel has been shown to produce higher levels of nitrogen oxide emissions [1]. This might due to different chemical characteristics of the fuel. Better understanding the combustion characteristics of biodiesel is essential in optimizing engine operations for reducing nitrogen oxide emission. Biodiesel are fuels composed of larger molecules than diesel fuels. They usually made of monoalkylesters containing carbon chains with sixteen to eighteen carbon atoms, as opposed to diesel fuels that generally contain molecules with shorter chains. Biodiesel has higher viscosity [1, 2] than diesel fuel, and atomization is more difficult for fluids with high viscosity. Various studies have shown that biodiesel is less volatile than conventional diesel fuels [3, 4]. It also tends to have higher density and cetane number when compared to petroleum based diesel fuels. These differences affect the breakup, vaporization and combustion processes of biodiesel in engine flows. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are ones that operates under conditions such that a globally lean mixture of fuel vapor and air is auto-ignited through compression of the piston, usually near the top-dead-center of the engine. HCCI combustion is characterized by rapid heat release, as opposed to diffusion-type diesel combustion with a slow heat release rate. Compared to conventional diesel fuel combustion, the most prominent advantage of an HCCI engine is that emissions of nitrogen oxide and particulate matter are reduced simultaneously. Because combustion occurs across the whole chamber with homogeneous charge, high temperature flame ceases to exist in HCCI combustion [6]. As formation of nitrogen oxide is very sensitive at high temperature, lower flame temperature observed in HCCI combustion inhibits its formation. Locally rich regions that promote the formation of soot cease to exist as well because the fuel vapor is well-mixed with air prior to ignition. As a consequence, typical diffusion-type combustion in conventional diesel engine is not observed. It is possible, then, that burning biodiesel in HCCI mode will provide a means to operate the engine with the least possible amount of emissions. The operation of a small bore, high speed direct injection (HSDI) engine using diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel is presented in this paper. Numerical calculations using the KIVA-3V code have been completed and compared to the experimental results from an optically accessible HSDI engine. The KIVA-3V Release 2 code, developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory [5], is a multidimensional transient computational fluid dynamic solver for chemical reacting flow. Several modifications as suggested by Yuan [1] are applied to it for improving its ability and accuracy for biodiesel simulation. The Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor Model for Spray Breakup The TAB model is implemented in KIVA to describe the spray breakup process. However, it has been observed that the code overestimates peak pressure and underestimates cylinder pressure at the end of the combustion process [7]. Higher relative velocity between the spray droplet and the ambient gas contributed to the observed discrepancy in cylinder pressure. The Kelvin-Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor (KH-RT) model is believed to correct the discrepancy. The model was originally developed for diesel fuel calculations, but, as it strongly depends on liquid properties [1], it can accurately be extended for modeling the droplet breakup process of biodiesel. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and RayleighTaylor instability compete with each other during the droplet breakup process [8] in the model. In the Kelvin-Helmholtz framework, shearing is caused by the relative velocity, ur, between the droplet and ambient gas. Child droplets are then shed off the parent droplet on the outer edge. The fastest growing wavelength, ΛK H, is given by: ΛK H = 9.02 r ( ) 1 + 0.45 Z ( ) 1 + 0.4 Ta ( ) 1 + 0.865 We g 0.6 , (1) where Ta is the Taylor number given by


Demonstrates how fuzzy mathematics can be utilized to achieve a clearer perspective of the long-run equilibrium of oligopolistic firms than is provided by models based strictly on crisp numbers. It accomplishes this objective by computing the fuzzy present value of lost opportunities of entrepreneurs. By linking the optimal fuzzy opportunity to the cost function of the oligopolist, a long-run equilibrium is obtained, which provides an efficiency that is generally believed by economists to be realized only under perfectly competitive market conditions. The fuzzy sets which are shown to generate a crisp long-run equilibrium outcome under true-to-life competitive conditions provide an integral mathematical tool for modeling economic decision-making in an entrepreneurial business world.


Dear Editors, Gliomas are the most prevalent type of primary brain tumour. Within the glioma tumour microenvironments (TMEs), tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) that hold high expression of co-inhibitory receptors constitute a significant portion of the immune landscape.1,2 The effects analysis of co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors mRNA levels on overall survival and multivariable Cox regression identified LILRB3 as an independent negative prognostic factor among various grades in glioma (Figures S1A–C). In the Huashan glioblastoma (GBM) cohort, we observed that patientswith dense LILRB3had significantly worse survival outcomes (n = 78, Figure 1A,B), independent of treatment strategy and tumour location (Figure S1D). These findings were validated in the CGGA_325 cohort, CGGA_693 cohort, GSE83300 and GSE68848 (Figure S1E–H). Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of TAMs from GBM patients3 showed LILRB3 was predominantly expressed on monocyte-derived TAMs rather than microglia-derived TAMs (Mg-TAMs) (Figure 1C). We found a significant colocalization of CD206 and LILRB3 in the cell membrane (Figure 1D), and increased infiltration of LILRB3 CD206 cells in the tumour region (Figure 1E). The detailed analysis or experimentmethods are described in the Supporting Information. The reciprocal interactions between GBM cellular states and TAMs modulate the tumour immune environment.4 By spatial 10x transcriptome previously reported by Ravi et al.,5 we found that LILRB3 Mo-TAMs had close proximity to mesenchymal (MES-like) states, rather than other cellular states (Figure 1F,H). Besides, LILRB3 Mo-TAMs, highly expressed in the microvascular region, are closely associated with exhausted T cells and MES-like features in the Ivy GAP cohort (Figure 1G). Other cellular signa-


The present research intends to establish the necessary requirements for conception of methods that propitiates strategies for Value Innovation. By the way, to establish the necessary requirements stops from the theoretical recital is boarded referring subjects to the Economy of the Knowledge where if it considers the distinction between value creation and appropriation of value. The scientific boarding is argued to support the pertinent positioning of the study and definitions on practical its. The relations between strategy as value creation and the value are argued face to the economic development. Thus, an approach between learning processes is proposal sending to the concept of discontinuity and this to the one of innovation, relating the diverse degrees of modification that if can find in the marketing structure. The Value Innovation comes to introduce new meaning of discontinuity as strategically method to be developed. The referring epistemological principles to the method lead to a quarrel where the different possible boarding's are references. The research starts searching for support empirical, objectifying critical endorsement for this emergent field of the knowledge. Using halfstructuralized interviews to find the critical factors of success together with managers, the concerns had been verified present on their speeches. After the critical analysis, in context for the perspective of Value Innovation, is considered some requirements for conception of procedures from a verification matrix that, objective to establish steps for new research, leading in consideration the critical factors of success of the existing models of business and reflections from the critical analysis. Key-Word: Value Innovation, Strategy, Knowledge Management, Organizational Learning.


On negative example of the UN's activities in East Timor of the its independence the author of this article is argued efficiency of creation of an new organ in the UN's system the UN's Peacebuilding Commission.


Self-determination theory (SDT) is a theory of motivation that focuses on the degree to which people are intrinsically motivated and internally regulate their behaviors and activities (Deci, Eghrari, Patrick, & Leone, 1994; Deci & Ryan, 1985). SDT is based on organismic meta-theory and assumes that individuals have an innate tendency toward growth. SDT not only helps to identify factors in the social environment that are conducive to satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, but also identifies the factors that are detrimental to this positive growth (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Autonomy is the need to pursue activities in which individuals are motivated internally and experience joy as a result of having personal choice (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Jang, Kim, Reeve, & Ryan, 2009; Reeve, Nix, & Hamm, 2003). Competence is the need to effectively interact with one's environment and maximize challenges, thus gaining more skills (Deci, 1975). Relatedness is the need to establish relationships in which one feels close, cared for, and secure (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Deci & Ryan, 1991). Previous research has shown that satisfaction of two human needs competence and autonomy--relates to emotional well-being (Sheldon, Ryan, & Reis, 1996). Such research has demonstrated that the degree of satisfaction of the basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness determines the variations or fluctuations in daily emotional well-being (Reis, Sheldon, Gable, Roscoe, & Ryan, 2000). In a cross-cultural attempt to test the model of SDT and examine cross cultural generalizability, researchers found that Korean students function well in a social environment that encourages growth of these three psychological needs. The results of the study support the idea of the universality of these needs (Jang, et al., 2009). Sheldon, Elliot, Kasser, and Kim (2001) created an interesting methodology for determining which psychological needs are most powerful. They asked students in introductory psychology classes at the University of Missouri (Study 1) and South Korean students at Hanyang University in South Korea (Study 2) to write down the most satisfying event that they had experienced in their lives during the last month. Next, the participants were asked to rate their responses on 30 descriptive statements of need-satisfaction on a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). Thus, their questionnaire was composed of items that described what made the satisfying event so satisfying. The 30 items in the Sheldon et al. (2001) study were grouped into 10 categories of needs. They were Self-Esteem, Self Actualization, Physical Thriving, and Security based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory; Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness based on Self-Determination Theory; Pleasure / Stimulation based on behaviorist general principles of reward and punishment and Epstein's cognitive-experiential self-theory (1990) which specifies pleasure as one of the four needs that all individuals must satisfy and Money and Popularity based on the evolutionary or adaptationist perspective that assumes an evolutionary advantage to individuals who achieve material dominance (Buss, 1997). The results of the Sheldon et al. (2001) study indicated that autonomy, competence, relatedness and self-esteem emerged as the top four psychological needs and were considered as most important in understanding what is so satisfying about a satisfying event. In the present study, we tested the findings of the Sheldon et al. (2001) study. In addition, we also studied an 11th need, Compassionate Love, along with the 10 other psychological needs in the Sheldon et al. study. Sprecher and Fehr (2005) have done considerable research on compassionate love. Compassionate love is defined as an attitude toward others containing feelings, cognitions, and behaviors focused on caring, concern, tenderness, support, and helping (Sprecher & Fehr, 2005). …


Abstract Two different types of polyolefine (PO) grafted with itaconic acid as a reactive compatibilizer, polypropylene (PP) grafted with itaconic acid (PP-g-ITA) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) grafted with itaconic acid (HDPE-g-ITA), PP and HDPE grafted with copolymer of itaconic acid and styrene (PP-g-(ITA-St) and HDPE-g-(ITA-St)) were prepared by melt graft technique through reactive type twin-screw extruder. FT-IR and thermal analysis were used to characterize the structure of the graft copolymer. The graft ratio (GR) and melt flow rate (MFR) were determined by non-aqueous titration and melt flow rate analyzer. The effect of the concentration of monomer and initiator dosage on GR and MFR of graft copolymer were studied. Then polyamide 6 (PA 6) blends, PA 6/PP (PA 6/HDPE), that compatibilized with PP-g-ITA (HDPE-g-ITA) were prepared. The morphology of the blends was analyzed by SEM, DSC and Molau tests and the mechanical properties of which were characterized by tensile, impact, and bend tests. The results of mechanical property showed that the impact strength of blends was increased by 50% and 70% after PP-g-ITA and HDPE-g-ITA was used as compatibilizer, but the MFR of blends was decreased. The SEM photographs indicated that the accession of compatibilizer obviously improved binding state between two phases in blends, the size of dispersed phase was reduced evidently and the interface became indistinct. DSC results demonstrated that in the case of PP-g-ITA, glass temperature (Tg) of PA 6 matrix in blends was ascended, melt point (Tm) was improved a little, crystallinity (Xc) was decreased, Tm and Xc of PP phase was increased; With the accession of HDPE-g-ITA, Tm of PA 6 matrix and HDPE phase had almost no change, Xc of PA 6 matrix was decreased and Xc of HDPE phase was increased.


A high prevalence (71%) of gallstones was noted in free-ranging cottonrats, Sigmodon hispidus, collected from one site in Lubbock County, Texas. The gallbladder of affected animals was distended and filled with white, soft, friable, cholesterol gallstones of variable sizes. Focal hyperplasia of the epithelium and connective tissue layer of the gallbladder was evident in affected cottonrats. As the forage available to affected animals was different from that available to gallstone-free animals collected from other areas, this may be the cause of the higher prevalence of cholelithiasis in this population. The significance of this disease and possible use of the cottonrat as an experimental model are discussed.


A quarter of a century ago, following a series of investigations with his colleagues, Makita published a paper (Makita 1991 Fluid Dyn. Res. 8, 53–64) in which the production of high-Reynolds-number, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence in a typical laboratory-sized wind tunnel by way of a novel 'active grid' was demonstrated. Until this time, classical ('passive') grids had been used to generate homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, which was almost invariably of low Reynolds number. In the years following the publication of Makita's paper, active grids have played a major role in experimental studies of turbulence, given their ability to generate the most fundamental expression of a turbulent flow (homogeneous, isotropic turbulence) at Reynolds numbers large enough to (i) test Kolmogorov theory (posed in the limit of infinite Reynolds number), and (ii) match those of many natural and industrial flows. The present paper aims to review the research related to active grids undertaken since Makita's seminal work. To this end, it firstly summarizes the key elements involved in the design, construction and operation of active grids, with the aim of providing a useful reference for those interested in studying or building active grids. Secondly, it discusses how active grids are now being customized to generate novel flows. Lastly, it reviews the accomplishments that have been achieved as a result of the invention of the active grid. It is hoped that the contribution to the field of turbulence brought by active grids a quarter of a century ago will moreover serve to inspire current fluid dynamicists to generate other simple and elegant innovations—like the active grid—to further advance our understanding of turbulent flows.


Inter-pedicular distances of vertebral canal and width of lumbar vertebrae at levels L1 to L5 was measured in dry vertebrae of 63 subjects (32 male, 31 female) from Gujarat of age group 35 to 80 yrs. Mean transverse diameter (Inter-pedicular distance) is minimum at L1 (22.6 mm in male and 21.3 mm in female) and maximum at L5 (27.0 mm in male and 26.4 mm in female) showing a gradual increase from level L1 to L5. Mean width of the vertebral body is minimum at L1 (36.3 mm in male and 31.6 mm in female) and maximum at L5 (46.0 mm in male and 42.8 mm in female) showing a gradual increase from level L1 to L5. The canal/body ratio is range from 0.58 to 0.62 in male and 0.61 to 0.67 in female. Ratio between transverse diameter of vertebral canal and transverse diameter of the corresponding vertebral body does not seen to be constant at all lumbar level in both the sexes.


The authors present a neural network that adapts and integrates several preexisting or new modules to categorize events in short-term memory (STM), encode temporal order in working memory, and evaluate timing and probability context in medium- and long-term memory. The model shows how processed contextual information modulates event recognition and categorization, focal attention, and incentive motivation. The model is based on a compendium of event related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral results either collected by the authors or compiled from the classical ERP literature. Its hallmark is, at the functional level, the interplay of memory registers endowed with widely different dynamical ranges, and at the structural level, the attempt to relate the different modules to known anatomical structures. Simulation results are presented.<<ETX>>


Abstract Imidazoles, thiazoles, and oxazoles have been identified as valuable molecules in pharmaceutical and agriculture chemistry. Molecules containing these scaffolds are excited in many natural products and biologically active molecules. During the last decade, magnetic nanomaterials have appeared as highly efficient catalysts in chemical science in general organic chemistry, because of their simple preparation, modification, and large surface area ratio. This article assists to review the application of magnetically reusable nanocatalysts in synthesis of biologically active imidazoles, thiazoles, and oxazoles. Graphical Abstract


Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular recycling pathway that is indispensable for cellular quality control. Dysfunctional autophagy has been associated with several neurodegenerative, myodegenerative, infectious, and cancerous disorders. Autophagic processes are not only important for cellular maintenance in the retina but also intimately involved with phagocytosis and the very core of retinal visual process. Additionally, excessively upregulated autophagy may culminate into a cell death modality, which may be detrimental to the non-dividing cells of various eye segments. Major advances have been made in understanding the role and fate of autophagy in different ocular tissue layers. In this chapter, we summarize the current understanding of autophagy in the eye in the context of development, aging, and disease. We also speculate on the putative therapeutic strategies where autophagy may be incorporated to treat oculopathies. function. Furthermore, melanoregulin (MREG) facilitates LC3 recruitment to the phagosomes. Phagocytosis is essential for renewal of all-trans retinol to 11-cis retinal visually active chromophore that is sent to the photoreceptors for ena-bling the visual cycle. Hence, while basal canonical autophagy is essential for basic housekeeping of the RPE, non-can- onical autophagy supports at least in part the visual cycle and photoreceptor disk processing.


According to certain contemporary standards, the basketball player Wilt Chamberlain is grossly abnormal. At more than seven feet, his height is at least five standard deviations away from the mean. Yet no one, except possibly a basketball opponent, has proposed that Chamberlain's normality be restored by amputating his legs. This outrageous vignette helps illustrate the confusion that can arise from the current chaos of medical publications dealing with the "range of normal". Despite all the proposed new units of measurement and all the calculations spawned by computers, the concept of a "range" has not been suitably defined in either data or population, and the medical meaning of "normal" has been lost in the shuffle of statistics.


The ultrasonic attenuation and sound‐velocity dispersion from para hydrogen are calculated employing the translational hydrodynamic equations developed by Desai and Kapral. The results are compared with experiment and with several alternative methods of calculating these quantities. In addition, some of the similarities and differences between the interpretation of a light‐scattering experiment and an ultrasonic experiment from this system are discussed.


The article determines legal status of provincial gendarme administrations, characterizes their prerogatives and activity, and reveals the lines of interaction with guarding departments. The author shows the place and role of provincial gendarme administrations in the system of political detective authorities at the local level modernized at the boundary of XIX-XX centuries as revolutionary movement grew. The article is based on archival and published material, memories of political detective authority figures of that period.


It is challenging to control and optimize the aluminum electrolysis process due to its non-linearity and high energy consumption. Reducing the cell voltage is crucial for energy consumption reduction. This paper presents an intelligent method of predicting and optimizing cell voltage based on the evaluation of modeling the comprehensive cell state. Firstly, the Savitzky–Golay filtering algorithm(SGFA) is adopted to denoise the sample data to improve the accuracy of the experimental model. Due to the influencing factors of the cell state, a comprehensive evaluation model of the cell state is established. Secondly, the model of the least squares supports vector machine (LSSVM) is proposed to predict the cell voltage. In order to improve the accuracy of the model, the state transition algorithm (STA) is employed to optimize the structure parameters of the model. Thirdly, the optimization and control model of the cell voltage is developed by an analysis of the technical conditions. Then, the STA is used to realize the optimization of the front model. Finally, the actual data were applied to the experiments of the above method, and the proposed STA was compared with other methods. The results of experiments show that this method is efficient and satisfactory. The optimization value of average cell voltage based on the STA-LSSVM is 3.8165v, and it can be used to guide process operation. The DC power consumption is 11,971 KW·h per tonne of aluminum, with a reduction in power consumption of 373 KW·h. This result guarantees the reduction of aluminum electrolysis energy consumption.


Edgar Anderson was one of the most extraordinary men whom I or anyone else has ever known. As a scientist, he was remarkable for the precision with which he recorded what he saw, as well as his distaste for excessive detail, which sometimes led him to gloss over valid objections to his theories as he stated them. Long before other geneticists, he perceived almost intuitively the enormous complexity of genetic variation in natural populations. Most of his scientific career was devoted to a search for techniques by which this complexity could be expressed in such a way that any biologist,, regardless of his mathematical background, could understand and appreciate it. In achieving this goal, he was largely successful. He was a true naturalist-a keen, analytical observer of plants in their natural surroundings. Perhaps his interpretations were sometimes too facile. Nevertheless, no plant scientist known to me was more able than Edgar Anderson to compare in their natural habitat the leaves, flowers, and wonderfully symmetrical architecture of plants, and to express their interrelationships in a meaningful way. In his personality as in his scientific achievements, Edgar was a man of almost unbelievable contrasts. He could be rudely abrupt, if the occasion arose, with either his scientific opponents, his acquaintances, or even his closest friends. On the other hand, he could never hold a grudge, or hurt people intentionally. He could be equally warm and friendly to scientific colleagues, older scientists whose opinions he respected, to the grandes dames of Philadelphia's main line, or the high society of St. Louis; as well as to his subordinates in the Garden, and to the country people of Missouri, California, Mexico, or any other country that he might be visiting. His warmth, friendliness, and encouragement was, above all, showered lavishly upon younger scientists and students who, in his opinion, were sufficiently intelligent and ambitious to warrant his attention. He set great store by his unconventionality. He could never resist the temptation of exercising his keen wit at someone else's expense. Nevertheless, he was even more concerned with improving his ability to understand the needs and motives of others. In this, he was usually successful. In these pages I shall illustrate the above remarks as well as I can by telling a few anecdotes about my 38-year friendship with Edgar Anderson. In the summer of 1930, as a graduate student on my first trip to Europe, I looked forward with particular anticipation to the International Botanical Congress in Cambridge, England. In many ways, the Congress lived up to expectations. I had a chance to meet, even if only casually, the renowned botanists whose works I had been reading: A. C. Seward, Otto Rosenberg, Georg Tischler, Agnes Arber, and many others. At other times, however, the


Cross-sectional study, retrospective and quantitative character that aimed to estimated the cardiovascular risk factors of 145 users with hypertension of a Amazon community in Belem-PA. The collected data were from the Registration Form of HIPERDIA. The U test, by Mann-Whitney was applied for comparison between genders and the chi-square test to identify the influence of some variable. The software SPSS. 16® was used on the descriptive analysis and MINITAB. 15® to perform the tests. Were identified: high blood pressure, both systolic (89.4%) and diastolic (64.1%), increased abdominal circumference (male: 63.2% female: 88.6%), presence of cardiovascular family history (45.5%), smoking (27.6%), sedentary (57.9%) and overweight and obesity (75.2%). The U Mann-Whitney test showed that showed the average risk factor is equal for men and women and that there is greater influence of sedentary lifestyle in people who had a stroke. The coexistence of risk factors with hypertension is present in 91.1% of the sample. These findings underscore the need for more effective action to control the disease in the study group such as, reduce and control body weight; recommend and encourage proper nutrition and physical activity, controlling blood pressure values, as well as global ratings of living conditions, which would sustain the best recommendations to this group.


Schlieren observations of effects which occur when thin aluminum plates are illuminated by short acoustic pulses, in water, are presented. At specific angles of incidence, the formation of wavefronts pro‐progressing along the plate is visible. A sequence of photographs showing the incident pulse, and at later times its effects, is made possible by the pulsed schlieren system. Meaningful predictions are made by Lamb's theory for infinite plates with stress‐free surfaces even though the experiments involve water‐loaded plates. Comparisons are made with previous results on cylindrical shells.


Contagion theory stated that consumer product perceptions can be affected by a transfer of properties from one object to another. This study was performed using candy and bitter gourd as the experimental sources. Moreover, we employed 233 students to participate in two experiments and used a 2 × 2 × 2 + 1 between-subjects design to measure the contagion effect. This research focused on how different source properties and presentation types affected consumer evaluations and how cognitive style moderated the result for positive versus negative contagion. Results revealed no significant difference between objects and photos. However, displaying the source and target product simultaneously produced a stronger contagion effect than displaying the source and target product sequentially. In addition, cognitive style moderated two factors in positive contagion. For source property, a photo had a stronger contagion effect than an object among field-dependence consumers, but there was no difference among field-independence consumers. For presentation type, simultaneous presentation created a stronger contagion effect than sequential presentation among field-independence consumers, but produced no difference among field-dependence consumers. Hence, this was the first study to discuss the personality on the contagion effect. Based on the obtained results, marketers could display their products in a better way.

 Key words: Contagion effect, cognitive style, source property, presentation type.


This article reflects on some methodological issues in the study of tafsīr, taking the dissemination of the ideas of Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240) on the non-perpetuity of the chastisement of Hell in Sufi tafsīr as a case study. I show that Ibn ʿArabī's ideas on the issue were hardly adopted by later Sufi commentators on the Qurʾān. I investigate whether just as its exoteric counterpart, and despite the claim of Sufi tafsīr being rooted in 'experience' and thus being more 'original', Sufi tafsīr is 'genealogical' and is thus more conservative in its content. Although the Sufi genre of tafsīr generally seems more willing to include Sufi sayings and ideas from outside the boundaries of the genre, this does not make it adaptive of the non-mainstream ideas of Ibn ʿArabī on Hell proposed outside the genre. This brings up some considerations on the use and usability of tafsīr as a source of intellectual history.


Based on a spherical shell structure and the graded finite potential well model, the interface effects on the energy level shifts of bound states in a semiconductor quantum dot heterostructure were analyzed and calculated. It indicates that the interface effects are fairly significant when the quantum dots are in the strong confinement region.


The purpose of this study was to know the passion fruit agroindustry environment in Gowa District and to formulate an agribusiness development strategy of passion fruits. The research employed survey method and use qualitatively and quantitatively approaches, also by formulating data by using analysis of internal and external factors, matrix analysis of IE (internal-external), and finally conducting it in Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis to formulate development strategy of passion fruit agroindustry. There are five combinations of procedures that need to be implemented to achieve development strategy such as developing a variety of passion fruit products, make a unique and attractive design of products, institutional strengthening in agroindustry passion fruit, the use of information technology for marketing products and improving coordination between stakeholders (government, farmers, traders, processors) need to be implemented. For practitioners and consultants the findings of this study should enhance their ability in empowering the small scale business of agroindustry in developing their business by encouraging them to produce derived products; Performs innovation on display packaging; Institutional strengthening and using information technology for products marketing; also improves coordination between stakeholders (government, farmers, traders, processors). This research fills a gap in the literature as there has been minimal prior research with the specific focus on development strategy in passion fruit processing SMEs business; thus, it develops a foundation for further study in this area.


Objective: To investigate shear bond strength and define fracture patterns of three all-ceramic systems.Methods: Lava Frame,Vita In-Ceram Alumina,IPS Empress Ⅱ and metal blanks were produced into microbars(13.0mm×5.0mm×5.4mm) following each manufacturers's recommendation.The veneering ceramics were added to core specimens then sintered.Specimens were subjected to shear force in a universal testing machine.Fractured specimens were evaluated microscopically to determine the failure modes.Results: The mean shear strength were 11.40±1.08MPa for Lava Frame bonded to Lava Ceram,9.44±1.23MPa for Vita In-Ceram Alumina bonded to VM9,25.56±1.70MPa for IPS Empress II bonded to IPS Eris,27.02±2.06MPa for metal ceramic control.IPS Empress II and metal ceramic control exhibited significantly higher shear bond strength than other two all-ceramic groups tested(P 0.05).Shear bond strength of IPS Empress II and metal ceramic control were not significantly different(P 0.05).There were no significant difference of shear bond strength between Lava and Vita systems(P 0.05).The fracture patterns of Lava,Vita and metal ceramic systems were cohesive failure in the veneer and adhesive failure at the interface.IPS Empress Ⅱ exhibited cohesive failure in both core and veneer.Conclusion: Eris applied to IPS-Empress Ⅱ showed highest shear strength value and was not different from metal ceramic control.Fracture occurred predominantly in the veneer for Lava,Vita and metal ceramic systems and in the core for IPS Empress Ⅱ.


Boron nitride nanotubes film was directly gown onto nickel substrate by nitriding the ball-milled mixture of amorphous boron and magnesium oxide powder at 1 150 ℃. The product was fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, scan electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The growth mechanism was also reasonably discussed.


Techniques of Submillimeter Astronomy.- Receiver Technology.- Techniques and Results of Millimeter Interferometry.- Molecular Cloud Chemistry.- Shocks in Diffuse and Dense Molecular Clouds.- Mass Loss from Evolved Stars and Submillimeter Observations.- Radiation Processes.- The Galactic Nucleus at Millimeter, Submillimeter and Far-Infrared Wavelengths.- The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation.- Large Molecular-Cloud Complexes.- CO and H2 in Galaxies.- Continuum Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei.- Millimetre, Submillimetre Astronomy and Cosmology.- Appendix: The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope.- Object Index.


The problems of visualization of the main indicators during comparative, demonstration or other field tests of agricultural machinery for participants and shareholders are stated. A LED screen based on a developed controller connected to a measuring information system or a computer and displaying the values of the required parameters of the tested equipment is proposed.


Superconducting filter technology enables highly selective and sensitive base-station receivers for wireless communications. The performance analysis of a superconducting receiver, which is inherently a nonlinear system, is simplified by introducing the concept of an effective frequency response. With this approach, superconducting filters are shown to be ideal for applications that require steep rejection at the edges of a communication band. In contrast, filter nonlinearities decrease the order of the effective frequency response of a cascaded bandpass filter, thus reducing its stop-band rejection.


The EU funded project, Convergence of IP-based Services for Mobile Users and Networks in DVB-T and UMTS Systems (CISMUNDUS), is creating an example sports service that incorporates rich multimedia content using lowcost broadcast channe ls, such as DVB-T, while using a mobile telecom network (GPRS/UMTS) for more specialized information and personal transactions. Whilst the terminal, service provisioning servers, broadband and broadcast access networks and application provisioning tools are being constructed the user interface has been designed and fast prototyped. The early user trials have been conducted using a simulation of the sports scenario. This paper presents the results of these early user trials.


A radioisotope thermophotovoltaic (RTPV) system effectively converts the decay heat of radioisotopes into electricity via thermally radiated photons. In this work, a 500‐W thermal heat source unit including 238PuO2 radioisotope fuel, shielding material, and selective emitter is designed from the viewpoint of radiation safety, thermal performance, and overall conversion efficiency by considering various shielding materials, fuel configurations, and packing factor (PF), defined as the ratio of fuel region volume to total heat source enclosure volume including fuel cladding and shield. The design study starts with a reference cubic configuration and extends to the more complicated configurations having separate cylindrical fuels. The results of the study showed that the heat source unit design suggested here can reduce the total radiation dose, peak neutron fluence, and maximum temperature using separate cylindrical fuel rods. For example, a design having a separated 3 × 3 cylindrical fuel rod array of 30% PF increases the overall efficiency by ~39% with similar maximum temperature and radiation doses in comparison with the reference heat source unit with a single cubic module and a 10% PF. This demonstrates the importance of the proper design of the RTPV heat source unit.


This paper presents a case study of a male client with co-occurring addictive and psychological problems. The aim is to describe this client's treatment within an inpatient facility that provided integrated care for those diagnosed with both mental illness and substance abuse. The course of treatment from admission to discharge and follow-up are discussed in an effort to provide a detailed account of the treatment modalities used to best help this client. Implications for counselling clients with similar issues and concerns are discussed.


Problems in sports medicine is elaborately expounded with respect to anatomy and physiological structure,mechanism,diagnostic,and treatment.From many review articles,it is found that the physiological structure and function of knee joint are not so clear to many people,which results in injury to meniscus after some improper actions.Our results assist patients in recovery from the injury,and provide them with prevention measures.


A new radio transmitting station has recently been built by the Post Office on a 700-acre site adjacent to the original Rugby station. The 28 transmitters installed are suitable for independent-sideband operation in the frequency range 4?27.5 Mc/s, provide 30kW peak envelope power and can carry both multi-channel telephone and multi-channel telegraph signals. Upwards of 70 aerials (mainly rhombics) will be provided and will cover transmissions beamed on all the main traffic routes. In the design of the station attention has been focused particularly on flexibility, whereby the maximum use can be made of the plant with the minimum staff. This has been achieved by careful attention to the design of the building; by the maximum standardization of equipment; by the segregation of low-and high-power equipment; by the provision of remotely controlled frequency-changing and aerial-switching; and by the inclusion of a central control position from which the station is operated. Staff at this position can start and stop any transmitter, switch to any one of six predetermined frequencies and to the required aerial, fully monitor its performance and quickly locate a fault. The new station was brought into service in October, 1954, and formally opened on the 28th July, 1955; experience of its operation has fully justified the basic design considerations employed in its planning.


Protection Association (NFPA). NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals, Chapter 9 Tantalum and Annex E, supplemental Information on Tantalum require cutting oil be used when machining tantalum because it burns at such a high temperature that it breaks down the water in a water-based metalworking fluid (MWF). The NFPA guide devotes approximately 20 pages to this material. The Kansas City Plant (KCP) uses Fuchs Lubricants Ecocut Base 44 LVC as a MWF. This is a highly chlorinated oil with a high flash point (above 200° F). The chlorine is very helpful in preventing BUE (Built Up Edge) that occurs frequently with this very gummy material. The Ecocut is really a MWF additive that Fuchs uses to add chlorinated fats to other non-chlorinated MWF.


The gene encoding topoisomerase I (PfFopol) from the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum was isolated using two methods. (a) PCR of a cDNA library using oligonucleotides modelled on highly conserved regions of sequences from other species, isolated a 900bp fragment of the gene. (b) The entire Pifopol open reading frame was obtained from a HinD fflJEcoRI genomic library after screening with a random-labelled heterologous Topol probe from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA sequence analysis indicated an open reading frame of 2520 nucleotides, encoding a deduced protein of 839 amino acids with no detectable introns. Two large amino acid inserts were present in the PfTopol gene sequence which were present in both the genomic and cDNA indicating that they were not introns. The predicted amino acid sequence was compared with homologous sequences of other type I topoisomerases. On average, PfTopol showed around 40% identity with all the sequences examined, with the Topol sequence from man showing the highest level of homology. The gene is present as a single copy on chromosome 5 and Northern analysis identified a transcript of 3.8kb. The PtTopol open reading frame was cloned into prokaryotic expression vectors in order to express, purify and assay the recombinant protein for Topol relaxation activity. Both the full length PfTopol protein and fragments were expressed, although no activity could be detected. However Topol and II activity was observed in both crude and nuclear parasite extracts. Inhibition of the Topol relaxation activity was observed when the type I topoisomerase specific inhibitor, camptothecin, was added to the assay. Stage specific expression of PfTopol during the intraerythrocytic stages of the Plasmodium falciparum life cycle was examined using synchronised parasites. Nuclear run on assays indicate that the promoter is inactive during the early ring stage and is active only in the later mixed trophozoite and schizont stages. Northern analysis show that the PtTopol transcript accumulates in the trophozoites and decreases on entering the schizont stages. Using stage-specific westerns and immunoflourescent assays the PfTopol protein was shown to be at a low level in rings, accumulating to equal levels in trophozoites and schizonts. Moreover, Topol activity assays indicate the highest level of PfTopol activity in schizonts.


The solid-state bonding of ultralow-carbon steels was conducted by hot pressing and subsequent isothermal holding at low temperatures ranging from 873 to 923 K. The evolution of the interfacial strength was found to consist of two stages; the first stage, where the increase in interfacial strength is rapid and significant, and the second stage, where the increase is gradual. The evolution of strength in the first stage primarily takes place in contact regions produced by hot pressing. In the second stage, on the contrary, the evolution seems to result from the increase in the contact regions due to the shrinkage of voids. A molecular dynamics simulation was performed to clarify the atomic behaviour at the interface during the first stage. The results revealed that the disordered atomic arrangement caused by compression was rearranged with increasing isothermal holding time, leading to improved coherency between the contact regions and increased interfacial strength.


Expert contributors discuss AI and big data applications that are being developed for financial services, such as AI-powered intelligent customer service systems; "factories" for data processing, AI, simulation, and visualization; and symbolic AI.


If you can read between the lines, you can save lives. That's the message that we, NHS Borders and other local partners are sending out to mark this year's Suicide Prevention Week (7-11 September).


The transitions of early adulthood and early careers are becoming increasingly disorderly and less predictable than in the past. These changes can be seen as manifestations of the "risk society". Based on surveys and biographical interviews of the life and early career experiences of young adults in Germany and England, generates some insights into the relationships between "transition behaviour" and career outcomes, with reference to contrasting labour markets and the interfaces between personal lives, work and learning. While focusing on comparisons between the labour markets in the former West Germany, reference is also made to the emerging situation in the eastern part of Germany. Concludes that policies are required which develop active transition behaviours in young adults, while providing social and economic support to finance studies, reduce risk for the most vulnerable and promote active and autonomous modes of learning trajectories in adult life.


The cytotoxicity of nano‐sized oxides of fourth period metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn), which are widely used in industry, was assessed in two human lung cell lines (A549 & BEAS‐2B). The particles were 16–82 nm in diameter. Toxicity expressed on the bases of particle mass increased with atomic number. Metal oxides altered the cellular redox state, leading to cellular injury as revealed by lipid peroxidation, DNA strand breaks, and membrane depolarization. Oxidative stress produced by exposure to metal oxide nanoparticles also perturbed certain cellular signaling pathways, induced the expression of cell death‐related genes, and compromised the ability of cells to maintain a low concentration of intracellular calcium. Synergistic interactions between intracellular [Ca2+] and OS are a likely contributing factor. While [Ca2+] and OS affect the activity of each other, they induce cell death by distinct pathways. We evaluated the contributions of physicochemical properties of metal oxides to the initiation of cellular oxidative stress. Particle surface charge, particle surface available binding sites, and metal dissolution highly correlated with oxidative response. Our results can inform design of safer nanomaterials for applications in biomedical science.


Bell, Darren T. M.S.M.E., Purdue University, December 2016. Scaling of Strength and Toughness for 3D Printed Polymer Specimens. Major Professor: Thomas H. Siegmund, School of Mechanical Engineering. To find material systems that offer low density and high strength, stiffness or toughness, hierarchically designed material systems have provided a promising research area. This thesis lays the groundwork for designing efficient micro-architectured material systems by characterizing size effects for 3d printed polymer parts. Two methods were used to analyze data from 3-point bend tests for specimens of varying size: the load-separation method was used for finding the point of crack growth initiation and Bazant's method was used to find shape independent strength at failure. The strength values were used as inputs for finding size independent material constants within a thermodynamic scaling law model. Such material constants were found to not be universally applicable across the size scales being considered because the scaling law displayed non-monotonic behavior. The strength values showed a local maximum before decreasing at the smallest length scales. These results are compared to similar analytical and experimental results for both quasi-brittle materials and metals. Effects due to fractal crack propagation and specimen homogeneity are ruled out in consideration of the evidence for multiple size effects. Support is provided to show that the PolyJet process produces layers of varying elastic modulus, the thickness of which act as a characteristic length scale and reverse the energetic scaling law. The study concludes with recommendations for further work to confirm this hypothesis.


We attempted to determine the incidence of Saint's triad, which is generally believed to be a rare disease. The subjects were 354 patients with cholelithiasis and 164 patients with diverticulosis of the colon who had been examined for the presence or absence of diverticulosis of the colon, esophageal hiatal hernia and cholelithiasis during the last 10 years. Of these patients, 10 had Saint's triad. The incidence was 2.82% for patients with cholelithiasis and 6.1% for those with diverticulosis of the colon. Most of the 10 patients were elederly females, all of whom had visited our hospital for cholelithiasis. Eight of them underwent surgery for cholelithiasis. Although one of the eight patients underwent surgery for esophageal hiatal hernia with the surgery for cholelithiasis, no patient underwent surgery for diverticulosis of the colon. Saint's triad is not considered a rare syndrome in Japan, like in other countries. The pathogeneis of the syndrome remains unknown, but it seems clinically important to recognize that the rate of occurrence of this triad is high.


Print media plays a significant role during disasters as it is one of the most widely used modes of communicating important information to the masses. Every media has different agenda to highlight in such a scenario. While some media may portray the devastation, others may expose the failures of the system. The article pursues four of the most read English newspapers in India out of which three are also local favourites of Uttarakhand, which are selected on the basis of their readership, to examine how print media disseminated the news of Uttarakhand floods 2013—whether it was playing an important role in awareness generation and mitigation or it was concerned with only reporting situational information. The authors use qualitative content analysis to map print media's interventions during Uttarakhand disaster in 2013. Media framed most of the Uttarakhand flood stories by stressing widely on the response and less often focusing on the level of preparedness of the community. Most of the stories covered information related to rescue operation, while very few stories concentrated upon awareness generation, mitigation and redevelopment. Often the messages conveyed by the media pertain to 'during-disaster' and 'post-disaster' phases. It is evident from this study that efforts of media are least in educating people and disseminating information on disaster before it strikes. In the concluding note, authors specify the road to better disaster management and provide an input for policymakers and media agencies for a coordinated approach.


The internal torsional modes in a range of methyl halogenocompounds of elements of group IV have been determined from their inelastic neutron scattering (I.N.S.) spectra; from these values potential barriers to internal rotation are calculated. These values, both of the frequencies of the torsional modes and of the barrier heights are compared with values obtained or estimated by other techniques.


In this work, we used the soft X-ray resonant magnetic reflectivity to study the depth-resolved out-of-plane ( oop) magnetization profile of a CoFeB/MgO sample with W/Ta cap layer after annealing at 400°C. It is a powerful technique to probe buried magnetic interfaces of ultra-thin films by combining the depth-resolved information of X-ray reflectivity with the species selectivity of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. It allowed us to resolve the oop magnetization within a 1.36 nm thick CoFeB layer by the measurement of angle-dependent specular reflectivity at large scattering angles (up to 80°). We determined a graded magnetic distribution for both Fe and Co with a 20% increase at the interface with MgO, decreasing slightly over a thickness of 0.7 nm from MgO before it rapidly decreases to 50% at the interface with W. After applying a non-saturating magnetic field in the plane of the sample, we also quantified a similar magnetization profile with an inclined moment configuration. This indicates that the magnetization gradient is a robust property of the CoFeB layer in the studied sample.


Our goal was to describe the biodiversity and associated landscape diversity and forest cover characteristics within the network of terrestrial protected areas in Puerto Rico. We conducted spatial analysis to quantify different indicators of diversity at these sites. We found that protected areas in Puerto Rico overlap the most species-rich regions on the island, encompass a diverse landscape, are dominated by core forest, and include predicted habitats for 31 threatened vertebrate species analyzed here. However, when we calculated the proportion of the biodiversity features that are actually protected, we concluded that most of them need better representation within protected areas. Other available conservation mechanisms that enhance biodiversity conservation could be employed in addition to expanding the current network of protected areas.


A paint spraying apparatus for an inner wall of a pipe is provided to paint the inner wall of the pipe in a stable state although vibration of a motor is transmitted and the height of the inside of the pipe is not equal. A paint spraying apparatus(10) for an inner wall of a pipe is composed of a body(100) comprising front and rear plates(101,102) separated from each other in the predetermined distance, an upper plate(103) installed between the front and rear plates in the predetermined height, and a lower plate mounted on the lower end of the front and rear plates; a body driving unit having a driving part positioned at one side of the upper part of the lower plate and plural lower wheel units(220) mounted on the lower part of the lower plate and connected to the driving part; a hydraulic driving unit(300) disposed on the other side of the upper part of the lower plate; an upper wheel unit installed at the upper part of the upper plate and capable of being extended; a cleaning unit(500) formed at the front plate; a paint spraying unit(600) formed at the rear plate; and a control unit disposed at the lateral side of the driving part of the lower plate to control power supplied to the driving part, the hydraulic driving unit, the cleaning unit, and the paint spraying unit.


The Biological Science Curriculum Study with support from others conducted a three-year project (ENLIST Micros II) to develop and test a model !:or implementing educational computing in science courses. Descriptive data on background characteristics, prior experience with microcomputers, and educational level of the leaders and new participants was gathered. Leaders and new participants evaluated the workshops and seminars using questionnaires. The project used the Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM) developed by the Research and Development Center for Teacher Education at the University of Texas as the approach to evaluating implementation. Leaders and new participants completed the Stages of Concern Questionnaire and the Microcomputer Use in Science Teaching checklist as pretests and posttests to indicate their concerns about and degree of implementing microcomputers in science teaching. By the end of the second year 100 percent of the leaders and 84.6 percent of the new participants were using microcomputers to manage instruction and 92.3 percent of the leaders and 66.7 percent of the new participants indicated that their students were using microcomputers to learn science. The profiles of the leaders and new participants on the Stages of Concern Questionnaire changed from one typical of non-users toward one appropriate for users of an innovation. (Author/MVL) *********************************************** ***** ******************* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ************************************************************ ***** ****** An Evaluation of a Teacher-Enhancement Project on Educational Computing


An experimental network for all-optical packet switching——Optical Resilient Ring(O-RPR) is reported,in the node of which one optical buffer for transition is utilized,and two electrical buffers for down from ring are used and added to ring.In O-RPR network,when the optical data(payload)passes through an intermediate node,the conversion of O/E/O is not needed in order to overcome the bottleneck of O/E/O.The network topology,structure of optical node,data path,control of data path sublayer in MAC and data buffering technologies are reported.


A model with all the radial degrees of freedom frozen is used to simulate the intrashell states of four-valence-electron atomic systems. By inspecting the two- and three-body densities, and by inspecting directly the eigenfunctions in appropriate subspaces, the features of geometric structure and of internal motion have been obtained. The effect of the spatial permutation symmetry has been emphasized. Although the interactions are spin independent, the correlations are found to be strongly spin dependent. All odd-parity states under consideration prefer the conjugate circles (CC) structure (two circles have a common diameter and have their planes vertical to each other). Two modes of motion are found in this structure, namely, the four-body head-on collision mode and the double two-body collisions mode. It is confirmed that the modes found in the quantum states are closely related to periodic solutions of classical mechanics.


This bachelor's thesis is taking us into a dilemma of producing shoes with sight onto flexible production way. In the theoretical part is stitchdown footware described as a unit. Below are mentioned and described work stages characteristic for this sort of footware considering their chronology in production. The practical part includes bacis sorts of stitchdown footware, and is tries to decribe another alternative possibilities of production considering the use of stretching thallus and the combination with other modes of production. The result of this work should be an example of a possible treatment for footware. In that case the maker could be different from the competition.


A guided-mode method is proposed to determine the electro- optic (EO) coefficients of poled polymer waveguides. This method is based on the measurement of the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices in poled polymer waveguides by using the prism coupling technique. The relationship between EO coefficients and the change of the index ellipsoid of poled polymer waveguides caused by an applied electric field are derived. The EO coefficients of corona- poled DANS(4-dimethylamino-4'nitro-stilbene) side-chain polymer waveguides are measured by using this method.


The termination complexity of a given VASS is a function L assigning to every n the length of the longest non-terminating computation initiated in a configuration with all counters bounded by n. We show that for every VASS with demonic nondeterminism and every fixed k, the problem whether L ϵ Gk, where Gk is the k-th level in the Grzegorczyk hierarchy, is decidable in polynomial time. Furthermore, we show that if L ϵ G, then L grows at least as fast as the generator Fk+1 of Gk+1. Hence, for every terminating VASS, the growth of L can be reasonably characterized by the least k such that L ϵ Gk. Furthermore, we consider VASS with both angelic and demonic nondeterminism, i.e., VASS games where the players aim at lowering/raising the termination time. We prove that for every fixed k, the problem whether L ϵ Gk for a given VASS game is NP-complete. Furthermore, if L ϵ Gk, then L grows at least as fast as Fk+1.


The Penal Execution Law provides that assistance should be given to the detainee in various areas, including material, by the State; in this way, the physical structure of prisons is essential to guarantee the rights elucidated in this law. However, what has been observed is that such prisons in Minas Gerais don't have adequate physical structure. In this sense, the present study intends to investigate how the architecture works in the period of custody and how it can enable the recover. Therefore, the methods of data collection used were bibliographic research, documentary research, semi-structured interview and non-participant observation through field research. The work also aimed to identify the main bottlenecks of the Prison System of Minas Gerais and the factors that interfere in the possibilities of the architecture to guarantee the rights in the period of custody and the recover. The findings of the study revealed that there is no pattern of prison architecture in Minas Gerais due to the construction of the prisons undertaken at different times and the lack of planning of a Prison System; the guarantee of some of the rights elucidated in the Penal Execution Law is compromised due to the absence of functional spaces in prisons and conjunctural bottlenecks – overcrowding and shortage of financial resources – compromise the already deficient physical structure of the prisons and therefore the possibilities that architecture can offer. It was also observed that the urban context in which the prisons are located and the aesthetic aspect of the architecture reflect intentions of repression or recovery and therefore exert an influence on the recovery.


The cognitive paradigm allows exploiting spectral resources, generally allocated for licensed systems, as 'secondary' users. When this paradigm is applied to television broadcasting, the unused frequencies are called 'white spaces'. In this work we reports some experimental results of a 802.11-based system that uses a 'white space' for providing a bidirectional service in order to overcome the digital divide problem in an alpine valley.


Learning Objectives: After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Demonstrate an anatomic approach to eyelid reconstruction. 2. Manage common and complex eyelid defects by utilizing a reconstructive strategy outlined in the article. Summary: Reconstruction of the eyelids after excision of skin cancer can be challenging. Knowledge of surgical eyelid anatomy and appropriate preoperative planning are critical in order to perform eyelid reconstruction and minimize complications and the need for reoperation. The fundamental principle for full-thickness eyelid reconstruction is based on reconstructing the subunits of the eyelid, including the anterior and posterior lamellae as well as the tarsoligamentous sling.


It has been a pleasure to review recent Ph.D. theses and to conclude that our dicipline continues to be enriched by the work of new entrants. The reading also reconfirms a conviction that differing methodologies are not in conflict but contribute each in its own way.


Excimer laser refractive surgery aims to correct lower order eye aberrations such as myopia, astigmatism and hyperopia by altering the shape of the corneal curvature through the ablation of corneal tissue. Early excimer systems were associated with concerns over post-operative complications, such as night-time driving problems, glare and halos. Furthermore, it was difficult to prevent or treat higher-order aberrations with these early systems (and conventional refractive surgery procedures). Innovations in excimer laser technology have led to the introduction of excimer laser systems with enhanced features, such as high repetition rates and customised ablation profiles, improving the safety and effectiveness of this type of surgery and allowing a broad range of patients to be treated, including those with higher-order aberrations. This article discusses these innovations in excimer laser refractive technology, focusing on the clinical use of the recently introduced WaveLight® EX500 Excimer Laser system.


In this project work, we apply the recursive and adaptive backstepping techniques to design
appropriate nonlinear control functions for the control and synchronization of the 4D
hyperchaotic Lorenz-type system with fully unknown parameters.
Through numerical simulation, the designed nonlinear controllers are shown to be capable of
stabilizing the hyperchaotic Lorenz-type system at any point.Also, the designed adaptive
backstepping controllers are verified to be effective in globally synchronizing two
hyperchaotic Lorenz-type systems evolving from different initial conditions.
The unknown parameters are determined and the results obtained show the feasibility and
effectiveness of the designed controllers.


Business instabilities due to cybersecurity attacks and data breaches make cyber risk strategic decision making a critical part of a company's business operation. Co-operation and competition among interacting businesses make it increasingly challenging to quantify the risks and understanding the organization's socially optimal level of investment in cybersecurity. This paper investigates the role of social preferences in decision making under cyber risks and uncertainties created by incorporated externalities.


© 2008 The Authors JEADV 2009, 23, 835–862 Journal compilation © 2008 European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology deletion of gene previously associated with IFAP.8 Recently, lyonization in females heterozygous for IFAP has been reported.9 The phenotype of some affected females are not dissimilar to affected males; however, the heterozygote female group, as described by Könnig and Happle, has not been completely characterized.9 Lesions are, as in our patient, typically arranged along Blaschko's lines. Although described as non-scarring alopecia, this has not been confirmed histologically in reported cases (Happle personal communication) and may prove to be scarring as in our patient. The prognosis of IFAP is variable with cutaneous lesions improving with keratolytics, topical steroids and emollients. Topical retinoids generally cause irritation, but systemic retinoids maybe beneficial. Acitretin has been reported to improve the skin and corneal erosions, but not the alopecia or photophobia.10 We suggest that our patient falls within the newly described 'lyonization in females heterozygous for IFAP' group.9 Accumulation of cases and further genetic analysis may elucidate the inheritance and pathogenesis of IFAP.


The deep-sea hydrothermal velocity measurement system based on laser Doppler is mainly used for in-situ accurate measurement of deep-sea hydrothermal velocity. Due to the high-pressure environment of the deep-sea hydrothermal area, the optical window of the measurement system will be deformed under pressure, attenuating the energy of the scattered light received by the system. The system selects sapphire as the compressive window material, uses finite element analysis to simulate the compressive deformation of the optical window at a sea depth of 4000 meters (40MPa), and fits the deformed optical window to the optical design software. The simulation result shows the deep-sea high pressure will reduce the energy utilization rate of the measurement system by 43%. Through the optimized design of the optical system, the laser intensity utilization rate has been increased by 52.2% to meet actual application requirements.