IntroductionThe goal of this project is to document the creative process of a jazz group often referred to as "jamming" from a historical, social, and musical perspective, and offer strategies for transfer of the findings to any group setting. While there are some authors who have drawn parallels between the creative process of jazz musicians and general creative thinking techniques,1 this article adds an in-depth historical and social perspective based on personal interviews, surveys, and a variety of historical documents. The broadened scope of "jam" settings and historical evolution enlightens the dynamics and social context of the creative process and also preserves essential historical facts of the first century of jazz history. In addition, analysis of the "jazz jam" process reveals seven factors that facilitate group creativity. Definitions and examples of these factors frame a possible model for innovative group interaction, thus serving the needs of our current creative economy.Originally used as a verb, jam indicated cramming as many musicians as possible into one room. Carr, Fairweather, and Priestley (1987) suspect though that the idea of cramming the maximum number of ideas into each solo comes closer. The term jam session came to denote informal gatherings of musicians allowing for extended playing opportunities away from the demands of their regular jobs. The sessions also bring together artists from different bands and diverse playing levels.Paul Berliner (1994) points out that sessions may arise spontaneously when musicians drop in on each other at practice studios. They might arrange invitational practice sessions lasting a long time, often playing one single tune for hours. Such relaxed environments were ideal for learning and the exploration of new ideas. Of course, nightclubs often offered more formally organized sessions during afternoons, after hours, or for Sunday matinees. Art Farmer recalls2 just walking the streets at night and going from one place to another. Sometimes musicians would distinguish those sessions in terms of skills of the participants. Certain clubs hosted groups with more advanced players and potential jammers would not dare to sit in until they knew the repertoire. Probably some of the most documented and well-known sessions were in the 1940s in Minton's Playhouse, Monroe's Uptown House, and Small's Paradise Club in Harlem. On the other hand, other settings often not perceived as jam environments, such as "Jazz at the Philharmonic" or performances by "Riff' Big Bands were crucial in developing the language and etiquette of jazz performance in form of a repertoire of common beginnings and endings, accompaniment patterns, stylistic conventions, as well as musical skills for the participants.Throughout its historical development from the New Orleans red light districts to concert halls, from party music to art form, from segregation to worldwide integration, from musical illiteracy to integration into the university curricula, the model of the jazz combo combining improvisation with collaboration has proven successful as an incubator for innovation and creativity. As economic development increasingly depends on novel ideas and creative group interaction, the study of the dynamics of the jazz model and factors influencing the process of group creation could encourage new models of entrepreneurship and business innovation. In his book Jamming - the Art and Discipline of Business Creativity (1996) John Kao takes a similar approach by analyzing the process of creative thinking as an analogy to a group of jamming jazz musicians.This article presents an analysis of the historical and social context of the jazz jam session as a tool for training young musicians, developing creativity, and professional networking. Based on interviews and excerpts from oral histories with prominent jazz musicians as well as survey data and personal experience as touring jazz musicians, a series of factors were identified that shape the creative group process in the jam session model. …


The present invention relates to the proteins and genes, and their novel use relates to the novel GPCR proteins and encoding the (G Protein Coupled Receptor) gene. More particularly, to a novel GPCR polypeptide, polynucleotide, said polynucleotide or a recombinant vector comprising a fragment thereof, and a host cell transformed with the transgenic vector encoding the polypeptide animal. In addition, a gene of this invention cancer diagnostic kit, and novel GPCR polypeptides and encoding it, including the novel GPCR mRNA or cancer composition for the markers detected, including the preparation for measuring the level of expression of its protein genes, the composition It relates to a method of detection. The present invention relates to the treatment of cancer, and preventive compositions comprising a GPCR agents that inhibit the expression or activity of the invention, and the screening method of the novel GPCR modulators, or cancer therapeutic agent of the present invention. GPCR, oncogenes, oncogene, cancer, diagnosis, screening


We carried out routine examinations with ultrasonography, contrast CT scan, MRCP, and blood tests to diagnose pancreatic cancer early in asymptomatic subjects since August 2016. Since health insurance did not cover these examinations, all subjects underwent this evaluation at their own expense. By De-cember 2018, 92 people had been evaluated. If an abnormality was found, the subsequent examinations such as EUS, medical treatment and observation were covered by health insurance. Reviewing the re-sults, it was striking that 37% of subjects had a family history of pancreatic cancer as a motive for this evaluation. We found that 66% of healthy individuals had biliary or pancreatic abnormalities. Three cases of malignant tumors (pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, gallbladder cancer, and recurrence of renal cell carcinoma) were diagnosed but there was no patient with pancreatic cancer. MRCP was generally supe-rior for the detection of pancreatic lesions, but the detection rate of other modalities was higher depend-ing on the individual. We hope that this study is useful for establishing a surveillance method for patients at high risk of developing pancreatic cancer.


Objective To know about the awareness of AIDS among MSM in Kunming City,and to discuss its influencing factors.Methods MSM who had voluntary consultation and test for HIV/AIDS in Yunnan Rainbow Sky Working Team from December 2011 to August 2012 were selected as samples.The ways of questionnaire survey and qualitative interview were adopted to collect data.Results The overall awareness rate was 94.0%,the rate of HIV-seropositivity group was 92.0%,the rate of control group was 94.5%.Non-conditional Logistic regression analysis showed that having entered into the circle of MSM 1 to 5 years(OR=3.316,95% CI:1.992-6.751)was the risk factor of awareness of AIDS.In marriage(OR=0.032,95% CI: 0.004-0.337),college degree or above(OR=0.296,95% CI:0.012-0.385),had counseling and detection for AIDS(OR=0.696,95% CI:0.039-0.917),inspection and therapy for STD(OR=0.653,95% CI:0.306-0.927),receiving publicity materials(OR=0.571,95% CI:0.202-0.997),knowledge about AIDS coming from consulting service(OR=0.023,95% CI: 0.001-0.450),and the Internet(OR=0.225,95% CI:0.000-0.516) were the protective factors of awareness of AIDS.Conclusions We should strengthen the AIDS health education among MSM who having entered into the circle of MSM in relatively short time(1-5 years),meanwhile,increase the AIDS and STD consulting detection and treatment,enlarge the issue of propaganda material and the internet health education.


Garment washing becomes more and more popular in recent two decades, while the investigation of its water reclamation was rare. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) become an increasingly used technology in wastewater treatment because of their unique advantages like controlled biomass retention, good effluent quality, and decreased footprint. The auxiliaries in garment washing, especially silicate and silicone oil, could cause catastrophic membrane fouling. Coagulation as pretreatment of garment washing wastewater before membrane separation is necessary. Hydrolysis–acidification enhances the biodegradability for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in MBR. Subsequent nanofiltration (NF) produces better water quality with lower hardness, COD and conductivity. Membrane bioreactor effluent is proved to be sufficient for garment washing with the same quality as fresh water.


Objective To provide a rational arrangement for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) complicated with fungus infection with our limited cost.Methods 60 cases of COPD complicated with fungus infection in hospital were selected:A group(fluconazole,200mg,ivdrip,qd×7d);B group(fluconazole,200mg ivdrip qd×3d,then 150mg po,qd×7d);C group:fluconazole,150mg po,qd×10d).The plans were evaluated by pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness analysis.Result The cost-effectiveness ratio of three methods was 55.38,27.83,16.02,respectively.Conclusion Methods C is the best one.


ABSTRACT
 The main pest that often attacks sweet corn crops is Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and causes damage. Pest control can be done using botanical insecticide bintaro plants (Cerbera manghas L.) The aim of this research was to get an effective concentration of bintaro leaf flour extract against of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. The research was carried out experimentally at the Laboratory of Plant Pests, Agricultural Faculty, University of Riau, by using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of the several levels of concentration of bintaro leaf flour extract, 40 g.l-1 water, 60 g.l-1 water, 80 g.l-1 water and 100 g.l-1 water. The parameters observed were initial time of death (hours), lethal time 50 (hours), and total mortality (%). The results showed that bintaro leaf extract with a concentration of 80 g.l-1 water was an effective concentration to control H. armigera pests which could cause a total mortality of 82% with an initial death of 15,4 hours after application and lethal time 50 (LT50) 57,4 hours after application.
Keywords: Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, Bintaro plants, Botanical insecticide


Many diagnostic assays require temperature-controlled sample storage and shipment to ensure accuracy. Here we present, the Labcorp TrueTherm, designed for thermal-controlled shipment of small volume blood samples. The reusable TrueTherm combines a stainless steel vacuum bottle with a custom internal cold pack and insulating stopper. Users refrigerate the cold pack to protect against warm or cold temperature excursions. The whole system is relatively compact, measuring about 10in (25cm) in length, 3 inches (8cm) in diameter, and 2.5 pounds (1kg) in weight.

 In order to evaluate thermal performance, the TrueTherm system was exposed to both ISTA-7D summer and winter conditions and internal temperature was recorded for 96hrs. Subsequently, venous blood samples were collected from n = 40 subjects, and immediately aliquoted into BD SST (Serum separator) Microtainers®. For each subject, sub-samples were subjected to centrifugal separation (provided by the Labcorp TrueSpinTM battery-powered centrifuge), serum removal, and 24hr insulated shipping on ice packs compared to a variety of 72hr cross-country shipping conditions with and without centrifugal separation and with and without insulated packaging (including TrueTherm) during August 2022.

 TrueTherm maintained temperature between 2 and 20C for 72hrs under simulated summer and winter conditions. Under actual cross-country summer commercial shipping conditions, both centrifugal separation and thermal control via TrueTherm expanded the number of valid analytes compared to unprotected whole blood (see Table 1).

 The results suggest that TrueTherm is an effective system for protecting small blood samples from thermal extremes during extended shipping. Portable thermal moderation was complimentary with portable centrifugal separation to maximize stability of common analytes.


A convenient synthesis of both 5 beta,17 alpha-19-norpregn-20-yne-3 beta,17-diol (1) and 5 beta,17 alpha-19-norpregn-20-yne-3 alpha,17-diol (2) in multigram quantities from estr-4-ene-3,17-dione is reported. Full characterization of these often-cited human metabolites of norethindrone is presented for the first time.


Abstract The recent years saw the rise in discourse to undo the liberal-democratic amendments introduced between 1999 and 2002 and restore the Indonesian 1945 Constitution to its original 1945 version. Some Indonesian public figures believe that these amendments are not legitimate, because they are deemed to have eliminated the basic values of the original 1945 Constitution which was built on the "integralist" concept as propounded by its main architect Soepomo. According to the integralist conception, the state should be seen as a family in which the government played a role as a wise father who can bring its people to the right choice. This article seeks to prove that these amendments are legitimate although they constitute a "dismemberment" of the original 1945 Constitution. This is because the original 1945 Constitution was formed only by a handful of elites in an institution established by the Japanese occupying power in early 1945. By contrast, the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People's Consultative Assembly) who was in charge of the four amendments to the 1945 Constitution had a greater democratic legitimacy compared to the drafters of the original Constitution given that they were elected through the 1999 elections. Furthermore, the original 1945 Constitution was never intended to operate beyond the Indonesian revolutionary period, which ended in 1949. It was expected that the document be significantly changed or even replaced by the People's Consultative Assembly through the amendment process.


Battelle scientists are involved in the development of a real-time multispectral imaging and classification system which can be taken into the field to support automated target/background discrimination. The system also has applications in environmental remote sensing, industrial inspection and medical imaging. The Battelle-developed system consists of a passive, multispectral imaging Electro-Optical (E-O) sensor suite and a real-time digital data collection and data fusion image processor. The E-O sensor suite, able to collect imagery in 12 distinct wavebands from the ultraviolet (UV) through the long wave infrared (LWIR), consists of five charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras and two thermal IR imagers integrated on a common platform. The data collection and processing system consists of video switchers, recorders and a real-time sensor fusion/classification hardware system which takes any three wavebands as input and fuses the bands together by applying look-up tables, derived from tailored neural network algorithms, to classify the scene. The result is then visualized in a video format on a full color, 9-inch, active matrix Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). A variety of classification algorithms including artificial neural networks and data clustering techniques were successfully optimized to perform pixel-level classification of imagery in complex scenes. The optimized classification algorithm is used to populate the look-up tables in the real-time sensor fusion board for use in the field.<<ETX>>


Abstract Since 1968, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has stocked coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Lake Michigan as spring yearlings (14–16 months old) and as accelerated-growth fall fingerlings (9 months old). We compared accelerated-growth with spring yearling groups to evaluate (1) return rates of jacks and adults to spawning weirs and to the sport fishery, (2) growth rates, and (3) cost–benefit ratios. Returns to spawning weirs and Wisconsin anglers showed similar patterns. Return rates of jacks were similar for fish stocked as fingerlings and yearlings and were higher in the Root River than in the Kewaunee River for both stocking strategies. The weir and angler rates for adults were higher for fish stocked as yearlings than as fingerlings and were higher in the Root River than in the Kewaunee River for both stocking strategies. Estimated return rates of adults to Wisconsin anglers ranged from 0.0% to 5.4% for fish stocked as fingerlings and from 0.1% to 15.6% for fish stocked as yearl...


In this paper a direct derivation of the dynamics of objects moving with relativistic speeds is presented, based on two assumptions: (i) energy and mass of an object in motion are equivalent (mass-energy equivalence, known in special relativity and confirmed in experiments), (ii) an object can be considered as a variable-mass object with mass increasing with velocity (in some interpretations referred to as relativistic mass). In the presented approach the postulate on the constancy of the speed of light is not necessary. Also, the four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime is not used and no assumptions on symmetries are made. Therefore, it applies for sub- and superluminal speeds with the speed of light in a vacuum c being the critical speed, which separates the two interesting regions of speeds. The solution for v c opens an unknown and unintuitive behavior, which should be subjected to experimental investigation. In the range of superluminal speeds, a solution in which the energy of the material particle decreases as its speed increases is obtained. The critical speed in media other than a vacuum should be replaced to a speed environment-dependent, other than c.


In the article,it particularly deals with the construction model of the multihomed IIS server,and detailedly studies the route model realization for the multihomed IIS server,taking the IIS server of Yibin University Advanced Courses as an example.


The development process of sodium cyanide industry in China has been reviewed.The technological level and effecting factors of some technological routes for the preparation of sodium cyanide,such as light oil cracking.Andrussovl and acrylonitrile by-product methods are stated.The current status,existing problems and prospect in future of sodium cyanide industry in China are also analyzed.


Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) conducted in 2010, data of 5,670 adults who responded to all the questionnaires of health interview and had metabolic syndrome in the health examination were included in this analysis. SAS 9.2 was used for statistical analysis with complex sample survey modules and commands.


Studies now in progress in this laboratory suggest that acute reduction of arterial pressure in some hypertensive patients is followed immediately by an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in hematocrit and plasma protein. In order to study this phenomenon further, it seemed worthwhile to perform the reverse experiment, i.e., acute elevation of the arterial pressure. Levarterenol (Levophed®) was selected as the pressor agent, first because it produces hemodynamic changes resembling those of hypertension, and second because the arterial pressure could be increased significantly in an asymptomatic fashion. A review of the literature in reference to the volume of blood and its components after administration of pressor substances is confusing. Prior to 1941, as many investigators found an increase in plasma volume as a decrease (1-4). In 1941, Ebert and Stead (5), and in 1942 Kaltreider, Meneely, and Allen (6), independently found hemoconcentration following epinephrine and explained that the previous discrepancies were due to the fact that other investigators were not allowing time for mixing of dye and plasma prior to the experimental period. At that time, no definite conclusions could be drawn regarding the effect of epinephrine on red cell mass since only indirect methods were available. The evidence suggested, however, that a few red cells were added to the circulation following epinephrine. It was hoped that the simultaneous measurement


Background: The relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus has been shown to be associated with activation of innate immunity. This is characterised by an altered inflammatory state in the diseased individuals. The present study assesses the effect of SRP (scaling and root planning) on some inflammatory markers in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and without diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 168 individuals with generalized chronic periodontitis (CAL ≥ 3mm; American Association of Periodontology criteria 1999) were divided into two groups. Group I (CP): Non-diabetics (F Glucose≤ 5.5 mmol/L); n= 86; and Group II (CPDM): Diabetics (F Glucose≥ 7.0 mmol/L WHO 2006 criteria); n= 82. Their periodontal status was evaluated on the scale of gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). The biochemical inflammatory markers assessed were Interleukins –6, –10, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP). The periodontal therapy (SRP) was performed on the individuals from both the groups and a follow-up was done after three months. Results: Individuals in the CPDM group showed significantly higher inflammation (p≤0.05) than those in the CP group. SRP reveals significant improvement (p≤0.001) in the study parameters compared to their corresponding pre-treatment values in both the groups. The extent of improvement, that is relative percentage change, also differed significantly (p≤0.05) between the groups. Conclusion: The patients with diabetes and periodontitis demonstrated higher oral and systemic inflammation compared to non-diabetics. The SRP therapy was effective in improving clinical and biochemical markers. However, the extent of improvement was lower in diabetic patients than those in the non-diabetic patients.


The Group I paracolon bacilli formed biochemically a stable group. They fermented glucose, maltose, mannite, and dulcite, but not saccharose. Most of them could be distinguished from Salmonella organisms by the late fermentation of lactose or the production of indole. Many resembled the Newcastle bacillus in being late-dulcite fermenters. Serologically 75% of the strains were identical, each containing the A antigen. Some formed a separate group containing the A antigen, and Bact. alkalescens antigen and the C antigen of some Group III strains. The A strains are probably identical with those of Dudgeon & Pulvertaft (1927), but their strains were described as being motile. All Group I strains had minor agglutinins in common with the dysentery bacilli, particularly when freshly isolated. Most of Dudgeon's strains were isolated from cases of urinary infection, but in the present investigation almost all were isolated from the discharges of infants with diarrhoea and enteritis. This organism may be regarded as pathogenic or facultatively so, and deserves a name. I suggest it would be appropriate to attach to it the name of Dudgeon, who was the first to call attention to it. Biochemically Group III bacilli resembled Group I strains but differed in fermenting saccharose. Some were motile. The metabolic and biochemical properties examined were stable. Serologically many (40%) possessed the A antigen, but also possessed a type-specific antigen, E. Others (37%) possessed both C and D antigens, usually C but sometimes D was dominant. These strains are related to the dysentery bacilli by the possession of common, minor antigens. A group of serologically heterogeneous strains remained (23%), generally unrelated to the dysentery bacilli. Most Group II bacilli were stable biochemically, but some were not. Many strains of Group IV were unstable. Serologically, Groups II and IV were mostly heterogeneous, although 24% were included in the A, B, C, D, E pattern. Together they formed but a minority of all the paracolon bacilli. Further serological investigation is required to discover new antigens and to link up the paracolon bacilli isolated from various sources. This work was carried out under a whole-time grant from the Medical Research Council of Ireland to whom I am indebted. I wish to record my very best thanks to my director, Prof. R. A. Q. O'Meara, for his continuous interest and invaluable advice at all times and without whose aid this research would not have been possible. My gratitude and thanks are due to my colleague, Dr J. St L. O'Dea, for his unfailing co-operation, particularly in obtaining all the specimens so quickly, in assisting at the post-mortems, and for many other services too numerous to mention. Thanks are also due to the authorities, doctors and nurses of St Ultan's Hospital, Temple Street Hospital, St Kevin's Hospital, Clonskeagh Fever Hospital, Cork Street Hospital, and the Child Welfare Clinics in Dublin, particularly to Dr F. N. Elcock and Dr T. Murphy for their support and co-operation; to the 'Diarrhoea and Enteritis' Committee of the Department of Local Government and Public Health for their supervision of the research; and to the staff of the Department of Bacteriology, Trinity College, Dublin, where the research was carried out, for the help and facilities given. I would like to thank all those general practitioners in Dublin who co-operated by the early notification of cases and in other ways. Finally, I wish to record my appreciation to the Statistics Branch, Department of Industry and Commerce, for their interest and kindness in furnishing a valuable report.


Eight 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives containing phenolic acid moieties (7a–h) and eight of their diacylhydrazine precursors (6a–h) were synthesized, characterized using spectroscopic methods and examined by scavenging of stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals. The most potent phenolic 1,3,4-oxadiazoles showed better DPPH scavenging activity in comparison with their corresponding diacylhydrazine precursors as a result of participation of both aromatic rings and a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety in resonance stabilization of the formed phenoxyl radical. Four diacylhydrazines (6d, 6e, 6g, and 6h) and four 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (7d, 7e, 7g and 7h) with the best DPPH scavenging activity, were chosen for further evaluation of their antioxidant potential through various assays. The investigated compounds exerted pronounced ABTS radical scavenging capacity, moderate to good H2O2 scavenging properties and strong ferric ion reducing capacity. Further in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the most active compounds demonstrated their protective effects in normal lung fibroblasts MRC-5 against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress. Diacylhydrazine 6h increased two times the activity of glutathione peroxidase in treated cells in comparison with a control sample and did not affect the superoxide dismutase activity.


Increasing power requirements along with weight and space constrains requires implementation of more intelligent thermal management systems. The design and development of such systems can only be possible with a thorough understanding of component and system level thermal loads. The present work implements 1-D and 3-D unsteady CFD based simulation tools in vehicle design process. Both under-the-hood cooling and HVAC systems are simulated in various operating conditions on a HPC Computer Cluster. System variables are optimized with gradient based BCSLIB and SciPy optimization libraries. The simulation results are compared and validated with experimental tests. INTRODUCTION Military ground vehicles are designed to operate in a wide range of system loads and environmental conditions. Vehicle systems and sub-systems needs to perform adequately under both extreme hot, humid and cold conditions with variable loads on engine, generator, drives, battery pack and HVAC system. Fuel efficiency and crew comfort are also affected by the severe operational and environmental conditions. Modern vehicle thermal management system has to effectively operate to ensure high availability of vehicle systems and sub-systems. Thermal management system design considerations for under-the-hood cooling have changed significantly in recent years. In addition to the adequate cooling capability, modern under-the-hood cooling systems have to be designed to increase fuel efficiency, engine performance and life. They also need to be low cost, light weight and effectively packaged. Electric pump and variable rate impeller applications, improvements in magnetic and viscous clutches, new split cooling system designs are all aim at improving the performance of the thermal management system. New coolant management strategies can also speedup the engine warm-up and reduce vehicle CO2 emission. Recent developments in HVAC systems have been focused on new refrigerant technologies and component efficiency improvements. New micro channel and foam heat exchanger concepts, developments in R-134a replacement refrigerants like R744 and HFO-1234yf and new computational design tools to streamline the system design process show the potential of next generation highly efficient, cheap, light weight and environmentally friendly HVAC systems. Under the influence of aforementioned developments in the vehicle thermal management systems, the present work shows a heavy hybrid diesel electric vehicle thermal management system with multiple under-the-hood and HVAC loops. Both under-the-hood and HVAC thermal management systems are simulated using transient 1-D and 3-D state-of-the art computational simulation tools. UNDER-THE-HOOD COOLING Most of the energy in the fuel is converted to heat before it is transferred to the wheels. The largest energy loss occurs at the engine level during the combustion process. The thermal energy generated by the combustion process or by the mechanical friction needs to be managed to ensure proper system performance and long vehicle life. Modern ground vehicle under-the-hood cooling systems do not only cool the engine, but also manage the component temperatures of generator, drives, auxiliary power units and battery packs. A good cooling system also ensures quick engine warm-up and reduce environmental pollution.


We transmit 381×24.5 Gbaud PDM-64-QAM modulated channels per mode of a 30 km graded-index three-mode fiber, resulting in a record per-mode data-rate of 93.34 TBit/s and an aggregated net-data-rate of 280 Tbit/s.


How was the "maid shortage, " which is considered as one of the factors contributing to the birth of the "modern family" characterized by gender division of labor, related with the growth of the new middle class in Tokyo during the inter-war period? How was the employment of maids related to the suburbanization of the new middle class, and what was the significance to the suburbs of Tokyo?This paper attempts to examine the above themes using data from population censuses and past studies on maids. Maids, as well as factory workers, were the typical occupations in which many young women engaged before World War II. There was already a shortage of maids since the end of the Meiji era, when "maid service" became a means of income acquisition rather than mere manners training for young girls. As the domestic labor markets, which were regionally divided in the past, became gradually unified during the inter-war period, Tokyo absorbed a large quantity of labor from the countryside. Migrant workers from farming villages formed this big flow and maids were a major part of this movement.Although the actual number of maids increased during the inter-war period, the size of the new middle class expanded at a higher rate. It created a discrepancy between the demand from prospective employers and the number of job seekers, resulting in a serious shortage of maids. As most new middle class households were not able to employ more than one maid, wives were not totally exempted from performing housework. This contributed to the definite gender division of labor between husband and wife in the household. Thus, the western and southwestern suburbs of Tokyo, which experienced a rapid expansion of the new middle class, were transformed into an urban space characterized by a "dual structure" consisting of, on the one hand, "maids" created in the transition to industrialization and, on the other hand, "housewives" created along with the birth of the "modern family."


ABSTRACT Deal with the dynamic environment problem, in this paper, we propose a novel scheme contains moving object detection and environment reconstruction for the interactive robot using a pitch-and-go laser scanning system. We first propose a point clouds subtraction method to separate the point clouds data to static and dynamic parts. To reconstruct the static environments, the 6D transforms between different robot poses are first estimated by a normal distribution method and then optimized with the pose graph. Moreover, for the dynamic objects in the dynamic point clouds, we propose a mean axis descriptor to recover their motion distortions so that they can be recognized. Therefore, we contribute to the interactive robots not only the reconstructed static environments but also the recovered dynamic human targets. The experimental performances on both the public RGB-D datasets and the real dynamic scenes observed by slow-scanning LIDAR indicate that the proposed methods are accurate and efficient. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Distinguished selfadjoint extensions of Dirac operators are constructed for a class of potentials including Coulombic ones up to the critical case, $-|x|^{-1}$. The method uses Hardy-Dirac inequalities and quadratic form techniques.


To identify the problem of design in general, and of architectural design in particular, it is necessary to describe and understand the process of design. While many definitions and models of design exist, most agree that "design is a process of inventing physical things which display new physical order, organization, form, in response to function" [Alexander, 1964: 6]. However, since no formula or predetermined steps exist which can translate form and function into a new, internally-consistent physical entity, design has been held to be an art rather than a science. It is considered to be an iterative, "trial-and-error" process that relies heavily on knowledge, experience, and intuition.


The use of RAPD molecular markers for different protected areas Mt.Emei altitude Plantago,Polygonum hot water,days of wild resources were refined analysis of genetic diversity.From 24 random primers were screened in five(Plantago),3(Polygonum hot water),5(day of sperm) to produce DNA fragments re-random primers,PCR amplified fragment polymorphism rate 45%,respectively,63.9%,71%;through genetic distance calculation and cluster analysis,results showed that the different altitude Mt.Emei Plantago,Polygonum hot water,days of precision in the genetic distance that there are some differences,genetic the largest distance between the different elevation of fine days,followed by hot water Polygonum,the smallest is the plantain.The author of the Emeishan Plantago three kinds of medicinal plants,such as the identification and resource conservation,use of a certain significance.


The technological advancement in wireless health monitoring through the direct contact of the skin allows the development of light-weight wrist-worn wearable devices to be equipped with different sensors such as photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors. However, the motion artifact (MA) is possible to occur during daily activities. In this study, we attempted to perform a post-calibration of the heart rate (HR) estimation during the three possible states of average daily activity (resting, laying down, and intense treadmill activity states) in 29 participants (130 minutes/person) on four popular wearable devices: Fitbit Charge HR, Apple Watch Series 4, TicWatch Pro, and Empatica E4. In comparison to the standard measurement (HRECG), HR provided by Fitbit Charge HR (HRFitbit) yielded the highest error of 3.26±0.34 bpm in resting, 2.33±0.23 bpm in laying down, 9.53±1.47 bpm in intense treadmill activity states, and 5.02±0.64 bpm in all states combined among the four chosen devices. Following our improving HR estimation model with rolling windows as feature (HRR), the mean absolute error (MAE) was significantly reduced by 33.44% in resting, 15.88% in laying down, 9.55% in intense treadmill activity states, and 18.73% in all states combined. This demonstrates the feasibility of our proposed methods in order to correct and provide HR monitoring post-calibrated with high accuracy, raising further awareness of individual fitness in the daily application.


Two dimensional film formation on smooth surfaces has been investigated theoretically. The commonly used exponential law for nucleation and its limiting cases in connection with the Avrami theorem are examined critically.

A new model for describing nucleation on surfaces on the basis of the classical nucleation theory is proposed. This model takes into account the time-dependent supersaturation caused by the simultaneous processes of adsorption of molecules from the bulk to the surface and the real phase transition. The model was proofed experimentally by the investigation of condensation of 5-bromocytosine on mercury electrodes in aqueous Na2SO4-electrolyte solution. On the basis of the new model the experimental results can be for the first time explained consistently.


The issue of ensuring that construction projects achieve high quality outcomes continues to be an important consideration for key project stakeholders. Although a lot of quality practices have been done within the industry, establishment and achievement of reasonable levels of quality in construction projects continues to be a problem. While some studies into the introduction and development of quality practices and stakeholder management in the construction industry have been undertaken separately, no major studies have so far been completed that examine in depth how quality management practices that specifically address stakeholders' perspectives of quality can be utilised to contribute to the ultimate constructed quality of projects. This paper encompasses and summarizes a review of the literature related to previous research undertaken on quality within the industry, focuses on the benefits and shortcomings, together with examining the concept of integrating stakeholder perspectives of project quality for improvement of outcomes throughout the project lifecycle. Findings discussed in this paper reveal a pressing need for investigation, development and testing of a framework to facilitate better implementation of quality management practices and thus achievement of better quality outcomes within the construction industry. The framework will incorporate and integrate the views of stakeholders on what constitutes final project quality to be utilised in developing better quality management planning and systems aimed ultimately at achieving better project quality delivery.


Capability indices compare the actual performance of a manufacturing process to the desired performance. In practice these indices are estimated using sample data, often with quite small sample sizes. Thus, it is of interest to obtain confidence limits ..


Objective To investigate the change in count of circulating CD4+CD25+ regulatory T(Treg) cells in patients with Graves disease.Methods The counting of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+ high regulatory T cells was examined by using a flow cytometer in 59 patients with initial Graves disease and 29 healthy volunteers.Results There was no significant difference in count of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+high regulatory T cells between the patient group and the control group.Thirty-two patients with positive microsomal antibody had significantly higher proportion of CD4+CD25+high regulatory T cells compared with that of the control group.There was no significant difference in the proportion of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+high regulatory T cells before and after treatment with PTU in 17 patients.Conclusion There are no significant changes in the proportion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells not only in patients with Graves diseases but also before and after treatment with PTU.However,compared with healthy control,higher count of CD4+CD25+high regulatory T cells has been observed in some patients with initial Graves disease who have abnormal thyroid-related immune tests,indicating more severe cell immune disorder in these patients.More special T cell tests are needed in further research of autoimmune disease.


Bifidobacteria are common members of the gut microflora of humans since infant. The Bifidobacterium longum has positive roles and one of supportive bacteria to the host, which made interesting as a study object. One instrument in studying this bacterial species is the detection method based on PCR of 16S rRNA gene. In consideration of the design of primers for this detection method is already more than 20 years, this research aimed to evaluate the PCR-based detection of B. longum in infant feces. The accuracy of the method was evaluated from sequencing of DNA fragment from positive results. Two fecal samples in Manado City shown positive result were sent for sequencing. The actual length of DNA amplified by PCR was 829 bp, not 831 bp. The DNA sequence of both samples were identical to each other. The BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) result confirmed the similarity of both samples from Manado with 16S rRNA gene sequence of B. longum specimens in GenBank.


ABSTRACT**: Italy's state industry is in a strategic transition, the result of which was not foreseen in the reforms approved by Parliament in the 1990s. Privatization pressures and opposite trends aimed at rejuvenating the state-owned holdings (the major ones being Iri and Eni) coexist in the Italian mixed economy. However, in the absence of a clear strategic intent, the functions of Iri and Eni are destined to whither away, in spite of the success achieved by them in both national and international markets. New pressures are menacing public enterprises. The attitudes of the European Commission, the trends of the European Union's industrial policy, and the drive towards the construction of a single market challenge the competitive skills of Iri and Eni, which in 1992 became joint stock companies.


Tris-chloromethyl-phosphine oxide, (ClCH2)3 PO(I), is obtained by chlorination of (HOCH2)3PO with PCl5 or (C6H5)3PCl2, and also by oxidation of (CICH2)3PO and (ClCh2)2(CH3)PO. High yields of tris-(dialkyloxyphosphonly-methyl)-phosphine oxides, [RO2(O)PCH2]2PO (II) (RCH3, C2H5, iso-C3H7, n-C4H9, 2- ethyl-hexyl), tris (alkyloxyphosphinyl-methyl)-phosphine oxides, [R2(O)PCH2]3PO(R = C6H5, CH3) are obtained by heating tris-chloromethyl-phosphine oxides, [(RO) (R′) (O)PCH2]3PO (R = C4H9, R′ C6H5) and tris-(oxophosphoranyl-phosphine oxides with phosphites, phosphonites and phosphinites, respectively, at 170–180°C for several hours. Compounds II possess an extraordinarily high absorption capacity. Thus a warm. 2% solution of II (R = C2H5) in benzene solidifies completely on cooling so that no benzene can be poured off.

Tris-dihydroxyphosphonyl-methyl)-phosphine oxide, [(HO)2(O)PCH2]3PO, obtained by hydrolysis of II (R C2H5) with refluxing conc. HCl or by thermal decomposition of II (R iso-C3H7) at 190°, titrates in aqueous solution as a hexabasic acid with breaks at pH = 4,4 (three equivalents) and pH = 10,7 (three equivalents). It forms crystalline salts with amines, alkali and alkaline earth metals, and is an excellent chelating agent.

The 1H- and 31−P-NMR. spectra of all the compounds prepared are discussed.


Two-dimensional (2D) chalcogen-based layers have proven to be the next generation of materials for potential high-tech applications, and it is very important to control their properties at the nanoscale. Herein, we discuss the structural and electronic properties of Au(111) surface after being exposed to high temperature vapor deposition of Tellurium (Te) in ultrahigh vacuum. The scenarios entailing the formation of 2D AuTe2 metal dichalcogenide or rather Au–Te alloy monolayer (ML) or even Tellurene single layer deserved to be addressed. In this purpose, low energy electron diffraction (LEED) supported by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) shows the existence of several surface reconstructions depending on the Te film thickness in the sub-monolayer regime. We observed that the well-known spin-split Shockley state of the Au(111) surface survives the Te deposition and is even shifted to higher binding energy, suggesting a charge transfer at the interface. For a coverage of 0.33 ML of Te, new dispersive bands are observed by angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES), which arise from a strong hybridization between the electronic states of Te and Au. With a substantially low intensity and a back-folding at the boundaries of the reduced surface Brillouin zone (R-SBZ), these electronic bands represent a proof of the existence of a naturel 2D electron gas, strongly disturbed by the surface reconstruction. It is therefore possible that an Au–Te alloy is formed at the surface. By increasing the coverage to 0.5 ML, a rich, thickness-dependent transition develops from the surface alloy to Tellurene-like structure and completely excludes the growth of AuTe2 monolayer. Both the surface alloy and the Tellurene monolayer have a semiconductor character with a gap in the occupied states of about 0.65 eV.


In this study the aim was to collect, process, present and comment on data concerning the external trade of wine in Greece during the period 1858-1920, within the historical context. Based on methodological tools applied in quantitative history we present:
1. in the form of time series, the data demonstrating the course of exports and imports of wine, including quantity and value as well as country of destination and origin. In parallel, respective data concerning exports of raisin, olive oil and tobacco are presented in comparison. Data were drawn from the official state records of the relative period.
2. primary sources, both state and private, which enlighten people's notions and conceptions on production and trade of wine during that historical period.
Through this study, we tried to demonstrate the character and transformations of the Greek wine production and trade, during its encounter with the European market and the consequences of this encounter.


Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants , Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی


For the last few decades, scientists throughout the world have been searching for suitable and nutritional alternatives to conventional food, partly due to the grave food shortage all over the globe due to the ongoing human population explosion. Agricultural yields are increasingly failing to satisfy the need of our daily diet as population increase is geometric whereas crop production increases more or less arithmetically. To meet this challenge, the use of some alternate food source in our diet becomes indispensable. Alternate food literally means some healthy and readily available supplement excluding the conventional staples of our daily diet. · So, in respect of diversity and affluence, the selection of algae and mushrooms as an alternate source of food is quite reasonable.


A new acknowledgment-type slotted-ALOHA code division multiple access (ACK-ALOHA-CDMA) channel which can be used in the inbound channels of very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks is proposed in order to simplify the synchronization equipment of networks in the slotted-ALOHACDMA systems. By dividing all VSAT stations into M subsystems and sending out periodic inquiry signals from the Hub station to the VSAT station, the channel model is established. By the means of deriving multi-access interference (MAI) and packet detecting probability, steady-state throughput is calculated. By applying diffusion process theory to the analysis of the stability of the ACK-ALOHA-CDMA channel, the drift parameter a (r), the diffusion parameter b (r) and the steady transition probability density p (r) are investigated. Simulation results indicate that significant performance improvement and high-bandwidth efficiency can be gained and one or two steady equilibrium points can be obtained by using this channel. Consequently, the ACKALOHA-CDMA channel is very suitable for cutting down on the expense of satellite VSAT systems and distributed packet radio networks.


We investigate the factorization properties on the polynomial extension [] A X of A where A is a UFR and show that [] A X is a U-BFR for any UFR A . We also consider the ring structure [] A XI X + where A is


The channelspark, a low accelerating voltage, high current electron beam accelerator, has been used for ablation of materials applied to thin film deposition. The channelspark operates at accelerating voltages of 10 to 20 kV with ∼1500 A beam currents. The electron beam ionizes a low-pressure gas fill (10–20 mTorr Ar or N2) to compensate its own space charge, allowing ion focused transport. Ablation of TiN, Si, and fused silica has been studied through several plasma diagnostics. In addition, thin films of SiO2 have been deposited and analyzed. Strong optical emission from ionized species, persisting for several microseconds, was observed in the electron beam ablated plumes. Free electron temperatures were inferred from relative emission intensities to be between 1.1 and 1.2 eV. Dye-laser-resonance-absorption photography showed Si atom plume expansion velocities from 0.38 to 1.4 cm/μs for several pressures of Ar or N2 background gas. A complex, multilobed plume structure was also observed, yielding strong...


-The purpose of this research work is to determine suitable parameters by investigating the weldability of high thickness brass materials, and the difficulties involved in carrying in the process. In order to enable low and controlled heat input into the welding bead, TIG welding is used. An attempt has been made to analyze the effect of process parameters in qualitative manner for welding of brass. In this project Brass is welded by preparing Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) with respect to American Welding Society (AWS) that is prepared for TIG. The welding process is carried out for different parameters (arc voltage, arc current, welding speed) and various positions. The Weldments are subjected to testing to find the qualitative properties. The test specimen is prepared by TIG process and various tests such as chemical test, microstructure test, bend test & NDT is carried out before and after the welding process. The actual value from the test before and after the welding process is compared with allowable value from the AWS. Improved product quality and decreased production costs are the important objectives of this paper.


The increasing of the air cleaner's production cost was one of the problems experienced by PT. Astra Otoparts Adiwira Plastics Division. The production costs consist of three types of the cost, namely cost of materials, labor costs, and factory overhead cost. The increasing of production cost is caused by the large number of manpower who works on the production of assy air cleaner area, the use of the area, and electricity consumption. The large number of manpower affects the increasing of labor costs and the use of the area and electricity consumption affect an increase in factory overhead cost. Cost of raw materials being on the outside control of the company as the costs would come from supplier. The saving cost is calculated after improving and applying direct assy. The estimating of saving cost is Rp. 203,933,267.59 monthly. After implementing the direct assy, the work standardization is designed. The design of standardization work already performed the three types of standardizations. Those are standardized work chart (SWC), standardized work combination table (SWCT), and work instruction (WI).


Objective: To explore the related factors about the repeated miscarriage of the urban floating population in Shiyan city. Methods: Selected 5,698 cases of women who come to our hospital for abortion at the time from June 2013 to June 2014, and then do analyze of the related factors about the repeated miscarriage of the urban floating population through questionnaire survey. Results: There 5,684 copies of the questionnaire are effective, which have a rate of 99.8%, and there are 15.8% of women were repeated miscarriage in the 5,684 cases of women who come to our hospital for abortion. The related factors about the repeated miscarriage of the urban floating population main include such as household registration situation, cultural degree, reproductive history, employment status, income situation, contraception and understanding of contraceptive methods. Conclusion: The rate of repeated miscarriage of the urban floating population in Shiyan city is very high, which have a close relationship with the household registration, cognitive level and contraceptive behavior, etc. In order to improve the reproductive health cognition level of the floating population in the city, the relevant departments shall provide timely and effective reproductive health education and services, so we can reduce repetitive abortion rate. Keywordsoating population; repeat abortions; relevant factors; contraception


A 48-year-old woman presented with a 6-year history of recurrent episodes of exertional asymmetric flushing of the face and head. After exercise, she observed a distinct line of demarcation between the left half of her face, which was red, and the right half, which retained its normal …


1. Natural conditions of floodplain forests. 2. Basic environmental factors. 3. Primary Production. 4. Some physiological processes in the ecosystem of a floodplain forest. 5. Secondary Production. 6. Decomposition. 7. Cycling of mineral nutrients. Plates. Index.


Prescription sequence symmetry analysis (PSSA), a case-only design introduced in 1996, has been increasingly used to identify unintentional drug e ff ects, and has potential applications as a hypothesis-testing and a hypothesis-generating method, due to its easy application and e ff ective control of time-invariant confounders. The aim of this study is to systematically compare e ff ect estimates from the PSSA to e ff ect estimates from conventional observational parallel group study designs, to assess the validity and constraints of the PSSA study design. We reviewed the MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, and Web of Science® databases until February 2016 to identify studies that compared PSSA to a parallel group design. Data from the eligible articles was extracted and analyzed, including making a Bland-Altman plot and calculating the number of discrepancies between the designs. 63 comparisons (from two studies) were included in the review. There was a signi fi cant correlation (p < 0.001) between the e ff ect estimates of the PSSA and the parallel group designs, but the bias indicated by the Bland-Altman plot (0.20) and the percentage of discrepancies (70-80%) showed that this correlation was not accompanied by a considerable similarity of the e ff ect estimates. Overall, the e ff ect estimates of the parallel group designs were higher than those of the PSSA, not necessarily further away from 1, and the parallel group designs also generated more signi fi cant signals. However, these results should be approached with caution, as the e ff ect estimates were only retrieved from two separate studies. This review indicates that, even though PSSA has a lot of potential, the e ff ect estimates generated by the PSSA are usually lower than the e ff ect estimates generated by parallel group designs, and PSSA mostly has a lower power than the conventional study designs, but this is based on limited comparisons, and more comparisons are needed to make a proper conclusion.


Frequent use of power electronics in electrical power systems imposes significant impulse and harmonic voltage stresses on various insulation systems. These systems are stressed by very fast and repetitive voltage distortions, which are superimposed on the power frequency voltage. The shape of voltage distortions is usually given by mutual interaction between switching pulses, emitted by power electronics, and passive parameters of power distribution grid. The lifetime of an insulation system is influenced by partial discharge activity that is a consequence of long-term stresses or manufacturing imperfections. It has been proven that the intensity of partial discharges significantly depends on the operating voltage waveform. The paper deals with the experimental measurement of partial discharges on the physical model of an internal void in a solid dielectric under above mentioned voltage stress conditions. The designed and realized high voltage test circuit consists of a high voltage test transformer and a high-frequency high voltage transformer, to generate the superposition of power frequency high voltage and harmonics up to 15 kV or impulses with various repetition and oscillation frequencies. Gathered patterns and parameters of partial discharges were analyzed and evaluated to determine whether there exists any influence of higher harmonics content on the lifetime of the insulation system. The presented results show that the presence of high frequency oscillations on power frequency voltage have the direct impact on the partial discharge activity. These findings can be significant for the insulation design and insulation lifetime assessment in the power systems containing power electronic switching devices.


INTRODUCTION The innumerable compounds of which matter is composed can be broken down by ordinary methods of chemical analysis into 92 elements, whose distinctive properties are determined by the structural characteristics of their constituent atoms. The use of the familiar chemical sympols H, C, Na etc. implies that all hydrogen or carbon or sodium atoms are identical, but although this assumption is correct as far as can be determined by chemical methods, precise measurements of physical properties, such as mass, show that most elements are mixtures of 2 or more types of atoms. whose atomic weights are different, although their chemical behaviour is identical. Such variant forms of a single element are known as isotopes, and it is customary to differentiate between them by writing the appropriate atomic weight or mass number as a superscript at the upper right hand corner of the chemical symbol of the parent element. For example, hydrogen is a mixture of two isotopes, whose mass numbers are 1 (" ordinary" hydrogen) and 2 ("heavy" hydrogen), the corresponding symbols being H' and H2, respectively. Similarly, oxygen is a mixture of 016, 017 and 018, while other elements have varying numbers of isotopes up to a maximum of 10 in the case of tin. However, 27 of the 92 elements have only one natural isotope, for example, Na23, A127, P31, Co59, As75, and 1127. Without going into the complexities of atomic structure which have been described


India is currently witnessing an enormous growth of consumerism. This article highlights the concept of retail-cum-financial mart, its scope in India, its impact and the major issues and challenges faced in the wake of increasing trend of consumerism.


A personal viewpoint is shared on how four midwives, from different parts of Wales, who individually during their careers had an interest in midwives' wellbeing, came together virtually and were involved in a project that developed and eventually became Midwives in Mind. This was made possible by the team members being accepted and brought together during a joint initiative between the Royal College of Midwives and Welsh Government – the Wales Midwifery Leadership Development Group programme. Examples of what's involved in being part of the programme are discussed, and how this led to the creation of an online virtual community on social media which promotes midwives' wellbeing.


Objective To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride in the treatment of Chronic urticaria. Methods 135 cases with Chronic urticaria were treated by oral Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride 5 mg daily for 14 days. Results The score declined significantly after the treatment (P0.01),Thera peutic effect in 2 weeks course were significantly higher than that of 1 week course(P0.01). Conclusion Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride is an effective and safe drug in the treatment of chronic urticaria.


Abstract : A field measuring method was devised whereby tests could be made under simulated conditions of an airplane in flight and measurements were taken of the shielding effect of cable sheaths to study the radio interferences which make the reception in the airplane more difficult. The cable to be examined was charged with a definite frequency, and the antenna was extended parallel to 11 and 50 cm away. The lines were measured as single pole and as dipole lines, and with an open and short circuited end. It was found that line shielding of special quality would be superfluous and that the type of shielding used was essentially dependent on mechanical conditions.


Approach: This pilot study will be implemented in phases, the first of which has been completed. OT students from the European University of Cyprus and the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, St. Augustine campus met in small groups to discuss occupational justice related concepts for 30 minutes. Meetings were held virtually through online platforms. Tutors assisted with translations. A debrief discussion took place at each campus to allow for student feedback regarding the process, benefits, barriers and impact on learning.


This paper explained the residents' conflicts in Jakarta. The qualitative and quantitative data showed the significant relations of conflict, security and regional resilience. Therefore to eliminated the conflicts, the taken strategy was creating employment, enhancing education level, enhancing the community life and enhancing the social control function role which embodied in security forces assertiveness in conflict resolution including intelligence forces' early preventing. Keywords: Residents' Conflict, Human Security, and Regional Resilience.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the radiological and clinical results after treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur by three devices including DLT, PFNA and Gamma 3 nail. Materials and Methods: From January 2007 to January 2012, we reviewed 131 patients who suffered intertrochanteric fractures(33 cases of DLT, 59 cases of PFNA, 39 cases of Gamma 3 nail). The following were measured for all three groups; The tip apex distance (TAD), neck shaft angle and lag screw position at the head of femur, as well as the amount of blood loss and transfusion, operation time, duration of hospitalization and postoperative ICU admission, complications were also assessed. Results: In comparison of the radiological results, there were no statistical differences among the three groups in TAD, neck shaft angle and the lag screw position. There was no statistical difference in clinical results. In the last follow-up, there was one case of nonunion in the PFNA group. There also was, in the last follow up, a development of varus angulation & cut-out of lag screw that occurred in 2 cases (DLT), 4 cases (PFNA), 1 cases (Gamma 3). There was no statistical difference among the three groups in the sliding length of the lag screw. Conclusion: Any certain group was not better than the others with regard to the radiological and clinical results among DLT, PFNA and Gamma nail groups in treating intertrochanteric fracture. To achieve favorable results, precise reduction of fracture site and surgical techniques are important.


This research undertakes a comprehensive evaluation of the economic dynamics within the onion industry, concentrating specifically on the prolific "Onion Basket of the Philippines" and its extension throughout Southeast Asia. Employing the value chain model as a methodological scaffold, the study meticulously dissects the intricate fabric of activities within this sector, aiming to pinpoint the exact operations that confer amplified value and competitive edge to this agricultural commodity. Through a meticulous selection process encompassing 360 agrarian participants, primarily sourced from the preeminent onion-producing municipalities of Nueva Ecija—namely, Bongabon, Gabaldon, and Laur—this investigation orchestrates an exhaustive scrutiny of the financial implications and returns. By comparing analyses across both traditional post-harvest marketing and the integration of cold storage infrastructure, the study unveils pronounced differentials. Evidently, the incorporation of cold storage resources precipitates substantial revenue escalation for farmers, in stark contrast to immediate post-harvest sales. However, the accompanying capital outlay affiliated with cold storage mandates judicious deliberation. Given the considerable financial connotations, this research underscores the imperativeness of establishing rigorous regulatory frameworks governing onion cold storage practices. Furthermore, acknowledging the intricate mesh of interests embedded within the onion value chain, it advocates heightened vigilance and stringent oversight concerning stakeholders. This multifaceted investigation, beyond contributing empirical authenticity, serves as a clarion call for prudent stewardship of this pivotal agricultural domain.


A catheter (16) is introduced into the vessel (2) so that its distal end is next to the obstruction (12) and then this distal end is fixed into position relative to the vessel wall prior to carrying out the removal work. An Independent claim is also included for the surgical device used to carry out this method, comprising a lume and a guide tube for directing a pressurised medium against the obstruction.


We contend that the unique audience of the Turkish Daily News (TDN), a national English language daily newspaper in Turkey, drove the newspaper's framing of its coverage of the pope's Regensburg comments and subsequent visit to Turkey. We claim the TDN used three frames that helped readers make sense of and balance the sacred and secular tensions surrounding Pope Benedict and his visit: 1) an emphasis on the pope's role as a political official over his role as a religious leader; 2) an emphasis on the political invitation to visit Turkey over the religious invitation; and 3) a narrative that enfolds the multi-faceted reasons for the pope's visit into the story of a religious leader previously unsupportive of Turkey's political aspirations maturing into a political leader who supports both Turkey and inter-faith dialogue. The TDN's framing of the papal crisis is consistent with the national identity and cultural values of the newspaper's readers and, as such, illustrates how framing is an analytic tool that helps us better understand the ways in which the media reflect and reinforce the relationship between government, audience, and religious culture.


Cathespin G (CatG), a serine protease found in the azurophil granules of neutrophils, participates in killing engulfed microorganisms. CatG has dual specificity for chymotrypsin‐like and tryspin‐like substrates. CatG is a poorly understood enzyme and is currently only commercially available as mature enzyme purified from human sources. The yeast Pichia pastoris is being used to express CatG to study its dual specificity and its C‐terminal processing. The full length (C‐terminus present) human CatG amino acid sequence was modified to remove one glycosylation site and eight dibasic sites to avoid potential cleavage by yeast kexin protease. The construct was engineered to have an N‐terminal 6‐His‐cytochrome B5 (CytB5) heme binding fusion domain linked to the modified human CatG by an enterokinase cleavage site for activation. The amino acid sequence was used to generate a codon‐optimized gene that was placed in the pPICzα secretion vector. After transforming Pichia pastoris strain X‐33, 48 Zeocin‐resistant clones were screened for relative levels of CatG activity. Recombinant CatG has been partially purified from fermentation media by nickel affinity chromatography and its activity has been confirmed by assays using synthetic substrates. Supported by a Student Faculty Collaborative Grant from the ETSU Honors College and ETSU Office of Research and Sponsored Programs and by NHLB grant R15HL091770.


Purpose
This paper, using energy softwares, designed of Iran and optimized a residential villa in Saman city located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province.

Design/methodology/approach
Having used the ideas of Climate Consultant software, the basic designing was conducted by Design Builder Software, and the cooling and heating loads and lighting tools and equipment were calculated. Then, the amount of consuming of heating, cooling and lighting load of the building was optimized through insulation of walls and ceiling, using green roof, double glazing UPVC windows, light intensity sensor and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system.

Findings
Simulation results for the stated scenarios showed an annual reduction in energy consumption of 21.1, 7.9, 26.41, 27.3 and 72.3 per cent, respectively. Also, by combining all the five scenarios, an optimal state was achieved which, from the results, brought about an annual reduction of 86.9 per cent in the energy consumption.

Originality/value
The authors hope that the results of the current paper could be helpful for designers and engineers in reduction of energy consumption for designing a building in similar climatic conditions.


Acrochaetium inclusum (Levr.) Papenf., A. polyides (Rosenv.) Borg., Kylinia collopoda (Rosenv.) Kylin and K. cytophaga (Rosenv.) Papenf. are recorded for the east coast of N. America.


Using Bibliometrics methods,Evaluation of the Chinese academic journal Statistical analysis system based on network communication statistics,Statistical analysis the Guangxi region of three vocational colleges("Tourism Forum" "Nanning Vocational and Technical College Journal" and "Liuzhou Teachers College Journal") network communication trends,distribution of literature belongs to the interviewed subjects,geographical distribution of readers,distribution of literature in sections visits and overseas visits literature distribution sections.On this basis,compared the network communication conditions of these three Journals.


This article tries to construct an analysis Framework by "Legitimacy" the core concept of sociology.It will explore the Legitimacy transformation logistic of Chinese sports system and possible institutional innovation.On the beginning of PRC,sports system were pressed by internal disorder and foreign invasions from all sides,sports for all of military had a political and social Legitimacy.In the Period of Cultural Revolution,Chinese sports go out of world Olympics family.political Legitimacy decreased and worked in the field instead of sports system had a low social Legitimacy.On the beginning of reform and opening up,sports system had a new political legitimacy under the pressure of globalization.Competitive Sports as a tool certificated Chinese the successful reform and opening up system to the world.National Sports System was strengthened in an unprecedented attention to China and lasted going on now.On the median nineties twenty century,Chinese government official responsible for the sports reconstructed the social legitimacy through the National Fitness for all program and economic legitimacy appeared under the national economic development background.In the 21 century,The Global Financial Crisis hit every corner in the world.In order to pursuit the legitimacy,Chinese governing party transfer economic development to the harmonious social development.Strengthen the people's fitness will be the sports system fundamental goal.Competitive Sports also base on the sports for all.Therefore the National Sports System just focus on the golden medal of Competitive Sports couldn't conform to sports harmonious development and betray the goal of strengthening all people's fitness.There will be the political and social legitimacy crisis.Besides,sports system must transfer the administrative commanding and intervention to modern sports economic operation style.Integrating sports resources,increasing the utilization rate and widening the financing channel is very important on economic legitimacy.China sports system transformation should be transferred when we are confront of the political,social,and economic legitimacy.


Floor heating systems provide a comfortable indoor environment because they allow heat to flow slowly in a natural way from the floor upwards. In this way the occupants feel hotter on the feet and cooler on the head enjoying the indoor environment. To this contributes the temperature uniformity over the entire floor. Thermal mass integrated to the floor can act as a thermal reservoir that can store the solar gains of the day and, in this way cover the heating needs of the building under certain climate conditions. In this study we examine the use of the foundation concrete in new buildings as a storing material, where the heat gains of a flat plate collector array οn the south wall are driven and accumulated. As a first step a model building, typically insulated and with walls facing the four cardinal points, was chosen for the study. The south wall area was assumed to be covered with Integrated Solar Flat Plate Collectors and water circulated with a pump between the collectors and the foundation concrete when its temperature exceeded 40°C. A simulation model was built in TRNSYS with the above scenario and hourly results of the collected solar energy and building thermal load were calculated for the climatic conditions of Limassol, Cyprus. The hourly results of TRNSYS were then used as input for a simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics. The solar energy collected was directed for storing in the foundation concrete. After an initial time priming, the foundation's temperature was raised enough in order to be able to provide the daily heating load of the building. A part of the daily solar energy collected with the collector facade on the south wall, was also directed into the foundation for replenishing the lost energy. The simulations then were engaged in examining the effect of various parameters, like the thickness of the concrete, the amount of heat available and that which is stored, as well as the controlling technique. The results show that in the climatic conditions of the area considered here, the system chosen can cover completely the heat requirements of the building and provide comfortable conditions for the occupants during winter. Introduction Solar energy is a freely available source that can be harvested either for electricity or converted into thermal energy. Thus solar energy is usually turned vastly into electricity, but it is also used for domestic hot water (DHW) applications. The availability of solar energy to be used as thermal energy comes in contrast with demand. Thermal energy demand is high during the night and early morning in winter, where the maximum


The automatic detection of eating activities is important for understanding eating patterns and diagnosing eating disorders. In this paper, we investigated the effect of using continuous glucose monitor together with off-the-shelf consumer wearable wristbands in enhancing the classification accuracy of eating and non-eating activities. Our results showed that adding the glucose modality can help reduce false positive rate and achieve a more balanced performance on both eating and non-eating events compared to only using accelerometer and photoplethysmogram (PPG). In the meantime, the effectiveness of the glucose modality was also modulated by the type of machine learning algorithm used.


We examine whether funds of hedge funds (FoFs) engage in costly fire sales of their hedge fund investments during the 2004–2011 period. We find that FoFs experiencing large outflows tend to liquidate holdings in funds with relatively few redemption restrictions ("liquid funds"), even when these funds perform well. A tracking portfolio that buys liquid funds involved in fire sales over the prior four quarters earns quarterly abnormal returns of 1.5%. We find no similar effects among illiquid funds, suggesting that trading costs from unanticipated redemptions explain the performance effects. We also show that liquidity mismatches between a FoF's holdings and its investors helps predict liquidity risk in FoF returns, that is, FoFs with "excessive" exposure to illiquid funds outperform during normal periods but underperform during market crises. We find evidence that best performing hedge funds are unlikely to accept investments from FoFs that are subject to greater liquidity mismatches as hedge funds are likely to face significant liquidity spillover risks in case of large outflows from FoFs.  Agarwal (email@example.com) and Shi (email@example.com) are with Finance Department, J. Mack Robinson College of Business Georgia State University Atlanta, GA. Vikas Agarwal is also a Research Fellow at the Centre for Financial Research (CFR), University of Cologne. Aragon (email@example.com) is with Finance Department, W.P. Carey School of Business Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.


The continual rise in energy consumption has become a significant issue for power systems. Hence it is important to promote energy saving and reduce consumption for solving this problem. Also, finding solutions to enhance energy efficiency is crucial due to the increase in global energy demand. To improve the effectiveness of a power system network, it is important to monitor, manage, and regulate electrical energy needs on a real-time consumption basis. The development of smart homes includes energy management as a key component. A reliable appliance load monitoring (ALM) system is important for the smart energy management framework. ALM's objectives include achieving comprehensive energy sensing and disseminating data on energy use. This will make it possible for automated energy management systems to identify appliances that use higher energy. Thereby enabling them to implement energy saving methods such as rescheduling the high power demand to off-peak hours. Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is one of the most popular energy management strategies in recent years. It enables customers and industries to effectively control their energy use. Utilizing a single energy meter, the NILM technology has gained popularity as an emerging method for tracking events (on/off) and energy use of electrical services and appliances in buildings. Consumers might better understand their appliance behaviour and take the appropriate actions to reduce energy consumption with the aid of information on energy consumption at the appliance level. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of energy management monitoring approaches with an emphasis on non-intrusive load monitoring.


The present paper offers a characterization of pairs of aggregation functions (F<inf>st</inf>, U<inf>c</inf>) so that F<inf>st</inf> is a semi-t-operator that is either left of right distributive over the conjunctive uninorm U<inf>c</inf>.


Background: Cysticercosis is one of the common disease seen in developing countries. In this disease, the extraneural tissues are usually involved synchronously or metachronously with the brain. Isolated infestation of soft tissue and muscle in the absence of neural involvement is more common than previously thought. High resolution ultrasonography has evolved now as an investigation of choice with proven sonological patterns of soft tissue cysticercosis which can entirely negate the need for invasive interventions. Methods: Prospective evaluation of total 8 cases of extraneural cysticercosis over a period of 4 months at Rama Medical College, Hospital & Research Centre, Hapur. HRUSG analysis of 8 cases was done to evaluate and classify the various classic sonomorphological features of isolated cysticercosis involving soft tissue and muscles. FNAC was done only in 3 cases. Results: Around 8 patients were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among 8 cases, 3 were male and 5 were female patients. Three individuals were vegetarian and five were non vegetarian. Mean age was 35 years. All cases were diagnosed on HRUSG. Intramuscular lesion was identified in 6 cases and 2 cases had subcutaneous involvement with anterior abdominal wall in the muscular plane as the commonest site in three patients. FNAC was done in 3 cases confirming the cysticercosis and was treated surgically. Conclusion: With the advent of high resolution ultrasonography and increased clinical awareness of the isolated soft tissue-intramuscular cysticercosis especially in endemic zone, a more conservative noninvasive approach can be applied both in diagnosis and treatment of these isolated cases of cysticercosis.


This study aims to investigate and measure the influence of students' attitudes towards evaluation systems at the faculty of Arts at Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan on their overall results in some academic subjects, namely; Curriculum and Teaching Methods. A questionnaire has been designed, developed, and used to achieve such an aim.The questionnaire consisted of 25 paragraphs or questions, using Lickert's psychometric scale for measuring the students' responses to the questions asked. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire had been examined by using Chronbach's and Pearson's correlation methods. The results of the questionnaire were found to be coefficient and stable, reaching an appropriate value of (0.78) and (0.825) respectively. The researcher in this study tried to answer the following questions: 1-What are the attitudes of the students towards the evaluation system at the faculty of Arts? 2-Do the attitudes of the students vary in terms of their gender? 3-How do the attitudes of the students affect their final results in both subjects (Curriculum and teaching methods)? 4-Do the results in those courses vary in terms of student's gender? From the previous questions the researcher has formed four postulates, and many statistical equations have been used to examine the results. The results showed that the attitudes of students towards the evaluation system is generally positive, while in terms of gender the results showed that there is no significant statistical differences. This was because in both tests the T. Value was 1.93 which is not statistically significant in the level of 0. 41 and F.D. 35. This means that the tendencies of both Male and Female students towards the evaluation system are nearly equal. Accordingly, the researcher accepts the second zero assumption. By using SpearmanBrown's correlation coefficient equation(R) the results proved there are no significant statistical differences between students' attitudes towards the evaluation system and their results in the two suggested subjects. Moreover, by using KAI Square equation the study showed that there are significant differences at the level of 0.05 between the students' achievement in both subjects in terms of their gender in favour of Female students. The researcher has explained the results in the discussion section of the results. KEY Words: Assessment, Attitude, Alternative, Curriculum, Evaluation, Perception Teaching Methods, Valuation,


Handwritten document image segmentation into text lines and words is a key errand for optical character recognition. It is thought of as a challenging problem due the irregular spaces between the words and changes in writing style depending on the person. This paper considers segmentation of the document image into text-lines and further into words as an assignment problem that will consider correlation among the gaps in the lines and the probabilities of each individual gaps. All the parameters are estimated based on Structured SVM framework.


Cell apoptosis is an autonomic orderly programmed cell death.Caspase family play an important role cell apoptosis.ICE(Interlukin-1β-converting enzyme),named caspase-1,is the member of caspase family.In order to obtain more information about ice-2 and ice-5 new genes of the model insect silkworm on apoptosis pathways,silkworm larva and cells were stimulated by ultraviolet ray and so on.Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression diversification of the ice-2 and ice-5 genes under the stimulation of different factors.The result indicated that ice-2 and ice-5 genes were related with cell signaling transduction and ice-5 tended to play a more important role than ice-2 gene in apoptosis.


Wavelet transforms have fundamentally been used to detect the major features of power quality events, as the transforms adapt to dynamic signals and are appropriate for capturing time-localised, short-period phenomena. The multiwavelets technique is proposed here to classify power quality events. This leads to easy extraction of a quality feature set, which is further used for classification and decision making. The proposed classification has three stages. The events detected from the test data are in accordance with the IEEE standards first stage. Two subclassifiers with different confidence levels have been used, along with the Dempster-Shafer classifier, which works as the decision-maker. The two subclassifiers are the chi-square distribution and Heuristic classifier.


For a few brief years I had the idea that all I wanted from life was to live in a dusty shed, sculpting grotesques in clay, casting their negatives in plaster of Paris, summoning their images forth in latex foam, and then puppeteering them on film to inspire horror and repulsion. My model, my mentor and my hero was Nick Hilligoss. A softly spoken, bearded man with a mid-Atlantic accent and brass-rimmed glasses, Hilligoss is the ABC's special props department, and every frame of his extraordinary animations is an all-visual effect.


Conscious intention is a fundamental aspect of the human experience. Despite long-standing interest in the basis and implications of intention, its underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using high-definition transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS), we observed that enhancing spontaneous neuronal excitability in both the angular gyrus and the primary motor cortex caused the reported time of conscious movement intention to be ∼60–70 ms earlier. Slow brain waves recorded ∼2–3 s before movement onset, as well as hundreds of milliseconds after movement onset, independently correlated with the modulation of conscious intention by brain stimulation. These brain activities together accounted for 81% of interindividual variability in the modulation of movement intention by brain stimulation. A computational model using coupled leaky integrator units with biophysically plausible assumptions about the effect of tDCS captured the effects of stimulation on both neural activity and behavior. These results reveal a temporally extended brain process underlying conscious movement intention that spans seconds around movement commencement.


Software is complex, not only due to the code within a given project, but also due to the vast ecosystem of dependencies and transitive dependencies upon which each project relies. Recent years have observed a sharp uptick of attacks on the software supply chain spurring invigorated interest by industry and government alike. We held three summits with a diverse set of organizations and report on the top five challenges in software supply chain security.


This paper deals with the application of tuned mass dampers (TMD) for earthquake response reduction of multistory structures. Highly resonant response due to the narrow-banded strong ground motion record of the 1985 Mexico earthquake is reduced significantly when TMDs are included into the structures. On the other hand, response to wide-banded strong motion records is reduced only moderately.


We examine the nexus between land transfers and human capital formation. A sequence of land redistributions enables the beneficiaries to educate their children and thus to escape from poverty. A successful land reform allows the transition of a society from an agriculture-based state of poverty to a human capital–based developed economy. We find that a temporary state of inequality among the poor is unavoidable. Finally, we discuss the political economy of land reform, whether access to land markets should be allowed for beneficiaries of land reforms, and property rights issues.


In order to reduce cost and solve the problem about excrescent properties when rolling HRB335 steel to produce small specification products, and the composition of molten steel has been optimized.


If operations are performed in operating theatres that have been poorly rebuilt and badly technically equipped and managed there may be hygiene and technical problems that could cause considerable problems for users and their controlling authorities. These problems include the need to provide aseptic working conditions in operating theatres to prevent nosocomial infections and possible risk of damage to the health of the surgical team. It is also important to ensure good air quality, thermal and sound comfort and correct illumination within the rooms and for the various technical devices. All these factors may affect the condition and performance of operating theatres. With our long experience in this field, we would like to highlight some of the commonly repeated mistakes which building engineers and air conditioning technicians as well as surgical teams and management should avoid and which could be eliminated to improve hygienic environmental standards in surgical departments. Common problems include not keeping to the rules of zoning in operating theatres and other rooms in surgical departments. Crossing from clean to dirty areas around the operating spaces and involvement of other staff work and materials should be avoided. Technical measures for air decontamination should be devised especially for the air evacuation zone of operating rooms. Pollution of rest room indoor air by cigarette smoke from smokers in the operating team should be prevented.


East Europeans know things about Nazi occupation that Westerners do not. Time for a new common narrative – Europe's future depends on it


In this paper,a new method for the tetracarboxy cobalt phthalocyanine-catalyzing determination of artemisinin was developed using L-tyrosine as substrate by the technique of Rayleigh light scattering.In pH 10.0 Britton-Robinson buffer solution,the RLS of L-tyrosine at 288 nm was quenched by the artemisinin in the presence of tetracarboxy cobalt phthalocyanine.Experiments indcate that under optimum conditions,the quenched intensity of RLS is proportional to the concentration of artemisinin in the range of 0~4.6×10-5 mol/L(r=0.9985).The detection limit is 4.89×10-7 mol/L(n=9).This quantitation method was found to be simple and stable.The proposed method was applied to detecting artemisinin in the herbal medicine,and the results were in good agreement with those reported by the UV method of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.


What will they see? Will they just see my wide fields and undulating slopes, my rough clusters of trees and meadows in irregular patches, or will they bend down and see my microscale details, the hundreds of small pieces of habitats and surfaces that make up the whole. Will they see the scale of a single plant stem, the mottled surface, the stones and rotten logs, and tiny creatures that link together, allowing the living diversity here to grow and persist? Will they see how things change, hour to hour, and month to month, then through the decades, or will they think that I am fixed and immutable? Will they see me differently on each visit, slowly growing and changing, just as they do? Will their memories of each trip be different or will I quickly seem routine?


NiCrAlC alloys are economical alternatives nickel superalloys to Co family StellitesTM alloys, they are constituted by a dispersion of chromium carbides in a Ni3Al (γ') intermetallic matrix. Mechanical Alloying (MA) allows better control of the carbides size and distribution in NiCrAlC matrix after sintering, although high porosity has been observed after uniaxial compaction and sintering of NiCrAlC alloys processed by MA. This research investigated the employment viability of pre-sintering heat-treatments followed by a new uniaxial compression in order to reduce porosity after final sintering. The characterization of the processed material by optical metallography and quantitative stereography appoints to the viability of this conception to reduce the porosity of NiCrAlC alloys processed by Mechanical Alloying.


AIM To study the autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions in patients with chronic diarrhoea of deficiency/excessiveness syndrome and the effect of Xiexieling recipe. METHODS Thirty one chronic diarrhea patients (19 women and 12 men, 18 cases of deficiency syndrome and 13 of excessiveness syndrome) and 31 normal subjects were investigated. The ANS functions in patients with chronic diarrhea of deficiency/excessiveness syndrome were tested before and 4 weeks after treatment by Chinese herbs complex Xiexieling recipe. RESULTS The ANS functions in diarrhea patients were significantly different in comparing with the healthy group. The patients with deficiency syndrome were mostly with predominant parasympathetic tonus, while the patients with excessiveness syndrome with predominal sympathetic, the significant difference between two syndromes was found ( P 0 01) . The ANS functions in the deficiency and excessiveness syndromes were regulated obviously towards normal after treatment ( P 0 01). CONCLUSION The ANS function is regarded as a good referential parameter in classification of deficiency/excessiveness syndrome differentiation in chronic diarrhoea, and Xiexieling is the effective recipe modulating the ANS functions.


Abstract Infants and other children can be affected by various acute, chronic and many of them rare illnesses. Developing drugs for children is very challenging since they cannot intake tablets or hard oral solid dosage forms. Besides, most of the prescribed pediatric medications are unlicensed. The biggest issue that clinicians have to solve is that dosing in children is not based on weight or surface area of the body, as it happened in adults but is related to age variations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Thus, for pediatric patients, various therapeutic approaches have been proposed so as to develop suitable formulations such as liquid dosage forms, flexible capsules, milk-based products, etc. In addition, the administration of current pharmaceutical products to children might lead to some serious side effects which can also happen in adults but with a lower risk. Especially, infants are at high risk of getting poisoned by taking drugs used for adults. Moreover, children are very sensitive to the taste and smell of some pharmaceutical vehicles and can resist to intake them and this situation leads parents to search for tasteless and odorless medications. In this study, the current formulations for various diseases intended to be used in pediatric patients as well as various chronic and acute diseases of childhood are summarized. Authors believe that this review can help professionals who want to work with pediatric formulations to design more efficient and child-friendly drug delivery systems.


This paper presents a construction of the active suspension of passenger cars using sliding mode controllers. The model of the passenger car is described by a nonlinear system with four degrees of freedom subject to irregular excitation from a road surface. The sliding mode control for the active suspension is obtained as a sum of linear and nonlinear controls where the former is derived as LQ control for a reduced linear system, and the latter is determined from the stability condition of the sliding surface. The simulation result indicates that the proposed active suspension is very effective in the performance of vibration isolation.


The civil aviation industry reform separated the ownership of airports and the airlines, changed the relationship between them from an internal relationship into market transaction vertical relationship. Under the vertical relationship, the asymmetry of asset specificity intensity causes the credibility threat and hold up of airlines to airports. The buyer countervailing power formed between airlines through strengthening the lateral market power simultaneously sharpen the owning issue. Through establishing the fair market transaction and strategic alliance division and cooperation models, the paper analyzes the market performance of airlines and airports, shows that strategic alliance between airports and airlines can improve the airport and airline efficiency and social welfare, it is a fundamental way to solve the issue of owning.


Cyberspace infl uences nearly every human being in the world, as well as virtually every area of government, industry, commerce, and education. The developments of the revolution in information technology have been a source of tremendous innovation, but as the world has increased its dependency on technology for its most basic functions, it has also become more exposed to the underlying vulnerabilities in cyberspace. These vulnerabilities continue to be probed and exploited at an increasing rate, and as a result, cyberspace has become not only a major area of concern for international security, but also a new de facto military arena. The United States and Russia both possess signifi cant capabilities in this realm, and their cooperation is essential to international safety and security in the era of the information revolution. One of the biggest obstacles to greater cooperation between the U.S. and Russia in the area of cyber and information security is the U.S. emphasis on law enforcement, and Russia's concern with arms control. Both have identifi ed criminal and terrorist use of the tools of the information revolution as potential threats to international security. However, they have not agreed as to whether military activities in cyberspace also require international regulation and control. In the early stages of international cooperation on cyber and information security, the greatest emphasis was placed on combating cybercrime. The most substantive achievement of this cooperation was the Council of Europe's (CoE) Convention on Cybercrime, which was opened for signature in Budapest on 23 November 2001. The U.S. has signed and ratifi ed the Convention, and was actively involved in its development. Although Russia is a CoE member, it has neither signed nor ratifi ed the Convention, primarily out of its objection to one of the Convention's provisions that allows for